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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_________________________
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023
OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ___________    to ___________

Commission File No. 001-12257
 ______________________________
MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 ________________________________
California95-2211612
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
4484 Wilshire Boulevard
Los Angeles, California90010
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (323) 937-1060
 _______________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each ClassTrading Symbol(s)Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common StockMCYNew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. 
Large accelerated filer☒  Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐  Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in the Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes ☐    No  ☒
At July 27, 2023, the registrant had issued and outstanding an aggregate of 55,371,127 shares of its Common Stock.



MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION
INDEX TO FORM 10-Q
 
  Page
Item 1
Item 2
Item 3
Item 4
Item 1
Item 1A
Item 2
Item 3
Item 4
Item 5
Item 6
2
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
Item 1. Financial Statements

MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands)

June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (unaudited) 
ASSETS
Investments, at fair value:
Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost $4,216,242; $4,226,790)
$4,094,703 $4,088,311 
Equity securities (cost $649,151; $668,843)
670,491 699,552 
Short-term investments (cost $190,991; $123,928)
189,991 122,937 
Total investments4,955,185 4,910,800 
Cash357,723 289,776 
Receivables:
Premiums590,617 571,910 
       Allowance for credit losses on premiums receivable (5,400)(5,800)
             Premiums receivable, net of allowance for credit losses585,217 566,110 
Accrued investment income55,597 52,474 
Other15,092 11,358 
Total receivables655,906 629,942 
Reinsurance recoverables27,538 25,895 
Deferred policy acquisition costs278,261 266,475 
Fixed assets (net of accumulated depreciation $307,036; $332,938)
160,067 171,442 
Operating lease right-of-use assets18,775 20,183 
Current income taxes90,126 55,136 
Deferred income taxes44,660 42,903 
Goodwill42,796 42,796 
Other intangible assets, net8,772 9,212 
Other assets50,831 49,628 
Total assets$6,690,640 $6,514,188 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves$2,720,007 $2,584,910 
Unearned premiums1,632,390 1,545,639 
Notes payable448,529 398,330 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses165,331 151,686 
Operating lease liabilities20,114 21,924 
Other liabilities304,129 289,568 
Total liabilities5,290,500 4,992,057 
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock without par value or stated value:
       Authorized 70,000 shares; issued and outstanding 55,371; 55,371
98,947 98,947 
 Retained earnings1,301,193 1,423,184 
Total shareholders’ equity1,400,140 1,522,131 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$6,690,640 $6,514,188 

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
3
MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share data)
(unaudited)
 
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2023202220232022
Revenues:
Net premiums earned$1,034,469 $987,512 $2,039,173 $1,950,062 
Net investment income 58,350 38,555 110,323 73,906 
Net realized investment (losses) gains (19,778)(241,938)29,229 (437,024)
Other10,186 1,496 11,081 4,142 
Total revenues1,083,227 785,625 2,189,806 1,591,086 
Expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses897,810 826,779 1,827,339 1,648,713 
Policy acquisition costs172,737 156,482 337,245 318,574 
Other operating expenses68,341 69,430 138,031 139,720 
Interest5,549 4,274 10,479 8,548 
Total expenses1,144,437 1,056,965 2,313,094 2,115,555 
Loss before income taxes(61,210)(271,340)(123,288)(524,469)
Income tax benefit(19,667)(60,659)(36,457)(116,870)
Net loss$(41,543)$(210,681)$(86,831)$(407,599)
Net loss per share:
Basic$(0.75)$(3.80)$(1.57)$(7.36)
Diluted $(0.75)$(3.80)$(1.57)$(7.36)
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic55,371 55,371 55,371 55,371 
Diluted55,371 55,371 55,371 55,371 






















 

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
4
MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2023202220232022
Common stock, beginning of period$98,947 $98,947 $98,947 $98,943 
Share-based compensation expense— — — 15 
Withholding tax on stock options exercised— — — (11)
Common stock, end of period98,947 98,947 98,947 98,947 
Retained earnings, beginning of period1,360,316 1,809,260 1,423,184 2,041,338 
Net loss(41,543)(210,681)(86,831)(407,599)
Dividends paid to shareholders(17,580)(35,161)(35,160)(70,321)
Retained earnings, end of period1,301,193 1,563,418 1,301,193 1,563,418 
Total shareholders’ equity, end of period$1,400,140 $1,662,365 $1,400,140 $1,662,365 


































See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
5
MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
(unaudited)
 Six Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss $(86,831)$(407,599)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization35,917 45,699 
Net realized investment (gains) losses(29,229)437,024 
Net (gains) losses on sales of fixed assets(5,855)85 
Increase in premiums receivable(19,107)(17,532)
(Increase) decrease in reinsurance recoverables(1,643)17,293 
Changes in current and deferred income taxes(36,747)(116,992)
Increase in deferred policy acquisition costs(11,786)(15,274)
Increase in loss and loss adjustment expense reserves135,097 160,392 
Increase in unearned premiums86,751 78,141 
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses14,499 (1,756)
Other, net24,296 15,425 
Net cash provided by operating activities105,362 194,906 
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Fixed maturity securities available for sale in nature:
Purchases(255,888)(777,936)
Sales118,121 365,827 
Calls or maturities124,542 266,801 
Equity securities available for sale in nature:
Purchases(628,971)(484,172)
Sales668,730 504,912 
Changes in securities payable and receivable(29,195)2,694 
Increase in short-term investments (63,238)(32,711)
Purchases of fixed assets(19,063)(17,072)
Sales of fixed assets29,871 3 
Other, net3,478 2,451 
Net cash used in investing activities(51,613)(169,203)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Dividends paid to shareholders(35,160)(70,321)
Payments on finance lease obligations(642)(937)
Proceeds from bank borrowing50,000 — 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities14,198 (71,258)
Net increase (decrease) in cash67,947 (45,555)
Cash:
Beginning of the year289,776 335,557 
End of period$357,723 $290,002 
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURE
Interest paid$8,409 $8,325 
Income taxes (refunded) paid, net$(65)$175 






See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
6
MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)

1. General

Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Mercury General Corporation and its subsidiaries (referred to herein collectively as the “Company”). For the list of the Company’s subsidiaries, see Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. These interim financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which differ in some respects from those filed in reports to insurance regulatory authorities. The financial data of the Company included herein are unaudited. In the opinion of management, all material adjustments of a normal recurring nature have been made to present fairly the Company’s financial position at June 30, 2023 and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been omitted from the accompanying interim consolidated financial statements and related notes. Readers are urged to review the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for more complete descriptions and discussions. Operating results and cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates require the Company to apply complex assumptions and judgments, and often the Company must make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain and will likely change in subsequent periods. The most significant assumptions in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements relate to reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses ("LAE"). Actual results could differ from those estimates. See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Earnings (Loss) per Share
Potentially dilutive securities representing 17,500 shares of common stock were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, 2,276 and 3,012 incremental shares, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive due to a net loss position.
Dividends per Share
The Company declared and paid a dividend per share of $0.3175 and $0.6350 during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and dividends per share of $0.6350 and $1.2700 during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Deferred policy acquisition costs consist of commissions paid to outside agents, premium taxes, salaries, and certain other underwriting costs that are incremental or directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts and are amortized over the life of the related policy in proportion to premiums earned. Deferred policy acquisition costs are limited to the amount that will remain after deducting from unearned premiums and anticipated investment income, the estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses, and the servicing costs that will be incurred as premiums are earned. The Company’s deferred policy acquisition costs are further limited by excluding those costs not directly related to the successful acquisition of insurance contracts. Deferred policy acquisition cost amortization was $172.7 million and $156.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $337.2 million and $318.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company does not defer advertising expenditures but expenses them as incurred.
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The Company recorded net advertising expense of approximately $2.3 million and $3.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4.2 million and $7.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Fixed Assets

A fixed asset classified as held for sale is measured at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell, and is presented separately from other fixed assets. An office building located in Clearwater, Florida was initially classified as a property held for sale at December 31, 2022, and $20.2 million of the property held for sale, which represented the fair value of the property less the estimated costs to sell, was included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets on that date. The Company completed the sale of this property on March 31, 2023 for a total sale price of $19.6 million, and recognized a loss of $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 associated with the sale, which is included in other revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023. $9.8 million of the total sale price was received in the form of a promissory note (the "Note"). $8.5 million of the sale price, after settlement of selling expenses and outstanding amounts due on the property, was received in cash. Only the cash received on the sale of the property is included in the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The Note is secured by the property sold, and bears interest at an annual rate of 7.0% for the first two years, with an adjustment to the greater of 7.0% or the rate on a one-year U.S. Treasury Bill at the two-year anniversary for the remainder of the term. The term of the Note is four years and interest is paid in monthly installments. In connection with the sale of the property, the Company entered into a lease agreement whereby the Company leased 14,883 square feet of office space, or approximately 9% of the total space of the property sold, from the new owner of the property. The lease term is five years, commencing on April 1, 2023, and the average annual base rent is approximately $0.4 million.

In addition, the Company completed the sale of an office building located in Rancho Cucamonga, California in May 2023 for a total sale price of $22.3 million, and recognized a gain of $7.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 associated with the sale, which is included in other revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The Company received $21.4 million in cash, after settlement of selling expenses. In connection with the sale of the property, the Company entered into a lease agreement whereby the Company leased 6,000 square feet of office space, or approximately 5% of the total space of the property sold, from the new owner of the property. The lease term is two years, commencing on May 16, 2023, and the average annual base rent is approximately $0.2 million. This office building was initially classified as a property held for sale at March 31, 2023, and $13.6 million of the property held for sale, which represented the carrying amount of the property, was included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets on that date.

Reinsurance

Unearned premiums and loss and loss adjustment expense reserves are stated in the accompanying consolidated financial statements before deductions for ceded reinsurance. Unearned premiums and loss and loss adjustment expense reserves that are ceded to reinsurers are carried in other assets and reinsurance recoverables, respectively, in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Earned premiums and losses and loss adjustment expenses are stated net of deductions for ceded reinsurance.
The Company is the assuming reinsurer under a Catastrophe Participation Reinsurance Contract (the "Contract") effective through December 31, 2025. The Company reimburses up to $30 million in losses for a proportional share of a portfolio of catastrophe losses under the Contract, to the extent the actual loss ratio exceeds the threshold loss ratio of 73.5%. If the actual loss ratio is less than the threshold loss ratio, the Company is eligible to receive a certain portion of the underwriting profit.

The Company is party to a Catastrophe Reinsurance Treaty (the "Treaty") covering a wide range of perils that is effective through June 30, 2024. The Treaty provides $1,111 million of coverage on a per occurrence basis after covered catastrophe losses exceed the $100 million Company retention limit. The Treaty specifically excludes coverage for any Florida business and for California earthquake losses on fixed property policies, such as homeowners, but does cover losses from fires following an earthquake. The Treaty provides for one full reinstatement of coverage limits with a minor exception at certain upper layers of coverage, and includes some additional minor territorial and coverage restrictions.








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The effect of reinsurance on property and casualty premiums written and earned was as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Premiums Written
Direct $1,132,216 $1,025,749 $2,144,453 $2,037,134 
Ceded(24,184)(17,370)(47,574)(34,971)
Assumed66 279 15,097 10,444 
     Net$1,108,098 $1,008,658 $2,111,976 $2,012,607 
Premiums Earned
Direct$1,047,413 $994,659 $2,064,283 $1,964,822 
Ceded(23,999)(17,097)(47,197)(34,559)
Assumed3,856 2,742 7,746 5,459 
     Net$1,027,270 $980,304 $2,024,832 $1,935,722 

The Company recognized ceded premiums earned of approximately $24 million and $17 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $47 million and $35 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are included in net premiums earned in its consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognized ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses of approximately $(3) million and $(6) million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4 million and $(13) million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are included in losses and loss adjustment expenses in its consolidated statements of operations. The negative ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 and six months ended June 30, 2022 were primarily the result of favorable development on prior years' catastrophe losses that had been ceded to the Company's reinsurers.

The Company's insurance subsidiaries, as primary insurers, are required to pay losses to the extent reinsurers are unable to discharge their obligations under the reinsurance agreements.
Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)

The Company's revenue from contracts with customers is commission income earned from third-party insurers by its 100% owned insurance agencies, which amounted to approximately $5.0 million and $4.6 million, with related expenses of $2.7 million and $2.8 million, for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $9.8 million and $9.0 million, with related expenses of $5.5 million and $5.6 million, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. All of the commission income, net of related expenses, is included in other revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations, and in other income of the Property and Casualty business segment in the Company's segment reporting (see Note 13. Segment Information).

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had no contract assets and contract liabilities, and no remaining performance obligations associated with unrecognized revenues.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) uses the "expected loss" methodology for recognizing credit losses for financial assets that are not accounted for at fair value through net income. The Company's investment portfolio, excluding accrued investment income, was not affected by Topic 326 as it applies the fair value option to all of its investments. The estimated allowance amounts for credit losses at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 related to premiums receivable.

Premiums Receivable

The majority of the Company's premiums receivable are short-term in nature and are due within a year, consistent with the policy term of its insurance policies sold. Generally, premiums are collected prior to providing risk coverage, minimizing the Company's exposure to credit risk. In estimating an allowance for uncollectible premiums receivable, the Company assesses customer balances and write-offs by state, line of business, and the year the premiums were written. The estimated allowance is based on historical write-off percentages adjusted for the effects of current trends and reasonable and supportable forecasts, as
9
well as expected recoveries of amounts written off.

The following table presents a summary of changes in allowance for credit losses on premiums receivable:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Beginning balance$5,800 $6,000 $5,800 $6,000 
     Provision during the period for expected credit losses 332 1,007 1,468 2,177 
Write-off amounts during the period(877)(1,168)(2,147)(2,487)
Recoveries during the period of amounts previously written off 145 161 279 310 
Ending balance $5,400 $6,000 $5,400 $6,000 

Accrued Interest Receivables

The Company made certain accounting policy elections for its accrued interest receivables allowed under Topic 326: a) an election to present accrued interest receivable balances separately from the associated financial assets on the balance sheet, and b) an election not to measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable amounts and instead write off uncollectible accrued interest amounts in a timely manner by reversing interest income. The Company's accrued interest receivable balances are included in accrued investment income receivable in its consolidated balance sheets. There were no accrued interest receivable amounts considered uncollectible or written off during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

2. Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting." ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or other interbank offered rates expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. ASU 2020-04 was effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848," which defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The Company does not expect any material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures resulting from applying these ASUs.

3. Financial Instruments

Financial instruments recorded in the consolidated balance sheets include investments, note receivable, other receivables, options sold, accounts payable, and unsecured notes payable. Due to their short-term maturities, the carrying values of other receivables and accounts payable approximate their fair values. All investments are carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the fair values of financial instruments:
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Assets
Investments$4,955,185 $4,910,800 
Note receivable9,925 — 
Liabilities
Options sold817 162 
Notes payable429,651 375,631 
Investments
Interest and dividend income on investment holdings are recognized on an accrual basis at each measurement date and are
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included in net investment income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The cost of investments sold is determined on a first-in and first-out method and realized gains and losses are included in net realized investment gains or losses in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.

In the normal course of investing activities, the Company either forms or enters into relationships with variable interest entities ("VIEs"). A VIE is an entity that either has investors that lack certain essential characteristics of a controlling financial interest, such as simple majority kick-out rights, or lacks sufficient funds to finance its own activities without financial support provided by other entities. The Company performs ongoing qualitative assessments of the VIEs to determine whether the Company has a controlling financial interest in the VIE and therefore is the primary beneficiary. The Company is deemed to have a controlling financial interest when it has both the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Based on the Company's assessment, if it determines it is the primary beneficiary, the Company consolidates the VIE in its consolidated financial statements.

From time to time, the Company forms special purpose investment vehicles to facilitate its investment activities involving derivative instruments such as total return swaps, or limited partnerships such as private equity funds. These special purpose investment vehicles are consolidated VIEs as the Company has determined it is the primary beneficiary of such VIEs. Creditors have no recourse against the Company in the event of default by these VIEs. The Company had no implied or unfunded commitments to these VIEs at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company's financial or other support provided to these VIEs and its loss exposure are limited to its collateral and original investment.

The Company invests, directly or indirectly through its consolidated VIEs, in limited partnerships or limited liability companies such as private equity funds. These investments are non-consolidated VIEs as the Company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary of such VIEs. The Company's maximum exposure to loss with respect to these VIEs is limited to the total carrying value that is included in equity securities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $8 million and $9 million, respectively, in unfunded commitments to these VIEs.
    
Note Receivable

Note receivable resulted from the sale of an office building. For additional information, see Note 1. General—Fixed Assets. Note receivable is included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets, and interest earned on note receivable is recognized in other revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.

Options Sold
The Company writes covered call options through listed and over-the-counter exchanges. When the Company writes an option, an amount equal to the premium received by the Company is recorded as a liability and is subsequently adjusted to the current fair value of the option written. Premiums received from writing options that expire unexercised are treated by the Company as realized gains from investments on the expiration date. If a call option is exercised, the premium is added to the proceeds from the sale of the underlying security or currency in determining whether the Company has realized a gain or loss. The Company, as writer of an option, bears the market risk of an unfavorable change in the price of the security underlying the written option. Liabilities for covered call options are included in other liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

Notes Payable
The fair values of the Company’s publicly traded $375 million unsecured notes at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and its $75 million and $25 million drawn under the unsecured credit facility at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, were obtained from a third party pricing service.

For additional disclosures regarding methods and assumptions used in estimating fair values, see Note 5. Fair Value Measurements.

4. Fair Value Option

The Company applies the fair value option to all fixed maturity and equity investment securities, short-term investments, and note receivable. The primary reasons for electing the fair value option were simplification and cost-benefit considerations as well as the expansion of the use of fair value measurement by the Company consistent with the long-term measurement objectives of the FASB for accounting for financial instruments.
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Gains or losses due to changes in fair value of financial instruments measured at fair value pursuant to application of the fair value option are included in net realized investment gains or losses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

The following table presents gains or losses recognized due to changes in fair value of financial instruments pursuant to application of the fair value option:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities$(22,835)$(88,273)$16,940 $(246,201)
Equity securities(12,608)(134,369)(9,368)(174,690)
Short-term investments(42)(1,667)(8)(1,665)
       Total investment (losses) gains$(35,485)$(224,309)$7,564 $(422,556)
Note receivable125 — 125 — 
       Total (losses) gains$(35,360)$(224,309)$7,689 $(422,556)

5. Fair Value Measurements

The Company employs a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date using the exit price. Accordingly, when market observable data are not readily available, the Company’s own assumptions are used to reflect those that market participants would be presumed to use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the level of judgment associated with inputs used to measure their fair values and the level of market price observability, as follows:

Level 1Unadjusted quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date.
Level 2
Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are based on the following:
 
•     Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;
 
•     Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets; or
 
•     Either directly or indirectly observable inputs as of the reporting date.
Level 3Pricing inputs are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement, and the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

In certain cases, inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Thus, a Level 3 fair value measurement may include inputs that are observable (Level 1 or Level 2) and unobservable (Level 3). The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and consideration of factors specific to the asset or liability.

The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market disruption. In periods of market disruption, the ability to observe prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be reclassified from Level 1 to Level 2, or from Level 2 to Level 3. The Company recognizes transfers between levels at either the actual date of the event or a change in circumstances that caused the transfer.

Summary of Significant Valuation Techniques for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
The Company’s fair value measurements are based on the market approach, which utilizes market transaction data for the same or similar instruments. The Company obtained unadjusted fair values on 98.2% of its investment portfolio at fair value from an independent pricing service at June 30, 2023.

Level 1 measurements - Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities are obtained from an independent pricing service, and are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Additional pricing services and
12
closing exchange values are used as a comparison to ensure that reasonable fair values are used in pricing the investment portfolio.
U.S. government bonds and agencies /Short-term bonds: Valued using unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets in active markets.
Common stock: Comprised of actively traded, exchange listed U.S. and international equity securities and valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets.
Money market instruments: Valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets.
Options sold: Comprised of free-standing exchange listed derivatives that are actively traded and valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
Level 2 measurements - Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities are obtained from an independent pricing service or outside brokers, and are based on prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Additional pricing services are used as a comparison to ensure reliable fair values are used in pricing the investment portfolio.
Municipal securities: Valued based on models or matrices using inputs such as quoted prices for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Mortgage-backed securities: Comprised of securities that are collateralized by residential and commercial mortgage loans valued based on models or matrices using multiple observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades and broker/dealer quotes, for identical or similar assets in active markets. The Company had holdings of $25.5 million and $27.3 million at fair value in commercial mortgage-backed securities at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Corporate securities/Short-term bonds: Valued based on a multi-dimensional model using multiple observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes and issue spreads, for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Non-redeemable preferred stock: Valued based on observable inputs, such as underlying and common stock of same issuer and appropriate spread over a comparable U.S. Treasury security, for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs"): Valued based on underlying debt instruments and the appropriate benchmark spread for similar assets in active markets.
Other asset-backed securities: Comprised of securities that are collateralized by non-mortgage assets, such as automobile loans, valued based on models or matrices using multiple observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades and broker/dealer quotes, for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Note receivable: Valued based on observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, and considering any premium or discount for the differential between the stated interest rate and market interest rates, based on quoted market prices of similar instruments.
Level 3 measurements - Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities are based on inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement, including any items in which the evaluated prices obtained elsewhere are deemed to be of a distressed trading level. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any financial assets or financial liabilities based on Level 3 measurements.
Fair value measurement using NAV practical expedient - The fair value of the Company's investment in private equity funds measured at net asset value ("NAV") is determined using NAV as advised by the external fund managers and the third party administrators. The NAV of the Company's limited partnership or limited liability company interest in such a fund is based on the manager's and the administrator's valuation of the underlying holdings in accordance with the fund's governing documents and GAAP. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, private equity funds measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. At June 30, 2023, the Company had capital invested in five such funds: the strategy of three such funds with a combined fair value of approximately $85.4 million at June 30, 2023 is to provide current income to investors by investing mainly in secured loans, CLOs or CLO issuers, and equity interests in vehicles established to purchase and warehouse loans; the strategy of another such fund with a fair value of approximately $0 at June 30, 2023 is to achieve favorable long-term financial returns and measurable positive social and environmental returns by investing in privately held technology, healthcare, specialty consumer goods and service companies; and the strategy of the other such fund with a fair value of approximately $1.6 million at June 30, 2023 is to achieve long-term capital appreciation through privately-negotiated venture capital investments in seed- and early-stage portfolio companies with technology-enabled business models. The Company had approximately $8 million in unfunded commitments at June 30, 2023 with respect to the private
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equity funds measured at NAV. The underlying assets of the funds are expected to be liquidated over the period of approximately one year to nine years from June 30, 2023. In addition, the Company does not have the ability to redeem or withdraw from the funds, or to sell, assign, pledge or transfer its investment, without the consent from the General Partner or Managers of each fund, but will receive distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets and the interest proceeds from the underlying assets.
The Company’s financial instruments at fair value are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets on a trade-date basis. Related unrealized gains or losses are recognized in net realized investment gains or losses in the consolidated statements of operations. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs.

The following tables present information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair values:

 June 30, 2023
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (Amounts in thousands)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government bonds and agencies$116,762 $42,772 $— $159,534 
Municipal securities— 2,715,436 — 2,715,436 
Mortgage-backed securities — 156,650 — 156,650 
Corporate securities— 594,761 — 594,761 
Collateralized loan obligations— 362,220 — 362,220 
Other asset-backed securities— 106,102 — 106,102 
Total fixed maturity securities116,762 3,977,941 — 4,094,703 
Equity securities:
Common stock531,788 — — 531,788 
Non-redeemable preferred stock— 51,722 — 51,722 
Private equity funds measured at net asset value (1)
86,981 
Total equity securities531,788 51,722 — 670,491 
Short-term investments:
Short-term bonds53,120 1,979 — 55,099 
Money market instruments134,852 — — 134,852 
Other40 — — 40 
Total short-term investments188,012 1,979 — 189,991 
Other assets:
Note receivable
— 9,925 — 9,925 
Total assets at fair value$836,562 $4,041,567 $— $4,965,110 
Liabilities
Other liabilities:
Options sold$817 $— $— $817 
Total liabilities at fair value$817 $— $— $817 
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 December 31, 2022
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (Amounts in thousands)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government bonds $103,519 $55,088 $— $158,607 
Municipal securities— 2,737,183 — 2,737,183 
Mortgage-backed securities — 166,260 — 166,260 
Corporate securities— 569,553 — 569,553 
Collateralized loan obligations— 320,252 — 320,252 
Other asset-backed securities— 136,456 — 136,456 
Total fixed maturity securities103,519 3,984,792 — 4,088,311 
Equity securities:
Common stock558,169 —— 558,169 
Non-redeemable preferred stock— 51,236 — 51,236 
Private equity funds measured at net asset value (1)
90,147 
Total equity securities558,169 51,236 — 699,552 
Short-term investments:
Short-term bonds51,638 8,238 — 59,876 
Money market instruments63,021 — — 63,021 
Other40 — — 40 
Total short-term investments114,699 8,238 — 122,937 
Total assets at fair value$776,387 $4,044,266 $— $4,910,800 
Liabilities
Other liabilities:
Options sold$162 $— $— $162 
Total liabilities at fair value$162 $— $— $162 
__________ 
(1) The fair value is measured using the NAV practical expedient; therefore, it is not categorized within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amount is presented in this table to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2, and 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

At June 30, 2023, there were no material assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
Financial Instruments Disclosed, But Not Carried, at Fair Value
The following tables present the carrying value and fair value of the Company’s financial instruments disclosed, but not carried, at fair value, and the level within the fair value hierarchy at which such instruments are categorized:
 June 30, 2023
 Carrying ValueFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
 (Amounts in thousands)
Liabilities
Notes payable:
Unsecured notes$373,529 $354,660 $— $354,660 $— 
Unsecured credit facility75,000 74,991 — 74,991 — 
Total$448,529 $429,651 $— $429,651 $— 
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 December 31, 2022
 Carrying ValueFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
 (Amounts in thousands)
Liabilities
Notes payable:
Unsecured notes$373,330 $350,644 $— $350,644 $— 
Unsecured credit facility25,000 24,987 — 24,987 — 
Total$398,330 $375,631 $— $375,631 $— 

Unsecured Notes
The fair value of the Company’s publicly traded $375 million unsecured notes at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was based on the spreads above the risk-free yield curve. These spreads are generally obtained from the new issue market, secondary trading and broker-dealer quotes. See Note 11. Notes Payable for additional information on unsecured notes.

Unsecured Credit Facility
The fair values of the Company's $75 million and $25 million drawn under the unsecured credit facility at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are based on the unadjusted quoted price for similar notes in active markets. See Note 11. Notes Payable for additional information on the unsecured credit facility.

6. Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations. The primary risk managed by using derivative instruments is equity price risk. Equity contracts (options sold) on various equity securities are intended to manage the price risk associated with forecasted purchases or sales of such securities. From time to time, the Company also enters into derivative contracts to enhance returns on its investment portfolio.
The following tables present the location and amounts of derivative fair values in the consolidated balance sheets and derivative gains or losses in the consolidated statements of operations:
 Derivatives
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (Amount in thousands)
Options sold - Other liabilities$817 $162 
Total $817 $162 
 Gains Recognized in Net Loss
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Options sold - Net realized investment (losses) gains$1,596 $1,404 $2,824 $2,628 
Total$1,596 $1,404 $2,824 $2,628 

Most options sold consist of covered calls. The Company writes covered calls on underlying equity positions held as an enhanced income strategy that is permitted for the Company’s insurance subsidiaries under statutory regulations. The Company manages the risk associated with covered calls through strict capital limitations and asset diversification throughout various industries. See Note 5. Fair Value Measurements for additional disclosures regarding options sold.
7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
There were no changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. No accumulated goodwill impairment losses existed at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Goodwill is reviewed annually for impairment and more frequently if potential impairment indicators exist. No impairment indicators were identified during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. All of the Company's goodwill is associated with the Property
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and Casualty business segment (See Note 13. Segment Information for additional information on the reportable business segment).
Other Intangible Assets
The following table presents the components of other intangible assets:
Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net Carrying
Amount		Useful Lives
 (Amounts in thousands)(in years)
As of June 30, 2023:
Customer relationships$54,862 $(53,586)$1,276 11
Trade names15,400 (9,304)6,096 24
Technology4,300 (4,300)— 10
Insurance license1,400 — 1,400 Indefinite
Total other intangible assets, net$75,962 $(67,190)$8,772 
As of December 31, 2022:
Customer relationships$54,862 $(53,467)$1,395 11
Trade names15,400 (8,983)6,417 24
Technology4,300 (4,300)— 10
Insurance license1,400 — 1,400 Indefinite
Total other intangible assets, net$75,962 $(66,750)$9,212 

Other intangible assets are reviewed annually for impairment and more frequently if potential impairment indicators exist. No impairment indicators were identified during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Other intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives. Amortization expense for other intangible assets was $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.4 million and $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense related to other intangible assets as of June 30, 2023:
YearAmortization Expense
 (Amounts in thousands)
Remainder of 2023$439 
2024851 
2025807 
2026807 
2027807 
Thereafter3,661 
Total$7,372 

8. Share-Based Compensation

In February 2015, the Company's Board of Directors adopted the 2015 Incentive Award Plan (the "2015 Plan"), replacing the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan which expired in January 2015. The 2015 Plan was approved at the Company's Annual Meeting of Shareholders in May 2015. A maximum of 4,900,000 shares of common stock are authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan upon exercise of stock options, stock appreciation rights and other awards, or upon vesting of restricted stock unit ("RSU") or deferred stock awards. The Company granted 80,000 stock options, 10,000 of which were forfeited, with 4,830,000 shares of common stock available for future grant under the 2015 Plan as of June 30, 2023.

Share-based compensation expenses for all stock options granted or modified are based on their estimated grant-date fair values. These compensation costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. The Company estimates forfeitures expected to occur in determining the amount of compensation cost to be recognized in each
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period. As of June 30, 2023, all outstanding stock options have a term of ten years from the date of grant and become exercisable in four equal installments on the first through fourth anniversaries of the grant date. The fair value of stock option awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the grant-date assumptions and weighted-average fair values.

In February 2018, the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors awarded a total of 80,000 stock options to four senior executives under the 2015 Plan, which vested over the four-year requisite service period, except for 10,000 of these stock options that were forfeited in February 2019 following the departure of a senior executive. The fair values of these stock options were estimated on the date of grant using a closed-form option valuation model (Black-Scholes).

The following table provides the assumptions used in the calculation of grant-date fair values of these stock options based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model:

Weighted-average grant-date fair value$8.09 
Expected volatility33.18 %
Risk-free interest rate2.62 %
Expected dividend yield5.40 %
Expected term in months72

Expected volatilities are based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock over the term of the stock options. The expected term of stock options represents the period of time that stock options granted are expected to be outstanding, and is estimated based on historical exercise patterns and post-vesting termination behavior. The risk-free interest rate is determined based on U.S. Treasury yields with equivalent remaining terms in effect at the time of the grant.
As of June 30, 2023, the Company had no unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options awarded under the 2015 Plan.
No share-based compensation awards were granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023.
9. Income Taxes

For financial statement purposes, the Company recognizes tax benefits related to positions taken, or expected to be taken, on a tax return only if the positions are “more-likely-than-not” sustainable. Once this threshold has been met, the Company’s measurement of its expected tax benefits is recognized in its consolidated financial statements.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits related to tax uncertainties decreased by approximately $2.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was the result of a settlement related to a California Franchise Tax Board audit for tax years 2012 and 2013.

The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service and the taxing authorities of various states. Tax years that remain subject to examination by major taxing jurisdictions are 2019 through 2021 for federal taxes, and 2011 and 2020 through 2021 for California state taxes. The Company has certain unresolved tax assessment issues for tax year 2011 for California state taxes that are not material to its consolidated financial statements. Tax years 2012 through 2019 for California state taxes have been resolved with no outstanding issues.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial reporting basis and the respective tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities, and expected benefits of utilizing net operating loss, capital loss, and tax-credit carryforwards. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized and, to the extent management does not believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized, a valuation allowance is established. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates or laws is recognized in net income (loss) in the period that includes the enactment date.

At June 30, 2023, the Company’s deferred income taxes were in a net asset position, which included a combination of ordinary and capital deferred tax expenses or benefits. In assessing the Company’s ability to realize deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income of the
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appropriate character within the carryback and carryforward periods available under the tax law. Management considers the reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income of an appropriate nature, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. The Company believes that through projected future taxable income of an appropriate nature, the use of prudent tax planning strategies, and the generation of capital gains, sufficient income will be realized in order to maximize the full benefits of its deferred tax assets. Although realization is not assured, management believes that it is more likely than not that the Company’s deferred tax assets will be realized.

10. Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

The following table presents the activity in loss and loss adjustment expense reserves:
 Six Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Gross reserves, beginning of period$2,584,910 $2,226,430 
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses, beginning of period
(25,322)(41,377)
Net reserves, beginning of period2,559,588 2,185,053 
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses related to:
Current year1,847,123 1,597,354 
Prior years(19,784)51,359 
Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses1,827,339 1,648,713 
Loss and loss adjustment expense payments related to:
Current year874,245 738,472 
Prior years820,341 735,058 
Total payments1,694,586 1,473,530 
Net reserves, end of period2,692,341 2,360,236 
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses, end of period27,666 26,586 
Gross reserves, end of period$2,720,007 $2,386,822 

The decrease in the provision for insured events of prior years during the six months ended June 30, 2023 of $19.8 million was primarily attributable to lower than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the private passenger automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business, partially offset by unfavorable development in the commercial property line of insurance business. The increase in the provision for insured events of prior years during the six months ended June 30, 2022 of $51.4 million was primarily attributable to higher than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the private passenger automobile and commercial property lines of insurance business, partially offset by favorable development in the commercial automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business. Extreme rates of inflation in 2022 have begun to moderate in 2023 but remain elevated. The impact of the inflationary pressures on loss severity in the automobile line of insurance business increased losses and loss adjustment expenses for the insured events of the current accident year for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022. The Company has increased rates and filed for additional rate increases in many states and is taking various non-rate actions to improve profitability.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred catastrophe losses net of reinsurance of approximately $190 million and $43 million, respectively. No reinsurance benefits were available for these losses as none of the catastrophe events during these periods individually resulted in losses in excess of the Company's retention limit. Catastrophe losses during the six months ended June 30, 2023 resulted primarily from winter storms and rainstorms in California, Texas and Oklahoma. Catastrophe losses during the six months ended June 30, 2022 resulted primarily from winter storms, rainstorms and hail in Texas and winter storms in California. The Company experienced favorable development of approximately $1 million and unfavorable development of approximately $3 million on prior years' catastrophe losses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.







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11. Notes Payable

The following table presents information about the Company's notes payable:
LenderInterest RateMaturity DateJune 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(Amounts in thousands)
Senior unsecured notes(1)
Publicly traded4.40%March 15, 2027$375,000 $375,000 
Unsecured credit facility(2)
Bank of America, Wells Fargo Bank, and U.S. Bank
Term SOFR plus 112.5-150.0 basis points
November 16, 202675,000 25,000 
    Total principal amount450,000 400,000 
Less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs(3)
1,471 1,670 
Total debt$448,529 $398,330 
__________ 
(1)On March 8, 2017, the Company completed a public debt offering issuing $375 million of senior notes. The notes are unsecured, senior obligations of the Company with a 4.4% annual coupon payable on March 15 and September 15 of each year commencing September 15, 2017. The notes mature on March 15, 2027. The Company used the proceeds from the notes to pay off amounts outstanding under the existing loan and credit facilities and for general corporate purposes. The Company incurred debt issuance costs of approximately $3.4 million, inclusive of underwriters' fees. The notes were issued at a slight discount of 99.847% of par, resulting in the effective annualized interest rate, including debt issuance costs, of approximately 4.45%.
(2)On March 31, 2021, the Company entered into an unsecured $75 million five-year revolving credit facility. On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into the First Amendment to this credit facility. The First Amendment extended the maturity date of the loan to November 16, 2026 from March 31, 2026 with possible further extension if certain conditions are met, increased the aggregate commitments by all the lenders to $200 million from $75 million, and replaced the LIBOR with the Term SOFR. The interest rates on borrowings under the credit facility are based on the Company's debt to total capital ratio and range from Term SOFR plus 112.5 basis points when the ratio is under 20% to Term SOFR plus 150.0 basis points when the ratio is greater than or equal to 30%. Commitment fees for the undrawn portions of the credit facility range from 12.5 basis points when the ratio is under 20% to 22.5 basis points when the ratio is greater than or equal to 30%. The debt to total capital ratio is expressed as a percentage of (a) consolidated debt to (b) consolidated shareholders' equity plus consolidated debt. The Company's debt to total capital ratio was 24.3% at June 30, 2023, resulting in a 15.0 basis point commitment fee on the $125 million undrawn portion of the credit facility. As of July 27, 2023, a total of $75 million was drawn under this facility on a three-month revolving basis at an annual interest rate of approximately 6.58%. The Company contributed $50 million of the total amount drawn to the surplus of one of its consolidated insurance subsidiaries in the first quarter of 2023, and used the remainder for general corporate purposes.
(3)The unamortized discount and debt issuance costs are associated with the publicly traded $375 million senior unsecured notes. These are amortized to interest expense over the life of the notes, and the unamortized balance is presented in the Company's consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt. The unamortized costs of approximately $0.8 million associated with entering into the $200 million unsecured revolving credit facility maturing on November 16, 2026 are included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets and amortized to interest expense over the term of the credit facility.
12. Contingencies

The Company is, from time to time, named as a defendant in various lawsuits or regulatory actions incidental to its insurance business. The majority of lawsuits brought against the Company relate to insurance claims that arise in the normal course of business and are reserved for through the reserving process. For a discussion of the Company’s reserving methods, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

On September 10, 2021, the California Department of Insurance ("DOI") served the Company a Notice of Non-Compliance ("NNC"), alleging violations in connection with its 2014 Rating & Underwriting Examination Report, which was adopted by the California DOI in 2019. The NNC itemizes alleged violations, many of which management believes were corrected or otherwise resolved during the course of the examination, and seeks penalties. The Company has participated in lengthy and detailed discussions with the California DOI since the adoption of the examination report, in an attempt to address the issues deemed unresolved by the California DOI, and has taken several additional corrective actions approved by the California DOI. The Company is continuing discussions with the California DOI to resolve the outstanding issues, or at least obtain the agreement of the California DOI to remove the resolved items from the NNC before proceeding to a formal hearing
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process if a settlement is not reached. On August 1, 2022, the California DOI publicly announced its intention to pursue an administrative action against the Company with respect to certain outstanding issues. The Company filed a written response to the NNC on September 29, 2022. The response, consisting of a notice of defense, a motion to strike, and a motion to dismiss, challenges the NNC on procedural and substantive grounds. On November 9, 2022, the California DOI served objections and non-substantive responses to the Company's discovery requests. The Company is continuing settlement discussions with the California DOI. The parties are also conferring regarding the possible filing of an Amended NNC that would eliminate the resolved items and identify the remaining issues in dispute should the matter proceed to a hearing. The Company cannot reasonably predict the likelihood, timing or outcome of any hearing process or administrative action, nor can it reasonably estimate the amount of penalties, if any.

On October 5, 2021, the Company received a letter from the California DOI requesting additional information on the amount of premium refunds or credits that the Company has provided or plans to further provide to its private passenger automobile policyholders, and the methodology used in determining such refunds or credits for the time period of March 2020 through at least March 2021, due to reduced driving during the pandemic. On October 6, 2021, the California DOI issued a press release alleging that the Company and two other insurers have not provided enough premium relief to the policyholders through premium refunds or credits for lower frequency resulting from reduced driving during the pandemic. Two private actions against the Company were also filed during the first quarter of 2022, asserting substantially the same arguments on behalf of an alleged class of similarly situated policyholders, and seeking restitution of the allegedly excessive premiums charged during the pandemic. On November 21, 2022, after its review of loss and expense data requested from and provided by the Company, the California DOI notified the Company that an additional total refund of approximately $52 million should be provided to its private passenger automobile policyholders, purportedly based upon its analysis of the Company’s data. The Company believes that the amounts returned to-date, including the mileage reductions on individual policies, have provided appropriate and material relief to its policyholders and that there is no legal basis for the California DOI or the courts to require the Company to issue additional refunds. The total amount of premiums returned to the Company's policyholders through refunds or credits is approximately $128 million, which reduced its net premiums earned for 2020. The Company also worked with its agents and policyholders to reclassify exposures on an individual policy basis, including reducing mileage on a large number of vehicles since the pandemic began. Management believes the mileage reductions significantly reduced premiums on those individual policies in a manner consistent with the Company’s filed and approved rates. The Company engaged in discussions with the California DOI, and on April 24, 2023, the Company entered into a stipulated settlement agreement with the California DOI (the “Settlement Stipulation”), which fully resolved all issues related to the California DOI’s alleged COVID refund obligations, with the exception of a similar issue involving Orion Indemnity Company, a small consolidated subsidiary of the Company, that was settled separately with the California DOI on May 15, 2023 for approximately $0.25 million to be paid to its existing California private passenger automobile policyholders. Under the Settlement Stipulation, the Company agreed to provide an aggregate credit amount of $25 million to the existing California private passenger automobile policyholders of Mercury Insurance Company ("MIC") and California Automobile Insurance Company ("CAIC"), significant consolidated subsidiaries of the Company, by means of a credit against the future private passenger automobile renewal premium obligations over a period not to exceed 18 months commencing on July 7, 2023. The renewal premium credits will be recorded as reductions to the Company’s net premiums earned and written in the periods when the applicable policies are renewed. Although the Company believes the voluntary amounts returned to date have provided appropriate relief to its policyholders and there is no legal basis for the California DOI to require the Company to issue additional refunds, the Company agreed to the Settlement Stipulation to resolve the matter and facilitate timely review and approval of its pending rate applications. The two private actions seeking COVID-related restitution have been coordinated and are still pending, and the Company intends to seek dismissal, based on the resolution with the California DOI, and based on California caselaw barring such retroactive relief. The Company cannot reasonably estimate the amount of such additional refunds or other losses, if any, that may be ordered by the court. If early dismissal cannot be obtained, the Company intends to vigorously defend the cases.

The Company establishes reserves for non-insurance claims related lawsuits, regulatory actions, and other contingencies when the Company believes a loss is probable and is able to estimate its potential exposure. For loss contingencies believed to be reasonably possible, the Company also discloses the nature of the loss contingency and an estimate of the possible loss, range of loss, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. In addition, the Company accrues for anticipated legal defense costs associated with such lawsuits and regulatory actions. While actual losses may differ from the amounts recorded and the ultimate outcome of the Company's pending actions is generally not yet determinable, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of currently pending legal or regulatory proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or cash flows.

In all cases, the Company vigorously defends itself unless a reasonable settlement appears appropriate. For a discussion of any additional regulatory or legal matters, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.



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13. Segment Information

The Company is primarily engaged in writing personal automobile insurance and provides related property and casualty insurance products to its customers through 12 subsidiaries in 11 states, principally in California.
The Company has one reportable business segment - the Property and Casualty business segment.
The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker evaluates operating results based on pre-tax underwriting results which is calculated as net premiums earned less (a) losses and loss adjustment expenses and (b) underwriting expenses (policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses).
Expenses are allocated based on certain assumptions that are primarily related to premiums and losses. The Company’s net investment income, net realized investment gains or losses, other income, and interest expense are excluded in evaluating pretax underwriting profit. The Company does not allocate its assets, including investments, or income taxes in evaluating pre-tax underwriting profit.
Property and Casualty Lines
The Property and Casualty business segment offers several insurance products to the Company’s individual customers and small business customers. These insurance products are: private passenger automobile which is the Company’s primary business, and related insurance products such as homeowners, commercial automobile and commercial property. These related insurance products are primarily sold to the Company’s individual customers and small business customers, which increases retention of the Company’s private passenger automobile client base. The insurance products comprising the Property and Casualty business segment are sold through the same distribution channels, mainly through independent and 100% owned insurance agents, and go through a similar underwriting process.

Other Lines
The Other business segment represents net premiums written and earned from an operating segment that does not meet the quantitative thresholds required to be considered a reportable segment. This operating segment offers automobile mechanical protection warranties which are primarily sold through automobile dealerships and credit unions.

The following tables present the Company's operating results by reportable segment:
Three Months Ended June 30,
20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Net premiums earned$1,027.3 $7.2 $1,034.5 $980.3 $7.2 $987.5 
Less:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses893.9 3.9 897.8 823.0 3.8 826.8 
Underwriting expenses237.4 3.8 241.2 224.5 1.4 225.9 
Underwriting (loss) gain(104.0)(0.5)(104.5)(67.2)2.0 (65.2)
Investment income58.4 38.6 
Net realized investment losses(19.8)(241.9)
Other income10.2 1.5 
Interest expense(5.5)(4.3)
Pre-tax loss$(61.2)$(271.3)
Net loss$(41.5)$(210.7)

22
Six Months Ended June 30,
20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Net premiums earned$2,024.8 $14.4 $2,039.2 $1,935.7 $14.4 $1,950.1 
Less:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses1,819.7 7.6 1,827.3 1,641.3 7.4 1,648.7 
Underwriting expenses468.0 7.3 475.3 453.7 4.7 458.4 
Underwriting (loss) gain(262.9)(0.5)(263.4)(159.3)2.3 (157.0)
Investment income110.3 73.9 
Net realized investment gains (losses)29.2 (437.0)
Other income11.1 4.1 
Interest expense(10.5)(8.5)
Pre-tax loss$(123.3)$(524.5)
Net loss$(86.8)$(407.6)

The following tables present the Company’s net premiums earned and direct premiums written by reportable segment and line of insurance business:
Three Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Private passenger automobile$674.7 $— $674.7 $666.0 $— $666.0 
Homeowners233.9 — 233.9 205.9 — 205.9 
Commercial automobile72.1 — 72.1 66.1 — 66.1 
Other46.6 7.2 53.8 42.3 7.2 49.5 
Net premiums earned$1,027.3 $7.2 $1,034.5 $980.3 $7.2 $987.5 
Private passenger automobile$698.5 $— $698.5 $653.8 $— $653.8 
Homeowners294.5 — 294.5 251.8 — 251.8 
Commercial automobile82.7 — 82.7 69.8 — 69.8 
Other56.5 7.3 63.8 50.3 8.4 58.7 
Direct premiums written$1,132.2 $7.3 $1,139.5 $1,025.7 $8.4 $1,034.1 

23
Six Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Private passenger automobile$1,335.3 $1,335.3 $1,325.3 $— $1,325.3 
Homeowners456.4 456.4 397.9 — 397.9 
Commercial automobile141.2 141.2 130.6 — 130.6 
Other91.9 14.4 106.3 81.9 14.4 96.3 
Net premiums earned$2,024.8 $14.4 $2,039.2 $1,935.7 $14.4 $1,950.1 
Private passenger automobile$1,332.8 $1,332.8 $1,335.0 $— $1,335.0 
Homeowners536.1 536.1 462.1 — 462.1 
Commercial automobile162.7 162.7 141.4 — 141.4 
Other112.9 13.5 126.4 98.6 15.2 113.8 
Direct premiums written$2,144.5 $13.5 $2,158.0 $2,037.1 $15.2 $2,052.3 




24
Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Forward-Looking Statements

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for certain forward-looking statements. Certain statements contained in this report are forward-looking statements based on the Company’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on the Company. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting the Company will be those anticipated by the Company. Actual results may differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties (some of which are beyond the control of the Company) and are subject to change based upon various factors, including but not limited to the following risks and uncertainties: changes in the demand for the Company’s insurance products, inflation and general economic conditions, including general market risks associated with the Company’s investment portfolio; the accuracy and adequacy of the Company’s pricing methodologies; catastrophes in the markets served by the Company; uncertainties related to estimates, assumptions and projections generally; the possibility that actual loss experience may vary adversely from the actuarial estimates made to determine the Company’s loss reserves in general; the Company’s ability to obtain and the timing of the approval of premium rate changes for insurance policies issued in the states where it operates; legislation adverse to the automobile insurance industry or business generally that may be enacted in the states where the Company operates; the Company’s success in managing its business in non-California states; the presence of competitors with greater financial resources and the impact of competitive pricing and marketing efforts; the Company's ability to successfully allocate the resources used in the states with reduced or exited operations to its operations in other states; changes in driving patterns and loss trends; acts of war and terrorist activities; pandemics, epidemics, widespread health emergencies, or outbreaks of infectious diseases; court decisions and trends in litigation and health care and auto repair costs; and legal, cybersecurity, regulatory and litigation risks. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as the result of new information, future events or otherwise. For a more detailed discussion of some of the foregoing risks and uncertainties, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 14, 2023.
OVERVIEW
A. General

The operating results of property and casualty insurance companies are subject to significant quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year fluctuations due to the effect of competition on pricing, the frequency and severity of losses, the effect of weather and natural disasters on losses, general economic conditions, the general regulatory environment in states in which an insurer operates, state regulation of insurance including premium rates, changes in fair value of investments, and other factors such as changes in tax laws. The property and casualty insurance industry has been highly cyclical, with periods of high premium rates and shortages of underwriting capacity followed by periods of severe price competition and excess capacity. These cycles can have a significant impact on the Company’s ability to grow and retain business.

This section discusses some of the relevant factors that management considers in evaluating the Company’s performance, prospects, and risks. It is not all-inclusive and is meant to be read in conjunction with the entirety of management’s discussion and analysis, the Company’s consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, and all other items contained within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

B. Business

The Company is primarily engaged in writing personal automobile insurance through 12 insurance subsidiaries (“Insurance Companies”) in 11 states, principally California. The Company also writes homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial property, mechanical protection, and umbrella insurance. The Company's insurance policies are mostly sold through independent agents who receive a commission for selling policies. The Company believes that it has thorough underwriting and claims handling processes that, together with its agent relationships, provide the Company with competitive advantages.





25
The following tables present direct premiums written, by state and line of insurance business, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
(Dollars in thousands)
Private
Passenger  Automobile		HomeownersCommercial
Automobile
Other Lines (2)
Total
California $1,077,209 $385,416 $115,623 $118,897 $1,697,145 78.7 %
Texas61,498 75,720 26,650 2,761 166,629 7.7 %
Other states (1)
194,054 75,010 20,438 4,747 294,249 13.6 %
Total$1,332,761 $536,146 $162,711 $126,405 $2,158,023 100.0 %
61.8 %24.8 %7.5 %5.9 %100.0 %

Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
(Dollars in thousands)
Private
Passenger  Automobile		HomeownersCommercial
Automobile
Other Lines (2)
Total
California$1,105,341 $352,724 $99,027 $105,434 $1,662,526 81.0 %
Texas48,283 53,388 23,658 3,407 128,736 6.3 %
Other states (1)
181,380 56,024 18,673 4,979 261,056 12.7 %
Total$1,335,004 $462,136 $141,358 $113,820 $2,052,318 100.0 %
65.0 %22.6 %6.9 %5.5 %100.0 %
______________
(1) No individual state accounted for more than 5% of total direct premiums written.
(2) No individual line of insurance business accounted for more than 5% of total direct premiums written.

C. Regulatory and Legal Matters

The Department of Insurance (“DOI”) in each state in which the Company operates is responsible for conducting periodic financial, market conduct, and rating and underwriting examinations of the Insurance Companies in their states. Market conduct examinations typically review compliance with insurance statutes and regulations with respect to rating, underwriting, claims handling, billing, and other practices.

The following table presents a summary of recent and upcoming examinations:

StateExam TypeExam Period CoveredStatus
CA, FL, GA, IL, OK, TXCoordinated Multi-state Financial2018-2021Received final or draft examination reports.

During the course of and at the conclusion of the examinations, the examining DOI generally reports findings to the Company. No material findings were noted in the final or draft examination reports of the coordinated multi-state financial examination.

In January 2023, the California DOI approved a 6.9% rate increase on the private passenger automobile line of insurance business for Mercury Insurance Company ("MIC") and California Automobile Insurance Company ("CAIC"), consolidated subsidiaries of the Company. These rate increases became effective in March 2023. The California DOI approved an additional 6.99% rate increase on the private passenger automobile line of insurance business for MIC and CAIC in June 2023. These rate increases became effective in July 2023. In addition, in July 2023, the Company filed applications with the California DOI for a 22.5% rate increase for MIC and a 6.99% rate increase for CAIC on the private passenger automobile line of insurance business. The private passenger automobile line of insurance business of MIC and CAIC represented approximately 49% and 4%, respectively, of the Company's total net premiums earned for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

In March 2023, California DOI approved a 12.6% rate increase on the California homeowners line of insurance business.
26
This rate increase became effective in May 2023. In addition, in May 2023, the Company filed an application with the California DOI for a 6.99% rate increase on the California homeowners line of insurance business. The California homeowners line of insurance business represented approximately 17% of the Company's total net premiums earned for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

The Company is, from time to time, named as a defendant in various lawsuits or regulatory actions incidental to its insurance business. The majority of lawsuits brought against the Company relate to insurance claims that arise in the normal course of business and are reserved for through the reserving process. For a discussion of the Company’s reserving methods, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company establishes reserves for non-insurance claims related lawsuits, regulatory actions, and other contingencies when the Company believes a loss is probable and is able to estimate its potential exposure. For loss contingencies believed to be reasonably possible, the Company also discloses the nature of the loss contingency and an estimate of the possible loss, range of loss, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. In addition, the Company accrues for anticipated legal defense costs associated with such lawsuits and regulatory actions. While actual losses may differ from the amounts recorded and the ultimate outcome of the Company's pending actions is generally not yet determinable, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of currently pending legal or regulatory proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or cash flows.

In all cases, the Company vigorously defends itself unless a reasonable settlement appears appropriate. For a discussion of any additional regulatory or legal matters, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and Note 12. Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Quarterly Report.

D. Critical Accounting Estimates

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves ("Loss Reserves")

Preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements requires management’s judgment and estimates. The most significant is the estimate of loss reserves. Estimating loss reserves is a difficult process as many factors can ultimately affect the final settlement of a claim and, therefore, the loss reserve that is required. A key assumption in estimating loss reserves is the degree to which the historical data used to analyze reserves will be predictive of ultimate claim costs on incurred claims. Changes in the regulatory and legal environments, results of litigation, medical costs, the cost of repair materials, and labor rates, among other factors, can impact this assumption. In addition, time can be a critical part of reserving determinations since the longer the span between the incidence of a loss and the payment or settlement of a claim, the more variable the ultimate settlement amount could be. Accordingly, short-tail claims, such as property damage claims, tend to be more reasonably predictable than long-tail liability claims.

The Company calculates a loss reserve point estimate rather than a range. There is inherent uncertainty with estimates and this is particularly true with loss reserve estimates. This uncertainty comes from many factors which may include changes in claims reporting and settlement patterns, changes in the regulatory and legal environments, uncertainty over inflation rates, and uncertainty for unknown items. The Company does not make specific provisions for these uncertainties, rather it considers them in establishing its loss reserve by reviewing historical patterns and trends and projecting these out to current loss reserves. The underlying factors and assumptions that serve as the basis for preparing the loss reserve estimate include paid and incurred loss development factors, expected average costs per claim, inflation trends, expected loss ratios, industry data, and other relevant information.

The Company also engages independent actuarial consultants to review the Company’s loss reserves and to provide the annual actuarial opinions under statutory accounting principles as required by state regulation. The Company analyzes loss reserves quarterly primarily using the incurred loss, paid loss, average severity coupled with the claim count development methods, and the generalized linear model ("GLM") described below. When deciding among methods to use, the Company evaluates the credibility of each method based on the maturity of the data available and the claims settlement practices for each particular line of insurance business or coverage within a line of insurance business. The Company may also evaluate qualitative factors such as known changes in laws or legal rulings that could affect claims handling or other external environmental factors or internal factors that could affect the settlement of claims. When establishing the loss reserve, the Company will generally analyze the results from all of the methods used rather than relying on a single method. While these methods are designed to determine the ultimate losses on claims under the Company’s policies, there is inherent uncertainty in all actuarial models since they use historical data to project outcomes. The Company believes that the techniques it uses provide a reasonable basis in estimating loss reserves.

27
•The incurred loss method analyzes historical incurred case loss (case reserves plus paid losses) development to estimate ultimate losses. The Company applies development factors against current case incurred losses by accident period to calculate ultimate expected losses. The Company believes that the incurred loss method provides a reasonable basis for evaluating ultimate losses, particularly in the Company’s larger, more established lines of insurance business which have a long operating history.
•The paid loss method analyzes historical payment patterns to estimate the amount of losses yet to be paid.
•The average severity method analyzes historical loss payments and/or incurred losses divided by closed claims and/or total claims to calculate an estimated average cost per claim. From this, the expected ultimate average cost per claim can be estimated. The average severity method coupled with the claim count development method provide meaningful information regarding inflation and frequency trends that the Company believes is useful in establishing loss reserves. The claim count development method analyzes historical claim count development to estimate future incurred claim count development for current claims. The Company applies these development factors against current claim counts by accident period to calculate ultimate expected claim counts.
•The GLM determines an average severity for each percentile of claims that have been closed as a percentage of estimated ultimate claims. The average severities are applied to open claims to estimate the amount of losses yet to be paid. The GLM utilizes operational time, determined as a percentile of claims closed rather than a finite calendar period, which neutralizes the effect of changes in the timing of claims handling.

The Company analyzes catastrophe losses separately from non-catastrophe losses. For catastrophe losses, the Company generally determines claim counts based on claims reported and development expectations from previous catastrophes and applies an average expected loss per claim based on loss reserves established by adjusters and average losses on previous similar catastrophes. For catastrophe losses on individual properties that are expected to be total losses, the Company typically establishes reserves at the policy limits.
At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company recorded its point estimate of approximately $2.72 billion and $2.58 billion ($2.69 billion and $2.56 billion, net of reinsurance), respectively, in loss reserves, which included approximately $1.54 billion and $1.45 billion ($1.54 billion and $1.45 billion, net of reinsurance), respectively, of incurred but not reported loss reserves (“IBNR”). IBNR includes estimates, based upon past experience, of ultimate developed costs, which may differ from case estimates, unreported claims that occurred on or prior to June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and estimated future payments for reopened claims. Management believes that the liability for loss reserves is adequate to cover the ultimate net cost of losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred to date; however, since the provisions are necessarily based upon estimates, the ultimate liability may be more or less than such provisions.
The Company evaluates its loss reserves quarterly. When management determines that the estimated ultimate claim cost requires a decrease for previously reported accident years, favorable development occurs and a reduction in losses and loss adjustment expenses is reported in the current period. If the estimated ultimate claim cost requires an increase for previously reported accident years, unfavorable development occurs and an increase in losses and loss adjustment expenses is reported in the current period.
For a further discussion of the Company’s reserving methods, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.


RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2022

Revenues

Net premiums earned increased 4.8% and net premiums written increased 9.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2023, from the corresponding period in 2022. The increase in net premiums earned was primarily due to rate increases in the California private passenger automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business and in certain lines of insurance business in some states outside of California, combined with increases in the number of policies written outside of California.

Net premiums earned included ceded premiums earned of $24.0 million and $17.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net premiums written included ceded premiums written of $24.2 million and $17.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increases in ceded premiums earned and ceded premiums written resulted mostly from higher reinsurance coverage and rates and growth in the covered book of business.
28

Net premiums earned, a GAAP measure, represents the portion of net premiums written that is recognized as revenue in the financial statements for the periods presented and earned on a pro-rata basis over the term of the policies. Net premiums written is a non-GAAP financial measure which represents the premiums charged on policies issued during a fiscal period, net of any applicable reinsurance. Net premiums written is a statutory measure designed to determine production levels.

The following is a reconciliation of net premiums earned to net premiums written:
 Three Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Net premiums earned$1,034,469 $987,512 
Change in net unearned premiums80,876 29,482 
Net premiums written$1,115,345 $1,016,994 

Expenses

Loss and expense ratios are used to interpret the underwriting experience of property and casualty insurance companies. The following table presents the Insurance Companies’ loss, expense, and combined ratios determined in accordance with GAAP:
 Three Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
Loss ratio86.8 %83.7 %
Expense ratio23.3 %22.9 %
Combined ratio110.1 %106.6 %

Loss ratio is calculated by dividing losses and loss adjustment expenses by net premiums earned. The loss ratio for the second quarter of 2023 and 2022 was affected by favorable development of approximately $4 million and approximately $2 million, respectively, on prior accident years' loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. The favorable development for the second quarter of 2023 was primarily attributable to lower than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the private passenger automobile line of insurance business, partially offset by unfavorable development in the commercial property line of insurance business. The favorable development for the second quarter of 2022 was primarily attributable to lower than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the commercial automobile line of insurance business, partially offset by unfavorable development in the commercial property and private passenger automobile lines of insurance business.

In addition, the 2023 loss ratio was negatively impacted by approximately $93 million of catastrophe losses, excluding favorable development of approximately $1 million on prior years' catastrophe losses, primarily due to rainstorms in Texas and Oklahoma. The 2022 loss ratio was negatively impacted by approximately $19 million of catastrophe losses, excluding unfavorable development of approximately $2 million on prior years' catastrophe losses, primarily due to rainstorms and hail in Texas.

Excluding the effects of estimated prior periods’ loss development and catastrophe losses, the loss ratio was 78.2% and 82.0% for the second quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in the loss ratio was primarily due to an increase in net premiums earned resulting from rate increases in the California private passenger automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business and in certain lines of insurance business in some states outside of California, partially offset by an increase in loss severity in the private passenger automobile line of insurance business.

Expense ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses by net premiums earned. The expense ratio for the three months ended June 30, 2023 increased compared to the corresponding period in 2022, primarily due to higher policy acquisition costs, partially offset by lower expenses for advertising.

Combined ratio is equal to loss ratio plus expense ratio and is the key measure of underwriting performance traditionally used in the property and casualty insurance industry. A combined ratio under 100% generally reflects profitable underwriting results, and a combined ratio over 100% generally reflects unprofitable underwriting results.
Income tax benefit was $19.7 million and $60.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
29
The decrease in income tax benefit was primarily due to a $210.1 million decrease in total pre-tax loss. The Company’s effective income tax rate can be affected by several factors. These generally relate to large changes in the composition of fully taxable income, including net realized investment gains or losses, tax-exempt investment income, non-deductible expenses, and periodically, non-routine tax items such as adjustments to unrecognized tax benefits related to tax uncertainties. Income tax benefit of $19.7 million on pre-tax loss of $61.2 million, including tax-exempt investment income of $21.9 million, resulted in an effective tax rate of 32.1%, above the statutory tax rate of 21%, for the three months ended June 30, 2023, and income tax benefit of $60.7 million on pre-tax loss of $271.3 million, including tax-exempt investment income of $17.6 million, resulted in an effective tax rate of 22.4% for the corresponding period in 2022.

Investments

The following table presents the investment results of the Company:
 Three Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 (Dollars in thousands)
Average invested assets at cost (1)
$5,045,828 $4,900,223 
Net investment income (2)
Before income taxes$58,350 $38,555 
After income taxes$49,819 $33,517 
Average annual yield on investments (2)
Before income taxes4.6 %3.2 %
After income taxes4.0 %2.7 %
Net realized investment losses$(19,778)$(241,938)
__________ 
(1) Fixed maturities and short-term bonds at amortized cost; equities and other short-term investments at cost. Average invested assets at cost are based on the monthly amortized cost of the invested assets for each period.
(2) Higher net investment income before and after income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022 resulted largely from higher average yield combined with higher average invested assets. Average annual yield on investments before and after income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2023 increased compared to the corresponding period in 2022, primarily due to the maturity and replacement of lower yielding investments purchased when market interest rates were lower with higher yielding investments, as a result of increasing overall market interest rates, as well as higher yields on investments based on floating interest rates.

The following tables present the components of net realized investment gains or losses included in net loss:
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Gains (Losses) Recognized in Net Loss
 Sales
Changes in fair value
Total
 (Amounts in thousands)
Net realized investment gains (losses)
Fixed maturity securities (1)(2)
$(454)$(22,835)$(23,289)
Equity securities (1)(3)
14,444 (12,608)1,836 
Short-term investments (1)
(4)(42)(46)
Note receivable (1)
— 125 125 
Options sold1,697 (101)1,596 
Total$15,683 $(35,461)$(19,778)
30
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
Gains (Losses) Recognized in Net Loss
 SalesChanges in fair valueTotal
 (Amounts in thousands)
Net realized investment gains (losses)
Fixed maturity securities (1)(2)
$(19,582)$(88,273)$(107,855)
Equity securities (1)(3)
731 (134,369)(133,638)
Short-term investments (1)
(182)(1,667)(1,849)
Options sold1,392 12 1,404 
Total$(17,641)$(224,297)$(241,938)
__________ 
(1)The changes in fair value of the investment portfolio resulted from application of the fair value option.
(2)The decreases in fair value of fixed maturity securities for the second quarter of 2023 and 2022 primarily resulted from increases in overall market interest rates.
(3)The primary cause for the decreases in fair value of equity securities for the second quarter of 2023 and 2022 was the overall decline in equity markets.


Net Income (Loss)
 Three Months Ended June 30,
20232022
 (Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Net loss$(41,543)$(210,681)
Basic average shares outstanding55,371 55,371 
Diluted average shares outstanding55,371 55,371 
Basic Per Share Data:
Net loss$(0.75)$(3.80)
Net realized investment losses, net of tax$(0.28)$(3.45)
Diluted Per Share Data:
Net loss$(0.75)$(3.80)
Net realized investment losses, net of tax$(0.28)$(3.45)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2022

Revenues

Net premiums earned increased 4.6% and net premiums written increased 4.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2023, from the corresponding period in 2022. The increase in net premiums earned was primarily due to rate increases in the California private passenger automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business and in certain lines of insurance business in some states outside of California, combined with increases in the number of policies written outside of California, partially offset by a decrease in the number of private passenger automobile policies written in California.

Net premiums earned included ceded premiums earned of $47.2 million and $34.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net premiums written included ceded premiums written of $47.6 million and $35.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increases in ceded premiums earned and ceded premiums written resulted mostly from higher reinsurance coverage and rates and growth in the covered book of business.




31
The following is a reconciliation of net premiums earned to net premiums written:
 Six Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Net premiums earned$2,039,173 $1,950,062 
Change in net unearned premiums86,373 77,729 
Net premiums written$2,125,546 $2,027,791 

Expenses

The following table presents the Insurance Companies’ loss, expense, and combined ratios determined in accordance with GAAP:
 Six Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
Loss ratio89.6 %84.6 %
Expense ratio23.3 %23.5 %
Combined ratio112.9 %108.1 %

The loss ratio for the first half of 2023 and 2022 was affected by favorable development of approximately $20 million and unfavorable development of approximately $51 million, respectively, on prior accident years' loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. The favorable development for the first half of 2023 was primarily attributable to lower than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the private passenger automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business, partially offset by unfavorable development in the commercial property line of insurance business. The unfavorable development for the first half of 2022 was primarily attributable to higher than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the private passenger automobile and commercial property lines of insurance business, partially offset by favorable development in the commercial automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business.

In addition, the 2023 loss ratio was negatively impacted by approximately $191 million of catastrophe losses, excluding favorable development of approximately $1 million on prior years' catastrophe losses, primarily due to winter storms and rainstorms in California, Texas and Oklahoma. The 2022 loss ratio was negatively impacted by approximately $40 million of catastrophe losses, excluding unfavorable development of approximately $3 million on prior years' catastrophe losses, primarily due to winter storms, rainstorms and hail in Texas and winter storms in California.

Excluding the effects of estimated prior periods’ loss development and catastrophe losses, the loss ratio was 81.2% and 79.9% for the first half of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in the loss ratio was primarily due to an increase in loss severity in the automobile line of insurance business, partially offset by an increase in net premiums earned resulting from rate increases in the California private passenger automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business and in certain lines of insurance business in some states outside of California. Extreme rates of inflation in 2022 have begun to moderate in 2023 but remain elevated. The impact of the inflationary pressures on loss severity in the automobile line of insurance business increased losses and loss adjustment expenses for the insured events of the current accident year for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022. The Company has increased rates and filed for additional rate increases in many states and is taking various non-rate actions to improve profitability.

The expense ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2023 decreased compared to the corresponding period in 2022, primarily due to lower expenses for advertising and profitability-related accruals.
Income tax benefit was $36.5 million and $116.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in income tax benefit was primarily due to a $401.2 million decrease in total pre-tax loss. Income tax benefit of $36.5 million on pre-tax loss of $123.3 million, including tax-exempt investment income of $43.8 million, resulted in an effective tax rate of 29.6%, above the statutory tax rate of 21%, for the six months ended June 30, 2023, and income tax benefit of $116.9 million on pre-tax loss of $524.5 million, including tax-exempt investment income of $34.7 million, resulted in an effective tax rate of 22.3% for the corresponding period in 2022.



32
Investments

The following table presents the investment results of the Company:
 Six Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 (Dollars in thousands)
Average invested assets at cost (1)
$5,033,723 $4,879,634 
Net investment income (2)
Before income taxes$110,323 $73,906 
After income taxes$94,613 $64,438 
Average annual yield on investments (2)
Before income taxes4.4 %3.0 %
After income taxes3.8 %2.6 %
Net realized investment gains (losses)$29,229 $(437,024)
__________ 
(1) Fixed maturities and short-term bonds at amortized cost; equities and other short-term investments at cost. Average invested assets at cost are based on the monthly amortized cost of the invested assets for each period.
(2) Higher net investment income before and after income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022 resulted largely from higher average yield combined with higher average invested assets. Average annual yield on investments before and after income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2023 increased compared to the corresponding period in 2022, primarily due to the maturity and replacement of lower yielding investments purchased when market interest rates were lower with higher yielding investments, as a result of increasing overall market interest rates, as well as higher yields on investments based on floating interest rates.

The following tables present the components of net realized investment gains or losses included in net loss:
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Gains (Losses) Recognized in Net Loss
 Sales
Changes in fair value
Total
 (Amounts in thousands)
Net realized investment gains (losses)
Fixed maturity securities (1)(2)
$(1,346)$16,940 $15,594 
Equity securities (1)(3)
20,066 (9,368)10,698 
Short-term investments (1)
(4)(8)(12)
Note receivable (1)
— 125 125 
Options sold3,154 (330)2,824 
Total$21,870 $7,359 $29,229 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Gains (Losses) Recognized in Net Loss
 SalesChanges in fair valueTotal
 (Amounts in thousands)
Net realized investment gains (losses)
Fixed maturity securities (1)(2)
$(22,382)$(246,201)$(268,583)
Equity securities (1)(3)
6,293 (174,690)(168,397)
Short-term investments (1)
(1,007)(1,665)(2,672)
Options sold2,698 (70)2,628 
Total$(14,398)$(422,626)$(437,024)
__________ 
(1)The changes in fair value of the investment portfolio resulted from application of the fair value option.
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(2)The increases in fair value of fixed maturity securities for the first half of 2023 primarily resulted from decreases in long-term market interest rates. The decreases in fair value of fixed maturity securities for the first half of 2022 primarily resulted from increases in overall market interest rates.
(3)The primary cause for the decreases in fair value of equity securities for the first half of 2023 and 2022 was the overall decline in equity markets.


Net Income (Loss)
 Six Months Ended June 30,
20232022
 (Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Net loss$(86,831)$(407,599)
Basic average shares outstanding55,371 55,371 
Diluted average shares outstanding55,371 55,371 
Basic Per Share Data:
Net loss$(1.57)$(7.36)
Net realized investment gains (losses), net of tax$0.42 $(6.24)
Diluted Per Share Data:
Net loss$(1.57)$(7.36)
Net realized investment gains (losses), net of tax$0.42 $(6.24)



LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

A. Cash Flows

The Company has generated positive cash flow from operations each year since the public offering of its common stock in November 1985. The Company does not attempt to match the duration and timing of asset maturities with those of liabilities; rather, it manages its portfolio with a view towards maximizing total return with an emphasis on after-tax income. With combined cash and short-term investments of $547.7 million as well as $125 million of undrawn credit under its unsecured credit facility at June 30, 2023, the Company believes its cash flow from operations is adequate to satisfy its liquidity requirements without the forced sale of investments. Investment maturities are also available to meet the Company’s liquidity needs. However, the Company operates in a rapidly evolving and often unpredictable business environment that may change the timing or amount of expected future cash receipts and expenditures. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Company’s sources of funds will be sufficient to meet its liquidity needs or that the Company will not be required to raise additional funds to meet those needs or for future business expansion, through the sale of equity or debt securities or from credit facilities with lending institutions.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $105.4 million, a decrease of $89.5 million compared to the corresponding period in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to increases in payments for losses and loss adjustment expenses, partially offset by increases in premium collections and investment income received. The Company utilized the cash provided by operating activities during the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily for the net purchases of investment securities and payment of dividends to its shareholders.

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The following table presents the estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2023 by contractual maturity in the next five years:
 Fixed Maturity Securities
 (Amounts in thousands)
Due in one year or less$162,588 
Due after one year through two years279,014 
Due after two years through three years198,862 
Due after three years through four years246,761 
Due after four years through five years260,706 
Total due within five years$1,147,931 

B. Reinsurance
For California homeowners policies, the Company has reduced its catastrophe exposure from earthquakes by placing earthquake risks directly with the California Earthquake Authority ("CEA"). However, the Company continues to have catastrophe exposure to fires following an earthquake.
The Company is the assuming reinsurer under a Catastrophe Participation Reinsurance Contract (the "Contract") effective through December 31, 2025. The Company reimburses a group of affiliates of a ceding company for a proportional share of a portfolio of catastrophe losses based on the premiums ceded to the Company under the Contract, to the extent the actual loss ratio exceeds the threshold loss ratio of 73.5%. The total assumed premium under the Contract is $15.0 million for each of the 12 month periods ending December 31, 2023 through 2025 and $10.0 million for the 12 months ended December 31, 2022. The total possible amount of losses for the Company under the Contract is $30.0 million for each of the 12 month periods ending December 31, 2023 through 2025 and $25.0 million for the 12 months ended December 31, 2022. The Company recognized $3.8 million and $2.5 million in earned premiums and $2.7 million and $1.7 million in incurred losses under the Contract for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $7.5 million and $5.0 million in earned premiums and $5.4 million and $4.1 million in incurred losses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company is the ceding party to a Catastrophe Reinsurance Treaty (the "Treaty") covering a wide range of perils that is effective through June 30, 2024. For the 12 months ending June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Treaty provides approximately $1,111 million and $936 million of coverage, respectively, on a per occurrence basis after covered catastrophe losses exceed the Company retention limit of $100 million and $60 million, respectively. The Treaty specifically excludes coverage for any Florida business and for California earthquake losses on fixed property policies such as homeowners, but does cover losses from fires following an earthquake. The Treaty includes additional restrictions as noted in the tables below.

Coverage on individual catastrophes provided for the 12 months ending June 30, 2024 under the Treaty is presented below in various layers:
 Catastrophe Losses and LAE
In Excess ofUp toPercentage of Coverage
 (Amounts in millions)
Retained$— $100 — %
Layer of Coverage100 140 5.0 
Layer of Coverage (1) (3)
140 610 100.0 
Layer of Coverage (2) (3) (4)
610 1,120 99.8 
Layer of Coverage1,120 1,250 100.0 
__________ 
(1) Approximately 4% of this layer covers California, Arizona and Nevada only.
(2) Approximately 30% of this layer covers California, Arizona and Nevada only.
(3) Layer of Coverage represents multiple actual treaty layers that are grouped for presentation purposes.
(4) Approximately 10% of this layer covers only California wildfires and fires following an earthquake in California, and is not subject to reinstatement.



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Coverage on individual catastrophes provided for the 12 months ended June 30, 2023 under the Treaty is presented below in various layers:
Catastrophe Losses and LAE
In Excess ofUp toPercentage of Coverage
(Amounts in millions)
Retained$— $60 — %
Layer of Coverage60 100 19.5 
Layer of Coverage100 200 98.8 
Layer of Coverage (1)
200 530 98.6 
Layer of Coverage (2) (3) (4)
530 930 100.0 
Layer of Coverage930 1,035 98.9 
__________ 
(1) Approximately 5% of this layer covers California, Arizona and Nevada only.
(2) Approximately 33% of this layer covers California, Arizona and Nevada only.
(3) Layer of Coverage represents multiple actual treaty layers that are grouped for presentation purposes.
(4) Approximately 6% of this layer covers only California wildfires and fires following an earthquake in California, and is not subject to reinstatement.

The table below presents the combined total reinsurance premiums under the Treaty (annual premiums and reinstatement premiums) for the 12 months ending June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:
Treaty
Annual Premium (1)
 Reinstatement Premium (2)
Total Combined Premium (2)
 (Amounts in millions)
For the 12 months ending June 30, 2024
$99 $— $99 
For the 12 months ended June 30, 2023$74 $— $74 
__________ 
(1) The increase in the annual premium is primarily due to an increase in reinsurance coverage and rates and growth in the covered book of business.
(2) The reinstatement premium and the total combined premium for the treaty period ending June 30, 2024 are projected amounts to be paid based on the assumption that there will be no reinstatements occurring during this treaty period. The reinstatement premium for the treaty period ended June 30, 2023 is zero, as there were no actual reinstatement premiums paid.

The Treaty ending June 30, 2024 and 2023 each provides for one full reinstatement of coverage limits. Reinstatement premiums are based on the amount of reinsurance benefits used by the Company at 100% of the annual premium rate, with the exception of the reinstatement restrictions noted in the tables above, up to the maximum reinstatement premium of approximately $95 million and $72 million if the full amount of benefit is used for the 12 months ending June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The total amount of reinstatement premiums is recorded as ceded reinstatement premiums written at the time of the catastrophe event based on the total amount of reinsurance benefits expected to be used for the event, and such reinstatement premiums are recognized ratably over the remaining term of the Treaty as ceded reinstatement premiums earned.

The catastrophe events that occurred in 2023 caused approximately $191 million in losses to the Company, resulting primarily from winter storms and rainstorms in California, Texas and Oklahoma. No reinsurance benefits were available under the Treaty for these losses as none of the 2023 catastrophe events individually resulted in losses in excess of the Company’s per-occurrence retention limit of $60 million under the Treaty for the 12 months ending June 30, 2023.

The catastrophe events that occurred in 2022 caused approximately $104 million in losses to the Company as of June 30, 2023, resulting primarily from the deep freeze of Winter Storm Elliott and other extreme weather events in Texas, Oklahoma and Georgia, winter storms in California, and the impact of Hurricane Ian in Florida. No reinsurance benefits were available under the Treaty for these losses as none of the 2022 catastrophe events individually resulted in losses in excess of the Company’s per-occurrence retention limit of $60 million and $40 million under the Treaty for the 12 months ending June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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The Company carries a commercial umbrella reinsurance treaty and a per-risk property reinsurance treaty, and seeks facultative arrangements for large property risks. In addition, the Company has other reinsurance in force that is not material to the consolidated financial statements. If any reinsurers are unable to perform their obligations under a reinsurance treaty, the Company will be required, as primary insurer, to discharge all obligations to its policyholders in their entirety.

C. Invested Assets

Portfolio Composition

An important component of the Company’s financial results is the return on its investment portfolio. The Company’s investment strategy emphasizes safety of principal and consistent income generation, within a total return framework. The investment strategy has historically focused on maximizing after-tax yield with a primary emphasis on maintaining a well-diversified, investment grade, fixed income portfolio to support the underlying liabilities and achieve return on capital and profitable growth. The Company believes that investment yield is maximized by selecting assets that perform favorably on a long-term basis and by disposing of certain assets to enhance after-tax yield and minimize the potential effect of downgrades and defaults. The Company believes that this strategy enables the optimal investment performance necessary to sustain investment income over time. The Company’s portfolio management approach utilizes a market risk and consistent asset allocation strategy as the primary basis for the allocation of interest sensitive, liquid and credit assets as well as for determining overall below investment grade exposure and diversification requirements. Within the ranges set by the asset allocation strategy, tactical investment decisions are made in consideration of prevailing market conditions.
The following table presents the composition of the total investment portfolio of the Company at June 30, 2023:
Cost (1)
Fair Value
 (Amounts in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government bonds and agencies$161,394 $159,534 
Municipal securities2,760,233 2,715,436 
Mortgage-backed securities174,823 156,650 
Corporate securities632,358 594,761 
Collateralized loan obligations370,478 362,220 
Other asset-backed securities116,956 106,102 
4,216,242 4,094,703 
Equity securities:
Common stock440,936 531,788 
Non-redeemable preferred stock64,860 51,722 
Private equity funds measured at net asset value (2)
143,355 86,981 
649,151 670,491 
Short-term investments190,991 189,991 
Total investments$5,056,384 $4,955,185 
______________
(1)    Fixed maturities and short-term bonds at amortized cost; equities and other short-term investments at cost.
(2)    The fair value is measured using the NAV practical expedient. See Note 5. Fair Value Measurements of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
At June 30, 2023, 48.9% of the Company’s total investment portfolio at fair value and 59.2% of its total fixed maturity securities at fair value were invested in tax-exempt state and municipal bonds. Equity holdings consist of non-redeemable preferred stocks, dividend-bearing common stocks on which dividend income is partially tax-sheltered by the 50% corporate dividend received deduction, and private equity funds. At June 30, 2023, 71.0% of short-term investments consisted of highly rated short-duration securities redeemable on a daily or weekly basis.

Fixed Maturity Securities and Short-Term Investments

Fixed maturity securities include debt securities, which are mostly long-term bonds and other debt with maturities of at least one year from purchase, and which may have fixed or variable principal payment schedules, may be held for indefinite
37
periods of time, and may be used as a part of the Company’s asset/liability strategy or sold in response to changes in interest rates, anticipated prepayments, risk/reward characteristics, liquidity needs, tax planning considerations, or other economic factors. Short-term instruments include money market accounts, options, and short-term bonds that are highly rated short duration securities and redeemable within one year.

A primary exposure for the fixed maturity securities is interest rate risk. The longer the duration, the more sensitive the asset is to market interest rate fluctuations. As assets with longer maturity dates tend to produce higher current yields, the Company’s historical investment philosophy has resulted in a portfolio with a moderate duration. The Company's portfolio is heavily weighted in investment grade tax-exempt municipal bonds. Fixed maturity securities purchased by the Company typically have call options attached, which further reduce the duration of the asset as interest rates decline. The holdings that are heavily weighted with high coupon issues, are expected to be called prior to maturity. Modified duration measures the length of time it takes, on average, to receive the present value of all the cash flows produced by a bond, including reinvestment of interest. As it measures four factors (maturity, coupon rate, yield and call terms) which determine sensitivity to changes in interest rates, modified duration is considered a better indicator of price volatility than simple maturity alone.

The following table presents the maturities and durations of the Company's fixed maturity securities and short-term investments:
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(in years)
Fixed Maturity Securities
Nominal average maturity:
excluding short-term investments12.112.4
including short-term investments11.612.0
Call-adjusted average maturity:
excluding short-term investments4.14.9
including short-term investments3.94.8
Modified duration reflecting anticipated early calls:
excluding short-term investments3.33.6
including short-term investments3.13.5
Short-Term Investments——

Another exposure related to the fixed maturity securities is credit risk, which is managed by maintaining a weighted-average portfolio credit quality rating of A+, at fair value, at June 30, 2023, consistent with the average rating at December 31, 2022. The Company's municipal bond holdings, of which 89.2% were tax exempt, represented 59.2% of its fixed maturity securities portfolio at June 30, 2023, at fair value, and are broadly diversified geographically. See Part I-Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks for a breakdown of municipal bond holdings by state.
To calculate the weighted-average credit quality ratings disclosed throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, individual securities were weighted based on fair value and credit quality ratings assigned by nationally recognized securities rating organizations.
Taxable holdings consist principally of investment grade issues. At June 30, 2023, fixed maturity securities holdings rated below investment grade and non-rated bonds totaled $10.8 million and $23.3 million, respectively, at fair value, and represented 0.3% and 0.6%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities. The majority of non-rated issues are a result of municipalities pre-funding and collateralizing those issues with U.S. government securities with an implicit AAA equivalent credit risk. At December 31, 2022, fixed maturity securities holdings rated below investment grade and non-rated bonds totaled $6.6 million and $26.5 million, respectively, at fair value, and represented 0.2% and 0.6%, respectively, of total fixed maturity securities.
The overall credit ratings for the Company’s fixed maturity securities portfolio were relatively stable during the six months ended June 30, 2023, with 83.9% of fixed maturity securities at fair value experiencing no change in their overall rating. 13.7% and 2.4% of fixed maturity securities at fair value experienced upgrades and downgrades, respectively, during the six months ended June 30, 2023.
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The following table presents the credit quality ratings of the Company’s fixed maturity securities by security type at fair value:
 June 30, 2023
 (Dollars in thousands)
Security Type
AAA(1)
AA(1)
A(1)
BBB(1)
Non-Rated/Other(1)
Total Fair
Value(1)
U.S. government bonds and agencies:
Agencies$42,772 $— $— $— $— $42,772 
Treasuries116,762 — — — — 116,762 
Total159,534 — — — — 159,534 
100.0 %— %— %— %— %100.0 %
Municipal securities:
Insured25,278 251,080 62,676 27,628 8,790 375,452 
Uninsured80,585 724,734 1,368,081 145,890 20,694 2,339,984 
Total105,863 975,814 1,430,757 173,518 29,484 2,715,436 
3.9 %35.9 %52.7 %6.4 %1.1 %100.0 %
Mortgage-backed securities:
Commercial15,454 5,223 4,777 — — 25,454 
Agencies5,015 — — — — 5,015 
Non-agencies:
Prime23,816 92,115 8,632 — 373 124,936 
Alt-A— 446 — 131 668 1,245 
Total44,285 97,784 13,409 131 1,041 156,650 
28.3 %62.3 %8.6 %0.1 %0.7 %100.0 %
Corporate securities:
Communications— 167 — 6,306 — 6,473 
Consumer, cyclical— 1,839 — 39,612 — 41,451 
Consumer, non-cyclical— — 17,697 8,241 — 25,938 
Energy— 6,727 3,373 32,023 — 42,123 
Financial— 20,219 187,444 56,609 3,580 267,852 
Industrial— 62,106 83,289 46,248 — 191,643 
Technology— — — 706 — 706 
Utilities— — 8,871 9,704 — 18,575 
Total— 91,058 300,674 199,449 3,580 594,761 
— %15.3 %50.6 %33.5 %0.6 %100.0 %
Collateralized loan obligations:
Corporate61,677 79,917 220,626 — — 362,220 
Total61,677 79,917 220,626 — — 362,220 
17.0 %22.1 %60.9 %— %— %100.0 %
Other asset-backed securities7,665 — 64,953 33,484 — 106,102 
7.2 %— %61.2 %31.6 %— %100.0 %
Total$379,024 $1,244,573 $2,030,419 $406,582 $34,105 $4,094,703 
9.3 %30.4 %49.6 %9.9 %0.8 %100.0 %
_____________
(1)Intermediate ratings are included at each level (e.g., AA includes AA+, AA and AA-).


U.S. Government Bonds and Agencies
At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $159.5 million and $158.6 million, respectively, in U.S. government bonds and agencies, which represented 3.9% of its fixed maturity securities portfolio, at fair value, at each of those
39
dates. At June 30, 2023, Moody's and Fitch ratings for U.S. government-issued debt were Aaa and AAA, respectively, although a significant increase in government deficits and debt could lead to a downgrade. The Company understands that market participants continue to use rates of return on U.S. government debt as a risk-free rate and have continued to invest in U.S. Treasury securities. The modified duration of the U.S. government bonds and agencies portfolio reflecting anticipated early calls was 1.3 years and 1.4 years at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Municipal Securities

The Company had $2.72 billion and $2.74 billion, or 66.3% and 67.0% of its fixed maturity securities portfolio, at fair value, in municipal securities, $375.5 million and $395.2 million of which were insured, at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The underlying ratings for insured municipal bonds have been factored into the average rating of the securities by the rating agencies with no significant disparity between the absolute securities ratings and the underlying credit ratings as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 68.5% and 65.5%, respectively, of the insured municipal securities, at fair value, most of which were investment grade, were insured by bond insurers that provide credit enhancement and ratings reflecting the credit of the underlying issuers. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the average rating of the Company’s insured municipal securities was A+ , which corresponded to the average rating of the investment grade bond insurers. The remaining 31.5% and 34.5% of insured municipal securities at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, were non-rated or below investment grade, and were insured by bond insurers that the Company believes did not provide credit enhancement. The modified duration of the municipal securities portfolio reflecting anticipated early calls was 3.1 years and 3.6 years at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
The Company considers the strength of the underlying credit as a buffer against potential market value declines which may result from future rating downgrades of the bond insurers. In addition, the Company has a long-term time horizon for its municipal bond holdings, which generally allows it to recover the full principal amounts upon maturity and avoid forced sales prior to maturity of bonds that have declined in market value due to the bond insurers’ rating downgrades. Based on the uncertainty surrounding the financial condition of these insurers, it is possible that there will be future downgrades to below investment grade ratings by the rating agencies in the future, and such downgrades could impact the estimated fair value of municipal bonds.

Mortgage-Backed Securities

At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, substantially all of the mortgage-backed securities portfolio of $156.7 million and $166.3 million, or 3.8% and 4.1%, respectively, of the Company's fixed maturity securities portfolio, at fair value, was categorized as loans to “prime” residential and commercial real estate borrowers. The Company had holdings of $25.5 million and $27.3 million at fair value ($26.4 million and $28.4 million at amortized cost) in commercial mortgage-backed securities at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
The weighted-average rating of the entire mortgage-backed securities portfolio was AA at each of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The modified duration of the mortgage-backed securities portfolio reflecting anticipated early calls was 10.4 years and 7.3 years at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Corporate Securities

Corporate securities included in fixed maturity securities were as follows:
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (Dollars in thousands)
Corporate securities at fair value$594,761 $569,553 
Percentage of total fixed maturity securities portfolio14.5 %13.9 %
Modified duration2.7 years3.1 years
Weighted-average ratingAA-

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Collateralized Loan Obligations

Collateralized loan obligations included in fixed maturity securities were as follows:
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (Dollars in thousands)
Collateralized loan obligations at fair value$362,220 $320,252 
Percentage of total fixed maturity securities portfolio8.8 %7.8 %
Modified duration4.0 years4.6 years
Weighted-average ratingAA-A+

Other Asset-Backed Securities

Other asset-backed securities included in fixed maturity securities were as follows:
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (Dollars in thousands)
Other asset-backed securities at fair value$106,102 $136,456 
Percentage of total fixed maturity securities portfolio2.6 %3.3 %
Modified duration2.6 years3.1 years
Weighted-average ratingAA+

Equity Securities

Equity holdings of $670.5 million and $699.6 million at fair value, as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, consisted of non-redeemable preferred stocks, common stocks on which dividend income is partially tax-sheltered by the 50% corporate dividend received deduction, and private equity funds. The Company had a net loss of $9.4 million and $174.7 million due to changes in fair value of the Company’s equity securities portfolio for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The primary cause for the decreases in fair value of the Company’s equity securities portfolio for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was the overall decline in equity markets.

The Company’s common stock allocation is intended to enhance the return of and provide diversification for the total portfolio. At June 30, 2023, 13.5% of the total investment portfolio at fair value was held in equity securities, compared to 14.2% at December 31, 2022 .
D. Debt

On March 8, 2017, the Company completed a public debt offering issuing $375 million of senior notes. The notes are unsecured senior obligations of the Company, with a 4.4% annual coupon payable on March 15 and September 15 of each year commencing September 15, 2017. The notes mature on March 15, 2027. The Company used the proceeds from the notes to pay off amounts outstanding under the existing loan and credit facilities and for general corporate purposes. The Company incurred debt issuance costs of approximately $3.4 million, inclusive of underwriters' fees. The notes were issued at a slight discount of 99.847% of par, resulting in the effective annualized interest rate, including debt issuance costs, of approximately 4.45%.

On March 31, 2021, the Company entered into an unsecured $75 million five-year revolving credit facility. On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into the First Amendment to this credit facility. The First Amendment extended the maturity date of the loan to November 16, 2026 from March 31, 2026 with possible further extension if certain conditions are met, increased the aggregate commitments by all the lenders to $200 million from $75 million, and replaced the LIBOR with the Term SOFR. The interest rates on borrowings under the credit facility are based on the Company's debt to total capital ratio and range from Term SOFR plus 112.5 basis points when the ratio is under 20% to Term SOFR plus 150.0 basis points when the ratio is greater than or equal to 30%. Commitment fees for the undrawn portions of the credit facility range from 12.5 basis points when the ratio is under 20% to 22.5 basis points when the ratio is greater than or equal to 30%. The debt to total capital ratio is expressed as a percentage of (a) consolidated debt to (b) consolidated shareholders' equity plus consolidated debt. The Company's debt to total capital ratio was 24.3% at June 30, 2023, resulting in a 15.0 basis point commitment fee on the $125 million undrawn portion of the credit facility. As of July 27, 2023, a total of $75 million was drawn under this facility on a three-month revolving basis at an annual interest rate of approximately 6.58%. The Company contributed $50 million of the
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total amount drawn to the surplus of one of its consolidated insurance subsidiaries in the first quarter of 2023, and used the remainder for general corporate purposes.

The Company was in compliance with all of the financial covenants pertaining to minimum statutory surplus, debt to total capital ratio, and risk based capital ratio under the unsecured credit facility at June 30, 2023.

For additional information on debt, see Note 11. Notes Payable of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

E. Regulatory Capital Requirements

Among other considerations, industry and regulatory guidelines suggest that the ratio of a property and casualty insurer’s annual net premiums written to statutory policyholders’ surplus should not exceed 3.0 to 1. Based on the combined surplus of all the Insurance Companies of $1.44 billion at June 30, 2023, and net premiums written of $4.08 billion for the twelve months ended on that date, the ratio of net premiums written to surplus was 2.83 to 1 at June 30, 2023.
 
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks

The Company is subject to various market risk exposures primarily due to its investing and borrowing activities. Primary market risk exposures are changes in interest rates, equity prices, and credit risk. Adverse changes to these rates and prices may occur due to changes in the liquidity of a market, or to changes in market perceptions of creditworthiness and risk tolerance. The following disclosure reflects estimates of future performance and economic conditions. Actual results may differ.
Overview
The Company’s investment policies define the overall framework for managing market and investment risks, including accountability and controls over risk management activities, and specify the investment limits and strategies that are appropriate given the liquidity, surplus, product profile, and regulatory requirements of the subsidiaries. Executive oversight of investment activities is conducted primarily through the Company’s investment committee. The Company’s investment committee focuses on strategies to enhance after-tax yields, mitigate market risks, and optimize capital to improve profitability and returns.
The Company manages exposures to market risk through the use of asset allocation, duration, and credit ratings. Asset allocation limits place restrictions on the total amount of funds that may be invested within an asset class. Duration limits on the fixed maturity securities portfolio place restrictions on the amount of interest rate risk that may be taken. Comprehensive day-to-day management of market risk within defined tolerance ranges occurs as portfolio managers buy and sell within their respective markets based upon the acceptable boundaries established by investment policies.

Credit Risk

Credit risk results from uncertainty in a counterparty’s ability to meet its obligations. Credit risk is managed by maintaining a high credit quality fixed maturity securities portfolio. As of June 30, 2023, the estimated weighted-average credit quality rating of the fixed maturity securities portfolio was A+, at fair value, consistent with the average rating at December 31, 2022.

The following table presents fixed maturity municipal securities by state in descending order of holdings at fair value at June 30, 2023: 
StatesFair ValueAverage Rating
 (Amounts in thousands) 
Florida$318,735 A
Texas237,243 AA-
New York171,623 AA-
Illinois170,038 A+
California168,645 A+
Other states1,649,152 A+
Total$2,715,436 

At June 30, 2023, the fixed maturity municipal securities portfolio was broadly diversified among the states and the
42
largest holdings were in populous states such as Florida and Texas. These holdings were further diversified primarily among cities, counties, schools, public works, hospitals, and state general obligations. The Company seeks to minimize overall credit risk and ensure diversification by limiting exposure to any particular issuer.

Taxable fixed maturity securities represented 40.8% of the Company’s total fixed maturity securities portfolio at fair value at June 30, 2023. 9.5% of the Company’s taxable fixed maturity securities at fair value were comprised of U.S. government bonds and agencies, which were rated AAA at June 30, 2023. 0.2% of the Company’s taxable fixed maturity securities at fair value, representing 0.1% of its total fixed maturity securities portfolio at fair value, were rated below investment grade at June 30, 2023. Below investment grade issues are considered “watch list” items by the Company, and their status is evaluated within the context of the Company’s overall portfolio and its investment policy on an aggregate risk management basis, as well as their ability to recover their investment on an individual issue basis.

Equity Price Risk
Equity price risk is the risk that the Company will incur losses due to adverse changes in equity markets.

At June 30, 2023, the Company’s primary objective for common equity investments was current income. The fair value of the equity investments consisted of $531.8 million in common stocks, $51.7 million in non-redeemable preferred stocks, and $87.0 million in private equity funds. Common stocks are typically valued for future economic prospects as perceived by the market.
Common stocks represented 10.7% of total investments at fair value at June 30, 2023. Beta is a measure of a security’s systematic (non-diversifiable) risk, which is measured by the percentage change in an individual security’s return for a 1% change in the return of the market.
Based on hypothetical reductions in the overall value of the stock market, the following table illustrates estimated reductions in the overall value of the Company’s common stock portfolio at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(Amounts in thousands, except average Beta)
Average Beta0.81 0.84 
Hypothetical reduction of 25% in the overall value of the stock market $107,288 $116,518 
Hypothetical reduction of 50% in the overall value of the stock market $214,577 $233,036 

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the Company will incur a loss due to adverse changes in interest rates relative to the interest rate characteristics of interest bearing assets and liabilities. The Company faces interest rate risk as it invests a substantial amount of funds in interest sensitive assets and holds interest sensitive liabilities. Interest rate risk includes risks related to changes in U.S. Treasury yields and other key benchmarks, as well as changes in interest rates resulting from widening credit spreads and credit exposure to collateralized securities.
The fixed maturity securities portfolio, which represented 82.6% of total investments at June 30, 2023 at fair value, is subject to interest rate risk. The change in market interest rates is inversely related to the change in the fair value of the fixed maturity securities portfolio. A common measure of the interest sensitivity of fixed maturity securities is modified duration, a calculation that utilizes maturity, coupon rate, yield and call terms to calculate an average age to receive the present value of all the cash flows produced by such assets, including reinvestment of interest. The longer the duration, the more sensitive the asset is to market interest rate fluctuations.
The Company has historically invested in fixed maturity securities with a goal of maximizing after-tax yields and holding assets to the maturity or call date. Since assets with longer maturities tend to produce higher current yields, the Company’s historical investment philosophy resulted in a portfolio with a moderate duration. Fixed maturity securities purchased by the Company typically have call options attached, which further reduce the duration of the asset as interest rates decline. The modified duration of the overall fixed maturity securities portfolio reflecting anticipated early calls was 3.1 years and 3.5 years at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

If interest rates were to rise by 100 and 200 basis points, the Company estimates that the fair value of its fixed maturity securities portfolio at June 30, 2023 would decrease by $133.8 million and $267.6 million, respectively. Conversely, if interest rates were to decrease, the fair value of the Company’s fixed maturity securities portfolio would rise, and it may cause a higher
43
number of the Company's fixed maturity securities to be called away. The proceeds from the called fixed maturity securities would likely be reinvested at lower yields, which would result in lower overall investment income for the Company.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
As required by Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 13a-15(b), the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the quarter covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on the foregoing, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s process for evaluating controls and procedures is continuous and encompasses constant improvement of the design and effectiveness of established controls and procedures and the remediation of any deficiencies which may be identified during this process.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The Company is, from time to time, named as a defendant in various lawsuits or regulatory actions incidental to its insurance business. The majority of lawsuits brought against the Company relate to insurance claims that arise in the normal course of business and are reserved for through the reserving process. For a discussion of the Company’s reserving methods, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The Company establishes reserves for non-insurance claims related lawsuits, regulatory actions, and other contingencies when the Company believes a loss is probable and is able to estimate its potential exposure. For loss contingencies believed to be reasonably possible, the Company also discloses the nature of the loss contingency and an estimate of the possible loss, range of loss, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. In addition, the Company accrues for anticipated legal defense costs associated with such lawsuits and regulatory actions. While actual losses may differ from the amounts recorded and the ultimate outcome of the Company's pending actions is generally not yet determinable, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of currently pending legal or regulatory proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or cash flows.
In all cases, the Company vigorously defends itself unless a reasonable settlement appears appropriate. For a discussion of any additional legal matters, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. See also “Overview-C. Regulatory and Legal Matters” in Part I-Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
There are no environmental proceedings arising under federal, state, or local laws or regulations to be discussed.



44
Item 1A. Risk Factors

The Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition are subject to various risks. These risks are described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in the Company’s other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The risk factors identified in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 have not changed in any material respect.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits
 
15.1
15.2
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
101.INSXBRL Instance Document- the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

45
SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION
Date: August 1, 2023 By:/s/ Gabriel Tirador
 Gabriel Tirador
 President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: August 1, 2023 By:/s/ Theodore R. Stalick
 Theodore R. Stalick
 Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
46

Exhibit 15.1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders
Mercury General Corporation:

Results of Review of Interim Financial Information
We have reviewed the consolidated balance sheet of Mercury General Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of June 30, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and shareholders' equity for the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of cash flows for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated interim financial information). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the consolidated interim financial information for it to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein); and in our report dated February 14, 2023, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it has been derived.
Basis for Review Results
This consolidated interim financial information is the responsibility of the Company’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our reviews in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of consolidated interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.
/S/ KPMG LLP
Los Angeles, California
August 1, 2023



Exhibit 15.2
Awareness Letter of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
August 1, 2023


The Board of Directors
Mercury General Corporation
 
Re:Registration Statement Nos. 333-125460, 333-202204, and 333-215344
With respect to the subject registration statements, we acknowledge our awareness of the use therein of our report dated August 1, 2023 related to our review of interim financial information.
Pursuant to Rule 436 under the Securities Act of 1933 (the Act), such report is not considered part of a registration statement prepared or certified by an independent registered public accounting firm, or a report prepared or certified by an independent registered public accounting firm within the meaning of Sections 7 and 11 of the Act.
 
/s/ KPMG LLP
Los Angeles, California



Exhibit 31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
I, Gabriel Tirador, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Mercury General Corporation;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 1, 2023 /s/ GABRIEL TIRADOR
 Gabriel Tirador, Chief Executive Officer


Exhibit 31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer
Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
I, Theodore R. Stalick, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Mercury General Corporation;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 1, 2023 /s/ THEODORE R. STALICK
 Theodore R. Stalick, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer



Exhibit 32.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of Mercury General Corporation (the “Company”) hereby certifies, to such officer’s knowledge, that:
(i) the accompanying Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the period ended June 30, 2023 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date: August 1, 2023 /s/ GABRIEL TIRADOR
 Gabriel Tirador, Chief Executive Officer
The foregoing certification is being furnished solely to accompany the Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.


Exhibit 32.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer
Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of Mercury General Corporation (the “Company”) hereby certifies, to such officer’s knowledge, that:
(i) the accompanying Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the period ended June 30, 2023 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date: August 1, 2023 /s/ THEODORE R. STALICK
 Theodore R. Stalick, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
The foregoing certification is being furnished solely to accompany the Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

v3.23.2
Cover Page - shares
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jul. 27, 2023
Cover [Abstract]    
Document Type 10-Q  
Document Quarterly Report true  
Document Period End Date Jun. 30, 2023  
Document Transition Report false  
Entity File Number 001-12257  
Entity Registrant Name MERCURY GENERAL CORPORATION  
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code CA  
Entity Tax Identification Number 95-2211612  
Entity Address, Address Line One 4484 Wilshire Boulevard  
Entity Address, City or Town Los Angeles,  
Entity Address, State or Province CA  
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code 90010  
City Area Code 323  
Local Phone Number 937-1060  
Title of 12(b) Security Common Stock  
Trading Symbol MCY  
Security Exchange Name NYSE  
Entity Current Reporting Status Yes  
Entity Interactive Data Current Yes  
Entity Filer Category Large Accelerated Filer  
Entity Small Business false  
Entity Emerging Growth Company false  
Entity Shell Company false  
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding   55,371,127
Amendment Flag false  
Document Fiscal Year Focus 2023  
Document Fiscal Period Focus Q2  
Entity Central Index Key 0000064996  
Current Fiscal Year End Date --12-31  
v3.23.2
Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Jun. 30, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
ASSETS    
Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost $4,216,242; $4,226,790) $ 4,094,703 $ 4,088,311
Equity securities (cost $649,151; $668,843) 670,491 699,552
Short-term investments (cost $190,991; $123,928) 189,991 122,937
Total investments 4,955,185 4,910,800
Cash 357,723 289,776
Receivables:    
Premiums 590,617 571,910
Allowance for credit losses on premiums receivable (5,400) (5,800)
Premiums receivable, net of allowance for credit losses 585,217 566,110
Accrued investment income 55,597 52,474
Other 15,092 11,358
Total receivables 655,906 629,942
Reinsurance recoverables 27,538 25,895
Deferred policy acquisition costs 278,261 266,475
Fixed assets (net of accumulated depreciation $307,036; $332,938) 160,067 171,442
Operating lease right-of-use assets 18,775 20,183
Current income taxes 90,126 55,136
Deferred income taxes 44,660 42,903
Goodwill 42,796 42,796
Other intangible assets, net 8,772 9,212
Other assets 50,831 49,628
Total assets 6,690,640 6,514,188
Liabilities    
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves 2,720,007 2,584,910
Unearned premiums 1,632,390 1,545,639
Notes payable 448,529 398,330
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 165,331 151,686
Operating lease liabilities 20,114 21,924
Other liabilities 304,129 289,568
Total liabilities 5,290,500 4,992,057
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity:    
Common stock without par value or stated value: Authorized 70,000 shares; issued and outstanding 55,371; 55,371 98,947 98,947
Retained earnings 1,301,193 1,423,184
Total shareholders’ equity 1,400,140 1,522,131
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 6,690,640 $ 6,514,188
v3.23.2
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Jun. 30, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]    
Amortized cost on fixed maturities trading investments $ 4,216,242 $ 4,226,790
Cost - equity security trading investments 649,151 668,843
Cost - short-term investments 190,991 123,928
Accumulated Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Property, Plant, and Equipment $ 307,036 $ 332,938
Common Stock    
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares) 70,000,000 70,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares) 55,371,000 55,371,000
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares) 55,371,000 55,371,000
v3.23.2
Consolidated Statements Of Operations - USD ($)
shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Revenues:        
Net premiums earned $ 1,034,469 $ 987,512 $ 2,039,173 $ 1,950,062
Net investment income 58,350 38,555 110,323 73,906
Net realized investment (losses) gains (19,778) (241,938) 29,229 (437,024)
Other 10,186 1,496 11,081 4,142
Total revenues 1,083,227 785,625 2,189,806 1,591,086
Expenses:        
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 897,810 826,779 1,827,339 1,648,713
Policy acquisition costs 172,737 156,482 337,245 318,574
Other operating expenses 68,341 69,430 138,031 139,720
Interest 5,549 4,274 10,479 8,548
Total expenses 1,144,437 1,056,965 2,313,094 2,115,555
Loss before income taxes (61,210) (271,340) (123,288) (524,469)
Income tax benefit (19,667) (60,659) (36,457) (116,870)
Net loss $ (41,543) $ (210,681) $ (86,831) $ (407,599)
Net loss per share:        
Basic (in dollars per share) $ (0.75) $ (3.80) $ (1.57) $ (7.36)
Diluted (in dollars per share) $ (0.75) $ (3.80) $ (1.57) $ (7.36)
Weighted average shares outstanding:        
Basic (in shares) 55,371 55,371 55,371 55,371
Diluted (in shares) 55,371 55,371 55,371 55,371
v3.23.2
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity Statement - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Total
Common stock
Retained Earnings
Shareholders' equity, beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021   $ 98,943 $ 2,041,338
Share-based compensation expense   15  
Withholding tax on stock options exercised   (11)  
Net loss $ (407,599)   (407,599)
Dividends paid to shareholders     (70,321)
Shareholders' equity, ending balance at Jun. 30, 2022 1,662,365 98,947 1,563,418
Shareholders' equity, beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2022   98,947 1,809,260
Share-based compensation expense   0  
Withholding tax on stock options exercised   0  
Net loss (210,681)   (210,681)
Dividends paid to shareholders     (35,161)
Shareholders' equity, ending balance at Jun. 30, 2022 1,662,365 98,947 1,563,418
Shareholders' equity, beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022 1,522,131 98,947 1,423,184
Share-based compensation expense   0  
Withholding tax on stock options exercised   0  
Net loss (86,831)   (86,831)
Dividends paid to shareholders     (35,160)
Shareholders' equity, ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023 1,400,140 98,947 1,301,193
Shareholders' equity, beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2023   98,947 1,360,316
Share-based compensation expense   0  
Withholding tax on stock options exercised   0  
Net loss (41,543)   (41,543)
Dividends paid to shareholders     (17,580)
Shareholders' equity, ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023 $ 1,400,140 $ 98,947 $ 1,301,193
v3.23.2
Consolidated Statements Of Cash Flows - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES    
Net loss $ (86,831) $ (407,599)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:    
Depreciation and amortization 35,917 45,699
Net realized investment (gains) losses (29,229) 437,024
Net (gains) losses on sales of fixed assets (5,855) 85
Increase in premiums receivable (19,107) (17,532)
(Increase) decrease in reinsurance recoverables (1,643) 17,293
Changes in current and deferred income taxes (36,747) (116,992)
Increase in deferred policy acquisition costs (11,786) (15,274)
Increase in loss and loss adjustment expense reserves 135,097 160,392
Increase in unearned premiums 86,751 78,141
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses 14,499 (1,756)
Other, net 24,296 15,425
Net cash provided by operating activities 105,362 194,906
Fixed maturity securities available for sale in nature:    
Purchases (255,888) (777,936)
Sales 118,121 365,827
Calls or maturities 124,542 266,801
Equity securities available for sale in nature:    
Purchases (628,971) (484,172)
Sales 668,730 504,912
Changes in securities payable and receivable (29,195) 2,694
Increase in short-term investments (63,238) (32,711)
Purchases of fixed assets (19,063) (17,072)
Sales of fixed assets 29,871 3
Other, net 3,478 2,451
Net cash used in investing activities (51,613) (169,203)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES    
Dividends paid to shareholders (35,160) (70,321)
Payments on finance lease obligations (642) (937)
Proceeds from bank borrowing 50,000 0
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 14,198 (71,258)
Net increase (decrease) in cash 67,947 (45,555)
Cash:    
Beginning of the year 289,776 335,557
End of period 357,723 290,002
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW DISCLOSURE    
Interest paid 8,409 8,325
Income taxes (refunded) paid, net $ (65) $ 175
v3.23.2
General
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
General General
Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Mercury General Corporation and its subsidiaries (referred to herein collectively as the “Company”). For the list of the Company’s subsidiaries, see Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. These interim financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which differ in some respects from those filed in reports to insurance regulatory authorities. The financial data of the Company included herein are unaudited. In the opinion of management, all material adjustments of a normal recurring nature have been made to present fairly the Company’s financial position at June 30, 2023 and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been omitted from the accompanying interim consolidated financial statements and related notes. Readers are urged to review the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for more complete descriptions and discussions. Operating results and cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates require the Company to apply complex assumptions and judgments, and often the Company must make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain and will likely change in subsequent periods. The most significant assumptions in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements relate to reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses ("LAE"). Actual results could differ from those estimates. See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Earnings (Loss) per Share
Potentially dilutive securities representing 17,500 shares of common stock were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, 2,276 and 3,012 incremental shares, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive due to a net loss position.
Dividends per Share
The Company declared and paid a dividend per share of $0.3175 and $0.6350 during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and dividends per share of $0.6350 and $1.2700 during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Deferred policy acquisition costs consist of commissions paid to outside agents, premium taxes, salaries, and certain other underwriting costs that are incremental or directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts and are amortized over the life of the related policy in proportion to premiums earned. Deferred policy acquisition costs are limited to the amount that will remain after deducting from unearned premiums and anticipated investment income, the estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses, and the servicing costs that will be incurred as premiums are earned. The Company’s deferred policy acquisition costs are further limited by excluding those costs not directly related to the successful acquisition of insurance contracts. Deferred policy acquisition cost amortization was $172.7 million and $156.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $337.2 million and $318.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company does not defer advertising expenditures but expenses them as incurred.
The Company recorded net advertising expense of approximately $2.3 million and $3.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4.2 million and $7.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Fixed Assets

A fixed asset classified as held for sale is measured at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell, and is presented separately from other fixed assets. An office building located in Clearwater, Florida was initially classified as a property held for sale at December 31, 2022, and $20.2 million of the property held for sale, which represented the fair value of the property less the estimated costs to sell, was included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets on that date. The Company completed the sale of this property on March 31, 2023 for a total sale price of $19.6 million, and recognized a loss of $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 associated with the sale, which is included in other revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023. $9.8 million of the total sale price was received in the form of a promissory note (the "Note"). $8.5 million of the sale price, after settlement of selling expenses and outstanding amounts due on the property, was received in cash. Only the cash received on the sale of the property is included in the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The Note is secured by the property sold, and bears interest at an annual rate of 7.0% for the first two years, with an adjustment to the greater of 7.0% or the rate on a one-year U.S. Treasury Bill at the two-year anniversary for the remainder of the term. The term of the Note is four years and interest is paid in monthly installments. In connection with the sale of the property, the Company entered into a lease agreement whereby the Company leased 14,883 square feet of office space, or approximately 9% of the total space of the property sold, from the new owner of the property. The lease term is five years, commencing on April 1, 2023, and the average annual base rent is approximately $0.4 million.

In addition, the Company completed the sale of an office building located in Rancho Cucamonga, California in May 2023 for a total sale price of $22.3 million, and recognized a gain of $7.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 associated with the sale, which is included in other revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The Company received $21.4 million in cash, after settlement of selling expenses. In connection with the sale of the property, the Company entered into a lease agreement whereby the Company leased 6,000 square feet of office space, or approximately 5% of the total space of the property sold, from the new owner of the property. The lease term is two years, commencing on May 16, 2023, and the average annual base rent is approximately $0.2 million. This office building was initially classified as a property held for sale at March 31, 2023, and $13.6 million of the property held for sale, which represented the carrying amount of the property, was included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets on that date.

Reinsurance

Unearned premiums and loss and loss adjustment expense reserves are stated in the accompanying consolidated financial statements before deductions for ceded reinsurance. Unearned premiums and loss and loss adjustment expense reserves that are ceded to reinsurers are carried in other assets and reinsurance recoverables, respectively, in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Earned premiums and losses and loss adjustment expenses are stated net of deductions for ceded reinsurance.
The Company is the assuming reinsurer under a Catastrophe Participation Reinsurance Contract (the "Contract") effective through December 31, 2025. The Company reimburses up to $30 million in losses for a proportional share of a portfolio of catastrophe losses under the Contract, to the extent the actual loss ratio exceeds the threshold loss ratio of 73.5%. If the actual loss ratio is less than the threshold loss ratio, the Company is eligible to receive a certain portion of the underwriting profit.

The Company is party to a Catastrophe Reinsurance Treaty (the "Treaty") covering a wide range of perils that is effective through June 30, 2024. The Treaty provides $1,111 million of coverage on a per occurrence basis after covered catastrophe losses exceed the $100 million Company retention limit. The Treaty specifically excludes coverage for any Florida business and for California earthquake losses on fixed property policies, such as homeowners, but does cover losses from fires following an earthquake. The Treaty provides for one full reinstatement of coverage limits with a minor exception at certain upper layers of coverage, and includes some additional minor territorial and coverage restrictions.
The effect of reinsurance on property and casualty premiums written and earned was as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Premiums Written
Direct $1,132,216 $1,025,749 $2,144,453 $2,037,134 
Ceded(24,184)(17,370)(47,574)(34,971)
Assumed66 279 15,097 10,444 
     Net$1,108,098 $1,008,658 $2,111,976 $2,012,607 
Premiums Earned
Direct$1,047,413 $994,659 $2,064,283 $1,964,822 
Ceded(23,999)(17,097)(47,197)(34,559)
Assumed3,856 2,742 7,746 5,459 
     Net$1,027,270 $980,304 $2,024,832 $1,935,722 

The Company recognized ceded premiums earned of approximately $24 million and $17 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $47 million and $35 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are included in net premiums earned in its consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognized ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses of approximately $(3) million and $(6) million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4 million and $(13) million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are included in losses and loss adjustment expenses in its consolidated statements of operations. The negative ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 and six months ended June 30, 2022 were primarily the result of favorable development on prior years' catastrophe losses that had been ceded to the Company's reinsurers.

The Company's insurance subsidiaries, as primary insurers, are required to pay losses to the extent reinsurers are unable to discharge their obligations under the reinsurance agreements.
Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)

The Company's revenue from contracts with customers is commission income earned from third-party insurers by its 100% owned insurance agencies, which amounted to approximately $5.0 million and $4.6 million, with related expenses of $2.7 million and $2.8 million, for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $9.8 million and $9.0 million, with related expenses of $5.5 million and $5.6 million, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. All of the commission income, net of related expenses, is included in other revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations, and in other income of the Property and Casualty business segment in the Company's segment reporting (see Note 13. Segment Information).

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had no contract assets and contract liabilities, and no remaining performance obligations associated with unrecognized revenues.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) uses the "expected loss" methodology for recognizing credit losses for financial assets that are not accounted for at fair value through net income. The Company's investment portfolio, excluding accrued investment income, was not affected by Topic 326 as it applies the fair value option to all of its investments. The estimated allowance amounts for credit losses at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 related to premiums receivable.

Premiums Receivable

The majority of the Company's premiums receivable are short-term in nature and are due within a year, consistent with the policy term of its insurance policies sold. Generally, premiums are collected prior to providing risk coverage, minimizing the Company's exposure to credit risk. In estimating an allowance for uncollectible premiums receivable, the Company assesses customer balances and write-offs by state, line of business, and the year the premiums were written. The estimated allowance is based on historical write-off percentages adjusted for the effects of current trends and reasonable and supportable forecasts, as
well as expected recoveries of amounts written off.

The following table presents a summary of changes in allowance for credit losses on premiums receivable:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Beginning balance$5,800 $6,000 $5,800 $6,000 
     Provision during the period for expected credit losses 332 1,007 1,468 2,177 
Write-off amounts during the period(877)(1,168)(2,147)(2,487)
Recoveries during the period of amounts previously written off 145 161 279 310 
Ending balance $5,400 $6,000 $5,400 $6,000 

Accrued Interest Receivables
The Company made certain accounting policy elections for its accrued interest receivables allowed under Topic 326: a) an election to present accrued interest receivable balances separately from the associated financial assets on the balance sheet, and b) an election not to measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable amounts and instead write off uncollectible accrued interest amounts in a timely manner by reversing interest income. The Company's accrued interest receivable balances are included in accrued investment income receivable in its consolidated balance sheets. There were no accrued interest receivable amounts considered uncollectible or written off during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.
v3.23.2
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Accounting Standards Update and Change in Accounting Principle [Abstract]  
Recently Issued Accounting Standards Recently Issued Accounting Standards In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting." ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or other interbank offered rates expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. ASU 2020-04 was effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848," which defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The Company does not expect any material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures resulting from applying these ASUs.
v3.23.2
Financial Instruments
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Financial Instruments Financial Instruments
Financial instruments recorded in the consolidated balance sheets include investments, note receivable, other receivables, options sold, accounts payable, and unsecured notes payable. Due to their short-term maturities, the carrying values of other receivables and accounts payable approximate their fair values. All investments are carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the fair values of financial instruments:
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Assets
Investments$4,955,185 $4,910,800 
Note receivable9,925 — 
Liabilities
Options sold817 162 
Notes payable429,651 375,631 
Investments
Interest and dividend income on investment holdings are recognized on an accrual basis at each measurement date and are
included in net investment income in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The cost of investments sold is determined on a first-in and first-out method and realized gains and losses are included in net realized investment gains or losses in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.

In the normal course of investing activities, the Company either forms or enters into relationships with variable interest entities ("VIEs"). A VIE is an entity that either has investors that lack certain essential characteristics of a controlling financial interest, such as simple majority kick-out rights, or lacks sufficient funds to finance its own activities without financial support provided by other entities. The Company performs ongoing qualitative assessments of the VIEs to determine whether the Company has a controlling financial interest in the VIE and therefore is the primary beneficiary. The Company is deemed to have a controlling financial interest when it has both the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Based on the Company's assessment, if it determines it is the primary beneficiary, the Company consolidates the VIE in its consolidated financial statements.

From time to time, the Company forms special purpose investment vehicles to facilitate its investment activities involving derivative instruments such as total return swaps, or limited partnerships such as private equity funds. These special purpose investment vehicles are consolidated VIEs as the Company has determined it is the primary beneficiary of such VIEs. Creditors have no recourse against the Company in the event of default by these VIEs. The Company had no implied or unfunded commitments to these VIEs at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company's financial or other support provided to these VIEs and its loss exposure are limited to its collateral and original investment.

The Company invests, directly or indirectly through its consolidated VIEs, in limited partnerships or limited liability companies such as private equity funds. These investments are non-consolidated VIEs as the Company has determined it is not the primary beneficiary of such VIEs. The Company's maximum exposure to loss with respect to these VIEs is limited to the total carrying value that is included in equity securities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $8 million and $9 million, respectively, in unfunded commitments to these VIEs.
    
Note Receivable

Note receivable resulted from the sale of an office building. For additional information, see Note 1. General—Fixed Assets. Note receivable is included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets, and interest earned on note receivable is recognized in other revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.

Options Sold
The Company writes covered call options through listed and over-the-counter exchanges. When the Company writes an option, an amount equal to the premium received by the Company is recorded as a liability and is subsequently adjusted to the current fair value of the option written. Premiums received from writing options that expire unexercised are treated by the Company as realized gains from investments on the expiration date. If a call option is exercised, the premium is added to the proceeds from the sale of the underlying security or currency in determining whether the Company has realized a gain or loss. The Company, as writer of an option, bears the market risk of an unfavorable change in the price of the security underlying the written option. Liabilities for covered call options are included in other liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

Notes Payable
The fair values of the Company’s publicly traded $375 million unsecured notes at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and its $75 million and $25 million drawn under the unsecured credit facility at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, were obtained from a third party pricing service.

For additional disclosures regarding methods and assumptions used in estimating fair values, see Note 5. Fair Value Measurements.
v3.23.2
Fair Value Option
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Fair Value Option [Abstract]  
Fair Value Option Fair Value OptionThe Company applies the fair value option to all fixed maturity and equity investment securities, short-term investments, and note receivable. The primary reasons for electing the fair value option were simplification and cost-benefit considerations as well as the expansion of the use of fair value measurement by the Company consistent with the long-term measurement objectives of the FASB for accounting for financial instruments.
Gains or losses due to changes in fair value of financial instruments measured at fair value pursuant to application of the fair value option are included in net realized investment gains or losses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

The following table presents gains or losses recognized due to changes in fair value of financial instruments pursuant to application of the fair value option:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities$(22,835)$(88,273)$16,940 $(246,201)
Equity securities(12,608)(134,369)(9,368)(174,690)
Short-term investments(42)(1,667)(8)(1,665)
       Total investment (losses) gains$(35,485)$(224,309)$7,564 $(422,556)
Note receivable125 — 125 — 
       Total (losses) gains$(35,360)$(224,309)$7,689 $(422,556)
v3.23.2
Fair Value Measurement
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Financial Instruments, Financial Assets, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurement Fair Value Measurements
The Company employs a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date using the exit price. Accordingly, when market observable data are not readily available, the Company’s own assumptions are used to reflect those that market participants would be presumed to use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the level of judgment associated with inputs used to measure their fair values and the level of market price observability, as follows:

Level 1Unadjusted quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date.
Level 2
Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are based on the following:
 
•     Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;
 
•     Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets; or
 
•     Either directly or indirectly observable inputs as of the reporting date.
Level 3Pricing inputs are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement, and the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

In certain cases, inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Thus, a Level 3 fair value measurement may include inputs that are observable (Level 1 or Level 2) and unobservable (Level 3). The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and consideration of factors specific to the asset or liability.

The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market disruption. In periods of market disruption, the ability to observe prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be reclassified from Level 1 to Level 2, or from Level 2 to Level 3. The Company recognizes transfers between levels at either the actual date of the event or a change in circumstances that caused the transfer.

Summary of Significant Valuation Techniques for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
The Company’s fair value measurements are based on the market approach, which utilizes market transaction data for the same or similar instruments. The Company obtained unadjusted fair values on 98.2% of its investment portfolio at fair value from an independent pricing service at June 30, 2023.

Level 1 measurements - Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities are obtained from an independent pricing service, and are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Additional pricing services and
closing exchange values are used as a comparison to ensure that reasonable fair values are used in pricing the investment portfolio.
U.S. government bonds and agencies /Short-term bonds: Valued using unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets in active markets.
Common stock: Comprised of actively traded, exchange listed U.S. and international equity securities and valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets.
Money market instruments: Valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets.
Options sold: Comprised of free-standing exchange listed derivatives that are actively traded and valued based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
Level 2 measurements - Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities are obtained from an independent pricing service or outside brokers, and are based on prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Additional pricing services are used as a comparison to ensure reliable fair values are used in pricing the investment portfolio.
Municipal securities: Valued based on models or matrices using inputs such as quoted prices for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Mortgage-backed securities: Comprised of securities that are collateralized by residential and commercial mortgage loans valued based on models or matrices using multiple observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades and broker/dealer quotes, for identical or similar assets in active markets. The Company had holdings of $25.5 million and $27.3 million at fair value in commercial mortgage-backed securities at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Corporate securities/Short-term bonds: Valued based on a multi-dimensional model using multiple observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes and issue spreads, for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Non-redeemable preferred stock: Valued based on observable inputs, such as underlying and common stock of same issuer and appropriate spread over a comparable U.S. Treasury security, for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs"): Valued based on underlying debt instruments and the appropriate benchmark spread for similar assets in active markets.
Other asset-backed securities: Comprised of securities that are collateralized by non-mortgage assets, such as automobile loans, valued based on models or matrices using multiple observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, reported trades and broker/dealer quotes, for identical or similar assets in active markets.
Note receivable: Valued based on observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, and considering any premium or discount for the differential between the stated interest rate and market interest rates, based on quoted market prices of similar instruments.
Level 3 measurements - Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities are based on inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement, including any items in which the evaluated prices obtained elsewhere are deemed to be of a distressed trading level. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any financial assets or financial liabilities based on Level 3 measurements.
Fair value measurement using NAV practical expedient - The fair value of the Company's investment in private equity funds measured at net asset value ("NAV") is determined using NAV as advised by the external fund managers and the third party administrators. The NAV of the Company's limited partnership or limited liability company interest in such a fund is based on the manager's and the administrator's valuation of the underlying holdings in accordance with the fund's governing documents and GAAP. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, private equity funds measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. At June 30, 2023, the Company had capital invested in five such funds: the strategy of three such funds with a combined fair value of approximately $85.4 million at June 30, 2023 is to provide current income to investors by investing mainly in secured loans, CLOs or CLO issuers, and equity interests in vehicles established to purchase and warehouse loans; the strategy of another such fund with a fair value of approximately $0 at June 30, 2023 is to achieve favorable long-term financial returns and measurable positive social and environmental returns by investing in privately held technology, healthcare, specialty consumer goods and service companies; and the strategy of the other such fund with a fair value of approximately $1.6 million at June 30, 2023 is to achieve long-term capital appreciation through privately-negotiated venture capital investments in seed- and early-stage portfolio companies with technology-enabled business models. The Company had approximately $8 million in unfunded commitments at June 30, 2023 with respect to the private
equity funds measured at NAV. The underlying assets of the funds are expected to be liquidated over the period of approximately one year to nine years from June 30, 2023. In addition, the Company does not have the ability to redeem or withdraw from the funds, or to sell, assign, pledge or transfer its investment, without the consent from the General Partner or Managers of each fund, but will receive distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets and the interest proceeds from the underlying assets.
The Company’s financial instruments at fair value are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets on a trade-date basis. Related unrealized gains or losses are recognized in net realized investment gains or losses in the consolidated statements of operations. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs.

The following tables present information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair values:

 June 30, 2023
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (Amounts in thousands)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government bonds and agencies$116,762 $42,772 $— $159,534 
Municipal securities— 2,715,436 — 2,715,436 
Mortgage-backed securities — 156,650 — 156,650 
Corporate securities— 594,761 — 594,761 
Collateralized loan obligations— 362,220 — 362,220 
Other asset-backed securities— 106,102 — 106,102 
Total fixed maturity securities116,762 3,977,941 — 4,094,703 
Equity securities:
Common stock531,788 — — 531,788 
Non-redeemable preferred stock— 51,722 — 51,722 
Private equity funds measured at net asset value (1)
86,981 
Total equity securities531,788 51,722 — 670,491 
Short-term investments:
Short-term bonds53,120 1,979 — 55,099 
Money market instruments134,852 — — 134,852 
Other40 — — 40 
Total short-term investments188,012 1,979 — 189,991 
Other assets:
Note receivable
— 9,925 — 9,925 
Total assets at fair value$836,562 $4,041,567 $— $4,965,110 
Liabilities
Other liabilities:
Options sold$817 $— $— $817 
Total liabilities at fair value$817 $— $— $817 
 December 31, 2022
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (Amounts in thousands)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government bonds $103,519 $55,088 $— $158,607 
Municipal securities— 2,737,183 — 2,737,183 
Mortgage-backed securities — 166,260 — 166,260 
Corporate securities— 569,553 — 569,553 
Collateralized loan obligations— 320,252 — 320,252 
Other asset-backed securities— 136,456 — 136,456 
Total fixed maturity securities103,519 3,984,792 — 4,088,311 
Equity securities:
Common stock558,169 —— 558,169 
Non-redeemable preferred stock— 51,236 — 51,236 
Private equity funds measured at net asset value (1)
90,147 
Total equity securities558,169 51,236 — 699,552 
Short-term investments:
Short-term bonds51,638 8,238 — 59,876 
Money market instruments63,021 — — 63,021 
Other40 — — 40 
Total short-term investments114,699 8,238 — 122,937 
Total assets at fair value$776,387 $4,044,266 $— $4,910,800 
Liabilities
Other liabilities:
Options sold$162 $— $— $162 
Total liabilities at fair value$162 $— $— $162 
__________ 
(1) The fair value is measured using the NAV practical expedient; therefore, it is not categorized within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amount is presented in this table to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2, and 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

At June 30, 2023, there were no material assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
Financial Instruments Disclosed, But Not Carried, at Fair Value
The following tables present the carrying value and fair value of the Company’s financial instruments disclosed, but not carried, at fair value, and the level within the fair value hierarchy at which such instruments are categorized:
 June 30, 2023
 Carrying ValueFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
 (Amounts in thousands)
Liabilities
Notes payable:
Unsecured notes$373,529 $354,660 $— $354,660 $— 
Unsecured credit facility75,000 74,991 — 74,991 — 
Total$448,529 $429,651 $— $429,651 $— 
 December 31, 2022
 Carrying ValueFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
 (Amounts in thousands)
Liabilities
Notes payable:
Unsecured notes$373,330 $350,644 $— $350,644 $— 
Unsecured credit facility25,000 24,987 — 24,987 — 
Total$398,330 $375,631 $— $375,631 $— 

Unsecured Notes
The fair value of the Company’s publicly traded $375 million unsecured notes at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was based on the spreads above the risk-free yield curve. These spreads are generally obtained from the new issue market, secondary trading and broker-dealer quotes. See Note 11. Notes Payable for additional information on unsecured notes.

Unsecured Credit Facility
The fair values of the Company's $75 million and $25 million drawn under the unsecured credit facility at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are based on the unadjusted quoted price for similar notes in active markets. See Note 11. Notes Payable for additional information on the unsecured credit facility.
v3.23.2
Derivative Financial Instruments
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
General Discussion of Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities [Abstract]  
Derivative Financial Instruments Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations. The primary risk managed by using derivative instruments is equity price risk. Equity contracts (options sold) on various equity securities are intended to manage the price risk associated with forecasted purchases or sales of such securities. From time to time, the Company also enters into derivative contracts to enhance returns on its investment portfolio.
The following tables present the location and amounts of derivative fair values in the consolidated balance sheets and derivative gains or losses in the consolidated statements of operations:
 Derivatives
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (Amount in thousands)
Options sold - Other liabilities$817 $162 
Total $817 $162 
 Gains Recognized in Net Loss
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Options sold - Net realized investment (losses) gains$1,596 $1,404 $2,824 $2,628 
Total$1,596 $1,404 $2,824 $2,628 

Most options sold consist of covered calls. The Company writes covered calls on underlying equity positions held as an enhanced income strategy that is permitted for the Company’s insurance subsidiaries under statutory regulations. The Company manages the risk associated with covered calls through strict capital limitations and asset diversification throughout various industries. See Note 5. Fair Value Measurements for additional disclosures regarding options sold.
v3.23.2
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
There were no changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. No accumulated goodwill impairment losses existed at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Goodwill is reviewed annually for impairment and more frequently if potential impairment indicators exist. No impairment indicators were identified during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. All of the Company's goodwill is associated with the Property
and Casualty business segment (See Note 13. Segment Information for additional information on the reportable business segment).
Other Intangible Assets
The following table presents the components of other intangible assets:
Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net Carrying
Amount		Useful Lives
 (Amounts in thousands)(in years)
As of June 30, 2023:
Customer relationships$54,862 $(53,586)$1,276 11
Trade names15,400 (9,304)6,096 24
Technology4,300 (4,300)— 10
Insurance license1,400 — 1,400 Indefinite
Total other intangible assets, net$75,962 $(67,190)$8,772 
As of December 31, 2022:
Customer relationships$54,862 $(53,467)$1,395 11
Trade names15,400 (8,983)6,417 24
Technology4,300 (4,300)— 10
Insurance license1,400 — 1,400 Indefinite
Total other intangible assets, net$75,962 $(66,750)$9,212 

Other intangible assets are reviewed annually for impairment and more frequently if potential impairment indicators exist. No impairment indicators were identified during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Other intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful lives. Amortization expense for other intangible assets was $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.4 million and $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense related to other intangible assets as of June 30, 2023:
YearAmortization Expense
 (Amounts in thousands)
Remainder of 2023$439 
2024851 
2025807 
2026807 
2027807 
Thereafter3,661 
Total$7,372 
v3.23.2
Share-Based Compensation
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Recognized Amount [Abstract]  
Share-Based Compensation Share-Based Compensation
In February 2015, the Company's Board of Directors adopted the 2015 Incentive Award Plan (the "2015 Plan"), replacing the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan which expired in January 2015. The 2015 Plan was approved at the Company's Annual Meeting of Shareholders in May 2015. A maximum of 4,900,000 shares of common stock are authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan upon exercise of stock options, stock appreciation rights and other awards, or upon vesting of restricted stock unit ("RSU") or deferred stock awards. The Company granted 80,000 stock options, 10,000 of which were forfeited, with 4,830,000 shares of common stock available for future grant under the 2015 Plan as of June 30, 2023.

Share-based compensation expenses for all stock options granted or modified are based on their estimated grant-date fair values. These compensation costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. The Company estimates forfeitures expected to occur in determining the amount of compensation cost to be recognized in each
period. As of June 30, 2023, all outstanding stock options have a term of ten years from the date of grant and become exercisable in four equal installments on the first through fourth anniversaries of the grant date. The fair value of stock option awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the grant-date assumptions and weighted-average fair values.

In February 2018, the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors awarded a total of 80,000 stock options to four senior executives under the 2015 Plan, which vested over the four-year requisite service period, except for 10,000 of these stock options that were forfeited in February 2019 following the departure of a senior executive. The fair values of these stock options were estimated on the date of grant using a closed-form option valuation model (Black-Scholes).

The following table provides the assumptions used in the calculation of grant-date fair values of these stock options based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model:

Weighted-average grant-date fair value$8.09 
Expected volatility33.18 %
Risk-free interest rate2.62 %
Expected dividend yield5.40 %
Expected term in months72

Expected volatilities are based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock over the term of the stock options. The expected term of stock options represents the period of time that stock options granted are expected to be outstanding, and is estimated based on historical exercise patterns and post-vesting termination behavior. The risk-free interest rate is determined based on U.S. Treasury yields with equivalent remaining terms in effect at the time of the grant.
As of June 30, 2023, the Company had no unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options awarded under the 2015 Plan.
No share-based compensation awards were granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023.
v3.23.2
Income Taxes
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
For financial statement purposes, the Company recognizes tax benefits related to positions taken, or expected to be taken, on a tax return only if the positions are “more-likely-than-not” sustainable. Once this threshold has been met, the Company’s measurement of its expected tax benefits is recognized in its consolidated financial statements.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits related to tax uncertainties decreased by approximately $2.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was the result of a settlement related to a California Franchise Tax Board audit for tax years 2012 and 2013.

The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service and the taxing authorities of various states. Tax years that remain subject to examination by major taxing jurisdictions are 2019 through 2021 for federal taxes, and 2011 and 2020 through 2021 for California state taxes. The Company has certain unresolved tax assessment issues for tax year 2011 for California state taxes that are not material to its consolidated financial statements. Tax years 2012 through 2019 for California state taxes have been resolved with no outstanding issues.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial reporting basis and the respective tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities, and expected benefits of utilizing net operating loss, capital loss, and tax-credit carryforwards. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized and, to the extent management does not believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized, a valuation allowance is established. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates or laws is recognized in net income (loss) in the period that includes the enactment date.

At June 30, 2023, the Company’s deferred income taxes were in a net asset position, which included a combination of ordinary and capital deferred tax expenses or benefits. In assessing the Company’s ability to realize deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income of the
appropriate character within the carryback and carryforward periods available under the tax law. Management considers the reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income of an appropriate nature, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. The Company believes that through projected future taxable income of an appropriate nature, the use of prudent tax planning strategies, and the generation of capital gains, sufficient income will be realized in order to maximize the full benefits of its deferred tax assets. Although realization is not assured, management believes that it is more likely than not that the Company’s deferred tax assets will be realized.
v3.23.2
Loss And Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Insurance Loss Reserves [Abstract]  
Loss And Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves
The following table presents the activity in loss and loss adjustment expense reserves:
 Six Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Gross reserves, beginning of period$2,584,910 $2,226,430 
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses, beginning of period
(25,322)(41,377)
Net reserves, beginning of period2,559,588 2,185,053 
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses related to:
Current year1,847,123 1,597,354 
Prior years(19,784)51,359 
Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses1,827,339 1,648,713 
Loss and loss adjustment expense payments related to:
Current year874,245 738,472 
Prior years820,341 735,058 
Total payments1,694,586 1,473,530 
Net reserves, end of period2,692,341 2,360,236 
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses, end of period27,666 26,586 
Gross reserves, end of period$2,720,007 $2,386,822 

The decrease in the provision for insured events of prior years during the six months ended June 30, 2023 of $19.8 million was primarily attributable to lower than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the private passenger automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business, partially offset by unfavorable development in the commercial property line of insurance business. The increase in the provision for insured events of prior years during the six months ended June 30, 2022 of $51.4 million was primarily attributable to higher than estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses in the private passenger automobile and commercial property lines of insurance business, partially offset by favorable development in the commercial automobile and homeowners lines of insurance business. Extreme rates of inflation in 2022 have begun to moderate in 2023 but remain elevated. The impact of the inflationary pressures on loss severity in the automobile line of insurance business increased losses and loss adjustment expenses for the insured events of the current accident year for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022. The Company has increased rates and filed for additional rate increases in many states and is taking various non-rate actions to improve profitability.
For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred catastrophe losses net of reinsurance of approximately $190 million and $43 million, respectively. No reinsurance benefits were available for these losses as none of the catastrophe events during these periods individually resulted in losses in excess of the Company's retention limit. Catastrophe losses during the six months ended June 30, 2023 resulted primarily from winter storms and rainstorms in California, Texas and Oklahoma. Catastrophe losses during the six months ended June 30, 2022 resulted primarily from winter storms, rainstorms and hail in Texas and winter storms in California. The Company experienced favorable development of approximately $1 million and unfavorable development of approximately $3 million on prior years' catastrophe losses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
v3.23.2
Notes Payable
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Notes Payable [Abstract]  
Notes Payable Notes Payable
The following table presents information about the Company's notes payable:
LenderInterest RateMaturity DateJune 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(Amounts in thousands)
Senior unsecured notes(1)
Publicly traded4.40%March 15, 2027$375,000 $375,000 
Unsecured credit facility(2)
Bank of America, Wells Fargo Bank, and U.S. Bank
Term SOFR plus 112.5-150.0 basis points
November 16, 202675,000 25,000 
    Total principal amount450,000 400,000 
Less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs(3)
1,471 1,670 
Total debt$448,529 $398,330 
__________ 
(1)On March 8, 2017, the Company completed a public debt offering issuing $375 million of senior notes. The notes are unsecured, senior obligations of the Company with a 4.4% annual coupon payable on March 15 and September 15 of each year commencing September 15, 2017. The notes mature on March 15, 2027. The Company used the proceeds from the notes to pay off amounts outstanding under the existing loan and credit facilities and for general corporate purposes. The Company incurred debt issuance costs of approximately $3.4 million, inclusive of underwriters' fees. The notes were issued at a slight discount of 99.847% of par, resulting in the effective annualized interest rate, including debt issuance costs, of approximately 4.45%.
(2)On March 31, 2021, the Company entered into an unsecured $75 million five-year revolving credit facility. On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into the First Amendment to this credit facility. The First Amendment extended the maturity date of the loan to November 16, 2026 from March 31, 2026 with possible further extension if certain conditions are met, increased the aggregate commitments by all the lenders to $200 million from $75 million, and replaced the LIBOR with the Term SOFR. The interest rates on borrowings under the credit facility are based on the Company's debt to total capital ratio and range from Term SOFR plus 112.5 basis points when the ratio is under 20% to Term SOFR plus 150.0 basis points when the ratio is greater than or equal to 30%. Commitment fees for the undrawn portions of the credit facility range from 12.5 basis points when the ratio is under 20% to 22.5 basis points when the ratio is greater than or equal to 30%. The debt to total capital ratio is expressed as a percentage of (a) consolidated debt to (b) consolidated shareholders' equity plus consolidated debt. The Company's debt to total capital ratio was 24.3% at June 30, 2023, resulting in a 15.0 basis point commitment fee on the $125 million undrawn portion of the credit facility. As of July 27, 2023, a total of $75 million was drawn under this facility on a three-month revolving basis at an annual interest rate of approximately 6.58%. The Company contributed $50 million of the total amount drawn to the surplus of one of its consolidated insurance subsidiaries in the first quarter of 2023, and used the remainder for general corporate purposes.
(3)The unamortized discount and debt issuance costs are associated with the publicly traded $375 million senior unsecured notes. These are amortized to interest expense over the life of the notes, and the unamortized balance is presented in the Company's consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt. The unamortized costs of approximately $0.8 million associated with entering into the $200 million unsecured revolving credit facility maturing on November 16, 2026 are included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets and amortized to interest expense over the term of the credit facility.
v3.23.2
Contingencies
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]  
Contingencies Contingencies
The Company is, from time to time, named as a defendant in various lawsuits or regulatory actions incidental to its insurance business. The majority of lawsuits brought against the Company relate to insurance claims that arise in the normal course of business and are reserved for through the reserving process. For a discussion of the Company’s reserving methods, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

On September 10, 2021, the California Department of Insurance ("DOI") served the Company a Notice of Non-Compliance ("NNC"), alleging violations in connection with its 2014 Rating & Underwriting Examination Report, which was adopted by the California DOI in 2019. The NNC itemizes alleged violations, many of which management believes were corrected or otherwise resolved during the course of the examination, and seeks penalties. The Company has participated in lengthy and detailed discussions with the California DOI since the adoption of the examination report, in an attempt to address the issues deemed unresolved by the California DOI, and has taken several additional corrective actions approved by the California DOI. The Company is continuing discussions with the California DOI to resolve the outstanding issues, or at least obtain the agreement of the California DOI to remove the resolved items from the NNC before proceeding to a formal hearing
process if a settlement is not reached. On August 1, 2022, the California DOI publicly announced its intention to pursue an administrative action against the Company with respect to certain outstanding issues. The Company filed a written response to the NNC on September 29, 2022. The response, consisting of a notice of defense, a motion to strike, and a motion to dismiss, challenges the NNC on procedural and substantive grounds. On November 9, 2022, the California DOI served objections and non-substantive responses to the Company's discovery requests. The Company is continuing settlement discussions with the California DOI. The parties are also conferring regarding the possible filing of an Amended NNC that would eliminate the resolved items and identify the remaining issues in dispute should the matter proceed to a hearing. The Company cannot reasonably predict the likelihood, timing or outcome of any hearing process or administrative action, nor can it reasonably estimate the amount of penalties, if any.

On October 5, 2021, the Company received a letter from the California DOI requesting additional information on the amount of premium refunds or credits that the Company has provided or plans to further provide to its private passenger automobile policyholders, and the methodology used in determining such refunds or credits for the time period of March 2020 through at least March 2021, due to reduced driving during the pandemic. On October 6, 2021, the California DOI issued a press release alleging that the Company and two other insurers have not provided enough premium relief to the policyholders through premium refunds or credits for lower frequency resulting from reduced driving during the pandemic. Two private actions against the Company were also filed during the first quarter of 2022, asserting substantially the same arguments on behalf of an alleged class of similarly situated policyholders, and seeking restitution of the allegedly excessive premiums charged during the pandemic. On November 21, 2022, after its review of loss and expense data requested from and provided by the Company, the California DOI notified the Company that an additional total refund of approximately $52 million should be provided to its private passenger automobile policyholders, purportedly based upon its analysis of the Company’s data. The Company believes that the amounts returned to-date, including the mileage reductions on individual policies, have provided appropriate and material relief to its policyholders and that there is no legal basis for the California DOI or the courts to require the Company to issue additional refunds. The total amount of premiums returned to the Company's policyholders through refunds or credits is approximately $128 million, which reduced its net premiums earned for 2020. The Company also worked with its agents and policyholders to reclassify exposures on an individual policy basis, including reducing mileage on a large number of vehicles since the pandemic began. Management believes the mileage reductions significantly reduced premiums on those individual policies in a manner consistent with the Company’s filed and approved rates. The Company engaged in discussions with the California DOI, and on April 24, 2023, the Company entered into a stipulated settlement agreement with the California DOI (the “Settlement Stipulation”), which fully resolved all issues related to the California DOI’s alleged COVID refund obligations, with the exception of a similar issue involving Orion Indemnity Company, a small consolidated subsidiary of the Company, that was settled separately with the California DOI on May 15, 2023 for approximately $0.25 million to be paid to its existing California private passenger automobile policyholders. Under the Settlement Stipulation, the Company agreed to provide an aggregate credit amount of $25 million to the existing California private passenger automobile policyholders of Mercury Insurance Company ("MIC") and California Automobile Insurance Company ("CAIC"), significant consolidated subsidiaries of the Company, by means of a credit against the future private passenger automobile renewal premium obligations over a period not to exceed 18 months commencing on July 7, 2023. The renewal premium credits will be recorded as reductions to the Company’s net premiums earned and written in the periods when the applicable policies are renewed. Although the Company believes the voluntary amounts returned to date have provided appropriate relief to its policyholders and there is no legal basis for the California DOI to require the Company to issue additional refunds, the Company agreed to the Settlement Stipulation to resolve the matter and facilitate timely review and approval of its pending rate applications. The two private actions seeking COVID-related restitution have been coordinated and are still pending, and the Company intends to seek dismissal, based on the resolution with the California DOI, and based on California caselaw barring such retroactive relief. The Company cannot reasonably estimate the amount of such additional refunds or other losses, if any, that may be ordered by the court. If early dismissal cannot be obtained, the Company intends to vigorously defend the cases.

The Company establishes reserves for non-insurance claims related lawsuits, regulatory actions, and other contingencies when the Company believes a loss is probable and is able to estimate its potential exposure. For loss contingencies believed to be reasonably possible, the Company also discloses the nature of the loss contingency and an estimate of the possible loss, range of loss, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made. In addition, the Company accrues for anticipated legal defense costs associated with such lawsuits and regulatory actions. While actual losses may differ from the amounts recorded and the ultimate outcome of the Company's pending actions is generally not yet determinable, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of currently pending legal or regulatory proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or cash flows.
In all cases, the Company vigorously defends itself unless a reasonable settlement appears appropriate. For a discussion of any additional regulatory or legal matters, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
v3.23.2
Segment Information
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Segment Information Segment Information
The Company is primarily engaged in writing personal automobile insurance and provides related property and casualty insurance products to its customers through 12 subsidiaries in 11 states, principally in California.
The Company has one reportable business segment - the Property and Casualty business segment.
The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker evaluates operating results based on pre-tax underwriting results which is calculated as net premiums earned less (a) losses and loss adjustment expenses and (b) underwriting expenses (policy acquisition costs and other operating expenses).
Expenses are allocated based on certain assumptions that are primarily related to premiums and losses. The Company’s net investment income, net realized investment gains or losses, other income, and interest expense are excluded in evaluating pretax underwriting profit. The Company does not allocate its assets, including investments, or income taxes in evaluating pre-tax underwriting profit.
Property and Casualty Lines
The Property and Casualty business segment offers several insurance products to the Company’s individual customers and small business customers. These insurance products are: private passenger automobile which is the Company’s primary business, and related insurance products such as homeowners, commercial automobile and commercial property. These related insurance products are primarily sold to the Company’s individual customers and small business customers, which increases retention of the Company’s private passenger automobile client base. The insurance products comprising the Property and Casualty business segment are sold through the same distribution channels, mainly through independent and 100% owned insurance agents, and go through a similar underwriting process.

Other Lines
The Other business segment represents net premiums written and earned from an operating segment that does not meet the quantitative thresholds required to be considered a reportable segment. This operating segment offers automobile mechanical protection warranties which are primarily sold through automobile dealerships and credit unions.

The following tables present the Company's operating results by reportable segment:
Three Months Ended June 30,
20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Net premiums earned$1,027.3 $7.2 $1,034.5 $980.3 $7.2 $987.5 
Less:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses893.9 3.9 897.8 823.0 3.8 826.8 
Underwriting expenses237.4 3.8 241.2 224.5 1.4 225.9 
Underwriting (loss) gain(104.0)(0.5)(104.5)(67.2)2.0 (65.2)
Investment income58.4 38.6 
Net realized investment losses(19.8)(241.9)
Other income10.2 1.5 
Interest expense(5.5)(4.3)
Pre-tax loss$(61.2)$(271.3)
Net loss$(41.5)$(210.7)
Six Months Ended June 30,
20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Net premiums earned$2,024.8 $14.4 $2,039.2 $1,935.7 $14.4 $1,950.1 
Less:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses1,819.7 7.6 1,827.3 1,641.3 7.4 1,648.7 
Underwriting expenses468.0 7.3 475.3 453.7 4.7 458.4 
Underwriting (loss) gain(262.9)(0.5)(263.4)(159.3)2.3 (157.0)
Investment income110.3 73.9 
Net realized investment gains (losses)29.2 (437.0)
Other income11.1 4.1 
Interest expense(10.5)(8.5)
Pre-tax loss$(123.3)$(524.5)
Net loss$(86.8)$(407.6)

The following tables present the Company’s net premiums earned and direct premiums written by reportable segment and line of insurance business:
Three Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Private passenger automobile$674.7 $— $674.7 $666.0 $— $666.0 
Homeowners233.9 — 233.9 205.9 — 205.9 
Commercial automobile72.1 — 72.1 66.1 — 66.1 
Other46.6 7.2 53.8 42.3 7.2 49.5 
Net premiums earned$1,027.3 $7.2 $1,034.5 $980.3 $7.2 $987.5 
Private passenger automobile$698.5 $— $698.5 $653.8 $— $653.8 
Homeowners294.5 — 294.5 251.8 — 251.8 
Commercial automobile82.7 — 82.7 69.8 — 69.8 
Other56.5 7.3 63.8 50.3 8.4 58.7 
Direct premiums written$1,132.2 $7.3 $1,139.5 $1,025.7 $8.4 $1,034.1 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Private passenger automobile$1,335.3 $1,335.3 $1,325.3 $— $1,325.3 
Homeowners456.4 456.4 397.9 — 397.9 
Commercial automobile141.2 141.2 130.6 — 130.6 
Other91.9 14.4 106.3 81.9 14.4 96.3 
Net premiums earned$2,024.8 $14.4 $2,039.2 $1,935.7 $14.4 $1,950.1 
Private passenger automobile$1,332.8 $1,332.8 $1,335.0 $— $1,335.0 
Homeowners536.1 536.1 462.1 — 462.1 
Commercial automobile162.7 162.7 141.4 — 141.4 
Other112.9 13.5 126.4 98.6 15.2 113.8 
Direct premiums written$2,144.5 $13.5 $2,158.0 $2,037.1 $15.2 $2,052.3 
v3.23.2
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure        
Net loss $ (41,543) $ (210,681) $ (86,831) $ (407,599)
v3.23.2
Insider Trading Arrangements
 3 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Trading Arrangements, by Individual  
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated false
v3.23.2
General (Policies)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Mercury General Corporation and its subsidiaries (referred to herein collectively as the “Company”). For the list of the Company’s subsidiaries, see Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. These interim financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which differ in some respects from those filed in reports to insurance regulatory authorities. The financial data of the Company included herein are unaudited. In the opinion of management, all material adjustments of a normal recurring nature have been made to present fairly the Company’s financial position at June 30, 2023 and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been omitted from the accompanying interim consolidated financial statements and related notes. Readers are urged to review the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for more complete descriptions and discussions. Operating results and cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023.

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates require the Company to apply complex assumptions and judgments, and often the Company must make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain and will likely change in subsequent periods. The most significant assumptions in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements relate to reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses ("LAE"). Actual results could differ from those estimates. See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022
Earnings per Share Potentially dilutive securities representing 17,500 shares of common stock were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, 2,276 and 3,012 incremental shares, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive due to a net loss position.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Deferred policy acquisition costs consist of commissions paid to outside agents, premium taxes, salaries, and certain other underwriting costs that are incremental or directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance contracts and are amortized over the life of the related policy in proportion to premiums earned. Deferred policy acquisition costs are limited to the amount that will remain after deducting from unearned premiums and anticipated investment income, the estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses, and the servicing costs that will be incurred as premiums are earned. The Company’s deferred policy acquisition costs are further limited by excluding those costs not directly related to the successful acquisition of insurance contracts. Deferred policy acquisition cost amortization was $172.7 million and $156.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $337.2 million and $318.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company does not defer advertising expenditures but expenses them as incurred. The Company recorded net advertising expense of approximately $2.3 million and $3.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4.2 million and $7.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Fixed Assets A fixed asset classified as held for sale is measured at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell, and is presented separately from other fixed assets. An office building located in Clearwater, Florida was initially classified as a property held for sale at December 31, 2022, and $20.2 million of the property held for sale, which represented the fair value of the property less the estimated costs to sell, was included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets on that date. The Company completed the sale of this property on March 31, 2023 for a total sale price of $19.6 million, and recognized a loss of $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 associated with the sale, which is included in other revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2023. $9.8 million of the total sale price was received in the form of a promissory note (the "Note"). $8.5 million of the sale price, after settlement of selling expenses and outstanding amounts due on the property, was received in cash. Only the cash received on the sale of the property is included in the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The Note is secured by the property sold, and bears interest at an annual rate of 7.0% for the first two years, with an adjustment to the greater of 7.0% or the rate on a one-year U.S. Treasury Bill at the two-year anniversary for the remainder of the term. The term of the Note is four years and interest is paid in monthly installments. In connection with the sale of the property, the Company entered into a lease agreement whereby the Company leased 14,883 square feet of office space, or approximately 9% of the total space of the property sold, from the new owner of the property. The lease term is five years, commencing on April 1, 2023, and the average annual base rent is approximately $0.4 million.In addition, the Company completed the sale of an office building located in Rancho Cucamonga, California in May 2023 for a total sale price of $22.3 million, and recognized a gain of $7.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 associated with the sale, which is included in other revenues in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The Company received $21.4 million in cash, after settlement of selling expenses. In connection with the sale of the property, the Company entered into a lease agreement whereby the Company leased 6,000 square feet of office space, or approximately 5% of the total space of the property sold, from the new owner of the property. The lease term is two years, commencing on May 16, 2023, and the average annual base rent is approximately $0.2 million. This office building was initially classified as a property held for sale at March 31, 2023, and $13.6 million of the property held for sale, which represented the carrying amount of the property, was included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets on that date.
Reinsurance
Unearned premiums and loss and loss adjustment expense reserves are stated in the accompanying consolidated financial statements before deductions for ceded reinsurance. Unearned premiums and loss and loss adjustment expense reserves that are ceded to reinsurers are carried in other assets and reinsurance recoverables, respectively, in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Earned premiums and losses and loss adjustment expenses are stated net of deductions for ceded reinsurance.
The Company is the assuming reinsurer under a Catastrophe Participation Reinsurance Contract (the "Contract") effective through December 31, 2025. The Company reimburses up to $30 million in losses for a proportional share of a portfolio of catastrophe losses under the Contract, to the extent the actual loss ratio exceeds the threshold loss ratio of 73.5%. If the actual loss ratio is less than the threshold loss ratio, the Company is eligible to receive a certain portion of the underwriting profit.

The Company is party to a Catastrophe Reinsurance Treaty (the "Treaty") covering a wide range of perils that is effective through June 30, 2024. The Treaty provides $1,111 million of coverage on a per occurrence basis after covered catastrophe losses exceed the $100 million Company retention limit. The Treaty specifically excludes coverage for any Florida business and for California earthquake losses on fixed property policies, such as homeowners, but does cover losses from fires following an earthquake. The Treaty provides for one full reinstatement of coverage limits with a minor exception at certain upper layers of coverage, and includes some additional minor territorial and coverage restrictions.
The effect of reinsurance on property and casualty premiums written and earned was as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Premiums Written
Direct $1,132,216 $1,025,749 $2,144,453 $2,037,134 
Ceded(24,184)(17,370)(47,574)(34,971)
Assumed66 279 15,097 10,444 
     Net$1,108,098 $1,008,658 $2,111,976 $2,012,607 
Premiums Earned
Direct$1,047,413 $994,659 $2,064,283 $1,964,822 
Ceded(23,999)(17,097)(47,197)(34,559)
Assumed3,856 2,742 7,746 5,459 
     Net$1,027,270 $980,304 $2,024,832 $1,935,722 

The Company recognized ceded premiums earned of approximately $24 million and $17 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $47 million and $35 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are included in net premiums earned in its consolidated statements of operations. The Company recognized ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses of approximately $(3) million and $(6) million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4 million and $(13) million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are included in losses and loss adjustment expenses in its consolidated statements of operations. The negative ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 and six months ended June 30, 2022 were primarily the result of favorable development on prior years' catastrophe losses that had been ceded to the Company's reinsurers.

The Company's insurance subsidiaries, as primary insurers, are required to pay losses to the extent reinsurers are unable to discharge their obligations under the reinsurance agreements.
Accrued Interest Receivables The Company made certain accounting policy elections for its accrued interest receivables allowed under Topic 326: a) an election to present accrued interest receivable balances separately from the associated financial assets on the balance sheet, and b) an election not to measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable amounts and instead write off uncollectible accrued interest amounts in a timely manner by reversing interest income. The Company's accrued interest receivable balances are included in accrued investment income receivable in its consolidated balance sheets.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting." ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or other interbank offered rates expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. ASU 2020-04 was effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848," which defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The Company does not expect any material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures resulting from applying these ASUs.
v3.23.2
General (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Effects of Reinsurance
The effect of reinsurance on property and casualty premiums written and earned was as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Premiums Written
Direct $1,132,216 $1,025,749 $2,144,453 $2,037,134 
Ceded(24,184)(17,370)(47,574)(34,971)
Assumed66 279 15,097 10,444 
     Net$1,108,098 $1,008,658 $2,111,976 $2,012,607 
Premiums Earned
Direct$1,047,413 $994,659 $2,064,283 $1,964,822 
Ceded(23,999)(17,097)(47,197)(34,559)
Assumed3,856 2,742 7,746 5,459 
     Net$1,027,270 $980,304 $2,024,832 $1,935,722 
Allowance for Credit Losses on Premium Receivable
The following table presents a summary of changes in allowance for credit losses on premiums receivable:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Beginning balance$5,800 $6,000 $5,800 $6,000 
     Provision during the period for expected credit losses 332 1,007 1,468 2,177 
Write-off amounts during the period(877)(1,168)(2,147)(2,487)
Recoveries during the period of amounts previously written off 145 161 279 310 
Ending balance $5,400 $6,000 $5,400 $6,000 
v3.23.2
Financial Instruments (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Estimated Fair Values of Financial Instruments
The following table presents the fair values of financial instruments:
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Assets
Investments$4,955,185 $4,910,800 
Note receivable9,925 — 
Liabilities
Options sold817 162 
Notes payable429,651 375,631 
v3.23.2
Fair Value Option (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Fair Value Option [Abstract]  
Gains And Losses Due To Changes In Fair Value Of Investments
The following table presents gains or losses recognized due to changes in fair value of financial instruments pursuant to application of the fair value option:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities$(22,835)$(88,273)$16,940 $(246,201)
Equity securities(12,608)(134,369)(9,368)(174,690)
Short-term investments(42)(1,667)(8)(1,665)
       Total investment (losses) gains$(35,485)$(224,309)$7,564 $(422,556)
Note receivable125 — 125 — 
       Total (losses) gains$(35,360)$(224,309)$7,689 $(422,556)
v3.23.2
Fair Value Measurement (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Financial Instruments, Financial Assets, Balance Sheet Groupings [Abstract]  
Schedule Of Assets And Liabilities Measured At Fair Value On A Recurring Basis Valuation Techniques
The following tables present information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair values:

 June 30, 2023
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (Amounts in thousands)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government bonds and agencies$116,762 $42,772 $— $159,534 
Municipal securities— 2,715,436 — 2,715,436 
Mortgage-backed securities — 156,650 — 156,650 
Corporate securities— 594,761 — 594,761 
Collateralized loan obligations— 362,220 — 362,220 
Other asset-backed securities— 106,102 — 106,102 
Total fixed maturity securities116,762 3,977,941 — 4,094,703 
Equity securities:
Common stock531,788 — — 531,788 
Non-redeemable preferred stock— 51,722 — 51,722 
Private equity funds measured at net asset value (1)
86,981 
Total equity securities531,788 51,722 — 670,491 
Short-term investments:
Short-term bonds53,120 1,979 — 55,099 
Money market instruments134,852 — — 134,852 
Other40 — — 40 
Total short-term investments188,012 1,979 — 189,991 
Other assets:
Note receivable
— 9,925 — 9,925 
Total assets at fair value$836,562 $4,041,567 $— $4,965,110 
Liabilities
Other liabilities:
Options sold$817 $— $— $817 
Total liabilities at fair value$817 $— $— $817 
 December 31, 2022
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (Amounts in thousands)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government bonds $103,519 $55,088 $— $158,607 
Municipal securities— 2,737,183 — 2,737,183 
Mortgage-backed securities — 166,260 — 166,260 
Corporate securities— 569,553 — 569,553 
Collateralized loan obligations— 320,252 — 320,252 
Other asset-backed securities— 136,456 — 136,456 
Total fixed maturity securities103,519 3,984,792 — 4,088,311 
Equity securities:
Common stock558,169 —— 558,169 
Non-redeemable preferred stock— 51,236 — 51,236 
Private equity funds measured at net asset value (1)
90,147 
Total equity securities558,169 51,236 — 699,552 
Short-term investments:
Short-term bonds51,638 8,238 — 59,876 
Money market instruments63,021 — — 63,021 
Other40 — — 40 
Total short-term investments114,699 8,238 — 122,937 
Total assets at fair value$776,387 $4,044,266 $— $4,910,800 
Liabilities
Other liabilities:
Options sold$162 $— $— $162 
Total liabilities at fair value$162 $— $— $162 
__________ 
(1) The fair value is measured using the NAV practical expedient; therefore, it is not categorized within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amount is presented in this table to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
The following tables present the carrying value and fair value of the Company’s financial instruments disclosed, but not carried, at fair value, and the level within the fair value hierarchy at which such instruments are categorized:
 June 30, 2023
 Carrying ValueFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
 (Amounts in thousands)
Liabilities
Notes payable:
Unsecured notes$373,529 $354,660 $— $354,660 $— 
Unsecured credit facility75,000 74,991 — 74,991 — 
Total$448,529 $429,651 $— $429,651 $— 
 December 31, 2022
 Carrying ValueFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
 (Amounts in thousands)
Liabilities
Notes payable:
Unsecured notes$373,330 $350,644 $— $350,644 $— 
Unsecured credit facility25,000 24,987 — 24,987 — 
Total$398,330 $375,631 $— $375,631 $— 
v3.23.2
Derivative Financial Instruments (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
General Discussion of Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities [Abstract]  
Summary Of Location And Amounts Of Derivative Fair Values In The Consolidated Balance Sheets
The following tables present the location and amounts of derivative fair values in the consolidated balance sheets and derivative gains or losses in the consolidated statements of operations:
 Derivatives
June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (Amount in thousands)
Options sold - Other liabilities$817 $162 
Total $817 $162 
Schedule Of Derivative Gains And Losses In The Consolidated Statements Of Operations
 Gains Recognized in Net Loss
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Options sold - Net realized investment (losses) gains$1,596 $1,404 $2,824 $2,628 
Total$1,596 $1,404 $2,824 $2,628 
v3.23.2
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule Of Components Of Other Intangible Assets
The following table presents the components of other intangible assets:
Gross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net Carrying
Amount		Useful Lives
 (Amounts in thousands)(in years)
As of June 30, 2023:
Customer relationships$54,862 $(53,586)$1,276 11
Trade names15,400 (9,304)6,096 24
Technology4,300 (4,300)— 10
Insurance license1,400 — 1,400 Indefinite
Total other intangible assets, net$75,962 $(67,190)$8,772 
As of December 31, 2022:
Customer relationships$54,862 $(53,467)$1,395 11
Trade names15,400 (8,983)6,417 24
Technology4,300 (4,300)— 10
Insurance license1,400 — 1,400 Indefinite
Total other intangible assets, net$75,962 $(66,750)$9,212 
Schedule Of Estimated Future Amortization Expense Related To Intangible Assets
The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense related to other intangible assets as of June 30, 2023:
YearAmortization Expense
 (Amounts in thousands)
Remainder of 2023$439 
2024851 
2025807 
2026807 
2027807 
Thereafter3,661 
Total$7,372 
v3.23.2
Share-Based Compensation (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Recognized Amount [Abstract]  
Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions
The following table provides the assumptions used in the calculation of grant-date fair values of these stock options based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model:

Weighted-average grant-date fair value$8.09 
Expected volatility33.18 %
Risk-free interest rate2.62 %
Expected dividend yield5.40 %
Expected term in months72
v3.23.2
Loss And Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Insurance Loss Reserves [Abstract]  
Activity In The Reserves For Losses And Loss Adjustment Expenses
The following table presents the activity in loss and loss adjustment expense reserves:
 Six Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Gross reserves, beginning of period$2,584,910 $2,226,430 
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses, beginning of period
(25,322)(41,377)
Net reserves, beginning of period2,559,588 2,185,053 
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses related to:
Current year1,847,123 1,597,354 
Prior years(19,784)51,359 
Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses1,827,339 1,648,713 
Loss and loss adjustment expense payments related to:
Current year874,245 738,472 
Prior years820,341 735,058 
Total payments1,694,586 1,473,530 
Net reserves, end of period2,692,341 2,360,236 
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses, end of period27,666 26,586 
Gross reserves, end of period$2,720,007 $2,386,822 
v3.23.2
Notes Payable (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Notes Payable [Abstract]  
Schedule of Long-term Debt Instruments
The following table presents information about the Company's notes payable:
LenderInterest RateMaturity DateJune 30, 2023December 31, 2022
(Amounts in thousands)
Senior unsecured notes(1)
Publicly traded4.40%March 15, 2027$375,000 $375,000 
Unsecured credit facility(2)
Bank of America, Wells Fargo Bank, and U.S. Bank
Term SOFR plus 112.5-150.0 basis points
November 16, 202675,000 25,000 
    Total principal amount450,000 400,000 
Less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs(3)
1,471 1,670 
Total debt$448,529 $398,330 
__________ 
(1)On March 8, 2017, the Company completed a public debt offering issuing $375 million of senior notes. The notes are unsecured, senior obligations of the Company with a 4.4% annual coupon payable on March 15 and September 15 of each year commencing September 15, 2017. The notes mature on March 15, 2027. The Company used the proceeds from the notes to pay off amounts outstanding under the existing loan and credit facilities and for general corporate purposes. The Company incurred debt issuance costs of approximately $3.4 million, inclusive of underwriters' fees. The notes were issued at a slight discount of 99.847% of par, resulting in the effective annualized interest rate, including debt issuance costs, of approximately 4.45%.
(2)On March 31, 2021, the Company entered into an unsecured $75 million five-year revolving credit facility. On November 18, 2022, the Company entered into the First Amendment to this credit facility. The First Amendment extended the maturity date of the loan to November 16, 2026 from March 31, 2026 with possible further extension if certain conditions are met, increased the aggregate commitments by all the lenders to $200 million from $75 million, and replaced the LIBOR with the Term SOFR. The interest rates on borrowings under the credit facility are based on the Company's debt to total capital ratio and range from Term SOFR plus 112.5 basis points when the ratio is under 20% to Term SOFR plus 150.0 basis points when the ratio is greater than or equal to 30%. Commitment fees for the undrawn portions of the credit facility range from 12.5 basis points when the ratio is under 20% to 22.5 basis points when the ratio is greater than or equal to 30%. The debt to total capital ratio is expressed as a percentage of (a) consolidated debt to (b) consolidated shareholders' equity plus consolidated debt. The Company's debt to total capital ratio was 24.3% at June 30, 2023, resulting in a 15.0 basis point commitment fee on the $125 million undrawn portion of the credit facility. As of July 27, 2023, a total of $75 million was drawn under this facility on a three-month revolving basis at an annual interest rate of approximately 6.58%. The Company contributed $50 million of the total amount drawn to the surplus of one of its consolidated insurance subsidiaries in the first quarter of 2023, and used the remainder for general corporate purposes.
(3)The unamortized discount and debt issuance costs are associated with the publicly traded $375 million senior unsecured notes. These are amortized to interest expense over the life of the notes, and the unamortized balance is presented in the Company's consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt. The unamortized costs of approximately $0.8 million associated with entering into the $200 million unsecured revolving credit facility maturing on November 16, 2026 are included in other assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets and amortized to interest expense over the term of the credit facility.
v3.23.2
Segment Information (Tables)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Reconciliation of operating results by reportable segment
The following tables present the Company's operating results by reportable segment:
Three Months Ended June 30,
20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Net premiums earned$1,027.3 $7.2 $1,034.5 $980.3 $7.2 $987.5 
Less:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses893.9 3.9 897.8 823.0 3.8 826.8 
Underwriting expenses237.4 3.8 241.2 224.5 1.4 225.9 
Underwriting (loss) gain(104.0)(0.5)(104.5)(67.2)2.0 (65.2)
Investment income58.4 38.6 
Net realized investment losses(19.8)(241.9)
Other income10.2 1.5 
Interest expense(5.5)(4.3)
Pre-tax loss$(61.2)$(271.3)
Net loss$(41.5)$(210.7)
Six Months Ended June 30,
20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Net premiums earned$2,024.8 $14.4 $2,039.2 $1,935.7 $14.4 $1,950.1 
Less:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses1,819.7 7.6 1,827.3 1,641.3 7.4 1,648.7 
Underwriting expenses468.0 7.3 475.3 453.7 4.7 458.4 
Underwriting (loss) gain(262.9)(0.5)(263.4)(159.3)2.3 (157.0)
Investment income110.3 73.9 
Net realized investment gains (losses)29.2 (437.0)
Other income11.1 4.1 
Interest expense(10.5)(8.5)
Pre-tax loss$(123.3)$(524.5)
Net loss$(86.8)$(407.6)
Schedule direct premiums attributable to segment
The following tables present the Company’s net premiums earned and direct premiums written by reportable segment and line of insurance business:
Three Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Private passenger automobile$674.7 $— $674.7 $666.0 $— $666.0 
Homeowners233.9 — 233.9 205.9 — 205.9 
Commercial automobile72.1 — 72.1 66.1 — 66.1 
Other46.6 7.2 53.8 42.3 7.2 49.5 
Net premiums earned$1,027.3 $7.2 $1,034.5 $980.3 $7.2 $987.5 
Private passenger automobile$698.5 $— $698.5 $653.8 $— $653.8 
Homeowners294.5 — 294.5 251.8 — 251.8 
Commercial automobile82.7 — 82.7 69.8 — 69.8 
Other56.5 7.3 63.8 50.3 8.4 58.7 
Direct premiums written$1,132.2 $7.3 $1,139.5 $1,025.7 $8.4 $1,034.1 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 20232022
 Property & CasualtyOtherTotalProperty & CasualtyOtherTotal
(Amounts in millions)
Private passenger automobile$1,335.3 $1,335.3 $1,325.3 $— $1,325.3 
Homeowners456.4 456.4 397.9 — 397.9 
Commercial automobile141.2 141.2 130.6 — 130.6 
Other91.9 14.4 106.3 81.9 14.4 96.3 
Net premiums earned$2,024.8 $14.4 $2,039.2 $1,935.7 $14.4 $1,950.1 
Private passenger automobile$1,332.8 $1,332.8 $1,335.0 $— $1,335.0 
Homeowners536.1 536.1 462.1 — 462.1 
Commercial automobile162.7 162.7 141.4 — 141.4 
Other112.9 13.5 126.4 98.6 15.2 113.8 
Direct premiums written$2,144.5 $13.5 $2,158.0 $2,037.1 $15.2 $2,052.3 
v3.23.2
General - Narrative (Details)
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
May 31, 2023
USD ($)
ft²
Mar. 31, 2023
USD ($)
ft²
Jun. 30, 2023
USD ($)
$ / shares
shares
Mar. 31, 2023
USD ($)
ft²
Jun. 30, 2022
USD ($)
$ / shares
shares
Jun. 30, 2023
USD ($)
$ / shares
shares
Jun. 30, 2022
USD ($)
$ / shares
shares
Dec. 31, 2022
USD ($)
Mar. 08, 2017
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Line Items]                  
Incremental shares excluded from diluted earnings per share (in shares) | shares         2,276   3,012    
Potentially dilutive securities (in shares) | shares     17,500     17,500      
Common stock dividends (in dollars per share) | $ / shares     $ 0.3175   $ 0.6350 $ 0.6350 $ 1.2700    
Policy acquisition costs     $ 172,737,000   $ 156,482,000 $ 337,245,000 $ 318,574,000    
Advertising expenses     2,300,000   3,800,000 4,200,000 7,800,000    
Net gains (losses) on sales of fixed assets           5,855,000 (85,000)    
Sale price received in cash           29,871,000 3,000    
Interest rate                 4.40%
Reinsurance reimbursable amount     30,000,000     $ 30,000,000      
Reinsurance retention policy, threshold loss ratio           73.50%      
Reinsurance retention policy, excess retention, amount reinsured           $ 1,111,000,000      
Reinsurance policy, amount retained           100,000,000      
Ceded     24,000,000   17,000,000 47,000,000 35,000,000    
Policyholder Benefits and Claims Incurred, Assumed and Ceded     (3,000,000)   (6,000,000) 4,000,000 (13,000,000)    
Revenue from contract with customer     5,000,000   4,600,000 9,800,000 9,000,000    
Cost of goods and services sold     2,700,000   $ 2,800,000 5,500,000 $ 5,600,000    
Contract with customer, liability     0     0   $ 0  
Contract with customer, asset     0     0   0  
Revenue, remaining performance obligation     0     0   0  
Promissory Note                  
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Line Items]                  
Interest rate   7.00%   7.00%          
Promissory note, term (in years)       4 years          
Clearwater, Florida Office Building                  
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Line Items]                  
Sale leaseback transaction, area of property leased back | ft²   14,883   14,883          
Sale leaseback transaction, percentage of property sold that has been leased back   9.00%              
Sale leaseback transaction, lease term (in years)   5 years              
Sale leaseback transaction, annual base rent   $ 400,000              
Clearwater, Florida Office Building | Disposal Group, Held-for-sale, Not Discontinued Operations                  
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Line Items]                  
Fixed asset classified as held for sale               $ 20,200,000  
Net gains (losses) on sales of fixed assets       $ (1,800,000)          
Clearwater, Florida Office Building | Disposal Group, Disposed of by Sale, Not Discontinued Operations                  
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Line Items]                  
Sale price of fixed asset   19,600,000   19,600,000          
Promissory note received from sale of fixed asset       9,800,000          
Sale price received in cash           8,500,000      
Ranch Cucamonga, California Office Building                  
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Line Items]                  
Sale leaseback transaction, area of property leased back | ft² 6,000                
Sale leaseback transaction, percentage of property sold that has been leased back 5.00%                
Sale leaseback transaction, lease term (in years) 2 years                
Sale leaseback transaction, annual base rent $ 200,000                
Ranch Cucamonga, California Office Building | Disposal Group, Held-for-sale, Not Discontinued Operations                  
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Line Items]                  
Fixed asset classified as held for sale   $ 13,600,000   $ 13,600,000          
Ranch Cucamonga, California Office Building | Disposal Group, Disposed of by Sale, Not Discontinued Operations                  
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Line Items]                  
Sale price of fixed asset $ 22,300,000                
Net gains (losses) on sales of fixed assets     $ 7,900,000     7,900,000      
Sale price received in cash           $ 21,400,000      
v3.23.2
General - Effects of Reinsurance (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Premiums Written        
Direct $ 1,139,500 $ 1,034,100 $ 2,158,000 $ 2,052,300
Premiums Earned        
Ceded 24,000 17,000 47,000 35,000
Net 1,034,469 987,512 2,039,173 1,950,062
Property & Casualty        
Premiums Written        
Direct 1,132,216 1,025,749 2,144,453 2,037,134
Ceded (24,184) (17,370) (47,574) (34,971)
Assumed 66 279 15,097 10,444
Net 1,108,098 1,008,658 2,111,976 2,012,607
Premiums Earned        
Direct 1,047,413 994,659 2,064,283 1,964,822
Ceded (23,999) (17,097) (47,197) (34,559)
Assumed 3,856 2,742 7,746 5,459
Net $ 1,027,270 $ 980,304 $ 2,024,832 $ 1,935,722
v3.23.2
General - Allowance for Credit Losses on Premium Receivables (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]        
Beginning balance $ 5,800 $ 6,000 $ 5,800 $ 6,000
Provision during the period for expected credit losses 332 1,007 1,468 2,177
Write-off amounts during the period (877) (1,168) (2,147) (2,487)
Recoveries during the period of amounts previously written off 145 161 279 310
Ending balance $ 5,400 $ 6,000 $ 5,400 $ 6,000
v3.23.2
Financial Instruments (Estimated Fair Values Of Financial Instruments) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Jun. 30, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Assets    
Note receivable $ 9,925 $ 0
Investments    
Assets    
Assets 4,955,185 4,910,800
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring    
Assets    
Note receivable 9,925  
Liabilities    
Options sold 817 162
Notes payable, fair value 429,651 375,631
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Unsecured debt    
Liabilities    
Notes payable, fair value 354,660 350,644
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Options sold    
Liabilities    
Options sold $ 817 $ 162
v3.23.2
Financial Instruments (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 6 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Unsecured Notes Two | Revolving Credit Facility    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Drawn down amount under credit facility $ 75 $ 25
Unsecured debt | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Unsecured notes 375 375
Private Equity Funds    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Unfunded commitments to VIEs $ 8 $ 9
v3.23.2
Fair Value Option (Gains And Losses Due To Changes In Fair Value Of Investments) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Schedule of Fair Value of Separate Accounts by Major Category of Investment [Line Items]        
(Losses) gains due to changes in fair value of investments $ (35,360) $ (224,309) $ 7,689 $ (422,556)
Investments        
Schedule of Fair Value of Separate Accounts by Major Category of Investment [Line Items]        
(Losses) gains due to changes in fair value of investments (35,485) (224,309) 7,564 (422,556)
Fixed maturity securities        
Schedule of Fair Value of Separate Accounts by Major Category of Investment [Line Items]        
(Losses) gains due to changes in fair value of investments (22,835) (88,273) 16,940 (246,201)
Equity Securities        
Schedule of Fair Value of Separate Accounts by Major Category of Investment [Line Items]        
(Losses) gains due to changes in fair value of investments (12,608) (134,369) (9,368) (174,690)
Short-term investments        
Schedule of Fair Value of Separate Accounts by Major Category of Investment [Line Items]        
(Losses) gains due to changes in fair value of investments (42) (1,667) (8) (1,665)
Financing Receivable        
Schedule of Fair Value of Separate Accounts by Major Category of Investment [Line Items]        
(Losses) gains due to changes in fair value of investments $ 125 $ 0 $ 125 $ 0
v3.23.2
Fair Value Measurement (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)
 6 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]      
Percentage of portfolio of unadjusted fair values obtained 98.20%    
Three private equity funds using NAV $ 85,400,000    
Fair Value, Assets, Level 1 to Level 2 to Level 3 Transfers, Amount 0 $ 0  
Unsecured Notes Two | Revolving Credit Facility      
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]      
Drawn down amount under credit facility $ 75,000,000   $ 25,000,000
Minimum      
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]      
Fair Value, liquidating investment, remaining period 1 year    
Maximum      
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]      
Fair Value, liquidating investment, remaining period 9 years    
Technology, Healthcare, Specialty Customer Goods and Service      
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]      
One private equity fund using NAV $ 0    
Venture Capital Investments      
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]      
One private equity fund using NAV 1,600,000    
Private Equity Funds      
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]      
Unfunded commitments to VIEs 8,000,000   9,000,000
Level 2 | Unsecured debt      
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]      
Unsecured notes 375,000,000   375,000,000
Level 2 | Commercial Mortgage Back Securities      
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]      
Debt securities, trading, and equity securities, FV-NI $ 25,500,000   $ 27,300,000
v3.23.2
Fair Value Measurement (Schedule Of Assets And Liabilities Measured At Fair Value On A Recurring Basis Valuation Techniques) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Jun. 30, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: $ 4,094,703 $ 4,088,311
Equity securities: 670,491 699,552
Note receivable 9,925 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 4,094,703 4,088,311
Equity securities: 670,491 699,552
Short-term investments: 189,991 122,937
Note receivable 9,925  
Assets, fair value disclosure 4,965,110 4,910,800
Options sold 817 162
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 116,762 103,519
Equity securities: 531,788 558,169
Short-term investments: 188,012 114,699
Note receivable 0  
Assets, fair value disclosure 836,562 776,387
Options sold 817 162
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 3,977,941 3,984,792
Equity securities: 51,722 51,236
Short-term investments: 1,979 8,238
Note receivable 9,925  
Assets, fair value disclosure 4,041,567 4,044,266
Options sold 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Equity securities: 0 0
Short-term investments: 0 0
Note receivable 0  
Assets, fair value disclosure 0 0
Options sold 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | U.S. government bonds and agencies    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 159,534 158,607
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | U.S. government bonds and agencies | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 116,762 103,519
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | U.S. government bonds and agencies | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 42,772 55,088
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | U.S. government bonds and agencies | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Municipal securities    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 2,715,436 2,737,183
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Municipal securities | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Municipal securities | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 2,715,436 2,737,183
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Municipal securities | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Mortgage-backed securities    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 156,650 166,260
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Mortgage-backed securities | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Mortgage-backed securities | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 156,650 166,260
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Mortgage-backed securities | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Corporate securities    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 594,761 569,553
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Corporate securities | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Corporate securities | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 594,761 569,553
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Corporate securities | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Collateralized loan obligations    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 362,220 320,252
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Collateralized loan obligations | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Collateralized loan obligations | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 362,220 320,252
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Collateralized loan obligations | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Other asset-backed securities    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 106,102 136,456
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Other asset-backed securities | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Other asset-backed securities | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 106,102 136,456
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Other asset-backed securities | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Fixed maturity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Common stock    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Equity securities: 531,788 558,169
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Common stock | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Equity securities: 531,788 558,169
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Common stock | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Equity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Common stock | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Equity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Non-redeemable preferred stock    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Equity securities: 51,722 51,236
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Non-redeemable preferred stock | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Equity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Non-redeemable preferred stock | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Equity securities: 51,722 51,236
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Non-redeemable preferred stock | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Equity securities: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Private equity funds measured at net asset value    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Equity securities: 86,981 90,147
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Short-term bonds    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 55,099 59,876
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Short-term bonds | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 53,120 51,638
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Short-term bonds | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 1,979 8,238
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Short-term bonds | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Money market instruments    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 134,852 63,021
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Money market instruments | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 134,852 63,021
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Money market instruments | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Money market instruments | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Other    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 40 40
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Other | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 40 40
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Other | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Other | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Short-term investments: 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Options sold    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Options sold 817 162
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Options sold | Level 1    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Options sold 817 162
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Options sold | Level 2    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Options sold 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Options sold | Level 3    
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]    
Options sold $ 0 $ 0
v3.23.2
Fair Value Measurement Fair Value Measurement (Financial Instruments Disclosed, But Not Carried, At Fair Value) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Jun. 30, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable $ 448,529 $ 398,330
Level 1    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value 0 0
Level 2    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value 429,651 375,631
Level 3    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value 0 0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value 429,651 375,631
Unsecured debt    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable 373,529 373,330
Unsecured debt | Level 1    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value 0 0
Unsecured debt | Level 2    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value 354,660 350,644
Unsecured debt | Level 3    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value 0 0
Unsecured debt | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value 354,660 350,644
Line of Credit    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable 75,000 25,000
Line of Credit | Level 1    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value 0 0
Line of Credit | Level 2    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value 74,991 24,987
Line of Credit | Level 3    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value 0 0
Line of Credit | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring    
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]    
Notes payable, fair value $ 74,991 $ 24,987
v3.23.2
Derivative Financial Instruments (Summary Of Location And Amounts Of Derivative Fair Values In The Consolidated Balance Sheets) (Details) - Non-hedging derivatives - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Jun. 30, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative [Line Items]    
Derivatives $ 817 $ 162
Option contracts | Other liabilities    
Derivative [Line Items]    
Derivatives $ 817 $ 162
v3.23.2
Derivative Financial Instruments (Schedule Of Derivative Gains And Losses In The Consolidated Statements Of Operations) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Derivative [Line Items]        
Derivative, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration] Net realized investment (losses) gains Net realized investment (losses) gains Net realized investment (losses) gains Net realized investment (losses) gains
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instrument        
Derivative [Line Items]        
Gains Recognized in Net Loss $ 1,596 $ 1,404 $ 2,824 $ 2,628
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instrument | Options sold        
Derivative [Line Items]        
Gains Recognized in Net Loss $ 1,596 $ 1,404 $ 2,824 $ 2,628
v3.23.2
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]          
Change in goodwill $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0  
Goodwill, impaired, accumulated impairment loss 0   0   $ 0
Goodwill, impairment 0 0 0 0  
Intangible assets amortization expense $ 200,000 $ 300,000 $ 400,000 $ 500,000  
v3.23.2
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Schedule Of Components Of Other Intangible Assets) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
Jun. 30, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]    
Gross Carrying Amount $ 75,962 $ 75,962
Accumulated Amortization (67,190) (66,750)
Net Carrying Amount 8,772 9,212
Insurance license    
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]    
Gross Carrying Amount 1,400 1,400
Accumulated Amortization 0 0
Net Carrying Amount 1,400 1,400
Customer relationships    
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]    
Gross Carrying Amount 54,862 54,862
Accumulated Amortization (53,586) (53,467)
Net Carrying Amount $ 1,276 $ 1,395
Useful Lives (in years) 11 years 11 years
Trade names    
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]    
Gross Carrying Amount $ 15,400 $ 15,400
Accumulated Amortization (9,304) (8,983)
Net Carrying Amount $ 6,096 $ 6,417
Useful Lives (in years) 24 years 24 years
Technology    
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]    
Gross Carrying Amount $ 4,300 $ 4,300
Accumulated Amortization (4,300) (4,300)
Net Carrying Amount $ 0 $ 0
Useful Lives (in years) 10 years 10 years
v3.23.2
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Schedule Of Estimated Future Amortization Expense Related To Intangible Assets) (Details)
$ in Thousands
Jun. 30, 2023
USD ($)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Remainder of 2023 $ 439
2024 851
2025 807
2026 807
2027 807
Thereafter 3,661
Total $ 7,372
v3.23.2
Share-Based Compensation (Narrative) (Details)
 1 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Feb. 28, 2019
shares
Feb. 28, 2018
executive
shares
Jun. 30, 2023
USD ($)
shares
Feb. 28, 2015
shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]        
Number of executives awarded stock options | executive   4    
Incentive Award Plan 2015        
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]        
Number of shares authorized (in shares)       4,900,000
Unrecognized compensation expense | $     $ 0  
Share-based compensation awarded (in shares)     0  
Employee Stock Option        
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]        
Option vesting term (in years)     10 years  
Employee Stock Option | Incentive Award Plan 2015        
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]        
Grants in period (in shares)   80,000    
Requisite service period   4 years    
Nonvested options forfeited (in shares) (10,000)      
Common stock | Incentive Award Plan 2015        
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]        
Number of shares available for grant (in shares)     4,830,000  
v3.23.2
Share-Based Compensation (Stock Option Valuation Assumptions) (Details)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
$ / shares
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Recognized Amount [Abstract]  
Weighted-average grant-date fair value (in dollars per share) $ 8.09
Expected volatility 33.18%
Risk-free interest rate 2.62%
Expected dividend yield 5.40%
Expected term in months 72 months
v3.23.2
Income Taxes (Details)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
USD ($)
Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations [Abstract]  
Change in unrecognized tax benefit, period decrease $ 2,100,000
v3.23.2
Loss And Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves (Activity In The Reserves For Losses And Loss Adjustment Expenses) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Liability for Unpaid Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Roll Forward]    
Gross reserves, beginning of period $ 2,584,910 $ 2,226,430
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses 25,322 41,377
Net reserves, beginning of period 2,559,588 2,185,053
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses related to:    
Current year 1,847,123 1,597,354
Prior years (19,784) 51,359
Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses 1,827,339 1,648,713
Loss and loss adjustment expense payments related to:    
Current year 874,245 738,472
Prior years 820,341 735,058
Total payments 1,694,586 1,473,530
Net reserves, end of period 2,692,341 2,360,236
Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses, end of period 27,666 26,586
Gross reserves, end of period $ 2,720,007 $ 2,386,822
v3.23.2
Loss And Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Unusual or Infrequent Item, or Both [Line Items]    
Prior year claims and claims adjustment expense $ (19,784) $ 51,359
Catastrophe    
Unusual or Infrequent Item, or Both [Line Items]    
Liability for catastrophe claims, carrying amount 190,000 43,000
Adjustments for prior year claims $ 1,000 $ (3,000)
v3.23.2
Notes Payable (Schedule of Long-term Debt) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Mar. 08, 2017
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Interest rate     4.40%
Total principal amount $ 450,000 $ 400,000  
Less unamortized discount and debt issuance costs 1,471 1,670  
Notes payable 448,529 398,330  
Unsecured debt      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Notes payable $ 373,529 373,330  
Unsecured debt | Notes payable | Level 2 | Unsecured Notes One      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Interest rate 4.40%    
Unsecured debt $ 375,000 375,000 $ 375,000
Unsecured debt | Notes payable | Level 2 | Unsecured Notes Two      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Unsecured debt $ 75,000 $ 25,000  
Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate | Minimum | Unsecured debt | Notes payable | Level 2 | Unsecured Notes Two      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Basis spread on variable rate 1.125%    
Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate | Maximum | Unsecured debt | Notes payable | Level 2 | Unsecured Notes Two      
Debt Instrument [Line Items]      
Basis spread on variable rate 1.50%    
v3.23.2
Notes Payable (Narrative) (Details)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended 8 Months Ended 12 Months Ended
Nov. 18, 2022
USD ($)
Mar. 31, 2023
USD ($)
Jun. 30, 2023
USD ($)
Jul. 27, 2023
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2022
USD ($)
Mar. 31, 2021
USD ($)
Mar. 08, 2017
USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Interest rate             4.40%
Debt issuance cost             $ 3,400
Debt instrument, discount percent             99.847%
Effective interest rate             4.45%
Unamortized debt issuance cost     $ 800        
Unsecured Notes One | Level 2 | Notes payable | Unsecured debt              
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Unsecured debt     $ 375,000   $ 375,000   $ 375,000
Interest rate     4.40%        
Unsecured Notes Two | Revolving Credit Facility              
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity $ 200,000         $ 75,000  
Undrawn portion of credit facility     $ 125,000        
Drawn down amount under credit facility     $ 75,000   25,000    
Unsecured Notes Two | Revolving Credit Facility | Consolidated Insurance Subsidiary              
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Drawn down amount under credit facility contributed   $ 50,000          
Unsecured Notes Two | Revolving Credit Facility | Subsequent Event              
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Effective interest rate       6.58%      
Drawn down amount under credit facility       $ 75,000      
Unsecured Notes Two | Revolving Credit Facility | Minimum              
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Commitment fee on undrawn portion of facility 0.125%   0.15%        
Unsecured Notes Two | Revolving Credit Facility | Minimum | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate              
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Basis spread on variable rate     1.125%        
Debt to total capital ratio 0.20            
Unsecured Notes Two | Revolving Credit Facility | Maximum              
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Debt to total capital ratio     0.243        
Commitment fee on undrawn portion of facility 0.225%            
Unsecured Notes Two | Revolving Credit Facility | Maximum | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate              
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Debt to total capital ratio 0.30            
Unsecured Notes Two | Level 2 | Notes payable | Unsecured debt              
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Unsecured debt     $ 75,000   $ 25,000    
Unsecured Notes Two | Level 2 | Notes payable | Unsecured debt | Minimum | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate              
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Basis spread on variable rate     1.125%        
Unsecured Notes Two | Level 2 | Notes payable | Unsecured debt | Maximum | Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate              
Debt Instrument [Line Items]              
Basis spread on variable rate     1.50%        
v3.23.2
Contingencies - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 12 Months Ended
May 15, 2023
Apr. 24, 2023
Nov. 21, 2022
Dec. 31, 2020
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]        
Additional total refund requested to be provided to private automobile policyholders     $ 52,000  
Reductions in premiums written, net       $ 128,000
Aggregate credit amount $ 250 $ 25,000    
v3.23.2
Segment Information - Summary of Operating Results by Segment (Details)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
USD ($)
State
Jun. 30, 2022
USD ($)
Jun. 30, 2023
USD ($)
State
Subsidiary
segment
Jun. 30, 2022
USD ($)
Segment Reporting [Abstract]        
Number of insurance companies | Subsidiary     12  
Number of states in which company operates | State 11   11  
Number of reportable segments | segment     1  
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned $ 1,034,469 $ 987,512 $ 2,039,173 $ 1,950,062
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 897,810 826,779 1,827,339 1,648,713
Underwriting expenses 241,200 225,900 475,300 458,400
Underwriting gain (loss) (104,500) (65,200) (263,400) (157,000)
Net investment income 58,350 38,555 110,323 73,906
Net realized investment losses (19,778) (241,938) 29,229 (437,024)
Other income 10,186 1,496 11,081 4,142
Interest expense (5,549) (4,274) (10,479) (8,548)
Pre-tax loss (61,210) (271,340) (123,288) (524,469)
Net loss (41,543) (210,681) (86,831) (407,599)
Property & Casualty        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 1,027,270 980,304 2,024,832 1,935,722
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 893,900 823,000 1,819,700 1,641,300
Underwriting expenses 237,400 224,500 468,000 453,700
Underwriting gain (loss) (104,000) (67,200) (262,900) (159,300)
Other        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 7,200 7,200 14,400 14,400
Losses and loss adjustment expenses 3,900 3,800 7,600 7,400
Underwriting expenses 3,800 1,400 7,300 4,700
Underwriting gain (loss) $ (500) $ 2,000 $ (500) $ 2,300
v3.23.2
Segment Information - Summary of Premiums Written and Earned by Segment (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands
 3 Months Ended 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Jun. 30, 2023
Jun. 30, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned $ 1,034,469 $ 987,512 $ 2,039,173 $ 1,950,062
Direct premiums written 1,139,500 1,034,100 2,158,000 2,052,300
Private passenger automobile        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 674,700 666,000 1,335,300 1,325,300
Direct premiums written 698,500 653,800 1,332,800 1,335,000
Homeowners        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 233,900 205,900 456,400 397,900
Direct premiums written 294,500 251,800 536,100 462,100
Commercial automobile        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 72,100 66,100 141,200 130,600
Direct premiums written 82,700 69,800 162,700 141,400
Other        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 53,800 49,500 106,300 96,300
Direct premiums written 63,800 58,700 126,400 113,800
Property & Casualty        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 1,027,270 980,304 2,024,832 1,935,722
Direct premiums written 1,132,216 1,025,749 2,144,453 2,037,134
Property & Casualty | Private passenger automobile        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 674,700 666,000 1,335,300 1,325,300
Direct premiums written 698,500 653,800 1,332,800 1,335,000
Property & Casualty | Homeowners        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 233,900 205,900 456,400 397,900
Direct premiums written 294,500 251,800 536,100 462,100
Property & Casualty | Commercial automobile        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 72,100 66,100 141,200 130,600
Direct premiums written 82,700 69,800 162,700 141,400
Property & Casualty | Other        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 46,600 42,300 91,900 81,900
Direct premiums written 56,500 50,300 112,900 98,600
Other        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 7,200 7,200 14,400 14,400
Direct premiums written 7,300 8,400 13,500 15,200
Other | Private passenger automobile        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 0 0 0
Direct premiums written 0 0 0
Other | Homeowners        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 0 0 0
Direct premiums written 0 0 0
Other | Commercial automobile        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 0 0 0
Direct premiums written 0 0 0
Other | Other        
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]        
Net premiums earned 7,200 7,200 14,400 14,400
Direct premiums written $ 7,300 $ 8,400 $ 13,500 $ 15,200
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