Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

____________________________

FORM 10-Q

____________________________

(Mark One)


x			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024


o			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission file number 001-40216

____________________________

Aurora Innovation, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

____________________________


Delaware						98-1562265
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1654 Smallman St., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania						15222
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)						(Zip Code)

(888) 583-9506

Registrant's telephone number, including area code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per share	AUR	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Redeemable warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50	AUROW	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

The registrant had outstanding 1,201,819,338 shares of Class A common stock and 366,869,709 shares of Class B common stock as of July 24, 2024.

Table of Contents


		Page
Part I - Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	16
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	21
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	22

Part II - Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	23
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	23
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	23
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	23
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	23
Item 5.	Other Information	23
Item 6.	Exhibits	24
Signatures		25

Table of Contents

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Quarterly Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “might,” “possible,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report include statements about:

•our ability to commercialize the Aurora Driver safely, quickly, and broadly on the timeline we expect;

•the market for autonomous vehicles and our market position;

•our ability to compete effectively with existing and new competitors;

•the ability to maintain the listing of our Class A common stock and warrants on Nasdaq;

•our ability to raise financing in the future;

•anticipated trends, growth rates, and challenges in our business and in the markets in which we operate;

•our ability to effectively manage our growth and future expenses;

•the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents to meet our operating requirements;

•our success in retaining or recruiting, or changes required in, our officers, key employees or directors;

•the impact of the regulatory environment and complexities with compliance related to such environment;

•our ability to successfully collaborate with business partners;

•our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property;

•economic and industry trends or trend analysis;

•the impact of infectious diseases, health epidemics and pandemics, natural disasters, war (including Russia’s actions in Ukraine and the Israel-Hamas war), acts of terrorism or responses to these events; and

•other factors detailed under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 and this Quarterly Report.

We caution you that the foregoing list does not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report. We cannot assure you that the results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

Neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. Moreover, the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.

Table of Contents

Part I - Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements.

Aurora Innovation, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)

(in millions)


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	402	$	501
Short-term investments	618		699
Other current assets	23		17
Total current assets	1,043		1,217
Property and equipment, net	100		94
Operating lease right-of-use assets	113		122
Acquisition related intangible assets	617		617

Long-term investments	—		148
Other assets	41		37
Total assets	$	1,914	$	2,235
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities, current	$	15	$	15
Other current liabilities	66		96
Total current liabilities	81		111
Operating lease liabilities, long-term	98		107
Derivative liabilities	11		24
Other liabilities	7		8
Total liabilities	197		250
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock - $0.00001 par value, 51,000 shares authorized, 1,563 and 1,529 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	—		—
Additional paid-in capital	5,675		5,594
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(1)		1
Accumulated deficit	(3,957)		(3,610)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,717		1,985
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,914	$	2,235

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

Table of Contents

Aurora Innovation, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited)

(in millions, except per share data)


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023

Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	170	$	187	$	336	$	364
Selling, general and administrative	28		30		55		61

Total operating expenses	198		217		391		425
Loss from operations	(198)		(217)		(391)		(425)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	1		(10)		13		(12)
Other income, net	15		9		31		23
Loss before income taxes	(182)		(218)		(347)		(414)
Income tax expense	—		—		—		—
Net loss	$	(182)	$	(218)	$	(347)	$	(414)

Basic and diluted net loss per share	$	(0.12)	$	(0.18)	$	(0.22)	$	(0.35)
Basic and diluted weighted-average shares outstanding	1,554		1,179		1,545		1,175

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

Table of Contents

Aurora Innovation, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (unaudited)

(in millions)


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net loss	$	(182)	$	(218)	$	(347)	$	(414)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Unrealized (loss) gain on investments	(1)		—		(2)		1
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(1)		—		(2)		1
Comprehensive loss	$	(183)	$	(218)	$	(349)	$	(413)

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

Table of Contents

Aurora Innovation, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited)

(in millions)


	Common stock		Additional paid-in capital			Accumulated other comprehensive loss		Accumulated deficit		Total stockholders’ equity
		Shares			Amount
Balance as of March 31, 2023		1,175	$	—		$	4,640	$	(1)	$	(3,010)	$	1,629
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans		9	—			(4)		—		—		(4)
Stock-based compensation		—	—			43		—		—		43
Comprehensive loss		—	—			—		—		(218)		(218)
Balance as of June 30, 2023		1,184	$	—		$	4,679	$	(1)	$	(3,228)	$	1,450

Balance as of March 31, 2024		1,545	$	—		$	5,633	$	—	$	(3,775)	$	1,858
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans		18	—			4		—		—		4
Stock-based compensation		—	—			38		—		—		38
Comprehensive loss		—	—			—		(1)		(182)		(183)
Balance as of June 30, 2024		1,563	$	—		$	5,675	$	(1)	$	(3,957)	$	1,717

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

Table of Contents

Aurora Innovation, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited)

(in millions)


	Common stock		Additional paid-in capital			Accumulated other comprehensive loss		Accumulated deficit		Total stockholders’ equity
		Shares			Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2022		1,166	$	—		$	4,600	$	(2)	$	(2,814)	$	1,784
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans		18	—			(3)		—		—		(3)
Stock-based compensation		—	—			82		—		—		82
Comprehensive income (loss)		—	—			—		1		(414)		(413)
Balance as of June 30, 2023		1,184	$	—		$	4,679	$	(1)	$	(3,228)	$	1,450

Balance as of December 31, 2023		1,529	$	—		$	5,594	$	1	$	(3,610)	$	1,985
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans		34	—			7		—		—		7


Stock-based compensation		—	—			74		—		—		74
Comprehensive loss		—	—			—		(2)		(347)		(349)
Balance as of June 30, 2024		1,563	$	—		$	5,675	$	(1)	$	(3,957)	$	1,717

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

Table of Contents

Aurora Innovation, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)

(in millions)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(347)	$	(414)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	11		10
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets	14		14
Stock-based compensation	74		82

Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	(13)		12


Accretion of discount on investments	(14)		(14)
Other operating activities	(1)		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Other current and non-current assets	(10)		8


Operating lease liabilities	(13)		(14)

Other current and non-current liabilities	(27)		(2)
Net cash used in operating activities	(326)		(318)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment	(19)		(6)

Purchases of investments	(180)		(425)
Maturities of investments	420		659

Net cash provided by investing activities	221		228
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	8		2


Other financing activities	(2)		(7)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	6		(5)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(99)		(95)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of the period	518		277
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period	$	419	$	182

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited)

Table of Contents

Aurora Innovation, Inc.

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Note 1. Overview of the Organization

Aurora Innovation, Inc. (the “Company” or “Aurora”) is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and its mission is to deliver the benefits of self-driving technology safely, quickly, and broadly. The Company is developing the Aurora Driver, an advanced and scalable suite of self-driving hardware, software and data services designed as a platform to adapt and interoperate amongst vehicle types and applications.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and its controlled subsidiaries have been eliminated.

The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The information included herein should be read in conjunction with the Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2023. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date but does not contain all of the footnote disclosures from the annual financial statements.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect, in the opinion of the Company, all adjustments of a normal, recurring nature necessary for a fair statement of our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented but are not necessarily indicative of the expected results for the full fiscal year or any future period.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company’s operations are principally funded by available liquidity from cash, cash equivalents and investments. Management expects to continue to incur operating losses and that the Company will need to opportunistically raise additional capital to support the continued development and commercialization of the Aurora Driver. Management believes that cash on hand and investments will be sufficient to meet its working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months from the date of these financial statements. Management will continue to evaluate the timing and nature of discretionary operating expenses, as necessary.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and investments. The Company primarily maintains its cash and cash equivalents at U.S. commercial banks, while its investments primarily consist of U.S. Treasury securities as well as corporate bonds and commercial paper. Cash and cash equivalents deposited with domestic commercial banks generally exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurable limit, though the Company has not experienced any credit losses on its deposits.

The Company is dependent on its suppliers, some of which are single or limited source suppliers, to design, develop, industrialize and manufacture components, and these suppliers may not produce and deliver necessary and industrialized components at prices, volumes and on terms acceptable to the Company. For instance, the Company plans to rely on a single supplier, Continental Automotive Technologies GmbH, for the production, provision and full lifecycle support of its future generation of the Aurora Driver hardware system which will be integrated with OEM platform vehicles. In instances where the supplier fails to perform its obligations, the Company may be unable to find alternative suppliers to satisfactorily deliver its products, if at all.

Table of Contents

Recent Accounting Guidance

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting, which expands disclosure requirements for reportable segments including enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The updated standard is effective for the Company’s fiscal 2024 annual period and interim periods beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance and the timing of adoption.

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The updated standard is effective for the Company’s fiscal 2025 annual period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance.

Note 3. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash were as follows (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	402	$	501
Restricted cash, current (a)	1		1
Restricted cash, long-term (b)	16		16
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	419	$	518

(a) Included in other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets

(b) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets

The components of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):


		As of
	Fair value level	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents:
Bank deposits	Level 1	$	21	$	—
Money market funds	Level 1	376		220
U.S. Treasury securities	Level 2	5		251
Commercial paper	Level 2	—		30
Total cash and cash equivalents		$	402	$	501
Short-term and long-term investments:
U.S. Treasury securities	Level 2	$	558	$	769
Commercial paper	Level 2	34		54
Corporate bonds and notes	Level 2	26		24
Total short-term and long-term investments		$	618	$	847

The amortized cost, unrealized gains, and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities were as follows (in millions):


	As of June 30, 2024
	Amortized cost		Unrealized gains		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	559	$	(1)	$	558
Commercial paper	34		—		34
Corporate bonds and notes	26		—		26
Total short-term investments	$	619	$	(1)	$	618

Table of Contents


	As of December 31, 2023
	Amortized cost		Unrealized gains		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	768	$	1	$	769
Commercial paper	54		—		54
Corporate bonds and notes	24		—		24
Total short-term and long-term investments	$	846	$	1	$	847

Note 4. Stockholders' Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue 1,000 million shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.00001 per share. There were no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Common Stock

The Company is authorized to issue 51,000 million shares of common stock with a par value of $0.00001 per share; of which 50,000 million shares are designated Class A common stock and 1,000 million shares are designated Class B common stock. Class A common stockholders are entitled to one vote for each share and Class B common stockholders are entitled to ten votes for each share. Class A and Class B have identical liquidation and dividend rights. Class B shares are convertible into Class A upon election by the holder or upon transfer (except for certain permitted transfers).

The Company had 1,196 million and 1,162 million shares of Class A common stock issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company had 367 million shares of Class B common stock issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Note 5. Equity Incentive Plans

The Company has outstanding awards granted under four equity compensation plans: the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “Plan”), the Aurora Innovation, Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), the Blackmore Sensors & Analytics, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Blackmore Plan”), and the OURS Technology Inc. 2017 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “OURS Plan”). The Company assumed awards under the 2017 Plan, the Blackmore Plan and the OURS Plan to the extent such employees continued as employees of the Company.

Under the Plan, equity-based compensation in the form of restricted stock units (“RSUs”), restricted stock awards, incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, and performance units may be granted to employees, officers, directors, consultants, and others. As of June 30, 2024, there were 211 million shares available for grant under the Plan.

Stock-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation is allocated on a departmental basis, based on the classification of the option holder or grant recipient. No income tax benefits have been recognized in the statement of operations for stock-based compensation arrangements and no stock-based compensation has been capitalized as of June 30, 2024.

Total stock-based compensation expense by function was as follows (in millions):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	32	$	37	$	63	$	71
Selling, general, and administrative	6		6		11		11
Total	$	38	$	43	$	74	$	82

Table of Contents

Restricted Stock Units

RSUs granted under the 2017 Plan generally are subject to two vesting requirements: (1) a time-based vesting requirement, and (2) a liquidity event. Generally, the time-based vesting requirement is quarterly over four years starting on the vesting commencement date, with a one-year cliff. The liquidity event vesting requirement was satisfied prior to the periods presented.

RSUs granted under the Plan generally are subject to a time-based vesting requirement. Generally, the time-based vesting requirement is quarterly over one to four years starting on the vesting commencement date, with a one-year cliff vesting for new hire awards.

RSU activity under the Plan and the 2017 Plan was as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):


	Number of shares	Weighted- average grant date fair value
Unvested at December 31, 2023	100	$	2.76
Granted	35	2.29
Vested	(26)	2.69
Forfeited	(7)	2.69
Unvested at June 30, 2024	102	$	2.62

The unrecognized stock-based compensation related to unvested RSUs was $237 million at June 30, 2024 and will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.5 years. The fair value of RSUs as of their respective vesting dates was $72 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Stock Options

The exercise price of stock options granted under the Plan and the 2017 Plan may not be less than 100% of the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. Stock options generally vest over one to four years starting on the vesting commencement date and expire, if not exercised, 10 years from the date of grant or, if earlier, three months after the option holder ceases to be a service provider of the Company. Stock options outstanding under the Blackmore Plan and the OURS Plan are not material.

Stock options granted under the Plan during the six months ended June 30, 2024 were as follows:


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024

Stock options granted (in millions)	36
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	1.26
Weighted average grant date fair value assumptions:
Expected term	6.0 years
Risk-free interest rates	4.1		%

Expected volatility	53.2		%

Table of Contents

Stock option activity under the Plan and the 2017 Plan was as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):


	Number of shares	Weighted average exercise price		Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years)	Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	104	$	1.78
Granted	36	2.29
Exercised	(7)	1.11
Forfeited	(4)	2.01
Expired	(1)	3.43
Outstanding at June 30, 2024	128	$	1.94	8.0	$	118
Exercisable at June 30, 2024	61	$	1.75	6.6	$	70

The unrecognized stock-based compensation related to unvested stock options was $74 million as of June 30, 2024 and will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.9 years. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $12 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Note 6. Derivative Liabilities

The components of derivative liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):


		As of
	Fair value level	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Public warrants	Level 1	$	2	$	6
Private placement warrants	Level 2	2		4
Common stock warrants		4		10
Earnout share liabilities	Level 3	7		14
Total derivative liabilities		$	11	$	24

The public and private placement warrants are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The public warrants were valued based on the closing price of the publicly traded instrument. The private placement warrants were valued using observable inputs for similar publicly traded instruments. Public warrants outstanding were 12 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Private placement warrants outstanding were 9 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The earnout share liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation analysis. The expected volatility is determined based on the historical equity volatility of comparable companies over a period that matches the expected term of the instrument. The risk-free interest rate is based on relevant U.S. treasury rates for a period that matches the expected term of the instrument. Earnout shares outstanding were 5 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The valuation inputs utilized in determining the earnout share liability were as follows:


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Risk-free interest rates	4.3	%	3.9	%
Expected term (in years)	7.3		7.8

Expected volatility	53.0	%	53.0	%

The components of change in fair value of derivative liabilities were as follows (in millions):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Common stock warrants	$	1	$	(6)	$	6	$	(7)
Earnout share liabilities	—		(4)		7		(5)
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	$	1	$	(10)	$	13	$	(12)

Table of Contents

Note 7. Leases

The Company leases office facilities and warehouses under non-cancelable operating lease agreements that expire through 2042, including renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised.

Rent expense under operating leases was $7 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 and $14 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s operating leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of 8.0 years and a weighted average discount rate of 7.0%.

Future lease payments for leases that have not yet commenced were $32 million as of June 30, 2024. Lease commencement will occur once the lessor substantially completes construction to make the underlying asset available for use.

Note 8. Balance Sheet Details

Property and Equipment, Net

The components of property and equipment, net were as follows (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Land	$	14	$	14
Buildings and leasehold improvements	90		82
Equipment	25		25
Vehicles	24		16
Other	14		15
	167		152
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(67)		(58)
Total property and equipment, net	$	100	$	94

Other Current Liabilities

The components of other current liabilities were as follows (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accrued compensation	$	39	$	65
Other accrued expenses	27		31
Total other current liabilities	$	66	$	96

Table of Contents

Note 9. Earnings Per Share

The Company computes earnings per share of common stock using the two-class method required for participating securities. The participating securities did not impact the computation of earnings per share in the periods presented as no dividends were declared and the participating securities are not contractually obligated to share in losses.

The Company has two classes of common stock with identical liquidation and dividend rights, Class A and Class B. The net loss is allocated in a proportionate basis to each class of common stock and results in the same net loss per share.

The following table presents the potential common stock outstanding excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share because including them would have had an antidilutive effect (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024	June 30, 2023
RSUs	102	123
Stock options	129	102
Public warrants	12	12
Private placement warrants	9	9
Earnout shares liability	5	5
Total	257	251

Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies

From time to time the Company may be party to various claims in the normal course of business. Legal fees and other costs associated with such actions are expensed as incurred. The Company assesses the need to record a liability for litigation and loss contingencies. Reserve estimates are recorded when and if it is determined that a loss related to certain matters is both probable and reasonably estimable. No material loss contingencies were recorded in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Table of Contents

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited) included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report and “Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors” and under the heading “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references to “Aurora,” “we,” “us,” “our” and other similar terms in this section refer to Aurora Innovation, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Percentage amounts have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of rounded figures, but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts may vary from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Certain other amounts that appear in this Quarterly Report may not sum due to rounding.

Corporate History and Background

On November 3, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), Aurora Innovation, Inc. (f/k/a Reinvent Technology Partners Y and referred to herein as the “Company”), consummated a business combination with Aurora Innovation Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (f/k/a Aurora Innovation, Inc. and referred to herein as “Legacy Aurora”), and RTPY Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger dated July 14, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement” and the transactions contemplated thereby, the “Merger”), by and among the Company, Legacy Aurora and Merger Sub. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, a business combination between the Company and Legacy Aurora was effected through the merger of Merger Sub with and into Legacy Aurora, with Legacy Aurora continuing as the surviving company and as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. On the Closing Date, the Company changed its name from Reinvent Technology Partners Y to Aurora Innovation, Inc.

Aurora’s Business

Aurora is developing the Aurora Driver based on what we believe to be the most advanced and scalable suite of self-driving hardware, software, and data services in the world to fundamentally transform the global transportation market. The Aurora Driver is designed as a platform to adapt and interoperate amongst vehicle types and applications. To date, it has been successfully integrated into numerous different vehicle platforms: from passenger vehicles to light commercial vehicles to Class 8 trucks. By creating one driver system for multiple vehicle types and use cases, Aurora’s capabilities in one market reinforce and strengthen its competitive advantages in others. For example, highway driving capabilities developed for trucking will carry over to highway segments driven by passenger vehicles in ride-hailing applications. We believe this approach will enable us to target and transform the transportation landscape, including trucking, passenger mobility, and local goods delivery market.

We expect that the Aurora Driver will ultimately be commercialized in a Driver as a Service (“DaaS”) business model, in which customers or third parties will purchase, manage, and maintain fleets directly, while subscribing to the Aurora Driver and a suite of related services. We do not intend to own nor operate a large number of vehicles ourselves. Throughout commercialization, we expect to earn revenue on a fee per mile basis. We intend to partner with OEMs, Tier 1 automotive suppliers, fleet operators, and other third parties to commercialize and support Aurora Driver-powered vehicles. We expect that these strategic partners will support activities such as vehicle and hardware manufacturing, financing and leasing, service and maintenance, parts replacement, facility ownership and operation, and other commercial and operational services as needed. We expect this DaaS model to enable an asset-light and high margin revenue stream for Aurora, while allowing us to scale more rapidly through partnerships. During the start of commercialization, though, we expect to briefly operate our own logistics and mobility services, where we own or lease and operate a small fleet of vehicles equipped with our Aurora Driver. This level of control is useful during early commercialization as we define operational processes and playbooks for our partners.

Table of Contents

We plan to first launch Aurora Driver for Freight (formerly Aurora Horizon), our driverless trucking subscription service, as we believe that is where we can make the largest impact the fastest, given the massive industry demand, attractive unit economics, and the ability to deploy on high volume highway-focused routes. Future success will be dependent on our ability to execute against our product roadmap to launch Aurora Driver for Freight. From there, we plan to leverage the extensibility of the Aurora Driver to deploy and scale into the passenger mobility market with Aurora Driver for Rides (formerly Aurora Connect), our driverless ride hailing subscription service, and in the longer-term the local goods delivery market.

Table of Contents

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 to the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated, and the changes between periods.


	Three Months Ended June 30,				$ Change		% Change
(in millions, except for percentages)	2024		2023

Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	170	$	187	$	(17)	(9)	%
Selling, general and administrative	28		30		(2)		(7)	%

Total operating expenses	198		217		(19)		(9)	%
Loss from operations	(198)		(217)		19		(9)	%
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	1		(10)		11		n/m(1)
Other income, net	15		9		6		67	%
Loss before income taxes	(182)		(218)		36		(17)	%
Income tax expense	—		—		—		n/m(1)
Net loss	$	(182)	$	(218)	$	36	(17)	%

(1) Not meaningful.

Operating expenses

Research and development decreased by $17 million, or 9%, to $170 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024 from $187 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily driven by a decrease in hardware costs for development fleets, as well as a decline in non-cash stock-based compensation. Research and development expenses included non-cash stock-based compensation of $32 million and $37 million in both the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Selling, general and administrative decreased by $2 million, or 7%, to $28 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024 from $30 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily driven by decreases in personnel costs and other general and administrative costs. Selling, general and administrative included non-cash stock-based compensation of $6 million in both the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Other income (expense)

The change in fair value of derivative liabilities was income of $1 million and expense of $10 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, primarily due to the change in the market price for the underlying instrument during each period.

Other income, net increased by $6 million, or 67%, to $15 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024, from $9 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to an increase in interest income earned on cash equivalents and investments.

Table of Contents

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023


	Six Months Ended June 30,				$ Change		% Change
(in millions, except for percentages)	2024		2023

Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	336	$	364	$	(28)	(8)	%
Selling, general and administrative	55		61		(6)		(10)	%

Total operating expenses	391		425		(34)		(8)	%
Loss from operations	(391)		(425)		34		(8)	%
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	13		(12)		25		(208)	%
Other income, net	31		23		8		35%
Loss before income taxes	(347)		(414)		67		(16)	%
Income tax expense	—		—		—		n/m(1)
Net loss	$	(347)	$	(414)	$	67	(16)	%

(1) Not meaningful.

Operating expenses

Research and development expenses decreased by $28 million, or 8%, to $336 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $364 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily driven by a decrease in hardware costs for development fleets, as well as a decline in non-cash stock-based compensation. Research and development expenses included non-cash stock-based compensation of $63 million and $71 million in both the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $6 million, or 10%, to $55 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $61 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily driven by decreases in personnel costs and other general and administrative costs. Selling, general and administrative expenses included non-cash stock-based compensation of $11 million in both the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Other income (expense)

The change in fair value of derivative liabilities resulted in an income of $13 million and expense of $12 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, primarily due to the change in the market price for the underlying instrument.

Other income, net was $31 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024, compared to $23 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily due to an increase in interest income earned on cash equivalents and investments.

Table of Contents

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of June 30, 2024, our principal sources of liquidity were $402 million of cash and cash equivalents, and $618 million of short-term investments, exclusive of restricted cash of $17 million. Short-term investments consist of primarily U.S. Treasury securities as well as corporate bonds and commercial paper.

We have incurred negative cash flows from operating activities and significant losses from operations in the past. We expect to continue to incur operating losses and that we will need to opportunistically raise additional capital to support the continued development and commercialization of the Aurora Driver. We expect our total liquidity will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months from the date of this Quarterly Report. Management will continue to evaluate the timing and nature of discretionary operating expenses, as necessary.

Worldwide economic conditions remain uncertain, particularly increased inflation. The general economic and capital market conditions both in the U.S. and worldwide, have been volatile in the past. The capital and credit markets may not be available to support future capital raising activity on favorable terms. If economic conditions decline, our future cost of equity or debt capital and access to the capital markets could be adversely affected.

Cash Flows

Cash flows for the periods were as follows (in millions):


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(326)	$	(318)
Net cash provided by investing activities	221		228
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	6		(5)
Net decrease	(99)		(95)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of the period	518		277
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period	$	419	$	182

Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $326 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, an increase of $8 million from $318 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to advanced payments for hardware materials for fleet builds.

Cash Flows Provided by Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $221 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, a decrease of $7 million from $228 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to increased purchases of property and equipment for commercial fleet builds, partially offset by an increase in cash received from net maturities of investments.

Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and net cash used in financing activities was $5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Proceeds from the issuance of common stock upon the exercise of stock options increased in the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Table of Contents

Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies

Aurora may be party to various claims within the normal course of business. Legal fees and other costs associated with such actions are expensed as incurred. We assess the need to record a liability for litigation and other loss contingencies, with reserve estimates recorded if we determine that a loss related to the matter is both probable and reasonably estimable. No material losses were recorded in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. Preparation of the financial statements requires our management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that impact the reported amount of revenue and expenses, assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We consider an accounting judgment, estimate or assumption to be critical when (1) the estimate or assumption is complex in nature or requires a high degree of judgment and (2) the use of different judgments, estimates and assumptions could have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year-ended December 31, 2023. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates since our Annual Report.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to a variety of market and other risks, including the effects of changes in interest rates, and inflation, as well as risks to the availability of funding sources, hazard events, and specific asset risks.

Interest Rate Risk

Our results of operations are directly exposed to changes in interest rates, among other macroeconomic conditions. Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors beyond our control.

We do not believe that an increase or decrease in interest rates of 100-basis points would have a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Inflation Risk

We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, other than its impact on the general economy. Nonetheless, if our costs were to become subject to inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Table of Contents

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management evaluated, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer (our “Certifying Officers”), the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2024, pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, our Certifying Officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2024.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2024 covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Table of Contents

Part II - Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are from time to time subject to various claims, lawsuits and other legal and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. However, we do not consider any such claims, lawsuits or proceedings that are currently pending, individually or in the aggregate, to be material to our business or likely or result in a material adverse effect on our future operating results, financial condition or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and the trading price of our stock. There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers

During our last fiscal quarter, no director or officer, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” each as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408.

Table of Contents

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit
Number

Description

3.1

Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, as amended

31.1*

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2*

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1**

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2**

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS*

XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH*

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF*

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB*

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104*

Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

__________

*Filed herewith.

** The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are deemed furnished and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Aurora Innovation, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

Table of Contents

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Aurora Innovation, Inc.

Date:

July 31, 2024

By:

/s/ Chris Urmson

Name:

Chris Urmson

Title:

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

Date:

July 31, 2024

By:

/s/ David Maday

Name:

David Maday

Title:

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 3.1

CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

AURORA INNOVATION, INC.

a Delaware corporation

ARTICLE I

The name of the corporation is Aurora Innovation, Inc. (the “Corporation”).

ARTICLE II

The address of the registered office of the Corporation in the State of Delaware is 1209 Orange Street, in the City of Wilmington, County of New Castle, Delaware 19801. The name of its registered agent at such address is The Corporation Trust Company.

ARTICLE III

The purpose of the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which a corporation may be organized under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “Delaware General Corporation Law”).

ARTICLE IV

This Corporation is authorized to issue two classes of stock to be designated, respectively, Common Stock and Preferred Stock. The total number of shares of Common Stock authorized to be issued is 51,000,000,000, 50,000,000,000 shares of which are designated Class A Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Class A Common Stock”) and 1,000,000,000 shares of which are designated Class B Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Class B Common Stock”). The total number of shares of Preferred Stock authorized to be issued is 1,000,000,000 shares, par value $0.00001 per share.

ARTICLE V

The rights, powers, preferences, privileges, restrictions and other matters relating to the Common Stock are as follows:

1. Definitions. For purposes of this Article V, the following definitions apply:

1.1 “Acquisition” means (A) any consolidation or merger of the Corporation with or into any other corporation or other entity or person, or any other corporate reorganization, other than any such consolidation, merger or reorganization in which the shares of capital stock of the Corporation immediately prior to such consolidation, merger or reorganization continue to represent a majority of the voting power of the surviving entity (or, if the surviving entity is a wholly owned subsidiary, its

Parent) immediately after such consolidation, merger or reorganization (provided that, for the purpose of this Section V.1.1, all stock, options, warrants, purchase rights or other securities exercisable for or convertible into Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to such merger or consolidation shall be deemed to be outstanding immediately prior to such merger or consolidation and, if applicable, converted or exchanged in such merger or consolidation on the same terms as the actual outstanding shares of capital stock are converted or exchanged); or (B) any transaction or series of related transactions to which the Corporation is a party in which shares of the Corporation are transferred such that in excess of fifty percent (50%) of the Corporation’s voting power is transferred; provided that an Acquisition shall not include any transaction or series of transactions principally for bona fide equity financing purposes in which cash is received by the Corporation or any successor or indebtedness of the Corporation is cancelled or converted or a combination thereof.

1.2 “Asset Transfer” means a sale, lease, exclusive license or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Corporation.

1.3 “Base Class B Shares” means the number of shares of Class B Common Stock held collectively by the Founders and their Permitted Entities as of 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on the Effective Date.

1.4 “Board” means the Board of Directors of the Corporation.

1.5 “Certificate of Incorporation” means this Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation, as may be further amended and restated from time to time.

1.6 “Disability” or “Disabled” means, with respect to a Founder, the permanent and total disability of such Founder such that such Founder is unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death within 12 months or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months as determined by a licensed medical practitioner jointly selected by a majority of the Independent Directors and such Founder. If such Founder is incapable of selecting a licensed physician, then such Founder’s spouse shall make the selection on behalf of such Founder, or in the absence or incapacity of such Founder’s spouse, such Founder’s adult children by majority vote shall make the selection on behalf of such Founder, or in the absence of adult children of such Founder or their inability to act by majority vote, a natural person then acting as the successor trustee of a revocable living trust which was created by such Founder and which holds more shares of all classes of capital stock of the Corporation than any other revocable living trust created by such Founder shall make the selection on behalf of such Founder, or in the absence of any such successor trustee, the legal guardian or conservator of the estate of such Founder shall make the selection on behalf of such Founder.

1.7 “Effective Date” means the date that this Certificate of Incorporation is accepted for filing by the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and becomes effective.

1.8 “Final Conversion Date” means:

(a) the date, time, or occurrence of an event specified by the holders of two-thirds of the then outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock, voting as a separate class, or in the affirmative written election executed by the holders of two-thirds of the then outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock;

(b) the date fixed by the Board that is no less than 61 days and no more than 180 days following the date that the number of outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock held by the Founders and their Permitted Entities and Permitted Transferees represents less than 20% of the Base Class B Shares; or

(c) the date that is nine months after the death or Disability of the last to die or become Disabled of the Founders, provided, that such date may be extended but not for a total period of longer than eighteen (18) months from the last applicable death or Disability to a date approved by a majority of the Independent Directors then in office.

1.9 “Founder” means each of Chris Urmson, Sterling Anderson and James Andrew Bagnell.

1.10 “Independent Directors” means the members of the Board designated as independent directors in accordance with the Listing Standards.

1.11 “Liquidation Event” means any liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, or any Acquisition or Asset Transfer.

1.12 “Listing Standards” means (i) the requirements of any national stock exchange under which the Corporation’s equity securities are listed for trading that are generally applicable to companies with common equity securities listed thereon or (ii) if the Corporation’s equity securities are not listed for trading on a national stock exchange, the requirements of the New York Stock Exchange generally applicable to companies with equity securities listed thereon.

1.13 “Parent” of an entity means any entity that directly or indirectly owns or controls a majority of the voting power of the voting securities of such entity.

1.14 “Permitted Entity” means, with respect to any Qualified Stockholder, any trust, account, plan, corporation, partnership, limited liability company or charitable organization, foundation or similar entity specified in Section V.1.16(b) with respect to such Qualified Stockholder, so long as such Permitted Entity meets the requirements of the exception set forth in Section V.1.16 applicable to such Permitted Entity.

1.15 “Permitted Transfer” means

(a) with respect to any Founder, a Transfer from such Founder, from such Founder’s Permitted Entities or from such Founder’s Permitted Transferees, to such Founder’s estate as a result of such Founder’s death, to any Founder, to any Founder’s Permitted Entities or to any Founder’s Permitted Transferees; and

(b) any Transfer of a share of Class B Common Stock by a Qualified Stockholder to any of the Permitted Entities listed below and from any of the Permitted Entities listed below to such Qualified Stockholder or to such Qualified Stockholder’s other Permitted Entities:

(i) a trust for the benefit of such Qualified Stockholder or persons other than the Qualified Stockholder so long as a Qualified Stockholder and/or a spouse of a Founder, if applicable, collectively have sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such trust; provided that in the event a Qualified Stockholder and/or a spouse of a Founder, if applicable, no longer collectively have sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such trust, each such share of Class B Common Stock then held by such trust shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock;

(ii) a trust under the terms of which a Qualified Stockholder has retained a “qualified interest” within the meaning of §2702(b)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code or a reversionary interest so long as a Qualified Stockholder and/or a spouse of a Founder, if applicable, collectively have sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such trust; provided that in the event a Qualified Stockholder and/or a spouse of a Founder, if applicable, no longer collectively have sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such trust, each such share of Class B Common Stock then held by such trust shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock;

(iii) an Individual Retirement Account, as defined in Section 408(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, or a pension, profit sharing, stock bonus or other type of plan or trust of which such Qualified Stockholder is a participant or beneficiary and which satisfies the requirements for qualification under Section 401 of the Internal Revenue Code; provided that in each case such Qualified Stockholder has sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held in such account, plan or trust, and provided, further, that in the event the Qualified Stockholder no longer has sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such account, plan or trust, each such share of Class B Common Stock then held by such account, plan or trust shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock;

(iv) a corporation in which such Qualified Stockholder directly, or indirectly through one or more Permitted Entities, owns shares with sufficient Voting Control in the corporation, or otherwise has legally enforceable rights, such that the Qualified Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such corporation; provided that in the event the Qualified Stockholder no longer owns sufficient shares or no longer has sufficient legally enforceable rights to ensure the Qualified Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such corporation, each such share of Class B Common Stock then held by such corporation shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock;

(v) a partnership in which such Qualified Stockholder directly, or indirectly through one or more Permitted Entities, owns partnership interests with sufficient Voting Control in the partnership, or otherwise has legally enforceable rights, such that the Qualified Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such partnership; provided that in the event the Qualified Stockholder no longer owns sufficient partnership interests or no longer has sufficient legally enforceable rights to ensure the Qualified Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such partnership, each such share of Class B Common Stock then held by such partnership shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock;

(vi) a limited liability company in which such Qualified Stockholder directly, or indirectly through one or more Permitted Entities, owns membership or limited liability company interests with sufficient Voting Control in the limited liability company, or otherwise has legally enforceable rights, such that the Qualified Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such limited liability company; provided that in the event the Qualified Stockholder no longer owns sufficient membership or limited liability company interests or no longer has sufficient legally enforceable rights to ensure the Qualified Stockholder retains sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such limited liability company, each such share of Class B Common Stock then held by such limited liability company shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock; or

(vii) any charitable organization, foundation or similar entity established by a Qualified Stockholder directly, or indirectly through one or more Permitted Entities, so long as a Qualified Stockholder and/or a spouse of a Founder, if applicable, collectively have sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such entity; provided such Transfer does not involve any payment of cash, securities, property or other consideration (other than an interest in such entity) to such Qualified Stockholder; provided, further, that in the event a Qualified Stockholder and/or a spouse of a Founder, if applicable, collectively, no longer have sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such entity, each share of Class B Common Stock then held by such entity shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock.

For the avoidance of doubt, to the extent any shares are deemed to be held by a trustee of a trust described in (i) or (ii) above, the Transfer shall be a Permitted Transfer and the trustee shall be deemed a Permitted Entity so long as the other requirements of (i) or (ii) above, as the case may be, are otherwise satisfied.

1.16 “Permitted Transferee” means a transferee of shares of Class B Common Stock, or rights or interests therein, received in a Transfer that constitutes a Permitted Transfer.

1.17 “Qualified Stockholder” means (a) any registered holder of a share of Class B Common Stock as of 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on the Effective Date; (b) a Permitted Transferee; and

(c) the initial registered holder of any shares of Class B Common Stock that are originally issued by the Corporation after the Effective Date in compliance with this Certificate of Incorporation.

1.18 “Securities Exchange” means the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq Stock Market or any successor markets or exchanges.

1.19 “Transfer” of a share of Class B Common Stock means, directly or indirectly, any sale, assignment, transfer, conveyance, hypothecation or other transfer or disposition of such share or any legal or beneficial interest in such share, whether or not for value and whether voluntary or involuntary or by operation of law (including by merger, consolidation or otherwise) after 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on the Effective Date, including, without limitation, a transfer of a share of Class B Common Stock to a broker or other nominee (regardless of whether there is a corresponding change in beneficial ownership), or the transfer of, or entering into a binding agreement with respect to the transfer of, Voting Control (as defined below) over such share by proxy or otherwise. A “Transfer” will also be deemed to have occurred with respect to all shares of Class B Common Stock beneficially held by an entity that is a Qualified Stockholder if after 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on the Effective Date there is a Transfer of the voting power of the voting securities of such entity or any direct or indirect Parent of such entity, such that the previous holders of such voting power no longer retain sole dispositive power and exclusive Voting Control with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such entity. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the following will not be considered a “Transfer”:

(a) granting a revocable proxy to officers or directors of the Corporation (or the exercise of such proxy by such officers or directors) at the request of the Board in connection with (i) actions to be taken at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, or (ii) any other action of the stockholders permitted by this Certificate of Incorporation;

(b) entering into a voting trust, agreement or arrangement (with or without granting a proxy) solely with stockholders who are holders of Class B Common Stock, which voting trust, agreement or arrangement (i) is disclosed either in a Schedule 13D filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission or in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation, (ii) either has a term not exceeding one year or is terminable by the holder of the shares subject thereto at any time and (iii) does not involve any payment of cash, securities, property or other consideration to the holder of the shares subject thereto other than (if applicable) the mutual promise to vote shares in a designated manner;

(c) pledging shares of Class B Common Stock by a stockholder that creates a mere security interest in such shares pursuant to a bona fide loan or indebtedness transaction for so long as such stockholder continues to exercise Voting Control over such pledged shares; provided, however, that a foreclosure on such shares or other similar action by the pledgee will constitute a “Transfer” unless such foreclosure or similar action qualifies as a “Permitted Transfer” at such time;

(d) granting a proxy by a Founder, such Founder’s Permitted Entities or such Founder’s Permitted Transferees to any other Founder to exercise Voting Control of shares of Class B Common Stock owned directly or indirectly, beneficially and of record, by such Founder,

such Founder’s Permitted Entities or such Founder’s Permitted Transferees, and the exercise of such proxy by such other Founder;

(e) granting a proxy by a Founder, such Founder’s Permitted Entities or such Founder’s Permitted Transferees to a person designated by such Founder and approved by a majority of the Independent Directors then in office, to exercise Voting Control of shares of Class B Common Stock owned directly or indirectly, beneficially and of record, by such Founder, such Founder’s Permitted Entities or such Founder’s Permitted Transferees, or over which such Founder has Voting Control pursuant to proxy or voting agreements then in place, effective either (i) on the death of such Founder or (ii) during any Disability of such Founder, including the exercise of such proxy by such person;

(f) entering into a trading plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with a broker or other nominee; provided, however, that a sale of such shares of Class B Common Stock pursuant to such plan shall constitute a “Transfer” at the time of such sale;

(g) the fact that the spouse of any Qualified Stockholder possesses or obtains an interest in such holder’s shares of Class B Common Stock arising solely by reason of the application of the community property laws of any jurisdiction, so long as no other event or circumstance shall exist or have occurred that constitutes a “Transfer” that is not a “Permitted Transfer”; and

(h) entering into a support, voting, tender or similar agreement, arrangement or understanding (with or without granting a proxy) in connection with a Liquidation Event or other proposal or consummating the actions or transactions contemplated therein (including, without limitation, tendering shares of Class B Common Stock or voting such shares in connection with a Liquidation Event or other proposal, the consummation of a Liquidation Event or the sale, assignment, transfer, conveyance, hypothecation or other transfer or disposition of shares of Class B Common Stock or any legal or beneficial interest in shares of Class B Common Stock in connection with a Liquidation Event), provided that such Liquidation Event or other proposal was approved by the Board.

1.20 “Voting Control” means, with respect to a share of capital stock or other security, the power (whether exclusive or shared) to vote or direct the voting of such security, including by proxy, voting agreement or otherwise.

1.21 “Whole Board” means the total number of authorized directors whether or not there exist any vacancies or unfilled seats in previously authorized directorships.

2. Identical Rights. Except as otherwise provided in this Certificate of Incorporation or required by applicable law, shares of Common Stock shall have the same rights and powers, rank equally (including as to dividends and distributions, and any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Corporation but excluding voting and other matters as described in Section V.3 below), share ratably and be identical in all respects as to all matters, including:

2.1 Subject to the prior rights of holders of all classes and series of stock at the time outstanding having prior rights as to dividends and subject to Section 2.2, the holders of the Common Stock shall be entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by the Board, out of any assets of the Corporation legally available therefor, such dividends as may be declared from time to time by the Board. Any dividends paid to the holders of shares of Common Stock shall be paid pro rata, on an equal priority, pari passu basis, unless different treatment of the shares of any such class or series is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the outstanding shares of such applicable class or series of Common Stock treated adversely, voting separately as a class.

2.2 The Corporation shall not declare or pay any dividend or make any other distribution to the holders of Common Stock payable in securities of the Corporation unless the same dividend or distribution with the same record date and payment date shall be declared and paid on all shares of Common Stock, unless different treatment of the shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, each voting separately as a class; provided, however, that (i) dividends or other distributions payable in shares of Class A Common Stock or rights to acquire shares of Class A Common Stock may be declared and paid to the holders of Class A Common Stock without the same dividend or distribution being declared and paid to the holders of the Class B Common Stock if, and only if, a dividend payable in shares of Class B Common Stock, or rights to acquire shares of Class B Common Stock, are declared and paid to the holders of Class B Common Stock at the same rate and with the same record date and payment date; and (ii) dividends or other distributions payable in shares of Class B Common Stock or rights to acquire shares of Class B Common Stock may be declared and paid to the holders of Class B Common Stock without the same dividend or distribution being declared and paid to the holders of the Class A Common Stock if, and only if, a dividend payable in shares of Class A Common Stock, or rights to acquire shares of Class A Common Stock are declared and paid to the holders of Class A Common Stock at the same rate and with the same record date and payment date; and provided, further, that nothing in the foregoing shall prevent the Corporation from declaring and paying dividends or other distributions payable in shares of one class of Common Stock or rights to acquire one class of Common Stock to holders of all classes of Common Stock.

2.3 If the Corporation in any manner subdivides or combines the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, then the outstanding shares of all Common Stock will be subdivided or combined in the same proportion and manner, unless different treatment of the shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, each voting separately as a class.

3. Voting Rights.

3.1 Common Stock.

(a) Class A Common Stock. Each holder of shares of Class A Common Stock will be entitled to one vote for each share thereof held at the record date for the determination of the stockholders entitled to vote on such matters.

(b) Class B Common Stock. Each holder of shares of Class B Common Stock will be entitled to ten (10) votes for each share thereof held at the record date for the determination of the stockholders entitled to vote on such matters.

3.2 General. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein or as required by law, the holders of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock will vote together as a single class and not as separate series or classes.

3.3 Authorized Shares. The number of authorized shares of Common Stock or any class or series thereof may be increased or decreased (but not below (i) the number of shares of Common Stock or, in the case of a class or series of Common Stock, such class or series, then outstanding plus (ii) with respect to Class A Common Stock, the number of shares reserved for issuance pursuant to Section V.8) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, voting together as a single class, irrespective of the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the Delaware General Corporation Law; provided, that the number of authorized shares of Class B Common Stock shall not be increased or decreased without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock, voting as a separate class.

3.4 Election of Directors. Subject to any rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors under specified circumstances, (i) prior to the Final Conversion Date, the holders of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, voting together as a single class, shall be entitled to elect and remove all directors of the Corporation, and (ii) from and after the Final Conversion Date, if any, the holders of Common Stock, voting together as a single class, shall be entitled to elect and remove all directors of the Corporation.

4. Liquidation Rights. In the event of a Liquidation Event in connection with which the Board has determined to effect a distribution of assets to any holder or holders of Common Stock, then, subject to the rights of any Preferred Stock that may then be outstanding, the assets of the Corporation legally available for distribution to stockholders shall be distributed on an equal priority, pro rata basis (based on the number of shares of Common Stock held by each) to the holders of Common Stock, unless different treatment of the shares of each such class or series of Common Stock is approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, each voting separately as a class; provided, however, that for the avoidance of doubt, consideration to be paid or received by a holder of Common Stock in connection with any Liquidation Event pursuant to any employment, consulting, severance or similar services arrangement shall not be deemed to be a “distribution to stockholders” for the purpose of this Section V.4; provided, further, that shares of such classes may receive, or have the right to elect to receive, different or disproportionate consideration in connection with such consolidation, merger or other transaction if the only difference in the per share consideration to the holders of the Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock is that any securities distributed

to the holder of a share of Class B Common Stock have ten (10) times the voting power of any securities distributed to the holder of a share of Class A Common Stock.

5. Conversion of the Class B Common Stock. The Class B Common Stock will be convertible into Class A Common Stock as follows:

5.1 Each share of Class B Common Stock will automatically convert into one fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock on the Final Conversion Date.

5.2 With respect to any holder of Class B Common Stock, each share of Class B Common Stock held by such holder will automatically be converted into one fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock, as follows:

(a) on the affirmative written election of such holder or, if later, at the time or upon the happening of a future event specified in such written election (which election may be revoked by such holder prior to the date or time on which the automatic conversion would otherwise occur unless otherwise specified by such holder);

(b) on the occurrence of a Transfer of such share of Class B Common Stock, other than a Permitted Transfer;

(c) with respect to Class B Common Stock held by a holder who is a natural person, or a Permitted Transferee or Permitted Entity of such natural person, upon the death of such natural person, provided that, solely with respect to each share of Class B Common Stock held of record by a Founder, such Founder’s Permitted Entities or by such Founder’s Permitted Transferees, upon the death or Disability of such Founder; provided, however, that, with respect to the shares of Class B Common Stock held of record by a Founder, such Founder’s Permitted Entities or such Founder’s Permitted Transferees, each share of Class B Common Stock held of record by such Founder, such Founder’s Permitted Entities or such Founder’s Permitted Transferees shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock upon that date which is nine (9) months after the date of death or Disability of such Founder or such later date not to exceed a total period of eighteen (18) months after the date of death or Disability of such Founder as may be approved by a majority of the Independent Directors then in office, during which period Voting Control over such Founder’s shares of Class B Common Stock (including shares of Class B Common Stock held of record by such Founder’s Permitted Entities and Permitted Transferees) shall be exercised in accordance with any proxy or voting agreement entered into in accordance with Section V.1.20 of this Certificate of Incorporation or, if no such proxy or voting agreement is in place at the time of such death or Disability, a person (including a person serving as trustee) previously designated by the Founder and approved by the Board may exercise Voting Control over the Founder’s shares of Class B Common Stock (including shares of Class B Common Stock held of record by such Founder’s Permitted Entities and Permitted Transferees); provided, further, that, if all of the Founders die and/or become Disabled simultaneously or each of the remaining Founders dies or becomes Disabled following the death or Disability of the first Founder, but prior to the conversion pursuant to this Section V.5.2(c) of the shares of Class B Common Stock held of record by such first Founder to die or become Disabled, such first Founder’s Permitted

Entities or such first Founder’s Permitted Transferees, a person (including a person serving as trustee) previously designated by the Founders and approved by the Board may exercise Voting Control over the Founders’ shares of Class B Common Stock (including shares of Class B Common Stock held of record by each Founder’s Permitted Entities and Permitted Transferees) and, in such instance, each such share of Class B Common Stock shall automatically convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A Common Stock (and the Final Conversion Date shall occur) upon that date which is nine (9) months after the death or Disability of the last to die or become Disabled of the Founders, or such later date not to exceed a total period of eighteen (18) months after the last applicable death or Disability as may be approved by a majority of the Independent Directors then in office. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, to the extent shares of Class B Common Stock are held by a Permitted Entity or Permitted Transferee of a Founder and another Founder has or shares sole and exclusive Voting Control over such shares, the shares of Class B Common Stock held by such Permitted Entity or Permitted Transferee shall be treated as held of record by the Founder that has or shares sole and exclusive Voting Control over such shares for purposes of this Section V.5.2(c) and shall not be converted into shares of Class A Common Stock as a result of the death or Disability of the Founder who does not have Voting Control over such shares; or

(d) with respect to Class B Common Stock over which the spouse of a Founder has Voting Control, upon the earlier of (i) the legal dissolution or termination of the marriage, or (ii) the effectiveness of a marital settlement agreement, in either case of clause (i) or (ii) if and only if such Founder’s spouse receives or retains sole and exclusive Voting Control of such shares of Class B Common Stock.

6. Procedures. The Corporation may, from time to time, establish such policies and procedures relating to the conversion of the Class B Common Stock into Class A Common Stock and the general administration of this dual class stock structure, including the issuance of stock certificates with respect thereto, as it may deem necessary or advisable, and may from time to time request that holders of shares of Class B Common Stock furnish certifications, affidavits or other proof to the Corporation as it deems necessary to verify the ownership of Class B Common Stock and to confirm that a conversion to Class A Common Stock has not occurred. A determination by the Corporation as to whether or not a Transfer has occurred and results in a conversion to Class A Common Stock shall be conclusive and binding.

7. Immediate Effect. In the event of and upon a conversion of shares of Class B Common Stock into shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to Section V.5, such conversion shall be deemed to have been made, as applicable, at the time that the Transfer of shares, death or Disability, as applicable, occurred, or immediately upon the Final Conversion Date, or in the case of a conversion pursuant to Section V.5.2(a) the date described therein, subject in all cases to any transition periods specifically provided for in this Certificate of Incorporation. Upon any conversion of Class B Common Stock into Class A Common Stock in accordance with this Certificate of Incorporation, all rights of the holder of such shares of Class B Common Stock shall cease and the person or persons in whose names or names the certificate or certificates representing the shares of

Class A Common Stock are to be issued shall be treated for all purposes as having become the record holder or holders of such shares of Class A Common Stock.

8. Reservation of Stock Issuable Upon Conversion. The Corporation will at all times reserve and keep available out of its authorized but unissued shares of Class A Common Stock, solely for the purpose of effecting the conversion of the shares of the Class B Common Stock such number of its shares of Class A Common Stock as shall from time to time be sufficient to effect the conversion of all outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock; and if at any time the number of authorized but unissued shares of Class A Common Stock will not be sufficient to effect the conversion of all then-outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock, the Corporation will take such corporate action as may, in the opinion of its counsel, be necessary to increase its authorized but unissued shares of Class A Common Stock into such number of shares as will be sufficient for such purpose.

9. No Reissuance of Class B Common Stock. No share or shares of Class B Common Stock acquired by the Corporation by reason of redemption, purchase, conversion or otherwise shall be reissued, and all such shares shall be cancelled, retired and eliminated from the shares that the Corporation shall be authorized to issue.

10. Preemptive Rights. No stockholder of the Corporation shall have a right to purchase shares of capital stock of the Corporation sold or issued by the Corporation except to the extent that such a right may from time to time be set forth in a written agreement between the Corporation and a stockholder.

11. Class B Protective Provisions. After 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on the Effective Date, and prior to the Final Conversion Date, the Corporation shall not, without the prior affirmative vote (either at a meeting or by written election) of the holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock, voting as a separate class, in addition to any other vote required by applicable law or this Certificate of Incorporation:

11.1 directly or indirectly, whether by amendment, or through merger, recapitalization, consolidation or otherwise, amend or repeal, or adopt any provision of this Certificate of Incorporation inconsistent with, or otherwise alter, any provision of this Certificate of Incorporation that modifies the voting, conversion or other rights, powers, preferences, privileges or restrictions of the Class B Common Stock;

11.2 reclassify any outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock into shares having rights as to dividends or liquidation that are senior to the Class B Common Stock or the right to have more than one (1) vote for each share thereof;

11.3 issue any shares of Class B Common Stock, including, for the avoidance of doubt, by dividend, distribution or otherwise; or

11.4 authorize, or issue any shares of, any class or series of capital stock of the Corporation having the right to more than (1) vote for each share thereof.

ARTICLE VI

1. Rights of Preferred Stock. The Board is authorized, subject to any limitations prescribed by law, to provide for the issuance of shares of Preferred Stock in series, and by filing a certificate pursuant to the applicable law of the State of Delaware (such certificate being hereinafter referred to as a “Preferred Stock Designation”), to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, and to fix the designation, powers, preferences, and rights of the shares of each such series and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof.

2. Vote to Increase or Decrease Authorized Shares. The number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of all of the outstanding shares of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon, without a vote of the holders of the Preferred Stock, or of any series thereof, unless a vote of any such holders is required pursuant to the terms of any Preferred Stock Designation, irrespective of the provisions of Section 242(b)(2) of the Delaware General Corporation Law.

ARTICLE VII

1. Board Size. Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect additional directors under specified circumstances, the number of directors that constitutes the entire Board shall be fixed solely by resolution of the Board, acting pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the Whole Board. At each annual meeting of stockholders, directors of the Corporation shall be elected to hold office until the expiration of the term for which they are elected and until their successors have been duly elected and qualified or until their earlier death, resignation or removal; except that if any such election shall not be so held, such election shall take place at a stockholders’ meeting called and held in accordance with the Delaware General Corporation Law.

2. Board Structure. The directors, other than any who may be elected by the holders of any series of Preferred Stock under specified circumstances, shall be divided into three (3) classes as nearly equal in size as is practicable, hereby designated Class I, Class II and Class III. The incorporator shall have the power to assign directors to specific classes. The term of office of the initial Class I directors shall expire at the first regularly-scheduled annual meeting of the stockholders following the Effective Date, the term of office of the initial Class II directors shall expire at the second annual meeting of the stockholders following the Effective Date, and the term of office of the initial Class III directors shall expire at the third annual meeting of the stockholders following the Effective Date. At each annual meeting of stockholders, commencing with the first regularly scheduled annual meeting of stockholders following the Effective Date, each of the successors elected to replace the directors of a Class whose term shall have expired at such annual meeting shall be elected to hold office for a three year term and until the third annual meeting next succeeding his or her election and until his or her respective successor shall have been duly elected and qualified. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Article VII, each director shall serve until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified or until his or her death, resignation, or removal. If the number of directors is thereafter changed, any newly created directorships or decrease in directorships shall be so apportioned among the classes as to make all classes as nearly

equal in number as is practicable. No decrease in the number of directors constituting the Board shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.

3. Removal; Vacancies. Any director may be removed from office by the stockholders of the Corporation as provided in Section 141(k) of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors and fill vacancies under specified circumstances, vacancies occurring on the Board for any reason and newly created directorships resulting from an increase in the authorized number of directors may be filled only by vote of a majority of the remaining members of the Board, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director, and not by stockholders. A person elected to fill a vacancy or newly created directorship shall hold office until the next election of the class for which such director shall have been chosen and until his or her successor shall be duly elected and qualified.

ARTICLE VIII

The following provisions are inserted for the management of the business and the conduct of the affairs of the Corporation, and for further definition, limitation and regulation of the powers of the Corporation and of its directors and stockholders:

1. Board Power. Except as otherwise expressly provided by the Delaware General Corporation Law or this Certificate of Incorporation, the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board. In addition to the powers and authority expressly conferred by statute or by this Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the Corporation, the Board is hereby empowered to exercise all such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the Corporation.

2. Written Ballot. Elections of directors need not be by written ballot unless otherwise provided in the Bylaws of the Corporation.

3. Amendment of Bylaws. In furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred by the Delaware General Corporation Law, the Board is expressly authorized to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the Corporation. The Bylaws of the Corporation may not be amended, altered or repealed by stockholders of the Corporation except in accordance with the provisions of the Bylaws relating to amendments to the Bylaws.

4. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the stockholders may be called only by (i) the Board pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the Whole Board; (ii) the chairman of the Board; (iii) the chief executive officer of the Corporation; or (iv) the president of the Corporation, but a special meeting may not be called by any other person or persons and any power of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders is specifically denied.

5. No Stockholder Action by Written Consent. Subject to the rights of the holders of the Class B Common Stock as specifically set forth in this Certificate of Incorporation and the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of

stockholders of the Corporation and may not be effected by any consent in writing by such stockholders.

6. No Cumulative Voting. No stockholder will be permitted to cumulate votes at any election of directors.

7. Advance Notice. Advance notice of stockholder nominations for the election of directors and of business to be brought by stockholders before any meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation shall be given in the manner and to the extent provided in the Bylaws of the Corporation.

ARTICLE IX

To the fullest extent permitted by law, no director of the Corporation shall be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except to the extent such exemption from liability or limitation thereof is not permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law as the same exists or hereafter may be amended. Without limiting the effect of the preceding sentence, if the Delaware General Corporation Law is hereafter amended to authorize the further elimination or limitation of the liability of a director, then the liability of a director of the Corporation shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, as so amended.

Neither any amendment, repeal nor elimination of this Article IX, nor the adoption of any provision of this Certificate of Incorporation inconsistent with this Article IX, shall eliminate, reduce or otherwise adversely affect any limitation on the personal liability of a director of the Corporation existing at the time of such amendment, repeal, elimination or adoption of such an inconsistent provision.

ARTICLE X

If any provision of this Certificate of Incorporation becomes or is declared on any ground by a court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal, unenforceable or void, portions of such provision, or such provision in its entirety, to the extent necessary, shall be severed from this Certificate of Incorporation, and the court will replace such illegal, void or unenforceable provision of this Certificate of Incorporation with a valid and enforceable provision that most accurately reflects the Corporation’s intent, in order to achieve, to the maximum extent possible, the same economic, business and other purposes of the illegal, void or unenforceable provision. The balance of this Certificate of Incorporation shall be enforceable in accordance with its terms.

Except as provided in Article IX above, the Corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision contained in this Certificate of Incorporation, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by statute, and all rights conferred upon stockholders herein are granted subject to this reservation; provided, however, that, notwithstanding any other provision of this Certificate of Incorporation or any provision of law that might otherwise permit a lesser vote, but in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of the stock of this Corporation required by law or by this Certificate of Incorporation, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the

voting power of the outstanding shares of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to amend or repeal, or adopt any provision of this Certificate of Incorporation inconsistent with Article V, Article VII, Article VIII or this Article X.

ARTICLE XI

The name and mailing address of the incorporator are as follows:

Michael Thompson

215 Park Avenue, Floor 11
New York, New York 10003

* * *

This certificate of incorporation shall be effective at 12:00 p.m. Eastern Time on November 3, 2021.

I, the undersigned, as the sole incorporator of the Corporation, have signed this Certificate of Incorporation on this 3rd day of November 2021.


By:			/s/ Michael Thompson
			Name: Michael Thompson
			Sole Incorporator

CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT

TO THE

CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

AURORA INNOVATION, INC.

(Pursuant to Section 242 of the

General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware)

Aurora Innovation, Inc., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware (the “Corporation”), certifies that:

1.The name of the Corporation is Aurora Innovation, Inc. The Corporation’s original Certificate of Incorporation was filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on November 3, 2021 (the “Certificate of Incorporation”).

2.Pursuant to Section 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “General Corporation Law”), this Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation (this “Certificate of Amendment”) amends the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation.

3.Pursuant to Section 242 of the General Corporation Law, the Board of Directors of the Corporation duly adopted resolutions setting forth the terms and provisions of this Certificate of Amendment, declaring the terms and provisions of this Certificate of Amendment to be advisable, and directing that the terms and provisions of this Certificate of Amendment be submitted to and considered by the stockholders of the Corporation for approval.

4.The Certificate of Incorporation is hereby amended by amending and restating Article IX in its entirety as follows:

“Article IX

To the fullest extent permitted by law, no director or officer of the Corporation shall be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director or officer, except to the extent such exemption from liability or limitation thereof is not permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law as the same exists or hereafter may be amended. Without limiting the effect of the preceding sentence, if the Delaware General Corporation Law is hereafter amended to authorize the further elimination or limitation of the liability of a director or officer, then the liability of a director or officer of the Corporation shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, as so amended.

Neither any amendment, repeal nor elimination of this Article IX, nor the adoption of any provision of this Certificate of Incorporation inconsistent with this Article IX, shall eliminate, reduce or otherwise adversely affect any limitation on the personal liability of a director or officer of the Corporation existing at the time of such amendment, repeal, elimination or adoption of such an inconsistent provision.”

5.The terms and provisions of this Certificate of Amendment have been duly approved by the holders of the required number of shares of outstanding capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon pursuant to Section 242 of the General Corporation Law.

* * *

This Certificate of Amendment shall be effective at 3:00 p.m. Eastern Time on May 24, 2024.

[Signature Page Follows]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Certificate of Amendment is duly executed by the undersigned officer of the Corporation on May 24, 2024.

By: /s/ Chris Urmson

Name: Chris Urmson

Title: Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Chris Urmson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Aurora Innovation, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.


Date:	July 31, 2024	By:	/s/ Chris Urmson
		Name:	Chris Urmson
		Title:	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, David Maday, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Aurora Innovation, Inc.;

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.


Date:	July 31, 2024	By:	/s/ David Maday
		Name:	David Maday
		Title:	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Aurora Innovation, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


Date:	July 31, 2024	By:	/s/ Chris Urmson
		Name:	Chris Urmson
		Title:	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


Date:	July 31, 2024	By:	/s/ David Maday
		Name:	David Maday
		Title:	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Cover Page - shares	6 Months Ended
Cover Page - shares	Jun. 30, 2024	Jul. 24, 2024
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-40216
Entity Registrant Name	Aurora Innovation, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	98-1562265
Entity Address, Address Line One	1654 Smallman St.
Entity Address, City or Town	Pittsburgh
Entity Address, State or Province	PA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	15222
City Area Code	888
Local Phone Number	583-9506
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001828108
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Amendment Flag	false
Common Class A
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per share
Trading Symbol	AUR
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		1,201,819,338
Warrant
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Redeemable warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50
Trading Symbol	AUROW
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Common Class B
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		366,869,709

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 402	$ 501
Short-term investments	618	699
Other current assets	23	17
Total current assets	1,043	1,217
Property and equipment, net	100	94
Operating lease right-of-use assets	113	122
Acquisition related intangible assets	617	617
Long-term investments	0	148
Other assets	41	37
Total assets	1,914	2,235
Current liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities, current	15	15
Other current liabilities	66	96
Total current liabilities	81	111
Operating lease liabilities, long-term	98	107
Derivative liabilities	11	24
Other liabilities	7	8
Total liabilities	197	250
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock - $0.00001 par value, 51,000 shares authorized, 1,563 and 1,529 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	0	0
Additional paid-in capital	5,675	5,594
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(1)	1
Accumulated deficit	(3,957)	(3,610)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,717	1,985
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 1,914	$ 2,235

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares shares in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (in usd per share)	$ 0.00001	$ 0.00001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	51,000	51,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	1,563	1,529
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	1,563	1,529

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited) - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$ 170	$ 187	$ 336	$ 364
Selling, general and administrative	28	30	55	61
Total operating expenses	198	217	391	425
Loss from operations	(198)	(217)	(391)	(425)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	1	(10)	13	(12)
Other income, net	15	9	31	23
Loss before income taxes	(182)	(218)	(347)	(414)
Income tax expense	0	0	0	0
Net loss	$ (182)	$ (218)	$ (347)	$ (414)
Basic net loss per share (in usd per share)	$ (0.12)	$ (0.18)	$ (0.22)	$ (0.35)
Diluted net loss per share (in usd per share)	$ (0.12)	$ (0.18)	$ (0.22)	$ (0.35)
Basic weighted-average shares outstanding (in shares)	1,554	1,179	1,545	1,175
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding (in shares)	1,554	1,179	1,545	1,175

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (182)	$ (218)	$ (347)	$ (414)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Unrealized (loss) gain on investments	(1)	0	(2)	1
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(1)	0	(2)	1
Comprehensive loss	$ (183)	$ (218)	$ (349)	$ (413)

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	Total	Common stock	Additional paid-in capital	Accumulated other comprehensive loss	Accumulated deficit
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		1,166
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 1,784	$ 0	$ 4,600	$ (2)	$ (2,814)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans (in shares)		18
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans	(3)		(3)
Stock-based compensation	82		82
Comprehensive income (loss)	(413)			1	(414)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		1,184
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	1,450	$ 0	4,679	(1)	(3,228)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		1,175
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2023	1,629	$ 0	4,640	(1)	(3,010)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans (in shares)		9
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans	(4)		(4)
Stock-based compensation	43		43
Comprehensive income (loss)	(218)				(218)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		1,184
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 1,450	$ 0	4,679	(1)	(3,228)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023	1,529	1,529
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 1,985	$ 0	5,594	1	(3,610)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans (in shares)		34
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans	7		7
Stock-based compensation	74		74
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ (349)			(2)	(347)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2024	1,563	1,563
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2024	$ 1,717	$ 0	5,675	(1)	(3,957)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024		1,545
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2024	1,858	$ 0	5,633	0	(3,775)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans (in shares)		18
Equity issued under incentive compensation plans	4		4
Stock-based compensation	38		38
Comprehensive income (loss)	$ (183)			(1)	(182)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2024	1,563	1,563
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2024	$ 1,717	$ 0	$ 5,675	$ (1)	$ (3,957)

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$ (347)	$ (414)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	11	10
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets	14	14
Stock-based compensation	74	82
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	(13)	12
Accretion of discount on investments	(14)	(14)
Other operating activities	(1)	0
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other current and non-current assets	(10)	8
Operating lease liabilities	(13)	(14)
Other current and non-current liabilities	(27)	(2)
Net cash used in operating activities	(326)	(318)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of property and equipment	(19)	(6)
Purchases of investments	(180)	(425)
Maturities of investments	420	659
Net cash provided by investing activities	221	228
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	8	2
Other financing activities	(2)	(7)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	6	(5)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(99)	(95)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of the period	518	277
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period	$ 419	$ 182

Overview of the Organization	6 Months Ended
Overview of the Organization	Jun. 30, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Overview of the Organization	Overview of the Organization Aurora Innovation, Inc. (the “Company” or “Aurora”) is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and its mission is to deliver the benefits of self-driving technology safely, quickly, and broadly. The Company is developing the Aurora Driver, an advanced and scalable suite of self-driving hardware, software and data services designed as a platform to adapt and interoperate amongst vehicle types and applications.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	6 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and its controlled subsidiaries have been eliminated. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The information included herein should be read in conjunction with the Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2023. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date but does not contain all of the footnote disclosures from the annual financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect, in the opinion of the Company, all adjustments of a normal, recurring nature necessary for a fair statement of our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented but are not necessarily indicative of the expected results for the full fiscal year or any future period. Risks and Uncertainties The Company’s operations are principally funded by available liquidity from cash, cash equivalents and investments. Management expects to continue to incur operating losses and that the Company will need to opportunistically raise additional capital to support the continued development and commercialization of the Aurora Driver. Management believes that cash on hand and investments will be sufficient to meet its working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months from the date of these financial statements. Management will continue to evaluate the timing and nature of discretionary operating expenses, as necessary. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and investments. The Company primarily maintains its cash and cash equivalents at U.S. commercial banks, while its investments primarily consist of U.S. Treasury securities as well as corporate bonds and commercial paper. Cash and cash equivalents deposited with domestic commercial banks generally exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurable limit, though the Company has not experienced any credit losses on its deposits. The Company is dependent on its suppliers, some of which are single or limited source suppliers, to design, develop, industrialize and manufacture components, and these suppliers may not produce and deliver necessary and industrialized components at prices, volumes and on terms acceptable to the Company. For instance, the Company plans to rely on a single supplier, Continental Automotive Technologies GmbH, for the production, provision and full lifecycle support of its future generation of the Aurora Driver hardware system which will be integrated with OEM platform vehicles. In instances where the supplier fails to perform its obligations, the Company may be unable to find alternative suppliers to satisfactorily deliver its products, if at all. Recent Accounting Guidance In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting, which expands disclosure requirements for reportable segments including enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The updated standard is effective for the Company’s fiscal 2024 annual period and interim periods beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance and the timing of adoption. In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The updated standard is effective for the Company’s fiscal 2025 annual period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash were as follows (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	402	$	501
Restricted cash, current (a)	1		1
Restricted cash, long-term (b)	16		16
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	419	$	518

(a) Included in other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets

(b) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets

The components of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):


		As of
	Fair value level	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents:
Bank deposits	Level 1	$	21	$	—
Money market funds	Level 1	376		220
U.S. Treasury securities	Level 2	5		251
Commercial paper	Level 2	—		30
Total cash and cash equivalents		$	402	$	501
Short-term and long-term investments:
U.S. Treasury securities	Level 2	$	558	$	769
Commercial paper	Level 2	34		54
Corporate bonds and notes	Level 2	26		24
Total short-term and long-term investments		$	618	$	847

The amortized cost, unrealized gains, and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities were as follows (in millions):


	As of June 30, 2024
	Amortized cost		Unrealized gains		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	559	$	(1)	$	558
Commercial paper	34		—		34
Corporate bonds and notes	26		—		26
Total short-term investments	$	619	$	(1)	$	618


	As of December 31, 2023
	Amortized cost		Unrealized gains		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	768	$	1	$	769
Commercial paper	54		—		54
Corporate bonds and notes	24		—		24
Total short-term and long-term investments	$	846	$	1	$	847

Stockholders’ Equity	6 Months Ended
Stockholders’ Equity	Jun. 30, 2024
Equity [Abstract]
Stockholders’ Equity	Stockholders' Equity Preferred Stock The Company is authorized to issue 1,000 million shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.00001 per share. There were no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Common Stock The Company is authorized to issue 51,000 million shares of common stock with a par value of $0.00001 per share; of which 50,000 million shares are designated Class A common stock and 1,000 million shares are designated Class B common stock. Class A common stockholders are entitled to one vote for each share and Class B common stockholders are entitled to ten votes for each share. Class A and Class B have identical liquidation and dividend rights. Class B shares are convertible into Class A upon election by the holder or upon transfer (except for certain permitted transfers). The Company had 1,196 million and 1,162 million shares of Class A common stock issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company had 367 million shares of Class B common stock issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Equity Incentive Plans

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Equity Incentive Plans

Stock-based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense by function was as follows (in millions):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	32	$	37	$	63	$	71
Selling, general, and administrative	6		6		11		11
Total	$	38	$	43	$	74	$	82

Restricted Stock Units

RSU activity under the Plan and the 2017 Plan was as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):


	Number of shares	Weighted- average grant date fair value
Unvested at December 31, 2023	100	$	2.76
Granted	35	2.29
Vested	(26)	2.69
Forfeited	(7)	2.69
Unvested at June 30, 2024	102	$	2.62

Stock Options

Stock options granted under the Plan during the six months ended June 30, 2024 were as follows:


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024

Stock options granted (in millions)	36
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	1.26
Weighted average grant date fair value assumptions:
Expected term	6.0 years
Risk-free interest rates	4.1		%

Expected volatility	53.2		%

Stock option activity under the Plan and the 2017 Plan was as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):


	Number of shares	Weighted average exercise price		Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years)	Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	104	$	1.78
Granted	36	2.29
Exercised	(7)	1.11
Forfeited	(4)	2.01
Expired	(1)	3.43
Outstanding at June 30, 2024	128	$	1.94	8.0	$	118
Exercisable at June 30, 2024	61	$	1.75	6.6	$	70

Derivative Liabilities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Liabilities

The components of derivative liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):


		As of
	Fair value level	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Public warrants	Level 1	$	2	$	6
Private placement warrants	Level 2	2		4
Common stock warrants		4		10
Earnout share liabilities	Level 3	7		14
Total derivative liabilities		$	11	$	24

The valuation inputs utilized in determining the earnout share liability were as follows:


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Risk-free interest rates	4.3	%	3.9	%
Expected term (in years)	7.3		7.8

Expected volatility	53.0	%	53.0	%

The components of change in fair value of derivative liabilities were as follows (in millions):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Common stock warrants	$	1	$	(6)	$	6	$	(7)
Earnout share liabilities	—		(4)		7		(5)
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	$	1	$	(10)	$	13	$	(12)

Leases	6 Months Ended
Leases	Jun. 30, 2024
Leases [Abstract]
Leases	Leases The Company leases office facilities and warehouses under non-cancelable operating lease agreements that expire through 2042, including renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised. Rent expense under operating leases was $7 million in the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 and $14 million in the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s operating leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of 8.0 years and a weighted average discount rate of 7.0%. Future lease payments for leases that have not yet commenced were $32 million as of June 30, 2024. Lease commencement will occur once the lessor substantially completes construction to make the underlying asset available for use.

Balance Sheet Details

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Balance Sheet Details

Property and Equipment, Net

The components of property and equipment, net were as follows (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Land	$	14	$	14
Buildings and leasehold improvements	90		82
Equipment	25		25
Vehicles	24		16
Other	14		15
	167		152
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(67)		(58)
Total property and equipment, net	$	100	$	94

Other Current Liabilities

The components of other current liabilities were as follows (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accrued compensation	$	39	$	65
Other accrued expenses	27		31
Total other current liabilities	$	66	$	96

Earnings Per Share

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

The following table presents the potential common stock outstanding excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share because including them would have had an antidilutive effect (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024	June 30, 2023
RSUs	102	123
Stock options	129	102
Public warrants	12	12
Private placement warrants	9	9
Earnout shares liability	5	5
Total	257	251

Commitments and Contingencies	6 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies	Jun. 30, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	Commitments and Contingencies From time to time the Company may be party to various claims in the normal course of business. Legal fees and other costs associated with such actions are expensed as incurred. The Company assesses the need to record a liability for litigation and loss contingencies. Reserve estimates are recorded when and if it is determined that a loss related to certain matters is both probable and reasonably estimable. No material loss contingencies were recorded in the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Parent	$ (182)	$ (218)	$ (347)	$ (414)

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Jun. 30, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	6 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and its controlled subsidiaries have been eliminated. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Principles of Consolidation	The information included herein should be read in conjunction with the Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2023. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date but does not contain all of the footnote disclosures from the annual financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect, in the opinion of the Company, all adjustments of a normal, recurring nature necessary for a fair statement of our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented but are not necessarily indicative of the expected results for the full fiscal year or any future period.
Risks and Uncertainties	Risks and Uncertainties The Company’s operations are principally funded by available liquidity from cash, cash equivalents and investments. Management expects to continue to incur operating losses and that the Company will need to opportunistically raise additional capital to support the continued development and commercialization of the Aurora Driver. Management believes that cash on hand and investments will be sufficient to meet its working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months from the date of these financial statements. Management will continue to evaluate the timing and nature of discretionary operating expenses, as necessary. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and investments. The Company primarily maintains its cash and cash equivalents at U.S. commercial banks, while its investments primarily consist of U.S. Treasury securities as well as corporate bonds and commercial paper. Cash and cash equivalents deposited with domestic commercial banks generally exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurable limit, though the Company has not experienced any credit losses on its deposits. The Company is dependent on its suppliers, some of which are single or limited source suppliers, to design, develop, industrialize and manufacture components, and these suppliers may not produce and deliver necessary and industrialized components at prices, volumes and on terms acceptable to the Company. For instance, the Company plans to rely on a single supplier, Continental Automotive Technologies GmbH, for the production, provision and full lifecycle support of its future generation of the Aurora Driver hardware system which will be integrated with OEM platform vehicles. In instances where the supplier fails to perform its obligations, the Company may be unable to find alternative suppliers to satisfactorily deliver its products, if at all.
Recent Accounting Guidance	Recent Accounting Guidance In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting, which expands disclosure requirements for reportable segments including enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The updated standard is effective for the Company’s fiscal 2024 annual period and interim periods beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance and the timing of adoption. In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The updated standard is effective for the Company’s fiscal 2025 annual period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash were as follows (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	402	$	501
Restricted cash, current (a)	1		1
Restricted cash, long-term (b)	16		16
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	419	$	518

(a) Included in other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets

(b) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets

Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash were as follows (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	402	$	501
Restricted cash, current (a)	1		1
Restricted cash, long-term (b)	16		16
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	419	$	518

(a) Included in other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets

(b) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis

The components of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):


		As of
	Fair value level	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents:
Bank deposits	Level 1	$	21	$	—
Money market funds	Level 1	376		220
U.S. Treasury securities	Level 2	5		251
Commercial paper	Level 2	—		30
Total cash and cash equivalents		$	402	$	501
Short-term and long-term investments:
U.S. Treasury securities	Level 2	$	558	$	769
Commercial paper	Level 2	34		54
Corporate bonds and notes	Level 2	26		24
Total short-term and long-term investments		$	618	$	847

Schedule of Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale

The amortized cost, unrealized gains, and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities were as follows (in millions):


	As of June 30, 2024
	Amortized cost		Unrealized gains		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	559	$	(1)	$	558
Commercial paper	34		—		34
Corporate bonds and notes	26		—		26
Total short-term investments	$	619	$	(1)	$	618


	As of December 31, 2023
	Amortized cost		Unrealized gains		Fair value
U.S. Treasury securities	$	768	$	1	$	769
Commercial paper	54		—		54
Corporate bonds and notes	24		—		24
Total short-term and long-term investments	$	846	$	1	$	847

Equity Incentive Plans (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense by function was as follows (in millions):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	32	$	37	$	63	$	71
Selling, general, and administrative	6		6		11		11
Total	$	38	$	43	$	74	$	82

Schedule of Restricted Stock Unit Activity

RSU activity under the Plan and the 2017 Plan was as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):


	Number of shares	Weighted- average grant date fair value
Unvested at December 31, 2023	100	$	2.76
Granted	35	2.29
Vested	(26)	2.69
Forfeited	(7)	2.69
Unvested at June 30, 2024	102	$	2.62

Schedule of Share-Based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions

Stock options granted under the Plan during the six months ended June 30, 2024 were as follows:


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024

Stock options granted (in millions)	36
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	1.26
Weighted average grant date fair value assumptions:
Expected term	6.0 years
Risk-free interest rates	4.1		%

Expected volatility	53.2		%

Schedule of Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option, Activity

Stock option activity under the Plan and the 2017 Plan was as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):


	Number of shares	Weighted average exercise price		Weighted average remaining contractual term (in years)	Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	104	$	1.78
Granted	36	2.29
Exercised	(7)	1.11
Forfeited	(4)	2.01
Expired	(1)	3.43
Outstanding at June 30, 2024	128	$	1.94	8.0	$	118
Exercisable at June 30, 2024	61	$	1.75	6.6	$	70

Derivative Liabilities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Derivative Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis

The components of derivative liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):


		As of
	Fair value level	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Public warrants	Level 1	$	2	$	6
Private placement warrants	Level 2	2		4
Common stock warrants		4		10
Earnout share liabilities	Level 3	7		14
Total derivative liabilities		$	11	$	24

Schedule of Valuation Inputs of the Earnout Share Liability

The valuation inputs utilized in determining the earnout share liability were as follows:


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Risk-free interest rates	4.3	%	3.9	%
Expected term (in years)	7.3		7.8

Expected volatility	53.0	%	53.0	%

Schedule of Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities

The components of change in fair value of derivative liabilities were as follows (in millions):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Common stock warrants	$	1	$	(6)	$	6	$	(7)
Earnout share liabilities	—		(4)		7		(5)
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	$	1	$	(10)	$	13	$	(12)

Balance Sheet Details (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Schedule of Property and Equipment, Net

The components of property and equipment, net were as follows (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Land	$	14	$	14
Buildings and leasehold improvements	90		82
Equipment	25		25
Vehicles	24		16
Other	14		15
	167		152
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(67)		(58)
Total property and equipment, net	$	100	$	94

Schedule of Other Current Liabilities

The components of other current liabilities were as follows (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accrued compensation	$	39	$	65
Other accrued expenses	27		31
Total other current liabilities	$	66	$	96

Earnings Per Share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Potential Common Stock Outstanding Excluded from Computation of Diluted Loss Per Share

The following table presents the potential common stock outstanding excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share because including them would have had an antidilutive effect (in millions):


	As of
	June 30, 2024	June 30, 2023
RSUs	102	123
Stock options	129	102
Public warrants	12	12
Private placement warrants	9	9
Earnout shares liability	5	5
Total	257	251

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments - Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 402	$ 501
Restricted cash, current	1	1
Restricted cash, long-term	16	16
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$ 419	$ 518	$ 182	$ 277

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments - Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents, Short-term Investments and Long-term Investments Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total cash and cash equivalents	$ 402	$ 501
Total short-term and long-term investments	618	847
U.S. Treasury securities
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total short-term and long-term investments	558	769
U.S. Treasury securities \| Level 2
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total short-term and long-term investments	558	769
Commercial paper
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total short-term and long-term investments	34	54
Commercial paper \| Level 2
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total short-term and long-term investments	34	54
Corporate bonds and notes
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total short-term and long-term investments	26	24
Corporate bonds and notes \| Level 2
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total short-term and long-term investments	26	24
Bank deposits \| Level 1
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total cash and cash equivalents	21	0
Money market funds \| Level 1
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total cash and cash equivalents	376	220
U.S. Treasury securities \| Level 2
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total cash and cash equivalents	5	251
Commercial paper \| Level 2
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total cash and cash equivalents	$ 0	$ 30

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments - Schedule of Amortized Cost, Unrealized Gains and Losses and Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Debt Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized cost	$ 619	$ 846
Unrealized gains	(1)
Unrealized gains		1
Fair value	618	847
U.S. Treasury securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized cost	559	768
Unrealized gains	(1)
Unrealized gains		1
Fair value	558	769
Commercial paper
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized cost	34	54
Unrealized gains	0
Unrealized gains		0
Fair value	34	54
Corporate bonds and notes
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Amortized cost	26	24
Unrealized gains	0
Unrealized gains		0
Fair value	$ 26	$ 24

Stockholders’ Equity - Narrative (Details) shares in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024 votePerShare $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 $ / shares shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	1,000
Preferred stock, par value (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.00001
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	51,000	51,000
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.00001	$ 0.00001
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	1,563	1,529
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	1,563	1,529
Common Class A
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	50,000
Number of votes per share stock holders are entitled to receive \| votePerShare	1
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	1,196	1,162
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	1,196	1,162
Common Class B
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	1,000
Number of votes per share stock holders are entitled to receive \| votePerShare	10
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	367	367
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	367	367

Equity Incentive Plans - Narrative (Details) shares in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) vestingRequirement shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of equity compensation plans \| vestingRequirement	4
Share based compensation income tax benefit	$ 0
Capitalized share based compensation	0
Option, costs not yet recognized	74,000,000
Intrinsic value of stock	$ 12,000,000
RSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of vesting requirements \| vestingRequirement	2
Cost not yet recognized	$ 237,000,000
Period for recognition	2 years 6 months
Stock based compensation expense	$ 72,000,000
RSUs \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	4 years
RSUs \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	1 year
RSUs \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Three \| Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	1 year
RSUs \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Three \| Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	4 years
Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Period for recognition	2 years 10 months 24 days
Percentage of fair value common stock, threshold	100.00%
Expiration period	10 years
Expiration period, following termination	3 months
Stock options \| Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	1 year
Stock options \| Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	4 years
2021 Incentive Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available for grant (in shares) \| shares	211

Equity Incentive Plans - Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total	$ 38	$ 43	$ 74	$ 82
Research and development
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total	32	37	63	71
Selling, general, and administrative
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total	$ 6	$ 6	$ 11	$ 11

Equity Incentive Plans - Schedule of Restricted Stock Units (Details) - RSUs shares in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 $ / shares shares
Number of shares
Unvested at beginning balance (in shares) \| shares	100
Granted (in shares) \| shares	35
Vested (in shares) \| shares	(26)
Forfeited (in shares) \| shares	(7)
Unvested at ending balance (in shares) \| shares	102
Weighted- average grant date fair value
Unvested beginning balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 2.76
Granted (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	2.29
Vested (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	2.69
Forfeited (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	2.69
Unvested ending balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 2.62

Equity Incentive Plans - Schedule of Stock Option Activity Granted (Details) shares in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 $ / shares shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock options granted (in shares) \| shares	36
Weighted average grant date fair value (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 1.26
Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)	6 years
Risk free interest rates (as a percent)	4.10%
Expected volatility (as a percent)	53.20%

Equity Incentive Plans - Schedule of Stock Option Activity (Details) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Number of shares
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares) \| shares	104
Granted (in shares) \| shares	36
Exercised (in shares) \| shares	(7)
Forfeited (in shares) \| shares	(4)
Expired (in shares) \| shares	(1)
Outstanding at ending of period (in shares) \| shares	128
Number of shares, Exercisable (in shares) \| shares	61
Weighted average exercise price
Outstanding at beginning of period (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 1.78
Granted (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	2.29
Exercised (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	1.11
Forfeited (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	2.01
Expired (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	3.43
Outstanding at end of period (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	1.94
Weighted average exercise price, Exercisable (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 1.75
Weighted average remaining contractual term, Outstanding	8 years
Weighted average remaining contractual term, Exercisable	6 years 7 months 6 days
Aggregate intrinsic value, Outstanding \| $	$ 118
Aggregate intrinsic value, Exercisable \| $	$ 70

Derivative Liabilities - Schedule of Fair Value Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Total derivative liabilities	$ 11	$ 24
Common stock warrants
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	4	10
Public warrants \| Level 1
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	2	6
Private placement warrants \| Level 2
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	2	4
Earnout share liabilities \| Level 3
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	$ 7	$ 14

Derivative Liabilities - Narrative (Details) - shares shares in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Derivative [Line Items]
Earnout shares outstanding (in shares)	5	5
Public warrants
Derivative [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding (in shares)	12	12
Private placement warrants
Derivative [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding (in shares)	9	9

Derivative Liabilities - Valuation Inputs of Earnout Share Liability (Details) - Earnout shares liability - Monte Carlo Simulation	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Risk-free interest rates
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative liability of measurement input	0.043	0.039
Expected term (in years)
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative liability of measurement input	7.3	7.8
Expected volatility
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative liability of measurement input	0.530	0.530

Derivative Liabilities - Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	$ 1	$ (10)	$ 13	$ (12)
Common stock warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	1	(6)	6	(7)
Earnout share liabilities
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities	$ 0	$ (4)	$ 7	$ (5)

Leases - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
Leases - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease, rent expense	$ 7	$ 7	$ 14	$ 14
Weighted average remaining lease term	8 years		8 years
Weighted average discount rate, percent	7.00%		7.00%
Future lease payments for leases not yet commenced	$ 32		$ 32

Balance Sheet Details - Schedule of Property and Equipment, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 167	$ 152
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	(67)	(58)
Total property and equipment, net	100	94
Land
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	14	14
Buildings and leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	90	82
Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	25	25
Vehicles
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	24	16
Other
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 14	$ 15

Balance Sheet Details - Schedule of Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Accrued compensation	$ 39	$ 65
Other accrued expenses	27	31
Total other current liabilities	$ 66	$ 96

Earnings Per Share - Schedule of Antidilutive Shares (Details) shares in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 Class_of_Share shares	Jun. 30, 2023 shares
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Number of class of common stock \| Class_of_Share	2
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential stock excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share (in shares)	257	251
RSUs
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential stock excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share (in shares)	102	123
Stock options
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential stock excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share (in shares)	129	102
Derivative \| Public warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential stock excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share (in shares)	12	12
Derivative \| Private placement warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential stock excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share (in shares)	9	9
Derivative \| Earnout shares liability
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potential stock excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share (in shares)	5	5