Item 1.
Business
Overview
Enzo Biochem, Inc. (the “Company” “we”,
“our” or “Enzo”) is an integrated diagnostic bioscience company focusing on delivering and applying advanced
technology capabilities to produce affordable reliable products and services to allow our customers to meet their clinical needs.
We develop, manufacture and sell our proprietary technology solutions and platforms to clinical laboratories, specialty clinics
and researchers and physicians globally. Enzo’s structure and business strategy represent the culmination of years of
extensive planning and work. The Company now has the unique ability to offer low cost, high performance products and services
in molecular diagnostics, which ideally positions it to capitalize on the reimbursement pressures facing diagnostic labs.
Our pioneering work in genomic analysis coupled with our extensive patent estate and enabling platforms have positioned the Company
to continue to play an important role in the rapidly growing molecular medicine marketplaces.
Enzo technology solutions and platforms and unique operational
structure are designed to reduce overall healthcare costs for both government and private insurers.
Our
proprietary technology platforms reduces our customers’ need for multiple, specialized instruments, and offer a variety of high
throughput capabilities together with a demonstrated high level of accuracy and reproducibility. Our genetic test panels are focused
on large and growing markets primarily in the areas of personalized medicine, women’s health, infectious diseases and genetic disorders.
For example, our AMPIPROBE® technology platform can lead
to the development of an entire line of nucleic acid clinical products that can allow laboratories to offer a complete menu of
services at a cost that allows them to enjoy an acceptable margin. Our technology solutions provide tools to physicians, clinicians
and other health care providers to improve detection, treatment and monitoring of a broad spectrum of diseases and conditions.
In addition, reduced patient to physician office visits translates into lower healthcare processing costs and greater patient
services.
In the course of our research and development activities, we
have built a substantial portfolio of intellectual property assets, comprised of 336 issued patents worldwide, and over 151 pending
patent applications, along with extensive enabling technologies and platforms.
Operating Segments
We are comprised of three interconnected operating segments
which have evolved out of our core competencies involving the use of nucleic acids as informational molecules and the use of compounds
for immune modulation and augmented by the previous acquisitions of a number of related companies. Information concerning sales
by geographic area and business segments for the years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 is located in Note 15 in the Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements.
Below are brief descriptions of each of our operating segments:
Enzo Clinical Labs
is a clinical reference laboratory
providing a wide range of clinical services to physicians, medical centers, other clinical labs and pharmaceutical companies. The
Company believes having a CLIA-certified and a College of American Pathologists (“CAP”) accredited medical laboratory
located in New York provides us the opportunity to more rapidly introduce cutting edge products and services to the clinical marketplace.
Enzo Clinical Labs offers an extensive menu of molecular and other clinical laboratory tests and procedures used in patient care
by physicians to establish or support a diagnosis, monitor treatment or medication, and search for an otherwise undiagnosed condition.
Our laboratory is equipped with state-of-the-art communication and connectivity solutions enabling the rapid transmission, analysis
and interpretation of generated data. We operate a full service clinical laboratory in Farmingdale, New York, a network of over
30 patient service centers throughout New York, New Jersey and expanding into Connecticut, a free standing “STAT” or
rapid response laboratory in New York City and a full service phlebotomy, in-house logistics department, and an information technology
department. Given our license in New York State, we are able to offer testing services to clinical laboratories and physicians
in the majority of states nationwide.
Enzo Life Sciences
manufactures, develops and
markets products and tools to clinical research, drug development and bioscience research customers worldwide. Underpinned by broad
technological capabilities, Enzo Life Sciences has developed proprietary products used in the identification of genomic information
by laboratories around the world. Information regarding our technologies can be found in the “Core Technologies” section.
We are internationally recognized and acknowledged as a leader in the development, manufacturing validation and commercialization
of numerous products serving not only the clinical research market but life sciences researchers in the fields of cellular analysis
and drug discovery, among others. Our operations are supported by global operations allowing for the efficient marketing and delivery
of our products around the world.
Enzo Therapeutics
is a biopharmaceutical venture
that has developed multiple novel approaches in the areas of gastrointestinal, infectious, ophthalmic and metabolic diseases,
many of which are derived from the pioneering work of Enzo Life Sciences. Enzo Therapeutics has focused its efforts on developing
treatment regimens for diseases and conditions for which current treatment options are ineffective, costly, and/or cause unwanted
side effects. This focus has generated a clinical and preclinical pipeline, as well as more than 101 patents and patent applications.
The Company’s primary sources of revenue have historically
been from the clinical laboratory services provided to the healthcare community and product revenues, royalty and licensing of
Enzo Life Sciences’ products utilized in life science research. The following table summarizes the sources of revenues for
the fiscal years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands and percentages):
Fiscal year ended July 31,
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2017
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2016
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2015
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|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Clinical laboratory services
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$
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77,407
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72
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%
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$
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70,915
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69
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%
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$
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63,414
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65
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%
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Product revenues
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29,192
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27
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30,337
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30
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31,690
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32
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Royalty and license fee income
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1,205
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1
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1,521
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1
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2,495
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3
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Total
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$
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107,804
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100
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%
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$
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102,773
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100
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%
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$
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97,599
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100
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%
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Markets
Clinical diagnostics
The U.S. clinical diagnostics market has been reported by industry
sources to be greater than $25 billion annually and over $60 billion worldwide. It is comprised of a broad range of tests based
on clinical chemistry, microbiology, immunoassays, genomics, proteomics, gene expression profiling blood banking, and cancer screening
assays through histology as well as newer body fluid based approaches. Many of these tests employ traditional technologies such
as cell culture technologies.
Immunoassays are based on the use of antibodies directed against
a specific target, or antigen, to detect that antigen in a patient sample. Cell culturing techniques involve the growth, isolation
and visual detection of the presence of a microorganism and often its susceptibility to FDA approved drugs.
There are several drawbacks to these more traditional technologies.
Immunoassays do not allow for early detection of diseases because they require minimum levels of antigens to be produced by the
microorganism in order to be identified. These levels vary by microorganism, and the delay involved could be several days or several
months, as seen in HIV/AIDS. Cell cultures are slow, labor intensive and not amenable to all microorganisms. For example, gonorrhoea
and chlamydia are difficult to culture.
Molecular diagnostics have many advantages over the traditional
technologies. Since gene-based diagnostics focus on the identification of diseases at the molecular level, they can identify the
presence of the disease at its earliest stage of manifestation in the body. These tests provide results more rapidly, are applicable
to a broad spectrum of microorganisms and can easily be automated in a multiplex platform.
Several advances in technology are accelerating the adoption
of gene-based diagnostics in clinical laboratories. These advances include high throughput automated formats that minimize labor
costs, non-radioactive probes and reagents that are safe to handle, and amplification technologies that improve the sensitivity
of such diagnostics.
According to industry sources, the market for molecular diagnostic
tools, assays and other products is currently more than $7 billion per year, and is acknowledged as one of the fastest growing
segments in the in-vitro diagnostic industry, growing at more than twice the rate of traditional diagnostics. Contributing to this
growth is, among other factors:
•
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the increasing number of diagnostic tests being developed from discoveries in genome research;
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advances in formats and other technologies that automate and accelerate gene-based diagnostic testing;
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•
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growing emphasis by the health care industry on early diagnosis and treatment of disease and;
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application of gene-based diagnostics as tools to match therapies to specific patient genetics commonly referred to as pharmacogenomics or companion diagnostics.
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Diagnostic Products and Tools
There is a large and growing global demand by biomedical and pharmaceutical
researchers for research and diagnostic tools that both facilitate and accelerate the generation of biological information. This
demand can be met by gene and protein target based diagnostics for which a variety of formats, or tools, have been developed that
enable researchers to study biological pathways. These tools can identify mutations in gene sequences and variations in gene expression
levels that can lead to disease, or they can quantify biomarkers that provide insight into disease and potential therapeutic solutions.
These techniques use instruments including DNA sequencing and genotyping instruments, microarrays, fluorescent microscopes, high
content screening systems, flow cytometers and plate readers. Common among these instruments is the need for reagents that allow
the identification, quantification and characterization, of interactions of specific genes or nucleic acid sequences, proteins,
cells and other cellular structures and organelles.
We believe this market will continue to grow as a result of:
•
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long term commitment to research spending by academic, government and private organizations to determine
the function and clinical relevance of the gene sequences and proteins that have been identified by genomics research,
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development of commercial applications based on information derived from this research and,
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on-going advancements in tools that accelerate these research and development activities.
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Therapeutics
We believe our core technologies have broad diagnostic and therapeutic
applications. We have focused our efforts on discovering how best to treat pathologies associated with bone or metabolic control,
and immune-mediated diseases. Although the causes of disorders such as Crohn’s disease, autoimmune uveitis and non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH) remain unknown, various features suggest immune system involvement in their pathogenesis.
We continue to test technologies we believe can serve as enabling
platforms for developing medicines that genetically target and inhibit viral functions, as well as medicines that regulate the
immune response. In addition to such therapeutic products, we continue to capitalize on our nucleic acid labelling, target and
signal amplification, and detection technologies and intellectual property to develop diagnostic and monitoring tests for various
diseases.
We believe our expertise in developing and securing approvals of
novel platform technologies will enable us to shorten the development time and capture meaningful market share.
Strategy
Our objective is to develop and manufacture high value affordable
and reliable molecular diagnostic products and services using our proprietary technologies to allow our customers to meet their
clinical needs. Our proprietary technology platforms, if successful, will alter the existing business models and improve economics
across the healthcare industry. Our strong intellectual property estate provides freedom to operate and compete in a rapidly growing
molecular diagnostic healthcare marketplace.
We believe our expertise in developing and marketing proprietary
technology platforms uniquely positions Enzo to provide products and services that will change the fundamental relationship between
molecular diagnostic companies and clinical laboratories. Our technology platforms will provide economic and market optionality
to use Enzo’s products and services for margin improvement. As such, clinical laboratories will be able to compete and enter
into markets that until now have been out of reach due to poor economics as a result of high costs of reagents and equipment rental
arrangements from molecular diagnostic companies coupled with lower reimbursement from governmental and commercial healthcare companies.
Our objective allows clinical laboratories to purchase low cost
reagents or kits to be run on open system platforms already in use in their labs, or use Enzo as a low cost reference laboratory.
Enzo’s integrated business model not only provides benefits to clinical laboratories but also to insurance providers who
will benefit from more clinical laboratories able to compete for testing services with national laboratories.
In addition to selling these highly effective and compatible platforms
and their assays, we are positioning ourselves as a reference lab for independent labs nationwide primarily by offering lower cost
reference services.
Our commitment to utilizing our proprietary technologies to develop
clinically relevant diagnostics, while helping to relieve the cost pressures that independent laboratories are bearing is core
to our strategy. It underscores the progress we are achieving in our strategy
of utilizing Enzo’s integrated structure
to produce diagnostic products and services relevant to today’s dynamic and challenging healthcare marketplace.
By developing a broad technology base, Enzo has positioned the Company
for a robust flow of products and services that will provide medically relevant, cost effective solutions easily adaptable to the
workflow of the clinical laboratory, and its ability to do so is based on several factors, including:
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The Company’s integrated structure that enables it to internally
develop and advance products seamlessly from innovation through commercialization validation via recent patent settlements of Enzo’s
intellectual property strength and ownership of basic patents that provide an economic advantage.
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In a steadily declining reimbursement environment the unique ability
to deliver high performance, easily adaptable products and services that are also cost effective for independent labs as well as
Enzo’s own clinical lab.
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Ample finances with which to execute and follow through on the Company’s
integrated strategy.
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Increase investment in research and development & product
development
We are increasing our research and development efforts to develop
new leading edge solutions in the rapidly growing molecular diagnostic market place. Current technology platforms under development
include:
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AMPIPROBE® – easily adaptable, affordable, real time DNA
amplification and detection
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FLOWSCRIPT® – enhanced flow cytometry for single cell analysis
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Enhanced Immunohistochemistry – moving Pathology to the next
generation
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Enhanced Immunoassays – pushing sensitivity to expand immunoassay
applications
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Polyview Plus® - optimized reagents for clear, consistent IHC
and ISH results
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Enzo’s proprietary platforms and the assays developed based
on them can provide more sensitive diagnostic information at lower costs than many other tests currently marketed. The Company
designs its products to be able to work with lower specimen volume which not only allows the laboratories to run more tests off
of a single clinical specimen, but also may reduce the need for patients to submit additional samples, thus reducing unnecessary
physician visits. The Company’s newly approved assays are the forerunners of a comprehensive line of diagnostic products
under development by Enzo to address the critical needs of clinical laboratories that are often locked into closed-system contracts
with molecular diagnostic suppliers that, with ever-declining reimbursements, reduce or even eliminate operating margins.
Continue to Commercialize New Platforms for Molecular Diagnostics
via Multiple Channels
We have developed several enabling platform technologies that may
have utility in the development of a new generation of molecular diagnostic products designed to meet the needs of the current
clinical marketplace. Our lead platform is AMPIPROBE® which is proprietary target amplification and detection technology that
has been shown to require substantially less starting material than conventional methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
based products. With AMPIPROBE® it may be possible to increase the number of analytes that can be assayed for from a single
clinical specimen, which in turn may reduce the need for physicians to recall patients to obtain additional clinical material for
testing. In addition by increasing the number of analytes tested in a single clinical preparation, AMPIPROBE® may be able to
produce diagnostic tests at a significantly lower cost than conventional assays. Moreover, the need for less starting material
may also lead to diagnostic tests with improved sensitivity, thus allowing detection of certain analytes present in minute quantities
that are below the limit of detection of conventional assays.
We have already introduced the first product using our FLOWSCRIPT®
platform technology for the identification of gene expression in clinical samples in detection of mRNA from Human papillomavirus
(HPV) oncogenes, E6 and E7. Overexpression of these HPV oncogenes promotes the growth of malignant cells leading to the development
of cervical cancer. The FLOWSCRIPT® technology platform is a proprietary, flow cytometry-based, molecular detection system
for the multiplex analysis of cell function and identity, and was developed by cross-functional teams at Enzo. The HPV E6/E7 assay
is the first product to utilize this novel platform. Analysis is performed on a small volume of a liquid cytology specimen and
can thus be easily incorporated as a reflex test measure following abnormal Pap smear results. The assay, and the platform on which
it is based, allows for the simultaneous analysis of several different genes expressed in every cell in a given sample. In this
manner, it is possible to produce clinically relevant data at the single cell level. Unlike other assays that study mRNA expression,
FLOWSCRIPT® assays are performed by a homogeneous system that eliminates washing steps that can reduce fluctuation of results.
Additionally, the assay’s use of external control improves run-to-run consistency. As a result, both hands on time and the
number of steps are reduced, allowing for improved economics. In data presented at a 2015 pathology conference in Italy, Enzo’s
assay was shown to produce reliable and consistent results near the limit of assay detection. Furthermore, Enzo anticipates applying
this platform to a multiplicity of uses such as the study of other cancers, the evaluation of an individual immune state as well
as products targeted to the drug development market, among others.
The FLOWSCRIPT® platform is used to help guide providers in
assessing the risk of progression to cervical cancer and whether colposcopy or follow-up screening should be the preferred course
of action. This assay demonstrates Enzo’s commitment to utilize our proprietary technology and bring forward clinically relevant
diagnostics that can inform patient and physician decision-making, with potential to reduce spending associated with advanced stage
disease. Moreover, it is indicative of how well we are executing on our strategy of utilizing our integrated structure to produce
products that are relevant to today’s evolving healthcare marketplace.
Maximize our resources by collaborating with others in research
and commercialization activities
We enter into research collaborations with leading academic and
other research centers to augment our core expertise on specific programs.
Our clinical trial of OPTIQUEL® is a direct result of a research
collaboration. We acquired the rights and intellectual property to this candidate drug and technology intended for use in the treatment
of autoimmune uveitis. Working with scientists and physicians in the United States and abroad, Enzo continued drug development
to the stage of a clinical trial now in further evaluation with the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health
in Washington DC.
We have research and clinical collaborations with other institutions
including Hadassah University Medical Center in Jerusalem, Israel relating to our immune regulation technology. Through collaborations
such as these and other licensing agreements we continue to develop novel therapeutics for the stimulation and enhancement of bone
formation and glucose control, among others. Such products, if any, emanating from this technology could provide potential therapy
for bone disorders, including bone loss, bone fractures, periodontitis, diabetes and other indications. There can be no assurance
that any of these collaborative projects will be successful.
Enzo Life Sciences maintains relationships with academic and commercial
groups worldwide in sourcing and commercializing high value reagents developed by leading academics.
Similarly, we may seek to fully exploit the commercial value of
our technology by partnering with for-profit enterprises in specific areas in order to act on opportunities that can be accretive
to our efforts in accelerating our development program.
Exploit our marketing and distribution infrastructure
Enzo Life Sciences has developed its sales and marketing infrastructure
to directly service its end users such as clinical laboratories, researchers and pharmaceutical companies, while simultaneously
positioning the Company for targeted product line expansion. Our global sales, marketing, manufacturing, product development and
distribution infrastructure, have now been integrated and consolidated into a single global business. Enzo Life Sciences operates,
under its own name, worldwide through wholly owned subsidiaries (in USA, Switzerland, Benelux, Germany, and the UK), a branch office
in France and a network of third party distributors in most other significant markets worldwide. Our comprehensive product portfolio
allows us to deliver integrated solutions to basic researchers, drug developers and clinical researchers around the globe. Our
research allows us to provide solutions in all key research areas including: Genomics, Cell Biology, Immunoassays, and in a multitude
of applied research markets including: Bioprocess, Personal Care, Cancer Research, and Neuroscience to name a few.
Expand and protect our intellectual property estate
Since our inception, we have followed a strategy of creating a broad
encompassing patent position in the life sciences and therapeutics areas. We have made obtaining patent protection a central strategic
policy, both with respect to our proprietary platform technologies and products, as well as broadly in the areas of our research
activities. During Fiscal 2017, we were issued 49 patents and expanded our patent estate in the area of nucleotides, amplification,
labelling and detection, among others.
Product Development and Pipeline
Enzo is committed to delivering a robust line of products and services
that will provide medically relevant, cost effective solutions that are easily adaptable to the workflow of clinical laboratories.
The Company’s integrated Life Science-Clinical Lab structure continues to be instrumental in its ability to seamlessly develop
and advance products from innovation and manufacturing in our life sciences group and validation and commercialization through
our clinical laboratory.
The Company’s development pipeline includes an extensive line
of assays for detection of numerous women’s health infectious agents as well as for the identification of other pathogens.
The Company is also developing a proprietary line of products designed to aid pathologists in differentiating the characteristics
of various tumors from biopsy specimens. The Company’s molecular products and services are targeted at a market currently
estimated to be in excess of $10 billion annually.
During fiscal 2016 and more recently, we successfully
gained New York State Department of Health approval for a number of key products based on Enzo’s proprietary technology platforms.
On November 17, 2015, we announced approval of AMPIPROBE® HCV Assay for the quantitative detection of Hepatitis C. This assay
is based on the proprietary nucleic acid amplification and detection technology platform which was the first in a line of products
to be developed at Enzo to address the critical needs of the molecular diagnostics market and serves as validation of Enzo’s
unique business strategy and structure.
On June 7, 2016, we were granted conditional approval of AMPIPROBE®
Candidiasis Assay. This multiplex assay is designed to identify the presence of five of the most common species of Candida from
a single vaginal swab. Industry estimates put the number of tests performed for the identification of Candida at over 10 million
per year in the US alone. It is also estimated that over 70% of women will develop a Candida infection during their reproductive
lifetime. While an independent assay, it will also serve as a component of a comprehensive women’s health panel currently
under development.
On September 20, 2016, we were granted conditional approval of PLAQPRO™
Lp-PLA
2
Assay. This is a biochemical activity assay designed to identify lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, a
marker associated with the potential for coronary heart disease. The PLAQPRO™ Lp- PLA
2
Assay can be useful as
part of a cardiac testing panel for individuals at intermediate or high risk for developing coronary heart disease. Early identification
of increased risk of developing coronary heart disease offers the opportunity to adjust patient lifestyles or utilize medical interventions
to reduce risk. The assay was developed using the Company’s strong expertise in assay development, antibody production, small
molecule chemistry, and detection technology. This cardiac assay delivers improved consistency and is designed to work on open
platform clinical analysis instruments. The open platform configuration is one of the several factors that contribute to its cost
effectiveness, which is vital to today’s clinical labs that are confronted by shrinking reimbursements.
On June 8, 2017, we were granted conditional approval for
three additional women’s health related molecular diagnostic tests for use with the Company’s versatile and
economic AMPIPROBE® platform. Approval was given for a real-time PCR-based method for qualitative detection of
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
,
Chlamydia trachomatis
and
Trichomonas vaginalis
in vaginal swab specimens. The Company’s
AMPIPROBE®-based pipeline includes an extensive line of assays for identification of additional women’s health
infectious diseases as well as for the quantification of viral load in serum or plasma specimens. This proprietary technology
platform is the foundation of our ever-increasing line of medically relevant, cost-effective and easily adaptable solutions
for clinical laboratories.
These assays are an important addition to Enzo’s expanding
line of women’s health products, while also helping to solidify Enzo’s position as a leading full service women’s
health lab.
Products in the Company’s development pipeline include an
extensive line of assays for detection of numerous women’s health infectious agents as well as for use in the identification
of pathogens for other markets. The Company also reported that it expects to roll-out a line of products designed to aid
pathologists in distinguishing the characteristics of various tumors from biopsy specimens using technology developed by Enzo scientists.
The Company’s molecular products are targeted at a market estimated to be in excess of $10 billion worth of laboratory service
revenue.
Enzo is committed to delivering a robust line of products and services
that will provide medically relevant, cost effective solutions that are easily adaptable to the workflow of clinical laboratories.
The Company’s integrated Life Science and Clinical Lab structure continues to be instrumental in its ability to seamlessly
develop and advance products from innovation and manufacturing in our life sciences group and validation and commercialization
through our clinical laboratory. Our product development activity and pipeline include the following products:
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Expected Availability (1)
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Platform
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HPV E6/E7 Detection
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Available
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FLOWSCRIPT® GENE EXPRESSION
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HCV Viral Load
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Available
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AMPIPROBE® REAL-TIME AMPLIFICATION AND DETECTION
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Cardiac Marker
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Available
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BIOCHEMICAL ASSAY
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Fertility Assay
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Q3 2018
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ENHANCED IMMUNOASSAY
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Women’s Health Panel
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Q1 2018
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AMPIPROBE® REAL-TIME AMPLIFICATION AND DETECTION
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HBV Viral Load
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2018
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AMPIPROBE®REAL-TIME AMPLIFICATION AND DETECTION
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HIV Viral Load
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2018
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AMPIPROBE® REAL-TIME AMPLIFICATION AND DETECTION
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IHC/ISH Detection
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Available
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ENHANCED DETECTION
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FISH
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2018
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DEEPSEE™
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CGH
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Available
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CYTAG®
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TH1/TH2
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In development
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ENHANCED IMMUNOASSAY
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Cancer AB Panel
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2018
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AMPIFLOW™ ENHANCED DETECTION LABEL
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Cancer Marker Panel
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In development
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FLOWSCRIPT® GENE EXPRESSION
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HPV High Risk Panel
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In development
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AMPIPROBE®REAL-TIME AMPLIFICATION AND DETECTION
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HSV/VZV
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2019
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AMPIPROBE®REAL-TIME
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(1)
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There can be no assurances these products can be successfully developed within these timeframes or available on these dates.
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Core Technologies
We have developed a portfolio of proprietary technologies with a
variety of research, diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Gene analysis technology
All gene-based testing is premised on the knowledge that DNA forms
a double helix comprised of two complementary strands that match and bind to each other. If a complementary piece of DNA (a probe)
is introduced into a sample containing its matching DNA, it will bind to, or hybridize, to form a double helix with that DNA. Gene-based
testing is carried out by:
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amplification of the target DNA sequence (a process that is essential for the detection of very small amounts of nucleic acid);
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labelling the probe with a marker that generates a detectable signal upon hybridization;
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addition of the probe to the sample containing the DNA; and
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binding or hybridization of the probe to the target DNA sequence, if present, to generate a detectable signal.
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We have developed AMPIPROBE® a broad technology base for the
labelling, detection, amplification and formatting of nucleic acids for gene analysis which is supported by our significant proprietary
position in these fields. This and other proprietary technologies are the building blocks of our Molecular Diagnostic platforms.
Amplification
In the early stages of infection, a pathogen may be present in very
small amounts and consequently may be difficult to detect. Using DNA amplification, samples can be treated to cause a pathogen’s
DNA to be replicated, or amplified, to detectable levels. We have developed a proprietary amplification process for multicopy production
of nucleic acids, as well as proprietary techniques for amplifying the signals of our probes to further improve sensitivity. Our
amplification technologies are particularly useful for the early detection of very small amounts of target DNA. We have also developed
isothermal amplification procedures that can be performed at constant temperatures, unlike polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the
most commonly used method of target nucleic acid amplification. These platform technologies could thus potentially lead to assays
with advantages over PCR-based tests which require expensive heating and cooling systems or specialized heat-resistant enzymes.
Moreover, our AMPIPROBE® Nucleic Acid Amplification Platform, because of the reduced amount of starting material needed for
analysis, may lead to a next-generation of molecular diagnostics that can impart higher sensitivity at a lower cost than currently
available assays.
Flow Cytometry
We have developed and launched our first product using our proprietary
FLOWSCRIPT®
platform using flow cytometry to analyse messenger RNA ( mRNA) transcript expression in individual cells
in a mixed cell population. By studying whether a gene or a set of genes is turned on or off, it is possible to obtain clinically
relevant information at the single cell level. Our first product, the FLOWSCRIPT®
HPV E6/E7 Assay, examines the
levels of E6/E7 mRNA transcripts from multiple high risk types which account for over 95% of cervical cancers. We are planning
to develop and introduce other products based on this platform technology in the future for applications such as immune-mediated
disorders, metabolic disorder patient monitoring, and other cancers.
Non-radioactive labelling and detection
Traditionally, nucleic acid probes were labelled with radioactive
isotopes. However, radioactively labelled probes have a number of shortcomings. They are unstable and consequently have a limited
shelf life. They are potentially hazardous, resulting in restrictive licensing requirements and safety precautions for preparation,
use and disposal. Finally, radioactive components are expensive. Our technologies permit gene analysis without the problems associated
with radioactively labelled probes and are adaptable to a wide variety of formats.
Formats
There are various processes, or formats, for performing probe-based
tests. In certain formats, the probe is introduced to a target sample affixed to a solid matrix; in others, the probe is combined
with the sample in solution (homogeneous assay). Solid matrix assays include:
in situ
assays in which the probe reaction
takes place directly on a microscope slide; dot blot assays in which the target DNA is fixed to a membrane; and microplate and
microarray assays in which the DNA is fixed on a solid surface, and the reaction can be quantified by instrumentation.
Therapeutic Platform Development
Cell Signalling Pathway
One area of Enzo’s therapeutic platform development is related
to the development of pharmaceutical agents that affect protein-protein interactions. Over the past several years, our scientists
and collaborators have unlocked the secrets of a major cell signalling pathway thus producing a means to modify biological activity
in a number of physiological systems.
Further investigation into the design and control of this system
has allowed our scientists and their collaborators to determine the structure of key regulatory proteins and to identify active
sites that can then become targets for Enzo’s proprietary technology generating system. Our technology is capable of generating
active compounds that range from orally delivered small molecules to peptides, oligonucleotides and antibodies. We have performed
pioneering work on the structure and function of lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and its ligands, developed a screening
technology to identify active compounds, and synthesized proprietary molecules capable of producing biological effects in cell-based
systems and animal models of disease. Specifically, this system allows the Company to:
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generate biological, genetic, and structural information concerning LRP;
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determine the structure of LRP docking sites of its ligands;
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identify the functionally important residues via site-directed mutagenesis;
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build the fine structure map and employ it as the basis for virtual screening;
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show that compounds specifically bind to wild type LRP5, but not to mutated LRP5;
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generate a cell-based assay capable of identifying active compounds; and
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synthesize proprietary molecules that are active in animal models of disease.
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Through this novel, proprietary, functional screening system, we
have identified small molecules capable of reversing sclerostin-mediated inhibition of Wnt signalling. Preclinical animal studies
with several candidate lead compounds produced the following results:
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significant increases in total and femoral bone density through new bone formation;
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significant reduction in alveolar bone loss; and
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significant reduction in bone resorption.
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The anabolic induction of new bone formation and prevention of bone
loss by our small molecule compounds may promise new paths for the treatment of osteoporosis. In addition, our proprietary technology
has enabled the generation of novel chemical entities that have significant glucose lowering activity. These effects are separate
from its effects on bone metabolism indicating a specificity of action conferred by the interaction of a particular compound with
the cell signalling pathway. Therefore, this approach may be broadly applicable to the generation of therapeutic drug candidates
for multiple indications.
Oral Immune Regulation
We continue to explore a novel therapeutic approach based on immune
regulation. Our immune regulation technology seeks to control an individual’s immune response to a specific antigen in the
body. An antigen is a substance that the body perceives as foreign and, consequently, against which the body mounts an immune response.
This platform technology is being developed as a means to manage immune-mediated diseases, such as autoimmune uveitis and Crohn’s
disease.
We have developed an immunomodulation agent EGS21 as a potential
therapeutic for treating immune mediated disorders. EGS 21 is a glycolipid that has been shown by our scientists and collaborators
to act as an anti-inflammatory agent in animal model systems and is being evaluated as a drug candidate in the treatment of various
immune mediated diseases.
Gene Regulation
We have developed an approach to gene regulation known as genetic
antisense or antisense RNA. Our technology involves the introduction into cellular DNA of a gene that codes for an RNA molecule
that binds to, and thus deactivates, RNA produced by a specific gene. To deliver our antisense gene to the target cell, in a process
called transduction, we have developed proprietary vector technology.
We believe, though there can be no assurance, that our vector technology
has broad applicability in the field of gene medicine. This can be attributed to the following properties of our construct:
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the viral promoters are inactivated;
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insertional gene activation is prevented - a major safety factor;
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chromosomal integration; and
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nuclear localization.
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There can be no assurance that we will be able to secure patents
or that these programs will be successful. The potential therapies we are developing could be used, if successful for the treatment
of a variety of diseases, including osteoporosis, osteonecrosis and other bone pathologies, diabetes, autoimmune uveitis and inflammatory
bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, among others.
Clinical Laboratory Services
We operate a regional clinical laboratory that offers extensive
diagnostic services to the New York and New Jersey medical communities. As part of our ongoing strategic growth plan have recently
expanded service to Connecticut. Our clinical laboratory testing is utilized by physicians as an essential element in the delivery
of healthcare services. Physicians use laboratory tests to assist in the detection, diagnosis, evaluation, monitoring and treatment
of diseases and other medical conditions. Clinical laboratory testing is generally categorized as clinical testing or anatomic
pathology testing. Clinical testing is performed on body fluids, such as blood and urine. Anatomic pathology testing is performed
on tissues and other samples, such as human cells. Many clinical laboratory tests are considered routine and can be performed by
most commercial clinical laboratories.
Tests that are not routine and that require more sophisticated equipment
and highly skilled personnel are considered esoteric tests and may be performed less frequently than routine tests.
We offer a comprehensive and broad range of routine and esoteric
clinical laboratory tests or procedures. These tests are frequently used in general patient care by physicians to establish or
support a diagnosis, to monitor treatment or medication levels, or search for an otherwise undiagnosed condition.
Our full service clinical laboratory in Farmingdale, New York contains
an infrastructure that includes comprehensive information technology applications, logistics, client service and billing departments.
We have a network of over thirty strategically located patient service centers and a full service phlebotomy department. Patient
service centers collect from patients the specimens as requested by physicians. We also operate a fully equipped STAT laboratory
in New York City. A “STAT” lab has the ability to perform certain routine tests quickly and report results to the physician
immediately.
Patient specimens are delivered to our laboratory facilities primarily
by our logistics department accompanied by a test requisition form. These forms, which are completed by the ordering physician,
indicate the tests to be performed and demographic patient information and in most instances are transmitted to us via EnzoDirect,
our proprietary computer-based ordering and results delivery system. Once the information is entered into the laboratory computer
system the tests are performed on the corresponding laboratory testing instrumentation and the results are uploaded primarily through
an interface from the laboratory testing instrumentation or in some instances, manually entered into the laboratory computer system.
Most routine testing is completed by early the next morning, and test results are reported to the ordering physician. These test
results are either reported electronically via EnzoDirect to a physician office Electronic Medical Records (EMR) system or delivered
by our logistics department directly to the ordering physicians’ offices. Physicians who request that they be called with
a particular result are so notified by our customer service personnel.
For fiscal years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively,
approximately 72%, 69% and 65% of the Company’s revenues were derived from the clinical laboratory. Revenues, net of contractual
adjustment, from direct billings under the Federal Medicare program during the years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were approximately
16%, 16% and 19% respectively, of the clinical laboratory segment’s total revenue. The contractual adjustment is an estimate
that reduces gross revenue, based on gross billing rates, to amounts expected to be approved and reimbursed. We estimate contractual
adjustment based on significant assumptions and judgments, such as the interpretation of payer reimbursement policies which bears
the risk of change. The estimation process is based on the experience of amounts approved as reimbursable and ultimately settled
by payers, versus the corresponding gross amount billed to the respective payers. Other than the Medicare program, revenues from
UnitedHealthcare and Oxford Health Plan represented approximately 39%, 30% and 28% of the Clinical Labs segment’s net revenue
for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
At July 31, 2017 and 2016, approximately 75% and 71% for each year
of the Company’s net accounts receivable was derived from its clinical laboratory business. The Company believes that the
concentration of credit risk with respect to the Clinical Labs accounts receivable is mitigated by the diversity of its third party
payers that insure individuals. To reduce risk, the Company routinely assesses the financial strength of these payers and, consequently,
believes that its accounts receivable credit risk exposure, with respect to these payers, is limited. While the Company also has
receivables due from the Federal Medicare program, the Company does not believe that these receivables represent a credit risk
since the Medicare program is funded by the federal government and payment is primarily dependent on our submitting the appropriate
documentation.
Gross billings are based on a standard fee schedule we set for self-payers,
all third party payers, including Medicare, health maintenance organizations (“HMO’s) and managed care providers and
expanding institutional relationships with direct billing. We adjust the contractual adjustment estimate quarterly, based on our
evaluation of current and historical settlement experience with payers, industry reimbursement trends, and other relevant factors.
The other relevant factors that affect our contractual adjustment include the monthly and quarterly review of: 1) current gross
billings and receivables and reimbursement by payer, 2) current changes in third party arrangements, and 3) the growth of in-network
provider arrangements and managed care plans specific to our Company. The clinical laboratory industry is characterized by a significant
amount of uncollectible accounts receivable related to the inability to
receive accurate and timely billing information
in order to forward it on to the third party payers for reimbursement, and the inaccurate information received from the covered
individual patients for unreimbursed unpaid amounts.
Billing for laboratory services is complicated. Depending on the
billing arrangement and applicable law, we must bill various payers, such as patients, insurance companies and the Federal Medicare
Program, all of which have different requirements. In both New York and New Jersey, the law prohibits the Company from billing
the ordering physician. Compliance with applicable laws and regulations, as well as internal compliance policies and procedures
add further complexity to the billing process. We depend on the ordering physician to provide timely, accurate billing demographic
and diagnostic coding information to us. Additional factors complicating the billing process include:
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pricing differences between our standard gross fee schedules and the reimbursement rates of the payers;
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disputes with payers as to which party is responsible for payment;
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disparity in coverage and information requirements among various
payers; and
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differences in medical policies established by various payers.
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Most of our bad debt expense is primarily the result of inaccurate
billing information on requisitions received from the ordering physician. In addition, the bad debts includes the balances, after
receipt of the approved settlements from third party payers for the insufficient diagnosis information received from the ordering
physician, which result in denials of payment and the uncollectible portion of receivables from self-payers, including deductibles
and co-payments, which are subject to credit risk and patients’ ability to pay. We must perform the requested tests and
report test results regardless of whether the billing or diagnostic coding information is inaccurate or missing. We subsequently
attempt to contact the ordering physician to obtain and rectify incorrect billing information. Missing or inaccurate information
on the requisitions adds complexity to and may slow the billing process, creates backlogs of unbilled requisitions, and generally
decreases the collectability and increases the aging of accounts receivable. When all issues relating to the missing or inaccurate
information are not resolved in a timely manner, the related receivables are fully reserved to the allowance for doubtful accounts
or allowances for contractual adjustments or written off.
We incur significant additional costs as a result of our participation
in Medicare, as billing and reimbursement for clinical laboratory testing is subject to considerable and complex and stringent
federal and state regulations including those relating to coverage, billing and reimbursements. Future changes in regulations could
further complicate our billing and increase our billing expenses. These additional costs include those related to: (1) complexity
added to our billing processes and change our reimbursements; (2) training and education of our employees and customers; (3) compliance
and legal costs; and (4) costs related to, among other factors, medical necessity denials and advance beneficiary notices. The
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS (formerly the Health Care Financing Administration), establishes procedures
and continuously evaluates and implements changes in the reimbursement process.
The established Medicare reimbursement rate for clinical laboratory
services has been reduced by the Federal government in a number of instances over the past several years. In March 2010, U.S. federal
legislation was enacted to reform healthcare. The legislation provides for reductions in the Medicare clinical laboratory fee schedule
of 1.9% for five years beginning in 2010 and also includes a productivity adjustment which reduces the Consumer Price Index (“CPI”)
market basket update beginning in 2011. Based on these calculations, the Medicare Fee Schedule was decreased in calendar year 2014
by 0.75%, was unchanged in calendar 2016 and 2017. Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, expansion in the pool
of covered lives may expand the market for clinical diagnostic testing while at the same time various policies aimed at reducing
cost or bundling care may reduce the rates paid for such services, the net impact of these factors on the market for our tests
is not clear. In April 2014, Congress passed the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (PAMA), which included substantial changes
to the way in which clinical laboratory services will be paid under Medicare. Beginning in 2018, Medicare payments for clinical
laboratory services will be paid based upon private payer rates as reported by clinical laboratories across the US replacing the
current system which is based upon fee schedules derived from historical charges for tests from approximately 30 years ago. The
final regulation to implement Medicare laboratory payment reform was released on June 17, 2016 by CMS. Since Enzo’s clinical
lab receives more than 50% of its total Medicare revenue from the Part B Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule and the Physician Fee
Schedule and receives more than $12,500 in Medicare revenues per year, we are considered an “applicable laboratory”,
and as such, must report private payor fee reimbursements for the period January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2016 to CMS by March 31, 2017.
This data will be aggregated and utilized as the basis for the 2018 fee schedules that will be finalized in November 2017. At this
time, the impact of the new payment system on rates for tests we perform or our customers’ tests that may use our products
is not clear at this time.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act also imposes an excise
tax on the seller for the sale of certain medical devices in the United States, including those purchased and used by laboratories,
beginning in 2013 and establishes the Independent Payment Advisory Board (“IPAB”). If the projected growth in per capita
Medicare costs exceeds a specified target level, the IPAB must submit proposals to reduce or eliminate the difference. For calendar
years 2016 through 2019, the target growth rate is the projected average of the increases in the Consumer Price Index and the medical
care expenditure category of the Consumer Price Index; for 2020 and
thereafter, the target growth rate is the rate
of increase in gross domestic product per capita plus one percentage point. If it is necessary for the IPAB to submit proposals,
they will automatically be implemented unless Congress enacts alternative proposals that achieve the same savings targets. We could
experience a significant decrease in revenue from Medicare as a result of these pieces of legislation, which could have a material
adverse effect on us. The IPAB currently has no appointees and it is unclear whether when and if it will become operational.
Life Sciences
Enzo Life Sciences is a manufacturer of labelling and detection
technologies from DNA to whole cell analysis. Enzo’s products are backed by innovative technology platforms and a deep patent
portfolio. With 40 years of experience, Enzo Life Sciences continues to provide integrated solutions drug development, pipeline
basic research, drug discovery, quality control in drug development and diagnostics. Enzo Life Sciences offers a broad range of
high-quality products to advance research including proteins, antibodies, peptides, small molecules, labelling probes, dyes, and
kits. Enzo Life Sciences operates in a highly competitive and price-sensitive marketplace and is repositioning itself by
narrowing its product mix to concentrate on improved profitability, while also adding staff who are more experienced in operations.
We have become a specialized assay supplier as part of our integrated strategic plan to deliver highly efficient, cost-effective
diagnostics and assays for our own use and to sell to independent labs. With direct sales operations in the US, Switzerland,
Germany, UK, France, and Benelux, Enzo Life Sciences also supports its products through a global network of dedicated distributors.
With a passion for genomics, Enzo was the first to develop non-radioactive
labelling of nucleic acids. This technique was instrumental in the development of today’s genomic analysis market. Our pioneering
research in genetic modification medicine was the first to recognize that nucleic acids could be used as therapeutics. Our innovations
in the detection of nucleic acids in solutions and solid matrices led to the development of technology platforms such as hybrid
capture, as well as fluorescent and chromogenic
in situ
hybridization. Enzo remains at the forefront of target amplification
technologies critical in the detection of infectious agents, cancer markers, and genotyping. Our work in the genomic space has
resulted in technologies in gene expression and immune system regulation, which opened the door for the well-known molecular diagnostics
assays used today.
The products supplied by Enzo Life Sciences include small molecules,
proteins, antibodies, peptides, probes, assay kits and custom services. Our comprehensive portfolio of high quality reagents and
kits in key research areas are sold to scientific experts in the following fields:
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Adipokines
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Interferons
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Antibiotics
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In situ
Hybridization
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Autophagy/Apoptosis/Cell Death
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Kinases/Inhibitors
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Biologically Active Peptides
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Leukotrienes/Prostaglandins/Thromboxanes
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Bone Metabolism
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Microarray Labeling
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Cancer Research
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Multidrug Resistance
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Cell Death
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Natural Products/Antibiotics
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Cell Cycle
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Neuroscience Research
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Chemokines/Cytokines
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Nitric Oxide Pathway
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Cytoskeletal Research
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Nuclear Receptors
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Dependence Receptors
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Oxidative Stress
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DNA Fragmentation/Damage/Repair
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Protein Aggregation
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DNA Regulation
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Proteosome/Ubiquitin
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Epigenetics
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Receptors
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FISH
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Signal Transduction
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Growth Factors/Cytokines
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Stem Cell/Cell Differentiation
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Hypoxia
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Stress Proteins/Heat Shock Proteins
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Immunology
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Toxicology
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Immunohistochemistry
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TNF/TNF Receptor Superfamily
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Viral Signaling
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Transcription Factors
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Inflammation/Innate Immunity
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WNT Research
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Enzo Life Sciences maintains acquired brands including Alexis, Biomol
International, Assay Designs, and Stressgen. Enzo strategically uses these brands to complete our product portfolio, allowing us
to offer complete solutions to researchers in all fields. These brands are complementary to our core expertise in genomics and
molecular biology. The Company intends to maintain the rights to the acquired brands which have long product histories. The Company
believes the emphasis on the Enzo Life Sciences brand will result in stronger and clearer brand awareness and allow the Company
to execute the sale of higher value products and promote more products into the drug development, clinical research and diagnostic
markets.
Axxora.com -“The Reagents Marketplace”, Thousands
of Reagents, One Marketplace
Axxora.com is a proven distribution platform for original manufacturers of innovative research
reagents. An increasing number of researchers use our unique marketplace to connect with over 40 specialty manufacturers and gain
access to over 40,000 products.
Research and Development
Our principal research and development efforts are directed toward
developing innovative new clinical research and diagnostic platforms, and selective expansion of our research product lines, given
our manufacturing and distribution capability. We have developed our core research expertise in the life sciences field as a result
of over 40 years of dedicated focus in this area. We conduct our research and other product development efforts through internal
research and collaborative relationships.
In the fiscal years ended July 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company
incurred costs of approximately $2.9 million, $3.5 million and, $3.4 million, respectively, for research and development activities.
During fiscal 2017, the Company’s research and development program was refocused to areas that had greater opportunity in
molecular diagnostics and immunology chemistry to maximize revenues.
Internal Research Programs
Our professional staff, including 27 with post graduate degrees,
performs our internal research and development activities. Our product development programs incorporate various scientific areas
of expertise, including recombinant DNA, monoclonal antibody development, enzymology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology,
organic chemistry, immunology, flow cytometry and fermentation. In addition, we continuously review in-licensing opportunities
in connection with new technology.
External Research Collaborations
We have and continue to explore collaborative relationships with
prominent companies and leading-edge research institutions in order to maximize the application of our technology in areas where
we believe such relationship will benefit the development of our technology.
Sales and Marketing
Our sales and marketing strategy for Enzo Life Sciences is to sell
our life sciences products through: (i) direct sales to end-users under the Enzo Life Sciences name, with direct recognition to
our acquired brands (ii) direct sales to end users under the Axxora electronic market place name (iii) supply agreements with manufacturers
and (iv) distributors in major geographic markets. We operate with an understanding of local markets and a well-functioning distribution
network system across the globe. Scientists around the world who recognize the brands (Alexis, Assay Designs, Biomol, Enzo and
Stressgen) now receive products directly from Enzo Life Sciences where we are recognized for innovative high quality products,
supported directly by our qualified technical staff. We sell the same products through our Axxora electronic market place which
is also the source for life science research reagents from over 40 original manufacturers. Our direct marketing and sales network
includes fully-owned subsidiaries (USA, Switzerland, Germany, Benelux, and UK), a branch office in France and a network of third
party distributors in most other significant markets worldwide.
For Enzo Clinical Labs, we focus our sales efforts on obtaining
and retaining profitable accounts. We market the clinical laboratory services to a broad range of ordering physicians in the metro
New York, New Jersey and Connecticut region through our direct sales force who are supported by customer service and patient service
representatives. We monitor and where appropriate, change the service levels and terminate ordering physician accounts that are
not profitable. We are focusing our efforts to attract and retain clients who participate with the providers with whom we have
regional contracts and are consistently looking to add higher value molecular and esoteric testing, both internally developed and
with partners, to our menu to assist sales in new account penetration as well as to improve our level of service to existing clients.
Distribution Arrangements
We also distribute our life science products internationally through
a network of distributors. Through these arrangements, we are able to leverage the established marketing and distribution infrastructure
of these companies in certain market places.
Competition
We compete with other life science and biotechnology companies,
as well as pharmaceutical, chemical and other companies. Competition in our industry is intense. Many of these companies are performing
research targeting the same technologies, applications and markets. Many of these competitors are significantly larger than we
are and have more resources. The primary competitive factors in our industry are the ability to create scientifically advanced
technology, offer innovative products at the forefront of technological
development to targeted market segments, successfully
develop and commercialize products on a timely basis, establish and maintain intellectual property rights and attract and retain
a breadth and depth of human resources.
Our clinical laboratory services business competes with numerous
national, regional, and local entities, some of which are larger than we are and have greater financial resources than we do. Our
laboratory competes primarily on the basis of the quality and specialized nature of its testing, reporting and information services,
its reputation in the medical community, its reliability and speed in performing diagnostic tests, and its ability to employ qualified
laboratory personnel.
Intellectual Property
We consider our intellectual property program to be a key asset
and a major strategic component to the execution of our business strategy. A broad portfolio of issued patents and pending patent
applications supports our core technology platforms. Our policy is to seek patent protection for our core technology platforms,
as well as for ancillary technologies that support these platforms and provide a competitive advantage.
At the end of fiscal 2017 we owned or licensed 336 patents relating
to products, methods and procedures resulting from our internal or sponsored research projects. There can be no assurance that
patents will be issued on pending applications or that any issued patents will not be challenged (see Item 3, Legal Proceedings),
or that they will have commercial benefit. We do not intend to rely on patent protection as the sole basis for protecting our proprietary
technology. We also rely on our trade secrets and continuing technological innovation. We require each of our employees to sign
a confidentiality agreement that prohibits the employee from disclosing any confidential information about us, including our technology
or trade secrets.
Our intellectual property portfolio can be divided into patents
that provide claims in three primary categories, as described below:
Nucleic Acid Chemistry
We currently have broad patent coverage in the area of nucleic acid
chemistry. We have done extensive work on the labeling of nucleic acids for the purpose of generating a signal that dates back
over twenty years. Enzo has multiple issued patents covering the modification of nucleic acids at their sugar and phosphate sites.
The claims contained in these patents cover products that incorporate a signaling moiety into a nucleic acid attached to a sugar
or phosphate for the purpose of nucleic acid detection or quantification, including sequencing and real time nucleic acid amplification.
Enzo also has patents directed to proprietary dyes that may be used to label the sugar, base or phosphate positions of nucleic
acids.
Signal Delivery
We also have a long history of innovation in the area of analyte
detection using non-radioactive signaling entities. At the signaling entity itself, there are several Enzo patents that cover the
formation of this structure. A patent which was allowed in 2006 covers the attachment of signaling molecules through the phosphate
moiety of a nucleic acid, which is how the signal-generating enzyme is bound.
Nucleic Acid Analysis Format
We also have patents with issued claims covering the use of arrays
of single-stranded nucleic acids fixed or immobilized in hybridizable form to a non-porous solid support. These patents cover any
product that uses arrays of nucleic acids for molecular analysis.
In some instances, we may enter into royalty agreements with collaborating
research parties in consideration for the commercial use by us of the developments of their joint research. In other instances
the collaborating party might obtain a patent, but we receive the license to use the patented subject matter. In such cases, we
will seek to secure exclusive licenses. In other instances, we might have an obligation to pay royalties to, or reach a royalty
arrangement with, a third party in consideration of our use of developments of such third party.
REGULATION AFFECTING OUR BUSINESSES
Clinical Laboratory
The clinical laboratory industry is subject
to significant federal and state regulation, including inspections and audits by governmental agencies. Governmental authorities
may impose fines, criminal penalties or take other actions to enforce laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, revocation
of a clinical laboratory’s certificate and/or license to operate a clinical laboratory. Changes in
regulation may also increase
the cost of performing clinical laboratory tests, increase administrative requirements, or decrease the amount of reimbursement.
Our clinical laboratory and (where applicable) patient service centers are licensed and accredited as required by law.
CLIA (The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act
of 1967, and the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988) regulates virtually all clinical laboratories in the United
States. Among other things, CLIA requires laboratories to earn certification from the federal government and comply with various
operational, personnel and quality requirements intended to ensure that their clinical laboratory testing services are accurate,
reliable and timely. CLIA does not preempt state laws that are more stringent than federal laws. As such, certain clinical laboratories
must meet state specific standards and undergo proficiency testing and inspections. Clinical laboratory certificates or licenses
are also required by various state and local laws.
CLIA assigns test into one of three categories
on the basis of complexity (waived, moderate complexity and high complexity) and establishes varying requirements depending upon
the complexity category of the test performed. A laboratory that performs high complexity tests must meet more stringent requirements
than a laboratory that performs only moderate complexity tests, while those that perform only waived tests may apply for a certificate
of waiver that if granted, would exempt the laboratory from most CLIA requirements. Our facility is certified to perform high complexity
tests. In general, regulations promulgated by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) require
laboratories that perform high or moderate complexity tests to implement systems that ensure the accurate performance and reporting
of test results, establish quality control and quality assurance systems, ensure that personnel meet specified standards, conduct
proficiency testing by approved agencies, and undergo biennial inspections, among other requirements.
Clinical laboratories also are subject to state
regulation. CLIA provides that a state may adopt different or more stringent regulations than Federal law, and permits states to
apply for exemption from CLIA if HHS determines that the state’s laboratory laws are equivalent to, or more stringent than,
CLIA. The State of New York’s clinical laboratory regulations contain provisions that are more stringent than Federal law,
and New York has received exemption from CLIA. Therefore, as long as New York maintains a licensure program that is CLIA-exempt,
laboratories in New York, including our laboratory, are regulated under New York law rather than CLIA. Our laboratory is licensed
in New York and has continuing programs to ensure that its operations are in compliance with all applicable regulatory requirements.
Sanctions for non-compliance with applicable
regulations may include, but are not limited to, suspension, revocation, or limitation of a laboratory’s CLIA certificate
or state license, as well as fines and criminal penalties. The loss of, or adverse action against, a certificate or license, the
imposition of fines, penalties or other sanctions, or future changes in Federal, state or local laboratory laws and regulations
(or in the interpretation of current laws and regulations) could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Billing and reimbursement for clinical laboratory
testing is subject to complex federal and state laws, rules and regulations, the violation of which may include, but is not necessarily
limited to: (1) exclusion from participation in federal health care programs (including Medicare and Medicaid); (2) asset forfeitures;
(3) civil monetary penalties; (4) criminal fines and penalties; and (5) the loss of licenses, certificates and/or authorizations
necessary to operate some or all of a clinical laboratory’s business.
The health care industry has been undergoing
significant change because third-party payers, such as Medicare, Medicaid, health maintenance organizations and commercial insurers,
have increased their efforts to control the cost, utilization and delivery of health care services. To address the problem of increasing
health care costs, legislation has been proposed or enacted at both the Federal and state levels to regulate health care delivery
in general, and clinical laboratories in particular. Additional health care reform efforts are likely to be proposed in the future.
In particular, we believe that reductions in reimbursement for Medicare services will continue to be implemented from time to time.
Reductions in the reimbursement rates of other third-party payers, commercial insurer and health maintenance organizations are
likely to occur as well. We cannot predict the effect that current and future health care reform measures, if enacted, would have
on our business, and there can be no assurance that such reforms, if enacted, would not have a material adverse effect on our business
and operations.
Containment of health care costs, including reimbursement for clinical
laboratory services, has been a focus of on-going governmental activity. Clinical laboratories must bill Medicare directly for
the services provided to Medicare beneficiaries and may only collect the amounts permitted under the Medicare Clinical Laboratory
Fee Schedule. Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Act, expansion in the pool of covered lives may expand the market for
clinical diagnosis testing while at the same time, various policies aimed at reducing costs or bundling care may reduce the rates
paid for such services; the net impact of these factors on the market for our tests is not clear . In April 2014, Congress passed
the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (PAMA), which included substantial changes to the way in which clinical laboratory
services will be paid under Medicare. Beginning in 2018, Medicare payments for clinical laboratory services will be paid based
upon private payer rates as reported by clinical laboratories across the US replacing the current system which is based upon fee
schedules derived from historical charges for tests from approximately 30 years ago. The final regulation to implement Medicare
laboratory payment reform was released on June 17, 2016 by CMS. Since Enzo’s clinical lab receives more than 50% of its total
Medicare revenue from the Part B Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule and the Physician Fee Schedule and receives more than $12,500
in Medicare revenues per year, we are considered an “applicable laboratory”, and as such,
must report private payor fee reimbursements
for the period January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2016 to CMS by March 31, 2017. This data will be aggregated and utilized as the basis
for the 2018 fee schedules that will be finalized in November 2017. At this time, the impact of the new payment system on rates
for tests we perform or our customers’ tests that may use our products is not clear at this time.
Future changes in federal, state and local
regulations (or in the interpretation of current regulations) affecting governmental reimbursement for clinical laboratory testing
could have a material adverse effect on our business. We cannot predict, however, whether and what type of legislation will be
enacted into law. In addition, reimbursement disapprovals by the third party payers, commercial insurers and health maintenance
organizations, reductions or delays in the establishment of reimbursement rates, carrier limitations on the insurance coverage
of the Company’s services or the use of the Company as a service provider could have a negative effect on the Company’s
future revenues. During calendar year 2013 the Medicare reimbursement rates were reduced by an additional 2% in connection with
the government’s sequestration cuts. During our fiscal 2016 and 2017, reimbursement rates have remained constant with 2015
levels.
Anti Fraud and Abuse Laws
Existing Federal and state laws also regulate
certain aspects of the relationship among healthcare providers, including clinical laboratories, and their referral sources (i.e.,
physicians, hospitals, other laboratories, etc.). One of these laws, known as the “Anti-Kickback Statute,” contains
extremely broad prohibitions against giving, accepting, soliciting (i.e., asking for) or arranging for remuneration in any form
(i.e., cash, gifts, certain discounts, cross-referrals between parties, etc.), either directly or indirectly, for the purpose of
inducing or rewarding another party for referrals of items or services paid for by a federal government health care program. The
Anti-Kickback statute is very broad and includes the purchasing, ordering, leasing or arranging for, or recommending the purchase,
leasing or ordering of, services paid for by a federal health care program in exchange for remuneration (i.e., anything of value).
Violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute may
result in, among other things, a criminal conviction, significant monetary penalties and exclusion from federal health care programs
(including Medicare and Medicaid). Any person or entity involved in a prohibited transaction is potentially subject to criminal
and civil penalties. A laboratory that claims payment for business generated by the Anti-Kickback Statute may also be subject to
prosecution for violating a separate civil statute, the federal False Claims Act.
The False Claims Act is also a broad statute
that the government often utilizes to combat fraud and abuse in the health care environment. Among other things, the statute is
violated by any person who knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval;
knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim; conspires
to commit the above (or other specified) violations; or knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false record or
statement material to an obligation to pay or transmit money or property to the government, or knowingly conceals or knowingly
and improperly avoids or decreases an obligation to pay or transmit money or property to the government. The False Claims Act also
provides that private parties may bring an action on behalf of (and in the name of) the United States to prosecute a False Claims
Act violation. These private parties (known as “qui tam relators”) may share in a percentage of the proceeds that result
from a False Claims Act action or settlement. A person or entity found to have violated the False Claims Act may be held liable
for a per claim civil penalty of not less than $5,500 and not more than $11,000, plus three times the amount of damages sustained
by the government. A person violating the False Claims Act is also liable for the costs of the civil action brought to recover
any such penalty or damages. Other consequences may also result from a violation of the False Claims Act. New York has also adopted
its own False Claims Act statute, which closely mirrors its federal counterpart.
Another Federal law, commonly known as the
“Stark” law, prohibits physicians who have a financial relationship with an entity that furnishes “designated
health services,” which includes clinical laboratory services (including anatomic pathology and clinical chemistry services),
from referring Medicare (and in certain instances Medicaid) beneficiaries to that entity for laboratory tests unless a specific
exception applies.
In addition, laboratories may not bill federal
health care programs, or any other payor, for services furnished pursuant to a prohibited referral. Violation of the Stark law
may result not only in denial of payment for the underlying testing services, but also the imposition of civil monetary penalties
and, potentially, False Claims Act liability. New York State has adopted laws that are similar to the Federal Stark law, which
contain similar prohibitions and penalties and apply regardless of payer.
The Stark law and New York State regulations
have also placed restrictions on the supplies and other items that laboratories may provide to their clients. These laws specify
that laboratories may only provide clients with items or devices that are used solely to collect, transport or store specimens
for the laboratory or to communicate results or tests. Items such as biopsy needles, snares and reusable needles are specifically
prohibited from being supplied by laboratories to their clients. The Company has implemented procedures to ensure compliance with
these laws and restrictions.
In February 1997, the Department of Health
and Human Services, Office of the Inspector General (OIG) released model voluntary compliance program guidance for laboratories.
One key aspect of the model compliance guidance was an emphasis on the
responsibility of laboratories
to notify physicians that Medicare covers only medically necessary services. This requirement, and the likely effect on physician
test ordering habits, focuses on chemistry tests, especially routine tests, rather than on anatomic pathology services or the non-automated
tests, which make up the majority of the Company’s business measured in terms of net revenues. Nevertheless, it could potentially
affect physicians’ test ordering habits more broadly. The Company is unable to predict whether, or to what extent, these
developments have impacted, or may impact, utilization of the Company’s services.
The federal health care reform legislation
adopted in March, 2010, known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, contains provisions requiring providers to establish
compliance programs as a condition of enrollment in Medicare, Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program.
Implementing regulations and guidance for clinical laboratories has not yet been issued yet by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
Services. In addition, New York State has adopted mandatory compliance program requirements for certain specified providers, including
those who directly or indirectly bill or collect more than $500,000 annually in Medicaid payments, and entities licensed under
certain articles of the Public Health Law and Mental Hygiene Law, respectively. The Company has adopted its own Corporate Compliance
Program based upon the OIG model program guidance and in accordance with New York State’s requirements.
The Company’s compliance program focuses
on, among other things, establishing clear compliance standards; auditing and monitoring of the Company’s billing and coding
practices; training personnel on compliance standards, policies and procedures; preventing and detecting fraud, waste and abuse,
enforcing a policy of non-retaliation and non-intimidation for good faith participation in the compliance program; and establishing
good faith reporting of actual or suspected compliance violations.
The Company seeks to structure its arrangements
with physicians and other customers in compliance with federal and state Anti-Kickback laws, Stark laws, False Claims Acts, and
other applicable laws, rules and regulations, and to keep current on developments concerning their application to the Company,
including consultation with legal counsel. However, the Company is unable to predict how such laws and regulations will be interpreted
and applied in the future, and thus no assurances can be given that its arrangements or processes will not become subject to scrutiny
by a governmental agency.
Confidentiality of Health Information
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) included “administrative simplification” provisions designed to standardize common
electronic transactions in health care and to protect the security and privacy of health information. Congress’ purpose in
promulgating HIPAA was to increase the efficiency of health care transactions while, at the same time, protecting the confidentiality
of patient information. Regulations have been adopted for electronic transaction, privacy security and breach notification standards
and include the requirement to use a National Provider Identifier in electronic health care transactions. The National Provider
Identifier is an identifier that replaced all other identifiers that are currently used or healthcare transactions (e.g., UPIN,
Medicaid provider numbers, identifiers assigned by commercial insurers). The regulations promulgated under HIPAA have very broad
applicability, including by specifically applying to health care providers, which include physicians and clinical laboratories
that conduct an electronic transaction for which HIPAA has articulated standards. Together, health plans, health care clearinghouses
and health care providers that conduct standard transactions subject to HIPAA are referred to as “Covered Entities”.
The electronic transaction standards regulations created guidelines
for certain common health care transactions. With certain exceptions, these standards require that, when we conduct certain transactions
electronically with another health care provider, health care clearinghouse or health plan, we must comply with the standards set
forth in the regulations. The regulations established standard data content and format for submitting electronic claims and other
administrative health transactions. Health care providers and health plans are required to use standard formats when transmitting
claims, referrals, authorizations, and certain other transactions electronically. The Company believes it is in compliance with
these standards.
Privacy, security and breach notification requirements regarding
protected health information (“PHI”).
We are required to maintain numerous policies and procedures in
order to comply with the HIPAA privacy security and breach notification requirements. Furthermore, we need to continuously ensure
that there are mechanisms in place to safeguard the privacy of PHI that is transmitted or maintained in any format (e.g. oral,
written, or electronic). Failure to comply with these requirements can result in criminal and civil penalties. To comply with the
HIPAA security regulations in particular, we must ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of all electronic PHI
(“EPHI”) that we create, receive, maintain, or transmit. We have some flexibility to fashion our own security measures
to accomplish these goals. The security regulations strongly emphasize that we must periodically conduct an accurate and thorough
assessment of the potential risks and vulnerabilities of the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our EPHI and then document
our response to the various security regulations on the basis of that assessment.
The privacy, security and breach notification regulations were last
modified in 2013 as a result of final regulations published pursuant to the Health Information Technology Act (“HITECH”).
HITECH requires, among other things, that providers, such as laboratories, notify patients of breaches of unsecured PHI, enter
into new business associate agreements with existing business associates and revise many of their existing privacy policies. In
addition, HITECH makes business associates directly liable to the Federal
government for compliance with certain aspects
of the privacy, security and breach notification regulations. As implemented in regulations, a downstream subcontractor of a business
associate that creates, receives, maintains, or transmits PHI on behalf of the business associate is also itself considered a business
associate. Under the regulations issued in 2013, health care providers, such as laboratories, that are subject to HIPAA as a Covered
Entity are vicariously liable for violations of HIPAA based on acts or omissions of their agents, including business associates,
when the agent is acting within the scope of the agency. Complying with the electronic transaction, privacy, security and breach
notification rules requires significant effort and expense for virtually all entities that conduct health care transactions electronically
and handle PHI.
Medical Regulated Waste
We are subject to licensing and regulation under federal, state
and local laws relating to the handling and disposal of medical specimens, infectious and hazardous waste, as well as to the safety
and health of laboratory employees. All our laboratories are required to operate in accordance with applicable federal and state
laws and regulations relating to biohazard disposal of all facilities specimens. We use outside vendors to dispose of such specimens.
Although we believe that we comply in all respects with such federal, state and local laws, our failure to comply with those laws
could subject us to denial of the right to conduct business, fines, criminal penalties and/or other enforcement actions.
Occupational Safety
In addition to its comprehensive regulation of safety in the workplace,
the U.S. Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) has established extensive requirements relating
to workplace safety for health care employers, including clinical laboratories, whose workers may be exposed to blood-borne pathogens
such as HIV and the hepatitis B virus. These regulations, among other things, require work practice controls, protective clothing
and equipment, training, medical follow-up, vaccinations and other measures designed to minimize exposure to, and transmission
of, blood-borne pathogens. The Federal Drug Enforcement Administration regulates the use of controlled substances in testing for
drugs of abuse. We are also subject to OSHA’s requirement that employers using hazardous chemicals communicate the properties
and hazards presented by those chemicals to their employees. We believe that we are in compliance with these OSHA requirements.
Our failure to comply with those regulations and requirements could subject us to tort liability, civil fines, criminal penalties
and/or other enforcement actions.
Other Regulation
Our business is and will continue to be subject to regulation under
various state and federal environmental, safety and health laws, including the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Atomic Energy Act or their state law analogs. These and other laws govern our use, handling
and disposal of various biological, chemical and radioactive substances used in our operations and wastes generated by our operations.
We are required to possess licenses under, or are otherwise subject to federal and state regulations pertaining to, the handling
and disposal of medical specimens, infectious and hazardous waste and radioactive materials.
We believe that we are in compliance with applicable environmental,
safety and health laws in the United States and internationally and that our continual compliance with these laws will not have
a material adverse effect on our business. All of our laboratories are operated in accordance with applicable federal and state
laws and regulations relating to hazardous substances and wastes, and we use qualified third-party vendors to dispose of biological
specimens and other hazardous wastes. Although we believe that we comply in all respects with such federal, state and local laws,
our failure to comply with those laws could subject us to denial of the right to conduct business, civil fines, criminal penalties
and/or other enforcement actions. Environmental contamination resulting from spills or disposal of hazardous substances generated
by our operations, even if caused by a third-party contractor or occurring at a remote location could result in material liability.
Regulation of Diagnostic Products
The diagnostic products that are developed by our collaborators,
or by us, are likely to be regulated by the FDA as medical devices. Unless an exemption applies, medical devices must receive either
“510(k) clearance” or pre-market approval (“PMA”) from the FDA before marketing them in the United States.
Both the 510(k) clearance and PMA processes may be costly and time consuming, but the process of obtaining PMA approval is much
more costly, lengthy and uncertain. We cannot be sure that 510(k) clearance or PMA approval will ever be obtained for any product
we propose to market.
The FDA decides whether a device must undergo either the 510(k)
clearance or PMA approval process based upon statutory criteria. These criteria include the level of risk that the agency perceives
is associated with the device and a determination whether the product is a type of device that is similar to devices that are already
legally marketed. Devices deemed to pose relatively less risk are placed in either class I or II, which requires the manufacturer
to submit a premarket notification requesting 510(k) clearance, unless an exemption applies. In a pre-market notification, the
applicant must demonstrate that the proposed device is “substantially equivalent” in intended use and in safety and
effectiveness to a legally marketed “predicate device” that is either in class I, class II, or is a “pre-
amendment” class III device (i.e., one that was in commercial
distribution before May 28, 1976) for which the FDA has not yet called for submission of a PMA application.
After a device receives 510(k) clearance, any modification that
could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, requires a
new 510(k) clearance or could require a PMA approval. The FDA requires each manufacturer to make this determination in the first
instance, but the FDA can review any such decision. If the FDA disagrees with a manufacturer’s decision not to seek a new
510(k) clearance, the agency may retroactively require the manufacturer to seek 510(k) clearance or PMA approval. The FDA also
can require the manufacturer to cease marketing and/or recall the modified device until 510(k) clearance or PMA approval is obtained.
Devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining,
life-supporting or implantable devices, or deemed not substantially equivalent to a legally marketed class I or class II predicate
device, or to a preamendment class III device, for which PMAs have not been called, are placed in class III. Such devices are required
to undergo the PMA approval process in which the manufacturer must provide sufficient valid scientific evidence of the safety and
effectiveness of the device. A PMA application typically requires the collection of extensive preclinical and clinical trial data
and also information about the device and its components regarding, among other things, device design, manufacturing and labeling.
After approval of a PMA, a new PMA or PMA supplement is required in the event of a modification to the device, its labeling or
its manufacturing process.
Although clinical investigations of most devices are subject to
the investigational device exemption (“IDE”) requirements, clinical investigations of certain in vitro diagnostic (“IVDs”)
tests are exempt from the IDE requirement provided the testing is non-invasive, does not require an invasive sampling procedure
that presents a significant risk, does not introduce energy into the subject, and is not used as a diagnostic procedure without
confirmation by another medically established test or procedure.
In addition, the IVD must be for use in the laboratory research
phase of development and not represented as an effective IVD (i.e. labeled for Research Use Only (RUO)) or for use in product testing
prior to full commercial marketing (i.e. for Investigational Use Only (IUO)). Because RUO and IUO-labeled products are exempt from
most regulatory requirements it is important that they are not distributed for clinical diagnostics use. Mere placement of an RUO
or IUO label on an IVD product does not render the device exempt from otherwise applicable regulatory requirements; indeed, FDA
may determine that the device is intended for use in clinical diagnosis on the basis of other evidence, including how the device
is marketed. FDA recommends that manufacturers assess the totality of the circumstances surrounding the distribution of their RUO
and IUO labeled products to ensure that they are not engaging in practices that conflict with their labeling. The FDA expressed
its intent to exercise heightened enforcement with respect to IUO and RUO devices improperly commercialized prior to receipt of
FDA clearance or approval.
We have developed products that we currently distribute in the United
States on a RUO basis. There can be no assurance that the FDA would agree that our distribution of these products meets the requirements
for RUO distribution. Furthermore, failure by us or recipients of our RUO products to comply with the regulatory limitations on
the sale and distribution of RUO devices could result in enforcement action by the FDA, including the imposition of restrictions
on our distribution of these products.
Although FDA has long asserted it has jurisdiction over laboratory-developed
tests, the agency has historically exercised discretion enforcement with respect to most such tests and not required laboratories
that furnish these tests to comply with FDA’s regulatory requirements for medical devices. However, on July 31, 2014, the
FDA issued a 60-day notice to Congress indicating that the FDA intends to issue Draft Guidance on the regulation of laboratory-developed
test. In the notice, FDA indicates that it intends to end its policy of general enforcement discretion towards laboratory-developed
test, and proposes the implementation of a risk-based regulatory framework. Under the proposed framework, many laboratory-developed
tests would be subject to FDA’s requirements for medical devices, including registration and listing premarket review, medical
device reports and quality systems regulations. The implementation of this framework would not begin until after a Final Guidance
is issued and would occur over a nine year period with those tests that FDA considers to be highest risk falling under FDA’s
review requirements first. The draft guidance was released in late September 2014, and a 120 – day public comment period
ended February 2015.
In so far as the devices that we manufacture or distribute are subject
to the premarket notification or premarket approval requirements a host of additional regulatory requirements may apply, including
registration and listing the Quality System Regulation (which requires manufacturers to follow elaborate design, testing, control,
documentation and other quality assurance procedures), the Medical Device Reporting regulation (which requires that manufacturers
report to the FDA certain types of adverse events involving their products), labeling regulations, and the FDA’s general
prohibition against promoting products for unapproved or “off label” uses. Class II devices may also be subject to
special controls such as performance standards, post market surveillance, patient registries, and FDA guidelines that do not apply
to class I devices. Unanticipated changes in existing regulatory requirements or adoption of new requirements could hurt our business,
financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to inspection and market surveillance by the FDA
to determine compliance with regulatory requirements. If the FDA finds that we have failed to comply with applicable requirements,
the agency can institute a wide variety of enforcement actions, ranging from a public warning letter to more severe sanctions such
as fines, injunction, civil penalties, recall or seizure of our products, operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown
of production, refusal of our requests for 510(k) clearance or PMA approval of new products, withdrawal of 510(k) clearance or
PMA approvals already granted, and criminal prosecution.
The FDA also has the authority to request repair, replacement or
refund of the cost of any medical device manufactured or distributed by us. Our failure to comply with applicable requirements
could lead to an enforcement action that may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Unanticipated changes in existing regulatory requirements, our failure
to comply with such requirements or adoption of new requirements could have a material adverse effect on us. We have employees
to expedite the preparation and filing of documentation necessary for FDA clearances and approvals, patent issuances and licensing
agreements. We cannot assure you that future clinical diagnostic products developed by us or our collaborators will not be required
to be reviewed by FDA under the more expensive and time consuming pre-market approval process.
Regulation of Pharmaceutical Products
New drugs and biological drug products are subject to regulation
under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and biological products are also regulated under the Public Health Service Act.
We believe that certain products developed by us or our collaborators will be regulated either as biological products or as new
drugs. Both statutes and regulations promulgated thereunder govern, among other things, the testing, licensing, manufacturing,
marketing, distributing, safety, and efficacy requirements, labeling, storage, exporting, record keeping, advertising and other
promotional practices involving biologics or new drugs, as the case may be. FDA review or approval or other clearances must be
obtained before clinical testing, and before manufacturing and marketing, of biologics and drugs. At the FDA, the Center for Biological
Evaluation and Research (“CBER”) is responsible for the regulation of biological drugs and the Center for Drug Evaluation
and Research (“CDER”) is responsible for the regulation of non-biological drugs. Biological drugs are licensed and
other drugs are approved before commercialization.
Any therapeutics products that we develop will require regulatory
review before clinical trials, and additional regulatory approval before commercialization. New human gene medicine products as
well as immune regulation products, as therapeutics, are subject to regulation by the FDA and comparable agencies in other countries.
The FDA on a case-by-case basis currently reviews each protocol. In addition, the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”)
is also involved in the oversight of gene therapies and the FDA has required compliance with certain NIH requirements.
Federal requirements are detailed in Title 21 of the Code of Federal
Regulations (21 CFR). In addition, the FDA publishes guidance documents with respect to the development of therapeutics protocols.
Obtaining FDA approval has historically been a costly and time-consuming
process. Generally, to gain FDA approval, a developer first must conduct pre-clinical studies in the laboratory evaluating product
chemistry, formulation and stability and, if appropriate, in animal model systems, to gain preliminary information on safety and
efficacy.
Pre-clinical safety tests must be conducted by laboratories that
comply with FDA regulations governing Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). The results of those studies are submitted with information
characterizing the product and its manufacturing process and controls as a part of an investigational new drug (“IND”)
application, which the FDA must review and approve before human clinical trials of an investigational drug can start. The IND application
includes a detailed description of the clinical investigations to be undertaken in addition to other pertinent information about
the product, including descriptions of any previous human experience and the company’s future plans for studying the drug.
In order to commercialize our pharmaceutical products, we (as the
sponsor) file an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application with FDA and will be responsible for initiating and overseeing
the clinical studies to demonstrate the safety and efficacy necessary to obtain FDA marketing approval of any such products. For
INDs that we sponsor, we will be required to select qualified clinical sites (usually physicians affiliated with medical institutions)
to supervise the administration of the investigational product. It is the sponsor’s responsibility to ensure that the investigations
are conducted and monitored in accordance with FDA regulations, Good Clinical Practices (GCP) and the general investigational plan
and protocols contained in the IND. This may be done using in-house trained personnel or an outside contract research organization
(CRO).
Each clinical study is also reviewed approved and overseen by an
Institutional Review Board (IRB). In considering an application to perform a clinical trial, IRB will consider, among other things,
ethical factors and the safety of human subjects participating in the trial. Clinical trials are normally conducted in three phases,
although the phases might overlap. Phase I trials, concerned primarily with the safety and tolerance of the drug, and its pharmacokinetics
(or how it behaves in the body including its absorption and distribution) involve fewer than 100 subjects. Phase II trials normally
involve a few hundred patients and are designed primarily to demonstrate preliminary effectiveness and the most suitable dose or
exposure level for treating or diagnosing the disease or condition for which the drug is intended, although short-term side effects
and risks in people whose health is impaired may also be examined. Phase III trials are expanded, adequate and well-controlled
clinical trials with larger numbers of patients and are intended to gather the additional information for proper dosage and labeling
of the drug. Clinical trials may take several years to complete, but the period may vary.
Certain regulations promulgated by the FDA may shorten the time
periods and reduce the number of patients required to be tested in the case of certain life-threatening diseases, which lack available
alternative treatments. The FDA receives reports on the progress of
each phase of clinical testing, and it may require
the modification, suspension or termination of clinical trials if an unwarranted risk is presented to patients. Human gene medicine
products are a new category of therapeutics.
There can be no assurance regarding the length of the clinical trial
period, the number of patients that the FDA will require to be enrolled in the clinical trials in order to establish the efficacy,
safety, purity and/or potency of human gene medicine products, or that the clinical and other data generated will be acceptable
to the FDA to support marketing approval.
After completion of clinical trials of a new product, FDA marketing
approval must be obtained before the product can be sold in the United States. If the product is regulated as a new biologic, CBER
requires the submission and approval of a Biologics License Application (BLA) before commercial marketing of the biologic product.
If the product is classified as a new drug, we must file a New Drug Application (“NDA”) with CDER and receive approval
before commercial marketing of the drug. The NDA or BLA must include results of product development, pre-clinical studies and clinical
trials. The testing and approval processes require substantial time and effort and there can be no assurance that any approval
will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. The median time to obtain new product approvals after submission to the FDA is approximately
12 months. If questions arise during the FDA review process, approval can take longer. Before completing its review, the FDA may
seek guidance from an Advisory Panel of outside experts at a public or closed meeting. While the advice of these committees is
not binding on the FDA, it is often followed. Notwithstanding the submission of relevant data, the FDA might ultimately decide
that the NDA or BLA does not satisfy its regulatory criteria for approval and, thus, reject the application, refuse to approve
it, or require additional clinical, preclinical or chemistry studies. Even after FDA regulatory approval or licensure, a marketed
drug product is subject to continual review by the FDA.
In addition, if previously unknown problems are discovered or we
fail to comply with the applicable regulatory requirements, we might be restricted from marketing a product, we might be required
to withdraw the product from the market, and we might possibly become subject to seizures, injunctions, voluntary recalls, or civil,
monetary or criminal sanctions. In addition, the FDA may condition marketing approval on the conduct of specific post-marketing
studies to further evaluate safety and effectiveness.
For commercialization of our biological or other drug products,
the manufacturing processes described in our NDA or BLA must receive FDA approval and the manufacturing facility must successfully
pass an inspection prior to approval or licensure of the product for sale within the United States. The pre-approval inspection
assesses whether, for example, the facility complies with the FDA’s current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) regulations.
These regulations elaborate testing, control, documentation, personnel, record keeping and other quality assurance procedure requirements
that must be met.
Once the FDA approves our biological or other drug products for
marketing, we must continue to comply with the cGMP regulations. The FDA periodically inspects biological and other drug manufacturing
facilities to ensure compliance with applicable cGMP requirements. Failure to comply with the statutory and regulatory requirements
subjects the manufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, such as suspension of manufacturing, seizure of product or voluntary
recall of a product.
If a developer obtains designation by the FDA of a biologic or other
drug as an “orphan” for a particular use, the developer may request grants from the federal government to defray the
costs of qualified testing expenses in connection with the development of such drug. Orphan drug designation is possible for drugs
for rare diseases, including many genetic diseases, which means the drug is for a disease that has a prevalence of less than 200,000
patients in the United States. The first applicant who receives an orphan drug designation and who obtains approval of a marketing
application for such drug acquires the exclusive marketing rights to that drug for that use for a period of seven years unless
the subsequent drug can be shown to be clinically superior. Accordingly, no other company would be allowed to market an identical
orphan drug with the same active ingredient for the use approved by the FDA for seven years after the approval.
Manufacturing and Research Facilities
Our integrated laboratory and scientific efforts for our three segments
take place primarily at our two adjacent facilities in Farmingdale, New York. A major part of one facility is utilized by Life
Science as its global headquarters, and also for research and manufacturing with special handling capabilities and clean rooms
suitable for our operations. The Life Sciences segment has centered its US logistics, reagent and kit manufacturing at its facility
in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and has European logistics operations in Lausen, Switzerland. We also contract with qualified third-party
contractors to manufacture our products in cases where we deem it appropriate, for example, when it is not cost-effective to produce
a product ourselves or where we seek to leverage the expertise of another manufacturer in a certain area.
Employees
As of July 31, 2017, we employed 433 full-time and 39 part-time
employees. Of the full-time employees, 123 were engaged in research, development, manufacturing, and marketing of research products,
265 in performing testing, marketing and billing our clinical laboratories services and 45 in finance, information technology,
administrative and executive functions. Our scientific staff, including 31 individuals with post graduate degrees, possesses a
wide range of experience and expertise in the areas of recombinant
DNA, nucleic acid chemistry, molecular biology
and immunology. We believe that we have established good relationships with our employees.
Information Systems
Information systems are used extensively in virtually all aspects
of our businesses. In our clinical laboratory business, our information systems are critical with respect to laboratory testing,
billing, accounts receivable, customer service, logistics, and management of medical data. Our success depends, in part, on the
continued and uninterrupted performance of our information technology systems. Computer systems are vulnerable to damage from a
variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, malicious human acts and natural disasters.
Moreover, despite network security measures, some of our servers
are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptive problems. We have invested
heavily in the upgrade of our information and telecommunications systems to improve the quality, efficiency and security of our
businesses. In addition, to complement our proprietary physician connectivity solution, EnzoDirect we have a web portal version
which allows physicians to receive laboratory results from any personal computer with a browser and an Internet connection.
Despite the precautionary measures that we have taken to prevent
unanticipated problems that could affect our information technology systems, sustained or repeated system failures that interrupt
our ability to process test orders, deliver test results or perform tests in a timely manner could adversely affect our reputation
and result in a loss of customers and net revenues.
Quality Assurance
We consider the quality of our clinical laboratory tests to be of
critical importance, and, therefore, we maintain a comprehensive quality assurance program designed to help assure accurate and
timely test results. In addition to the compulsory external inspections and proficiency programs demanded by the Medicare program
and other regulatory agencies, our clinical laboratory has in place systems to emphasize and monitor quality assurance.
In addition to our own internal quality control programs, our laboratory
participates in numerous externally administered, blind quality surveillance programs, including on-site evaluation by the College
of American Pathologies (“CAP”) proficiency testing program and the New York State survey program. The blind programs
supplement all other quality assurance procedures and give our management the opportunity to review our technical and service performance
from the client’s perspective.
The CAP accreditation program involves both on-site inspections
of our laboratory and participation in the CAP’s proficiency testing program for all categories in which our laboratory is
accredited by the CAP. The CAP is an independent nongovernmental organization of board certified pathologists, which offers an
accreditation program to which laboratories can voluntarily subscribe. A laboratory’s receipt of accreditation by the CAP
satisfies the Medicare requirement for participation in proficiency testing programs administered by an external source. Our clinical
laboratory facilities are accredited by the CAP.
FORWARD - LOOKING AND CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
This Annual Report contains “forward-looking statements”
as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact, including,
without limitation, the statements under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations” are “forward-looking statements.” Forward-looking statements may include the words “believes,”
“expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “continues” or other
similar expressions. These statements are based on the Company’s current expectations of future events and are subject to
a number of risks and uncertainties that may cause the Company’s actual results to differ materially from those described
in the forward-looking statements. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions
prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected. The Company assumes no obligation
to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.
The Company files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements
and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). These filings are available to the public
via the Internet at the SEC’s website located at http://www.sec.gov. You may also read and copy any document the Company
files with the SEC at the SEC’s public reference room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. For more information,
please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.
The Company’s website is located at
www.enzo.com.
The
Company makes available on its website a link to all filings that it makes with the SEC. You may request a copy of the Company’s
filings with the SEC (excluding exhibits) at no cost by writing or telephoning us at the following address or telephone number:
Enzo Biochem, Inc.
527 Madison Ave.
New York, New York 10022
Tel: (212) 583-0100
Attn: Investor Relations
Item 1A.
Risk Factors
Business Risks
Our operating results may vary from period to period.
Our operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter
and from year to year, depending on a variety of factors including:
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competitive conditions, including changes in third-party reimbursements;
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health care reform regulations affecting providers and plan sponsors, including those stemming from the Affordable Care Act (ACA) (or its repeal, amendment or replacement);
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changes in reimbursement policies from third party payers;
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Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;
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changes in tax laws, the results of tax audits or the measurement of tax uncertainties;
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the timing of our research and development, sales and marketing expenses;
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the introduction of new products by us or our competitors;
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the success of identifying, acquiring and integrating businesses that complement our product offerings, add new technology or add presence in a market;
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expenses associated with defending our intellectual property portfolio;
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customer demand for our products due to changes in purchasing requirements and research needs;
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general worldwide economic conditions affecting funding of research; and
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seasonal fluctuations affected by weather and holiday periods.
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Consequently, results for any interim period may not necessarily
be indicative of results in subsequent periods.
A significant proportion of our sales are to academic centers,
funded by government grants in our major markets globally.
Governments around the world have been reviewing long term public
funding of life science research in response to the problems arising from global financial pressures. As a result, the available
funds for discretionary purchases from market to market have been capped or reduced based on available National budgets. Reduced
grants for researchers could impact our business, in the amount, price and type of products bought and used by customers.
A significant proportion of our sales are to customers in pharmaceutical
and biotech companies.
Globally, pharmaceutical companies are challenging internal budgets,
and the return of investment from their R&D spend. This could impact our business, in the amount, price and type of products
bought and used by customers.
Our future success will depend in part upon our ability to enhance
existing products, develop and introduce new products and realize commercial acceptance of those products, in a rapidly changing
technological environment.
The market for our products is characterized by rapidly changing
technology, evolving industry standards and new product introductions, which may make our existing products obsolete. Our future
success will depend in part upon our ability to enhance existing products, develop and introduce new products, and realize commercial
acceptance of those products.
The development of new or enhanced products is a complex and uncertain
process requiring the accurate anticipation of technological and market trends as well as precise technological execution. In addition,
the successful development of new products will depend on the development of new technologies. We will be required to undertake
time-consuming and costly development activities and to seek regulatory approval for these new products. We may experience difficulties
that could delay or prevent the successful development, introduction and marketing of these new products. Regulatory clearance
or approval of any new products may not be granted by the FDA, state-wide agency or foreign regulatory authorities on a timely
basis, or at all, and the new products may not be successfully commercialized.
We may be unable to identify, acquire and integrate acquisition
targets.
Our strategy envisions, if an opportunistic target is identified,
future growth from acquiring and integrating similar operations and/or product or services lines. There can be no assurance that
we will be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates and, once identified, to negotiate successfully their acquisition at
a price or on terms and conditions favorable to us, or to integrate the operations of such acquired businesses with the existing
operations. In addition, we compete for acquisition candidates with other entities, some of which have greater financial resources
than ours. Failure to implement successfully our acquisition strategy would limit our potential growth.
Our inability to carry out certain of our marketing and sales
plans may make it difficult for us to grow or maintain our business.
The Life Sciences segment continues a marketing program designed
to more directly service its end users, while simultaneously promoting the Enzo Life Science brand, with reference to our acquired
brands. We will continue to reach out to our customers using our direct field sales force, in-house business team, the on-going
enhancement of our interactive websites, continued attendance at top industry trade meetings, and publications to customers and
in leading scientific journals. In addition to our direct sales, we operate worldwide through wholly-owned subsidiaries (in USA,
Switzerland, Belgium, Germany, and the UK), a branch office in France and a network of third-party distributors in most other significant
markets. If we are unable to successfully continue these programs, we may be unable to grow and our business could suffer.
We face significant competition, which could cause us to decrease
the prices for our products or services or render our products uneconomical or obsolete, any of which could reduce our revenues
and limit our growth.
Our competitors in the biotechnology industry in the United States
and abroad are numerous and include major pharmaceutical, energy, food and chemical companies, as well as specialized genetic engineering
firms. Many of our large competitors have substantially greater resources than us and have the capability of developing products
which compete directly with our products. Many of these companies are performing research in the same areas as we are. The markets
for our products are also subject to competitive risks because markets are highly price competitive. Our competitors have competed
in the past by lowering prices on certain products.
The clinical laboratory business is highly fragmented and intensely
competitive, and we compete with numerous national and local companies. Some of these entities are larger than we are and have
greater resources than we do. We compete primarily on the basis of the quality of our testing, reporting and information services,
our reputation in the medical community, the pricing of our services and our ability to employ qualified professionals.
These competitive conditions could, among other things:
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Require us to reduce our prices to retain market share;
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Require us to increase our marketing efforts which could reduce our profit margins;
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Increase our cost of labor to attract qualified personnel;
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Render our biotechnology products uneconomical or obsolete or;
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Reduce our revenue.
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Ethical, legal and social concerns surrounding the use of genetic
information could reduce demand for our products.
Genetic testing has raised ethical issues regarding privacy and
the appropriate uses of the resulting information. For these reasons, governmental authorities may call for limits on or regulation
of the use of genetic testing or prohibit testing for genetic predisposition to certain conditions, particularly for those that
have no known cure. Similarly, such concerns may lead individuals to refuse to use genetics tests even if permissible. Any of these
scenarios could reduce the potential markets for our molecular diagnostic products, which could have a material adverse effect
on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We depend on distributors and contract manufacturers and suppliers
for materials that could impair our ability to manufacture or distribute our products.
Our Life Sciences segment manufactures and distributes our own brand
products and the products of third party manufacturers and suppliers. Distributors also sell our branded products. To the extent
we are unable to maintain or replace a distributor in a reasonable time period, or on commercially reasonable terms, if at all,
our operations could be disrupted.
Outside distributors, suppliers and contract manufacturers provide
key finished goods, components and raw materials used in the sale and manufacture of our products. Although we believe that alternative
sources for components and raw materials are available, any supply interruption in a limited or sole source component or raw material
would harm our ability to manufacture our products until a new source of supply is identified and qualified. In addition, an uncorrected
defect or supplier’s variation in a component or raw material, either unknown to us or incompatible with our manufacturing
process, could harm our ability to manufacture products. We might not be able to find a sufficient alternative supplier in a reasonable
time period, or on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If we fail to obtain a supplier for the components of our products,
our operations could be disrupted.
We use hazardous materials in our business. Any claims relating
to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be costly and time-consuming.
Our manufacturing, clinical laboratory and research and development
processes involve the storage, use and disposal of hazardous substances, including hazardous chemicals, biological hazardous materials
and radioactive compounds. We are subject to governmental regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal
of materials and waste products. Although we believe that our safety and environmental management practices and procedures for
handling and disposing of these hazardous materials are in accordance with good industry practice and comply with applicable laws,
permits, licenses and regulations, the risk of accidental environmental or human contamination or injury from the release or exposure
of hazardous materials cannot be completely eliminated. In the event of an accident, we could be held liable for any damages that
result, including environmental clean-up or decontamination costs, and any such liability could exceed the limits of, or fall outside
the coverage of, our insurance.
We may not be able to maintain insurance on acceptable terms, or
at all. We could be required to incur significant costs to comply with current or future environmental and public and workplace
safety and health laws and regulations.
We are required to expend significant resources for research
and development for our products in development and these products may not be developed successfully. Failure to successfully develop
these products may prevent us from earning a return on our research and development expenditures.
The products we are developing are at various stages of development
and clinical evaluations and may require further technical development and investment to determine whether commercial application
is practicable. There can be no assurance that our efforts will result in products with valuable commercial applications. Our cash
requirements may vary materially from current estimates because of results of our research and development programs, competitive
and technological advances and other factors. In any event, we will require substantial funds to conduct development activities
and pre-clinical and clinical trials, apply for regulatory approvals and commercialize products, if any, that are developed.
We do not have any commitments or arrangements to obtain any additional
financing and there is no assurance that required financing will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. Even if we
spend substantial amounts on research and development, our potential products may not be developed successfully.
If our product candidates on which we have expended significant
amounts for research and development are not commercialized, we will not earn a return on our research and development expenditures,
which may harm our business.
We rely on network and information systems and other technology
whose failure or misuse could cause a disruption of services or loss or improper disclosure of personal data, business information,
including intellectual property, or other confidential information, resulting in increased costs, loss of revenue or other harm
to our business.
Network and information systems and other technologies, including
those related to the Company’s network management, are important to its business activities. The Company also relies on third
party providers for certain technology and “cloud-based” systems and services that support a variety of business operations.
Network and information systems-related events affecting the Company’s systems, or those of third parties upon which the
Company’s business relies, such as computer compromises, cyber threats and attacks, computer viruses, worms or other destructive
or disruptive software, process breakdowns, denial of service attacks, malicious social engineering or other malicious activities,
or any combination of the foregoing, as well as power outages, equipment failure, natural disasters (including extreme weather),
terrorist activities, war, human or technological error or malfeasance that may affect such systems, could result in disruption
of the Company’s business and/or loss, corruption or improper disclosure of personal data, business
information, including intellectual property,
or other confidential information. In addition, any design or manufacturing defects in, or the improper implementation of, hardware
or software applications the Company develops or procures from third parties could unexpectedly compromise information security.
In recent years, there has been a rise in the number of cyber-attacks on companies’ network and information systems, and
such attacks have become more sophisticated, targeted and difficult to detect and prevent against. As a result, the risks associated
with such an event continue to increase, particularly as the Company’s digital businesses expand. While the Company has developed
and implemented security measures and internal controls that are designed to protect personal data, business information, including
intellectual property, and other confidential information, to prevent data loss, and to prevent or detect security breaches, such
security measures cannot provide absolute security and may not be successful in preventing these events from occurring, particularly
given that techniques used to access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently, and any network and information
systems-related events could require the Company to expend significant resources to remedy such event. Moreover, the development
and maintenance of these measures is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to
overcome security measures become more sophisticated. While the Company maintains cyber risk insurance, this insurance may not
be sufficient to cover all losses from any future breaches of our systems.
A significant failure, compromise, breach or interruption of the
Company’s systems, or those of third parties upon which its business relies, could result in a disruption of its operations,
customer, audience or advertiser dissatisfaction, damage to its reputation or brands, regulatory investigations and enforcement
actions, lawsuits, remediation costs, a loss of customers, advertisers or revenues and other financial losses. If any such failure,
interruption or similar event results in the improper disclosure of information maintained in the Company’s information systems
and networks or those of its vendors, including financial, personal, credit card, confidential and proprietary information relating
to personnel, customers, vendors and the Company’s business, including its intellectual property, the Company could also
be subject to liability under relevant contractual obligations and laws and regulations protecting personal data and privacy. In
addition, media or other reports of perceived security vulnerabilities to our systems or those of third parties upon which the
Company’s business relies, even if nothing has actually been attempted or occurred, could also adversely impact our brand
and reputation and materially affect our business.
Risks relating to our Intellectual Property and Regulatory
Approval
Protecting our proprietary rights is difficult and costly. If
we fail to adequately protect or enforce our proprietary rights, we could lose potential revenue from licensing and royalties.
Our potential revenue and success depends in large part on our ability
to obtain, maintain and enforce our patents. Our ability to commercialize any product successfully will largely depend on our ability
to obtain and maintain patents of sufficient scope to prevent third parties from developing similar or competitive products. In
the absence of patent protection, competitors may impact our business by developing and marketing substantially equivalent products
and technology.
Patent disputes are frequent and can preclude the commercialization
of products. We have in the past been, are currently, and may in the future be, involved in material patent litigation, such as
the matters discussed under “Part I - Item 3. Legal Proceedings” in this report. Patent protection litigation is time-consuming
and we have incurred and anticipate continuing to incur significant legal costs. In addition, an adverse decision could force us
to either obtain third-party licenses at a material cost or cease using the technology or product in dispute.
We have filed applications for United States and foreign patents
covering certain aspects of our technology, but there is no assurance that pending patents will issue or as to the degree of protection
which any issued patent might afford.
Lawsuits, including patent infringements, in the biotechnology
industry are not uncommon. If we become involved in any significant litigation, we would suffer as a result of the diversion of
our management’s attention, the expense of litigation and any judgments against us.
In addition to intellectual property litigation for infringement,
other substantial, complex or extended litigation could result in large expenditures by us and distraction of our management. Patent
litigation is time-consuming and costly in its own right and could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties. In addition,
an adverse decision could force us to either obtain third-party licenses at a material cost or cease using the technology or product
in dispute. In addition, lawsuits by employees, stockholders, collaborators or distributors could be very costly and substantially
disrupt our business. Disputes from time to time with companies or individuals are not uncommon in the biotechnology industry,
and we cannot assure you that we will always be able to resolve them out of court.
We also utilize certain unpatented proprietary technology and no
assurance can be given that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary technology, that such proprietary
technology will not be disclosed or that we can meaningfully protect our rights to such proprietary technology.
Our business
is subject to governmental laws and regulations.
Changes in the way the FDA regulates the reagents, and other consumables
we use when developing, validating, and performing our tests could result in delay or additional expense in bringing our tests
to market or performing such tests for our customers
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We may be unable to obtain or maintain regulatory approvals for our
products, which could reduce our revenue or prevent us from earning a return on our research and development expenditures.
Our research, preclinical development, clinical trials, product
manufacturing and marketing are subject to regulation by the FDA and similar health authorities in foreign countries. FDA approval
is required for our products, as well as the manufacturing processes and facilities, if any, used to produce our products that
may be sold in the United States. The process of obtaining approvals from the FDA is costly, time consuming and often subject to
unanticipated delays. Even if regulatory approval is granted, such approval may include significant limitations on indicated uses
for which any products could be marketed. Further, even if such regulatory approvals are obtained, a marketed product and its manufacturer
are subject to continued review, and later discovery of previously unknown problems may result in restrictions on such product
or manufacturer, including withdrawal of the product from the market.
New government regulations in the United States or foreign countries
also may be established that could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our products under development. Further, because gene
therapy is a relatively new technology and has not been extensively tested in humans, the regulatory requirements governing gene
therapy products are uncertain and may be subject to substantial further review by various regulatory authorities in the United
States and abroad. This uncertainty may result in extensive delays in initiating clinical trials and in the regulatory approval
process. Our failure to obtain regulatory approval of our proposed products, processes or facilities could have a material adverse
effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The proposed products under development may also be subject
to certain other federal, state and local government regulations, including, but not limited to, the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic
Act, the Environmental Protection Act, and Occupational Safety and Health Act, and state, local and foreign counterparts to certain
of such acts.
I
n November 2013 the FDA issued a Guidance
document entitled “Distribution of
In Vitro
Diagnostic Products Labeled for Research Use Only or Investigational Use
Only,” or the RUO Guidance, which highlights the FDA’s interpretation that distribution of RUO products with any labeling,
advertising or promotion that suggests that clinical laboratories can validate the test through their own procedures and subsequently
offer it for clinical diagnostic use as an LDT is in conflict with RUO status. The RUO Guidance further articulates the FDA’s position
that any assistance offered in performing clinical validation or verification, or similar specialized technical support, to clinical
laboratories, is in conflict with RUO status. More recently, on October 3, 2014, the FDA announced the availability of a draft
guidance entitled “Framework for Regulatory Oversight of Laboratory-Developed Tests,” a risk-based oversight framework
for LDTs. If the draft guidance is finalized as presently written, such oversight framework includes a premarket review for higher-risk
LDTs, such as those that have the same intended use as an FDA-approved or cleared companion diagnostic currently on the market,
as well as other high risk and moderate risk LDTs over time. As a result of the draft guidance, we may be required to seek clearance
or approval to offer our tests for clinical use earlier than we otherwise might have done. If we engage in any activities that
are in conflict with the RUO status held by some of the tests that we sell or intend to sell, we may be subject to immediate, severe
and broad FDA enforcement action that would adversely affect our ability to continue operations. Accordingly, if the FDA finds
that we are distributing our RUO products in a manner that is inconsistent with its guidance, we may be forced to stop distribution
of our RUO tests until we are in compliance, which, would reduce our revenue, increase our costs and adversely affect our business,
prospects, results of operations and financial condition.
We cannot be sure that we can obtain necessary regulatory approvals
on a timely basis, if at all, for any of the products we are developing or manufacturing or that we can maintain necessary regulatory
approvals for our existing products, and all of the following could have a material adverse effect on our business:
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significant delays in obtaining or failing to obtain required approvals;
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loss of, or changes to, previously obtained approvals;
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failure to comply with existing or future regulatory requirements and;
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changes to manufacturing processes, manufacturing process standards or Good Manufacturing Practices following approval or changing interpretations of these factors.
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Adverse perception and increased regulatory scrutiny of gene
medicine and genetic research might limit our ability to conduct our business.
Ethical, social and legal concerns about gene medicine, genetic
testing and genetic research could result in additional regulations restricting or prohibiting the technologies we or our collaborators
may use. Recently, gene medicine studies have come under increasing scrutiny, which has delayed on-going and could delay future
clinical trials and regulatory approvals. Federal and state
agencies, congressional committees and foreign
governments have expressed interest in further regulating biotechnology. More restrictive regulations or claims that our products
are unsafe or pose a hazard could prevent us from commercializing any products.
Financial Risks
With the exception of 2016, we have experienced significant losses
in our previous five fiscal years and quarter to quarter over such periods and our losses have resulted in the use of cash in operations.
If such losses and cash uses continue, the value of your investment could decline significantly.
Although for fiscal year 2016, we reported net income of $45.3 million,
we incurred net losses of $2.5 million and $2.3 million for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017 and 2015. If our revenues do not
increase, or if our operating expenses exceed expectations or cannot be reduced, we will continue to suffer substantial losses
and use cash in operations which could have an adverse effect on our business and adversely affect your investment in our Company.
We may need additional capital to fund growth, which may not
be available on acceptable terms or at all, and could result in our business plan being limited and our business being harmed.
Our ability to increase revenue and improve profitability and liquidity
will depend in part on our ability to grow the Enzo Life Science business with higher margin products and increase our market share
and continue to grow the Enzo Clinical Lab business with new tests with higher reimbursements and increase our service volume which
may require significant additional capital that may not be available to us. We may need additional financing due to future developments,
changes in our business plan or failure of our current business plan to succeed, which could result from increased marketing, distribution
or research and development costs. Our actual funding requirements could vary materially from our current estimates. If additional
financing is needed, we may not be able to raise sufficient funds on favourable terms or at all. If we issue common stock or securities
convertible into common stock in the future, such issuance will result in the then-existing stockholders sustaining dilution to
their relative proportion of our outstanding equity. If we fail to obtain any necessary financing on a timely basis, then our ability
to execute our current business plan may be limited, and our business, liquidity and financial condition could be harmed.
We may incur impairment charges on our goodwill and intangibles
which would reduce our earnings.
We are subject to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards ASC
350, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”) which requires that goodwill and other intangible assets that
have an indefinite life be tested at least annually for impairment. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives
must also be tested for impairment between the annual tests if a triggering event occurs that would likely reduce the fair value
of the asset below its carrying amount.
As of July 31, 2017 and 2016, goodwill and intangible assets represented
approximately 10% and 11%, respectively, of our total assets. If we determine that there has been impairment, our financial results
for the relevant period would be reduced by the amount of the impairment, net of tax effects, if any. The Company has no intangible
assets with indefinite lives.
Risks relating to our Clinical Labs segment
Our clinical laboratory business is subject to extensive government
regulation and our loss of any required certifications or licenses could require us to cease operating this part of our business,
which would reduce our revenue and injure our reputation.
The clinical laboratory industry
is subject to significant governmental regulation at the Federal, state and local levels. Under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement
Act of 1967 and the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (collectively, as amended, “CLIA”) virtually
all clinical laboratories, including ours, must be certified by the Federal government. Many clinical laboratories also must meet
other governmental standards, undergo proficiency testing and are subject to inspection. Certifications or licenses are also required
by various state and local laws. The failure of our clinical laboratory to obtain or maintain such certifications or licenses under
these laws could interrupt our ability to operate our clinical laboratory business and injure our reputation.
The Protecting Access to Medicare Act (“PAMA”) of 2014
includes a substantial new payment system for clinical laboratory tests under the Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule, or CLFS and
will
impact the clinical laboratory testing industry. Key parts of this legislation
include provisions that provide for the establishment of an advisory panel and a market-based process to rebase the clinical laboratory
fee schedule, developing a new fee schedule and limiting reductions in that fee schedule. If this process does not recognize the
value that clinical laboratory testing brings to the healthcare system, our business can be materially adversely impacted.
Reimbursements from third-party payers including managed care
organizations and Medicare, upon which our clinical laboratory business is dependent, are subject to inconsistent rates and coverage
and legislative reform that are beyond our control. This inconsistency and any reform that decreases coverage and rates could reduce
our earnings and harm our business.
Our clinical laboratory business is primarily dependent upon reimbursement
from third-party payers, such as Medicaid, Medicare (which principally serves patients 65 and older) and commercial insurers. We
are subject to variances in reimbursement rates among different third-party payers, as well as constant renegotiation of those
reimbursement rates.
Government and non-government payers have in the past sought, and continue to seek,
to reduce and limit utilization and reimbursement of healthcare services, including the areas of clinical and genetic testing.
We also are subject to audit by Medicare and the commercial insurers, which can result in the return of payments made to
us under these programs. These variances in reimbursement rates and audit results could reduce our margins and thus our earnings.
The health care industry continues to undergo significant change
as third-party payers’ increase their efforts to control the cost, utilization and delivery of health care services. In an
effort to address the problem of increasing health care costs, legislation has been proposed or enacted at both the Federal and
state levels to regulate health care delivery in general and clinical laboratories in particular. Some of the proposals include
managed competition, global budgeting and price controls. Changes that decrease reimbursement rates or coverage, or increase administrative
burdens on billing third-party payers could reduce our revenues and increase our expenses.
Since each payer makes its own decision as to whether to establish
a policy or enter into a contract to cover our tests, as well as the amount it will reimburse for a test, seeking these approvals
is a time-consuming and costly process. In addition, the determination by a payer to cover and the amount it will reimburse for
our tests will likely be made on an indication by indication basis. To date, we have obtained policy-level reimbursement approval
or contractual reimbursement for some indications for our test from a small number of commercial third-party payers, and have not
obtained coverage from Medicare or any state Medicaid program. Further, we believe that establishing adequate reimbursement from
Medicare is an important factor in gaining adoption from healthcare providers. Our claims for reimbursement from commercial payers
may be denied upon submission, and we must appeal the claims. The appeals process is time consuming and expensive, and may not
result in payment. In cases where there is not a contracted rate for reimbursement, there is typically a greater co-insurance or
co-payment requirement from the patient which may result in further delay or decreased likelihood of collection.
We expect to continue to focus substantial resources on increasing
adoption of, and coverage and reimbursement for, our current tests and any future tests we may develop. We believe it may take
several years to achieve coverage and adequate contracted reimbursement with a majority of third-party payers. However, we cannot
predict whether, under what circumstances, or at what payment levels payers will reimburse for our tests. If we fail to establish
and maintain broad adoption of, and coverage and reimbursement for, our tests, our ability to generate revenue could be harmed
and our future prospects and our business could suffer.
U.S. healthcare reform legislation may result in significant
change and our business could be adversely impacted if we fail to adapt.
Government oversight of and attention to the healthcare industry
in the United States is significant and increasing. Under the Patient Protections and affordable Care Act, expansion in the pool
of covered lives may expand the market for clinical diagnostic testing while at the same time, various policies aimed at reducing
costs or bundling care may reduce the rates paid for such services’ the net impact of these factors on the market for our
tests is not clear. In April 2014, Congress passed the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014, which include substantial changes
to the way in which clinical laboratory services will be paid under Medicare. Beginning on January 1, 2018, Medicare payments for
clinical laboratory services will be paid based upon private payer rates reported by clinical laboratories across the US replacing
the current system, which is based upon fee schedules derived from historical charges for test from approximately 30 years ago.
The impact of the new payment system on rates for tests we perform or our customers’ tests that may use our products is not
clear at this time. The updated CMS rates will be phased in over six years starting January 1, 2018. Reductions are scheduled for
the first three years at 10% and 15% for the remaining three years on select tests.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act also imposes an excise
tax on the seller for the sale of certain medical devices in the United States, including those purchased and used by laboratories,
beginning in 2013. The legislation also establishes the Independent Payment Advisory Board, which will be responsible, beginning
in 2014, annually to submit proposals aimed at reducing Medicare cost growth while preserving quality. If the projected growth
in per capita Medicare costs exceeds a specified target level, the IPAB must submit proposals to reduce or eliminate the difference.
For calendar years 2015 through 2019, the target growth rate is the projected average of the increases in the Consumer Price Index
and the medical care expenditure category of the Consumer Price Index; for 2020 and thereafter, the target growth rate is the rate
of increase in gross domestic product per capita plus one percentage point. If it is necessary for the IPAB to submit proposals,
they will automatically be implemented unless Congress enacts alternative proposals that achieve the same savings targets.
Further, the legislation calls for a Center for Medicare and Medicaid
Innovation that will examine alternative payment methodologies and conduct demonstration programs. The legislation provides for
extensive health insurance reforms, including the elimination of pre-existing condition exclusions and other limitations on coverage,
fixed percentages on medical loss ratios, expansion in Medicaid and other programs, employer mandates, individual mandates, creation
of state and regional health insurance exchanges, and tax subsidies for individuals to help cover the cost of individual insurance
coverage. The legislation also permits the establishment of accountable care organizations, a new healthcare delivery model. While
the ultimate impact of the legislation on the healthcare industry is unknown, it is likely to be extensive and may result in significant
change. Our failure to adapt to these changes could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Changes in provider mix, including continued growth in capitated
managed-cost health care and changes in certain third party provider agreements could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s
net revenues and profitability.
Certain third party provider companies have adopted national and
regional programs which include multiple managed-care reimbursement models. If the Company is unable to participate in these programs
or if the Company would lose a material contract, it could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s net revenues and
profitability.
The number of individuals covered under managed care contracts or
other similar arrangements has grown over the past several years and may continue to grow in the future. In addition, Medicare
and other government healthcare programs may continue to shift to managed care. Entities providing managed care coverage have reduced
payments for medical services, including clinical laboratory services, in numerous ways such as entering into arrangements under
which payments to a service provider are capitated, limiting testing to specified procedures, denying payment for services performed
without prior authorization and refusing to increase fees for specified services. These trends reduce our revenues and limit our
ability to pass cost increases to our customers. Also, if these or other managed care organizations do not select us as a participating
provider, we may lose some or all of that business, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and
results of operations.
Because of competitive pressures, impacts of the economy on patient
visits to our customer physician locations and the complexity and expense of the billing process in our clinical laboratory business,
we must obtain new customers while maintaining existing customers to grow our business.
Intense competition in the clinical laboratory business, increasing
administrative burdens upon the reimbursement process, reduced patient traffic, and reduced coverage and payments by insurers make
it necessary for us to increase our volume of laboratory services. To do so, we must obtain new customers while retaining existing
customers.
Our failure to attract new customers or the loss of existing customers
or a reduction in business from those customers could significantly reduce our revenues and impede our ability to grow.
Compliance with Medicare administrative policies, including those
pertaining to certain automated blood chemistry profiles, may reduce the reimbursements we receive.
Containment of health care costs, including reimbursement for clinical
laboratory services, has been a focus of on-going governmental activity. Clinical laboratories must bill Medicare directly for
the services provided to Medicare beneficiaries and may only collect the amounts permitted under this fee schedule. Reimbursement
to clinical laboratories under the Medicare Fee Schedule has been steadily declining since its inception. Because a significant
portion of our costs is fixed, these Medicare reimbursement reductions and changes have a direct adverse effect on our net earnings
and cash flows.
The development of new, more cost-effective tests that can be
performed by our customers or by patients, and the continued internalization of testing by hospitals or physicians, could negatively
impact our testing volume and revenues.
The diagnostic industry is faced with changing technology and new
product introductions, including technology that enables more convenient or cost-effective testing. Some of our competitors also
may offer testing to be performed outside of a commercial clinical laboratory, such as point-of-care testing that can be performed
by physicians in their offices; complex testing that can be performed by hospitals in their own laboratories; and home testing
that can be carried out without requiring the services of outside providers.
Advances in technology also may lead to the need for less frequent
testing. Further, diagnostic tests approved or cleared by the FDA for home use are automatically deemed to be “waived”
tests under CLIA and may be performed by patients in their homes; test kit manufacturers could seek to increase sales to patients
of such test kits. Development of such technology and its use by our customers would reduce the demand for our laboratory-based
testing services and negatively impact our revenues.
Our business could be harmed from the loss or suspension of a
license or imposition of a fine or penalties under, or future changes in, or changing interpretations of, CLIA or state laboratory
licensing laws to which we are subject.
The clinical laboratory testing industry is subject to extensive
federal and state regulation, and many of these statutes and regulations have not been interpreted by the courts. The Clinical
Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, or CLIA, are federal regulatory standards that apply to virtually all clinical laboratories
(regardless of the location, size or type of laboratory), including those operated by physicians in their offices, by requiring
that they be certified by the federal government or by a federally approved accreditation agency. CLIA does not pre-empt state
law, which in some cases may be more stringent than federal law and require additional personnel qualifications, quality control,
record maintenance and proficiency testing. The sanction for failure to comply with CLIA and state requirements may be suspension,
revocation or limitation of a laboratory’s CLIA certificate, which is necessary to conduct business, as well as significant
fines and/or criminal penalties. Several states have similar laws and we may be subject to similar penalties.
We cannot assure that applicable statutes and regulations will not
be interpreted or applied by a prosecutorial, regulatory or judicial authority in a manner that would adversely affect our business.
Potential sanctions for violation of these statutes and regulations include significant fines and the suspension or loss of various
licenses, certificates and authorizations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, compliance
with future legislation could impose additional requirements on us, which may be costly.
Regulations requiring the use of “standard transactions”
for healthcare services may negatively impact our profitability and cash flows.
The administrative simplification provisions of the Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and its implementing regulations, or HIPAA, were designed to improve the efficiency
and effectiveness of the healthcare system by facilitating the electronic exchange of information in certain financial and administrative
transactions while protecting the privacy and security of the information exchanged. The administrative simplification provisions
address standards for electronic transactions, security regulations and privacy regulations.
The HIPAA transaction standards are complex, and subject to differences
in interpretation by payers. For instance, some payers may interpret the standards to require us to provide certain types of information,
including demographic information not usually provided to us by physicians. While most of our transactions are submitted and/or
received in ANSI standard format, inconsistent application of transaction standards by some remaining payers or our inability to
obtain certain billing information not usually provided to us by physicians could increase our costs and the complexity of billing.
In addition, new requirements for additional standard transactions, such as claims attachments, could prove technically difficult,
time-consuming or expensive to implement. We are working closely with our payers to establish acceptable protocols for claims submissions
and with our industry trade association and an industry coalition to present issues and problems as they arise to the appropriate
regulators and standards setting organizations.
Our business could be adversely impacted by adoption of new coding
sets for diagnoses.
CMS adopted a new coding set for diagnosis, commonly known as ICD-10,
which significantly expanded the coding set for diagnoses. We implemented the coding set by the October 1, 2015 deadline. The adoption
of new coding sets can lead to limited coverage decisions, payment delays or denials, or new procedures or conditions for payments.
We cannot predict the impact on our business if in the future new coding sets were to be adopted
Compliance with the HIPAA security, privacy and breach notification
regulations and privacy regulations may increase our costs.
The HIPAA privacy and security and breach notification regulations
establish comprehensive federal standards with respect to the uses and disclosures PHI by Covered Entities. These regulations were
recently amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and its implementing regulations, or
HITECH, to, among other things directly apply to business associates (i.e., individuals or entities who create, receive, maintain
or transmit PHI on behalf of a Covered Entity in performing functions or activities regulated by HIPAA or who perform certain services,
other than treatment, on behalf of Covered Entities and receive PHI in order to perform such services) with regard to certain requirements.
The regulations also specify that business associates include subcontractors that create, receive, maintain or transmit PHI on
behalf of a business associate. The regulations establish a complex regulatory framework on a variety of subjects, including:
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the circumstances under which uses and disclosures of PHI are permitted or required without a specific authorization by the patient, including but not limited to treatment purposes, activities to obtain payments for our services, and our healthcare operations activities;
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a patient’s rights to access, amend and receive an accounting of certain disclosures of PHI;
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requirements to notify individuals if there is a breach of their PHI;
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the requirements for business associates and the terms of business associate agreements;
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the content of notices of privacy practices for protected health information and;
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administrative, technical and physical safeguards required of entities that use or receive PHI.
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We have implemented practices to meet the requirements of the HIPAA
privacy, security and breach notification regulations, and updated these practices to comply with HITECH. HIPAA establishes a “floor”
and does not supersede state laws that are more stringent. Therefore, we are required to comply with federal privacy security and
breach notification regulations and varying state privacy, security and breach notification laws and regulations. In addition,
for healthcare data transfers from other countries relating to citizens of those countries, we must comply with the laws of those
other countries. The federal privacy regulations restrict our ability to use or disclose patient-identifiable laboratory data,
without patient authorization, for purposes other than payment, treatment, healthcare operations and certain other specified disclosures
such as public health and governmental oversight of the health care industry. The privacy, security and breach notification regulations
provide for significant fines and other penalties for wrongful use or disclosure of PHI, including potential civil and criminal
fines and penalties. Although the HIPAA statute and regulations do not expressly provide for a private right of damages, we also
could incur damages under state laws to private parties for the wrongful use or disclosure of confidential health information or
other private personal information.
Compliance with all of the HIPAA regulations, including standard
transactions, requires on-going resources from all healthcare organizations, not just clinical laboratories. While we believe our
total costs to comply with HIPAA will not be material to our operations or cash flows, new standard transactions and additional
customer requirements resulting from different interpretations of the current regulations could impose additional costs on us.
FDA regulation of laboratory-developed tests, analyte specific
reagents, or genetic testing could lead to increased costs and delays in introducing new genetic tests.
The FDA has regulatory responsibility over, among other areas, instruments,
test kits, reagents and other devices used by clinical laboratories to perform diagnostic testing in the U.S. A number of tests
we develop internally are offered as lab developed tests (LDTs). The FDA has claimed regulatory authority over all LDTs, but has
stated that it exercised enforcement discretion with regard to most LDTs performed by high complexity CLIA-certified laboratories.
The FDA has published a "Discussion Document" that provides the FDA's views on legislation to govern LDTs. New legislation
could significantly impact the clinical laboratory testing business, including by increasing or modifying the regulation of LDTs,
hindering our ability to develop and market new services, causing an increase in the cost of our services, delaying our ability
to introduce new tests or hindering our ability to perform testing.
We are subject to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse
and other laws and regulations and could face substantial penalties if we are unable to fully comply with such laws.
As a provider of clinical laboratory testing services, we are subject
to extensive and frequently changing federal, state and local laws and regulations governing various aspects of our business. For
example, we are subject to healthcare fraud and abuse regulation and enforcement by both the federal government and the states
in which we conduct our business. These healthcare laws and regulations include, for example:
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the federal Anti-Kickback Law, which constrains our marketing practices,
educational programs, pricing policies, and relationships with healthcare providers or other entities, including third-party laboratories,
by prohibiting, among other things, persons or entities from soliciting, receiving, offering or providing remuneration, directly
or indirectly, in return for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease order or recommendation
of, any good, facility, item or services for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program
such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;
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federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty
laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims
for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payers that are false or fraudulent, and which may apply to entities like
us to the extent that our interactions with customers may affect their billing or coding practices;
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the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of
1996, as amended, or HIPAA, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually
identifiable health information, and also established federal crimes for knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud
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making false statements in connection
with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services, and which imposed certain requirements relating to
privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information;
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the federal physician self-referral law, commonly known as the Stark
Law, which prohibits a physician from making a referral to an entity for certain designated health services reimbursed by Medicare
or Medicaid if the physician (or a member of the physician’s family) has a financial relationship with the entity, and which
also prohibits the submission of any claims for reimbursement for designated health services furnished pursuant to a prohibited
referral;
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the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, and its implementing regulations,
which requires manufacturers of certain drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare,
Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to the United States Department
of Health and Human Services information related to payments or other transfers of value made to physicians (defined to include
doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors) and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests
held by physicians and their immediate family members;
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federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly
regulate marketplace activities and activities that potentially harm consumers; and
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state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback
and false claims laws, which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payer, including commercial insurers
and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each
other in significant ways, with differing effects.
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We are unable to predict what additional federal or state legislation
or regulatory initiatives may be enacted in the future regarding our business or the healthcare industry in general, or what effect
such legislation or regulations may have on us. Federal or state governments may impose additional restrictions or adopt interpretations
of existing laws that could have an adverse effect on us.
We incur significant costs in complying with these laws and regulations.
Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of available statutory and regulatory exemptions, it is possible that some
of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. If our operations, or our sales techniques
or product placement strategies, are found to be in violation of, or to encourage or assist the violation by third parties of,
any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, or if we fail to maintain, renew or obtain
necessary permits, licenses and approvals related to our in-house laboratory, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and
criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, disgorgement, contractual damages, reputational
harm, diminished profits and future earnings, suspension or revocation of certifications or licenses that are required to operate
our business, injunctions and other associated remedies, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, denial or withdrawal
of product clearances, or private "qui tam" actions brought by individual whistleblowers in the name of the government,
any of which could have an adverse effect on our business. If we or others determine that any of our existing customer relationships
do not comply with applicable laws and regulations, either due to changes in such laws and regulations or evolving interpretations
of such laws and regulations, we may be required to renegotiate or terminate such relationships. Any penalties, damages, fines,
exclusions, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial
results. The risk of our being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that many of these laws are broad and
their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully
defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation
of our business.
Other risks relating to our business
If we fail to maintain or monitor our information systems our
businesses could be adversely affected.
We depend on information systems throughout our Company to control
our Life Science manufacturing, inventory, distribution and website and the Clinical Lab processes for: processing specimens, managing
inventory, processing test results and submitting claims, collecting from insurers and patients, responding to inquiries, contributing
to our overall internal control processes, maintaining records of our property, plant and equipment, and recording and paying amounts
due vendors and other creditors. If we were to experience a prolonged disruption in our information systems that involve interactions
with customers and suppliers, it could result in the loss of sales and customers and/or increased costs, which could adversely
affect our business.
Cyber security risks and the failure to
maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our computer hardware, software, and Internet applications and related
tools and functions could result in damage to the Company’s reputation and/or subject the Company to costs, fines, or lawsuits.
The integrity and protection of our own
data, and that of its customers and employees, is critical to the Company’s business. The regulatory environment governing
information, security and privacy laws is increasingly demanding and continues to evolve. Maintaining compliance with applicable
security and privacy regulations may increase the Company’s operating costs and/or adversely impact the Company’s ability
to market its products and services to customers. Although the Company’s computer and communications hardware is protected
through physical and software safeguards, it is still vulnerable to fire, storm, flood, power loss, earthquakes, telecommunications
failures, physical or software break-ins, software viruses, and similar events. These events could lead to the unauthorized access,
disclosure and use of non-public information. The techniques used by criminal elements to attack computer systems are sophisticated,
change frequently and may originate from less regulated and remote areas of the world. As a result, the Company may not be able
to address these techniques proactively or implement adequate preventative measures. If the Company’s computer systems are
compromised, it could be subject to fines, damages, litigation, and enforcement actions, customers could curtail or cease using
its applications, and the Company could lose trade secrets, the occurrence of which could harm its business.
If we fail to attract and retain key personnel, including our
senior management, our business could be adversely affected.
Most of our products and services are highly technical in nature.
In general, only highly qualified and trained scientists and technician personnel have the necessary skills to develop proprietary
technological products and market our products, support our research and development programs and provide our Clinical Lab services.
In addition, some of our manufacturing, quality control, safety
and compliance, information technology and e-commerce related positions are highly technical as well. Further, our sales personnel
highly trained and are important to retaining and growing our businesses. Our success depends in large part upon our ability to
identify, hire, retain and motivate highly skilled professionals.
We face intense competition for these professionals from our competitors,
customers, marketing partners and other companies throughout the industries in which we compete. Since our inception we have successfully
recruited and hired qualified key employees. Any failure on our part to hire, train, and retain a sufficient number of qualified
professionals would seriously damage our business.
We depend heavily on the services of our senior management. We believe
that our future success depends on the continued services of such management. Our business may be harmed by the loss of a significant
number of our senior management in a short period of time.
The insurance we purchase to cover our potential business risk
may be inadequate.
Although we believe that our present insurance coverage is sufficient
to cover our current estimated exposures, we cannot assure that we will not incur losses or liabilities in excess of our policy
limits. In addition, although we believe that will be able to continue to obtain adequate coverage, we cannot assure that we will
be able to do so at acceptable costs.
Risks relating to our international operations
Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations may adversely affect
our business.
Since we operate as a multinational corporation that sells and sources
products in many different countries, changes in exchange rates could in the future, adversely affect our cash flows and results
of operations.
Furthermore, reported sales and purchases made in non-U.S. currencies
by our international businesses, when translated into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes, fluctuate due to exchange
rate movement. Due to the number of currencies involved, the variability of currency exposures and the potential volatility of
currency exchange rates, we cannot predict the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on future sales and operating results.
We are subject to economic, political and other risks associated
with our significant international business, which could adversely affect our financial results.
We operate internationally primarily through wholly-owned subsidiaries
located in North America and Europe. Revenues outside the United States were approximately 8% of total revenues in fiscal 2017.
Our sales and earnings could be adversely affected by a variety of factors resulting from our international operations, including
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future fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;
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complex regulatory requirements and changes in those requirements;
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trade protection measures and import or export licensing requirements;
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multiple jurisdictions and differing tax laws, as well as changes in those laws;
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restrictions on our ability to repatriate investments and earnings from foreign operations;
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changes in the political or economic conditions in a country or region, particularly in developing or emerging markets;
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changes in shipping costs; and
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difficulties in collecting on accounts receivable.
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If any of these risks materialize, we could face substantial increases
in costs, the reduction of profit and the inability to do business.
As we expand our commercialization activities outside of the
United States, we will be subject to an increased risk of inadvertently conducting activities in a manner that violates the U.S.
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws. If that occurs, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties which could have
a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”),
which prohibits corporations and individuals from paying, offering to pay, or authorizing the payment of anything of value to any
foreign government official, government staff member, political party, or political candidate in an attempt to obtain or retain
business or to otherwise influence a person working in an official capacity. We are also subject to the UK Anti-Bribery Act, which
prohibits both domestic and international bribery, as well as bribery across both public and private sectors.
In the course of establishing and expanding our commercial operations
and seeking regulatory approvals outside of the United States, we will need to establish and expand business relationships with
various third parties and we will interact more frequently with foreign officials, including regulatory authorities. Expanded programs
to maintain compliance with such laws will be costly and may not be effective. Any interactions with any such parties or individuals
where compensation is provided that are found to be in violation of such laws could result in substantial fines and penalties and
could materially harm our business. Furthermore, any finding of a violation under one country’s laws may increase the likelihood
that we will be prosecuted and be found to have violated another country’s laws. If our business practices outside the United
States are found to be in violation of the FCPA, UK Anti-Bribery Act or other similar law, we may be subject to significant civil
and criminal penalties which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Relating to our Common Stock
Our stock price has been volatile, which could result in substantial
losses for investors.
Our common stock is quoted on the New York Stock Exchange, and there
has been historical volatility in the market price of our common stock. The trading price of our common stock has been, and is
likely to continue to be, subject to significant fluctuations due to a variety of factors, including:
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fluctuations in our quarterly operating and earnings per share results;
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the gain or loss of significant contracts;
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the carrying value of our goodwill and intangible assets;
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loss of key personnel;
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announcements of technological innovations or new products by us or our competitors;
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delays in the development and introduction of new products;
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legislative or regulatory changes;
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general trends in the industries we operate;
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recommendations and/or changes in estimates by equity and market research analysts;
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biological or medical discoveries;
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disputes and/or developments concerning intellectual property, including patents and litigation
matters;
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public concern as to the safety of new technologies;
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sales of common stock of existing holders;
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securities class action or other litigation;
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developments in our relationships with current or future customers and suppliers and;
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general economic conditions, both in the United States and worldwide.
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In addition, the stock market in general has experienced extreme
price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market price of our common stock, as well as the stock of many companies in
our industries. Often, price fluctuations are unrelated to operating performance of the specific companies whose stock is affected.
In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price
of a company’s stock, securities class action litigation has occurred against the issuing company. If we were subject to
this type of litigation in the future, we could incur substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and
resources, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and earnings. Any adverse determination in this type
of litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.
Because we do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common
stock, an investor in our common stock will benefit only if it appreciates in value.
We currently intend to retain our retained earnings and future earnings,
if any, to finance the expansion of our business and do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable
future. As a result, the success of an investment in our common stock will depend entirely upon any future appreciation. There
is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which investors purchased their shares.
It may be difficult for a third party to acquire us, which could
inhibit stockholders from realizing a premium on their stock price.
We are subject to the New York anti-takeover
laws regulating corporate takeovers. These anti-takeover laws prohibit certain business combinations between a New York corporation
and any “interested shareholder” (generally, the beneficial owner of 20% or more of the corporation’s voting
shares) for five years following the time that the shareholder became an interested shareholder, unless the corporation’s
board of directors approved the transaction prior to the interested shareholder becoming interested.
Our certificate of incorporation, as amended, and by-laws contain
provisions that could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us that stockholders may consider
favorable or beneficial. These provisions could discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect
directors and take other corporate actions. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay
in the future for shares of our common stock. These provisions include:
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a staggered board of directors, so that it would take three successive
annual meetings to replace all directors; and
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advance notice requirements for the submission by stockholders of nominations for election
to the board of directors and for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at a meeting.
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Future sales of shares of our common stock or the issuance of
securities senior to our common stock could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock and our ability to raise funds
in new equity offerings.
We are not restricted from issuing additional common stock, preferred
stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for common stock. Future sales of a substantial number of our shares of common
stock or equity-related securities in the public market or privately, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely
affect prevailing trading prices of our common stock, and could impair our ability to raise capital through future offerings of
equity or equity-related securities. No prediction can be made as to the effect, if any, that future sales of shares of common
stock or the availability of shares of common stock for future sale will have on the trading price of our common stock.