Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission file number: 001-37769

VBI VACCINES INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

British Columbia, Canada		N/A
(State or other jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)		Identification No.)

160 Second Street, Floor 3
Cambridge, Massachusetts		02142
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 617-830-3031

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, no par value per share		VBIV		Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒

	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Common Shares, no par value per share		22,872,175
(Class)		Outstanding at August 14, 2023

VBI VACCINES INC.

FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED JUNE 30, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION		5

Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	5

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - June 30, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2022	5

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	6

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	7

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	8

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	9

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	44

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	44

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION		44

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	44

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	45

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	47

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	47

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	47

Item 5.	Other Information	47

Item 6.	Exhibits	47

Signatures		49

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND OTHER INFORMATION

CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and the provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. You can find many (but not all) of these statements by looking for words such as “approximates,” “believes,” “hopes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “will,” “may,” or other similar expressions in this Form 10-Q. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions; prospective products, applications, customers, and technologies; future performance or results of anticipated products; anticipated expenses; and projected financial results. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations, or projections described under the sections in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2022 annual report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 13, 2023. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

●	the timing of, and our ability to, obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for our clinical trials, products, and pipeline candidates;

●	our ability to achieve and sustain commercial success of PreHevbrio in the United States (“U.S.”) and Canada and PreHevbri in Europe;

●	the timing and results of our ongoing and planned clinical trials for products and pipeline candidates;

●	the amount of funds we require for our prophylactic and therapeutic pipeline candidates;

●	the potential benefits of strategic partnership agreements and our ability to enter into and successfully execute strategic partnership arrangements;

●	our ability to manufacture, or to have manufactured, our 3-antigen hepatitis B vaccine and our pipeline candidates, at commercially viable scales to the standards and requirements of regulatory agencies;

●	the impact and continuing effects of the COVID-19 endemic on our clinical studies, research programs, manufacturing, business plan, regulatory review including site inspections, and the global economy;

●	our ability to effectively execute and deliver our plans related to commercialization, marketing, manufacturing capabilities, and strategy;

●	our ability to retain and maintain a good relationship with our current employees, and our ability to competitively attract new employees with relevant experience and expertise;

●	the suitability and adequacy of our office, manufacturing, and research facilities and our ability to secure term extensions or expansions of leased space;

●	the ability of our vendors and suppliers to manufacture and deliver materials in a timely manner that meet regulatory agency and our standards and requirements to meet planned timelines and milestones;

●	any disruption in the operations of our Rehovot, Israel manufacturing facility where we manufacture all of our clinical and commercial supplies of our 3-antigen hepatitis B vaccine and clinical supplies of our hepatitis B immunotherapeutic, VBI-2601;

●	our compliance with all laws, rules, and regulations applicable to our business and products;

●	our ability to continue as a going concern;

●	our history of losses;

●	our ability to generate revenues and achieve profitability;

●	emerging competition and rapidly advancing technology in our industry that may outpace our technology;

●	customer demand for our 3-antigen hepatitis B vaccine and pipeline candidates;

●	the impact of competitive or alternative products, technologies, and pricing;

●	general economic conditions and events and the impact they may have on us and our potential customers;

●	our ability to obtain adequate financing in the future on reasonable terms, if, as, and when we need it;

●	our ability to implement network systems and controls that are effective at preventing cyber-attacks, malware intrusions, malicious viruses, and ransomware threats;

●	our ability to secure and maintain protection over our intellectual property;

●	our ability to maintain our existing licenses with licensors of intellectual property, or obtain new licenses for intellectual property;

●	changes to legal and regulatory processes for biosimilar approval and marketing that could reduce the duration of market exclusivity for our products;

●	our ability to maintain compliance with the NASDAQ Capital Market’s (“Nasdaq”) listing standards;

●	our success at managing the risks involved in the foregoing items; and

●	other factors discussed in this Form 10-Q.

Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, the terms “VBI,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “Company” refer to VBI Vaccines Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Unless indicated otherwise, all references to the U.S. Dollar, Dollar, or $ are to the United States Dollar, the legal currency of the United States of America and all references to € mean Euros, the legal currency of the European Union. We may also refer to NIS, which is the New Israeli Shekel, the legal currency of Israel, and the Canadian Dollar or CAD, which is the legal currency of Canada.

Except for share and per share amounts, or as otherwise specified to be in millions, amounts presented are stated in thousands.

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share amounts)

	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022

CURRENT ASSETS
Cash	$	20,840		$	62,629
Accounts receivable, net		79			94
Inventory, net		6,861			6,599
Prepaid expenses		1,667			2,309
Other current assets		2,444			6,059
Total current assets		31,891			77,690

NON-CURRENT ASSETS
Other long-term assets		1,110			1,355
Property and equipment, net		10,104			12,253
Right of use assets		2,703			3,316
Intangible assets, net		40,339			58,345
Goodwill		2,175			2,127
Total non-current assets		56,431			77,396

TOTAL ASSETS	$	88,322		$	155,086

CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable	$	7,353		$	12,973
Other current liabilities		16,493			22,588
Current portion of deferred revenues		845			409
Current portion of long-term debt, net of debt discount		1,990			-
Current portion of lease liability		993			972
Total current liabilities		27,674			36,942

NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES
Deferred revenues, net of current portion		1,793			2,204
Long-term debt, net of debt discount		47,839			48,888
Lease liability, net of current portion		1,732			2,365
Liabilities for severance pay		546			524
Total non-current liabilities		51,910			53,981

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (NOTE 14)		-			-

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common shares (unlimited authorized; no par value) (June 30, 2023 - issued and outstanding 8,608,539; December 31, 2022 - issued and outstanding 8,608,539)		442,322			442,312
Additional paid-in capital		93,695			90,020
Accumulated other comprehensive income		34,709			21,440
Accumulated deficit		(561,988	)		(489,609	)
Total stockholders’ equity		8,738			64,163

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	88,322		$	155,086

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	2023			2022			2023			2022
	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023			2022			2023			2022

Revenues, net	$	720		$	346		$	1,205		$	472

Operating expenses:
Cost of revenues		3,483			2,522			7,039			5,276
Research and development		3,292			5,643			6,446			8,005
Sales, general and administrative		10,917			15,084			24,201			26,014
Impairment charges		20,000			-			20,000			-
Total operating expenses		37,692			23,249			57,686			39,295

Loss from operations		(36,972	)		(22,903	)		(56,481	)		(38,823	)

Interest expense, net		(1,708	)		(901	)		(3,137	)		(1,841	)
Foreign exchange loss		(5,948	)		(21,895	)		(12,761	)		(26,289	)
Loss before income taxes		(44,628	)		(45,699	)		(72,379	)		(66,953	)

Income tax expense		-			-			-			-

NET LOSS	$	(44,628	)	$	(45,699	)	$	(72,379	)	$	(66,953	)

Other comprehensive income		6,670			19,236			13,269			24,339

COMPREHENSIVE LOSS	$	(37,958	)	$	(26,463	)	$	(59,110	)	$	(42,614	)

Net loss per share of common shares, basic and diluted	$	(5.18	)	$	(5.31	)	$	(8.41	)	$	(7.78	)

Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted		8,608,539			8,608,539			8,608,539			8,608,526

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share amounts)

								Accumulated
	Number of				Additional			Other						Total
	Common		Share		Paid-in			Comprehensive			Accumulated			Stockholders’
	Shares		Capital		Capital			Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity

BALANCE AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2022		8,608,539	$	442,312	$	90,020		$	21,440		$	(489,609	)	$	64,163

Stock-based compensation		-		10		2,001			-			-			2,011
Net loss		-		-		-			-			(27,751	)		(27,751	)
Currency translation adjustments		-		-		-			6,599			-			6,599
BALANCE AS OF MARCH 31, 2023		8,608,539	$	442,322	$	92,021		$	28,039		$	(517,360	)	$	45,022

BALANCE AS OF APRIL 1, 2023		8,608,539	$	442,322	$	92,021		$	28,039		$	(517,360	)	$	45,022

Stock-based compensation		-		-		1,674			-			-			1,674
Net loss		-		-		-			-			(44,628	)		(44,628	)
Currency translation adjustments		-		-		-			6,670			-			6,670
BALANCE AS OF JUNE 30, 2023		8,608,539	$	442,322	$	93,695		$	34,709		$	(561,988	)	$	8,738

BALANCE AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2021		8,608,298	$	442,235	$	81,583		$	(1,565	)	$	(378,371	)	$	143,882

Adjustments for prior periods from adoption of ASU 2020-06		-		-		(2,746	)		-			2,065			(681	)
Common shares issued upon exercise of options		241		12		-			-			-			12
Stock-based compensation		-		25		2,477			-			-			2,502
Net loss		-		-		-			-			(21,254	)		(21,254	)
Currency translation adjustments		-		-		-			5,103			-			5,103
BALANCE AS OF MARCH 31, 2022		8,608,539	$	442,272	$	81,314		$	3,538		$	(397,560	)	$	129,564

BALANCE AS OF APRIL 1, 2022		8,608,539	$	442,272	$	81,314		$	3,538		$	(397,560	)	$	129,564
Balance		8,608,539	$	442,272	$	81,314		$	3,538		$	(397,560	)	$	129,564

Stock-based compensation		-		14		2,443			-			-			2,457
Net loss		-		-		-			-			(45,699	)		(45,699	)
Currency translation adjustments		-		-		-			19,236			-			19,236
BALANCE AS OF JUNE 30, 2022		8,608,539	$	442,286	$	83,757		$	22,774		$	(443,259	)	$	105,558
Balance		8,608,539	$	442,286	$	83,757		$	22,774		$	(443,259	)	$	105,558

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(in thousands)

	2023			2022
	For the Six Months Ended June 30
	2023			2022

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$	(72,379	)	$	(66,953	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		1,018			1,015
Stock-based compensation		3,685			4,959
Amortization of debt discount		941			821
Impairment charges		20,000			-
Inventory reserve		1,664			353
Change in operating right of use assets		658			(668	)
Unrealized foreign exchange loss		13,415			26,337
Net change in operating working capital items:
Change in accounts receivable		13			(134	)
Change in inventory		(2,232	)		(2,225	)
Change in prepaid expenses		636			653
Change in other current assets		3,666			(917	)
Change in other long-term assets		152			(215	)
Change in accounts payable		(5,714	)		905
Change in deferred revenues		15			41
Change in other current liabilities		(5,748	)		(2,021	)
Change in operating lease liabilities		(656	)		674
Net cash flows used in operating activities		(40,866	)		(37,375	)

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of property and equipment		(584	)		(1,592	)
Net cash flows used in investing activities		(584	)		(1,592	)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from issuance of common shares for cash, upon exercise of options		-			12
Net cash flows provided by financing activities		-			12

Effect of exchange rates on cash		(339	)		(325	)

CHANGE IN CASH FOR THE PERIOD		(41,789	)		(39,280	)

CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD		62,629			121,694

CASH, END OF PERIOD		20,840		$	82,414

Supplementary information:
Interest paid	$	2,973		$	1,248
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Adjustments for prior periods from adoption of ASU 2020-06		-			681
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable and other current liabilities		51			757
Share issuance costs included in other current liabilities		67			67

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

June 30, 2023 and 2022

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

1. NATURE OF BUSINESS AND CONTINUATION OF BUSINESS

Corporate Overview

VBI Vaccines Inc. (the “Company” or “VBI”) was incorporated under the laws of British Columbia, Canada on April 9, 1965.

The Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, VBI Vaccines (Delaware) Inc., a Delaware corporation (“VBI DE”); VBI DE’s wholly owned subsidiary, Variation Biotechnologies (US), Inc., a Delaware corporation (“VBI US”); Variation Biotechnologies, Inc. a Canadian company and the wholly owned subsidiary of VBI US (“VBI Cda”); SciVac Ltd. an Israeli company (“SciVac”); SciVac Hong Kong Limited (“SciVac HK”); and VBI Vaccines B.V, a Netherlands company (“VBI BV”), are collectively referred to as the “Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”, or “VBI”.

The Company’s registered office is located at Suite 1700, Park Place, 666 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6C 2X8 with its principal office located at 160 Second Street, Floor 3, Cambridge, MA 02142. In addition, the Company has manufacturing facilities located in Rehovot, Israel and research facilities located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Reverse Stock Split

The Company effected a 1-for-30 reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of its issued and outstanding common shares effective as of April 12, 2023, pursuant to which every 30 of the Company’s issued and outstanding common shares were automatically converted into one common share without any change in the par value per share. All share and per share amounts, including common shares underlying stock options, restricted stock units, and warrants, and applicable exercise prices, have been retroactively adjusted for all periods presented herein to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split as required in accordance with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Per the requirements of the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia), under which the Company is regulated, if fractional shares held by registered shareholders were to be converted into whole shares, each fractional share remaining after the completion of the Reverse Stock Split that was less than half of a share was cancelled and each fractional share that was at least half of a share was rounded up to one whole share. No shareholders received cash in lieu of fractional shares.

Principal Operations

VBI is a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company driven by immunology in the pursuit of prevention and treatment of disease. Through its innovative approach to virus-like particles (“VLPs”), including a proprietary enveloped VLP (“eVLP”) platform technology, VBI develops vaccine candidates that mimic the natural presentation of viruses, designed to elicit the innate power of the human immune system. VBI is committed to targeting and overcoming significant infectious diseases, including hepatitis B (“HBV”), COVID-19 and coronaviruses, and cytomegalovirus (“CMV”), as well as aggressive cancers including glioblastoma (“GBM”). VBI is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with research operations in Ottawa, Canada, and a research and manufacturing site in Rehovot, Israel.

Recent Organizational Changes

As announced on April 4, 2023, the Company reduced its internal workforce by 30-35%, which began in April and was largely completed by the end of June 2023. As a result of this and other reductions in spend, VBI expects its operating expenses from normal business to be 30-35% lower in the second half of 2023 as compared with the second half of 2022.

COVID-19 Endemic

In May 2023, the World Health Organization determined that COVID-19 no longer fit the definition of a public health emergency and the U.S. government announced its plan to let the declaration of a public health emergency associated with COVID-19 expire on May 11, 2023. COVID-19 is expected to remain a serious endemic threat for an indefinite future period and may continue to adversely affect the global economy, and we are unable to predict the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our clinical studies, our research programs, the recoverability of our assets, and our manufacturing. The effects of the COVID-19 endemic, including but not limited to supply chain issues, global shortages of supplies, material and products, volatile market conditions and rising global inflation may continue to disrupt or delay our business operations, including with respect to efforts relating to potential business development transactions, and it could continue to disrupt the marketplace which could have an adverse effect on our operations.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The Company faces a number of risks, including but not limited to, uncertainties regarding the success of the development and commercialization of its products, demand and market acceptance of the Company’s products, and reliance on major customers. The Company anticipates that it will continue to incur significant operating costs and losses in connection with the development and commercialization of its products.

The Company has an accumulated deficit of $561,988 and cash of $20,840 as of June 30, 2023. As described further below, in early July 2023, the Company received $15,000 from an upfront payment from Brii Biosciences Limited (“Brii Bio”) pursuant to the Brii Collaboration Agreements (as defined below) and the concurrent registered direct offering, and aggregate gross proceeds of $20,500 from an underwritten public offering. Cash outflows from operating activities were $40,866 for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

The Company will require significant additional funds to conduct clinical and non-clinical trials, achieve and maintain regulatory approvals, and commercially launch and sell our approved products. Additional financing may be obtained from the issuance of equity securities, the issuance of additional debt, government or non-governmental organization grants or subsidies, and/or revenues from potential business development transactions, if any. There is no assurance the Company will manage to obtain these sources of financing, if required. The above conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from this uncertainty.

On July 5, 2023, the Company announced the expansion of its hepatitis B partnership with Brii Bio. Through (i) a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”), dated July 5, 2023, by and between the Company and Brii Bio, and (ii) the Amended and Restated Collaboration and License Agreement (the “A&R Collaboration Agreement, and together with the Collaboration Agreement, the “Brii Collaboration Agreements”), dated July 5, 2023, by and between the Company and Brii Bio, Brii Bio expanded its exclusive license to VBI-2601 to global rights and acquired an exclusive license for PreHevbri in Asia Pacific (“APAC”), excluding Japan. As part of this collaboration, Brii Bio paid the Company an upfront payment of $15,000, pursuant to the Brii Collaboration Agreements and the concurrent registered direct offering consisting of a $3,000 equity investment in a concurrent registered direct offering (discussed below), $5,000 as an advance payment for the clinical and commercial manufacture and supply of VBI-2601 and PreHevbri and any related manufacturing expenditures and $7,000 as a non-refundable upfront payment. In addition, pursuant to the Letter Agreement, dated July 5, 2023, by and among the Company, SciVac, and Brii Bio, the Company also granted to Brii Bio a security interest, subject to a Subordination Agreement between Brii Bio and K2HV, in all of its respective right, title, and interest in and to all intellectual property, know-how, and licenses to the extent related to PreHevbri and VBI-2601, and all proceeds of the foregoing, in order to secure performance of all of the Company’s obligations under the Brii Collaboration Agreements, the Supply Agreement, and the Loan Agreement (each as defined herein).

The Company is also eligible to receive up to an additional $422,000 in potential regulatory and commercial milestone payments (combined under the Brii Collaboration Agreements), and royalties in the licensed territories, which is worldwide for VBI-2601 and APAC, excluding Japan, for PreHevbri. Brii Bio will be responsible for all development, regulatory, and commercial activities and costs for the two programs in their respective licensed territories. There is no assurance that Brii Bio will achieve any of the milestones as specified in the Brii Collaboration Agreements and that we will receive any or all of these potential payments pursuant to the Brii Collaboration Agreements.

In July 2023, the Company closed (i) an underwritten public offering of 12,445,454 common shares and accompanying common warrants to purchase up to 12,545,454 common shares (which included 1,536,363 common shares and common warrants to purchase up to 1,636,363 common shares issued pursuant to the underwriters’ partial exercise of their option to purchase additional common shares and common warrants) at a combined public offering price of $1.65 per common share and accompanying common warrant, and (ii) a concurrent registered direct offering, pursuant to the expanded hepatitis B partnership with Brii Bio, of 1,818,182 common shares and accompanying common warrants to purchase up to 1,818,182 common shares, at a combined purchase price of $1.65 per share and accompanying common warrant. The accompanying common warrants issued and sold in each of the underwritten public offering and the registered direct offering have an exercise price of $1.65 per share and expire five years from the date of issuance. The aggregate gross proceeds from the underwritten public offering, including aggregate gross proceeds from the underwriters’ exercise of their option to purchase additional securities, were $20,500. The aggregate gross proceeds from the concurrent registered direct offering were $3,000.

Financial instruments recognized in the condensed consolidated balance sheet consist of cash, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable, and other current liabilities. The Company believes that the carrying value of its current financial instruments approximates their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company does not hold any derivative financial instruments.

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Company’s fiscal year ends on December 31 of each calendar year. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in U.S. dollars (“USD”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, for interim reporting. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The December 31, 2022 condensed consolidated balance sheet in this document was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements and notes included in this quarterly report on this Form 10-Q does not include all of the disclosures required by U.S. GAAP and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 10-K”), as filed with the SEC on March 13, 2023.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries: VBI DE, VBI US, VBI Cda, SciVac, SciVac HK, and VBI BV. Intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries are eliminated in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Certain items previously reported in specific financial statement captions have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

In the opinion of management, these condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments and accruals of a normal and recurring nature necessary to fairly state the results of the periods presented. The results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year or for any future periods.

Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements are disclosed in the 2022 10-K, and there have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the six months ended June 30, 2023, other than the polices discussed below.

Restructuring charges

Restructuring costs include charges associated with exit or disposal activities that meet the definition of restructuring under FASB ASC Topic 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations (“ASC 420”). The Company’s restructuring plans are typically completed within a one-year period or less. Restructuring costs incurred under these plans may include (i) one-time termination benefits related to employee separations, (ii) contract termination costs, and (iii) other related costs associated with exit or disposal activities including, but not limited to, costs for consolidating or closing facilities.

3. NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). The amendments in ASU 2016-13, among other things, require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. Our adoption of this ASU, effective January 1, 2023, did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related footnote disclosures.

4. INVENTORY, NET

Inventory consists of the following:

SCHEDULE OF INVENTORY

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Finished goods	$	827	$	893
Work-in-process		2,550		1,869
Raw materials		3,484		3,837
Inventory, net	$	6,861	$	6,599

5. OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Other current assets consisted of the following:

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Government receivables	$	1,578	$	4,033
Other current assets		866		2,026
Total other current assets	$	2,444	$	6,059

6. IMPAIRMENT CHARGES

The drop in market conditions experienced in April 2023 was considered a triggering event for an interim impairment test for property and equipment and In-Process Research and Development (“IPR&D”) and goodwill. The impairment test compares the carrying amount of the assets to their respective fair values. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the assets, such excess is recorded as an impairment charge.

Impairment charges consist of the following:

SCHEDULE OF IMPAIRMENT CHARGES

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three months ended June 30				Six months ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Property and equipment (Note 7)	$	1,000	$	-	$	1,000	$	-
IPR&D (Note 8)		19,000		-		19,000		-
Impairment charges	$	20,000	$	-	$	20,000	$	-

7. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

The fair value of the property and equipment’s assets included in the impairment test was determined using a combination of the market approach and the cost approach and is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in the estimate of the fair value the property and equipment include: 1) current market prices; 2) cost to replace the assets; and 3) factors to account for obsolescence. The Company recorded an impairment of property and equipment of $1,000 as a result of its interim impairment test performed as of April 30, 2023.

8. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET, AND GOODWILL

The Company’s intangible assets determined to have indefinite useful lives IPR&D and goodwill, are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. As discussed above, in April 2023, the Company performed an interim impairment test. The IPR&D assets, consisting of the CMV and GBM programs acquired in a business combination (the 2016 merger between VBI and SciVac), are capitalized as an intangible asset and are tested for impairment at least annually until commercialization, after which time the IPR&D will be amortized over its estimated useful life. The fair value of the IPR&D assets included in the impairment test was determined using the income approach method and is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in the estimate of the fair value of IPR&D assets include: 1) the amount and timing of costs to develop the IPR&D into viable products; 2) the amount and timing of future cash inflows; 3) the discount rate; and 4) the probability of technical and regulatory success. The discount rate used was 15% and the cumulative probability of technical and regulatory success to achieve approval to market the products ranged from approximately 10% to 17%. The Company recorded an impairment of IPR&D of $19,000, as a partial impairment to the congenital CMV asset, as a result of its interim impairment test performed as of April 30, 2023.

			June 30, 2023
	Gross					Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Accumulated			Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Amortization			Charge			Translation			Value
License	$	669	$	(669	)	$	-		$	-		$	-
IPR&D assets		61,500		-			(19,300	)		(1,861	)		40,339
	$	62,169	$	(669	)	$	(19,300	)	$	(1,861	)	$	40,339

			December 31, 2022
	Gross					Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Accumulated			Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Amortization			Charge			Translation			Value
License	$	669	$	(669	)	$	-		$	-		$	-
IPR&D assets		61,500		-			(300	)		(2,855	)		58,345
	$	62,169	$	(669	)	$	(300	)	$	(2,855	)	$	58,345

The Company amortizes intangible assets with finite lives on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

The change in carrying value for IPR&D assets from December 31, 2022, relates to the impairment of $19,000 and currency translation adjustments which increased by $994 for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. When evaluating goodwill for impairment, we may first perform an assessment qualitatively whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, referred to as a “step zero” approach. Subsequently (if necessary, after step zero), if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeded its fair value an impairment would be recorded. We performed our goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. There was no goodwill impairment determined as a result of the Company’s interim impairment test performed as of April 30, 2023. The Company consists of a single reporting unit and used its market capitalization to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. In order to determine the market capitalization, the Company used the trailing 20-day volume weighted average price of its shares as of the testing date.

SCHEDULE OF GOODWILL

			June 30, 2023
	Gross		Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Charge			Translation			Value
Goodwill	$	8,714	$	(6,292	)	$	(247	)	$	2,175

			December 31, 2022
	Gross		Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Charge			Translation			Value
Goodwill	$	8,714	$	(6,292	)	$	(295	)	$	2,127

The change in carrying value for goodwill from December 31, 2022, relates to currency translation adjustments which increased by $48 for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

9. OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accrued research and development expenses (including clinical trial accrued expenses)	$	5,564	$	6,561
Accrued professional fees		2,324		3,250
Payroll and employee-related costs		2,025		4,036
Deferred funding		4,892		6,966
Other current liabilities		1,688		1,775
Total other current liabilities	$	16,493	$	22,588

Included in payroll and employee-related costs are one time termination benefits as a result of our recent organizational changes to reduce our internal workforce by 30-35%, as discussed in Note 1. The Company did not incur contract termination costs or other related costs.

The following table presents changes in the one-time termination benefits for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023:


Accrued balance at January 1, 2023		-

Charges		759
Cash payments		(650	)

Accrued balance at June 30, 2023	$	109

The restructuring charges are included in cost of revenues, research and development and sales, general and administrative in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

10. LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON SHARES

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted loss per share includes the effect, if any, from the potential exercise or conversion of securities, such as warrants, and stock options, which would result in the issuance of incremental shares of common shares unless such effect is anti-dilutive. In computing the basic and diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, the weighted average number of shares remains the same for both calculations due to the fact that when a net loss exists, dilutive shares are not included in the calculation as their effect would be anti-dilutive. These potentially dilutive securities are more fully described in Note 12, Stockholders’ Equity and Additional Paid-in Capital.

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding at June 30, 2023 and 2022 have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding, as they would be antidilutive:

	2023		2022
	Six months ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Warrants		103,930		46,136
Stock options and restricted stock units		784,118		775,809
K2HV conversion feature		205,396		45,662
Total		1,093,444		867,607

11. LONG-TERM DEBT

As of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company’s long-term debt is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF LONG-TERM DEBT

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Long-term debt, net of debt discount of $5,870 ($6,811 at December 31, 2022)	$	49,829	$	48,888
Less: current portion, net of debt discount of $234 ($0 at December 31, 2022)		1,990		-
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$	47,839	$	48,888

On May 22, 2020, the Company, along with its subsidiary VBI Cda (collectively, the “Borrowers”), entered into the Loan and Guaranty Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with K2 HealthVentures LLC (“K2HV”) and any other lender from time-to-time party thereto (the “Lenders”). On May 22, 2020, the Lenders advanced the first tranche of term loans of $20,000. Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Lenders originally had the ability to convert, at the Lenders’ option, up to $4,000 of the secured term loan into common shares of the Company at a conversion price of $43.80 per share until the original maturity date of June 1, 2024. On February 3, 2021, pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Lenders, converted $2,000 of the secured term loan into 45,662 common shares at a conversion price of $43.80 per share.

On May 17, 2021, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the Loan and Guaranty Agreement (“First Amendment”) with the Lenders and received additional loan advances of $12,000.

On September 14, 2022, the Company entered into the Second Amendment to the Loan Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) with the Lenders to: (i) increase the amount of the term loans available under the Loan Agreement to $100,000 from $50,000, which term loans are available in additional tranches subject to the achievement of milestones and other customary conditions, (ii) add certain minimum net revenue covenants, (iii) extend the final maturity date for the term loans to September 14, 2026, which may be extended to September 14, 2027, under certain circumstances, and (iv) to the extent that the maturity date is extended, the term loans will begin amortizing on a monthly basis on September 14, 2026.

On September 15, 2022, the Lenders advanced to the Borrowers the Restatement First Tranche Term Loan (as defined in the Second Amendment) in an aggregate amount of $50,000 which included the refinancing of the $30,000 in term loans that were outstanding under the Loan Agreement as amended by the First Amendment. The next tranche of term loans of up to $10,000 will be available from April 1, 2024, through June 30, 2024, so long as certain milestones are achieved, no events of default under the Loan Agreement have occurred and are continuing, and the Liquidity Requirement is satisfied. The final tranche of term loans of up to $25,000 shall be available at any time from September 14, 2022, until September 14, 2026, subject to the Lender’s review of the Company’s clinical and financial plans and Lender’s investment committee approval.

Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Lenders have the ability to convert $7,000 into common shares, by which $2,000 of the term loans shall be convertible into 45,662 common shares at a conversion price of $43.80 per share and $5,000 of the term loans shall be convertible into 159,734 common shares at a conversion price of $31.302 per share (“K2HV conversion feature”).

In connection with the Loan Agreement, on May 22, 2020, the Company issued the Lenders a warrant to purchase up to 20,833 common shares (the “Original K2HV Warrant”) at an exercise price of $33.60 per share. On May 17, 2021, in connection with the First Amendment, the Company amended and restated the Original K2HV Warrant to purchase an additional 10,417 common shares for a total of 31,250 common shares (the “First Amendment Warrant”) with the same exercise price of $33.60 per share. On September 14, 2022, in connection with the Second Amendment and the advance of the first tranche of term loans of $50,000 by the Lenders, the Company issued the Lenders a warrant to purchase an additional 72,680 common shares (the “Second Amendment Warrant”) with a warrant exercise price of $24.08 per share. If and/or when additional tranches are advanced pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Company will issue additional warrants to purchase up to 72,680 common shares pursuant to the Second Amendment Warrant.

The First Amendment Warrant and the Second Amendment Warrant may be exercised either for cash or on a cashless “net exercise” basis. The First Amendment Warrant expires on May 22, 2030 and the Second Amendment Warrant expires on September 14, 2032.

The Company is required to make a final payment equal to 6.95% of the aggregate term loan principal on the maturity date of the term loan, or upon earlier prepayment of the term loans in accordance with the Second Amendment (the “Second Amendment Final Payment”). The final payment related to the refinanced $30,000 in term loans that were outstanding under the Loan Agreement as amended by the First Amendment of $2,224 remains and is due the earlier of June 1, 2024 or the earlier prepayment of the term loans in accordance with the Second Amendment (the “Original Final Payment”).

Upon receipt of additional funds, issuable pursuant to the various tranches, under the Second Amendment, additional common shares will be issuable pursuant to the Second Amendment Warrant as determined by the principal amount of the applicable tranche actually funded multiplied by 3.5% and divided by the warrant exercise price of $24.08, and the Second Amendment Final Payment will increase by 6.95% of the funds advanced.

The total principal amount of the loan under the Loan Agreement as amended by the Second Amendment, outstanding at June 30, 2023, including the Original Final Payment of $2,224 and the Second Amendment Final Payment of $3,475 in connection with the Second Amendment, is $55,699. The principal amount of the loan made under the Loan Agreement as amended by the Second Amendment accrues interest at an annual rate equal to the greater of (a) 8.00%, or (b) prime rate plus 4.00%. The interest rate as of June 30, 2023 was 12.25%. The Company is required to pay only interest until September 14, 2026. The effective interest rate on the loan of $50,000, excluding the Original Final Payment and Second Amendment Final Payment, is 15.88%.

Upon the occurrence of an Event of Default, and during the continuance of an Event of Default, the applicable rate of interest, described above, will be increased by 5.00% per annum. The secured term loan maturity date is September 14, 2026, or if the milestone for the next tranche of the term loans has been achieved, September 14, 2027, and the Loan Agreement as amended by the Second Amendment includes both financial and non-financial covenants. The Company was in compliance with these covenants as of June 30, 2023.

The obligations under the Loan Agreement as amended by the Third Amendment (as defined below) are secured on a senior basis by a lien on substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries. The subsidiaries of the Company, other than VBI Cda, SciVac HK, and VBI BV, are guarantors of the obligations of the Company and VBI Cda under the Loan Agreement. The Loan Agreement also contains customary events of default.

On July 5, 2023, the Borrowers and K2HV entered into (i) an amendment (the “Third Amendment”) to the Loan Agreement, and (ii) an amendment to the Pledge and Security Agreement, dated May 22, 2020, by and among the Company, VBI DE, VBI Cda, K2HV, and Ankura Trust Company, LLC, as collateral trustee for the lenders, pursuant to which the parties have agreed to permit the Brii Collaboration Agreements, the Supply Agreement (the “Supply Agreement”), dated July 5, 2023 by and between the Company and Brii Bio, and the Letter Agreement, dated July 5, 2023, by and among the Company, SciVac and Brii Bio. The Company granted to K2VH a security interest in, all of its respective right, title, and interest in and to substantially all of the Company’s intellectual property. In addition, among others, any breach, default or other triggering event by the Company occurring under the Brii Collaboration Agreements resulting in Brii Bio exercising a right to terminate the Brii Collaboration Agreements, will cross default the Third Amendment.

The total initial debt discount related to the Second Amendment is $7,359. As of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the unamortized debt discount was $5,870 and $6,811 respectively. The debt discount is being charged to interest expense, net in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss using the effective interest method over the term of the debt.

At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of our outstanding debt, which is considered level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, is estimated to be $54,598 and $56,510, respectively.

Interest expense, net recorded in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

SCHEDULE OF INTEREST EXPENSE

	2023			2022			2023			2022
	Three months ended June 30						Six months ended June 30
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Interest expense	$	1,537		$	669		$	2,998		$	1,276
Amortization of debt discount		471			411			941			821
Interest income		(300	)		(179	)		(802	)		(256	)
	$	1,708		$	901		$	3,137		$	1,841

The following table summarizes the future principal payments due under long-term debt:

	Principal
	payments on
	Loan Agreement
	and final payment
Remaining 2023	$	-
2024		2,224
2025		-
2026		53,475
Total	$	55,699

12. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL

Stock option plans

The Company’s stock option plans are approved by and administered by the Board and its Compensation Committee. The Board designates, in connection with recommendations from the Compensation Committee, eligible participants to be included under the plan, and designates the number of options, exercise price and vesting period of the new options.

2006 VBI US Stock Option Plan

The 2006 VBI US Stock Option Plan (the “2006 Plan”), was approved by and was previously administered by the VBI US board of directors which designated eligible participants to be included under the 2006 Plan, and designated the number of options, exercise price and vesting period of the new options. The 2006 Plan was not approved by the stockholders of VBI US. The 2006 Plan was superseded by the 2014 Plan (as defined below) following the PLCC Merger and no further options will be issued under the 2006 Plan. As of June 30, 2023, there were 28,090 options outstanding under the 2006 Plan.

2014 Equity Incentive Plan

On May 1, 2014, the VBI DE board of directors adopted the VBI Vaccines Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”). The 2014 Plan was approved by the VBI DE’s shareholders on July 14, 2014. The 2014 Plan was superseded by the 2016 Plan (as defined below) and no further options will be issued under the 2014 Plan. As of June 30, 2023, there were 17,368 options outstanding under the 2014 Plan.

2016 VBI Equity Incentive Plan

The 2016 VBI Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) is a rolling incentive plan that sets the number of common shares issuable under the 2016 Plan, together with any other security-based compensation arrangement of the Company, at a maximum of 10% of the aggregate common shares issued and outstanding on a non-diluted basis at the time of any grant under the 2016 Plan. The 2016 Plan is an omnibus equity incentive plan pursuant to which the Company may grant equity and equity-linked awards to eligible participants in order to promote the success of the Company by providing a means to offer incentives and to attract, motivate, retain and reward persons eligible to participate in the 2016 Plan. Grants under the 2016 Plan include a grant or right consisting of one or more options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted share units (“RSUs”), performance share units (“PSUs”), shares of restricted stock, or other such award as may be permitted under the 2016 Plan. As of June 30, 2023, there were 738,660 options outstanding and no RSUs unvested under the 2016 Plan.

The aggregate number of common shares remaining available for issuance for awards under the 2016 Plan totalled 27,945 at June 30, 2023.

Activity related to stock options is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTIONS ACTIVITY

	Number of			Weighted
	Stock			Average
	Options			Exercise Price
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2022		761,243		$	71.26

Granted		53,643			14.58
Forfeited		(30,768	)		55.47

Balance outstanding at June 30, 2023		784,118		$	68.06

Exercisable at June 30, 2023		625,860		$	73.19

Information relating to RSUs is as follow:

SCHEDULE OF RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS

				Weighted
				Average
	Number of			Fair Value
	Stock Awards			at Grant Date
Unvested shares outstanding at December 31, 2022		82		$	43.80

Vested		(82	)		43.80
Unvested shares outstanding at June 30, 2023		-		$	-

In determining the amount of stock-based compensation the Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to establish the fair value of options granted by applying the following weighted average assumptions:

	Six months ended June 30
	2023			2022
Volatility		96.38	%		93.17	%
Risk free interest rate		3.57	%		1.71	%
Expected term in years		5.76			5.83
Expected dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%
Weighted average fair value per option	$	11.24		$	34.50

The fair value of the options is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period and forfeitures are accounted for when they occur. The total stock-based compensation expense recorded in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

	Three months ended June 30				Six months ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	227	$	510	$	493	$	1,020
Sales, general, and administrative		1,432		1,917		3,150		3,883
Cost of revenues		15		30		42		56
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,674	$	2,457	$	3,685	$	4,959

13. REVENUES, NET AND DEFERRED REVENUE

Revenues, net comprises the following:

SCHEDULE OF REVENUE COMPRISED

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three months ended June 30				Six months ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Product revenues, net	$	708	$	331	$	1,186	$	422
R&D service revenues		12		15		19		50
Revenues	$	720	$	346	$	1,205	$	472

The following table presents revenues expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations, based on current estimates, that are unsatisfied at June 30, 2023:

	Total		Current portion to June 30, 2024		Remaining portion thereafter
Product revenues, net	$	469	$	-	$	469
R&D service revenues		2,169		845		1,324
	$	2,638	$	845	$	1,793

The following table presents changes in the deferred revenue balance for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN DEFERRED REVENUE

Balance at January 1, 2022	$	2,803
		-
		-

Balance at December 31, 2022		2,613

Recognition of deferred revenue		(19	)
Currency translation		44

Balance at June 30, 2023	$	2,638

Short Term	$	845
Long Term	$	1,793

Collaboration and License Agreement – Brii Bio

On December 4, 2018, the Company entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “Collaboration and License Agreement”) with Brii Bio, amended on April 8, 2021, whereby:

	●	the Company and Brii Bio agreed to collaborate on the development of a HBV recombinant protein-based immunotherapeutic in the licensed territory, which consists of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau (collectively, the “Licensed Territory”), and to conduct a Phase II collaboration clinical trial for the purpose of comparing VBI-2601, which is a recombinant protein-based immunotherapeutic developed by VBI for use in treating chronic HBV, with a novel composition developed jointly with Brii Bio (either being the “Licensed Product”);

	●	the Company granted Brii Bio an exclusive royalty-bearing license to perform studies, and regulatory and other activities, as may be required to obtain and maintain marketing approval of the Licensed Product, for the treatment of HBV in the Licensed Territory and to commercialize and the Licensed Product for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic HBV in the Licensed Territory; and

	●	Brii Bio granted the Company an exclusive royalty-free license under Brii Bio’s technology and Brii Bio’s interest in any joint technology developed during the collaboration to develop and commercialize the Licensed Product for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic HBV in the countries of the world other than the Licensed Territory.

On December 20, 2021, the Company and Brii Bio further amended the Collaboration and License Agreement (the “Second Amendment Collaboration and License Agreement”) whereby:

	●	the Company and Brii Bio agreed to conduct an additional Phase II combination clinical trial of VBI-2601, both with and without IFN-α, and BRII-835 (VIR-2218) (“Combo Clinical Trial”); and

	●	Brii Bio granted the Company a non-exclusive royalty free license under the Brii Bio technology arising from the data generated in the Combo Clinical Trial solely for use in the development, manufacture, or commercialization of the Licensed Product in combination with an siRNA in the countries of the world other than the Licensed Territory.

Pursuant to the Collaboration and License Agreement, as amended, the Company was responsible for the R&D Services and Brii Bio was responsible for costs relating to the clinical trials for the Licensed Territory.

The Company and Brii Bio will jointly own all right, title, and interest in the joint know-how development and the patents claiming joint inventions made pursuant to the Second Amendment Collaboration and License Agreement.

The initial consideration of the Collaboration and License Agreement consisted of an $11,000 non-refundable upfront payment. As part of the Collaboration and License Agreement, the Company and Brii Bio entered into a stock purchase agreement. Under the terms of the stock purchase agreement, the Company issued to Brii Bio 76,502 of its common shares valued at $3,626 (based on the Company’s common share price on December 4, 2018). The remaining $7,374, deemed to be the initial transaction price, was allocated to two performance obligations: (i) the VBI-2601 license and (ii) R&D services. The R&D services were allocated $4,737 of the transaction price using an estimated selling price based on an expected cost plus a margin approach and the remaining transaction price of $2,637 was allocated to the VBI-2601 license using the residual method.

There was no additional consideration contemplated in the Second Amendment Collaboration and License Agreement.

On July 5, 2023, the Company and Brii Bio entered into the A&R Collaboration Agreement, to, among other things, and subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the A&R Collaboration Agreement, expand the Licensed Territory to the entire world (the “New Licensed Territory”) for Brii Bio’s exclusive rights and licenses to make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale, and import VBI-2601 (“VBI-2601 Licensed Product”). Pursuant to the A&R Collaboration Agreement, the Company granted Brii Bio an exclusive royalty-bearing license, with the right to grant sublicenses through multiple tiers, to (i) perform studies, regulatory and other activities, as may be required to obtain and maintain marketing approval of the VBI-2601 Licensed Products in the New Licensed Territory; and (ii) research, develop, make, have made, distribute, use, sell, offer for sale, have sold, import, export or otherwise commercialize the VBI-2601 Licensed Products for the field of the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B in the New Licensed Territory. Except for the rights and licenses expressly granted in the A&R Collaboration Agreement, the Company and Brii Bio retained all rights under their respective intellectual property. Additionally, the A&R Collaboration Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the VBI and Brii Bio relating to VBI-2601 and supersedes all previous agreements, including the Collaboration and License Agreement and the Second Amendment Collaboration and License Agreement.

The initial consideration of the A&R Collaboration Agreement consisted of a $5,000 non-refundable upfront payment. In addition, the Company is also eligible to receive up to an additional $227,000 in potential regulatory and net sales milestone payments, along with up to double-digit royalties on commercial sales in the New Licensed Territory. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. Therefore, no variable consideration was included in the initial transaction price and no such amounts were recognized under the A&R Collaboration Agreement or have been recognized under the A&R Collaboration Agreement.

The A&R Collaboration Agreement will be in effect on a region-by-region basis until the last-to-expire of the latest of the following terms in each region of the New Licensed Territory: (i) expiration, invalidation or lapse of the last Company patent claiming such VBI-2601 Licensed Product, (ii) 10 years from the date of first commercial sale of such VBI-2601 Licensed Product in the applicable region, or (iii) termination or expiration of the Company’s obligation to pay third party royalties with respect to sales of such VBI-2601 Licensed Product in such region. Upon expiration (but not an earlier termination) of the A&R Collaboration Agreement in each region of the New Licensed Territory, the Company will grant Brii Bio a perpetual, non-exclusive, fully paid-up, royalty free license under the Company’s technology related to the VBI-2601 Licensed Products in such region to make and sell VBI-2601 Licensed Products for the field of the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B in such region.

The R&D Services will be satisfied over time as services are rendered using the “cost-to-cost” input method as this method represents the most accurate depiction of the transfer of services based on the types of costs expected to be incurred. As of June 30, 2023, R&D services related to Brii Bio that remain unsatisfied are $1,969, out of the $2,638 total deferred revenue.

Upon termination of the A&R Collaboration Agreement prior to the end of the term, there is no obligation for refund and any amounts in deferred revenue related to unsatisfied performance obligations will be immediately recognized.

14. COLLABORATION ARRANGEMENTS

The Company has entered into, and expects to enter into from time to time in the future, license agreements, funding agreements, collaboration agreements, and similar agreements related to the advancement of its product candidates and research and development efforts. Significant agreements (collectively, the “Collaboration Agreements”) are described in detail in the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K. While specific amounts will fluctuate from quarter to quarter based on clinical trials progress, advancement and completion of research studies and manufacturing projects, and other factors, the Company believes its overall activities regarding Collaboration Agreements are materially consistent with those described in the 2022 Form 10-K, other than described below.

Set forth below are the approximate amounts expensed for Collaboration Agreements during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These expensed amounts are included under Research and Development expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three months ended				Six months ended
	June 30				June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A	$	10	$	4	$	113	$	139
National Research Council of Canada (“NRC”)		-		304		35		584
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”)		1,365		713		2,194		2,406
Brii Bio		51		111		120		135
Agenus Inc.		308		-		364		-
Research and Development expenses	$	1,734	$	1,132	$	2,826	$	3,264

NRC

On February 28, 2023, the Company signed a seventh amendment to the collaboration agreement with the NRC to extend the expiration date of the collaboration agreement to December 31, 2023.

On April 17, 2023, the Company signed an eighth amendment to the collaboration agreement with the NRC to further broaden the scope to include the development of stable cell lines for our multivalent vaccine candidate against coronaviruses.

CEPI

The Company has $4,892 recorded as deferred funding, recorded in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

15. GOVERNMENT GRANTS

Industrial Research Assistance Program (“IRAP”)

On July 3, 2020, the Company and the NRC as represented by its IRAP signed a contribution agreement whereby the NRC agreed to contribute up to CAD $1,000 for the transfer and scale-up of the technical production process for our prophylactic coronavirus vaccine program.

Costs associated with the contribution agreement are expensed as incurred in Research and Development expenses. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, Company recognized $0 and $41, respectively, as a reduction in expenses. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $0 recorded as deferred government grants, recorded in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, Company recognized $0 and $0, respectively, as a reduction in expenses. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had $43 recorded as deferred government grants, recorded in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Strategic Innovation Fund (“SIF”)

On September 16, 2020, the Company signed the Contribution Agreement (as amended, the “Contribution Agreement”) with Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Industry (the “Minister”), whereby the Minister agreed to contribute an amount not exceeding the lesser of (i) 75% of VBI Cda’s costs incurred in respect of the Project, subject to certain eligibility limitations as set forth in the Contribution Agreement and (ii) CAD $55,976 from the SIF to support the development of our coronavirus vaccine program, VBI-2900, though Phase II clinical studies (the “Project”). The Company initially agreed to complete such project, to be conducted exclusively in Canada except as permitted otherwise under certain circumstances, in or before the first quarter of 2022 (“Project Completion Date”). On March 28, 2022, the Company and the Minister signed an amendment to the Contribution Agreement, the main purpose of which was to extend the collaboration and move the Project Completion Date from March 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023. In consideration of such contribution, the Company agreed to guarantee the complete performance and fulfillment of VBI Cda’s obligations under the Contribution Agreement. In the event VBI Cda fails to perform or otherwise satisfy any of its obligations related to the Contribution Agreement, the Company will become a primary obligor under the Contribution Agreement.

Costs associated with the Contribution Agreement are expensed as incurred in Research and Development expenses and overhead charges are included in Sales, General and Administrative. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized $1,168 and $2,875 respectively, as a reduction in expenses. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $231 recorded as deferred government grants, recorded in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recognized $499 and $1,952, respectively, as a reduction in expenses. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had $760, respectively, recorded as deferred government grants, recorded in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company may be involved in certain claims and litigation arising out of the ordinary course and conduct of business. Management assesses such claims and, if it considers that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated, provisions for loss are made based on management’s assessment of the most likely outcome.

On September 13, 2018, two civil claims were brought in the District Court of the central district in Israel naming our subsidiary SciVac as a defendant. In one claim, two minors, through their parents, allege, among other things: defects in certain batches of Sci-B-Vac discovered in July 2015; that Sci-B-Vac was approved for use in children and infants in Israel without sufficient evidence establishing its safety; that SciVac failed to provide accurate information about Sci-B-Vac to consumers; and that each child suffered side effects from the vaccine. The claim was filed together with a motion seeking approval of a class action on behalf of 428,000 children vaccinated with Sci-B-Vac in Israel from April 2011 and seeking damages in a total amount of NIS 1,879,500 ($507,973). The second claim is a civil action brought by two minors and their parents against SciVac and the Ministry of Health of the State of Israel (“IMoH”) alleging, among other things, that SciVac marketed an experimental, defective, hazardous or harmful vaccine; that Sci-B-Vac was marketed in Israel without sufficient evidence establishing its safety; and that Sci-B-Vac was produced and marketed in Israel without approval of a western regulatory body. The claim seeks damages for past and future losses and expenses as well as punitive damages.

The District Court has accepted SciVac’s motion to suspend reaching a decision on the approval of the class action pending the determination of liability under the civil action. Preliminary hearings for the trial of the civil action began on January 15, 2020, with subsequent preliminary hearings held on May 13, 2020, December 3, 2020, September 30, 2021, June 9, 2022, January 12, 2023 and July 13, 2023. The next preliminary hearing is scheduled to be held on November 16, 2023.

On December 5, 2022, another tort claim was filed in the District Court of the central district in Israel naming our subsidiary, SciVac, as a defendant. The claim was filed by a minor and his parents against SciVac, the IMoH, and Prof. Arieh Raziel, requesting compensation due to bodily injury of the minor, who was diagnosed as suffering from an Autism Spectrum Disorder. The plaintiffs allege that the minor’s disabilities and the syndrome from which he suffers were caused due to a combination of several factors, including negligent pregnancy monitoring, negligent labor and delivery procedure, and administration of the alleged defective vaccine (Sci-B-Vac vaccine). Preliminary hearings will begin on September 10, 2023.

SciVac believes these matters to be without merit and intends to defend these claims vigorously.

17. LEASES

The Company has entered into various non-cancelable lease agreements for its office, lab, and manufacturing facilities, which are classified as operating leases. The office facility lease agreement in the U.S. expires on October 31, 2024 with no option to extend. Our manufacturing facility lease agreement in Israel has been extended for 5 years with a term now ending January 31, 2027. A lease for additional office space in Israel has a term ending November 30, 2025 with an option to extend for two additional years and June 30, 2027 with an option to extend the term for five additional years. In September 2022, the Company extended the term of our lease for our research facility in Canada, which comprises office and laboratory space, for three additional years, which now has a term ending on December 31, 2025.

There are no residual value guarantees, no variable lease payments, and no restrictions or covenants imposed by leases. The discount rate used in measuring the lease liabilities and right of use assets was determined by reviewing our incremental borrowing rate at the initial measurement date.

	Three months ended				Six months ended
	June 30				June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Operating lease cost	$	483	$	451	$	974	$	895

Weighted average discount rate				13	%
Weighted average remaining lease term				2.56 years

Operating lease costs are included G&A expenses in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The following table summarizes future undiscounted cash payments reconciled to the lease liabilities:


Remaining 2023	$	635
2024		1,170
2025		675
2026		582
2027		160
Total	$	3,222
Effect of discounting		(497	)
Total lease liability	$	2,725
Less: current portion		(993	)
Lease liability, net of current portion	$	1,732

18. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) has been identified as the chief operating decision maker. The CEO evaluates the performance of the Company and allocates resources based on the information provided by the Company’s internal management system at a consolidated level. The Company has determined that it has only one operating segment.

Revenues, net from external customers are attributed to geographic areas based on location of the contracting customers:

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022

United States	$	508	$	207	$	830	$	207
Israel		57		126		57		221
China / Hong Kong		11		13		18		38
Europe		144		-		300		6
Revenues	$	720	$	346	$	1,205	$	472

There was no revenue attributed to our country of domicile, Canada, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

19. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On July 5, 2023, as discussed in Note 1 and Note 13, the Company announced the expansion of its hepatitis B partnership with Brii Bio.

On July 5, 2023 as discussed in Note 11, the Company entered into the Third Amendment with K2HV.

During July 2023, as discussed in Note 1, the underwritten public offering and concurrent registered direct offering, in each case, for the issuance and sale of common shares and accompanying common warrants to purchase common shares, closed.

On July 27, 2023, the Company approved the grant of stock options to purchase up to an aggregate of 960,000 common shares to existing employees and directors pursuant to the 2016 Plan. Options granted to directors vest monthly over 12 months. Options granted to employees vest 25% on the one-year anniversary of the grant date, with the remaining 75% vesting on a monthly basis over 24 months. All options granted automatically expire on July 27, 2033.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis summarize the significant factors affecting our operating results, financial condition, liquidity, and cash flows as of and for the periods presented below. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis here and throughout this Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company driven by immunology in the pursuit of prevention and treatment of disease. Through our innovative approach to virus-like particles (“VLPs”), including a proprietary enveloped VLP (“eVLP”) platform technology, we develop vaccine candidates that mimic the natural presentation of viruses, designed to elicit the innate power of the human immune system. We are committed to targeting and overcoming significant infectious diseases, including hepatitis B (“HBV”), COVID-19 and coronaviruses, and cytomegalovirus (“CMV”), as well as aggressive cancers including glioblastoma (“GBM”). We are headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with research operations in Ottawa, Canada, and a research and manufacturing site in Rehovot, Israel.

Product Pipeline

Our pipeline is comprised of vaccine and immunotherapeutic programs developed by virus-like particle technologies to target two distinct, but often related, disease areas – infectious disease and oncology. We prioritize the development of programs for disease targets that are challenging, underserved, and where the human immune system, when powered and stimulated appropriately, can be a formidable opponent.

VLP vaccines are a type of sub-unit vaccine, in which only the portions of viruses critical for eliciting an immune response are presented to the body. Because of their structural similarity to viruses presented in nature, including their particulate nature and repetitive structure, VLPs can stimulate potent immune responses. VLPs can be customized to present any protein antigen, including multiple antibody and T cell targets, making them, we believe, ideal technologies for the development of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. However, only a few antigenic proteins self-assemble into VLPs, which limit the number of potential targets. Notably, HBV antigens are among those that are able to spontaneously form orderly VLP structures. Our eVLP platform technology expands the list of potentially viable target indications for VLPs by providing a stable core (Gag Protein) and lipid bilayer (the “envelope”). It is a flexible platform that enables the synthetic manufacture of an “enveloped” VLP, or “eVLP”, which looks structurally and morphologically similar to the virus, with no infectious material.

Our product pipeline includes an approved vaccine and multiple late- and early-stage investigational programs. The investigational programs are in various stages of clinical development and the scientific information included about these therapeutics is preliminary and investigative. The investigational programs have not been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), European Medicines Agency, United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, or any other health authority and no conclusion can or should be drawn regarding the safety or efficacy of these investigational programs.

In addition to our existing pipeline programs, we may also seek to in-license clinical-stage vaccines or vaccine-related technologies that we believe complement our pipeline, as well as technologies that may supplement our efforts in both immuno-oncology and infectious disease.

Key Targeted Disease Areas

Hepatitis B Virus (“HBV”)

HBV infection can cause liver inflammation, fibrosis, and liver injury, resulting in potentially life-threatening conditions through acute illness and chronic disease, including liver failure, cirrhosis, and cancer. HBV remains a significant public health burden with as many as 2.2 million chronically infected people in the United States (“U.S.”) alone. Worldwide, this number is estimated to be as high as 350 million, with approximately 800,000 deaths resulting from the consequences of HBV infection each year.

Despite the highly infectious nature of HBV, due to its often-asymptomatic nature, it is estimated that as many as 67% of chronically infected adults in the U.S. are unaware of their infection status. There is no cure available for HBV infection and while public health initiatives highlight immunization as the most effective strategy for the prevention of HBV infections, the U.S. adult HBV vaccination rates remain persistently low at only about 30% of all adults aged 19 years and older.

In April 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (“ACIP”) implemented a change to the adult HBV vaccine recommendations. As incorporated in the CDC’s 2022 Adult Immunization Schedule and as published in the April 1, 2022, CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, adults aged 19 to 59 years are now universally recommended to be vaccinated against HBV infection. Additionally, while adults aged 60 years and older with risk factors for HBV infection are still recommended to receive HBV vaccinations, adults aged 60 years and older without known risk factors for HBV may now also receive HBV vaccinations.

In addition to our approved vaccine, PreHevbrio [Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)], there are four other vaccines approved in the U.S. for the prevention of HBV infection in adults: Engerix-B^® and Twinrix^®, manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. (“GSK”), Recombivax HB^®, manufactured by Merck &. Co. (“Merck”), and Heplisav-B^®, manufactured by Dynavax Technologies Corporation (“Dynavax”).

COVID-19 and Other Coronaviruses

Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped viruses that cause respiratory illness of varying severities. Only seven coronaviruses are known to cause disease in humans, four of which most frequently cause symptoms typically associated with the common cold. Three of the seven coronaviruses, however, have more serious outcomes in people. These more pathogenic coronaviruses are (1) SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus identified as the cause of COVID-19; (2) MERS-CoV, identified in 2012 as the cause of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (“MERS”); and (3) SARS-CoV, identified in 2002 as the cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (“SARS”).

The virus that causes COVID-19 continues to evolve and several SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and certain of these variants have been identified as having a significant public health impact. To date, notable Variants of Concern (“VOC”) have included:

	●	Alpha (B.1.1.7) – First identified as in the United Kingdom (“UK”), VOC in December 2020
	●	Beta (B.1.351) – First identified in South Africa, VOC in December 2020
	●	Gamma (P.1) – First identified in Brazil, VOC in January 2021
	●	Delta (B.1.617.2) – First identified in India, VOC in May 2021
	●	Omicron and subvariants – First identified in South Africa, VOC in November 2021

Glioblastoma (“GBM”)

GBM is among the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumors in humans. In the U.S. alone, about 12,000 new GBM cases are diagnosed each year. The current standard of care for GBM is surgical resection, followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Even with intensive treatment, GBM progresses rapidly and has a high mortality rate, with median overall survival for primary GBM of about 14 months. Median overall survival for recurrent GBM is even lower, at about 8 months.

Cytomegalovirus (“CMV”)

CMV is a common virus that is a member of the herpes family. It infects one in every two people in many developed countries. Most CMV infections are “silent”, meaning the majority of people who are infected exhibit no signs or symptoms. Despite its typically asymptomatic nature in older children and adults, CMV may cause severe infections in newborn children (congenital CMV) and may also cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems, such as solid organ or bone marrow transplant recipients. Congenital CMV infection can be treated – but not cured – and there are currently no approved vaccines available for the prevention of infection in either the congenital or the transplant setting.

Pipeline Programs

The table below is an overview of our commercial vaccine and our lead investigational programs as of August 14, 2023:

Indication	Program	Technology	Current Status
Approved Vaccine	PreHevbrio^1,2,3	VLP	Registration/Commercial
● Hepatitis B	Hepatitis B Vaccine
	(Recombinant)
Prophylactic Candidates
● Coronaviruses (Multivalent)	VBI-2901	eVLP	Ongoing Phase I
● COVID-19 (Beta variant)	VBI-2905	eVLP	Phase Ib Completed
● COVID-19 (Ancestral)	VBI-2902	eVLP	Phase Ia Completed
● Cytomegalovirus	VBI-1501	eVLP	Phase I Completed
● Coronaviruses (Multivalent)	Undisclosed	eVLP	Pre-Clinical

Therapeutic Candidates
● Hepatitis B	VBI-2601	VLP	Ongoing Phase II
● Glioblastoma	VBI-1901	eVLP	Ongoing Phase I/IIa

¹Approved for use in the U.S. and Canada, under the brand name PreHevbrio, for the prevention of infection caused by all known subtypes of HBV in adults 18 years of age and older.

²Approved for use in the European Union (“EU”) / European Economic Area (“EEA”) and the UK, under the brand name PreHevbri, for active immunization against infection caused by all known subtypes of the HBV in adults. It can be expected that hepatitis D will also be prevented by immunization with PreHevbri as hepatitis D (caused by the delta agent) does not occur in the absence of HBV infection.

³Approved for use in Israel, under the brand name Sci-B-Vac, for active immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV infection).

A summary of our marketed product, lead pipeline programs, and recent developments follows.

Marketed Product

PreHevbrio [Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)]

PreHevbrio [Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)] was approved by the FDA on November 30, 2021, for the prevention of infection caused by all known subtypes of HBV in adults aged 18 years and older. PreHevbrio contains the S, pre-S2, and pre-S1 HBV surface antigens, and is the only approved 3-antigen HBV vaccine for adults in the U.S. On February 23, 2022, following discussion at the CDC’s ACIP meeting, PreHevbrio joined the list of recommended products for prophylactic adult vaccination against HBV infection. The inclusion of PreHevbrio in the ACIP recommendation was reflected in a CDC publication on April 1, 2022 and was a notable milestone as many insurance plans and institutions require an ACIP recommendation before a vaccine can be reimbursed or is made available to patients. Additionally, PreHevbrio was included in the 2023 annual update of the CDC Adult Immunization Schedule, as detailed in the CDC publication on February 10, 2023. VBI launched PreHevbrio in the U.S. at the end of the first quarter of 2022, and revenue generation began in the second quarter of 2022. In June 2023, PreHevbrio was also awarded part of the CDC 2023 Adult Vaccine contract, for up to $25,350. The CDC vaccine contracts are established for the purchase of vaccines by immunization programs that receive CDC immunization cooperative agreement funds (i.e., state health departments, certain large city immunization projects, and certain current and former U.S. territories).

Commercial and regulatory activity for VBI’s 3-antigen HBV vaccine outside of the U.S. include:

● EU: On May 2, 2022, we announced that the European Commission (the “EC”) granted Marketing Authorization for PreHevbri [Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant, Adsorbed)]. The European Commission’s centralized marketing authorization is valid in all EU Member States as well as in the EEA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway). On September 8, 2022, we announced a partnership with Valneva SE (“Valneva”) for the marketing and distribution of PreHevbri in select European markets, initially including the UK, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Belgium, and the Netherlands. On July 19, 2023, we announced that PreHevbri is now available in the Netherlands and Belgium for active immunization against infection caused by all known subtypes of HBV in adults. VBI expects PreHevbri will be made available in certain additional European Union countries throughout 2023.

● UK: On June 1, 2022, we announced that the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency granted marketing authorization for PreHevbri [Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant, Adsorbed)]. This follows the EC centralized marketing authorization received in May 2022 and was conducted as part of the EC Decision Reliance Procedures. The UK is included in the Valneva marketing and distribution agreement for PreHevbri. On June 15, 2023, VBI announced the launch and availability of PreHevbri in the UK as part of the Valneva partnership.

● Canada: On December 8, 2022, we announced that Health Canada approved PreHevbrio [3-antigen Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)] for the prevention of infection caused by all known subtypes of HBV in adults aged 18 years and older. VBI expects to make PreHevbrio available in Canada in the first half of 2024.

● Israel: Approved and commercially available under the brand name Sci-B-Vac^® since 2000.

● APAC: On July 5, 2023, we announced a license and collaboration agreement with Brii Biosciences (“Brii Bio”) for the development and commercialization of PreHevbri in the Asia Pacific region (“APAC”), excluding Japan.

Prophylactic Investigational Candidates

VBI-2900: Coronavirus Vaccine Program (VBI-2901, VBI-2902, VBI-2905)

In response to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) endemic, VBI initiated development of a prophylactic coronavirus vaccine program. Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses by nature which make them a prime target for VBI’s flexible eVLP platform technology.

On August 26, 2020, we announced data from three pre-clinical studies conducted to enable selection of optimized clinical candidates for our coronavirus vaccine program. As a result of these studies, VBI selected two vaccine candidates with the goal of bringing forward candidates that add meaningful clinical and medical benefit to those already approved: (1) VBI-2901, a multivalent coronavirus vaccine candidate expressing the SARS-CoV-2, SARS, and MERS spike proteins; and (2) VBI-2902, a monovalent vaccine candidate expressing an optimized “prefusion” form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

In March 2021, a Phase I study of VBI-2902 was initiated and on June 29, 2021, we announced initial positive data from the Phase Ia portion of this study that evaluated one- and two-dose regimens of 5µg of VBI-2902 in 61 healthy adults aged 18-54 years. After two doses, VBI-2902 induced neutralization titers in 100% of participants, with 4.3x higher geometric mean titer (“GMT”) than that of the convalescent serum panel (n=25), and peak antibody binding GMT of 1:4,047. VBI-2902 was also well tolerated with no safety signals observed.

In response to the increased circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants, the Phase Ib portion of the Phase I study was initiated in September 2021 to assess VBI-2905, our eVLP vaccine candidate directed against the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant. On April 5, 2022, we announced new data from the Phase Ib study (n=53). A single-dose booster of VBI-2905 increased the GMT of neutralizing antibodies directed against the Beta variant 3.8-fold, at day 28, in participants who had previously received two-doses of an mRNA vaccine (ancestral strain) – approximately 2-fold increases were also seen at day 28 in antibody GMTs against both the ancestral and delta variant. New preclinical data announced at the same time showed that against a panel of coronavirus variants in mice, reactivity was seen with VBI-2902 against all variants including the ancestral strain, Delta, Beta, Omicron, Lambda, and RaTG13 (a bat coronavirus that is distant to circulating human strains). In this same panel, VBI-2901 was able to elicit an even stronger response against all variants tested – as the strains became more divergent from the ancestral strain, VBI-2901 elicited a greater difference in GMT from VBI-2902, ranging from 2.5-fold higher against the ancestral strain to 9.0-fold higher against the bat coronavirus. Additionally, a validated pseudoparticle neutralization assay benchmarked against the WHO reference standard demonstrated that VBI-2902 elicited neutralizing antibody responses of 176 IU50/mL in its Phase Ia study – this international standard measure would predict a greater than 90% efficacy, with two internationally approved vaccines estimated to have 90% efficacy at 83 and 140 IU50/mL (Gilbert, PB, 2021). The clinical and preclinical data for all three candidates continue to support the potential of the eVLP platform against coronaviruses. On September 29, 2022, we announced that we initiated the first clinical study of VBI’s multivalent coronavirus candidate, VBI-2901, designed to increase breadth of protection against COVID-19 and related coronaviruses. Interim data from this study are expected to be announced in the third quarter of 2023.

The VBI-2900 program is supported by a partnership with the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI” and the partnership, the “CEPI Funding Agreement”), with contributions of up to $33,018; a partnership with the Strategic Innovation Fund, established by the Government of Canada, with an award of up to CAD $55,976; contribution of up to CAD $1,000 from the Industrial Research Assistance Program (“IRAP”) of the National Research Council of Canada (“NRC”); and a collaboration with the NRC. On December 6, 2022, we and CEPI announced that we expanded the scope of the CEPI Funding Agreement to advance the development of multivalent coronavirus vaccines that could be deployed against COVID-19 as well as a future “Coronavirus X”.

VBI-1501: Prophylactic CMV Vaccine Candidate

Our prophylactic CMV vaccine candidate uses the eVLP platform to express a modified form of the CMV glycoprotein B antigen and is adjuvanted with alum, an adjuvant used in FDA-approved products.

Following the successful completion of the Phase I study in May 2018, and positive discussions with Health Canada, we announced plans for a Phase II clinical study evaluating VBI-1501 on December 20, 2018. We received similarly positive guidance from the FDA in July 2019. The Phase II study is expected to assess the safety and immunogenicity of dosages of VBI-1501 up to 20µg with alum. We are currently evaluating the timing of the Phase II study.

Therapeutic Investigational Candidates

VBI-2601: HBV Immunotherapeutic Candidate

VBI-2601 is our novel, recombinant, protein-based immunotherapeutic candidate in development for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. VBI-2601 is formulated to induce broad immunity against HBV, including T-cell immunity which plays an important role in controlling HBV infection.

On April 12, 2021, and June 23, 2021, we announced data from the completed Phase Ib/IIa clinical study in patients with chronic HBV infection, which was conducted by our partner Brii Bio. The study was a randomized, controlled study designed to assess the safety, tolerability, antiviral and immunologic activity of VBI-2601. The study was a two-part, dose-escalation study assessing different dose levels of VBI-2601 with and without an immunomodulatory adjuvant, conducted at multiple study sites in New Zealand, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, and China.

The data from the Phase Ib/IIa for 33 evaluable patients across all study arms suggested: (1) VBI-2601 was well tolerated at all dose levels with and without the adjuvant with no significant adverse events identified; (2) VBI-2601 induced both B cell (antibody) and T cell responses in chronically-infected HBV patients, (3) VBI-2601 induced restimulation of T cell responses to HBV surface antigens, including S, Pre-S1, and Pre-S2, in greater than 50% of the evaluable patients compared to no detectable response in the control arm; (4) the T cell responses and antibody responses were comparable across the 20µg and 40µg unadjuvanted study arms; and (5) T cell response rates between the adjuvanted and unadjuvanted cohorts were also comparable. Based on the acceptable safety profile and vaccine-induced adaptive immune responses seen in this study, VBI-2601 advanced to Phase II studies.

On April 21, 2021, we announced that the first patient had been dosed in a Phase II clinical study evaluating VBI-2601 in combination with BRII-835 (VIR-2218), an investigational small interfering ribonucleic acid targeting HBV, for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. The multi-center, randomized, open-label study is designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this combination with and without interferon-alpha as a co-adjuvant. The study is being conducted at clinical sites in Australia, Taiwan, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, South Korea, New Zealand, Singapore, and Thailand. Our partner, Brii Bio, is the study sponsor. A total of 50 adult, non-cirrhotic patients who received NRTI therapy for at least 12 months were randomized and dosed across three cohorts:

	●	Cohort A: BRII-835 Alone Regimen – Nine subcutaneous 100mg doses of BRII-835, dosed every four (4) weeks through Week 32
	●	Cohort B: BRII-835 Alone Regimen + nine 40µg intramuscular doses of VBI-2601 admixed with interferon-alpha (IFN-α) as co-adjuvant every four weeks from Week 8 through Week 40
	●	Cohort C: BRII-835 Alone Regimen + nine 40µg intramuscular doses of VBI-2601 without IFN-α every four weeks from Week 8 through Week 40

On February 15, 2023, we announced interim data from the Phase II combination study. The data, which was featured in an oral presentation at the 32^nd Conference of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver on February 18, 2023, demonstrated that the combination therapy was generally well-tolerated, restored strong anti-HBsAg antibody responses, and led to improved HBsAg-specific T-cell responses, when compared to BRII-835 alone. Notably:

	●	Mean changes in HBsAg reduction relative to baseline at week 40 were -1.68 log10 IU/mL in Cohort A, -1.75 log10 IU/mL in Cohort B, and -1.77 log10 IU/mL in Cohort C
	●	Potent HBV surface antibody levels (> 100 IU/L) were observed in more than 40% of participants in Cohorts B and C at week 40 – by comparison, no antibody responses were detected in Cohort A
	●	Out of 25 evaluable patients, a higher proportion of Cohort B and C patients demonstrated potent HBsAg-specific T-cell responses (70%; 14/20) relative to those in Cohort A (20%; 1/5) through week 44
	●	To date, two participants receiving combination regimens achieved either HBsAg below LLOQ (0.05 mIU/mL), to an undetectable level, or at LLOQ with maximum reductions of ≥ 4 log10 HBsAg – both participants mounted potent anti-HBs antibody and HBV-specific T-cell responses

Additional data from the study are expected to be announced by our partner Brii Bio in the second half of 2023.

On January 5, 2022, we announced that the first patient was dosed in a second Phase IIa/IIb clinical study evaluating VBI-2601. This Phase II study assesses VBI-2601 as an add-on therapy to the standard-of-care in China nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (“NRTI”) and pegylated interferon therapy (PEG-IFN-α,). Interim topline clinical data from part one of this Phase IIa/IIb clinical study are expected to be announced by our partner Brii Bio in the second half of 2023.

On July 5, 2023, we announced the A&R Collaboration Agreement (as defined below) with Brii Bio, expanding Brii Bio’s rights to the development and commercialization of VBI-2601 from Greater China rights to global rights.

VBI-1901: Glioblastoma (GBM)

Our cancer vaccine immunotherapeutic program, VBI-1901, targets CMV proteins present in tumor cells. CMV is associated with a number of solid tumors including GBM, breast cancer, and pediatric medulloblastoma.

In January 2018, we initiated dosing in a two-part, multi-center, open-label Phase I/IIa clinical study of VBI-1901 in 38 patients with recurrent GBM. Phase I (Part A) of the study was a dose-escalation phase that defined the safety, tolerability, and optimal dose level of VBI-1901 adjuvanted with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in recurrent GBM patients with any number of prior recurrences. In December 2018, this phase completed enrollment of 18 patients across three dose cohorts, the highest of which (10 µg) was selected as the optimal dose level to test in the Phase IIa portion (Part B) of the study. Phase IIa of the study, which initiated enrollment in July 2019, was a two-arm study that enrolled 20 first-recurrent GBM patients who received 10 µg of VBI-1901 in combination with either GM-CSF or GSK proprietary adjuvant system, AS01, as immunomodulatory adjuvants. AS01 was provided pursuant to a Clinical Collaboration and Support Study Agreement with GSK, which we entered into on September 10, 2019. Enrollment of the 10 patients in the VBI-1901 with GM-CSF arm was completed in March 2020 and enrollment of the 10 patients in the VBI-1901 with AS01 arm was completed in October 2020.

Data from the Phase IIa portion of the study was announced throughout 2020, 2021, and 2022, with the latest data presented in November 2022 at the 2022 Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) Annual Meeting. The data from the Phase IIa portion of this study demonstrate: (1) improvement in 6-month, 12-month, and 18-month overall survival (“OS”) data compared to historical controls; (2) 12-month OS of 60% (n=6/10) in the VBI-1901 + GM-CSF study arm and 70% (n=7/10) in the VBI-1901 + AS01 study arm, compared to historical controls of ~30%; (3) 18-month OS of 30% (3/10) in the VBI-1901 + GM-CSF study arm and 40% (n=4/10) in the VBI-1901 + AS01 study arm; (4) 2 patients with partial tumor responses, one of whom remained on protocol for over two years and had achieved a 93% tumor reduction relative to baseline at initiation of treatment at the start of the study, and 10 stable disease observations across all study arms; and (5) VBI-1901 continues to be safe and well tolerated at all doses tested, with no safety signals observed.

On June 8, 2021, we announced that the FDA granted Fast-Track Designation for VBI-1901 formulated with GM-CSF for the treatment of recurrent GBM patients with first tumor recurrence. The designation was granted based on data from the Phase I/IIa study.

On June 22, 2022, we announced that the FDA granted Orphan Drug Designation for VBI-1901 for the treatment of GBM.

In the third quarter of 2023, we expect to dose the first patients in a Phase IIb study of VBI-1901 in recurrent GBM patients with first tumor recurrence. This study expands the existing study to include a Part C, which is a multi-center, randomized, controlled, open-label study.

On October 12, 2022, we announced a collaboration with Agenus Inc. to evaluate VBI-1901 in combination with anti-PD-1 balstilimab in a second Phase II study as part of the INSIGhT adaptive platform trial in patients with primary GBM. Subject to approval from regulatory bodies, we expect to initiate enrollment in the VBI-1901 study arm in INSIGhT in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Third Party License and Assignment Agreements

We currently are dependent on licenses from third parties for certain of our key technologies, including the license granted pursuant to an agreement between Savient Pharmaceuticals Inc. and SciGen Ltd dated June 2004, as subsequently amended (the “original Ferring License Agreement”) and a license from L’Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, now Sorbonne Université (“UPMC”), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (“INSERM”) and L’école Normale Supérieure de Lyon.

On October 18, 2022, the Company amended and restated the original Ferring License Agreement (the “Amended and Restated Ferring License Agreement”), which amends and restates certain of the terms relating to the manufacture and marketing of HBsAg products, which includes, among others, updates to the definition of net sales, and a reduction in the fixed royalty rate on net sales of HBsAg products (“Product”) from seven percent (7%) to three and a half percent (3.5%) in consideration for the grant of the license to utilize genetically engineered CHO cells encoding the hepatitis B antigen and certain information related to the manufacture of hepatitis B vaccines. In connection with the Amended and Restated Ferring License Agreement, the Company has also agreed to act as the guarantor for SciVac’s obligations under the Amended and Restated Ferring License Agreement, or if the Amended and Restated Ferring License Agreement is assigned to a third party, guarantor for SciVac’s obligations that have accrued up until the date of such assignment. Under an Assignment Agreement between FDS Pharm LLP and SciGen Ltd., dated February 14, 2012 (the “SciGen Assignment Agreement”), we are required to pay royalties to SciGen Ltd. equal to 5% of net sales (as defined in the original Ferring License Agreement) of Product. Under the original Ferring License Agreement and the SciGen Assignment Agreement, we originally were to pay royalties on a country-by-country basis until the date 10 years after the date of commencement of the first royalty year in respect of such country. In April 2019, we exercised our option to extend the original Ferring License Agreement in respect of all the countries that still make up the territory for an additional 7 years by making a one-time payment to Ferring of $100. Royalties under the Amended and Restated Ferring License Agreement and SciGen Assignment Agreement will continue to be payable for the duration of the extended license periods.

Under a license agreement with UPMC and other licensors relating to eVLP technology, we have an exclusive license to a family of patents that will expire in the U.S. in 2023 and expired in other countries in 2021. UPMC is also a co-owner of the patent family covering our VBI-1501 CMV vaccine. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we did not make any milestone payments.

Recent Developments

Launch of PreHevbri in the UK, Netherlands, and Belgium

In June and July 2023, we announced that PreHevbri [Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant, Adsorbed)] is now available in the UK, Netherlands, and Belgium for active immunization against infection caused by all known subtypes of HBV in adults. As part of the marketing and distribution partnership announced in September 2022, PreHevbri will be available in the UK, Netherlands, and Belgium through Valneva’s existing commercial infrastructure and distribution networks.

CDC Adult Vaccine Contract Award

On June 30, 2023, the CDC released its 2023 Adult Vaccine contract, which included PreHevbrio and an award of part of the contract for up to $25,350. The CDC vaccine contract is established for the purchase of vaccines by immunization programs that receive CDC immunization cooperative agreement funds (i.e., state health departments, certain large city immunization projects, and certain current and former U.S. territories).

Expanded Hepatitis B Partnership with Brii Bio

On July 5, 2023, the Company announced the expansion of its hepatitis B partnership with Brii Bio. Through (i) a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”), dated July 5, 2023, by and between the Company and Brii Bio, and (ii) the Amended and Restated Collaboration and License Agreement (the “A&R Collaboration Agreement, and together with the Collaboration Agreement, the “Brii Collaboration Agreements”), dated July 5, 2023, by and between the Company and Brii Bio, Brii Bio expanded its exclusive license to VBI-2601 to global rights and acquired an exclusive license for PreHevbri in APAC, excluding Japan. As part of this collaboration, Brii Bio paid the Company an upfront payment of $15,000 pursuant to the Brii Collaboration Agreements and the concurrent registered direct offering, consisting of a $3,000 equity investment in a concurrent registered direct offering (discussed below), $5,000 as an advance payment for the clinical and commercial manufacture and supply of the VBI-2601 licensed product and PreHevbri and any related manufacturing expenditures and $7,000 as a non-refundable upfront payment. In addition, pursuant to the Letter Agreement, dated July 5, 2023, by and among the Company, SciVac and Brii Bio, the Company also granted to Brii Bio a security interest, subject to a Subordination Agreement between Brii Bio and K2HV, in all of its respective right, title and interest in and to all intellectual property, know-how, and licenses to the extent related to PreHevbri and VBI-2601, and all proceeds of the foregoing, in order to secure performance of all of the Company’s obligations under the Brii Collaboration Agreements, the Supply Agreement, and the Loan Agreement (each as defined herein).

The Company is also eligible to receive up to an additional $422,000 in potential regulatory and commercial milestone payments (combined under the Brii Collaboration Agreements), and potential double-digit royalties in the licensed territories, which is worldwide for VBI-2601, and APAC, excluding Japan, for PreHevbri. Brii Bio will be responsible for all development, regulatory, and commercial activities and costs for the two programs in their respective licensed territories. There is no assurance that Brii Bio will achieve any of the milestones as specified in the Brii Collaboration Agreements and that we will receive any or all of these potential payments pursuant to the Brii Collaboration Agreements.

Underwritten Public Offering and Registered Direct Offering

Financial Operations Overview

At present, our operations are focused on:

●	continuing the commercialization of PreHevbrio in the U.S. and commercialization of PreHevbri in Europe;

●	manufacturing our 3-antigen HBV vaccine at commercial scale to meet demand in the U.S., Europe, Canada and Israel, where it is approved, and to prepare for supply in markets where we or our partner Brii Bio may obtain marketing authorization;

●	manufacturing VBI-2601, our protein-based immunotherapeutic candidate for treatment of chronic HBV, in collaboration with Brii Bio;

●	preparing for the Phase IIb clinical study of our GBM vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate, VBI-1901, in the recurrent GBM setting;

●	preparing for a clinical study of VBI-1901 in the primary GBM setting;

●	conducting the Phase I clinical study of our multivalent coronavirus candidate, VBI-2901;

●	preparing for commercialization of PreHevbrio in Canada;

●	completing the Phase I clinical study of our monovalent prophylactic COVID-19 vaccine candidates, VBI-2902 (ancestral strain) and VBI-2905 (Beta variant);

●	continuing our development and scaling-up production processes for our prophylactic coronavirus vaccine candidates using a Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization (“CDMO”) located in Canada;

●	preparation for further development of VBI-1501, our preventative CMV vaccine candidate;

●	continuing the research and development (“R&D”) of our other pipeline candidates, including the exploration and development of new pipeline candidates;

●	implementing operational, compliance, financial, and management information systems, including through third party partners, to support our commercialization activities;

●	maintaining, expanding, and protecting our intellectual property portfolio; and

●	developing our internal systems and processes for regulatory affairs, legal, and compliance.

VBI’s revenue generating activities have been the sale of our 3-antigen HBV vaccine, under the brand name PreHevbrio in the U.S., PreHevbri in the UK and certain countries in the EU, and in Israel under the name Sci-B-Vac. We have also generated revenue from various business development transactions and R&D services generating fees. To date, we have financed our operations primarily with proceeds from sales of our securities, our long-term debt agreements, and contribution agreements and partnerships with CEPI and the Government of Canada.

VBI has incurred significant net losses and negative operating cash flows since inception and expects to continue incurring losses and negative cash flows from operations as we carry out planned clinical, regulatory, R&D, commercial, and manufacturing activities with respect to the advancement of our 3-antigen HBV vaccine and new pipeline candidates. As of June 30, 2023, VBI had an accumulated deficit of approximately $561,988, stockholders’ equity of approximately $8,738 and cash of $20,840. In early July 2023, we received $15,000 from an upfront payment from Brii Bio pursuant to the Brii Collaboration Agreements and the concurrent registered direct offering and aggregate gross proceeds of $20,500 from an underwritten public offering. Cash outflows from operating activities were $40,866 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Our ability to maintain our status as an operating company and to realize our investment in our In Process Research & Development (“IPR&D”) assets, which consist of our CMV and GBM programs, is dependent upon obtaining adequate cash to finance our clinical development, manufacturing, our administrative overhead and our research and development activities, and ultimately to profitably monetize our IPR&D. We expect that we will need to secure additional financing to finance our business plans, which may be a combination of proceeds from the issuance of equity securities, the issuance of additional debt, government or non-governmental organization grants or subsidies, and revenues from potential business development transactions, if any. There is no assurance we will manage to obtain these sources of financing, if required. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from this uncertainty.

We have incurred operating losses since inception, have not generated significant product sales revenue, and have not achieved profitable operations. We incurred net losses of $72,379 for the six months ended June 30, 2023, which includes a $20,000 non-cash impairment realized in the three months ended June 30, 2023, and we expect to continue to incur substantial losses in future periods. We anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial operating expenses as we continue our research and development and clinical studies, and as we continue the commercialization of PreHevbrio in the U.S. and Canada, and PreHevbri in Europe. These include expenses related to the focus of our operations highlighted above.

In addition, we have incurred and will continue to incur significant expenses as a public company, which subject us to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the rules and regulations of Nasdaq, and the Canadian securities regulators. We have also incurred and will continue to incur regulatory compliance costs and general and administrative costs related to our clinical regulatory operations and commercialization of our marketed product and product candidates.

Overall Performance

The Company had net losses of $44,628 and $45,699 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $72,379 and $66,953 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which includes a $20,000 non-cash impairment realized in the three months ended June 30, 2023. We had an accumulated deficit of $561,988 at June 30, 2023. We had $20,840 of cash and net working capital of $4,217 as of June 30, 2023. As described elsewhere, in early July 2023, the Company received $15,000 from an upfront payment from Brii Bio pursuant to the Brii Collaboration Agreements and the concurrent registered direct offering and aggregate gross proceeds of $20,500 from an underwritten public offering.

Revenues, net

Revenues, net consist of product sales of PreHevbrio in the U.S., PreHevbri in the UK and certain countries in the EU as part of our partnership with Valneva, and sales of Sci-B-Vac in Israel, as well as R&D services revenue recognized as part of the License Agreement with Brii Bio and other R&D services.

In the U.S., beginning in the second quarter of 2022, PreHevbrio was sold to a limited number of wholesalers and specialty distributors; and beginning in 2023, PreHevbri was sold to our partner Valneva in the UK and certain countries in the EU (collectively, our “Customers”). We expect to continue to expand our market share in 2023. Revenues from product sales are recognized when we have satisfied our performance obligations, which is the transfer of control of our product upon delivery to the Customer. Our standard credit terms are short-term, and we expect to receive payment in less than one year, there is no significant financing component on the related receivables. Taxes collected from Customers relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenues.

In Israel, Sci-B-Vac is sold through procurement requests from four health funds (“HMOs”) (collectively, the “Sci-B-Vac Customers”).

Overall, product revenue, net, reflects our best estimates of the amount of consideration to which we are entitled based on the terms of the contract. The amount of variable consideration is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period. If our estimates differ significantly from actuals, we will record adjustments that would affect product revenue, net in the period of adjustment.

In addition, pursuant to an agreement with the Israel Innovation Authority (formerly the Office of the Chief Scientist of Israel), we are required to make services available for the biotechnology industry in Israel. These services include relevant activities for development and manufacturing of therapeutic proteins according to international standards and cGMP quality level suitable for toxicological studies in animals. Service activities include analytics/bio analytics methods for development and process development of therapeutic proteins starting with a candidate clone through manufacturing. These R&D services are primarily marketed to the Israeli research community in academia and Israeli biotechnology companies in the life sciences industry lacking the infrastructure or experience in the development and production of therapeutic proteins to the standards and quality required for clinical trials for human use.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consist primarily of costs incurred for manufacturing our 3-antigen HBV vaccine which includes cost of materials, consumables, supplies, contractors, and manufacturing salaries.

Research and Development Expenses

R&D expenses, net of government grants and funding arrangements, consist primarily of costs incurred for the advancement of our lead programs, including: our 3-antigen HBV vaccine; VBI-1901, our GBM vaccine immunotherapeutic candidate; VBI-2601, our hepatitis B immunotherapeutic candidate; VBI-2900, our coronavirus vaccine program; and VBI-1501, our CMV vaccine candidate. These costs include:

	●	the cost of acquiring, developing, and manufacturing clinical study materials, and other consumables and lab supplies used in our pre-clinical studies;

	●	expenses incurred under agreements with contractors or CDMOs or Contract Research Organizations to advance the vaccine candidates into and through completion of clinical studies; and

	●	employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, travel, and stock-based compensation expense.

We expense R&D costs when we incur them.

Sales, General, and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses

SG&A expenses consist principally of commercialization costs, salaries, and related costs for executive and other administrative personnel and consultants, including stock-based compensation, and travel expenses. Other sales, general, and administrative expenses include professional fees for legal, patent protection, consulting and accounting services, travel and conference fees, board of directors meeting costs, scientific and commercial advisory board meeting costs, rent, maintenance of facilities, depreciation, office supplies, information technology costs and expenses, insurance, and other general expenses. SG&A expenses are expensed when incurred.

Impairment charges

Impairment charges consist of impairment on property and equipment, IPR&D, and goodwill.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense is associated with our long-term debt as discussed in Note 11 of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

In line with our announcement on April 4, 2023, as a result of headcount and other cost reductions, we expect our operating expenses from normal business will decrease beginning in the third quarter of 2023.

Results of Operations

Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Compared to the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2022

All dollar amounts stated below are in thousands, unless otherwise indicated.

	Three months ended
	June 30
	2023			2022			Change $			Change %
Revenues, net	$	720		$	346		$	374			108	%

Expenses:
Cost of revenues		3,483			2,522			961			38	%
Research and development		3,292			5,643			(2,351	)		(42	)%
Sales, general and administrative		10,917			15,084			(4,167	)		(28	)%
Impairment charges		20,000			-			20,000			100	%
Total operating expenses		37,692			23,249			14,443			62	%

Loss from operations		(36,972	)		(22,903	)		(14,069	)		61	%

Interest expense, net		(1,708	)		(901	)		(807	)		90	%
Foreign exchange loss		(5,948	)		(21,895	)		15,947			(73	)%
Loss before income taxes		(44,628	)		(45,699	)		1,071			(2	)%

Income tax expense		-			-			-			0	%

NET LOSS	$	(44,628	)	$	(45,699	)	$	1,071			(2	)%

	Six months ended
	June 30
	2023			2022			Change $			Change %
Revenues, net	$	1,205		$	472		$	733			155	%

Expenses:
Cost of revenues		7,039			5,276			1,763			33	%
Research and development		6,446			8,005			(1,559	)		(19	)%
Sales, general and administrative		24,201			26,014			(1,813	)		(7	)%
Impairment charges		20,000			-			20,000			100	%
Total operating expenses		57,686			39,295			18,391			47	%

Loss from operations		(56,481	)		(38,823	)		(17,658	)		45	%

Interest expense, net		(3,137	)		(1,841	)		(1,296	)		70	%
Foreign exchange loss		(12,761	)		(26,289	)		13,528			(51	)%
Loss before income taxes		(72,379	)		(66,953	)		(5,426	)		8	%

Income tax expense		-			-			-			0	%

NET LOSS	$	(72,379	)	$	(66,953	)	$	(5,426	)		8	%

Revenues, net

Revenues, net for the three months ended June 30, 2023, were $720 as compared to $346 for the three months ended June 30, 2022. Revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2023 increased by $374 or 108% due to an increase in product revenue, which had only begun to be generated during the three months ended June 30, 2022, following the launch of PreHevbrio in the U.S. at the end of the first quarter of 2022, and increased revenue growth during the remainder of 2022 and year to date in 2023, and sale of PreHevbri to our European partner Valneva during the three months ended June 30, 2023, offset by slightly lower sales in the Israeli market.

Revenues, net for the six months ended June 30, 2023, were $1,205 as compared to $472 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. Revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 increased by $733 or 155% due to the items discussed above.

Revenues, net Composition

	Three months ended				Six months ended
	June 30				June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022

Product revenue, net	$	708	$	331	$	1,186	$	422
R&D service revenue		12		15		19		50
Total revenues, net	$	720	$	346	$	1,205	$	472

Revenues, net by Geographic Region

	Three months ended
	June 30
	2023		2022		$ Change			% Change
Revenue, net in United States	$	508	$	207	$	301			145	%
Revenue, net in Israel		57		126		(69	)		(55	)%
Revenue, net in China / Hong Kong		11		13		(2	)		(15	)%
Revenue, net in Europe		144		-		144			100	%
	$	720	$	346	$	374			108	%

	Six months ended
	June 30
	2023		2022		$ Change			% Change
Revenue, net in United States	$	830	$	207	$	623			301	%
Revenue, net in Israel		57		221		(164	)		(74	)%
Revenue, net in China / Hong Kong		18		38		(20	)		(53	)%
Revenue, net in Europe		300		6		294			4900	%
	$	1,205	$	472	$	733			155	%

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was $3,483 as compared to $2,522 for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in the cost of revenues of $961 or 38% is due to increased product sales, direct labor costs, and inventory related costs incurred in the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2022.

Cost of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $7,039 as compared to $5,276 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in the cost of revenues of $1,763 or 33% is due to the items discussed above.

Research and Development Expenses

R&D expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023 were $3,292 as compared to $5,643 for the three months ended June 30, 2022. R&D expenses were offset by $2,338 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and $1,018 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 due to government grants and funding arrangements. The decrease in R&D expenses of $2,351 or 42%, is mainly a result of the increase in government grants and funding arrangements and a decrease in R&D expenses related to the development of our vaccine candidates VBI-2901 and VBI-1901. During the three months ended June 30, 2022, preparations were underway to begin clinical trials for both programs; however, during the three months ended June 30, 2023 only VBI-2901 was in a clinical trial.

R&D expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 were $6,446 as compared to $8,005 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. R&D expenses were offset by $4,736 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and $3,856 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 due to government grants and funding arrangements. The decrease in R&D expenses of $1,559 or 19% is due to the items discussed above.

Sales, General, and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses, net of government grants and funding arrangements, for the three months ended June 30, 2023 were $10,917 as compared to $15,084 for the three months ended June 30, 2022. SG&A expenses were offset by $205 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and $111 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 due to government grants and funding arrangements. The SG&A expense decrease of $4,167 or 28%, is mainly a result of the recent organizational changes which reduced our internal headcount, commercial field teams, and our activity-based commercial expenses related to PreHevbrio.

SG&A expenses, net of government grants and funding arrangements, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 were $24,201 as compared to $26,014 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. SG&A expenses were offset by $389 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and $419 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 due to government grants and funding arrangements. The SG&A expense decrease of $1,813 or 7%, is due to the items discussed above.

Impairment charges

Non-cash impairment charges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 were $20,000 compared to $0 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. The impairment charges were related to IPR&D and property and equipment. See Note 6 in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Loss from Operations

The net loss from operations for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was $36,972 as compared to $22,903 for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The $14,069 increase in the net loss from operations resulted from the $20,000 non-cash impairment charges, which was partially offset by a reduction in other expenses and other items discussed above. As a result of the headcount reductions and other reductions in spend as announced on April 4, 2023, we expect our operating expenses from normal business to be 30-35% lower in the second half of 2023 as compared to the second half of 2022.

The net loss from operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $56,481 as compared to $38,823 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The $17,658 increase in the net loss from operations resulted from the $20,000 non-cash impairment charge which was partially offset by a reduction in other expenses discussed above. As a result of the headcount reductions and other reductions in spend as announced on April 4, 2023, we expect our operating expenses from normal business to be 30-35% lower in the second half of 2023 as compared to the second half of 2022.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was $1,708 as compared to $901 for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in interest expense, net of $807 or 90% is due to an increase in long-term debt of $20,000 beginning mid-September 2022 and increased interest payments on our long-term debt due to higher interest rates applied during the three months ended June 30, 2023.

Interest expense, net for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $3,137 as compared to $1,841 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in interest expense, net of $1,296 or 70% is due to an increase in long-term debt of $20,000 beginning mid-September 2022 and increased interest payments on our long-term debt due to higher interest rates applied during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Foreign Exchange Loss

The foreign exchange loss for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was $5,948 compared to $21,895 for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The change is a result of the changes in the foreign currency exchange rates (NIS and CAD) in which the foreign currency transactions were denominated for each of those periods, including the foreign exchange impact of intercompany loans that are translated at period end.

The foreign exchange loss for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $12,761 compared to $26,289 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The change is a result of the changes in the foreign currency exchange rates (NIS and CAD) in which the foreign currency transactions were denominated for each of those periods, including the foreign exchange impact of intercompany loans that are translated at period end.

Net Loss

Net loss for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was $44,628 compared to $45,699 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and was a result of the items discussed above.

Net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $72,379 compared to $66,953 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and was a result of the items discussed above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

	June 30, 2023			December 31, 2022			$ Change			% Change

Cash	$	20,840		$	62,629		$	(41,789	)		(67	)%
Current Assets		31,891			77,690			(45,799	)		(59	)%
Current Liabilities		27,674			36,942			(9,268	)		(25	)%
Working Capital		4,217			40,748			(36,531	)		(90	)%
Accumulated Deficit		(561,988	)		(489,609	)		(72,379	)		15	%

As of June 30, 2023, we had cash of $20,840 as compared to $62,629 as of December 31, 2022. As described elsewhere, in early July 2023, the Company received $15,000 from an upfront payment from Brii Bio pursuant to the Brii Collaboration Agreements and the concurrent registered direct offering, and aggregate gross proceeds of $20,500 from an underwritten public offering. As of June 30, 2023, we had working capital of $4,217 as compared to working capital of $40,748 at December 31, 2022. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets.

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

The Company incurred net losses of $72,379 and $66,953 in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company used $40,866 and $37,375 in cash for operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in cash outflows is largely a result of an increase in net loss, offset by non-cash reconciling items, mainly impairment charges and unrealized foreign exchange loss and the change in operating working capital, most notably in other current assets, accounts payable and other current liabilities.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash flows used by investing activities was $584 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to cash used in investing activities of $1,592 for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The cash outflow in both periods is a result of routine property and equipment purchases.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash flows provided by financing activities was $0 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to cash flows provided by financing activities of $12 during the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Sources of Liquidity

Underwritten Public Offering and Registered Direct Offering

In July 2023, the Company closed (i) an underwritten public offering of 12,445,454 common shares and accompanying common warrants to purchase up to 12,545,454 common shares (which included 1,536,363 common shares and common warrants to purchase up to 1,636,363 common shares issued pursuant to the underwriters’ partial exercise of their option to purchase additional common shares and common warrants), at a combined public offering price of $1.65 per share and accompanying common warrant, and (ii) a concurrent registered direct offering, pursuant to the expanded hepatitis B partnership with Brii Bio, of 1,818,182 common shares and accompanying common warrants to purchase 1,818,182 common shares, at a combined purchase price of $1.65 per share and accompanying common warrant. The accompanying common warrants issued and sold in each of the underwritten public offering and concurrent registered direct offering have an exercise price of $1.65 per share and expire five years from the date of issuance. The aggregate gross proceeds from the underwritten public offering, including aggregate gross proceeds from the underwriters’ exercise of their option to purchase additional securities, were $20,500. The aggregate gross proceeds from the concurrent registered direct offering were $3,000.

Jefferies Open Market Sale Agreement

On August 26, 2022, we 1) filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-267109), which included a base prospectus which covers the offering, issuance and sale of up to $300,000 of common shares, warrants, units and/or subscription rights; and 2) entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), pursuant to which we may offer and sell our common shares having an aggregate price of up to $125,000 from time to time through Jefferies, acting as agent or principal (the “ATM Program”). The ATM Program replaced the Open Market Sale Agreements previously entered into with Jefferies on July 31, 2020 and September 3, 2021, pursuant to each of which we could offer and sell our common shares having an aggregate price of up to $125,000 from time to time, through “at the market” equity offering programs. Prior to termination, $27,022 of our common shares remained available for sale pursuant to the first ATM program, and $125,000 of our common shares remained available for sale pursuant to the second ATM program. $125,000 of our common shares remain available for sale pursuant to the ATM program, as we did not make any sales under the ATM Program during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

K2 HealthVentures LLC Long Term Debt

On May 22, 2020, the Company, along with its subsidiary VBI Cda, (collectively, the “Borrowers”) entered into the Loan and Guaranty Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with K2HV and any other lender from time-to-time party thereto (the “Lenders”). On May 22, 2020, the Lenders advanced the first tranche of term loans of $20,000. Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Lenders originally had the ability to convert, at the Lenders’ option, up to $4,000 of the secured term loan into common shares of the Company at a conversion price of $43.80 per share until the original maturity date of June 1, 2024. On February 3, 2021, pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Lenders converted $2,000 of the secured term loan into 45,662 common shares at a conversion price of $43.80 per share.

On May 17, 2021, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the Loan and Guaranty Agreement (“First Amendment”) with the Lenders and received additional loan advances of $12,000.

In connection with the Loan Agreement, on May 22, 2020, the Company issued the Lenders a warrant to purchase up to 20,833 common shares (the “Original K2HV Warrant”) at an exercise price of $33.60 per share. On May 17, 2021, in connection with the First Amendment, the Company amended and restated the Original K2HV Warrant to purchase an additional 10,417 common shares for a total of 31,250 common shares (the “First Amendment Warrant”) with the same exercise price of $33.60 per share. On September 14, 2022, in connection with the Second Amendment and the advance of the first tranche of term loans of $50,000 by the Lenders, the Company issued the Lenders a warrant to purchase an additional 72,680 common shares (the “Second Amendment Warrant”) with a warrant exercise price of $24.08. If and/or when additional tranches are advanced pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Company will issue additional warrants to purchase up to 72,680 common shares pursuant to the Second Amendment Warrant. If the full remaining $50,000 available in the K2HV tranches is advanced pursuant to the Second Amendment, up to an additional 72,680 common shares will be issuable pursuant to the Second Amendment Warrant.

On July 5, 2023, the Borrowers and K2HV entered into (i) an amendment (the “Third Amendment”) to the Loan Agreement, and (ii) an amendment to the Pledge and Security Agreement, dated May 22, 2020, by and among the Company, VBI DE, VBI Cda, K2HV, and Ankura Trust Company, LLC, as collateral trustee for the lenders, pursuant to which the parties have agreed to permit the Brii Collaboration Agreements, the Supply Agreement (the “Supply Agreement”), dated July 5, 2023 by and between the Company and Brii Bio, and the Letter Agreement (the “Letter Agreement”), dated July 5, 2023, by and among the Company, SciVac and Brii Bio. The Company granted to K2VH a security interest in, all of its respective right, title, and interest in and to substantially all of the Company’s intellectual property. In addition, among others, any breach, default or other triggering event by the Company occurring under the Brii Collaboration Agreements resulting in Brii Bio exercising a right to terminate the Brii Collaboration Agreements, will cross default the Third Amendment.

CEPI Partnership

On March 9, 2021, we and CEPI announced the CEPI Funding Agreement, to develop eVLP vaccine candidates against SARS-COV-2 variants, including the Beta variant, also known as the B.1.351 variant and as 501Y.V2, first identified in South Africa. CEPI agreed to provide up to $33,018 to support the advancement of VBI-2905, a monovalent eVLP candidate expressing the pre-fusion form of the spike protein from the Beta variant strain, through Phase I clinical development. On December 6, 2022, we and CEPI entered into the CEPI Amendment to expand the scope of the CEPI Funding Agreement. The CEPI Amendment, among others, (i) expands the definition of “Project Vaccine” to include additional multivalent vaccine constructs within the VBI-2900 program, (ii) removes certain pricing restrictions previously allocated to high-income countries in the CEPI Funding Agreement, (iii) updates the proposed volume commitment percentage contributions by us to CEPI for a Project Vaccine, and (iv) adds certain commercial benefits and related adjustments for CEPI following the pandemic period, including royalties paid to CEPI, in the event that CEPI provides funding for Phase III clinical studies of the Project Vaccine. Since inception of the CEPI Funding Agreement we received $19,327, of which there is a balance remaining of $4,892 in other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

Plan of Operations and Future Funding Requirements

The report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 contains an explanatory paragraph regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. VBI has incurred significant net losses and negative operating cash flows since inception and expects to continue incurring losses and negative cash flows from operations as we carry out our planned clinical, regulatory, R&D, commercial, and manufacturing activities with respect to the advancement of our 3-antigen HBV vaccine and pipeline candidates. As of June 30, 2023, VBI had an accumulated deficit of $561,988 and stockholders’ equity of $8,738.

Our ability to maintain our status as an operating company and to realize our investment in our IPR&D assets is dependent upon obtaining adequate cash to finance our clinical development, manufacturing, our commercialization activities, our administrative overhead and our research and development activities. We expect that we will need to secure additional financing to finance our business plans, which may be a combination of proceeds from the issuance of equity securities, the issuance of additional debt, government or non-government grants or subsidies, and revenues from potential business development transactions, if any. There is no assurance we will manage to obtain these sources of financing. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern; however, the above conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to do so. The financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from this uncertainty. Our long-term success and ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon obtaining sufficient capital to fund the research and development of our products, to bring about their successful commercial release, to generate revenue, and, ultimately, to attain profitable operations, or, alternatively, to advance our products and technology to such a point that they would be attractive candidates for acquisition by others in the industry.

We will require additional funds to conduct clinical and non-clinical trials, achieve and maintain regulatory approvals, and, subject to such approvals, commercially launch and sell our products, and will need to secure additional financing in the future to support our operations and to realize our investment in our IPR&D assets. We base this belief on assumptions that are subject to change, and we may be required to use our available cash and cash equivalent resources sooner than we currently expect. Our actual future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the progress and results of our ongoing clinical trials, the duration and cost of discovery and preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our pipeline candidates, the timing and outcome of regulatory review of our products, product sales, the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending, and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights, the number and development requirements of other pipeline candidates that we pursue, and the costs of commercialization activities, including product marketing, sales, and distribution.

We expect to finance our future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, government grants or non-government funding, or business development transactions. Pursuant to the Contribution Agreement, we will receive up to CAD $55,976 as a government grant to support the development of the Company’s coronavirus vaccine program, though Phase II clinical studies, and pursuant to the CEPI Funding Agreement, as amended by the CEPI Amendment, we will receive up to $33,018 in funding to support the development of the Company’s coronavirus vaccine program. We may need to raise additional funds more quickly if one or more of our assumptions prove to be incorrect or if we choose to expand our product development efforts more rapidly than we presently anticipate. We may also decide to raise additional funds even before we need them if the conditions for raising capital are favorable. Additional equity, debt, government grants or non-government funding, or business development transactions may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate our R&D programs, reduce our planned commercialization efforts or obtain funds through arrangements with collaborators or others that may require us to relinquish rights to certain pipeline candidates that we might otherwise seek to develop or commercialize independently.

Pursuant to the underwriting agreement, dated July 5, 2023, the Company agreed not to issue any common shares or common share equivalents or to file any other registration statement with the SEC (in each case, subject to certain exceptions) until after the 60th day following the date of the underwriting agreement, without the prior written consent of Raymond James & Associates, Inc. In addition, the common warrants sold in July 2023 in the underwritten public offering and the registered direct offering contain a full ratchet anti-dilution price protection to be triggered upon issuance of equity or equity-linked securities at an effective common share purchase price of less than the exercise price in effect. Such obligations may make any additional financing difficult to obtain or unavailable to the Company.

To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities or obtaining borrowings convertible into equity, ownership dilution to existing stockholders will result and future investors may be granted rights superior to those of existing stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness or debt financing would result in increased fixed obligations and could also result in covenants that would restrict our operations. Our ability to obtain additional capital may depend on prevailing economic conditions and financial, business, and other factors beyond our control. The COVID-19 endemic, its ongoing effects, the continuing armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and inflation among others, have caused an unstable economic environment globally. Disruptions in the global financial markets may adversely impact the availability and cost of credit, as well as our ability to raise money in the capital markets. Current economic conditions have been, and continue to be, volatile. Continued instability in these market conditions may limit our ability to access the capital necessary to fund and grow our business.

The Company’s long-term success and ability to continue as a going concern are dependent upon obtaining sufficient capital to fund the research and development of its pipeline candidates, to bring about their successful commercial release, to generate revenue and, ultimately, to attain profitable operations or, alternatively, to advance its products and technology to such a point that they would be attractive candidates for acquisition by others in the industry.

To date, the Company has been able to obtain financing as and when it was needed; however, there is no assurance that financing will be available in the future, or if it is, that it will be available at acceptable terms.

As of June 30, 2023, we have no off-balance sheet transactions, arrangements, obligations (including contingent obligations), or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons that have, or may have, a material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.

Known Trends, Events, and Uncertainties

As with other companies that are in the process of developing and commercializing novel pharmaceutical and biologic products, we will need to successfully manage normal business and scientific risks. Research and development of new technologies is, by its nature, unpredictable. We cannot assure you that our technology will be adopted, that we will ever earn revenues sufficient to support our operations, or that we will ever be profitable. In May 2023, the World Health Organization determined that COVID-19 no longer fit the definition of a public health emergency and the declaration of a public health emergency associated with COVID-19 subsequently expired on May 11, 2023. COVID-19 is expected to remain a serious endemic threat for an indefinite future period and has adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect our operations and global economy. In addition, the consequences of the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, including related sanctions and countermeasures, are difficult to predict, and could adversely impact geopolitical and macroeconomic conditions, the global economy, and contribute to increased market volatility, which may in turn adversely affect our business and operations. Furthermore, other than as discussed in this report, we have no committed source of financing and may not be able to raise money as and when we need it to continue our operations. If we cannot raise funds as and when we need them, we may be required to severely curtail, or even to cease, our operations.

In addition, we began the reduction of our internal workforce by 30-35% in April and which was largely completed by the end of June 2023. As a result of this and other reductions in spend, although we expect our operating expenses from normal business to be 30-35% lower in the second half of 2023 as compared with the second half of 2022, there is no assurance that the planned reduction in workforce and other expenses will result in the expected overall reduction of our operating expenses.

Other than as discussed above and elsewhere in this report, we are not aware of any trends, events or uncertainties that are likely to have a material effect on our financial condition.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

There have been no changes to our critical accounting policies during the six months ended June 30, 2023. Critical accounting policies and the significant accounting estimates made in accordance with such policies are regularly discussed with the Audit Committee of the Company’s board of directors. Those policies are discussed under “Critical Accounting Policies” in our “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of the Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 10-K”), as well as in our consolidated financial statements and the footnotes thereto, included in the 2022 Form 10-K.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3 of Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and our Chief Financial Officer and Head of Corporate Development (our principal financial and accounting officer), the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and Head of Corporate Development have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner, and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer and Head of Corporate Development, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023, that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

SciVac believes these matters to be without merit and intends to defend these claims vigorously.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The following description of risk factors includes any material changes to risk factors associated with our business, financial condition and results of operations previously disclosed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of the 2022 Form 10-K. Our business, financial condition and operating results can be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described below, any one or more of which could, directly or indirectly, cause our actual financial condition and operating results to vary materially from past, or from anticipated future, financial condition and operating results. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and stock price.

The following discussion of risk factors contains forward-looking statements. These risk factors may be important to understanding other statements in this Form 10-Q. The following information should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes in Part I, Item 1, “Financial Statements” and Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Form 10-Q.

Certain of our warrants contain “full ratchet” anti-dilution provisions, which may dilute the interests of our shareholders, depress the price of our common shares, and make it difficult for us to raise additional capital.

Certain of our warrants (the “July 2023 warrants”) issued in the underwritten public offering and concurrent registered direct offering consummated in July 2023 contain “full ratchet” anti-dilution provisions applicable to the exercise price. If in the future, while any of the July 2023 warrants are outstanding, we issue securities at an effective purchase price per common share that is less than the applicable exercise price of the July 2023 warrants as then in effect, we will be required, subject to certain limitations and adjustments as provided in the July 2023 warrants, to further reduce the relevant exercise price of the July 2023 warrants. Such adjustments can dilute the book value per common share and reduce any proceeds we may receive from the exercise of the July 2023 warrants. In addition, the perceived risk of dilution may cause our shareholders to be more inclined to sell their common shares, which may in turn depress the price of common shares regardless of our business performance. We may also find it more difficult to raise additional equity capital while any of the July 2023 warrants are outstanding.

The Reverse Stock Split may decrease the liquidity of our common shares.

The liquidity of our common shares may be affected adversely by the Reverse Stock Split given the reduced number of shares that are outstanding following the Reverse Stock Split. In addition, the Reverse Stock Split would have increased the number of shareholders who own odd lots (less than 100 shares) of our common shares, creating the potential for such shareholders to experience an increase in the cost of selling their shares and greater difficulty effecting such sales.

The reduction in our internal workforce and other cost reductions we are undertaking to reduce our operating expenses could disrupt our business.

On April 4, 2023, we announced organizational changes including our intention to reduce our internal workforce and other expenses by 30-35%, activity which began in April and was largely completed by the end of June 2023. The headcount reduction and other actions we are undertaking to reduce our operating costs may result in unintended consequences and costs, such as the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, attrition beyond the intended number of employees seeking alternative employment, decreased morale among our remaining employees, and the risk that we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of the reduction in force. Our workforce reductions could also harm our ability to attract and retain qualified management and personnel who are critical to our business. In addition, our former employees may initiate lawsuits related to their termination. The reduction in internal workforce could also make it difficult for us to pursue, or prevent us from pursuing, new opportunities and initiatives. Any of the foregoing may be disruptive to our operations. If we are unable to realize the anticipated benefits from the reduction in internal workforce, or if we experience significant unintended adverse consequences from the reduction in internal workforce, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

We may not continue to meet the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, which could result in a delisting of our common shares.

Our common shares are listed on Nasdaq. While we are currently in compliance, we have in the past been, and may in the future be, unable to comply with certain of the listing standards that we are required to meet to maintain the listing of our common shares on Nasdaq. For instance, on July 1, 2022, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq indicating that, based upon the closing bid price of our common shares for the 30 consecutive business day period between May 18, 2022 through June 30, 2022, we did not meet the minimum bid price of $1.00 per share required for continued listing on Nasdaq pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). On April 12, 2023, we effected the Reverse Stock Split to regain compliance and on April 26, 2023 we received notice from Nasdaq indicating that the Company has regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), and the matter is now closed. The primary intent for the Reverse Stock Split was that the anticipated increase in the price of our common shares immediately following and resulting from a reverse stock split due to the reduction in the number of issued and outstanding common shares would help us meet the minimum bid price requirement. It cannot be assured that the Reverse Stock Split will result in any sustained proportionate increase in the market price of our common shares, which is dependent upon many factors, including the business and financial performance of the company, general market conditions, and prospects for future success, which are unrelated to the number of shares of our common shares outstanding. It is not uncommon for the market price of a company’s common shares to decline in the period following a reverse stock split. Thus, while we have regained compliance with the continued listing requirements for Nasdaq, it cannot be assured that we will continue to do so. If Nasdaq delists our common shares from trading on its exchange for failure to meet the listing standards, an investor would likely find it significantly more difficult to dispose of or obtain our shares, and our ability raise future capital through the sale of our shares could be severely limited. Delisting could also have other negative results, including the potential loss of confidence by employees, the loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.

Impairment in the value of IPR&D has and any impairment of goodwill, other intangible assets, and long-lived assets in the future could negatively impact our results of operations.

Under generally accepted accounting principles, we review our intangible assets and long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Goodwill is required to be tested for impairment at least annually. Factors that may be considered when determining if the carrying value of our goodwill, other intangible assets and long-lived assets may not be recoverable include a sustained, significant decline in our stock price and market capitalization or a significant decline in our expected future cash flows. If our stock price decreases to the point where the fair value of our assets (as partially indicated by our market capitalization) is less than our book value, this could indicate a potential impairment and we may be required to record an impairment charge. Our valuation methodology for assessing impairment requires management to make judgments and assumptions based on projections of future operating performance. We operate in highly competitive environments and projections of future operating results and cash flows may vary significantly from actual results. As a result, we may incur substantial impairment charges to earnings in our financial statements should an impairment of our goodwill, other intangible assets and long-lived assets be determined resulting in an adverse impact on our results of operations.

The drop in market conditions experienced in April 2023 was considered a triggering event for an interim impairment test for property and equipment, IPR&D and goodwill. As a result of our evaluation, we recognized a non-cash, pre-tax impairment charge of $20,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2023, which consists of non-cash impairment charge of $19,000 related to the IPR&D intangible asset, specifically attributable to the congenital CMV asset, and $1,000 related to the property and equipment assets. These charges in the three months ended June 30, 2023, and any future charges related to intangible assets have, and may in the future have, a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. A significant impairment charge could have a material negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. We will continue to evaluate our intangible assets for potential impairment in accordance with our accounting policies.

Events giving rise to impairment are difficult to predict and are an inherent risk in the pharmaceutical industry. Some of the potential risks that could result in impairment of our IPR&D include negative clinical trial results, adverse regulatory developments, delay or failure to obtain regulatory approval, additional development costs, changes in the manner of our use or development of our product candidate, competition, earlier than expected loss of exclusivity, pricing pressures, higher operating costs, changes in tax laws, prices that third parties are willing to pay for our IPR&D or similar assets in an arm’s-length transaction being less than the carrying value of our IPR&D, and other market and economic environment changes or trends, such as the continuing impacts of the COVID-19 endemic. We operate in highly competitive environments and projections of future operating results and cash flows may vary significantly from actual results. Events or changes in circumstances may lead to significant impairment charges on our IPR&D in the future. As a result, we may incur substantial impairment charges to earnings in our financial statements should an impairment of our goodwill, other intangible assets and long-lived assets be determined resulting in an adverse impact on our results of operations.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

a) Sales of Unregistered Securities

There have been no unregistered sales of securities during the period covered by this Form 10-Q that have not been previously reported in a Current Report on Form 8-K. We have not made any purchases of our own securities during the time period covered by this Form 10-Q.

c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

See the Exhibit Index following the signature page to this Form 10-Q for a list of exhibits filed or furnished with this Form 10-Q, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.		Description

1.1		Underwriting Agreement dated July 6, 2023 between the Company and Raymond James & Associates, Inc. as Representative of the Several Underwriters (incorporated by reference the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (SEC File No. 001-37769), filed with the SEC on July 6, 2023).

4.1		Form of Underwritten/Registered Direct Warrant (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (SEC File No. 001-37769), filed with the SEC on July 6, 2023)

10.1+		Employment Agreement, dated April 3, 2023, by and between VBI Vaccines (Delaware) Inc. and Nell Beattie (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (SEC File No. 001-37769), filed with the SEC on April 4, 2023).

10.2⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾		Eighth Amendment to the Collaborative Research Agreement, signed April 17, 2023, between National Research Council of Canada and Variation Biotechnologies Inc (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (SEC File No. 001-37769), filed with the SEC on May 15, 2023).

10.3+		Stock Purchase Agreement, dated July 5, 2023, by and between the Company and Brii Biosciences Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (SEC File No. 001-37769), filed with the SEC on July 5, 2023).

10.4*		Third Amendment to Loan and Guaranty Agreement, dated July 5, 2023, by and among VBI Vaccines Inc., as borrower, Variation Biotechnologies Inc., as borrower representative, each of the guarantors signatory thereto, and K2 HealthVentures LLC, as lender and as administrative agent.

31.1*		Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

31.2*		Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

32.1**		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.

32.2**		Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.

101.INS*		Inline XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.

101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

104*		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished herewith.

+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.

(1) Certain of the schedules (and similar attachments) to this Exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act because they do not contain information material to an investment or voting decision and that information is not otherwise disclosed in the Exhibit or the disclosure document. The registrant hereby agrees to furnish a copy of all omitted schedules (or similar attachments) to the SEC upon its request.

(2) Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, because they are both (i) not material and (ii) the type that the registrant treats as private or confidential. A copy of the omitted portions will be furnished to the SEC upon its request.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: August 14, 2023	VBI VACCINES INC.

	By:	/s/ Jeffrey Baxter
		Jeffrey Baxter
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

	By:	/s/ Nell Beattie
		Nell Beattie
		Chief Financial Officer and Head of Corporate Development
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Exhibit 10.4

THIRD AMENDMENT TO LOAN AND GUARANTY AGREEMENT

AND AMENDMENT TO PLEDGE AND SECURITY AGREEMENT

This THIRD AMENDMENT TO LOAN AND GUARANTY AGREEMENT AND AMENDMENT TO PLEDGE AND SECURITY AGREEMENT “Amendment”) is entered into as of July 5, 2023 (the “Third Amendment Effective Date”), by and among VARIATION BIOTECHNOLOGIES INC., a Canadian federal corporation (“Borrower Representative”), VBI VACCINES INC., a British Columbia corporation (“Parent”, and together with Borrower Representative, and any other Person from time to time party to the Agreement (as defined below) as a borrower, collectively, “Borrowers”, and each, a “Borrower”), each of the parties set forth on the signature page hereto as guarantors (together with any other Person from time to time party to the Agreement as a guarantor, collectively, “Guarantors” and each, a “Guarantor”), the lenders party hereto (together with any other lender from time to time under the Agreement, collectively, “Lenders”, and each, a “Lender”) constituting Required Lenders (as defined in the Loan Agreement (as defined below)), and K2 HEALTHVENTURES LLC, as administrative agent for Lenders (in such capacity, together with its successors, “Administrative Agent”).

recitals

A.	Reference is made to (i) that certain Loan and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of May 22, 2020 (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Agreement”) by and among Borrowers, Guarantors, Lenders, Administrative Agent and, and ANKURA TRUST COMPANY, LLC, as collateral trustee for Lenders (in such capacity, together with its successors, “Collateral Trustee”); and (ii) that certain Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of May 22, 2020, by and among Parent, VBI VACCINES (DELAWARE) INC., a Delaware corporation, VARIATION BIOTECHNOLOGIES (US), INC., a Delaware corporation (collectively “US Loan Parties”), Administrative Agent and Collateral Trustee (the “Pledge and Security Agreement”).

B.	The Loan Parties intend to enter into a commercial transaction with Brii Biosciences Limited, an exempted company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands (“Brii Bio”), with respect to

	(i)	Parent will enter into an Amended and Restated Collaboration and License Agreement, dated on or about the Third Amendment Effective Date (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time subject to the terms of this Amendment and the Brii Subordination Agreement, (as defined below) the “VBI-2601 Collaboration and License Agreement”), with respect to the licensing of certain Intellectual Property and collaboration with respect to, in each case, the Licensed Product in the Licensed Territory (as defined in the VBI-2601 Collaboration and License Agreement).

	(ii)	Parent will enter into an Collaboration and License Agreement, dated on or about the Third Amendment Effective Date (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time subject to the terms of this Amendment and the Brii Subordination Agreement, (as defined below) the “PreHevbri Collaboration and License Agreement”, and together with the VBI-2601 Collaboration and License Agreement, collectively, the “Brii License and Collaboration Agreements”), with respect to the licensing of certain Intellectual Property and collaboration with respect to, in each case, the Licensed Product in the Licensed Territory (as defined in the PreHevbri Collaboration and License Agreement).

	(iii)	Parent will enter into a Supply Agreement, dated on or about the Third Amendment Effective Date (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time subject to the terms of this Amendment and the Brii Subordination Agreement, the “Brii Supply Agreement”), with respect to the supply by Parent of certain Products (as defined in the Supply Agreement).

	(iv)	Parent will enter into a letter agreement, dated on or about the Third Amendment Effective Date (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time subject to the terms of this Amendment and the Brii Subordination Agreement, the “VBI Letter Agreement”, and together with the Brii License and Collaboration Agreements and the Brii Supply Agreement, collectively, the “Brii Transaction Documents”, and the transaction contemplated thereby, collectively, the “Brii Transactions”)

	(v)	In connection with the Brii Transaction Documents, Parent will grant a security interest in certain Intellectual Property related to the Brii Transactions and other collateral as described in the VBI Letter Agreement (the “Brii Collateral”).

C.	Loan Parties have requested, and Administrative Agent and Lenders, constituting Required Lenders, have agreed to modify the Agreement to permit the Brii Transactions.

AGREEMENT

Now, Therefore, in consideration of the foregoing recitals and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which is hereby acknowledged, and intending to be legally bound, the parties hereto agree as follows:

1. Definitions. Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Amendment shall have the respective meanings given to them in the Agreement.

2. Consent to Brii Transaction Documents. Subject to effectiveness of the Brii Subordination Agreement, Administrative Agent and Lenders hereby consent to the Loan Parties’ entry into the Brii Transaction Documents to which they are a party.

3. Amendments to Agreement.

3.1 Section 6.2 of the Agreement is hereby amended by adding a new subsection (n) thereto, to read as follows:

(n) Brii Transaction Document Related. (i) Within five (5) Business Days of receipt or delivery, copies of all material notices given or received pursuant to the Brii Transaction Documents, any reports (to the extent not consisting of copies of reports delivered pursuant to the Loan Documents), and copies of any amendments, restatements, supplements or other modifications to the Brii Transaction Documents, and (ii) within one (1) Business Day of the occurrence of any material default or breach under any Brii Transaction Document, notice thereof, together with a brief description of the circumstances and the Loan Parties’ proposed response.

3.2 Section 6.6 of the Agreement is hereby amended and restated as follows:

6.6 Deposit and Securities Accounts. Maintain Collateral Accounts only at the banks and other financial institutions identified in the Perfection Certificate or as disclosed pursuant to a notice timely delivered, and maintain not less than 85% of aggregate Collateral Account balances in Collateral Accounts domiciled in Canada or the United States subject to Account Control Agreements, provided that in any event SciVac Ltd. shall be permitted to maintain aggregate balances in Collateral Accounts sufficient to fund the then-next 30 days of projected expenditures, as of any date of determination.

3.3 A new Section 7.12 is hereby added to the Agreement in appropriate numerical order, to read as follows:

7.12 Brii Transaction. Agree to any amendment or modification to the Brii Supply Agreement that imposes materially more burdensome terms, materially reduces compensation to the Loan Parties, or otherwise results in the agreement being materially less favorable to the Loan Parties, as reasonably determined by Administrative Agent, without Administrative Agent’s prior written consent.

3.4 Section 8.6 of the Agreement is hereby amended and restated as follows:

8.6 Other Agreements. There is, under any agreement to which a Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries is a party with a third party or parties, (a) any default resulting in a right by such third party or parties, whether or not exercised, to accelerate the maturity of any Indebtedness in an amount individually or in the aggregate in excess of Five Hundred Thousand ($500,000) (except if such third party is restricted from accelerating the maturity of such Indebtedness, including pursuant to the terms of a subordination or similar agreement entered into with respect to the Obligations and subject to any applicable cure period); (b) any breach, default or other triggering event occurs under the Brii Transaction Documents which results in Brii Bio exercising a right to terminate (or giving notice thereof to any Loan Party), or in any Loan Party being required to indemnify Brii Bio or any other party entitled to indemnification pursuant to the Brii Transaction Documents in excess of $500,000 in the aggregate, and (c) any other breach or default by a Loan Party or a Subsidiary of such Loan Party, the result of which could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

3.5 Exhibit A to the Agreement is hereby amended by amending and restating or, as applicable, adding in appropriate alphabetical order, the following defined terms:

“Brii Bio” means Brii Biosciences Limited, an exempted company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands

“Brii Collateral” means Collateral as defined in Section 5.1(a) of the VBI Letter Agreement, or any collateral documents entered into pursuant to the VBI Letter Agreement.

“Brii / K2 Letter Agreement” means that certain letter agreement, dated as of the Third Amendment Effective Date, by and between Brii and K2 Agent.

“Brii License and Collaboration Agreements” means, collectively, the PreHevbri Collaboration and License Agreement and the VBI-2601 Collaboration and License Agreement.

“Brii ROFO” means the right of first offer with respect to certain assets of Loan Parties pursuant to the VBI Letter Agreement and the K2HV Letter Agreement.

“Brii Subordination Agreement” means that certain Subordination Agreement dated as of the Third Amendment Effective Date, by and between Brii and K2 Agent, in form and substance satisfactory to K2 Agent, as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.

“Brii Supply Agreement” means that certain Supply Agreement, dated on or about the Third Amendment Effective Date (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time subject to the terms of this Agreement, the Brii Subordination Agreement, and the other Loan Documents.

“Brii Transaction Documents” means, collectively, the Brii Supply Agreement, the Brii License and Collaboration Agreements, and the VBI Letter Agreement.

“Israeli Security Documents” means, collectively, (i) the first ranking Fixed Charge Agreement, dated as of the date hereof (as amended, amended and restated or supplemented from time to time), between Israeli Loan Party and the ISR Collateral Agent, (ii) the first ranking Fixed Charge Agreement, dated on or about the Third Amendment Effective Date (as amended, amended and restated or supplemented from time to time), between Israeli Loan Party and the ISR Collateral Agent (the “New Israeli Fixed Charge”), (iii) the first ranking Floating Charge Agreement, dated as of the date hereof (as amended, amended and restated or supplemented from time to time), between Israeli Loan Party and the ISR Collateral Agent, (iv) solely with respect to the pledge of Borrower’s Equity Interests in the applicable Israeli Loan Party, this Agreement, (v) solely in connection with Borrower Representative’s registered patents and patent applications in Israel, including but not limited to patents 247238, 224022, 217375 and 210097 and patent applications 288402, 283039 and 290854 (to the extent of its interest therein, the Pledge and Security Agreement, and (vi) the forms required to be submitted to the Israeli Registrar of Companies, the Israeli Registrar of Pledges, the Israeli Patent Office and any other Israeli Governmental Authority in connection therewith, any other collateral security document entered into by an Israeli Loan Party or any other Loan Party from time to time with respect to the Obligations, and any other agreements, documents or certificates delivered pursuant thereto, in each case, as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.

“K2HV Letter Agreement” means that certain Letter Agreement between VBI, K2 Agent, and Brii, dated on or about the Third Amendment Effective Date (as amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time subject to the terms of this Agreement).

“PreHevbri Collaboration and License Agreement” means that certain Collaboration and License Agreement, dated on or about the Third Amendment Effective Date (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time subject to the terms of this Agreement, the Brii Subordination Agreement, and the other Loan Documents.

“Third Amendment Effective Date” means July 5, 2023.

“VBI-2601 Collaboration and License Agreement” means that certain Amended and Restated Collaboration and License Agreement, dated on or about the Third Amendment Effective Date (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time subject to the terms of this Agreement, the Brii Subordination Agreement and the other Loan Documents,

“VBI Letter Agreement” means that certain Letter Agreement between VBI and Brii, dated on or about the Third Amendment Effective Date (as amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time subject to the terms of this Agreement).

3.6 The defined term “Permitted Transfer” in Exhibit A to the Agreement is hereby amended by amending and restating clause (c) therein to read as follows:

(c) (i) exclusive licenses and similar arrangements for the use of Intellectual Property of a Loan Party or any of its Subsidiaries that (A) are approved by the Board of Parent, (B) are entered into on an arm’s-length basis, on commercially reasonable terms and in the Ordinary Course of Business, and (C) are exclusive only with respect to specific fields of use or discrete geographic territories (other than United States or Europe, as a whole), do not result in the effective legal transfer of the subject Intellectual Property, and do not impair in any material respect the applicable Collateral Agent’s rights and remedies with respect to the subject Intellectual Property, and (ii) the licenses pursuant to the Brii License and Collaboration Agreements;

3.7 The defined term “Permitted Transfer” in Exhibit A to the Agreement is hereby amended by adding a new clause (g) immediately following clause (f) thereof and renumbering existing clause (g) accordingly:

(g) the granting of the Brii ROFO, provided that the terms of the Brii ROFO shall not be modified without the prior written consent of Administrative Agent;

3.8 The defined term “Permitted Liens” in Exhibit A to the Agreement is hereby amended by adding a new clause (l) immediately following clause (k) thereof and renumbering existing clause (l) accordingly:

(l) Liens granted in favor of Brii on the Brii Collateral, provided that the Brii Subordination Agreement is in effect, and provided further that the scope of the Brii Collateral or the terms of the security interest shall not be modified without the prior written consent of Administrative Agent;

4. Amendments to Pledge and Security Agreement

4.1 A new Section 3.4 is hereby added to the Pledge and Security Agreement in appropriate numerical order, to read as follows:

3.4 Intellectual Property. If any US Grantor (i) obtains any Patent, registered Trademark, registered Copyright, registered mask work, or any pending application for any of the foregoing, whether as owner or licensee, or (ii) applies for any Patent or the registration of any Trademark, then such US Grantor shall promptly provide written notice thereof to Administrative Agent. From time to time, upon Administrative Agent’s request, US Grantors shall execute and deliver such intellectual property security agreements (“IP Security Agreement”) and other documents and take such other actions as Administrative Agent may request to protect Collateral Trustee’s interest in such property and authorize the filing thereof with the United States Patent and Trademark Office or Copyright Office. Any such IP Security Agreement shall constitute a Loan Document.

4.2 Exhibit C to the Pledge and Security Agreement is hereby amended and restated to read as set forth on Exhibit C attached hereto:

5. Additional Agreements. Within 10 Business Days of the Third Amendment Effective Date, Borrower Representative shall deliver evidence to Administrative Agent of its receipt of not less than $20,000,000 in cash proceeds from (i) the issuance of Parent’s Equity Interests following the Third Amendment Effective Date to Brii (the “Brii Equity Proceeds”), (ii) the initial upfront payments pursuant to the Brii License and Collaboration Agreements, (iii) the “Prepayment Amount” as defined in the Brii Supply Agreement, and (iv) the issuance of Parent’s Equity Interests following the Third Amendment Effective Date to investors other than Brii, provided that the aggregate proceeds received from Brii described in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) shall not be less than $15,000,000 (collectively, the “Brii Transaction Payments”). Failure to comply with the foregoing shall constitute an immediate Event of Default without cure period.

6. Limitation of Amendments. The Amendments set forth in Sections 2 and 3 above, are effective for the purposes set forth herein and shall be limited precisely as written and shall not be deemed to (a) establish a course of dealing with respect to any other amendment, modification or waiver of any term or condition of any Loan Document or otherwise obligate Administrative Agent or any Lender to waive any future Event of Default, or (b) otherwise prejudice any right or remedy any Secured Party may now have or may have in the future under or in connection with any Loan Document.

7. Representations. To induce Administrative Agent and Required Lenders to enter into this Amendment, each Loan Party hereby represent and warrant as follows:

7.1 The representations and warranties contained in the Agreement and in other Loan Documents are true and correct in all material respects as of the date of this Amendment (except for such representations and warranties referring to another date, which representations and warranties are true and correct in all material respects as of such date).

7.2 Prior to and upon execution and delivery of this Amendment, no Event of Default has occurred and is continuing.

7.3 Each Loan Party has the power and authority to execute and deliver this Amendment and to perform its obligations under the Agreement and other Loan Documents to which it is a party, in each case, as amended by this Amendment (as applicable).

7.4 The execution and delivery by each Loan Party of this Amendment and the performance by each Loan Party of their respective obligations under the Agreement and the other Loan Documents to which it is a party, in each case, as amended by this Amendment (as applicable), (a) have been duly authorized by all necessary action on the part of such Loan Party, and (b) do not and will not contravene (i) any material Requirement of Law, (ii) any material contractual restriction in any material agreement with a Person binding on such Loan Party, (iii) any order, judgment or decree of any Governmental Authority binding on such Loan Party, or (iv) the Operating Documents operating of such Loan Party.

7.5 The execution and delivery by each Loan Party of this Amendment and the performance by each Loan Party of their respective obligations under the Agreement and the other Loan Documents to which it is a party, in each case, as amended by this Amendment (as applicable), do not require any order, consent, approval, license, authorization or validation of, or filing, recording or registration with, or exemption by, Governmental Authority, except as already has been obtained or made.

7.6 This Amendment has been duly executed and delivered by each Loan Party and is the binding obligation of each Loan Party, enforceable against such Loan Party in accordance with its terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, liquidation, moratorium or other similar laws of general application relating to or affecting creditors’ rights and by general equitable principles.

7.7 The Israeli Subsidiary (as defined in Schedule 1 hereto) is duly and validly registered with the Israeli Registrar of Companies; and as of the date hereof it is not in a status of a “breaching company” (‘חברה מפרה’) within the meaning provided therefor under the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999).

8. Conditions. As a condition to the effectiveness of this Amendment, Administrative Agent shall have received, in form and substance satisfactory to Administrative Agent in its sole discretion, the following:

(a) this Amendment, duly executed by the Loan Parties;

(b) the documents and certificates set forth on Schedule 1 hereto, provided that to the extent indicated on Schedule 1 (or such later date as Administrative Agent may agree in its sole discretion), certain documents or certificates may be delivered following the Third Amendment Effective Date no later than the date specified on Schedule 1 hereto, provided further that failure to deliver the same shall constitute an immediate Event of Default without cure period;

(c) payment of all fees and Lender Expenses due on the Third Amendment Effective Date in accordance with the Amended and Restated Fee Letter and the Agreement, as amended; and

(d) confirmation that Loan Parties shall have satisfied the conditions to receive the Brii Transaction Payments (subject to the consummation of a public offering of common stock of Parent resulting in proceeds of at least $5,000,000).

9. Affirmations; UCC Filing Authorization.

9.1 The Agreement, as amended hereby is reaffirmed by the Loan Parties and the Loan Parties agree and acknowledge that the Agreement, as modified by this Amendment, remains in full force and effect and that the same is hereby ratified and confirmed in all respects.

9.2 Except as modified by this Amendment, the US Loan Parties agree and acknowledge that the security interest as granted pursuant to the Pledge and Security Agreement continues to secure the Obligations from the Closing Date without novation, and this Amendment is not intended to be, and shall not constitute, a novation.

9.3 The Guarantors agree and acknowledge the terms of this Amendment and confirm that the guaranty pursuant to Section 13 of the Agreement remains in full force and effect as of the date hereof with respect to the Obligations (as modified this Amendment).

9.4 In connection with the grant of security interest hereunder or pursuant to the Loan Documents contemplated to be delivered pursuant to Schedule 1, each of the Loan Parties hereby authorizes the applicable Secured Party and its counsel to file UCC financing statements in form and substance satisfactory to such Secured Party, describing the collateral as “all assets of the Debtor whether now owned or existing or hereafter acquired or arising and wheresoever located, and proceeds and products thereof” or words to that effect, and any limitations on such collateral description, notwithstanding that the collateral description may be broader in scope than the Collateral described in this Agreement.

10. Governing Law. Section 11 of the Agreement is incorporated herein, provided that references to the “Agreement” shall be understood to refer to this Amendment.

11. General Provisions.

11.1 This Amendment and the Loan Documents represent the entire agreement with respect to this subject matter and supersede prior negotiations or agreements. All prior agreements, understandings, representations, warranties, and negotiations between the parties about the subject matter of this Amendment and the Loan Documents merge into this Amendment and the Loan Documents.

11.2 This Amendment may be executed in any number of counterparts and by different parties on separate counterparts, each of which, when executed and delivered, is an original, and all taken together, constitute one agreement. The words “execution,” “signed,” “signature” and words of like import herein shall be deemed to include electronic signatures or the keeping of records in electronic form, each of which shall be of the same legal effect, validity and enforceability as a manually executed signature or the use of a paper-based recordkeeping systems, as the case may be, to the extent and as provided for in any applicable law, including, without limitation, any state law based on the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page of this Amendment or any document delivered in connection therewith by electronic means including by email delivery of a “.pdf” format data file shall be effective as delivery of an original executed counterpart thereof.

11.3 This Amendment shall constitute a Loan Document.

[remainder of page intentionally left blank]

[signature page to third AMENDMENT TO LOAN AND GUARANTY AGREEMENT

AND amendment to PLEDGE AND SECURITY AGREEMENT]

In Witness Whereof, the parties hereto have caused this Amendment to be duly executed and delivered as of the date first set forth above.

	BORROWERS:

	Variation Biotechnologies Inc., a Canadian
	federal corporation

	By	/s/ Jeff Baxter
	Name:	Jeff Baxter
	Title:	CEO

	VBI Vaccines Inc., a British Columbia corporation

	By	/s/ Jeff Baxter
	Name:	Jeff Baxter
	Title:	CEO

	GUARANTORS:

	SciVac Ltd., an Israeli corporation

	By	/s/ Jeff Baxter
	Name:	Jeff Baxter
	Title:	CEO

	VBI VACCINES (DELAWARE) INC., a Delaware
	corporation

	By	/s/ Jeff Baxter
	Name:	Jeff Baxter
	Title:	CEO

	VARIATION BIOTECHNOLOGIES (US), INC., a
	Delaware corporation

	By	/s/ Jeff Baxter
	Name:	Jeff Baxter
	Title:	CEO

[signature page to second AMENDMENT TO LOAN AND GUARANTY AGREEMENT

AND AFFIRMATION OF PLEDGE AND SECURITY AGREEMENT]

ADMINISTRATIVE AGENT:

K2 HEALTHVENTURES LLC

By	/s/ Anup Arora
Name:	Anup Arora
Title:	Chief Investment Officer and Managing Director

LENDER:

K2 HEALTHVENTURES LLC

By	/s/ Anup Arora
Name:	Anup Arora
Title:	Chief Investment Officer and Managing Director

SCHEDULE 1

AMENDMENT DOCUMENTS

Document / Certificate		Delivery Due Date
A copy of the resolutions duly approved by the Board with respect to this Amendment and the transactions contemplated thereby		On the Third Amendment Effective Date

A certificate of each Loan Party, duly executed by a Responsible Officer, certifying and attaching (i) the Operating Documents as in effect on the Third Amendment Effective Date, (ii) resolutions duly approved by the Board of such Loan Party approving this Amendment and the documents to be entered into in connection therewith, (iii) any resolutions, consent or waiver duly approved by the requisite holders of each such Loan Party’s Equity Interests, if applicable (or certifying that no such resolutions, consent or waiver is required), and (iv) a schedule of incumbency		Within 10 Business Days of the Third Amendment Effective Date

an Amendment to the Canadian Security Documents, amending the scope of collateral consistent with the amendments to the US Security Agreement and making other appropriate corresponding changes thereto, and any documents and certificates reasonably requested in connection therewith to implement the foregoing		Within 10 Business Days of the Third Amendment Effective Date

An Amendment to the applicable Israeli Security Documents, amending the scope of the collateral consistent with the amendments to the US Security Agreement and making other appropriate corresponding changes thereto, and any documents and certificates reasonably requested in connection therewith to implement the foregoing, including the applicable Loan Party’s wet-ink signatures thereto and the wet-ink signatures of an officer of the Israeli Subsidiary to any notice to the Israeli Registrar of Companies in connection therewith.		Within 10 Business Days of the Third Amendment Effective Date

The New Israeli Fixed Charge and any documents and certificates reasonably requested in connection therewith, including the applicable Loan Party’s wet-ink signatures thereto and the wet-ink signatures of an officer of Borrower to any notice to the Israeli Registrar of Companies in connection therewith.		Within 10 Business Days of the Third Amendment Effective Date

Any and all consents and/or acknowledgements (as may be required) in connection with the Israeli Security Documents with respect to newly pledged assets		Within 10 Business Days of the Third Amendment Effective Date

Such documents, certificates and registrations as ISR Collateral Agent may require to perfect or continue the perfection of ISR Collateral Agent’s security interest in the Collateral of the Israeli Loan Parties or Equity Interests of SciVac Ltd. (the “Israeli Subsidiary”), or in any Loan Party’s Patents registered in Israel;		Within 10 Business Days of the Third Amendment Effective Date

Evidence that the articles of association of the Israeli Subsidiary have been amended to include customary provisions providing that any restrictions or limitations on, or approval requirements for, the transfer of shares or other securities, the registration of share transfers in the shareholders registry of the company, or the exercise of any rights, preferences, privilege and powers shall not apply to the creation of a lien, any transfer thereof in case of enforcement of the Loan Documents, the registration of such transfer or the exercise of any rights, preferences, privileges and powers attached to such shares or conferred upon the holders thereof under law or by virtue of the articles or any contract		Within 10 Business Days of the Third Amendment Effective Date

Evidence satisfactory to the ISR Collateral Agent that the lien registered in favor of the Israeli Ministry of Economy, created on November 16, 2014 and registered with the Israeli Registrar of Companies on November 19, 2014 as lien no. 6 has been formally released and is no longer registered with the Israeli Registrar of Companies.		As promptly as practicable

An updated Perfection Certificate		Within 10 Business Days of the Third Amendment Effective Date

EXHIBIT C

To pledge and security agreement

COLLATERAL DESCRIPTION

The Collateral consists of all of each Grantor’s right, title and interest in and to the following personal property wherever located, whether now owned or existing or hereafter acquired, created or arising:

All goods, Accounts (including health-care receivables), Equipment, Inventory, contract rights or rights to payment of money, leases, license agreements, franchise agreements, General Intangibles, commercial tort claims, Documents, Instruments (including any promissory notes), Chattel Paper (whether tangible or electronic), cash, Deposit Accounts, , letters of credit rights (whether or not the letter of credit is evidenced by a writing), securities, and all other Investment Property, Supporting Obligations, and financial assets, whether now owned or hereafter acquired, wherever located; and all such Grantor’s Books relating to the foregoing, and any and all claims, rights and interests in any of the above and all substitutions for, additions, attachments, accessories, accessions and improvements to and replacements, products, proceeds (both cash and non-cash) and insurance proceeds of any or all of the foregoing.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Collateral does not include (i) [Reserved], (ii) any permit, lease, license, contract or agreement to which any US Grantor is a party or any of its rights or interests thereunder if and only to the extent that the grant of a security interest hereunder (a) is prohibited by or a violation of any law, rule or regulation applicable to such Grantor or (b) shall constitute or result in a breach of a term or provision of, or the termination or a default under the terms of, such permit, lease, license, contract or agreement (other than to the extent that any such law, rule, regulation, term or provision would be rendered ineffective pursuant to Sections 9-406, 9-407, 9-408 or 9-409 of the UCC of any relevant jurisdiction or any other applicable law (including any debtor relief law or principle of equity), (ii) property owned by any Grantor that is subject to a purchase money Lien or capitalized lease obligation if the agreement pursuant to which such Lien is granted (or the document providing for such capitalized lease obligation) prohibits, or requires the consent of any Person other than the Grantors which has not been obtained as a condition to, the creation of any other Lien on such property, or (iii) any “intent-to-use” trademark application.

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Jeffrey Baxter, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of VBI Vaccines Inc.;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15-d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

	a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

	b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

	c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

	d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

	a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

	b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 14, 2023

/s/ Jeffrey Baxter
Jeffrey Baxter
President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Nell Beattie, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of VBI Vaccines Inc.;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15-d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

	a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

	b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

	c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

	d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

	a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

	b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 14, 2023

/s/ Nell Beattie
Nell Beattie
Chief Financial Officer and Head of Corporate Development (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION

In connection with the quarterly report of VBI Vaccines Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), I, Jeffrey Baxter, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) of the Company, hereby certify as of the date hereof, solely for purposes of Title 18, Chapter 63, Section 1350 of the United States Code, that to the best of my knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company at the dates and for the periods indicated.

Date: August 14, 2023

/s/ Jeffrey Baxter
Jeffrey Baxter
Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION

In connection with the quarterly report of VBI Vaccines Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), I, Nell Beattie, Chief Financial Officer and Head of Corporate Development (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) of the Company, hereby certify as of the date hereof, solely for purposes of Title 18, Chapter 63, Section 1350 of the United States Code, that to the best of my knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company at the dates and for the periods indicated.

Date: August 14, 2023

/s/ Nell Beattie
Nell Beattie
Chief Financial Officer and Head of Corporate Development (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Cover - shares	6 Months Ended
Cover - shares	Jun. 30, 2023	Aug. 14, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity File Number	001-37769
Entity Registrant Name	VBI Vaccines Inc/BC
Entity Central Index Key	0000764195
Entity Tax Identification Number	00-0000000
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	A1
Entity Address, Address Line One	160 Second Street
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Floor 3
Entity Address, City or Town	Cambridge
Entity Address, State or Province	MA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	02142
City Area Code	617
Local Phone Number	830-3031
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Shares, no par value per share
Trading Symbol	VBIV
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		22,872,175

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash	$ 20,840	$ 62,629
Accounts receivable, net	79	94
Inventory, net	6,861	6,599
Prepaid expenses	1,667	2,309
Other current assets	2,444	6,059
Total current assets	31,891	77,690
NON-CURRENT ASSETS
Other long-term assets	1,110	1,355
Property and equipment, net	10,104	12,253
Right of use assets	2,703	3,316
Intangible assets, net	40,339	58,345
Goodwill	2,175	2,127
Total non-current assets	56,431	77,396
TOTAL ASSETS	88,322	155,086
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable	7,353	12,973
Other current liabilities	16,493	22,588
Current portion of deferred revenues	845	409
Current portion of long-term debt, net of debt discount	1,990
Current portion of lease liability	993	972
Total current liabilities	27,674	36,942
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES
Deferred revenues, net of current portion	1,793	2,204
Long-term debt, net of debt discount	47,839	48,888
Lease liability, net of current portion	1,732	2,365
Liabilities for severance pay	546	524
Total non-current liabilities	51,910	53,981
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (NOTE 14)
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common shares (unlimited authorized; no par value) (June 30, 2023 - issued and outstanding 8,608,539; December 31, 2022 - issued and outstanding 8,608,539)	442,322	442,312
Additional paid-in capital	93,695	90,020
Accumulated other comprehensive income	34,709	21,440
Accumulated deficit	(561,988)	(489,609)
Total stockholders’ equity	8,738	64,163
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$ 88,322	$ 155,086

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, shares authorized	Unlimited	Unlimited
Common stock, no par value	$ 0	$ 0
Common stock, shares issued	8,608,539	8,608,539
Common stock, shares outstanding	8,608,539	8,608,539

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenues, net	$ 720	$ 346	$ 1,205	$ 472
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenues	3,483	2,522	7,039	5,276
Research and development	3,292	5,643	6,446	8,005
Sales, general and administrative	10,917	15,084	24,201	26,014
Impairment charges	20,000		20,000
Total operating expenses	37,692	23,249	57,686	39,295
Loss from operations	(36,972)	(22,903)	(56,481)	(38,823)
Interest expense, net	(1,708)	(901)	(3,137)	(1,841)
Foreign exchange loss	(5,948)	(21,895)	(12,761)	(26,289)
Loss before income taxes	(44,628)	(45,699)	(72,379)	(66,953)
Income tax expense
NET LOSS	(44,628)	(45,699)	(72,379)	(66,953)
Other comprehensive income	6,670	19,236	13,269	24,339
COMPREHENSIVE LOSS	$ (37,958)	$ (26,463)	$ (59,110)	$ (42,614)
Net loss per share of common shares, basic	$ (5.18)	$ (5.31)	$ (8.41)	$ (7.78)
Net loss per share of common shares, diluted	$ (5.18)	$ (5.31)	$ (8.41)	$ (7.78)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, basic	8,608,539	8,608,539	8,608,539	8,608,526
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, diluted	8,608,539	8,608,539	8,608,539	8,608,526

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	AOCI Attributable to Parent [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 442,235	$ 81,583	$ (1,565)	$ (378,371)	$ 143,882
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2021	8,608,298
Stock-based compensation	$ 25	2,477			2,502
Net loss				(21,254)	(21,254)
Currency translation adjustments			5,103		5,103
Adjustments for prior periods from adoption of ASU 2020-06		(2,746)		2,065	(681)
Common shares issued upon exercise of options	$ 12				12
Common shares issued upon exercise of options, shares	241
Balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 442,272	81,314	3,538	(397,560)	129,564
Balance, shares at Mar. 31, 2022	8,608,539
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 442,235	81,583	(1,565)	(378,371)	143,882
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2021	8,608,298
Net loss					(66,953)
Balance at Jun. 30, 2022	$ 442,286	83,757	22,774	(443,259)	105,558
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2022	8,608,539
Balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 442,272	81,314	3,538	(397,560)	129,564
Balance, shares at Mar. 31, 2022	8,608,539
Stock-based compensation	$ 14	2,443			2,457
Net loss				(45,699)	(45,699)
Currency translation adjustments			19,236		19,236
Balance at Jun. 30, 2022	$ 442,286	83,757	22,774	(443,259)	105,558
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2022	8,608,539
Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 442,312	90,020	21,440	(489,609)	64,163
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2022	8,608,539
Stock-based compensation	$ 10	2,001			2,011
Net loss				(27,751)	(27,751)
Currency translation adjustments			6,599		6,599
Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 442,322	92,021	28,039	(517,360)	45,022
Balance, shares at Mar. 31, 2023	8,608,539
Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 442,312	90,020	21,440	(489,609)	64,163
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2022	8,608,539
Net loss					(72,379)
Balance at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 442,322	93,695	34,709	(561,988)	8,738
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2023	8,608,539
Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 442,322	92,021	28,039	(517,360)	45,022
Balance, shares at Mar. 31, 2023	8,608,539
Stock-based compensation		1,674			1,674
Net loss				(44,628)	(44,628)
Currency translation adjustments			6,670		6,670
Balance at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 442,322	$ 93,695	$ 34,709	$ (561,988)	$ 8,738
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2023	8,608,539

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$ (72,379)	$ (66,953)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,018	1,015
Stock-based compensation	3,685	4,959
Amortization of debt discount	941	821
Impairment charges	20,000
Inventory reserve	1,664	353
Change in operating right of use assets	658	(668)
Unrealized foreign exchange loss	13,415	26,337
Net change in operating working capital items:
Change in accounts receivable	13	(134)
Change in inventory	(2,232)	(2,225)
Change in prepaid expenses	636	653
Change in other current assets	3,666	(917)
Change in other long-term assets	152	(215)
Change in accounts payable	(5,714)	905
Change in deferred revenues	15	41
Change in other current liabilities	(5,748)	(2,021)
Change in operating lease liabilities	(656)	674
Net cash flows used in operating activities	(40,866)	(37,375)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of property and equipment	(584)	(1,592)
Net cash flows used in investing activities	(584)	(1,592)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from issuance of common shares for cash, upon exercise of options		12
Net cash flows provided by financing activities		12
Effect of exchange rates on cash	(339)	(325)
CHANGE IN CASH FOR THE PERIOD	(41,789)	(39,280)
CASH, BEGINNING OF PERIOD	62,629	121,694
CASH, END OF PERIOD	20,840	82,414
Supplementary information:
Interest paid	2,973	1,248
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Adjustments for prior periods from adoption of ASU 2020-06		681
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable and other current liabilities	51	757
Share issuance costs included in other current liabilities	$ 67	$ 67

NATURE OF BUSINESS AND CONTINUATION OF BUSINESS

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

NATURE OF BUSINESS AND CONTINUATION OF BUSINESS

1. NATURE OF BUSINESS AND CONTINUATION OF BUSINESS

Corporate Overview

VBI Vaccines Inc. (the “Company” or “VBI”) was incorporated under the laws of British Columbia, Canada on April 9, 1965.

Reverse Stock Split

Principal Operations

Recent Organizational Changes

COVID-19 Endemic

Liquidity and Going Concern

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Significant Accounting Policies

Restructuring charges

NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accounting Changes and Error Corrections [Abstract]

NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

3. NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

INVENTORY, NET

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

INVENTORY, NET

4. INVENTORY, NET

Inventory consists of the following:

SCHEDULE OF INVENTORY

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Finished goods	$	827	$	893
Work-in-process		2,550		1,869
Raw materials		3,484		3,837
Inventory, net	$	6,861	$	6,599

OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

5. OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Other current assets consisted of the following:

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Government receivables	$	1,578	$	4,033
Other current assets		866		2,026
Total other current assets	$	2,444	$	6,059

IMPAIRMENT CHARGES

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

IMPAIRMENT CHARGES

6. IMPAIRMENT CHARGES

Impairment charges consist of the following:

SCHEDULE OF IMPAIRMENT CHARGES

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three months ended June 30				Six months ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Property and equipment (Note 7)	$	1,000	$	-	$	1,000	$	-
IPR&D (Note 8)		19,000		-		19,000		-
Impairment charges	$	20,000	$	-	$	20,000	$	-

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

7. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET, AND GOODWILL

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET, AND GOODWILL

8. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET, AND GOODWILL

			June 30, 2023
	Gross					Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Accumulated			Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Amortization			Charge			Translation			Value
License	$	669	$	(669	)	$	-		$	-		$	-
IPR&D assets		61,500		-			(19,300	)		(1,861	)		40,339
	$	62,169	$	(669	)	$	(19,300	)	$	(1,861	)	$	40,339

			December 31, 2022
	Gross					Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Accumulated			Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Amortization			Charge			Translation			Value
License	$	669	$	(669	)	$	-		$	-		$	-
IPR&D assets		61,500		-			(300	)		(2,855	)		58,345
	$	62,169	$	(669	)	$	(300	)	$	(2,855	)	$	58,345

The Company amortizes intangible assets with finite lives on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

SCHEDULE OF GOODWILL

			June 30, 2023
	Gross		Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Charge			Translation			Value
Goodwill	$	8,714	$	(6,292	)	$	(247	)	$	2,175

			December 31, 2022
	Gross		Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Charge			Translation			Value
Goodwill	$	8,714	$	(6,292	)	$	(295	)	$	2,127

The change in carrying value for goodwill from December 31, 2022, relates to currency translation adjustments which increased by $48 for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Other Liabilities Disclosure [Abstract]

OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

9. OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accrued research and development expenses (including clinical trial accrued expenses)	$	5,564	$	6,561
Accrued professional fees		2,324		3,250
Payroll and employee-related costs		2,025		4,036
Deferred funding		4,892		6,966
Other current liabilities		1,688		1,775
Total other current liabilities	$	16,493	$	22,588

The following table presents changes in the one-time termination benefits for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023:


Accrued balance at January 1, 2023		-

Charges		759
Cash payments		(650	)

Accrued balance at June 30, 2023	$	109

LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON SHARES

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON SHARES

10. LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON SHARES

	2023		2022
	Six months ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Warrants		103,930		46,136
Stock options and restricted stock units		784,118		775,809
K2HV conversion feature		205,396		45,662
Total		1,093,444		867,607

LONG-TERM DEBT

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

LONG-TERM DEBT

11. LONG-TERM DEBT

As of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company’s long-term debt is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF LONG-TERM DEBT

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Long-term debt, net of debt discount of $5,870 ($6,811 at December 31, 2022)	$	49,829	$	48,888
Less: current portion, net of debt discount of $234 ($0 at December 31, 2022)		1,990		-
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$	47,839	$	48,888

On May 17, 2021, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the Loan and Guaranty Agreement (“First Amendment”) with the Lenders and received additional loan advances of $12,000.

At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of our outstanding debt, which is considered level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, is estimated to be $54,598 and $56,510, respectively.

Interest expense, net recorded in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

SCHEDULE OF INTEREST EXPENSE

	2023			2022			2023			2022
	Three months ended June 30						Six months ended June 30
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Interest expense	$	1,537		$	669		$	2,998		$	1,276
Amortization of debt discount		471			411			941			821
Interest income		(300	)		(179	)		(802	)		(256	)
	$	1,708		$	901		$	3,137		$	1,841

The following table summarizes the future principal payments due under long-term debt:

	Principal
	payments on
	Loan Agreement
	and final payment
Remaining 2023	$	-
2024		2,224
2025		-
2026		53,475
Total	$	55,699

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL

12. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL

Stock option plans

2006 VBI US Stock Option Plan

2014 Equity Incentive Plan

2016 VBI Equity Incentive Plan

The aggregate number of common shares remaining available for issuance for awards under the 2016 Plan totalled 27,945 at June 30, 2023.

Activity related to stock options is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTIONS ACTIVITY

	Number of			Weighted
	Stock			Average
	Options			Exercise Price
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2022		761,243		$	71.26

Granted		53,643			14.58
Forfeited		(30,768	)		55.47

Balance outstanding at June 30, 2023		784,118		$	68.06

Exercisable at June 30, 2023		625,860		$	73.19

Information relating to RSUs is as follow:

SCHEDULE OF RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS

				Weighted
				Average
	Number of			Fair Value
	Stock Awards			at Grant Date
Unvested shares outstanding at December 31, 2022		82		$	43.80

Vested		(82	)		43.80
Unvested shares outstanding at June 30, 2023		-		$	-

	Six months ended June 30
	2023			2022
Volatility		96.38	%		93.17	%
Risk free interest rate		3.57	%		1.71	%
Expected term in years		5.76			5.83
Expected dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%
Weighted average fair value per option	$	11.24		$	34.50

	Three months ended June 30				Six months ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	227	$	510	$	493	$	1,020
Sales, general, and administrative		1,432		1,917		3,150		3,883
Cost of revenues		15		30		42		56
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,674	$	2,457	$	3,685	$	4,959

REVENUES, NET AND DEFERRED REVENUE

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

REVENUES, NET AND DEFERRED REVENUE

13. REVENUES, NET AND DEFERRED REVENUE

Revenues, net comprises the following:

SCHEDULE OF REVENUE COMPRISED

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three months ended June 30				Six months ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Product revenues, net	$	708	$	331	$	1,186	$	422
R&D service revenues		12		15		19		50
Revenues	$	720	$	346	$	1,205	$	472

The following table presents revenues expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations, based on current estimates, that are unsatisfied at June 30, 2023:

	Total		Current portion to June 30, 2024		Remaining portion thereafter
Product revenues, net	$	469	$	-	$	469
R&D service revenues		2,169		845		1,324
	$	2,638	$	845	$	1,793

The following table presents changes in the deferred revenue balance for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN DEFERRED REVENUE

Balance at January 1, 2022	$	2,803
		-
		-

Balance at December 31, 2022		2,613

Recognition of deferred revenue		(19	)
Currency translation		44

Balance at June 30, 2023	$	2,638

Short Term	$	845
Long Term	$	1,793

Collaboration and License Agreement – Brii Bio

On December 4, 2018, the Company entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “Collaboration and License Agreement”) with Brii Bio, amended on April 8, 2021, whereby:

	●	the Company and Brii Bio agreed to collaborate on the development of a HBV recombinant protein-based immunotherapeutic in the licensed territory, which consists of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau (collectively, the “Licensed Territory”), and to conduct a Phase II collaboration clinical trial for the purpose of comparing VBI-2601, which is a recombinant protein-based immunotherapeutic developed by VBI for use in treating chronic HBV, with a novel composition developed jointly with Brii Bio (either being the “Licensed Product”);

	●	the Company granted Brii Bio an exclusive royalty-bearing license to perform studies, and regulatory and other activities, as may be required to obtain and maintain marketing approval of the Licensed Product, for the treatment of HBV in the Licensed Territory and to commercialize and the Licensed Product for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic HBV in the Licensed Territory; and

	●	Brii Bio granted the Company an exclusive royalty-free license under Brii Bio’s technology and Brii Bio’s interest in any joint technology developed during the collaboration to develop and commercialize the Licensed Product for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic HBV in the countries of the world other than the Licensed Territory.

On December 20, 2021, the Company and Brii Bio further amended the Collaboration and License Agreement (the “Second Amendment Collaboration and License Agreement”) whereby:

	●	the Company and Brii Bio agreed to conduct an additional Phase II combination clinical trial of VBI-2601, both with and without IFN-α, and BRII-835 (VIR-2218) (“Combo Clinical Trial”); and

	●	Brii Bio granted the Company a non-exclusive royalty free license under the Brii Bio technology arising from the data generated in the Combo Clinical Trial solely for use in the development, manufacture, or commercialization of the Licensed Product in combination with an siRNA in the countries of the world other than the Licensed Territory.

There was no additional consideration contemplated in the Second Amendment Collaboration and License Agreement.

COLLABORATION ARRANGEMENTS

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

COLLABORATION ARRANGEMENTS

14. COLLABORATION ARRANGEMENTS

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three months ended				Six months ended
	June 30				June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A	$	10	$	4	$	113	$	139
National Research Council of Canada (“NRC”)		-		304		35		584
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”)		1,365		713		2,194		2,406
Brii Bio		51		111		120		135
Agenus Inc.		308		-		364		-
Research and Development expenses	$	1,734	$	1,132	$	2,826	$	3,264

NRC

On February 28, 2023, the Company signed a seventh amendment to the collaboration agreement with the NRC to extend the expiration date of the collaboration agreement to December 31, 2023.

CEPI

The Company has $4,892 recorded as deferred funding, recorded in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

GOVERNMENT GRANTS

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Government Grants

GOVERNMENT GRANTS

15. GOVERNMENT GRANTS

Industrial Research Assistance Program (“IRAP”)

Strategic Innovation Fund (“SIF”)

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal Proceedings

SciVac believes these matters to be without merit and intends to defend these claims vigorously.

LEASES

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Leases

LEASES

17. LEASES

	Three months ended				Six months ended
	June 30				June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Operating lease cost	$	483	$	451	$	974	$	895

Weighted average discount rate				13	%
Weighted average remaining lease term				2.56 years

Operating lease costs are included G&A expenses in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The following table summarizes future undiscounted cash payments reconciled to the lease liabilities:


Remaining 2023	$	635
2024		1,170
2025		675
2026		582
2027		160
Total	$	3,222
Effect of discounting		(497	)
Total lease liability	$	2,725
Less: current portion		(993	)
Lease liability, net of current portion	$	1,732

SEGMENT INFORMATION

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

SEGMENT INFORMATION

18. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Revenues, net from external customers are attributed to geographic areas based on location of the contracting customers:

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022

United States	$	508	$	207	$	830	$	207
Israel		57		126		57		221
China / Hong Kong		11		13		18		38
Europe		144		-		300		6
Revenues	$	720	$	346	$	1,205	$	472

There was no revenue attributed to our country of domicile, Canada, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

19. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On July 5, 2023, as discussed in Note 1 and Note 13, the Company announced the expansion of its hepatitis B partnership with Brii Bio.

On July 5, 2023 as discussed in Note 11, the Company entered into the Third Amendment with K2HV.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Significant Accounting Policies

Restructuring charges

INVENTORY, NET (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF INVENTORY

Inventory consists of the following:

SCHEDULE OF INVENTORY

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Finished goods	$	827	$	893
Work-in-process		2,550		1,869
Raw materials		3,484		3,837
Inventory, net	$	6,861	$	6,599

OTHER CURRENT ASSETS (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Other current assets consisted of the following:

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Government receivables	$	1,578	$	4,033
Other current assets		866		2,026
Total other current assets	$	2,444	$	6,059

IMPAIRMENT CHARGES (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF IMPAIRMENT CHARGES

Impairment charges consist of the following:

SCHEDULE OF IMPAIRMENT CHARGES

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three months ended June 30				Six months ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Property and equipment (Note 7)	$	1,000	$	-	$	1,000	$	-
IPR&D (Note 8)		19,000		-		19,000		-
Impairment charges	$	20,000	$	-	$	20,000	$	-

INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET, AND GOODWILL (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF INDEFINITE LIVED INTANGIBLE ASSETS INCLUDING CUMULATIVE IMPAIRMENT AND CURRENCY TRANSLATION

			June 30, 2023
	Gross					Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Accumulated			Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Amortization			Charge			Translation			Value
License	$	669	$	(669	)	$	-		$	-		$	-
IPR&D assets		61,500		-			(19,300	)		(1,861	)		40,339
	$	62,169	$	(669	)	$	(19,300	)	$	(1,861	)	$	40,339

			December 31, 2022
	Gross					Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Accumulated			Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Amortization			Charge			Translation			Value
License	$	669	$	(669	)	$	-		$	-		$	-
IPR&D assets		61,500		-			(300	)		(2,855	)		58,345
	$	62,169	$	(669	)	$	(300	)	$	(2,855	)	$	58,345

SCHEDULE OF GOODWILL

			June 30, 2023
	Gross		Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Charge			Translation			Value
Goodwill	$	8,714	$	(6,292	)	$	(247	)	$	2,175

			December 31, 2022
	Gross		Cumulative			Cumulative
	Carrying		Impairment			Currency			Net Book
	Amount		Charge			Translation			Value
Goodwill	$	8,714	$	(6,292	)	$	(295	)	$	2,127

OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Other Liabilities Disclosure [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Accrued research and development expenses (including clinical trial accrued expenses)	$	5,564	$	6,561
Accrued professional fees		2,324		3,250
Payroll and employee-related costs		2,025		4,036
Deferred funding		4,892		6,966
Other current liabilities		1,688		1,775
Total other current liabilities	$	16,493	$	22,588

SCHEDULE OF CHANGES IN ONE-TIME TERMINATION BENEFITS

The following table presents changes in the one-time termination benefits for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023:


Accrued balance at January 1, 2023		-

Charges		759
Cash payments		(650	)

Accrued balance at June 30, 2023	$	109

LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON SHARES (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF ANTI-DILUTIVE WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARES OUTSTANDING

	2023		2022
	Six months ended June 30,
	2023		2022
Warrants		103,930		46,136
Stock options and restricted stock units		784,118		775,809
K2HV conversion feature		205,396		45,662
Total		1,093,444		867,607

LONG-TERM DEBT (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF LONG-TERM DEBT

As of June 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company’s long-term debt is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF LONG-TERM DEBT

	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Long-term debt, net of debt discount of $5,870 ($6,811 at December 31, 2022)	$	49,829	$	48,888
Less: current portion, net of debt discount of $234 ($0 at December 31, 2022)		1,990		-
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$	47,839	$	48,888

SCHEDULE OF INTEREST EXPENSE

Interest expense, net recorded in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

SCHEDULE OF INTEREST EXPENSE

	2023			2022			2023			2022
	Three months ended June 30						Six months ended June 30
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Interest expense	$	1,537		$	669		$	2,998		$	1,276
Amortization of debt discount		471			411			941			821
Interest income		(300	)		(179	)		(802	)		(256	)
	$	1,708		$	901		$	3,137		$	1,841

SCHEDULE OF FUTURE PRINCIPAL OF LONG-TERM DEBT

The following table summarizes the future principal payments due under long-term debt:

	Principal
	payments on
	Loan Agreement
	and final payment
Remaining 2023	$	-
2024		2,224
2025		-
2026		53,475
Total	$	55,699

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTIONS ACTIVITY

Activity related to stock options is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTIONS ACTIVITY

	Number of			Weighted
	Stock			Average
	Options			Exercise Price
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2022		761,243		$	71.26

Granted		53,643			14.58
Forfeited		(30,768	)		55.47

Balance outstanding at June 30, 2023		784,118		$	68.06

Exercisable at June 30, 2023		625,860		$	73.19

SCHEDULE OF RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS

Information relating to RSUs is as follow:

SCHEDULE OF RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS

				Weighted
				Average
	Number of			Fair Value
	Stock Awards			at Grant Date
Unvested shares outstanding at December 31, 2022		82		$	43.80

Vested		(82	)		43.80
Unvested shares outstanding at June 30, 2023		-		$	-

SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE OF OPTIONS GRANTED BY USING BLACK SCHOLES OPTION PRICING ASSUMPTIONS

	Six months ended June 30
	2023			2022
Volatility		96.38	%		93.17	%
Risk free interest rate		3.57	%		1.71	%
Expected term in years		5.76			5.83
Expected dividend yield		0.00	%		0.00	%
Weighted average fair value per option	$	11.24		$	34.50

SCHEDULE OF STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE

	Three months ended June 30				Six months ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Research and development	$	227	$	510	$	493	$	1,020
Sales, general, and administrative		1,432		1,917		3,150		3,883
Cost of revenues		15		30		42		56
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	1,674	$	2,457	$	3,685	$	4,959

REVENUES, NET AND DEFERRED REVENUE (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF REVENUE COMPRISED

Revenues, net comprises the following:

SCHEDULE OF REVENUE COMPRISED

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three months ended June 30				Six months ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Product revenues, net	$	708	$	331	$	1,186	$	422
R&D service revenues		12		15		19		50
Revenues	$	720	$	346	$	1,205	$	472

SUMMARY OF REVENUE EXPECTED TO BE RECOGNIZED IN FUTURE RELATED TO PERFORMANCE OBLIGATIONS

The following table presents revenues expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations, based on current estimates, that are unsatisfied at June 30, 2023:

	Total		Current portion to June 30, 2024		Remaining portion thereafter
Product revenues, net	$	469	$	-	$	469
R&D service revenues		2,169		845		1,324
	$	2,638	$	845	$	1,793

SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN DEFERRED REVENUE

The following table presents changes in the deferred revenue balance for the six months ended June 30, 2023:

SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN DEFERRED REVENUE

Balance at January 1, 2022	$	2,803
		-
		-

Balance at December 31, 2022		2,613

Recognition of deferred revenue		(19	)
Currency translation		44

Balance at June 30, 2023	$	2,638

Short Term	$	845
Long Term	$	1,793

COLLABORATION ARRANGEMENTS (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSE

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three months ended				Six months ended
	June 30				June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A	$	10	$	4	$	113	$	139
National Research Council of Canada (“NRC”)		-		304		35		584
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”)		1,365		713		2,194		2,406
Brii Bio		51		111		120		135
Agenus Inc.		308		-		364		-
Research and Development expenses	$	1,734	$	1,132	$	2,826	$	3,264

LEASES (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Leases

SCHEDULE OF LEASE COST AND OTHER INFORMATION

	Three months ended				Six months ended
	June 30				June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Operating lease cost	$	483	$	451	$	974	$	895

Weighted average discount rate				13	%
Weighted average remaining lease term				2.56 years

SUMMARY OF FUTURE UNDISCOUNTED CASH PAYMENTS RECONCILED TO LEASE LIABILITIES

The following table summarizes future undiscounted cash payments reconciled to the lease liabilities:


Remaining 2023	$	635
2024		1,170
2025		675
2026		582
2027		160
Total	$	3,222
Effect of discounting		(497	)
Total lease liability	$	2,725
Less: current portion		(993	)
Lease liability, net of current portion	$	1,732

SEGMENT INFORMATION (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

SCHEDULE OF REVENUES FROM EXTERNAL CUSTOMERS

Revenues, net from external customers are attributed to geographic areas based on location of the contracting customers:

	2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30				June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022

United States	$	508	$	207	$	830	$	207
Israel		57		126		57		221
China / Hong Kong		11		13		18		38
Europe		144		-		300		6
Revenues	$	720	$	346	$	1,205	$	472

NATURE OF BUSINESS AND CONTINUATION OF BUSINESS (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands				1 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jul. 05, 2023	Apr. 12, 2023	Apr. 04, 2023	Jul. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Entity incorporation, date of incorporation					Apr. 09, 1965
Reverse stock split		1-for-30 reverse stock split
Accumulated deficit					$ 561,988		$ 489,609
Cash					20,840		$ 62,629
Cash outflows from operating activities					40,866	$ 37,375
IPO [Member]
Gross proceeds					$ 20,500
Subsequent Event [Member]
Upfront payment	$ 15,000			$ 15,000
[custom:PaymentClinicalAndCommercialManufacture-0]	5,000
Non-refundable upfront payment	7,000
Potential regulatory and commercial milestone payments	422,000
Shares issued, price				$ 1.65
Warrant price				$ 1.65
Expiration term				5 years
Subsequent Event [Member] \| Common Stock [Member]
Common shares, issued				1,536,363
Subsequent Event [Member] \| Warrant [Member]
Purchase of warrants				1,636,363
Subsequent Event [Member] \| IPO [Member]
Gross proceeds				$ 20,500
Common shares, issued				12,445,454
Purchase of warrants				12,545,454
Subsequent Event [Member] \| Direct Offering [Member]
Gross proceeds				$ 3,000
Equity Method Investment, Aggregate Cost	$ 3,000
Common shares, issued				1,818,182
Purchase of warrants				1,818,182
Minimum [Member]
Operating expenses and workforce reduction percentage			30.00%		30.00%
Maximum [Member]
Operating expenses and workforce reduction percentage			35.00%		35.00%

SCHEDULE OF INVENTORY (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Finished goods	$ 827	$ 893
Work-in-process	2,550	1,869
Raw materials	3,484	3,837
Inventory, net	$ 6,861	$ 6,599

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT ASSETS (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Government receivables	$ 1,578	$ 4,033
Other current assets	866	2,026
Total other current assets	$ 2,444	$ 6,059

SCHEDULE OF IMPAIRMENT CHARGES (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Impairment charges	$ 20,000		$ 20,000
In Process Research and Development [Member]
Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Impairment charges	19,000		19,000
Property, Plant and Equipment [Member]
Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Impairment charges	$ 1,000		$ 1,000

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Impairment Effects on Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Impairment charges	$ 20,000		$ 20,000
Property, Plant and Equipment [Member]
Impairment Effects on Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Impairment charges	$ 1,000		$ 1,000

SCHEDULE OF INDEFINITE LIVED INTANGIBLE ASSETS INCLUDING CUMULATIVE IMPAIRMENT AND CURRENCY TRANSLATION (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 62,169	$ 62,169
Accumulated Amortization	(669)	(669)
Cumulative Impairment Charge	(19,300)	(300)
Cumulative Currency Translation	(1,861)	(2,855)
Net Book value	40,339	58,345
Inprocess Research and Development Assets [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	61,500	61,500
Accumulated Amortization
Cumulative Impairment Charge	(19,300)	(300)
Cumulative Currency Translation	(1,861)	(2,855)
Net Book value	40,339	58,345
License [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	669	669
Accumulated Amortization	(669)	(669)
Cumulative Impairment Charge
Cumulative Currency Translation
Net Book value

SCHEDULE OF GOODWILL (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Goodwill, Gross Carrying Amount	$ 8,714	$ 8,714
Goodwill, Cumulative Impairment Charge	(6,292)	(6,292)
Goodwill, Cumulative Currency Translation	(247)	(295)
Goodwill, Net Book value	$ 2,175	$ 2,127

INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET, AND GOODWILL (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated fair value of assets discount rate			15.00%
Impairment charges	$ 20,000		$ 20,000
Intangible asset foreign currency translation adjustment			994
Goodwill foreign currency translation adjustment			48
In Process Research and Development [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Impairment charges	$ 19,000		$ 19,000
Minimum [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Percentage of cumulative probability			10.00%
Maximum [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Percentage of cumulative probability			17.00%

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Other Liabilities Disclosure [Abstract]
Accrued research and development expenses (including clinical trial accrued expenses)	$ 5,564	$ 6,561
Accrued professional fees	2,324	3,250
Payroll and employee-related costs	2,025	4,036
Deferred funding	4,892	6,966
Other current liabilities	1,688	1,775
Total other current liabilities	$ 16,493	$ 22,588

SCHEDULE OF CHANGES IN ONE-TIME TERMINATION BENEFITS (Details) - One-time Termination Benefits [Member] $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Balance at January 1, 2023
Charges	759
Cash payments	(650)
Balance at June 30, 2023	$ 109

OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES (Details Narrative)		6 Months Ended
OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES (Details Narrative)	Apr. 04, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023
Minimum [Member]
Operating expenses and workforce reduction percentage	30.00%	30.00%
Maximum [Member]
Operating expenses and workforce reduction percentage	35.00%	35.00%

SCHEDULE OF ANTI-DILUTIVE WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARES OUTSTANDING (Details) - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	1,093,444	867,607
Warrant [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	103,930	46,136
Stock Options And Restricted Stock Units [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	784,118	775,809
K 2 H V Conversion Feature [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	205,396	45,662

SCHEDULE OF LONG-TERM DEBT (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Long-term debt, net of debt discount of $5,870 ($6,811 at December 31, 2022)	$ 49,829	$ 48,888
Less: current portion, net of debt discount of $234 ($0 at December 31, 2022)	1,990
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$ 47,839	$ 48,888

SCHEDULE OF LONG-TERM DEBT (Details) (Parenthetical) - Long-Term Debt [Member] - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Extinguishment of Debt [Line Items]
Debt instrument, unamortized discount	$ 5,870	$ 6,811
Debt instrument, unamortized discount, current	$ 234	$ 0

SCHEDULE OF INTEREST EXPENSE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Interest expense	$ 1,537	$ 669	$ 2,998	$ 1,276
Amortization of debt discount	471	411	941	821
Interest income	(300)	(179)	(802)	(256)
Total interest expense, net of interest income	$ 1,708	$ 901	$ 3,137	$ 1,841

SCHEDULE OF FUTURE PRINCIPAL OF LONG-TERM DEBT (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Total	$ 49,829	$ 48,888
Loan Agreement [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Remaining 2023
2024	2,224
2025
2026	53,475
Total	$ 55,699

LONG-TERM DEBT (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands				6 Months Ended
	Sep. 14, 2022	Feb. 03, 2021	May 22, 2020	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 15, 2022	May 17, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Final payment				$ 55,699
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, fair value disclosure				$ 54,598	$ 56,510
Second Amendment [Member] \| K2 HealthVentures LLC [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Increase amount of term loans available	$ 100,000
Loan and Guaranty Agreement [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt increased percentage				5.00%
Loan and Guaranty Agreement [Member] \| K2 HealthVentures LLC [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt conversion, converted instrument, amount			$ 4,000
Conversion price			$ 43.80
Debt face amount							$ 30,000
Loan and Guaranty Agreement [Member] \| K2 HealthVentures LLC [Member] \| K2 Warrant [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Each Warrant or Right			20,833
Warrant price			$ 33.60
Loan and Guaranty Agreement [Member] \| K2 HealthVentures LLC [Member] \| Restated K2 Warrant [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Each Warrant or Right							10,417
Warrant price							$ 33.60
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights							31,250
Loan and Guaranty Agreement [Member] \| K2 HealthVentures LLC [Member] \| Second Amendment Warrant [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt face amount	$ 50,000
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Each Warrant or Right	72,680
Warrant price	$ 24.08
Loan and Guaranty Agreement [Member] \| First Tranche [Member] \| K2 HealthVentures LLC [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Secured debt			$ 20,000
Loan and Guaranty Agreement [Member] \| First Amendment [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Additional secured debt							$ 12,000
Debt face amount							30,000
Loan and Guaranty Agreement [Member] \| First Amendment [Member] \| K2 HealthVentures LLC [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Final payment, value							$ 2,224
Loan and Guaranty Agreement [Member] \| Second Amendment [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt face amount				$ 50,000
Warrant price	$ 24.08
Secured term loan final payment percentage	6.95%
Final payment amount	$ 3,475
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage				12.25%
Debt instrument, interest rate, effective percentage				15.88%
Debt instrument, maturity date				Sep. 14, 2026
Debt instrument discount						$ 7,359
Debt instrument, unamortized discount				$ 5,870	$ 6,811
Loan and Guaranty Agreement [Member] \| Second Amendment [Member] \| Prime Rate Plus [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage				4.00%
Loan and Guaranty Agreement [Member] \| Second Amendment [Member] \| Minimum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage				8.00%
Loan Agreement [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Term loan available			$ 50,000
Loan Agreement [Member] \| Third Tranche Term Loan [Member] \| Maximum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt face amount						10,000
Loan Agreement [Member] \| Fourth Tranche Term Loan [Member] \| Maximum [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt face amount						25,000
Loan Agreement [Member] \| K2 HealthVentures LLC [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt conversion, converted instrument, amount		$ 2,000
Conversion price		$ 43.80
Conversion price		45,662
Loan Agreement [Member] \| Second Amendment [Member] \| First Tranche Term Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt face amount						$ 50,000
Loan Agreement [Member] \| Second Amendment [Member] \| K2 HealthVentures LLC [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Convertible amount	$ 7,000
Loan Agreement [Member] \| Second Amendment [Member] \| K2 HealthVentures LLC [Member] \| Conversion Price of $43.80 Per Share [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Conversion price	$ 43.80
Convertible amount	$ 2,000
Shares available for conversion	45,662
Loan Agreement [Member] \| Second Amendment [Member] \| K2 HealthVentures LLC [Member] \| Conversion Price of $31.302 Per Share [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Conversion price	$ 31.302
Convertible amount	$ 5,000
Shares available for conversion	159,734

SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTIONS ACTIVITY (Details) - Equity Option [Member]	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares
Offsetting Assets [Line Items]
Number of Stock Options Outstanding, Beginning Balance \| shares	761,243
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Beginning Balance \| $ / shares	$ 71.26
Number of Stock Options, Granted \| shares	53,643
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Granted \| $ / shares	$ 14.58
Number of Stock Options, Forfeited \| shares	(30,768)
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Forfeited \| $ / shares	$ 55.47
Number of Stock Options Outstanding, Ending Balance \| shares	784,118
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Ending Balance \| $ / shares	$ 68.06
Number of Stock Options, Exercisable \| shares	625,860
Weighted Average Exercise Price, Exercisable \| $ / shares	$ 73.19

SCHEDULE OF RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS (Details) - Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Number of Stock Awards, Unvested shares outstanding beginning balance \| shares	82
Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date, Unvested shares outstanding beginning balance \| $ / shares	$ 43.80
Number of Stock Awards, Vested \| shares	(82)
Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date, Vested \| $ / shares	$ 43.80
Number of Stock Awards, Unvested shares outstanding beginning balance \| shares
Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date, Unvested shares outstanding ending balance \| $ / shares

SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE OF OPTIONS GRANTED BY USING BLACK SCHOLES OPTION PRICING ASSUMPTIONS (Details) - $ / shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Equity [Abstract]
Volatility	96.38%	93.17%
Risk free interest rate	3.57%	1.71%
Expected term in years	5 years 9 months 3 days	5 years 9 months 29 days
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Weighted average fair value per option	$ 11.24	$ 34.50

SCHEDULE OF STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 1,674	$ 2,457	$ 3,685	$ 4,959
Research and Development Expense [Member]
Total stock-based compensation expense	227	510	493	1,020
General and Administrative Expense [Member]
Total stock-based compensation expense	1,432	1,917	3,150	3,883
Cost of Sales [Member]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 15	$ 30	$ 42	$ 56

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL (Details Narrative)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 shares
2006 Plan [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options outstanding	28,090
2014 Plan [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options outstanding	17,368
2016 Plan [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based compensation arrangement by share-based, percentage	10.00%
Number of common shares remaining available for issuance for awards	27,945
2016 Plan [Member] \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options outstanding	738,660

SCHEDULE OF REVENUE COMPRISED (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 720	$ 346	$ 1,205	$ 472
Product [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	708	331	1,186	422
Service [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 12	$ 15	$ 19	$ 50

SUMMARY OF REVENUE EXPECTED TO BE RECOGNIZED IN FUTURE RELATED TO PERFORMANCE OBLIGATIONS (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 2,638
Current Portion to June 30, 2024 [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	845
Remaining Portion There After [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	1,793
Product [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	469
Product [Member] \| Current Portion to June 30, 2024 [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues
Product [Member] \| Remaining Portion There After [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	469
Service [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	2,169
Service [Member] \| Current Portion to June 30, 2024 [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	845
Service [Member] \| Remaining Portion There After [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 1,324

SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN DEFERRED REVENUE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Contract with customer liability,beginning	$ 2,613	$ 2,803
Recognition of deferred revenue	(19)
Currency translation	44
Contract with customer liability, ending	2,638	2,613
Contract with customer, liability, current	845	409
Contract with customer, liability, non-current	$ 1,793	$ 2,204

REVENUES, NET AND DEFERRED REVENUE (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Jul. 05, 2023	Dec. 04, 2018	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount			$ 2,638,000
Contract with customer, liability			2,638,000	$ 2,613,000	$ 2,803,000
Subsequent Event [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Non-refundable upfront payment	$ 7,000,000
Service [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount			2,169,000
Collaboration and License Agreement [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
License agreement			$ 1,969,000
Collaboration and License Agreement [Member] \| Brii Bio [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Non-refundable upfront payment		$ 11,000,000
Stock issued during period, shares		76,502
Stock issued during period, value		$ 3,626,000
Collaboration and License Agreement [Member] \| Brii Bio [Member] \| Subsequent Event [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Non-refundable upfront payment	5,000
[custom:NetSalesMilestonePayments]	$ 227,000
Collaboration and License Agreement [Member] \| Brii Bio [Member] \| Service [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount		4,737,000
Collaboration and License Agreement [Member] \| Brii Bio [Member] \| VBI Two Six Zero One [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount		2,637,000
License Agreement [Member] \| Brii Bio [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount		$ 7,374,000

SCHEDULE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and Development expenses	$ 3,292	$ 5,643	$ 6,446	$ 8,005
Collaboration Agreement [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and Development expenses	1,734	1,132	2,826	3,264
Collaboration Agreement [Member] \| Glaxo Smith Kline Biologicals S A [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and Development expenses	10	4	113	139
Collaboration Agreement [Member] \| National Research Council [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and Development expenses		304	35	584
Collaboration Agreement [Member] \| Coalition For Epidemic Preparedness Innovations [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and Development expenses	1,365	713	2,194	2,406
Collaboration Agreement [Member] \| Brii Bio [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and Development expenses	51	111	120	135
Collaboration Agreement [Member] \| Agenus Inc [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Research and Development expenses	$ 308		$ 364

COLLABORATION ARRANGEMENTS (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Deferred funding	$ 4,892	$ 6,966

GOVERNMENT GRANTS (Details Narrative) $ in Thousands, $ in Thousands			3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Sep. 16, 2020	Jul. 03, 2020 CAD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Contribution agreement description	75% of VBI Cda’s costs incurred in respect of the Project, subject to certain eligibility limitations as set forth in the Contribution Agreement and (ii) CAD $55,976 from the SIF to support the development of our coronavirus vaccine program, VBI-2900, though Phase II clinical studies (the “Project”)
Industrial Research Assistance Program [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Estimated contribution on transfer and scaleup of technical production process		$ 1,000
Reduction expenses			$ 0	$ 0	$ 41	$ 0
Deferred government grants			0	43	0	43
Strategic Innovation Fund [Member]
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Reduction expenses			1,168	499	2,875	1,952
Deferred government grants			$ 231	$ 760	$ 231	$ 760

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Details Narrative) - Sci B Vac [Member] ₪ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Sep. 13, 2018 USD ($) Integer	Sep. 13, 2018 ILS (₪) Integer
Product Liability Contingency [Line Items]
Children vaccinated	428,000	428,000
Loss contingency, damages seeking, value	$ 507,973	₪ 1,879,500

SCHEDULE OF LEASE COST AND OTHER INFORMATION (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Leases
Operating lease cost	$ 483	$ 451	$ 974	$ 895
Weighted average discount rate	13.00%		13.00%
Weighted average remaining lease term	2 years 6 months 21 days		2 years 6 months 21 days

SUMMARY OF FUTURE UNDISCOUNTED CASH PAYMENTS RECONCILED TO LEASE LIABILITIES (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Leases
Remaining 2023	$ 635
2024	1,170
2025	675
2026	582
2027	160
Total	3,222
Effect of discounting	(497)
Total lease liability	2,725
Less: current portion	(993)	$ (972)
Lease liability, net of current portion	$ 1,732	$ 2,365

LEASES (Details Narrative)	6 Months Ended
LEASES (Details Narrative)	Jun. 30, 2023
ISRAEL \| Manufacturing Facility Lease Agreement [Member]
Lessee, operating lease, option to extend	Our manufacturing facility lease agreement in Israel has been extended for 5 years with a term now ending January 31, 2027
CANADA \| Lease Agreement [Member]
Lessee, operating lease, option to extend	A lease for additional office space in Israel has a term ending November 30, 2025 with an option to extend for two additional years and June 30, 2027 with an option to extend the term for five additional years. In September 2022, the Company extended the term of our lease for our research facility in Canada, which comprises office and laboratory space, for three additional years, which now has a term ending on December 31, 2025

SCHEDULE OF REVENUES FROM EXTERNAL CUSTOMERS (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 720	$ 346	$ 1,205	$ 472
UNITED STATES
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	508	207	830	207
ISRAEL
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	57	126	57	221
China Hong Kong [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	11	13	18	38
Europe [Member]
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 144		$ 300	$ 6

SEGMENT INFORMATION (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 720	$ 346	$ 1,205	$ 472
CANADA
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenue			$ 0	$ 0

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS (Details Narrative) - Subsequent Event [Member] - 2016 Plan [Member]	Jul. 27, 2023 shares
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Employee Benefit Plan	960,000
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period	12 months
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Award Vesting Rights	Options granted to employees vest 25% on the one-year anniversary of the grant date, with the remaining 75% vesting on a monthly basis over 24 months.
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Expiration Date	Jul. 27, 2033