---------------  --------------- 
Total other income                           1,209              126 
                                   ---------------  --------------- 
 Other expense 
  Loss on write-off of property, 
  plant and equipment                      (1,062)          (2,249) 
VAT under tax inspection                   (1,020)                - 
Bad debt write-off                           (318)                - 
Customs charges                              (133)                - 
Unused vacation                              (125)                - 
Penalty imposed by FSA                           -            (452) 
Other expense                                (291)            (294) 
                                   ---------------  --------------- 
 Total other expense                       (2,949)          (2,995) 
                                   ===============  =============== 
 

The Company received the penalties from its suppliers as a result of theirnon-compliance with contractual terms.

   11.   auditors' remuneration 

During the year, the Group obtained the following services from the Group's auditor as detailed below:

 
                                    For the year ended 31 December 
                                   -------------------------------- 
                                        2012             2011 
                                   ---------------  --------------- 
                                        $'000            $'000 
Audit services 
Fees payable to the Group's 
 auditor for the audit of annual 
 financial statements                          286              295 
Other audit services pursuant 
 to legislation                                  -               78 
 
Non-audit services 
Services in relation to share 
 issuance                                        -              370 
All other services                               -               73 
                                   ---------------  --------------- 
 
Total                                          286              816 
                                   ===============  =============== 
 
   12.   Employee costs 
 
                                  For the year ended 31 December 
                                 -------------------------------- 
                           Note       2012             2011 
                                 ---------------  --------------- 
                                      $'000            $'000 
 
Wages and salaries                        17,233           14,016 
Social tax                                 2,649            1,513 
Share based payment cost    27             9,146            4,178 
Accommodation allowance     29                 -              470 
 
Total                                     29,028           20,177 
                                 ===============  =============== 
 

The average number of full time equivalent employees (including directors) during the year was as follows:

 
                           Number of employees 
                     -------------------------------- 
                      For the year ended 31 December 
                     -------------------------------- 
                          2012             2011 
                     ---------------  --------------- 
 
Exillon TP                       147              119 
Exillon WS                       194              135 
Regional Resources                17               18 
Head office                       18               22 
 
Total                            376              294 
                     ===============  =============== 
 
   13.   finance income 
 
                                For the year ended 31 December 
                               -------------------------------- 
                                    2012             2011 
                               ---------------  --------------- 
                                    $'000            $'000 
 
Interest income on Eurobonds                75              395 
Interest income on cash in 
 bank                                    2,820              933 
 
Total                                    2,895            1,328 
                               ===============  =============== 
 
   14.   finance cost 
 
                                         For the year ended 31 December 
                                        -------------------------------- 
                                  Note       2012             2011 
                                        ---------------  --------------- 
                                             $'000            $'000 
 
Write-off of borrowing costs       25             3,674                - 
Interest expense on borrowings                        -              454 
Amortisation of borrowing costs                       -              109 
Unwinding of the present value 
 discount on borrowings and 
 provisions                        23               487              390 
 
 Total                                            4,161              953 
                                        ===============  =============== 
 
   15.   iNCOME TAXES 
 
                      For the year ended 31 December 
                     -------------------------------- 
                            2012             2011 
                     ------------------  ------------ 
                           $'000            $'000 
 
Current tax                       6,856         2,499 
Deferred tax                    (1,473)           393 
 
Income tax expense                5,383         2,892 
                     ==================  ============ 
 

The income tax rate applicable to the major part of the Group's income is 20% (2011: 20%), being the statutory income tax rate in the Russian Federation. In 2012, Exillon WS applied a 17% income tax rate (2011: 16%) due to the decreased regional budget component of income tax. The tax exemption was granted by local tax authorities and the availability of tax reductions for subsequent periods and the applicable tax rates will be determined annually after the end of reporting period. A rate of 20% was used in the calculation of deferred income tax for Exillon WS, due to uncertainty about the intention of local authorities to continue the granting of tax exemptions. There are no income tax exemptions available for other subsidiaries incorporated in the Russian Federation.

Reconciliation between the expected and the actual taxation charge is provided below:

 
                                                                For the year ended 31 
                                                                       December 
                                                               ----------------------- 
                                                                  2012         2011 
                                                               -----------  ---------- 
                                                                  $'000       $'000 
 
Profit/(loss) before income tax                                     17,525     (7,557) 
Theoretical tax charge at statutory 
 rate 20%                                                            3,505     (1,511) 
 
  *    Effect of 0% tax rate for Cyprus, UAE and Isle of Man       (1,118)       6,030 
 
  *    Unrealised gains on PPE transfer between subsidiaries       (4,525)         693 
 
  *    Exchange differences arising on loans that form part 
       of the Company's net investment in foreign 
       subsidiaries                                                    990     (1,726) 
 
  *    Effect of 17% tax rate for Exillon WS (2011: 16%)             (769)       (527) 
 
  *    Non-deductible interest expense                                 734         305 
 
  *    Utilisation of previously unrecognised tax losses             6,566       (754) 
 
  *    Other non-deductible expenses                                     -         382 
 
Income tax expense                                                   5,383       2,892 
                                                               ===========  ========== 
 

Deferred taxation

Differences between IFRS taxation and statutory taxation give rise to temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their tax bases. The tax effect of the movements in these temporary differences is detailed below and is recorded at the rate of 20%:

 
                                31 December   Charged    Translation  31 December 
                                    2011      to profit   difference      2012 
                                               or loss 
                                   $'000       $'000        $'000        $'000 
 
Tax effect of deductible 
 temporary differences 
 and tax loss carry 
 forwards 
Provision for decommissioning         (984)       (812)         (76)      (1,872) 
Provision for unused 
 vacation                              (34)           8          (2)         (28) 
Tax loss carry forward                (279)         137          (3)        (145) 
Other                                  (15)          36          (1)           20 
                                -----------  ----------  -----------  ----------- 
 Gross deferred tax 
  asset                             (1,312)       (631)         (82)      (2,025) 
                                -----------  ----------  -----------  ----------- 
Tax effect of taxable 
 temporary differences 
Property, plant 
 and equipment                       66,880       (818)        4,116       70,178 
Other                                    24        (24)            -            - 
                                -----------  ----------  -----------  ----------- 
 Gross deferred tax 
  liability                          66,904       (842)        4,116       70,178 
                                -----------  ----------  -----------  ----------- 
Net deferred tax 
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