LIN Linde PLC

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Linde plc ("Linde" or "the company") is an incorporated public limited company formed under the laws of Ireland. Linde’s registered office is located at Ten Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, D02 T380 Ireland. Linde’s principal executive offices are located at Forge, 43 Church Street West, Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT, United Kingdom and 10 Riverview Drive, Danbury, Connecticut, 06810, United States.

On January 18, 2023, shareholders approved the company’s proposal for an intercompany reorganization that resulted in the delisting of its ordinary shares from the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, on March 1, 2023, after the completion of legal and regulatory approvals.

In connection with the closing of the intercompany reorganization on March 1, 2023, Linde shareholders automatically received one share of the new holding company, listed on the New York Stock Exchange, in exchange for each share of Linde plc that was previously owned. The new holding company is also named “Linde plc” and trades under the existing ticker LIN (see Note 11).

Presentation of Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - In the opinion of Linde management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented and such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements of Linde plc and subsidiaries in Linde's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the company’s significant accounting policies during 2023.

Reclassifications – Certain prior periods' amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.

2023 Other Charges

Other charges were $2 million for the quarter and $42 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Costs primarily related to severance in the Engineering segment and expenses incurred due to the intercompany reorganization for the nine month period ended September 30, 2023. Other charges for the year-to-date period had an associated income tax benefit of $79 million primarily comprised of a benefit of $124 million related to the resolution of a U.S. income tax audit, partially offset by an accrual of $85 million for the potential settlement of an international income tax matter, both recorded in the first quarter.

The following table summarizes the activities related to the company's pre-tax Other charges for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(millions of dollars)			Severance costs						Other cost reduction charges						Total cost reduction program related charges						Other charges						Total other charges
Balance, December 31, 2022			$	281					$	27					$	308					$	12					$	320
2023 Other charges			24						—						24						18						42
Less: Cash payments / receipts			(113)						(1)						(114)						(19)						(133)
Less: Non-cash charges			—						—						—						7						7
Foreign currency translation and other			(9)						—						(9)						—						(9)
Balance, September 30, 2023			$	183					$	26					$	209					$	18					$	227

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2022 Other Charges

Russia-Ukraine Conflict

In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, multiple jurisdictions, including Europe and the U.S., have imposed several tranches of economic sanctions on Russia. As a result, Linde reassessed its ability to control its Russian subsidiaries and determined that as of June 30, 2022 it can no longer exercise control over these entities. As such, Linde deconsolidated its Russian gas and engineering business entities as of June 30, 2022. The deconsolidation of the company's Russian gas and engineering business entities resulted in a loss of $787 million ($730 million after tax) during the second quarter of 2022.

The fair value of Linde’s Russian subsidiaries was determined using a probability weighted discounted cash flow model, which resulted in the recognition of a $407 million loss on deconsolidation when compared to the carrying value of the entities. This loss was recorded within other charges in the consolidated statements of income.

Upon deconsolidation an investment was recorded, which represents the fair value of net assets. The company did not receive any consideration, cash or otherwise, as part of the deconsolidation. Linde will maintain its interest in its Russian subsidiaries and will continue to comply with sanctions and government restrictions. The investment will be monitored for impairment in future periods.

Receivables, primarily loans receivable, with newly deconsolidated entities were reassessed for collectability resulting in a write-off of approximately $380 million.

Other charges related specifically to the Russia-Ukraine conflict were $114 million ($84 million after tax) for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and were primarily comprised of impairments of assets which are maintained by international entities in support of the Russian business.

Other charges

Other charges were $15 million and $103 million (benefit of $10 million and expense of $63 million, after tax) for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, primarily related to the sale of GIST business in the quarter and the impairment of an equity method investment in the EMEA segment.

Classification in the condensed consolidated financial statements

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Receivables

Linde applies loss rates that are lifetime expected credit losses at initial recognition of the receivables. These expected loss rates are based on an analysis of the actual historical default rates for each business, taking regional circumstances into account. If necessary, these historical default rates are adjusted to reflect the impact of current changes in the macroeconomic environment using forward-looking information. The loss rates are also evaluated based on the expectations of the responsible management team regarding the collectability of the receivables. Gross trade receivables aged less than one year were $4,637 million and $4,498 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and gross receivables aged greater than one year were $346 million and $321 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Other receivables were $155 million and $145 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Receivables aged greater than one year are generally fully reserved unless specific circumstances warrant exceptions, such as those backed by federal governments.

Accounts receivable net of reserves were $4,692 million at September 30, 2023 and $4,559 million at December 31, 2022. Allowances for expected credit losses were $446 million at September 30, 2023 and $405 million at December 31, 2022.  Provisions for expected credit losses were $123 million and $112 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The allowance activity in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 related to write-offs of uncollectible amounts, net of recoveries and currency movements is not material.

Inventories

The following is a summary of Linde's consolidated inventories:

(Millions of dollars)			September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Inventories
Raw materials and supplies			$	598					$	567
Work in process			426						368
Finished goods			1,054						1,043
Total inventories			$	2,078					$	1,978

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The following is a summary of Linde's outstanding debt at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Millions of dollars)			September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper			$	3,647					$	3,926
Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.)			202						191
Total short-term debt			3,849						4,117
LONG-TERM (a)
(U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted)
2.70% Notes due 2023 (c)			—						501
2.00% Euro denominated notes due 2023 (b) (d)			—						699
5.875% GBP denominated notes due 2023 (b) (d)			—						367
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024			581						588
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b)			318						324
4.800% Notes due 2024			300						299
4.700% Notes due 2025			598						598
2.65% Notes due 2025			399						400
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025			527						533
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025 (e)			527						—
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026			742						751
3.20% Notes due 2026			725						724
3.434% Notes due 2026			198						198
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027			86						88
0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027			792						802
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027			530						536
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b)			743						749
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029 (e)			789						—
1.10% Notes due 2030			697						696
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030			109						111
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031			794						803
0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032			788						798
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033			523						529
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034 (e)			683						—
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035			839						849
3.55% Notes due 2042			666						665
2.00% Notes due 2050			296						296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051			722						731
Non U.S. borrowings			172						152
Other			10						10
			14,154						13,797
Less: current portion of long-term debt			(922)						(1,599)
Total long-term debt			13,232						12,198
Total debt			$	18,003					$	17,914

(a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable.

(b)September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 included a cumulative $49 million and $56 million adjustment to carrying value, respectively, related to hedge accounting of interest rate swaps. Refer to Note 5.

(c)In February 2023, Linde repaid $500 million of 2.70% notes that became due.

(d)In April 2023, Linde repaid €650 million of 2.00% notes and £300 million of 5.875% notes that became due.

(e)In June 2023, Linde issued €500 million of 3.625% notes due in 2025, €750 million of 3.375% notes due in 2029 and €650 million of 3.625% notes due in 2034.

The company maintains a $5 billion and a $1.5 billion unsecured revolving credit agreement with a syndicate of banking institutions that expire December 7, 2027 and December 7, 2023, respectively. There are no financial maintenance covenants contained within the credit agreements. No borrowings were outstanding under the credit agreements as of September 30, 2023.

In its normal operations, Linde is exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, energy and commodity costs. The objective of financial risk management at Linde is to minimize the negative impact of such fluctuations on the company’s earnings and cash flows. To manage these risks, among other strategies, Linde routinely enters into various derivative financial instruments (“derivatives”) including interest-rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements, currency-swap agreements, forward contracts, currency options, and commodity-swap agreements. These instruments are not entered into for trading purposes and Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments.

There are three types of derivatives that the company enters into: (i) those relating to fair-value exposures, (ii) those relating to cash-flow exposures, and (iii) those relating to foreign currency net investment exposures. Fair-value exposures relate to recognized assets or liabilities, and firm commitments; cash-flow exposures relate to the variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions; and net investment exposures relate to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on the carrying value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies.

When a derivative is executed and hedge accounting is appropriate, it is designated as either a fair-value hedge, cash-flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. Currently, Linde designates all interest-rate and treasury-rate locks as hedges for accounting purposes; however, cross-currency contracts are generally not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Certain currency contracts related to forecasted transactions are designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Whether designated as hedges for accounting purposes or not, all derivatives are linked to an appropriate underlying exposure. On an ongoing basis, the company assesses the hedge effectiveness of all derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes to determine if they continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the underlying hedged items. If it is determined that the hedge is not highly effective through the use of a qualitative assessment, then hedge accounting will be discontinued prospectively.

Counterparties to Linde's derivatives are major banking institutions with credit ratings of investment grade or better. The company has Credit Support Annexes ("CSAs") in place for certain entities with their principal counterparties to minimize potential default risk and to mitigate counterparty risk. Under the CSAs, the fair values of derivatives for the purpose of interest rate and currency management are collateralized with cash on a regular basis. As of September 30, 2023, the impact of such collateral posting arrangements on the fair value of derivatives was insignificant. Management believes the risk of incurring losses on derivative contracts related to credit risk is remote and any losses would be immaterial.

The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 for consolidated subsidiaries:

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															Fair Value
			Notional Amounts												Assets (a)												Liabilities (a)
(Millions of dollars)			September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022						September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022						September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items			$	3,865					$	3,056					$	30					$	13					$	21					$	7
Forecasted transactions			353						449						7						9						16						9
Cross-currency swaps			4						42						—						—						—						1
Total			$	4,222					$	3,547					$	37					$	22					$	37					$	17
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Forecasted transactions			$	264					$	323					$	4					$	6					$	2					$	5
Commodity contracts			N/A						N/A						3						—						26						4
Interest rate swaps			582						856						—						—						66						70
Total Hedges			$	846					$	1,179					$	7					$	6					$	94					$	79
Total Derivatives			$	5,068					$	4,726					$	44					$	28					$	131					$	96

(a)Amounts as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 included current assets of $42 million and $24 million which are recorded in prepaid and other current assets; long-term assets of $2 million and $4 million which are recorded in other long-term assets; current liabilities of $59 million and $23 million which are recorded in other current liabilities; and long-term liabilities of $72 million and $73 million which are recorded in other long-term liabilities.

Balance Sheet Items

Foreign currency contracts related to balance sheet items consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on recorded balance sheet assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating unit. Certain forward currency contracts are entered into to protect underlying monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies from foreign exchange risk and are not designated as hedging instruments. For balance sheet items that are not designated as hedging instruments, the fair value adjustments on these contracts are offset by the fair value adjustments recorded on the underlying monetary assets and liabilities.

Forecasted Transactions

Foreign currency contracts related to forecasted transactions consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on (1) forecasted purchases of capital-related equipment and services, (2) forecasted sales, or (3) other forecasted cash flows denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating units. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase. For forecasted transactions that do not qualify for cash flow hedging relationships, fair value adjustments are recorded directly to earnings.

Cross-Currency Swaps

Cross-currency interest rate swaps are entered into to limit the foreign currency risk of future principal and interest cash flows associated with intercompany loans, and to a more limited extent bonds, denominated in non-functional currencies. The fair value adjustments on the cross-currency swaps are recorded to earnings, where they are offset by fair value adjustments on the underlying intercompany loan or bond.

Commodity Contracts

Commodity contracts are entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices, which arise in the normal course of business from its procurement transactions. To reduce the extent of this risk, Linde enters into a limited number of electricity, natural gas, and propane gas derivatives. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair

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value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase.

Net Investment Hedges

As of September 30, 2023, Linde has €10.7 billion ($11.6 billion) Euro-denominated notes and intercompany loans and ¥4.2 billion ($0.6 billion) CNY-denominated intercompany loans that are designated as hedges of the net investment positions in certain foreign operations. Since hedge inception, the deferred gain recorded within cumulative translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet is $555 million (deferred gain of $356 million and $206 million in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively).

As of September 30, 2023, exchange rate movements relating to previously designated hedges that remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is at a gain of $56 million. These movements will remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), until appropriate, such as upon sale or liquidation of the related foreign operations at which time amounts will be reclassified to the consolidated statements of income.

Interest Rate Swaps

Linde uses interest rate swaps to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities as a result of interest rate changes. These interest rate swaps effectively convert fixed-rate interest exposures to variable rates; fair value adjustments are recognized in earnings along with an equally offsetting charge/benefit to earnings for the changes in the fair value of the underlying financial asset or financial liability (See Note 4).

Derivatives' Impact on Consolidated Statements of Income

The following table summarizes the impact of the company’s derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:

			Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings *
			Quarter Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2023						2022						2023						2022
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items
Debt-related			$	33					$	(52)					$	(50)					$	(42)
Other balance sheet items			(3)						19						(5)						11
Total			$	30					$	(33)					$	(55)					$	(31)

* The gains (losses) on balance sheet items are offset by gains (losses) recorded on the underlying hedged assets and liabilities. Accordingly, the gains (losses) for the derivatives and the underlying hedged assets and liabilities related to debt items are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as interest expense-net. Other balance sheet items and anticipated net income gains (losses) are generally recorded in the consolidated statements of income as other income (expenses)-net.

The amounts of gain or loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified to the consolidated statement of income was not material for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net impacts expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months are also not material.

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable

Level 3 – inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions)

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

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			Fair Value Measurements Using
			Level 1												Level 2												Level 3
(Millions of dollars)			September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022						September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022						September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Assets
Derivative assets			$	—					$	—					$	44					$	28					$	—					$	—
Investments and securities*			20						20						—						—						11						13
Total			$	20					$	20					$	44					$	28					11						$	13
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities			$	—					$	—					$	131					$	96					$	—					$	—

* Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Level 1 investments and securities are marketable securities traded on an exchange. Level 2 investments are based on market prices obtained from independent brokers or determined using quantitative models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters that are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including third-party pricing services, brokers and market transactions. Level 3 investments and securities consist of a venture fund. For the valuation, Linde uses the net asset value received as part of the fund's quarterly reporting, which for the most part is not based on quoted prices in active markets. In order to reflect current market conditions, Linde proportionally adjusts by observable market data (stock exchange prices) or current transaction prices.

Changes in level 3 investments and securities were immaterial.

The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term debt, accounts receivable-net, and accounts payable approximate carrying value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

The fair value of long-term debt is estimated based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues. Long-term debt is categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. At September 30, 2023, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $12,172 million versus a carrying value of $14,154 million. At December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $11,994 million versus a carrying value of $13,797 million. Differences between the carrying value and the fair value are attributable to fluctuations in interest rates subsequent to when the debt was issued and relative to stated coupon rates.

Basic and diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:

			Quarter Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022						2023						2022
Numerator (Millions of dollars)
Net Income – Linde plc			$	1,565					$	1,273					$	4,656					$	2,819
Denominator (Thousands of shares)
Weighted average shares outstanding			486,578						496,691						488,986						501,266
Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans			544						495						532						477
Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share			487,122						497,186						489,518						501,743
Effect of dilutive securities
Stock options and awards			3,954						3,965						4,049						4,269
Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share			491,076						501,151						493,567						506,012
Basic Earnings Per Share			$	3.21					$	2.56					$	9.51					$	5.62
Diluted Earnings Per Share			$	3.19					$	2.54					$	9.43					$	5.57

There were no antidilutive shares for any period presented.

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The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pensions (“OPEB”) costs for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are shown below:

			Quarter Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2023						2022						2023						2022
Amount recognized in Operating Profit
Service cost			$	21					$	31					$	63					$	96
Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost
Interest cost			94						49						280						153
Expected return on plan assets			(132)						(126)						(392)						(394)
Net amortization and deferral			(9)						18						(25)						56
Settlement Charge (a)			12						6						12						6
			(35)						(53)						(125)						(179)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)			$	(14)					$	(22)					$	(62)					$	(83)

(a) In the third quarters of 2023 and 2022, Linde recorded pension settlement charges of $12 million and $6 million ($10 million and $5 million, after tax), respectively, related to lump sum benefit payments made from a U.S. non-qualified plan.

Components of net periodic benefit expense for other post-retirement plans for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were not material.

Contingent Liabilities

Linde is subject to various lawsuits and government investigations that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. These actions are based upon alleged environmental, tax, antitrust and personal injury claims, among others. Linde has strong defenses in these cases and intends to defend itself vigorously. It is possible that the company may incur losses in connection with some of these actions in excess of accrued liabilities. Management does not anticipate that in the aggregate such losses would have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, it is possible that the final outcomes could have a significant impact on the company’s reported results of operations in any given period (see Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements of Linde's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K).

Significant matters are:

•During 2009, the Brazilian government published Law 11941/2009 instituting a new voluntary amnesty program (“Refis Program”) which allowed Brazilian companies to settle certain federal tax disputes at reduced amounts. During 2009, the company decided that it was economically beneficial to settle many of its outstanding federal tax disputes and such disputes were enrolled in the Refis Program, subject to final calculation and review by the Brazilian federal government. The company recorded estimated liabilities based on the terms of the Refis Program. Since 2009, Linde has been unable to reach final agreement on the calculations and initiated litigation against the government in an attempt to resolve certain items. Open issues relate to the following matters: (i) application of cash deposits and net operating loss carryforwards to satisfy obligations and (ii) the amount of tax reductions available under the Refis Program. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of legal matters in Brazil.

•At September 30, 2023, the most significant non-income tax claims in Brazil, after enrollment in the Refis Program, relate to state VAT tax matters. The total estimated exposure relating to such claims, including interest and penalties, as appropriate, is approximately $115 million. Linde has not recorded any liabilities related to such claims based on management judgment and opinions of outside counsel.

During the first quarter of 2023, the Brazilian Supreme Court issued a decision related to a federal income tax matter that the company previously disclosed as a contingency in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements of Linde’s 2022 Annual report on Form 10-K. As a result of this decision, the company recorded a reserve based on its best

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estimate of potential settlement (see Note 2). Because litigation in Brazil historically takes many years to resolve, it is very difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters; however, it is possible that certain of these matters may be resolved within the near term. The company is vigorously defending against the proceedings.

•On September 1, 2010, CADE (Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense) announced alleged anticompetitive activity on the part of five industrial gas companies in Brazil and imposed fines. CADE imposed a civil fine of R$1.7 billion Brazilian reais ($338 million) on White Martins, the Brazil-based subsidiary of Linde Inc., and R$0.2 billion Brazilian reais ($40 million) on Linde Gases Ltda., the former Brazil-based subsidiary of Linde AG, which was divested to MG Industries GmbH on March 1, 2019 and with respect to which Linde provided a contractual indemnity.

The fine against White Martins and Linde Gases Ltda. was overturned by the Ninth and Seventh Federal Courts of Brasilia, respectively. CADE appealed these decisions, and the Federal Court of Appeals rejected CADE's appeals and confirmed the decision of the Ninth and Seventh Federal Courts of Brasilia. CADE had filed appeals for both subsidiaries with the Superior Court of Justice which were denied. CADE filed subsequent appeals to a panel of the Supreme Court of Justice where a final decision is pending regarding White Martins, but where a final and binding decision was issued in September 2023, whereby the Supreme Court of Justice annulled the fine imposed against Linde Gases Ltda.

Similar to claims against Linde Gases Ltda., White Martins has strong defenses and is confident that it will prevail on appeal and have the fines overturned. Linde strongly believes that the allegations of anticompetitive activity against our Brazilian subsidiary is not supported by valid and sufficient evidence. Linde believes that this decision will not stand up to final judicial review and deems the possibility of cash outflows to be extremely unlikely. No reserves have been recorded as management does not believe that a loss from this case is probable.

•On and after April 23, 2019 former shareholders of Linde AG filed appraisal proceedings at the District Court (Landgericht) Munich I (Germany), seeking an increase of the cash consideration paid in connection with the previously completed cash merger squeeze-out of all of Linde AG’s minority shareholders for €189.46 per share. Any such increase would apply to all 14,763,113 Linde AG shares that were outstanding on April 8, 2019, when the cash merger squeeze-out was completed. The period for plaintiffs to file claims expired on July 9, 2019. The company believes the consideration paid was fair and that the claims are not supported by sufficient evidence, and no reserve has been established. We cannot estimate the timing of resolution.

•On December 30, 2022, the Russian Arbitration Court of the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region issued an injunction preventing (i) the sale of any shares in Linde’s subsidiaries and joint ventures in Russia, and (ii) the disposal of any of the assets in those entities exceeding 5% of the relevant company’s overall asset value. The injunction was requested by RusChemAlliance (RCA) as a preliminary measure to secure payment of a possible eventual award under an arbitration proceeding RCA intended to file against Linde Engineering for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a gas processing plant in Ust Luga, Russia entered into between a consortium of Linde Engineering, Renaissance Heavy Industries LLC, and RCA on July 7, 2021. Performance of the agreement was lawfully suspended by Linde Engineering on May 27, 2022 in compliance with applicable sanctions and in accordance with a decision by the sanctions authority in Germany. On March 1, 2023, RCA filed a claim in St. Petersburg against Linde GmbH for recovery of advance payments under the agreement ("Russian Claim"), and subsequently (i) added Linde and other Linde subsidiaries as defendants, and (ii) is seeking payment of alleged damages from Linde (pursuant to corporate guarantees) and guarantor banks.

On March 4, 2023, in accordance with the dispute resolution provisions of the agreement, Linde GmbH filed a notice of arbitration with the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre ("HKIAC") against RCA to claim that (i) RCA has no entitlement to payment, (ii) RCA’s Russian claim is in breach of the arbitration agreement, and (iii) RCA must compensate Linde for the losses and damages caused by the injunction. Additionally, Linde GmbH filed for and on March 17, 2023 obtained an anti-suit injunction from a Hong Kong court against RCA directing RCA to seek a stay of the Russian Claim and ordering it to resolve any disputes in accordance with HKIAC arbitration. On September 27, 2023, the anti-suit injunction was confirmed by the same Hong Kong court.

Despite the anti-suit injunction obtained by Linde in Hong Kong, the proceeding in St. Petersburg has not been stayed and RCA is continuing to pursue its claim in Russia.

As of September 30, 2023, Linde has a contingent liability of $1.1 billion recorded in Other long-term liabilities, which represents advance payments previously recorded in contract liabilities as of December 31, 2022 related to terminated engineering projects with RCA. As a result of the contract terminations, Linde no longer has future performance

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For a description of Linde plc's operating segments, refer to Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements on Linde plc's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The table below presents sales and operating profit information about reportable segments and Other for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

			Quarter Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2023						2022						2023						2022
SALES(a)
Americas			$	3,629					$	3,694					$	10,721					$	10,453
EMEA			2,105						2,125						6,442						6,417
APAC			1,639						1,660						4,920						4,913
Engineering			467						828						1,502						2,200
Other			315						490						967						1,482
Total sales			$	8,155					$	8,797					$	24,552					$	25,465

			Quarter Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2023						2022						2023						2022
SEGMENT OPERATING PROFIT
Americas			$	1,074					$	974					$	3,169					$	2,788
EMEA			634						465						1,871						1,504
APAC			459						429						1,354						1,254
Engineering			116						150						372						398
Other			23						(8)						32						(41)
Segment operating profit			2,306						2,010						6,798						5,903
Other charges (Note 2)			(2)						(15)						(42)						(1,004)
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG			(252)						(382)						(760)						(1,217)
Total operating profit			$	2,052					$	1,613					$	5,996					$	3,682

(a)Sales reflect external sales only. Intersegment sales, primarily from Engineering to the industrial gases segments, were $417 million and $1,046 million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $251 million and $728 million for the respective 2022 periods.

Equity

On March 1, 2023, in connection with the shareholder approved intercompany reorganization that resulted in the delisting of old Linde plc from the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FSE), and the subsequent relisting of new Linde plc to the NYSE, Linde shareholders automatically received one share of the new holding company, listed on the NYSE in exchange for each share of Linde plc that was previously owned. The company issued 490,766,972 new Linde shares. Linde plc's historical treasury shares were immediately canceled which resulted in an approximately $15 billion decrease in treasury shares and retained earnings in Shareholders' Equity.

A summary of the changes in total equity for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is provided below:

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			Quarter Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2023																		2022
Activity			Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity						Noncontrolling Interests						Total Equity						Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity						Noncontrolling Interests						Total Equity
Balance, beginning of period			$	39,911					$	1,324					$	41,235					$	39,674					$	1,353					$	41,027
Net income (a)			1,565						36						1,601						1,273						27						1,300
Other comprehensive income (loss)			(777)						(13)						(790)						(1,628)						(40)						(1,668)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)			—						(1)						(1)						—						(7)						(7)
Dividends and other capital changes			—						(19)						(19)						—						(35)						(35)
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($1.275 per share in 2023 and $1.17 per share in 2022)			(620)						—						(620)						(581)						—						(581)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans			(19)						—						(19)						7						—						7
Purchases of ordinary shares			(1,198)						—						(1,198)						(1,144)						—						(1,144)
Share-based compensation			36						—						36						27						—						27
Balance, end of period			$	38,898					$	1,327					$	40,225					$	37,628					$	1,298					$	38,926

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2023																		2022
Activity			Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity						Noncontrolling Interests						Total Equity						Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity						Noncontrolling Interests						Total Equity
Balance, beginning of period			$	40,028					$	1,346					$	41,374					$	44,035					$	1,393					$	45,428
Net income (a)			4,656						109						4,765						2,819						101						2,920
Other comprehensive income (loss)			(894)						(38)						(932)						(3,046)						(69)						(3,115)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)			(11)						(6)						(17)						—						(56)						(56)
Dividends and other capital changes			—						(84)						(84)						—						(71)						(71)
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($3.83 per share in 2023 and $3.51 per share in 2022)			(1,866)						—						(1,866)						(1,758)						—						(1,758)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans			(117)						—						(117)						(32)						—						(32)
Purchases of ordinary shares			(3,000)						—						(3,000)						(4,468)						—						(4,468)
Share-based compensation			102						—						102						78						—						78
Balance, end of period			$	38,898					$	1,327					$	40,225					$	37,628					$	1,298					$	38,926

(a) Net income for noncontrolling interests excludes net income related to redeemable noncontrolling interests which is not significant for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and which is not part of total equity.

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The components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:

			September 30,						December 31,
(Millions of dollars)			2023						2022
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes:
Americas			$	(3,767)					$	(3,942)
EMEA			(1,433)						(1,249)
APAC			(1,486)						(835)
Engineering			(320)						(241)
Other			623						483
			(6,383)						(5,784)
Derivatives - net of taxes			(31)						62
Pension / OPEB (net of $14 million tax benefit and $54 million tax obligation at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)			(262)						(60)
			$	(6,676)					$	(5,782)

Revenue is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. Revenue is recognized as control of goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services.

Contracts with Customers

Linde serves a diverse group of industries including healthcare, chemicals and energy, manufacturing, metals and mining, food and beverage, and electronics.

Industrial Gases

Within each of the company’s geographic segments for industrial gases, there are three basic distribution methods: (i) on-site or tonnage; (ii) merchant or bulk liquid; and (iii) packaged or cylinder gases. The distribution method used by Linde to supply a customer is determined by many factors, including the customer’s volume requirements and location. The distribution method generally determines the contract terms with the customer and, accordingly, the revenue recognition accounting practices. Linde's primary products in its industrial gases business are atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, rare gases) and process gases (carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, electronic gases, specialty gases, acetylene). These products are generally sold through one of the three distribution methods.

Following is a description of each of the three industrial gases distribution methods and the respective revenue recognition policies:

On-site. Customers that require the largest volumes of product and that have a relatively constant demand pattern are supplied by cryogenic and process gas on-site plants. Linde constructs plants on or adjacent to these customers’ sites and supplies the product directly to customers by pipeline. Where there are large concentrations of customers, a single pipeline may be connected to several plants and customers. On-site product supply contracts generally are total requirement contracts with terms typically ranging from 10-20 years and contain minimum purchase requirements and price escalation provisions. Many of the cryogenic on-site plants also produce liquid products for the merchant market. Therefore, plants are typically not dedicated to a single customer. Additionally, Linde is responsible for the design, construction, operations and maintenance of the plants and our customers typically have no involvement in these activities. Advanced air separation processes also allow on-site delivery to customers with smaller volume requirements.

The company’s performance obligations related to on-site customers are satisfied over time as customers receive and obtain control of the product. Linde has elected to apply the practical expedient for measuring progress towards the completion of a performance obligation and recognizes revenue as the company has the right to invoice each customer, which generally corresponds with product delivery. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Consideration in these contracts is generally based on pricing which fluctuates with various price indices. Variable components of consideration exist within on-site contracts but are considered constrained.

Merchant. Merchant deliveries generally are made from Linde's plants by tanker trucks to storage containers at the customer's site. Due to the relatively high distribution cost, merchant oxygen and nitrogen generally have a relatively small distribution

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radius from the plants at which they are produced. Merchant argon, hydrogen and helium can be shipped much longer distances. The customer agreements used in the merchant business are usually three-to seven-year supply agreements based on the requirements of the customer. These contracts generally do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments.

The company’s performance obligations related to merchant customers are generally satisfied at a point in time as the customers receive and obtain control of the product. Revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Any variable components of consideration within merchant contracts are constrained; however, this consideration is not significant.

Packaged Gases. Customers requiring small volumes are supplied products in containers called cylinders, under medium to high pressure. Linde distributes merchant gases from its production plants to company-owned cylinder filling plants where cylinders are then filled for distribution to customers. Cylinders may be delivered to the customer’s site or picked up by the customer at a packaging facility or retail store. Linde invoices the customer for the industrial gases and the use of the cylinder container(s). The company also sells hardgoods and welding equipment purchased from independent manufacturers. Packaged gases are generally sold under one to three-year supply contracts and purchase orders and do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments.

The company’s performance obligations related to packaged gases are satisfied at a point in time. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer or when the customer picks up product from a packaged gas facility or retail store and the company has the right to payment from the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Any variable consideration is constrained and will be recognized when the uncertainty related to the consideration is resolved.

Engineering

The company designs and manufactures equipment for air separation and other industrial gas applications manufactured specifically for end customers. Sale of equipment contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation. Revenue from sale of equipment is generally recognized over time as Linde has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and performance does not create an asset with alternative use. For contracts recognized over time, revenue is recognized primarily using a cost incurred input method. Costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations. Costs incurred include material, labor, and overhead costs and represent work contributing and proportionate to the transfer of control to the customer. Changes to cost estimates and contract modifications are typically accounted for as part of the existing contract and are recognized as cumulative adjustments for the inception-to-date effect of such change.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets and liabilities result from differences in timing of revenue recognition and customer invoicing. Contract assets primarily relate to sale of equipment contracts for which revenue is recognized over time. The balance represents unbilled revenue which occurs when revenue recognized under the measure of progress exceeds amounts invoiced to customers. Customer invoices may be based on the passage of time, the achievement of certain contractual milestones or a combination of both criteria. Contract liabilities include advance payments or right to consideration prior to performance under the contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as performance obligations are satisfied under contract terms. Linde has contract assets of  $151 million and $124 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Total contract liabilities are $2,945 million at September 30, 2023 (current of $1,985 million and $960 million within other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets). As of September 30, 2023, Linde has approximately $498 million recorded in contract liabilities related to engineering projects in Russia subject to sanctions. Total contract liabilities were $3,986 million at December 31, 2022 (current contract liabilities of $3,073 million and $913 million within other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets). The decrease in contract liabilities is primarily related to a reclassification of contract liabilities to a contingent liability in other long-term liabilities associated with an engineering project in Russia (see Note 9). Revenue recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 that was included in the contract liability at December 31, 2022 was $760 million. Contract assets and liabilities primarily relate to the Engineering business.

Payment Terms and Other

Linde generally receives payment after performance obligations are satisfied, and customer prepayments are not typical for the industrial gases business. Payment terms vary based on the country where sales originate and local customary payment practices. Linde does not offer extended financing outside of customary payment terms. Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue producing transactions are presented on a net basis and are not included in sales within the consolidated statement of income. Additionally, sales returns and allowances are not a normal practice in the industry and are not significant.

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Disaggregated Revenue Information

As described above and in Note 19 to Linde plc's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, the company manages its industrial gases business on a geographic basis, while the Engineering and Other businesses are generally managed on a global basis. Furthermore, the company believes that reporting sales by distribution method by reportable geographic segment best illustrates the nature, timing, type of customer, and contract terms for its revenues, including terms and pricing.

The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022.

(Millions of dollars)			Quarter Ended September 30, 2023
Sales			Americas			EMEA			APAC			Engineering			Other			Total			%
Merchant			$	1,131		$	685		$	564		$	—		$	53		$	2,433		30		%
On-Site			843			473			651			—			—			1,967			24		%
Packaged Gas			1,599			936			352			—			8			2,895			35		%
Other			56			11			72			467			254			860			11		%
Total			$	3,629		$	2,105		$	1,639		$	467		$	315		$	8,155		100		%

(Millions of dollars)			Quarter Ended September 30, 2022
Sales			Americas			EMEA			APAC			Engineering			Other			Total			%
Merchant			$	986		$	620		$	593		$	—		$	43		$	2,242		25		%
On-Site			1,178			651			605			—			—			2,434			28		%
Packaged Gas			1,478			841			403			—			21			2,743			31		%
Other			52			13			59			828			426			1,378			16		%
Total			$	3,694		$	2,125		$	1,660		$	828		$	490		$	8,797		100		%

(Millions of dollars)			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Sales			Americas			EMEA			APAC			Engineering			Other			Total			%
Merchant			$	3,268		$	2,089		$	1,685		$	—		$	161		$	7,203		29		%
On-Site			2,403			1,504			1,972			—			—			5,879			24		%
Packaged Gas			4,875			2,810			1,072			—			40			8,797			36		%
Other			175			39			191			1,502			766			2,673			11		%
Total			$	10,721		$	6,442		$	4,920		$	1,502		$	967		$	24,552		100		%
(Millions of dollars)			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Sales			Americas			EMEA			APAC			Engineering			Other			Total			%
Merchant			$	2,801		$	1,868		$	1,671		$	—		$	122		$	6,462		25		%
On-Site			3,110			1,892			1,891			—			—			6,893			27		%
Packaged Gas			4,383			2,616			1,153			—			37			8,189			32		%
Other			159			41			198			2,200			1,323			3,921			15		%
Total			$	10,453		$	6,417		$	4,913		$	2,200		$	1,482		$	25,465		100		%

    

Remaining Performance Obligations

As described above, Linde's contracts with on-site customers are under long-term supply arrangements which generally require the customer to purchase their requirements from Linde and also have minimum purchase requirements. Additionally, plant sales from the Linde Engineering business are primarily contracted on a fixed price basis. The company estimates the consideration related to future minimum purchase requirements and plant sales was approximately $47 billion (excludes

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Acquisition of nexAir, LLC

On January 5, 2023, Linde completed the acquisition of nexAir, LLC, a gas distribution and welding supply company in the United States, in order to further expand the company’s geographic footprint into different regions. Prior to completion of the acquisition, Linde held a 23% interest in nexAir, LLC. Pursuant to a signed purchase agreement between Linde and nexAir, LLC, Linde purchased the remaining 77% ownership interest in an all cash transaction with a total purchase price of $859 million, or $804 million net of cash acquired. The fair value of Linde’s equity interest in nexAir, LLC immediately preceding the acquisition date was $183 million, which resulted in a gain on remeasurement of the company’s previously held equity interest which was not material; this gain is recorded within “Other income (expenses) – net” on the consolidated statements of income.

Preliminary Allocation of Purchase Price

The acquisition of nexAir, LLC was accounted for as a business combination. Following the acquisition date, 100% of nexAir, LLC's results were consolidated in the Americas business segment. Linde's quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 consolidated income statement includes sales of $102 million and $306 million, respectively, related to nexAir, LLC. Pro forma results for 2022 have not been included as the impact of the acquisition is not material to the consolidated statements of income.

The company has estimated the preliminary fair value of net assets acquired based on information currently available and will continue to adjust those estimates as additional information becomes available. The following table summarizes the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition of nexAir, LLC as of the acquisition date.

(Millions of dollars)			January 5, 2023
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents			$	55
Other current assets - net			48
Property, plant and equipment, net			241
Other intangible assets - net			245
Other long-term liabilities - net			(5)
Total identifiable net assets			$	584
Goodwill			$	458
Fair value of previously held equity interest			$	183
Total purchase price			$	859

nexAir, LLC’s assets and liabilities were measured at estimated fair values at January 5, 2023. Estimates of fair value represent management's best estimate of assumptions about future events and uncertainties, including significant judgments related to future cash flows (sales, costs, customer attrition rates, and contributory asset charges), discount rates, competitive trends, and market comparables. Inputs used were generally obtained from historical data supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions and growth rates.

The fair value of the previously held equity interest was based upon a purchase price valuation (excluding debt) multiplied by the company’s previously held ownership interest adjusted by a discount for lack of marketability. The fair value of property, plant & equipment, net is based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset, based on the most advantageous market for the asset (i.e., its highest and best use). The cost approach, adjusted for the age and condition of the property, plant and equipment, was used to estimate fair value.

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Identifiable intangible assets primarily consist of customer relationships of approximately $245 million that will be amortized over their estimated useful life of 20 years. The fair value of the customer relationships intangible asset was valued using a multi-period excess earnings method, a form of the income approach, which incorporates the estimated future cash flows to be generated from nexAir, LLC's existing customer base. There were no indefinite-lived intangible assets identified in conjunction with the acquisition.

The excess of the consideration for the acquisition over the preliminary fair value of net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The acquisition resulted in $458 million of goodwill, the majority of which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The goodwill balance is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce and operating synergies expected to result from the acquisition. The goodwill recorded as a result of the acquisition was allocated to the Americas reportable segment, which represents the reportable segment anticipated to experience operating synergies as a result of the acquisition.

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v3.23.3

Cover	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 shares
Entity Addresses [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-38730
Entity Registrant Name	LINDE PLC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	L2
Entity Tax Identification Number	98-1448883
Entity Address, Address Line One	Forge
Entity Address, Address Line Two	43 Church Street West
Entity Address, City or Town	Woking,
Entity Address, Country	GB
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	GU21 6HT
Country Region	44
City Area Code	14
Local Phone Number	83 242200
Title of 12(b) Security	Ordinary shares (€0.001 nominal value per share)
Trading Symbol	LIN
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	484,890,486
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Entity Central Index Key	0001707925
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Other Address
Entity Addresses [Line Items]
Entity Address, Address Line One	10 Riverview Drive,
Entity Address, City or Town	Danbury
Entity Address, State or Province	CT
Entity Address, Country	US
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	06810

v3.23.3

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Income Statement [Abstract]
Sales	$ 8,155	$ 8,797	$ 24,552	$ 25,465
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	4,314	5,285	13,061	15,023
Selling, general and administrative	808	770	2,463	2,343
Depreciation and amortization	959	1,045	2,867	3,248
Research and development	36	35	107	107
Other charges	2	15	42	1,004
Other income (expense) - net	16	(34)	(16)	(58)
Operating Profit	2,052	1,613	5,996	3,682
Interest expense - net	40	18	129	32
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	(35)	(53)	(125)	(179)
Income Before Income Taxes and Equity Investments	2,047	1,648	5,992	3,829
Income taxes	487	391	1,355	1,046
Income Before Equity Investments	1,560	1,257	4,637	2,783
Income from equity investments	41	43	128	137
Net Income (Including Noncontrolling Interests)	1,601	1,300	4,765	2,920
Less: noncontrolling interests	(36)	(27)	(109)	(101)
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 1,565	$ 1,273	$ 4,656	$ 2,819
Per Share Data – Linde plc Shareholders
Basic earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.21	$ 2.56	$ 9.51	$ 5.62
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.19	$ 2.54	$ 9.43	$ 5.57
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (000’s):
Basic shares outstanding (in shares)	487,122	497,186	489,518	501,743
Diluted shares outstanding (in shares)	491,076	501,151	493,567	506,012

v3.23.3

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
NET INCOME (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	$ 1,601	$ 1,300	$ 4,765	$ 2,920
Translation adjustments:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(772)	(1,769)	(639)	(3,279)
Reclassification to net income	0	24	0	(110)
Income taxes	1	2	2	(5)
Translation adjustments	(771)	(1,743)	(637)	(3,394)
Funded status - retirement obligations (Note 8):
Retirement program remeasurements	(3)	66	(257)	188
Reclassifications to net income	3	24	(13)	62
Income taxes	3	(19)	68	(47)
Funded status - retirement obligations	3	71	(202)	203
Derivative instruments (Note 5):
Current unrealized gain (loss)	(32)	60	(116)	170
Reclassifications to net income	6	(54)	2	(74)
Income taxes	4	(2)	21	(20)
Derivative instruments	(22)	4	(93)	76
TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	(790)	(1,668)	(932)	(3,115)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	811	(368)	3,833	(195)
Less: noncontrolling interests	(23)	15	(71)	(30)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) - LINDE PLC	$ 788	$ (353)	$ 3,762	$ (225)

v3.23.3

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 3,894	$ 5,436
Accounts receivable - net	4,692	4,559
Contract assets	151	124
Inventories	2,078	1,978
Prepaid and other current assets	922	950
Total Current Assets	11,737	13,047
Property, plant and equipment - net	23,624	23,548
Goodwill	25,955	25,817
Other intangible assets - net	12,092	12,420
Other long-term assets	4,419	4,826
Total Assets	77,827	79,658
Liabilities and equity
Accounts payable	2,750	2,995
Short-term debt	3,849	4,117
Current portion of long-term debt	922	1,599
Contract liabilities	1,985	3,073
Other current liabilities	4,656	4,695
Total Current Liabilities	14,162	16,479
Long-term debt	13,232	12,198
Other long-term liabilities	10,195	9,594
Total Liabilities	37,589	38,271
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	13	13
Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity (Note 11):
Ordinary shares,€0.001 par value, authorized 1,750,000,000 shares, 2023 issued: 490,766,972 ordinary shares; 2022 issued: 552,012,862 ordinary shares	0	1
Additional paid-in capital	39,803	40,005
Retained earnings	7,940	20,541
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(6,676)	(5,782)
Less: Treasury shares, at cost (2023 – 5,876,486 shares and 2022 – 59,555,235 shares)	(2,169)	(14,737)
Total Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity	38,898	40,028
Noncontrolling interests	1,327	1,346
Total Equity	40,225	41,374
Total Liabilities and Equity	$ 77,827	$ 79,658

v3.23.3

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - € / shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (euro per share)	€ 0.001	€ 0.001
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	1,750,000,000	1,750,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	490,766,972	552,012,862
Treasury stock (in shares)	5,876,486	59,555,235

v3.23.3

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Operations
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 4,656	$ 2,819
Add: Noncontrolling interests	109	101
Net Income (including noncontrolling interests)	4,765	2,920
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Other charges, net of payments	(91)	909
Depreciation and amortization	2,867	3,248
Deferred income taxes	(172)	(412)
Share-based compensation	102	78
Working capital:
Accounts receivable	(169)	(572)
Inventory	(125)	(300)
Prepaid and other current assets	31	(111)
Payables and accruals	(268)	376
Contract assets and liabilities, net	(4)	369
Pension contributions	(35)	(44)
Long-term assets, liabilities and other	(323)	308
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	6,578	6,769
Investing
Capital expenditures	(2,636)	(2,237)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(842)	(110)
Divestitures, net of cash divested and asset sales	34	140
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(3,444)	(2,207)
Financing
Short-term debt borrowings (repayments) - net	(245)	2,229
Long-term debt borrowings	2,123	2,291
Long-term debt repayments	(1,651)	(1,725)
Issuances of ordinary shares	25	24
Purchases of ordinary shares	(2,925)	(4,478)
Cash dividends - Linde plc shareholders	(1,866)	(1,758)
Noncontrolling interest transactions and other	(81)	(62)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(4,620)	(3,479)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(56)	(150)
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(1,542)	933
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning-of-period	5,436	2,823
Cash and cash equivalents, end-of-period	$ 3,894	$ 3,756

v3.23.3

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Linde plc ("Linde" or "the company") is an incorporated public limited company formed under the laws of Ireland. Linde’s registered office is located at Ten Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, D02 T380 Ireland. Linde’s principal executive offices are located at Forge, 43 Church Street West, Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT, United Kingdom and 10 Riverview Drive, Danbury, Connecticut, 06810, United States. On January 18, 2023, shareholders approved the company’s proposal for an intercompany reorganization that resulted in the delisting of its ordinary shares from the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, on March 1, 2023, after the completion of legal and regulatory approvals. In connection with the closing of the intercompany reorganization on March 1, 2023, Linde shareholders automatically received one share of the new holding company, listed on the New York Stock Exchange, in exchange for each share of Linde plc that was previously owned. The new holding company is also named “Linde plc” and trades under the existing ticker LIN (see Note 11). Presentation of Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - In the opinion of Linde management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented and such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements of Linde plc and subsidiaries in Linde's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the company’s significant accounting policies during 2023. Reclassifications – Certain prior periods' amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.

v3.23.3

Other Charges	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]
Other Charges	Other Charges 2023 Other Charges Other charges were $2 million for the quarter and $42 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Costs primarily related to severance in the Engineering segment and expenses incurred due to the intercompany reorganization for the nine month period ended September 30, 2023. Other charges for the year-to-date period had an associated income tax benefit of $79 million primarily comprised of a benefit of $124 million related to the resolution of a U.S. income tax audit, partially offset by an accrual of $85 million for the potential settlement of an international income tax matter, both recorded in the first quarter. The following table summarizes the activities related to the company's pre-tax Other charges for the nine months ended September 30, 2023: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (millions of dollars) Severance costs Other cost reduction charges Total cost reduction program related charges Other charges Total other charges Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 281  $ 27  $ 308  $ 12  $ 320  2023 Other charges 24  —  24  18  42  Less: Cash payments / receipts (113) (1) (114) (19) (133) Less: Non-cash charges —  —  —  7  7  Foreign currency translation and other (9) —  (9) —  (9) Balance, September 30, 2023 $ 183  $ 26  $ 209  $ 18  $ 227  2022 Other Charges Russia-Ukraine Conflict In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, multiple jurisdictions, including Europe and the U.S., have imposed several tranches of economic sanctions on Russia. As a result, Linde reassessed its ability to control its Russian subsidiaries and determined that as of June 30, 2022 it can no longer exercise control over these entities. As such, Linde deconsolidated its Russian gas and engineering business entities as of June 30, 2022. The deconsolidation of the company's Russian gas and engineering business entities resulted in a loss of $787 million ($730 million after tax) during the second quarter of 2022. The fair value of Linde’s Russian subsidiaries was determined using a probability weighted discounted cash flow model, which resulted in the recognition of a $407 million loss on deconsolidation when compared to the carrying value of the entities. This loss was recorded within other charges in the consolidated statements of income. Upon deconsolidation an investment was recorded, which represents the fair value of net assets. The company did not receive any consideration, cash or otherwise, as part of the deconsolidation. Linde will maintain its interest in its Russian subsidiaries and will continue to comply with sanctions and government restrictions. The investment will be monitored for impairment in future periods. Receivables, primarily loans receivable, with newly deconsolidated entities were reassessed for collectability resulting in a write-off of approximately $380 million. Other charges related specifically to the Russia-Ukraine conflict were $114 million ($84 million after tax) for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and were primarily comprised of impairments of assets which are maintained by international entities in support of the Russian business. Other charges Other charges were $15 million and $103 million (benefit of $10 million and expense of $63 million, after tax) for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, primarily related to the sale of GIST business in the quarter and the impairment of an equity method investment in the EMEA segment. Classification in the condensed consolidated financial statements The costs are shown within operating profit in a separate line item on the consolidated statements of income. On the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows, the impact of these costs, net of cash payments, is shown as an adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities. In Note 10 Segments, Linde excluded these costs from its management definition of segment operating profit; a reconciliation of segment operating profit to consolidated operating profit is shown within the segment operating profit table.

v3.23.3

Supplemental Information	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Supplemental Information [Abstract]
Supplemental Information	Supplemental Information Receivables Linde applies loss rates that are lifetime expected credit losses at initial recognition of the receivables. These expected loss rates are based on an analysis of the actual historical default rates for each business, taking regional circumstances into account. If necessary, these historical default rates are adjusted to reflect the impact of current changes in the macroeconomic environment using forward-looking information. The loss rates are also evaluated based on the expectations of the responsible management team regarding the collectability of the receivables. Gross trade receivables aged less than one year were $4,637 million and $4,498 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and gross receivables aged greater than one year were $346 million and $321 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Other receivables were $155 million and $145 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Receivables aged greater than one year are generally fully reserved unless specific circumstances warrant exceptions, such as those backed by federal governments. Accounts receivable net of reserves were $4,692 million at September 30, 2023 and $4,559 million at December 31, 2022. Allowances for expected credit losses were $446 million at September 30, 2023 and $405 million at December 31, 2022.  Provisions for expected credit losses were $123 million and $112 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The allowance activity in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 related to write-offs of uncollectible amounts, net of recoveries and currency movements is not material. Inventories The following is a summary of Linde's consolidated inventories: (Millions of dollars) September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Inventories Raw materials and supplies $ 598  $ 567  Work in process 426  368  Finished goods 1,054  1,043  Total inventories $ 2,078  $ 1,978

v3.23.3

Debt	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Debt	Debt The following is a summary of Linde's outstanding debt at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022: (Millions of dollars) September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 SHORT-TERM Commercial paper $ 3,647  $ 3,926  Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.) 202  191  Total short-term debt 3,849  4,117  LONG-TERM (a) (U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted) 2.70% Notes due 2023 (c) —  501  2.00% Euro denominated notes due 2023 (b) (d) —  699  5.875% GBP denominated notes due 2023 (b) (d) —  367  1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024 581  588  1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b) 318  324  4.800% Notes due 2024 300  299  4.700% Notes due 2025 598  598  2.65% Notes due 2025 399  400  1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025 527  533  3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025 (e) 527  —  0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026 742  751  3.20% Notes due 2026 725  724  3.434% Notes due 2026 198  198  1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027 86  88  0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027 792  802  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027 530  536  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b) 743  749  3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029 (e) 789  —  1.10% Notes due 2030 697  696  1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030 109  111  1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031 794  803  0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032 788  798  0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033 523  529  3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034 (e) 683  —  1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035 839  849  3.55% Notes due 2042 666  665  2.00% Notes due 2050 296  296  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051 722  731  Non U.S. borrowings 172  152  Other 10  10  14,154  13,797  Less: current portion of long-term debt (922) (1,599) Total long-term debt 13,232  12,198  Total debt $ 18,003  $ 17,914  (a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable. (b)September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 included a cumulative $49 million and $56 million adjustment to carrying value, respectively, related to hedge accounting of interest rate swaps. Refer to Note 5. (c)In February 2023, Linde repaid $500 million of 2.70% notes that became due. (d)In April 2023, Linde repaid €650 million of 2.00% notes and £300 million of 5.875% notes that became due. (e)In June 2023, Linde issued €500 million of 3.625% notes due in 2025, €750 million of 3.375% notes due in 2029 and €650 million of 3.625% notes due in 2034. The company maintains a $5 billion and a $1.5 billion unsecured revolving credit agreement with a syndicate of banking institutions that expire December 7, 2027 and December 7, 2023, respectively. There are no financial maintenance covenants contained within the credit agreements. No borrowings were outstanding under the credit agreements as of September 30, 2023. The weighted-average interest rates of short-term borrowings outstanding were 4.6% and 3.2% as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

v3.23.3

Financial Instruments	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Financial Instruments	Financial Instruments In its normal operations, Linde is exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, energy and commodity costs. The objective of financial risk management at Linde is to minimize the negative impact of such fluctuations on the company’s earnings and cash flows. To manage these risks, among other strategies, Linde routinely enters into various derivative financial instruments (“derivatives”) including interest-rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements, currency-swap agreements, forward contracts, currency options, and commodity-swap agreements. These instruments are not entered into for trading purposes and Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments. There are three types of derivatives that the company enters into: (i) those relating to fair-value exposures, (ii) those relating to cash-flow exposures, and (iii) those relating to foreign currency net investment exposures. Fair-value exposures relate to recognized assets or liabilities, and firm commitments; cash-flow exposures relate to the variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions; and net investment exposures relate to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on the carrying value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies. When a derivative is executed and hedge accounting is appropriate, it is designated as either a fair-value hedge, cash-flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. Currently, Linde designates all interest-rate and treasury-rate locks as hedges for accounting purposes; however, cross-currency contracts are generally not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Certain currency contracts related to forecasted transactions are designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Whether designated as hedges for accounting purposes or not, all derivatives are linked to an appropriate underlying exposure. On an ongoing basis, the company assesses the hedge effectiveness of all derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes to determine if they continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the underlying hedged items. If it is determined that the hedge is not highly effective through the use of a qualitative assessment, then hedge accounting will be discontinued prospectively. Counterparties to Linde's derivatives are major banking institutions with credit ratings of investment grade or better. The company has Credit Support Annexes ("CSAs") in place for certain entities with their principal counterparties to minimize potential default risk and to mitigate counterparty risk. Under the CSAs, the fair values of derivatives for the purpose of interest rate and currency management are collateralized with cash on a regular basis. As of September 30, 2023, the impact of such collateral posting arrangements on the fair value of derivatives was insignificant. Management believes the risk of incurring losses on derivative contracts related to credit risk is remote and any losses would be immaterial. The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 for consolidated subsidiaries:       Fair Value   Notional Amounts Assets (a) Liabilities (a) (Millions of dollars) September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: Currency contracts: Balance sheet items $ 3,865  $ 3,056  $ 30  $ 13  $ 21  $ 7  Forecasted transactions 353  449  7  9  16  9  Cross-currency swaps 4  42  —  —  —  1  Total $ 4,222  $ 3,547  $ 37  $ 22  $ 37  $ 17  Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: Currency contracts:        Forecasted transactions $ 264  $ 323  $ 4  $ 6  $ 2  $ 5  Commodity contracts N/A N/A 3  —  26  4  Interest rate swaps 582  856  —  —  66  70  Total Hedges $ 846  $ 1,179  $ 7  $ 6  $ 94  $ 79  Total Derivatives $ 5,068  $ 4,726  $ 44  $ 28  $ 131  $ 96  (a)Amounts as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 included current assets of $42 million and $24 million which are recorded in prepaid and other current assets; long-term assets of $2 million and $4 million which are recorded in other long-term assets; current liabilities of $59 million and $23 million which are recorded in other current liabilities; and long-term liabilities of $72 million and $73 million which are recorded in other long-term liabilities. Balance Sheet Items Foreign currency contracts related to balance sheet items consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on recorded balance sheet assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating unit. Certain forward currency contracts are entered into to protect underlying monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies from foreign exchange risk and are not designated as hedging instruments. For balance sheet items that are not designated as hedging instruments, the fair value adjustments on these contracts are offset by the fair value adjustments recorded on the underlying monetary assets and liabilities. Forecasted Transactions Foreign currency contracts related to forecasted transactions consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on (1) forecasted purchases of capital-related equipment and services, (2) forecasted sales, or (3) other forecasted cash flows denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating units. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase. For forecasted transactions that do not qualify for cash flow hedging relationships, fair value adjustments are recorded directly to earnings. Cross-Currency Swaps Cross-currency interest rate swaps are entered into to limit the foreign currency risk of future principal and interest cash flows associated with intercompany loans, and to a more limited extent bonds, denominated in non-functional currencies. The fair value adjustments on the cross-currency swaps are recorded to earnings, where they are offset by fair value adjustments on the underlying intercompany loan or bond. Commodity Contracts Commodity contracts are entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices, which arise in the normal course of business from its procurement transactions. To reduce the extent of this risk, Linde enters into a limited number of electricity, natural gas, and propane gas derivatives. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase. Net Investment Hedges As of September 30, 2023, Linde has €10.7 billion ($11.6 billion) Euro-denominated notes and intercompany loans and ¥4.2 billion ($0.6 billion) CNY-denominated intercompany loans that are designated as hedges of the net investment positions in certain foreign operations. Since hedge inception, the deferred gain recorded within cumulative translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet is $555 million (deferred gain of $356 million and $206 million in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively). As of September 30, 2023, exchange rate movements relating to previously designated hedges that remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is at a gain of $56 million. These movements will remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), until appropriate, such as upon sale or liquidation of the related foreign operations at which time amounts will be reclassified to the consolidated statements of income. Interest Rate Swaps Linde uses interest rate swaps to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities as a result of interest rate changes. These interest rate swaps effectively convert fixed-rate interest exposures to variable rates; fair value adjustments are recognized in earnings along with an equally offsetting charge/benefit to earnings for the changes in the fair value of the underlying financial asset or financial liability (See Note 4). Derivatives' Impact on Consolidated Statements of Income The following table summarizes the impact of the company’s derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:   Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings *   Quarter Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Currency contracts: Balance sheet items Debt-related $ 33  $ (52) $ (50) $ (42) Other balance sheet items (3) 19  (5) 11  Total $ 30  $ (33) $ (55) $ (31) * The gains (losses) on balance sheet items are offset by gains (losses) recorded on the underlying hedged assets and liabilities. Accordingly, the gains (losses) for the derivatives and the underlying hedged assets and liabilities related to debt items are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as interest expense-net. Other balance sheet items and anticipated net income gains (losses) are generally recorded in the consolidated statements of income as other income (expenses)-net. The amounts of gain or loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified to the consolidated statement of income was not material for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net impacts expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months are also not material.

v3.23.3

Fair Value Disclosures	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Fair Value Disclosures	Fair Value Disclosures The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as follows: Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable Level 3 – inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions) Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:   Fair Value Measurements Using   Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (Millions of dollars) September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Assets Derivative assets $ —  $ —  $ 44  $ 28  $ —  $ —  Investments and securities* 20  20  —  —  11  13                   Total $ 20  $ 20  $ 44  $ 28  11  $ 13  Liabilities Derivative liabilities $ —  $ —  $ 131  $ 96  $ —  $ —  * Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. Level 1 investments and securities are marketable securities traded on an exchange. Level 2 investments are based on market prices obtained from independent brokers or determined using quantitative models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters that are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including third-party pricing services, brokers and market transactions. Level 3 investments and securities consist of a venture fund. For the valuation, Linde uses the net asset value received as part of the fund's quarterly reporting, which for the most part is not based on quoted prices in active markets. In order to reflect current market conditions, Linde proportionally adjusts by observable market data (stock exchange prices) or current transaction prices. Changes in level 3 investments and securities were immaterial. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term debt, accounts receivable-net, and accounts payable approximate carrying value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments. The fair value of long-term debt is estimated based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues. Long-term debt is categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. At September 30, 2023, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $12,172 million versus a carrying value of $14,154 million. At December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $11,994 million versus a carrying value of $13,797 million. Differences between the carrying value and the fair value are attributable to fluctuations in interest rates subsequent to when the debt was issued and relative to stated coupon rates.

v3.23.3

Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders	Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders Basic and diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:   Quarter Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,   2023 2022 2023 2022 Numerator (Millions of dollars) Net Income – Linde plc $ 1,565  $ 1,273  $ 4,656  $ 2,819  Denominator (Thousands of shares) Weighted average shares outstanding 486,578  496,691  488,986  501,266  Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans 544  495  532  477  Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share 487,122  497,186  489,518  501,743  Effect of dilutive securities Stock options and awards 3,954  3,965  4,049  4,269  Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share 491,076  501,151  493,567  506,012  Basic Earnings Per Share $ 3.21  $ 2.56  $ 9.51  $ 5.62  Diluted Earnings Per Share $ 3.19  $ 2.54  $ 9.43  $ 5.57  There were no antidilutive shares for any period presented.

v3.23.3

Retirement Programs	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Retirement Benefits, Description [Abstract]
Retirement Programs	Retirement Programs The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pensions (“OPEB”) costs for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are shown below:   Quarter Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Amount recognized in Operating Profit Service cost $ 21  $ 31  $ 63  $ 96  Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost Interest cost 94  49  280  153  Expected return on plan assets (132) (126) (392) (394) Net amortization and deferral (9) 18  (25) 56  Settlement Charge (a) 12  6  12  6  (35) (53) (125) (179)  Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) $ (14) $ (22) $ (62) $ (83) (a) In the third quarters of 2023 and 2022, Linde recorded pension settlement charges of $12 million and $6 million ($10 million and $5 million, after tax), respectively, related to lump sum benefit payments made from a U.S. non-qualified plan. Components of net periodic benefit expense for other post-retirement plans for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were not material. Linde estimates that 2023 required contributions to its pension plans will be in the range of approximately $40 million to $50 million, of which $35 million have been made through September 30, 2023.

v3.23.3

Commitments and Contingencies	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	Commitments and Contingencies Contingent Liabilities Linde is subject to various lawsuits and government investigations that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. These actions are based upon alleged environmental, tax, antitrust and personal injury claims, among others. Linde has strong defenses in these cases and intends to defend itself vigorously. It is possible that the company may incur losses in connection with some of these actions in excess of accrued liabilities. Management does not anticipate that in the aggregate such losses would have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, it is possible that the final outcomes could have a significant impact on the company’s reported results of operations in any given period (see Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements of Linde's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K). Significant matters are: •During 2009, the Brazilian government published Law 11941/2009 instituting a new voluntary amnesty program (“Refis Program”) which allowed Brazilian companies to settle certain federal tax disputes at reduced amounts. During 2009, the company decided that it was economically beneficial to settle many of its outstanding federal tax disputes and such disputes were enrolled in the Refis Program, subject to final calculation and review by the Brazilian federal government. The company recorded estimated liabilities based on the terms of the Refis Program. Since 2009, Linde has been unable to reach final agreement on the calculations and initiated litigation against the government in an attempt to resolve certain items. Open issues relate to the following matters: (i) application of cash deposits and net operating loss carryforwards to satisfy obligations and (ii) the amount of tax reductions available under the Refis Program. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of legal matters in Brazil. •At September 30, 2023, the most significant non-income tax claims in Brazil, after enrollment in the Refis Program, relate to state VAT tax matters. The total estimated exposure relating to such claims, including interest and penalties, as appropriate, is approximately $115 million. Linde has not recorded any liabilities related to such claims based on management judgment and opinions of outside counsel. During the first quarter of 2023, the Brazilian Supreme Court issued a decision related to a federal income tax matter that the company previously disclosed as a contingency in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements of Linde’s 2022 Annual report on Form 10-K. As a result of this decision, the company recorded a reserve based on its best estimate of potential settlement (see Note 2). Because litigation in Brazil historically takes many years to resolve, it is very difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters; however, it is possible that certain of these matters may be resolved within the near term. The company is vigorously defending against the proceedings. •On September 1, 2010, CADE (Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense) announced alleged anticompetitive activity on the part of five industrial gas companies in Brazil and imposed fines. CADE imposed a civil fine of R$1.7 billion Brazilian reais ($338 million) on White Martins, the Brazil-based subsidiary of Linde Inc., and R$0.2 billion Brazilian reais ($40 million) on Linde Gases Ltda., the former Brazil-based subsidiary of Linde AG, which was divested to MG Industries GmbH on March 1, 2019 and with respect to which Linde provided a contractual indemnity. The fine against White Martins and Linde Gases Ltda. was overturned by the Ninth and Seventh Federal Courts of Brasilia, respectively. CADE appealed these decisions, and the Federal Court of Appeals rejected CADE's appeals and confirmed the decision of the Ninth and Seventh Federal Courts of Brasilia. CADE had filed appeals for both subsidiaries with the Superior Court of Justice which were denied. CADE filed subsequent appeals to a panel of the Supreme Court of Justice where a final decision is pending regarding White Martins, but where a final and binding decision was issued in September 2023, whereby the Supreme Court of Justice annulled the fine imposed against Linde Gases Ltda. Similar to claims against Linde Gases Ltda., White Martins has strong defenses and is confident that it will prevail on appeal and have the fines overturned. Linde strongly believes that the allegations of anticompetitive activity against our Brazilian subsidiary is not supported by valid and sufficient evidence. Linde believes that this decision will not stand up to final judicial review and deems the possibility of cash outflows to be extremely unlikely. No reserves have been recorded as management does not believe that a loss from this case is probable. •On and after April 23, 2019 former shareholders of Linde AG filed appraisal proceedings at the District Court (Landgericht) Munich I (Germany), seeking an increase of the cash consideration paid in connection with the previously completed cash merger squeeze-out of all of Linde AG’s minority shareholders for €189.46 per share. Any such increase would apply to all 14,763,113 Linde AG shares that were outstanding on April 8, 2019, when the cash merger squeeze-out was completed. The period for plaintiffs to file claims expired on July 9, 2019. The company believes the consideration paid was fair and that the claims are not supported by sufficient evidence, and no reserve has been established. We cannot estimate the timing of resolution. •On December 30, 2022, the Russian Arbitration Court of the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region issued an injunction preventing (i) the sale of any shares in Linde’s subsidiaries and joint ventures in Russia, and (ii) the disposal of any of the assets in those entities exceeding 5% of the relevant company’s overall asset value. The injunction was requested by RusChemAlliance (RCA) as a preliminary measure to secure payment of a possible eventual award under an arbitration proceeding RCA intended to file against Linde Engineering for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a gas processing plant in Ust Luga, Russia entered into between a consortium of Linde Engineering, Renaissance Heavy Industries LLC, and RCA on July 7, 2021. Performance of the agreement was lawfully suspended by Linde Engineering on May 27, 2022 in compliance with applicable sanctions and in accordance with a decision by the sanctions authority in Germany. On March 1, 2023, RCA filed a claim in St. Petersburg against Linde GmbH for recovery of advance payments under the agreement ("Russian Claim"), and subsequently (i) added Linde and other Linde subsidiaries as defendants, and (ii) is seeking payment of alleged damages from Linde (pursuant to corporate guarantees) and guarantor banks. On March 4, 2023, in accordance with the dispute resolution provisions of the agreement, Linde GmbH filed a notice of arbitration with the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre ("HKIAC") against RCA to claim that (i) RCA has no entitlement to payment, (ii) RCA’s Russian claim is in breach of the arbitration agreement, and (iii) RCA must compensate Linde for the losses and damages caused by the injunction. Additionally, Linde GmbH filed for and on March 17, 2023 obtained an anti-suit injunction from a Hong Kong court against RCA directing RCA to seek a stay of the Russian Claim and ordering it to resolve any disputes in accordance with HKIAC arbitration. On September 27, 2023, the anti-suit injunction was confirmed by the same Hong Kong court. Despite the anti-suit injunction obtained by Linde in Hong Kong, the proceeding in St. Petersburg has not been stayed and RCA is continuing to pursue its claim in Russia. As of September 30, 2023, Linde has a contingent liability of $1.1 billion recorded in Other long-term liabilities, which represents advance payments previously recorded in contract liabilities as of December 31, 2022 related to terminated engineering projects with RCA. As a result of the contract terminations, Linde no longer has future performance obligations for these projects. Linde deconsolidated its Russian gas and engineering business entities as of June 30, 2022, and the remaining investment value of its Russia subsidiaries is immaterial. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of this matter. The company intends to vigorously defend its interests in both the injunction and arbitration proceedings.

v3.23.3

Segments	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Segments	Segments For a description of Linde plc's operating segments, refer to Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements on Linde plc's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The table below presents sales and operating profit information about reportable segments and Other for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.    Quarter Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 2023 2022 SALES(a) Americas $ 3,629  $ 3,694  $ 10,721  $ 10,453  EMEA 2,105  2,125  6,442  6,417  APAC 1,639  1,660  4,920  4,913  Engineering 467  828  1,502  2,200  Other 315  490  967  1,482  Total sales $ 8,155  $ 8,797  $ 24,552  $ 25,465     Quarter Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 2023 2022 SEGMENT OPERATING PROFIT Americas $ 1,074  $ 974  $ 3,169  $ 2,788  EMEA 634  465  1,871  1,504  APAC 459  429  1,354  1,254  Engineering 116  150  372  398  Other 23  (8) 32  (41) Segment operating profit 2,306  2,010  6,798  5,903  Other charges (Note 2) (2) (15) (42) (1,004) Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (252) (382) (760) (1,217) Total operating profit $ 2,052  $ 1,613  $ 5,996  $ 3,682  (a)Sales reflect external sales only. Intersegment sales, primarily from Engineering to the industrial gases segments, were $417 million and $1,046 million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $251 million and $728 million for the respective 2022 periods.

v3.23.3

Equity	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Equity [Abstract]
Equity	Equity Equity On March 1, 2023, in connection with the shareholder approved intercompany reorganization that resulted in the delisting of old Linde plc from the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FSE), and the subsequent relisting of new Linde plc to the NYSE, Linde shareholders automatically received one share of the new holding company, listed on the NYSE in exchange for each share of Linde plc that was previously owned. The company issued 490,766,972 new Linde shares. Linde plc's historical treasury shares were immediately canceled which resulted in an approximately $15 billion decrease in treasury shares and retained earnings in Shareholders' Equity. A summary of the changes in total equity for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is provided below: Quarter Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 Activity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Balance, beginning of period $ 39,911  $ 1,324  $ 41,235  $ 39,674  $ 1,353  $ 41,027  Net income (a) 1,565  36  1,601  1,273  27  1,300  Other comprehensive income (loss) (777) (13) (790) (1,628) (40) (1,668) Noncontrolling interests: Additions (reductions) —  (1) (1) —  (7) (7) Dividends and other capital changes —  (19) (19) —  (35) (35) Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($1.275 per share in 2023 and $1.17 per share in 2022) (620) —  (620) (581) —  (581) Issuances of ordinary shares: For employee savings and incentive plans (19) —  (19) 7  —  7  Purchases of ordinary shares (1,198) —  (1,198) (1,144) —  (1,144) Share-based compensation 36  —  36  27  —  27  Balance, end of period $ 38,898  $ 1,327  $ 40,225  $ 37,628  $ 1,298  $ 38,926  Nine Months Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 Activity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Balance, beginning of period $ 40,028  $ 1,346  $ 41,374  $ 44,035  $ 1,393  $ 45,428  Net income (a) 4,656  109  4,765  2,819  101  2,920  Other comprehensive income (loss) (894) (38) (932) (3,046) (69) (3,115) Noncontrolling interests: Additions (reductions) (11) (6) (17) —  (56) (56) Dividends and other capital changes —  (84) (84) —  (71) (71) Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($3.83 per share in 2023 and $3.51 per share in 2022) (1,866) —  (1,866) (1,758) —  (1,758) Issuances of ordinary shares: For employee savings and incentive plans (117) —  (117) (32) —  (32) Purchases of ordinary shares (3,000) —  (3,000) (4,468) —  (4,468) Share-based compensation 102  —  102  78  —  78  Balance, end of period $ 38,898  $ 1,327  $ 40,225  $ 37,628  $ 1,298  $ 38,926  (a) Net income for noncontrolling interests excludes net income related to redeemable noncontrolling interests which is not significant for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and which is not part of total equity. The components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows: September 30, December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes: Americas $ (3,767) $ (3,942) EMEA (1,433) (1,249) APAC (1,486) (835) Engineering (320) (241) Other 623  483  (6,383) (5,784) Derivatives - net of taxes (31) 62  Pension / OPEB (net of $14 million tax benefit and $54 million tax obligation at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) (262) (60) $ (6,676) $ (5,782)

v3.23.3

Revenue Recognition	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition Revenue is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. Revenue is recognized as control of goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services. Contracts with Customers Linde serves a diverse group of industries including healthcare, chemicals and energy, manufacturing, metals and mining, food and beverage, and electronics. Industrial Gases Within each of the company’s geographic segments for industrial gases, there are three basic distribution methods: (i) on-site or tonnage; (ii) merchant or bulk liquid; and (iii) packaged or cylinder gases. The distribution method used by Linde to supply a customer is determined by many factors, including the customer’s volume requirements and location. The distribution method generally determines the contract terms with the customer and, accordingly, the revenue recognition accounting practices. Linde's primary products in its industrial gases business are atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, rare gases) and process gases (carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, electronic gases, specialty gases, acetylene). These products are generally sold through one of the three distribution methods. Following is a description of each of the three industrial gases distribution methods and the respective revenue recognition policies: On-site. Customers that require the largest volumes of product and that have a relatively constant demand pattern are supplied by cryogenic and process gas on-site plants. Linde constructs plants on or adjacent to these customers’ sites and supplies the product directly to customers by pipeline. Where there are large concentrations of customers, a single pipeline may be connected to several plants and customers. On-site product supply contracts generally are total requirement contracts with terms typically ranging from 10-20 years and contain minimum purchase requirements and price escalation provisions. Many of the cryogenic on-site plants also produce liquid products for the merchant market. Therefore, plants are typically not dedicated to a single customer. Additionally, Linde is responsible for the design, construction, operations and maintenance of the plants and our customers typically have no involvement in these activities. Advanced air separation processes also allow on-site delivery to customers with smaller volume requirements. The company’s performance obligations related to on-site customers are satisfied over time as customers receive and obtain control of the product. Linde has elected to apply the practical expedient for measuring progress towards the completion of a performance obligation and recognizes revenue as the company has the right to invoice each customer, which generally corresponds with product delivery. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Consideration in these contracts is generally based on pricing which fluctuates with various price indices. Variable components of consideration exist within on-site contracts but are considered constrained. Merchant. Merchant deliveries generally are made from Linde's plants by tanker trucks to storage containers at the customer's site. Due to the relatively high distribution cost, merchant oxygen and nitrogen generally have a relatively small distribution radius from the plants at which they are produced. Merchant argon, hydrogen and helium can be shipped much longer distances. The customer agreements used in the merchant business are usually three-to seven-year supply agreements based on the requirements of the customer. These contracts generally do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments. The company’s performance obligations related to merchant customers are generally satisfied at a point in time as the customers receive and obtain control of the product. Revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Any variable components of consideration within merchant contracts are constrained; however, this consideration is not significant. Packaged Gases. Customers requiring small volumes are supplied products in containers called cylinders, under medium to high pressure. Linde distributes merchant gases from its production plants to company-owned cylinder filling plants where cylinders are then filled for distribution to customers. Cylinders may be delivered to the customer’s site or picked up by the customer at a packaging facility or retail store. Linde invoices the customer for the industrial gases and the use of the cylinder container(s). The company also sells hardgoods and welding equipment purchased from independent manufacturers. Packaged gases are generally sold under one to three-year supply contracts and purchase orders and do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments. The company’s performance obligations related to packaged gases are satisfied at a point in time. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer or when the customer picks up product from a packaged gas facility or retail store and the company has the right to payment from the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Any variable consideration is constrained and will be recognized when the uncertainty related to the consideration is resolved. Engineering The company designs and manufactures equipment for air separation and other industrial gas applications manufactured specifically for end customers. Sale of equipment contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation. Revenue from sale of equipment is generally recognized over time as Linde has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and performance does not create an asset with alternative use. For contracts recognized over time, revenue is recognized primarily using a cost incurred input method. Costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations. Costs incurred include material, labor, and overhead costs and represent work contributing and proportionate to the transfer of control to the customer. Changes to cost estimates and contract modifications are typically accounted for as part of the existing contract and are recognized as cumulative adjustments for the inception-to-date effect of such change. Contract Assets and Liabilities Contract assets and liabilities result from differences in timing of revenue recognition and customer invoicing. Contract assets primarily relate to sale of equipment contracts for which revenue is recognized over time. The balance represents unbilled revenue which occurs when revenue recognized under the measure of progress exceeds amounts invoiced to customers. Customer invoices may be based on the passage of time, the achievement of certain contractual milestones or a combination of both criteria. Contract liabilities include advance payments or right to consideration prior to performance under the contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as performance obligations are satisfied under contract terms. Linde has contract assets of  $151 million and $124 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Total contract liabilities are $2,945 million at September 30, 2023 (current of $1,985 million and $960 million within other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets). As of September 30, 2023, Linde has approximately $498 million recorded in contract liabilities related to engineering projects in Russia subject to sanctions. Total contract liabilities were $3,986 million at December 31, 2022 (current contract liabilities of $3,073 million and $913 million within other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets). The decrease in contract liabilities is primarily related to a reclassification of contract liabilities to a contingent liability in other long-term liabilities associated with an engineering project in Russia (see Note 9). Revenue recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 that was included in the contract liability at December 31, 2022 was $760 million. Contract assets and liabilities primarily relate to the Engineering business. Payment Terms and Other Linde generally receives payment after performance obligations are satisfied, and customer prepayments are not typical for the industrial gases business. Payment terms vary based on the country where sales originate and local customary payment practices. Linde does not offer extended financing outside of customary payment terms. Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue producing transactions are presented on a net basis and are not included in sales within the consolidated statement of income. Additionally, sales returns and allowances are not a normal practice in the industry and are not significant. Disaggregated Revenue Information As described above and in Note 19 to Linde plc's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, the company manages its industrial gases business on a geographic basis, while the Engineering and Other businesses are generally managed on a global basis. Furthermore, the company believes that reporting sales by distribution method by reportable geographic segment best illustrates the nature, timing, type of customer, and contract terms for its revenues, including terms and pricing. The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. (Millions of dollars) Quarter Ended September 30, 2023 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 1,131  $ 685  $ 564  $ —  $ 53  $ 2,433  30  % On-Site 843  473  651  —  —  1,967  24  % Packaged Gas 1,599  936  352  —  8  2,895  35  % Other 56  11  72  467  254  860  11  % Total $ 3,629  $ 2,105  $ 1,639  $ 467  $ 315  $ 8,155  100  % (Millions of dollars) Quarter Ended September 30, 2022 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 986  $ 620  $ 593  $ —  $ 43  $ 2,242  25  % On-Site 1,178  651  605  —  —  2,434  28  % Packaged Gas 1,478  841  403  —  21  2,743  31  % Other 52  13  59  828  426  1,378  16  % Total $ 3,694  $ 2,125  $ 1,660  $ 828  $ 490  $ 8,797  100  % (Millions of dollars) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 3,268  $ 2,089  $ 1,685  $ —  $ 161  $ 7,203  29  % On-Site 2,403  1,504  1,972  —  —  5,879  24  % Packaged Gas 4,875  2,810  1,072  —  40  8,797  36  % Other 175  39  191  1,502  766  2,673  11  % Total $ 10,721  $ 6,442  $ 4,920  $ 1,502  $ 967  $ 24,552  100  % (Millions of dollars) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 2,801  $ 1,868  $ 1,671  $ —  $ 122  $ 6,462  25  % On-Site 3,110  1,892  1,891  —  —  6,893  27  % Packaged Gas 4,383  2,616  1,153  —  37  8,189  32  % Other 159  41  198  2,200  1,323  3,921  15  % Total $ 10,453  $ 6,417  $ 4,913  $ 2,200  $ 1,482  $ 25,465  100  %      Remaining Performance Obligations As described above, Linde's contracts with on-site customers are under long-term supply arrangements which generally require the customer to purchase their requirements from Linde and also have minimum purchase requirements. Additionally, plant sales from the Linde Engineering business are primarily contracted on a fixed price basis. The company estimates the consideration related to future minimum purchase requirements and plant sales was approximately $47 billion (excludes Russian projects which are impacted by sanctions). This amount excludes all on-site sales above minimum purchase requirements, which can be significant depending on customer needs. In the future, actual amounts will be different due to impacts from several factors, many of which are beyond the company’s control including, but not limited to, timing of newly signed, terminated and renewed contracts, inflationary price escalations, currency exchange rates, and pass-through costs related to natural gas and electricity. The actual duration of long-term supply contracts ranges up to twenty years. The company estimates that approximately half of the revenue related to minimum purchase requirements will be earned in the next five years and the remaining thereafter.

v3.23.3

Business Acquisition	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]
Business Acquisition	Business Acquisition Acquisition of nexAir, LLC On January 5, 2023, Linde completed the acquisition of nexAir, LLC, a gas distribution and welding supply company in the United States, in order to further expand the company’s geographic footprint into different regions. Prior to completion of the acquisition, Linde held a 23% interest in nexAir, LLC. Pursuant to a signed purchase agreement between Linde and nexAir, LLC, Linde purchased the remaining 77% ownership interest in an all cash transaction with a total purchase price of $859 million, or $804 million net of cash acquired. The fair value of Linde’s equity interest in nexAir, LLC immediately preceding the acquisition date was $183 million, which resulted in a gain on remeasurement of the company’s previously held equity interest which was not material; this gain is recorded within “Other income (expenses) – net” on the consolidated statements of income. Preliminary Allocation of Purchase Price The acquisition of nexAir, LLC was accounted for as a business combination. Following the acquisition date, 100% of nexAir, LLC's results were consolidated in the Americas business segment. Linde's quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 consolidated income statement includes sales of $102 million and $306 million, respectively, related to nexAir, LLC. Pro forma results for 2022 have not been included as the impact of the acquisition is not material to the consolidated statements of income. The company has estimated the preliminary fair value of net assets acquired based on information currently available and will continue to adjust those estimates as additional information becomes available. The following table summarizes the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition of nexAir, LLC as of the acquisition date. (Millions of dollars) January 5, 2023 Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 55  Other current assets - net 48 Property, plant and equipment, net 241 Other intangible assets - net 245 Other long-term liabilities - net (5) Total identifiable net assets $ 584  Goodwill $ 458  Fair value of previously held equity interest $ 183  Total purchase price $ 859  nexAir, LLC’s assets and liabilities were measured at estimated fair values at January 5, 2023. Estimates of fair value represent management's best estimate of assumptions about future events and uncertainties, including significant judgments related to future cash flows (sales, costs, customer attrition rates, and contributory asset charges), discount rates, competitive trends, and market comparables. Inputs used were generally obtained from historical data supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions and growth rates. The fair value of the previously held equity interest was based upon a purchase price valuation (excluding debt) multiplied by the company’s previously held ownership interest adjusted by a discount for lack of marketability. The fair value of property, plant & equipment, net is based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset, based on the most advantageous market for the asset (i.e., its highest and best use). The cost approach, adjusted for the age and condition of the property, plant and equipment, was used to estimate fair value. Identifiable intangible assets primarily consist of customer relationships of approximately $245 million that will be amortized over their estimated useful life of 20 years. The fair value of the customer relationships intangible asset was valued using a multi-period excess earnings method, a form of the income approach, which incorporates the estimated future cash flows to be generated from nexAir, LLC's existing customer base. There were no indefinite-lived intangible assets identified in conjunction with the acquisition. The excess of the consideration for the acquisition over the preliminary fair value of net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The acquisition resulted in $458 million of goodwill, the majority of which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The goodwill balance is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce and operating synergies expected to result from the acquisition. The goodwill recorded as a result of the acquisition was allocated to the Americas reportable segment, which represents the reportable segment anticipated to experience operating synergies as a result of the acquisition.

v3.23.3

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 1,565	$ 1,273	$ 4,656	$ 2,819

v3.23.3

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Reclassifications	Reclassifications – Certain prior periods' amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.

v3.23.3

Other Charges (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]
Summary of Other Charges	The following table summarizes the activities related to the company's pre-tax Other charges for the nine months ended September 30, 2023: Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (millions of dollars) Severance costs Other cost reduction charges Total cost reduction program related charges Other charges Total other charges Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 281  $ 27  $ 308  $ 12  $ 320  2023 Other charges 24  —  24  18  42  Less: Cash payments / receipts (113) (1) (114) (19) (133) Less: Non-cash charges —  —  —  7  7  Foreign currency translation and other (9) —  (9) —  (9) Balance, September 30, 2023 $ 183  $ 26  $ 209  $ 18  $ 227

v3.23.3

Supplemental Information (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Supplemental Information [Abstract]
Schedule of Inventories	The following is a summary of Linde's consolidated inventories: (Millions of dollars) September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Inventories Raw materials and supplies $ 598  $ 567  Work in process 426  368  Finished goods 1,054  1,043  Total inventories $ 2,078  $ 1,978

v3.23.3

Debt (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Summary of Outstanding Debt	The following is a summary of Linde's outstanding debt at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022: (Millions of dollars) September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 SHORT-TERM Commercial paper $ 3,647  $ 3,926  Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.) 202  191  Total short-term debt 3,849  4,117  LONG-TERM (a) (U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted) 2.70% Notes due 2023 (c) —  501  2.00% Euro denominated notes due 2023 (b) (d) —  699  5.875% GBP denominated notes due 2023 (b) (d) —  367  1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024 581  588  1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b) 318  324  4.800% Notes due 2024 300  299  4.700% Notes due 2025 598  598  2.65% Notes due 2025 399  400  1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025 527  533  3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025 (e) 527  —  0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026 742  751  3.20% Notes due 2026 725  724  3.434% Notes due 2026 198  198  1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027 86  88  0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027 792  802  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027 530  536  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b) 743  749  3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029 (e) 789  —  1.10% Notes due 2030 697  696  1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030 109  111  1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031 794  803  0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032 788  798  0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033 523  529  3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034 (e) 683  —  1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035 839  849  3.55% Notes due 2042 666  665  2.00% Notes due 2050 296  296  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051 722  731  Non U.S. borrowings 172  152  Other 10  10  14,154  13,797  Less: current portion of long-term debt (922) (1,599) Total long-term debt 13,232  12,198  Total debt $ 18,003  $ 17,914  (a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable. (b)September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 included a cumulative $49 million and $56 million adjustment to carrying value, respectively, related to hedge accounting of interest rate swaps. Refer to Note 5. (c)In February 2023, Linde repaid $500 million of 2.70% notes that became due. (d)In April 2023, Linde repaid €650 million of 2.00% notes and £300 million of 5.875% notes that became due. (e)In June 2023, Linde issued €500 million of 3.625% notes due in 2025, €750 million of 3.375% notes due in 2029 and €650 million of 3.625% notes due in 2034.

v3.23.3

Financial Instruments (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value	The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 for consolidated subsidiaries:       Fair Value   Notional Amounts Assets (a) Liabilities (a) (Millions of dollars) September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: Currency contracts: Balance sheet items $ 3,865  $ 3,056  $ 30  $ 13  $ 21  $ 7  Forecasted transactions 353  449  7  9  16  9  Cross-currency swaps 4  42  —  —  —  1  Total $ 4,222  $ 3,547  $ 37  $ 22  $ 37  $ 17  Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: Currency contracts:        Forecasted transactions $ 264  $ 323  $ 4  $ 6  $ 2  $ 5  Commodity contracts N/A N/A 3  —  26  4  Interest rate swaps 582  856  —  —  66  70  Total Hedges $ 846  $ 1,179  $ 7  $ 6  $ 94  $ 79  Total Derivatives $ 5,068  $ 4,726  $ 44  $ 28  $ 131  $ 96  (a)Amounts as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 included current assets of $42 million and $24 million which are recorded in prepaid and other current assets; long-term assets of $2 million and $4 million which are recorded in other long-term assets; current liabilities of $59 million and $23 million which are recorded in other current liabilities; and long-term liabilities of $72 million and $73 million which are recorded in other long-term liabilities.
Schedule of Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Table	The following table summarizes the impact of the company’s derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:   Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings *   Quarter Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Currency contracts: Balance sheet items Debt-related $ 33  $ (52) $ (50) $ (42) Other balance sheet items (3) 19  (5) 11  Total $ 30  $ (33) $ (55) $ (31) * The gains (losses) on balance sheet items are offset by gains (losses) recorded on the underlying hedged assets and liabilities. Accordingly, the gains (losses) for the derivatives and the underlying hedged assets and liabilities related to debt items are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as interest expense-net. Other balance sheet items and anticipated net income gains (losses) are generally recorded in the consolidated statements of income as other income (expenses)-net.

v3.23.3

Fair Value Disclosures (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis	The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:   Fair Value Measurements Using   Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (Millions of dollars) September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Assets Derivative assets $ —  $ —  $ 44  $ 28  $ —  $ —  Investments and securities* 20  20  —  —  11  13                   Total $ 20  $ 20  $ 44  $ 28  11  $ 13  Liabilities Derivative liabilities $ —  $ —  $ 131  $ 96  $ —  $ —  * Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.

v3.23.3

Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Earnings Per Share	Basic and diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:   Quarter Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,   2023 2022 2023 2022 Numerator (Millions of dollars) Net Income – Linde plc $ 1,565  $ 1,273  $ 4,656  $ 2,819  Denominator (Thousands of shares) Weighted average shares outstanding 486,578  496,691  488,986  501,266  Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans 544  495  532  477  Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share 487,122  497,186  489,518  501,743  Effect of dilutive securities Stock options and awards 3,954  3,965  4,049  4,269  Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share 491,076  501,151  493,567  506,012  Basic Earnings Per Share $ 3.21  $ 2.56  $ 9.51  $ 5.62  Diluted Earnings Per Share $ 3.19  $ 2.54  $ 9.43  $ 5.57

v3.23.3

Retirement Programs (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Retirement Benefits, Description [Abstract]
Schedule of Pension and OPEB Net Periodic Benefit Costs	The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pensions (“OPEB”) costs for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are shown below:   Quarter Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 2023 2022 Amount recognized in Operating Profit Service cost $ 21  $ 31  $ 63  $ 96  Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost Interest cost 94  49  280  153  Expected return on plan assets (132) (126) (392) (394) Net amortization and deferral (9) 18  (25) 56  Settlement Charge (a) 12  6  12  6  (35) (53) (125) (179)  Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) $ (14) $ (22) $ (62) $ (83) (a) In the third quarters of 2023 and 2022, Linde recorded pension settlement charges of $12 million and $6 million ($10 million and $5 million, after tax), respectively, related to lump sum benefit payments made from a U.S. non-qualified plan.

v3.23.3

Segments (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Schedule of Segment Reporting Information, Sales Table	The table below presents sales and operating profit information about reportable segments and Other for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.    Quarter Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 2023 2022 SALES(a) Americas $ 3,629  $ 3,694  $ 10,721  $ 10,453  EMEA 2,105  2,125  6,442  6,417  APAC 1,639  1,660  4,920  4,913  Engineering 467  828  1,502  2,200  Other 315  490  967  1,482  Total sales $ 8,155  $ 8,797  $ 24,552  $ 25,465     Quarter Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 2023 2022 SEGMENT OPERATING PROFIT Americas $ 1,074  $ 974  $ 3,169  $ 2,788  EMEA 634  465  1,871  1,504  APAC 459  429  1,354  1,254  Engineering 116  150  372  398  Other 23  (8) 32  (41) Segment operating profit 2,306  2,010  6,798  5,903  Other charges (Note 2) (2) (15) (42) (1,004) Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (252) (382) (760) (1,217) Total operating profit $ 2,052  $ 1,613  $ 5,996  $ 3,682  (a)Sales reflect external sales only. Intersegment sales, primarily from Engineering to the industrial gases segments, were $417 million and $1,046 million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $251 million and $728 million for the respective 2022 periods.

v3.23.3

Equity (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Equity [Abstract]
Summary of Changes in Total Equity	A summary of the changes in total equity for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is provided below: Quarter Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 Activity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Balance, beginning of period $ 39,911  $ 1,324  $ 41,235  $ 39,674  $ 1,353  $ 41,027  Net income (a) 1,565  36  1,601  1,273  27  1,300  Other comprehensive income (loss) (777) (13) (790) (1,628) (40) (1,668) Noncontrolling interests: Additions (reductions) —  (1) (1) —  (7) (7) Dividends and other capital changes —  (19) (19) —  (35) (35) Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($1.275 per share in 2023 and $1.17 per share in 2022) (620) —  (620) (581) —  (581) Issuances of ordinary shares: For employee savings and incentive plans (19) —  (19) 7  —  7  Purchases of ordinary shares (1,198) —  (1,198) (1,144) —  (1,144) Share-based compensation 36  —  36  27  —  27  Balance, end of period $ 38,898  $ 1,327  $ 40,225  $ 37,628  $ 1,298  $ 38,926  Nine Months Ended September 30, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 Activity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Balance, beginning of period $ 40,028  $ 1,346  $ 41,374  $ 44,035  $ 1,393  $ 45,428  Net income (a) 4,656  109  4,765  2,819  101  2,920  Other comprehensive income (loss) (894) (38) (932) (3,046) (69) (3,115) Noncontrolling interests: Additions (reductions) (11) (6) (17) —  (56) (56) Dividends and other capital changes —  (84) (84) —  (71) (71) Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($3.83 per share in 2023 and $3.51 per share in 2022) (1,866) —  (1,866) (1,758) —  (1,758) Issuances of ordinary shares: For employee savings and incentive plans (117) —  (117) (32) —  (32) Purchases of ordinary shares (3,000) —  (3,000) (4,468) —  (4,468) Share-based compensation 102  —  102  78  —  78  Balance, end of period $ 38,898  $ 1,327  $ 40,225  $ 37,628  $ 1,298  $ 38,926  (a) Net income for noncontrolling interests excludes net income related to redeemable noncontrolling interests which is not significant for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and which is not part of total equity.
Summary of Components of AOCI	The components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows: September 30, December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2023 2022 Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes: Americas $ (3,767) $ (3,942) EMEA (1,433) (1,249) APAC (1,486) (835) Engineering (320) (241) Other 623  483  (6,383) (5,784) Derivatives - net of taxes (31) 62  Pension / OPEB (net of $14 million tax benefit and $54 million tax obligation at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively) (262) (60) $ (6,676) $ (5,782)

v3.23.3

Revenue Recognition (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Schedule of Revenue by Distribution Method	The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. (Millions of dollars) Quarter Ended September 30, 2023 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 1,131  $ 685  $ 564  $ —  $ 53  $ 2,433  30  % On-Site 843  473  651  —  —  1,967  24  % Packaged Gas 1,599  936  352  —  8  2,895  35  % Other 56  11  72  467  254  860  11  % Total $ 3,629  $ 2,105  $ 1,639  $ 467  $ 315  $ 8,155  100  % (Millions of dollars) Quarter Ended September 30, 2022 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 986  $ 620  $ 593  $ —  $ 43  $ 2,242  25  % On-Site 1,178  651  605  —  —  2,434  28  % Packaged Gas 1,478  841  403  —  21  2,743  31  % Other 52  13  59  828  426  1,378  16  % Total $ 3,694  $ 2,125  $ 1,660  $ 828  $ 490  $ 8,797  100  % (Millions of dollars) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 3,268  $ 2,089  $ 1,685  $ —  $ 161  $ 7,203  29  % On-Site 2,403  1,504  1,972  —  —  5,879  24  % Packaged Gas 4,875  2,810  1,072  —  40  8,797  36  % Other 175  39  191  1,502  766  2,673  11  % Total $ 10,721  $ 6,442  $ 4,920  $ 1,502  $ 967  $ 24,552  100  % (Millions of dollars) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 2,801  $ 1,868  $ 1,671  $ —  $ 122  $ 6,462  25  % On-Site 3,110  1,892  1,891  —  —  6,893  27  % Packaged Gas 4,383  2,616  1,153  —  37  8,189  32  % Other 159  41  198  2,200  1,323  3,921  15  % Total $ 10,453  $ 6,417  $ 4,913  $ 2,200  $ 1,482  $ 25,465  100  %

v3.23.3

Business Acquisition (Tables)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]
Summary of Consideration Transferred and Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed	The following table summarizes the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition of nexAir, LLC as of the acquisition date. (Millions of dollars) January 5, 2023 Assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 55  Other current assets - net 48 Property, plant and equipment, net 241 Other intangible assets - net 245 Other long-term liabilities - net (5) Total identifiable net assets $ 584  Goodwill $ 458  Fair value of previously held equity interest $ 183  Total purchase price $ 859

v3.23.3

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details)	Mar. 01, 2023 shares
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Common stock exchanged, conversion ratio	1

v3.23.3

Other Charges - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended			9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Other charges	$ 2	$ 15		$ 42	$ 1,004
Other charges, tax expense (benefit)				(79)
Resolution of U.S. Income Tax Audit
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Other charges, tax expense (benefit)				(124)
Accrual for Potential Settlement of International Income Tax Matter
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Other charges, tax expense (benefit)				85
Deconsolidation | Russia-Ukraine Conflict
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Other charges			$ 787
Other charges, tax expense (benefit)			730
Loss on deconsolidation of Russian subsidiaries			407
Receivables write-off			$ 380
Other cost reduction charges | Russia-Ukraine Conflict
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Other charges					114
Other charges, tax expense (benefit)					84
Transaction Related Charges
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Other charges		15		$ 18
Other charges, tax expense (benefit)		$ (10)
Impairment Related Charges
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Other charges					103
Other charges, tax expense (benefit)					$ 63

v3.23.3

Other Charges - Summary of Other Charges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance			$ 320
2023 Other charges	$ 2	$ 15	42	$ 1,004
Less: Cash payments / receipts			(133)
Less: Non-cash charges			7
Foreign currency translation and other			(9)
Ending balance	227		227
Total cost reduction program related charges
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance			308
2023 Other charges			24
Less: Cash payments / receipts			(114)
Less: Non-cash charges			0
Foreign currency translation and other			(9)
Ending balance	209		209
Severance costs | Total cost reduction program related charges
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance			281
2023 Other charges			24
Less: Cash payments / receipts			(113)
Less: Non-cash charges			0
Foreign currency translation and other			(9)
Ending balance	183		183
Other cost reduction charges | Total cost reduction program related charges
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance			27
2023 Other charges			0
Less: Cash payments / receipts			(1)
Less: Non-cash charges			0
Foreign currency translation and other			0
Ending balance	26		26
Other charges
Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance			12
2023 Other charges		$ 15	18
Less: Cash payments / receipts			(19)
Less: Non-cash charges			7
Foreign currency translation and other			0
Ending balance	$ 18		$ 18

v3.23.3

Supplemental Information - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Supplemental Information [Abstract]
Gross receivables aged less than one year	$ 4,637		$ 4,498
Gross receivables aged greater than one year	346		321
Other receivables	155		145
Accounts receivable, net of reserves	4,692		4,559
Allowances for expected credit losses	446		$ 405
Provisions for expected credit losses	$ 123	$ 112

v3.23.3

Supplemental Information - Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventories
Raw materials and supplies	$ 598	$ 567
Work in process	426	368
Finished goods	1,054	1,043
Total inventories	$ 2,078	$ 1,978

v3.23.3

Debt - Summary of Outstanding Debt (Details) € in Millions, £ in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended			9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Apr. 30, 2023 EUR (€)	Apr. 30, 2023 GBP (£)	Feb. 28, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 EUR (€)
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper				$ 3,647		$ 3,926
Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.)				202		191
Total short-term debt				3,849		4,117
LONG-TERM
Carrying value				14,154		13,797
Less: current portion of long-term debt				(922)		(1,599)
Total long-term debt				13,232		12,198
Total debt				18,003		17,914
Repayments of long-term debt				1,651	$ 1,725
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Fair Value Hedging | Interest Rate Swap
LONG-TERM
Fair value increase (decrease) in debt related to hedge accounting				$ 49		56
2.70% Notes due 2023
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			2.70%	2.70%
Carrying value				$ 0		501
Repayments of long-term debt			$ 500
2.00% Euro denominated notes due 2023
LONG-TERM
Interest rate	2.00%	2.00%		2.00%
Carrying value				$ 0		699
Repayments of long-term debt | €	€ 650
5.875% GBP denominated notes due 2023
LONG-TERM
Interest rate	5.875%	5.875%		5.875%
Carrying value				$ 0		367
Repayments of long-term debt | £		£ 300
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				1.20%
Carrying value				$ 581		588
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				1.875%
Carrying value				$ 318		324
4.800% Notes due 2024
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				4.80%
Carrying value				$ 300		299
4.700% Notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				4.70%
Carrying value				$ 598		598
2.65% Notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				2.65%
Carrying value				$ 399		400
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				1.625%
Carrying value				$ 527		533
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				3.625%			3.625%
Carrying value				$ 527		0
Face amount of debt issued | €							€ 500
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				0.00%
Carrying value				$ 742		751
3.20% Notes due 2026
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				3.20%
Carrying value				$ 725		724
3.434% Notes due 2026
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				3.434%
Carrying value				$ 198		198
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				1.652%
Carrying value				$ 86		88
0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				0.25%
Carrying value				$ 792		802
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				1.00%
Carrying value				$ 530		536
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				1.00%
Carrying value				$ 743		749
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				3.375%			3.375%
Carrying value				$ 789		0
Face amount of debt issued | €							€ 750
1.10% Notes due 2030
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				1.10%
Carrying value				$ 697		696
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				1.90%
Carrying value				$ 109		111
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				1.375%
Carrying value				$ 794		803
0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				0.55%
Carrying value				$ 788		798
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				0.375%
Carrying value				$ 523		529
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				3.625%			3.625%
Carrying value				$ 683		0
Face amount of debt issued | €							€ 650
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				1.625%
Carrying value				$ 839		849
3.55% Notes due 2042
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				3.55%
Carrying value				$ 666		665
2.00% Notes due 2050
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				2.00%
Carrying value				$ 296		296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051
LONG-TERM
Interest rate				1.00%
Carrying value				$ 722		731
Non U.S. borrowings
LONG-TERM
Carrying value				172		152
Other
LONG-TERM
Carrying value				$ 10		$ 10

v3.23.3

Debt - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Weighted-average interest rates of short-term borrowings outstanding	4.60%	3.20%
Five Year Credit Agreement | Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Unsecured revolving credit agreement	$ 5,000
364-Day Credit Agreement | Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Unsecured revolving credit agreement	1,500
Credit Agreements | Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Borrowings outstanding	$ 0

v3.23.3

Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions, € in Billions, ¥ in Billions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) contract	Sep. 30, 2023 EUR (€)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Derivative [Line Items]
Different types of derivative, number | contract		3
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes				$ (6,383)		$ (5,784)
Net Investment Hedging
Derivative [Line Items]
Deferred gain	$ 356	$ 206
Net Investment Hedging | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivative [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes				56
Line of Credit | Net Investment Hedging
Derivative [Line Items]
Deferred gain		$ 555
Line of Credit | Net Investment Hedging | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivative [Line Items]
Intercompany Euro-denominated notes and loans			€ 10.7	11,600
Intercompany CNY-denominated loan				$ 600	¥ 4.2

v3.23.3

Financial Instruments - Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	$ 5,068	$ 4,726
Fair Value, Assets	44	28
Fair Value, Liabilities	131	96
Prepaid and other current assets
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Assets	42	24
Other long-term assets
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Assets	2	4
Other current liabilities
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Liabilities	59	23
Other long-term liabilities
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Liabilities	72	73
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	4,222	3,547
Fair Value, Assets	37	22
Fair Value, Liabilities	37	17
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Balance sheet items
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	3,865	3,056
Fair Value, Assets	30	13
Fair Value, Liabilities	21	7
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Forecasted transactions
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	353	449
Fair Value, Assets	7	9
Fair Value, Liabilities	16	9
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Cross-currency swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	4	42
Fair Value, Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Liabilities	0	1
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	846	1,179
Fair Value, Assets	7	6
Fair Value, Liabilities	94	79
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Forecasted transactions
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	264	323
Fair Value, Assets	4	6
Fair Value, Liabilities	2	5
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Commodity contracts
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Assets	3	0
Fair Value, Liabilities	26	4
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	582	856
Fair Value, Assets	0	0
Fair Value, Liabilities	$ 66	$ 70

v3.23.3

Financial Instruments - Schedule of Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Table (Details) - Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	$ 30	$ (33)	$ (55)	$ (31)
Debt-related
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	33	(52)	(50)	(42)
Other balance sheet items
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	$ (3)	$ 19	$ (5)	$ 11

v3.23.3

Fair Value Disclosures - Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets
Derivative assets	$ 44	$ 28
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	131	96
Level 1 | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Investments and securities	20	20
Total	20	20
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Level 2 | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	44	28
Investments and securities	0	0
Total	44	28
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	131	96
Level 3 | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Investments and securities	11	13
Total	11	13
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$ 0	$ 0

v3.23.3

Fair Value Disclosures - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 14,154	$ 13,797
Level 2
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Estimated fair value of long-term debt portfolio	$ 12,172	$ 11,994

v3.23.3

Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Numerator (Millions of dollars)
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 1,565	$ 1,273	$ 4,656	$ 2,819
Denominator (Thousands of shares)
Weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	486,578	496,691	488,986	501,266
Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans (in shares)	544	495	532	477
Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share (in shares)	487,122	497,186	489,518	501,743
Effect of dilutive securities
Stock options and awards (in shares)	3,954	3,965	4,049	4,269
Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share (in shares)	491,076	501,151	493,567	506,012
Basic Earnings Per Share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.21	$ 2.56	$ 9.51	$ 5.62
Diluted Earnings Per Share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.19	$ 2.54	$ 9.43	$ 5.57
Antidilutive shares excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	0	0	0	0

v3.23.3

Retirement Programs - Schedule of Pension and OPEB Net Periodic Benefit Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Amount recognized in Operating Profit
Service cost	$ 21	$ 31	$ 63	$ 96
Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost
Interest cost	94	49	280	153
Expected return on plan assets	(132)	(126)	(392)	(394)
Net amortization and deferral	(9)	18	(25)	56
Settlement Charge	12	6	12	6
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit)	(35)	(53)	(125)	(179)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	(14)	(22)	$ (62)	$ (83)
Settlement charge, after tax	$ 10	$ 5

v3.23.3

Retirement Programs - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Pension contributions	$ 35	$ 44
Minimum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Required contributions to pension plans	40
Maximum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Required contributions to pension plans	$ 50

v3.23.3

Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Millions, R$ in Billions	Sep. 01, 2010 USD ($) company	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 30, 2022	Apr. 23, 2019 € / shares	Apr. 08, 2019 shares	Sep. 01, 2010 BRL (R$)
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Brazil tax matters estimated exposure		$ 115
Number of industrial gas companies involved in the matter | company	5
Contingent liability		2,945	$ 3,986
RusChemAlliance (RCA)
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Contingent liability		$ 1,100
Russia
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Maximum allowed percent of net assets for asset disposal				5.00%
White Martins
Other Commitments [Line Items]
CADE civil fine imposed	$ 338						R$ 1.7
MG Industries GmbH
Other Commitments [Line Items]
CADE civil fine imposed	$ 40						R$ 0.2
Linde AG | Squeeze-Out Transaction
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Cash consideration per share | € / shares					€ 189.46
Common stock tendered (in shares) | shares						14,763,113

v3.23.3

Segments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	$ 8,155	$ 8,797	$ 24,552	$ 25,465
Total operating profit	2,052	1,613	5,996	3,682
Other charges (Note 2)	(2)	(15)	(42)	(1,004)
Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	8,155	8,797	24,552	25,465
Total operating profit	2,306	2,010	6,798	5,903
Segment Reconciling Items
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Other charges (Note 2)	(2)	(15)	(42)	(1,004)
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG	(252)	(382)	(760)	(1,217)
Americas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	3,629	3,694	10,721	10,453
Americas | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	3,629	3,694	10,721	10,453
Total operating profit	1,074	974	3,169	2,788
EMEA
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	2,105	2,125	6,442	6,417
EMEA | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	2,105	2,125	6,442	6,417
Total operating profit	634	465	1,871	1,504
APAC
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	1,639	1,660	4,920	4,913
APAC | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	1,639	1,660	4,920	4,913
Total operating profit	459	429	1,354	1,254
Engineering
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	467	828	1,502	2,200
Engineering | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	467	828	1,502	2,200
Total operating profit	116	150	372	398
Engineering | Intersegment Eliminations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	(417)	(251)	(1,046)	(728)
Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	315	490	967	1,482
Other | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	315	490	967	1,482
Total operating profit	$ 23	$ (8)	$ 32	$ (41)

v3.23.3

Equity - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Billions	Mar. 01, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Equity [Abstract]
Common stock exchanged, conversion ratio	1
Common stock, issued (in shares)	490,766,972	490,766,972	552,012,862
Treasury stock cancelled	$ 15

v3.23.3

Equity - Schedule of Stockholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	$ 41,235	$ 41,027	$ 41,374	$ 45,428
Net income	1,601	1,300	4,765	2,920
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(790)	(1,668)	(932)	(3,115)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	(1)	(7)	(17)	(56)
Dividends and other capital changes	(19)	(35)	(84)	(71)
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders	(620)	(581)	(1,866)	(1,758)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans	(19)	7	(117)	(32)
Purchases of ordinary shares	(1,198)	(1,144)	(3,000)	(4,468)
Share-based compensation	36	27	102	78
Balance, end of period	$ 40,225	$ 38,926	$ 40,225	$ 38,926
Dividends paid (in dollars per share)	$ 1.275	$ 1.17	$ 3.83	$ 3.51
Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	$ 39,911	$ 39,674	$ 40,028	$ 44,035
Net income	1,565	1,273	4,656	2,819
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(777)	(1,628)	(894)	(3,046)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	0	0	(11)	0
Dividends and other capital changes	0	0	0	0
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders	(620)	(581)	(1,866)	(1,758)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans	(19)	7	(117)	(32)
Purchases of ordinary shares	(1,198)	(1,144)	(3,000)	(4,468)
Share-based compensation	36	27	102	78
Balance, end of period	38,898	37,628	38,898	37,628
Noncontrolling Interests
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	1,324	1,353	1,346	1,393
Net income	36	27	109	101
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(13)	(40)	(38)	(69)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	(1)	(7)	(6)	(56)
Dividends and other capital changes	(19)	(35)	(84)	(71)
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders	0	0	0	0
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans	0	0	0	0
Purchases of ordinary shares	0	0	0	0
Share-based compensation	0	0	0	0
Balance, end of period	$ 1,327	$ 1,298	$ 1,327	$ 1,298

v3.23.3

Equity - Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	$ (6,383)	$ (5,784)
Derivatives - net of taxes	(31)	62
Pension / OPEB (net of $14 million tax benefit and $54 million tax obligation at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	(262)	(60)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(6,676)	(5,782)
Pension / OPEB funded status obligation, tax benefit	14	54
Americas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(3,767)	(3,942)
EMEA
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(1,433)	(1,249)
APAC
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(1,486)	(835)
Engineering
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(320)	(241)
Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	$ 623	$ 483

v3.23.3

Revenue Recognition - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) distribution_method	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Number of gas distribution methods | distribution_method	3
Contract assets	$ 151	$ 124
Contract liabilities	2,945	3,986
Contract liabilities, current	1,985	3,073
Contract liabilities in other long-term liabilities	960	$ 913
Revenue recognized	760
Estimated consideration related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 47,000
Long-term supply contracts (years)	20 years
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2023-10-01
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligation, percentage	50.00%
Remaining performance obligations, period	5 years
Engineering | Russia | Russia-Ukraine Conflict, International Sanctions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Contract liabilities	$ 498
Minimum
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
On-site product supply contract (years)	10 years
Minimum | Merchant
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	3 years
Minimum | Packaged Gas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	1 year
Maximum
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
On-site product supply contract (years)	20 years
Maximum | Merchant
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	7 years
Maximum | Packaged Gas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	3 years

v3.23.3

Revenue Recognition - Schedule of Revenue by Distribution Method (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	$ 8,155	$ 8,797	$ 24,552	$ 25,465
Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	3,629	3,694	10,721	10,453
EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	2,105	2,125	6,442	6,417
APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	1,639	1,660	4,920	4,913
Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	467	828	1,502	2,200
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	315	490	967	1,482
Merchant
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	2,433	2,242	7,203	6,462
Merchant | Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	1,131	986	3,268	2,801
Merchant | EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	685	620	2,089	1,868
Merchant | APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	564	593	1,685	1,671
Merchant | Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	0	0	0	0
Merchant | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	53	43	161	122
On-Site
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	1,967	2,434	5,879	6,893
On-Site | Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	843	1,178	2,403	3,110
On-Site | EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	473	651	1,504	1,892
On-Site | APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	651	605	1,972	1,891
On-Site | Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	0	0	0	0
On-Site | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	0	0	0	0
Packaged Gas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	2,895	2,743	8,797	8,189
Packaged Gas | Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	1,599	1,478	4,875	4,383
Packaged Gas | EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	936	841	2,810	2,616
Packaged Gas | APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	352	403	1,072	1,153
Packaged Gas | Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	0	0	0	0
Packaged Gas | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	8	21	40	37
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	860	1,378	2,673	3,921
Other | Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	56	52	175	159
Other | EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	11	13	39	41
Other | APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	72	59	191	198
Other | Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	467	828	1,502	2,200
Other | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total segment sales	$ 254	$ 426	$ 766	$ 1,323
Revenue from Contract with Customer | Sales Channel
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
Revenue from Contract with Customer | Sales Channel | Merchant
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	30.00%	25.00%	29.00%	25.00%
Revenue from Contract with Customer | Sales Channel | On-Site
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	24.00%	28.00%	24.00%	27.00%
Revenue from Contract with Customer | Sales Channel | Packaged Gas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	35.00%	31.00%	36.00%	32.00%
Revenue from Contract with Customer | Sales Channel | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	11.00%	16.00%	11.00%	15.00%

v3.23.3

Business Acquisition - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Jan. 05, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Total purchase price, net of cash acquired			$ 842	$ 110
Goodwill		$ 25,955	25,955		$ 25,817
nexAir, LLC
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Ownership interest in acquiree before acquisition (percent)	23.00%
Ownership interest acquired (percent)	77.00%
Purchase price	$ 859
Total purchase price, net of cash acquired	804
Fair value of previously held equity interest	$ 183
Ownership interest in acquiree after acquisition (percent)	100.00%
Pro forma sales since acquisition date		$ 102	$ 306
Other intangible assets - net	$ 245
Goodwill	458
nexAir, LLC | Customer Relationships
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Other intangible assets - net	$ 245
Estimated useful life of acquired intangible assets	20 years

v3.23.3

Business Acquisition - Summary of Consideration Transferred and Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jan. 05, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets:
Goodwill		$ 25,955	$ 25,817
nexAir, LLC
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 55
Other current assets - net	48
Property, plant and equipment, net	241
Other intangible assets - net	245
Other long-term liabilities - net	(5)
Total identifiable net assets	584
Goodwill	458
Fair value of previously held equity interest	183
Total purchase price	$ 859

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