Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form

10-Q

(Mark One)

☒

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For Quarterly Period Ended December 31, 2023

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For Transition Period From

Commission File Number 000-26591

RGC Resources, Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Virginia	54-1909697
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

519 Kimball Ave., N.E., Roanoke, VA	24016
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

(540) 777-4427

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

None

(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class			Trading Symbol			Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $5 Par Value			RGCO			NASDAQ Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated-filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☒

Smaller reporting company

☒

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class	Outstanding at January 31, 2024
Common Stock, $5 Par Value	10,163,395

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INDEX

		Page No.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME	3
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	4
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	5
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	33
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	34
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	34
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	34
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	34
Item 5.	Other Information	34
Item 6.	Exhibits	35
Signatures		36

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

AFUDC		Allowance for Funds Used During Construction

AOCI/AOCL		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

ARO		Asset Retirement Obligation

ARP		Alternative Revenue Program, regulatory or rate recovery mechanisms approved by the SCC that allow for the adjustment of revenues for certain broad, external factors, or for additional billings if the entity achieves certain performance targets

ARPA		American Rescue Plan Act of 2021

ASC		Accounting Standards Codification

ASU		Accounting Standards Update as issued by the FASB

ATM		At-the-market program whereby a Company can incrementally offer common stock through a broker at prevailing market prices and on an as-needed basis

CARES/CARES Act		The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act

Company		RGC Resources, Inc. or Roanoke Gas Company

COVID-19 or Coronavirus		A pandemic disease that causes respiratory illness similar to the flu with symptoms such as coughing, fever, and in more severe cases, difficulty in breathing

CPCN		Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity

D.C. Circuit		U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia

Diversified Energy		Diversified Energy Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Resources

DRIP		Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan of RGC Resources, Inc.

DTH		Decatherm (a measure of energy used primarily to measure natural gas)

EPS		Earnings Per Share

ERISA		Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974

FASB		Financial Accounting Standards Board

FDIC		Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

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FERC		Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

Fourth Circuit		U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals

FRA		Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, bi-partisan legislation containing certain provisions specific to MVP

GAAP		Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States

HDD		Heating degree day, a measurement designed to quantify the demand for energy. It is the number of degrees that a day’s average temperature falls below 65 degrees Fahrenheit

ICC		Inventory carrying cost revenue, an SCC approved rate structure that mitigates the impact of financing costs on natural gas inventory

IRS		Internal Revenue Service

KEYSOP		RGC Resources, Inc. Key Employee Stock Option Plan

LDI		Liability Driven Investment approach, a strategy which reduces the volatility in the pension plan's funded status and expense by matching the duration of the fixed income investments with the duration of the corresponding pension liabilities

LIBOR		London Inter-Bank Offered Rate

LLC		Mountain Valley Pipeline, L.L.C., a joint venture established to design, construct and operate MVP and Southgate

LNG		Liquefied natural gas, the cryogenic liquid form of natural gas. Roanoke Gas operates and maintains a plant capable of producing and storing up to 200,000 DTH of liquefied natural gas

MGP		Manufactured gas plant

Midstream		RGC Midstream, L.L.C., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Resources created to invest in pipeline projects including MVP and Southgate

MVP		Mountain Valley Pipeline, a FERC-regulated natural gas pipeline project intended to connect the Equitrans' gathering and transmission system in northern West Virginia to the Transco interstate pipeline in south central Virginia with a planned interconnect to Roanoke Gas’ natural gas distribution system

NQDC Plan		RGC Resources, Inc. Non-qualified Deferred Compensation Plan

Normal Weather		The average number of heating degree days over the most recent 30-year period

PBGC		Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation

Pension Plan		Defined benefit plan that provides pension benefits to employees hired prior to January 1, 2017 who meet certain years of service criteria

PGA		Purchased Gas Adjustment, a regulatory mechanism, which adjusts natural gas customer rates to reflect changes in the forecasted cost of gas and actual gas costs

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Postretirement Plan		Defined benefit plan that provides postretirement medical and life insurance benefits to eligible employees hired prior to January 1, 2000 who meet years of service and other criteria

R&D credit		Research and development federal tax credit defined under Internal Revenue Code section 41 and the related regulations

Resources		RGC Resources, Inc., parent company of Roanoke Gas, Midstream and Diversified Energy

RGCO		Trading symbol for RGC Resources, Inc. on the NASDAQ Global Stock Market

Roanoke Gas		Roanoke Gas Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Resources

ROU Asset		Right of Use Asset

RNG		Renewable Natural Gas

RNG Rider		Renewable Natural Gas Rider, the rate component as approved by the SCC that is billed monthly to the Company’s customers to recover the costs associated with the investment in RNG facilities and related operating costs

RSPD		RGC Resources, Inc. Restricted Stock Plan for Outside Directors

RSPO		RGC Resources, Inc. Restricted Stock Plan for Officers

SAVE		Steps to Advance Virginia's Energy, a regulatory mechanism per Chapter 26 of Title 56 of the Code of Virginia that allows natural gas utilities to recover the investment, including related depreciation and expenses and provide return on rate base, in eligible infrastructure replacement projects without the filing of a formal base rate application

SAVE Plan		Steps to Advance Virginia's Energy Plan, the Company's proposed and approved operational replacement plan and related spending under the SAVE regulatory mechanism

SAVE Rider		Steps to Advance Virginia's Energy Plan Rider, the rate component of the SAVE Plan as approved by the SCC that is billed monthly to the Company’s customers to recover the costs associated with eligible infrastructure projects including the related depreciation and expenses and return on rate base of the investment

SCC		Virginia State Corporation Commission, the regulatory body with oversight responsibilities of the utility operations of Roanoke Gas

SCOTUS		Supreme Court of the United States

SEC		U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

SOFR		Secured Overnight Financing Rate

Southgate		Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC’s Southgate project, which is a contemplated interstate pipeline that was approved by the FERC to extend from the MVP in south central Virginia to central North Carolina, of which Midstream holds less than a 1% investment

S&P 500 Index		Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index

WNA		Weather Normalization Adjustment, an ARP mechanism which adjusts revenues for the effects of weather temperature variations as compared to the 30-year average

Some of the terms above may not be included in this filing

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	December 31, 2023			September 30,
	Unaudited			2023
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,864,737		$	1,512,431
Accounts receivable (less allowance for credit losses of $343,304, and $155,164, respectively)		13,158,930			4,194,934
Materials and supplies		1,573,190			1,674,462
Gas in storage		10,018,097			11,185,601
Prepaid income taxes		1,084,515			3,227,544
Regulatory assets		2,868,018			2,854,276
Interest rate swaps		1,123,194			1,533,057
Other		2,079,194			612,957
Total current assets		34,769,875			26,795,262
UTILITY PROPERTY:
In service		323,411,050			318,369,891
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(87,584,583	)		(85,752,798	)
In service, net		235,826,467			232,617,093
Construction work in progress		14,517,366			14,966,458
Utility property, net		250,343,833			247,583,551
OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS:
Regulatory assets		5,350,191			5,389,445
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates		18,654,928			17,187,093
Benefit plan assets		1,743,208			1,901,902
Deferred income taxes		1,115,898			1,163,594
Interest rate swaps		2,113,007			3,084,398
Other		612,295			624,095
Total other non-current assets		29,589,527			29,350,527
TOTAL ASSETS	$	314,703,235		$	303,729,340

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	December 31, 2023			September 30,
	Unaudited			2023
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	33,850,000		$	10,975,000
Line-of-credit		13,252,596			4,353,572
Dividends payable		2,032,679			1,978,400
Accounts payable		6,058,027			5,838,643
Customer credit balances		1,882,100			1,972,132
Income taxes payable		174,440			—
Customer deposits		1,646,267			1,476,321
Accrued expenses		2,958,931			4,661,722
Regulatory liabilities		2,311,025			1,632,716
Other		30,657			30,281
Total current liabilities		64,196,722			32,918,787
LONG-TERM DEBT:
Notes payable		102,700,000			126,100,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs		(238,804	)		(255,272	)
Long-term debt, net		102,461,196			125,844,728
DEFERRED CREDITS AND OTHER NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Asset retirement obligations		10,855,794			10,792,831
Regulatory cost of retirement obligations		13,404,991			13,029,376
Benefit plan liabilities		75,637			47,674
Deferred income taxes		1,959,485			2,008,458
Regulatory liabilities		17,883,751			18,031,693
Other		321,056			323,168
Total deferred credits and other non-current liabilities		44,500,714			44,233,200
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Common stock, $5 par; authorized 20,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 10,059,621 and 10,015,254 shares, respectively		50,298,105			50,076,270
Preferred stock, no par, authorized 5,000,000 shares; no shares issued and outstanding		—			—
Capital in excess of par value		45,047,443			44,430,786
Retained earnings		6,959,593			3,972,280
Accumulated other comprehensive income		1,239,462			2,253,289
Total stockholders’ equity		103,544,603			100,732,625
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	314,703,235		$	303,729,340

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

UNAUDITED

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
OPERATING REVENUES:
Gas utility	$	24,391,854	$	33,252,767
Non utility		27,498		29,568
Total operating revenues		24,419,352		33,282,335
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Cost of gas - utility		10,097,016		20,804,153
Cost of sales - non utility		5,150		4,593
Operations and maintenance		4,335,197		3,920,513
General taxes		632,245		589,050
Depreciation and amortization		2,697,707		2,419,541
Total operating expenses		17,767,315		27,737,850
OPERATING INCOME		6,652,037		5,544,485
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate		1,467,835		1,232
Other income, net		120,786		74,606
Interest expense		1,636,273		1,369,164
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES		6,604,385		4,251,159
INCOME TAX EXPENSE		1,584,393		994,754
NET INCOME	$	5,019,992	$	3,256,405
BASIC EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE	$	0.50	$	0.33
DILUTED EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE	$	0.50	$	0.33
DIVIDENDS DECLARED PER COMMON SHARE	$	0.2000	$	0.1975

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

UNAUDITED

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
NET INCOME	$	5,019,992		$	3,256,405
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Interest rate swaps		(1,025,720	)		(183,298	)
Defined benefit plans		11,893			14,631
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS, NET OF TAX		(1,013,827	)		(168,667	)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$	4,006,165		$	3,087,738

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

UNAUDITED

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2023
	Common Stock		Capital in Excess of Par Value		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance - September 30, 2023	$	50,076,270	$	44,430,786	$	3,972,280		$	2,253,289		$	100,732,625
Net income		—		—		5,019,992			—			5,019,992
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—			(1,013,827	)		(1,013,827	)
Cash dividends declared ($0.20 per share)		—		—		(2,032,679	)		—			(2,032,679	)
Net issuance of common stock (44,367 shares)		221,835		616,657		—			—			838,492
Balance - December 31, 2023	$	50,298,105	$	45,047,443	$	6,959,593		$	1,239,462		$	103,544,603

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
	Common Stock		Capital in Excess of Par Value		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance - September 30, 2022	$	49,102,675	$	41,479,459	$	544,158		$	1,964,364		$	93,090,656
Net income		—		—		3,256,405			—			3,256,405
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—			(168,667	)		(168,667	)
Cash dividends declared ($0.1975 per share)		—		—		(1,957,369	)		—			(1,957,369	)
Net issuance of common stock (31,245 shares)		156,225		512,757		—			—			668,982
Balance - December 31, 2022	$	49,258,900	$	41,992,216	$	1,843,194		$	1,795,697		$	94,890,007

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

UNAUDITED

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	5,019,992		$	3,256,405
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		2,761,920			2,477,084
Cost of retirement of utility property, net		(136,639	)		(159,174	)
Amortization of stock option grants		17,168			16,170
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate		(1,467,835	)		(1,232	)
Allowance for funds used during construction		—			(103,771	)
Changes in assets and liabilities which used cash, exclusive of changes and noncash transactions shown separately		(6,758,953	)		(7,909,883	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(564,347	)		(2,424,401	)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Expenditures for utility property		(5,300,669	)		(7,530,620	)
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates		—			(818,178	)
Proceeds from disposal of utility property		374			209
Net cash used in investing activities		(5,300,295	)		(8,348,589	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from issuance of unsecured notes		—			1,103,800
Repayments of notes payable		(525,000	)		(125,000	)
Borrowings under line-of-credit		16,390,292			17,952,768
Repayments under line-of-credit		(7,491,268	)		(8,560,795	)
Proceeds from issuance of stock		821,324			652,812
Cash dividends paid		(1,978,400	)		(1,915,317	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		7,216,948			9,108,268
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		1,352,306			(1,664,722	)
BEGINNING CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		1,512,431			4,898,914
ENDING CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	$	2,864,737		$	3,234,192

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

UNAUDITED

1.	Basis of Presentation

Resources is an energy services company primarily engaged in the sale and distribution of natural gas. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Resources and its wholly-owned subsidiaries: Roanoke Gas, Diversified Energy and Midstream.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring accruals) necessary to fairly present Resources' financial position as of December 31, 2023, cash flows for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations, comprehensive income, and changes in stockholders' equity for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The results of operations for the three months ended December 31, 2023 are not indicative of the results to be expected for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024 as quarterly earnings are affected by the highly seasonal nature of the business and weather conditions generally result in greater earnings during the winter months.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and condensed notes are presented under the rules and regulations of the SEC. Pursuant to those rules, certain information and note disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Although the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and condensed notes should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes contained in the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023. The September 30, 2023 consolidated balance sheet was included in the Company’s audited financial statements included in Form 10-K.

Roanoke Gas’ line of credit is renewed annually in March, and there is approximately $6,700,000 outstanding under the line of credit at the time of this filing. Separately, Midstream has $33,850,000 of current maturities of long-term debt due in the next 12 months. These amounts, in the aggregate, exceed the liquidity available to the Company through currently executed agreements and anticipated operating cash flows over this period without taking additional actions involving a third party. As a result, under ASU 2014-15, substantial doubt exists about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

Management's plans are to refinance these amounts and management's discussions with banks regarding refinancing the amounts have been positive. Additionally, the Company has refinanced this debt in the past and the pending completion of the MVP further supports a favorable likelihood of successful refinancing. Since such refinancing is not entirely within the Company's control, there can be no assurances that such refinancing can be completed.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained in the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023.

Certain amounts previously disclosed have been reclassified to conform to current year presentations.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Recently Issued or Adopted Accounting Standards

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. In combination with ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06, the ASU provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for and recognizing the effects of reference rate change on financial reporting. The new guidance applies specifically to contracts and hedging relationships that reference LIBOR, or any other referenced rate that is expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. The new guidance is effective for the Company through December 31, 2024. The Intercontinental Exchange Benchmark Administration, the administrator for LIBOR and other inter-bank offered rates, announced that the LIBOR rates for one-day, one-month, six-month and one-year would cease publication in June 2023 and that no new financial contracts may use LIBOR after December 31, 2021. Subsequent to June 30, 2023, the one-day, one-month, six-month, and one-year LIBOR settings will continue to be published under an unrepresentative synthetic methodology until the end of September 2024 in order to bridge the transition to other reference rates. The Company has transitioned all but one LIBOR-based variable rate note to a new reference rate as of December 31, 2023. Each of the revised notes has a corresponding swap that was also transitioned to align with the related notes. The last LIBOR-based variable rate note will mature in fiscal 2024. See Note 7 and Note 9 for more information.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The new guidance is designed to provide users of financial statements with enhanced disclosures regarding the information provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and how the CODM uses the information in assessing the performance of each segment. The Company is currently evaluating the new standard and determining the additional disclosure requirements. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2024.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The new guidance requires that on an annual basis public business entities disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation table and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (items equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income or loss by the applicable statutory rate). The required disclosures will provide more granularity regarding the payment of income taxes to federal, state and foreign entities. The Company does not expect certain requirements of this ASU to have a significant impact to its current disclosures as all of its operations are domestic and reside in two states. Changes to the rate reconciliation table will result in additional disclosure. The new guidance is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024.

Other accounting standards that have been issued by the FASB or other standard-setting bodies are not currently applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

2.	Leases

The Company leases certain assets including office space and land classified as operating leases. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception of the agreement based on the terms and conditions in the contract. The operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized as the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of the leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an estimate of its secured incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The incremental borrowing rate is determined by management aided by inquiries of a third party.

Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement. The Company made an accounting policy election that payments under agreements with an initial term of 12 months or less will not be included on the condensed consolidated balance sheet but will be recognized when paid in the consolidated statements of operations.

During fiscal 2023, the Company entered into a land lease in conjunction with its RNG facility that has a 20-year term with two five-year renewal options that are not considered part of the ROU asset and liability as the decision to elect said options will be made by the Company in the future. The Company also has three other operating leases with original terms ranging from 3 to 6 years. The operating lease ROU assets of $354,320 are reflected in other non-current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The current operating lease liabilities of $30,657 and non-current lease liabilities of $321,056 are included in other current liabilities and deferred credits and other non-current liabilities, respectively, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The cost components of the Company’s operating leases are included under operations and maintenance expense in the condensed consolidated statements of income and were less than $50,000 for each period presented.

Other information related to leases were as follows:

		Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid on operating leases	$	6,766	$	12,600
Right of use obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations		N/A		N/A
Weighted-average remaining term (in years)		17.4		2.8
Weighted-average discount rate		N/A		N/A

On December 31, 2023, the future minimum rental payments under non-cancelable operating leases by fiscal year were as follows:

2024	$	42,300
2025		43,065
2026		30,038
2027		30,038
2028		26,400
Thereafter		369,600
Total minimum lease payments		541,441
Less imputed interest		(189,728	)
Total	$	351,713

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

3.	Revenue

The Company assesses new contracts and identifies related performance obligations for promises to transfer distinct goods or services to the customer. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations have been satisfied. In the case of Roanoke Gas, the Company contracts with its customers for the sale and/or delivery of natural gas.

The following tables summarize revenue by customer, product and income statement classification:

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2023						Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
	Gas utility		Non utility		Total operating revenues		Gas utility			Non utility		Total operating revenues
Natural Gas (Billed and Unbilled):
Residential	$	13,824,642	$	—	$	13,824,642	$	19,365,840		$	—	$	19,365,840
Commercial		7,841,726		—		7,841,726		12,019,113			—		12,019,113
Transportation and interruptible		1,370,270		—		1,370,270		1,588,068			—		1,588,068
Other		293,888		27,498		321,386		421,995			29,568		451,563
Total contracts with customers		23,330,526		27,498		23,358,024		33,395,016			29,568		33,424,584
Alternative revenue programs		1,061,328		—		1,061,328		(142,249	)		—		(142,249	)
Total operating revenues	$	24,391,854	$	27,498	$	24,419,352	$	33,252,767		$	29,568	$	33,282,335

Gas utility revenues

Substantially all of Roanoke Gas' revenues are derived from rates authorized by the SCC through its tariffs. Based on its evaluation, the Company has concluded that these tariff-based revenues fall within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Tariff rates represent the transaction price. Performance obligations created under these tariff-based sales include the cost of natural gas sold to customers (commodity) and the cost of transporting natural gas through the Company’s distribution system to customers (delivery). The delivery of natural gas to customers results in the satisfaction of the Company’s respective performance obligations over time.

All customers are billed monthly based on consumption as measured by metered usage with payments due 20 days from the rendering of the bill. Revenue is recognized as bills are issued for natural gas that has been delivered or transported. In addition, the Company utilizes the practical expedient that allows an entity to recognize the invoiced amount as revenue, if that amount corresponds to the value received by the customer. Since customers are billed tariff rates, there is no variable consideration in the transaction price.

Unbilled revenue is included in residential and commercial revenues in the preceding table. Natural gas consumption is estimated for the period subsequent to the last billed date and up through the last day of the month. Estimated volumes and approved tariff rates are utilized to calculate unbilled revenue. The following month, the unbilled estimate is reversed, the actual usage is billed and a new unbilled estimate is calculated. The Company obtains metered usage for industrial customers at the end of each month, thereby eliminating any unbilled consideration for these rate classes.

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Other revenues

Other revenues primarily consist of miscellaneous fees and charges, utility-related revenues not directly billed to utility customers and billings for non-utility activities. Customers are invoiced monthly based on services provided for these activities. The Company utilizes the practical expedient allowing revenue to be recognized based on invoiced amounts. The transaction price is based on a contractually predetermined rate schedule; therefore, the transaction price represents total value to the customer and no variable price consideration exists.

Alternative revenue program revenues

ARPs, which fall outside the scope of ASC 606, are SCC approved mechanisms that allow for the adjustment of revenues for certain broad, external factors, or for additional billings if the entity achieves certain performance targets. The Company's ARPs include its WNA, which adjusts revenues for the effects of weather temperature variations as compared to the 30-year average; the SAVE Plan over/under collection mechanism, which adjusts revenues for the differences between SAVE Plan revenues billed to customers and the revenue earned, as calculated based on the timing and extent of infrastructure replacement completed during the period; and the RNG over/under collection mechanism, which adjusts revenues similar to the SAVE Plan, but is calculated based on the timing and costs associated with owning, operating and maintaining the RNG facility. These amounts are ultimately collected from, or returned to, customers through future rate changes as approved by the SCC.

Customer accounts receivable and liabilities

Accounts receivable, as reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, includes both billed and unbilled customer revenues, as well as amounts that are not related to customers. The balances of customer receivables are provided below:

	Current Assets				Current Liabilities
	Trade accounts receivable⁽¹⁾		Unbilled revenue⁽¹⁾		Customer credit balances			Customer deposits
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	2,782,025	$	1,240,097	$	1,972,132		$	1,476,321
Balance at December 31, 2023		8,302,330		4,757,101		1,882,100			1,646,267
Increase (decrease)	$	5,520,305	$	3,517,004	$	(90,032	)	$	169,946

⁽¹⁾ Included in accounts receivable in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Amounts shown net of reserve for credit losses.

The Company had no significant contract assets or liabilities during the period. Furthermore, the Company did not incur any significant costs to obtain contracts.

4.	Income Taxes

The effective tax rates for the three-month periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 reflected in the table below are less than the combined federal and state statutory rate of 25.74%. The reduction in the effective tax rate for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 is due to additional tax deductions from the amortization of excess deferred taxes and amortization of RNG tax credits deferred as a regulatory liability. The reduction in the effective tax rate for the three-month period ended December 31, 2022 is due to additional tax deductions from the amortization of excess deferred taxes and amortization of R&D tax credits deferred as a regulatory liability.

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Effective tax rate		24.0	%		23.4	%

The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return and state income tax returns in Virginia and West Virginia, and thus subject to examinations by federal and state tax authorities. The IRS is currently examining the Company's 2018 and 2019 federal tax returns and the ultimate outcome of these examinations is unknown as of the date of this Form 10-Q. The Company believes its income tax assets and liabilities are fairly stated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022; however, these assets and liabilities could be adjusted as a result of this examination. The federal returns prior to September 30, 2017, state returns for Virginia prior to September 30, 2018 and state returns for West Virginia prior to September 30, 2020 are no longer subject to examination.

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5.	Rates and Regulatory Matters

The SCC exercises regulatory authority over the natural gas operations of Roanoke Gas. Such regulation encompasses terms, conditions and rates to be charged to customers for natural gas service, safety standards, service extension and depreciation.

On December 2, 2022, Roanoke Gas filed an application with the SCC seeking an $8.55 million annual increase in its non-gas base rates, of which $4.05 million was being recovered through the SAVE Rider. Since the Company was seeking to recover the costs associated with its SAVE Plan through interim non-gas base rates effective January 1, 2023, the Company discontinued its SAVE Plan and Rider for the remainder of fiscal 2023.

On December 21, 2022, the SCC issued its Order for Notice and Hearing, which authorized the Company to put its proposed rates into effect, on an interim basis and subject to refund, on January 1, 2023, and set the matter for hearing. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company reached a settlement with the SCC staff on all outstanding issues in the case. Under the terms of the settlement, the Company agreed to an incremental revenue requirement of $7.45 million. The Company agreed to begin billing the new rates effective October 1, 2023. The Commission issued its Final Order in the matter on December 19, 2023 in which it approved the settlement agreement in its entirety.

The Company has recorded a provision for customer refund, including interest, associated with billings for the difference between the interim rates and the settlement rates. The Company expects to complete the customer refund process with the February 2024 billing cycle.

In December 2023, the Company notified the SCC of its intent to file a general rate case. The Company filed the general rate application on February 2, 2024.

The Company filed an application with the SCC for a new, five-year SAVE Plan and Rider on March 31, 2023, seeking recovery of costs associated with an estimated $8.5 million in SAVE eligible investment in fiscal 2024 and an estimated cumulative investment of $49.5 million over the proposed five-year plan period ending September 30, 2028. On July 7, 2023, the SCC Staff filed its report on the Company’s SAVE Plan and Rider in which it recommended approval of the $49.5 million, five-year plan with a revenue requirement of approximately $366,000 beginning on October 1, 2023. On August 31, 2023, the SCC approved the new SAVE Plan and Rider with rates effective October 1, 2023.

On June 2, 2022, Roanoke Gas filed an application with the SCC to acquire certain natural gas distribution assets from a local housing authority. Under this application, the Company requested the approval to acquire such facilities at five separate apartment complexes, located in the Company’s service territory, that were under housing authority management. Under the proposed plan, the housing authority would renew existing natural gas distribution facilities to include mains, services, and meter installations and then transfer ownership of these facilities to Roanoke Gas. In turn, Roanoke Gas would assume responsibility for the operation and maintenance of these assets and recognize a gain related to the asset acquisition equal to the cost associated with the renewal.

On July 19, 2022, the SCC approved the application and on August 4, 2022, the housing authority transferred the assets from two apartment complexes to Roanoke Gas. Roanoke Gas recorded these assets and recognized a pre-tax gain of approximately $219,000 during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022. On September 29, 2023, the housing authority transferred the assets from one additional apartment complex to Roanoke Gas and the Company recorded a pre-tax gain of approximately $311,000 during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. The authority is awaiting future funding to complete the two remaining apartment complexes. The timing of funding and the completion of the asset renewals for these complexes is unknown at this time.

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6.	Other Investments

Midstream owns a less than 1% equity investment in the LLC constructing the MVP. Midstream is also a less than 1% investor, accounted for under the cost method, in Southgate. Since inception, the MVP has encountered various legal and regulatory issues that have substantially delayed the completion of the project, including a period in 2022 where work on the projected was halted. With the passage of the FRA and certain judicial rulings in mid-2023, construction work was restarted.

While under construction, AFUDC has provided the majority of the income recognized by Midstream. The LLC temporarily suspended accruing AFUDC on the project for portions of prior periods. AFUDC accruals resumed in June 2023 when construction activities restarted. The amount of AFUDC recognized during the current and prior year is included in the equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate in the tables below. As the MVP project nears completion, AFUDC on completed segments will cease and will only be recorded on areas still being constructed.

Midstream reassesses the value of its investment in the LLC on at least a quarterly basis, and no impairment indicators were identified in fiscal 2023 or during the first fiscal quarter of 2024. As noted above, developments in 2023 on the legislative and legal fronts were favorable. The MVP project is not yet completed and adverse developments, as well as potential macroeconomic factors related to interest rates, cost increases, or other unanticipated events could erode fair value leading to new indicators or impairment.

Funding for Midstream's investments has been provided through equity contributions from Resources and unsecured promissory notes as detailed in Note 9. Midstream expects to refinance the notes maturing in 2024.

The Company will participate in the earnings generated from the transportation of natural gas through both pipelines proportionate to its level of investment once the pipelines are placed in service.

Investment balances of MVP and Southgate, as of December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, are reflected in the table below:

Balance Sheet location:	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Other Assets:
MVP	$	18,564,311	$	17,096,476
Southgate		90,617		90,617
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates	$	18,654,928	$	17,187,093

	Three Months Ended December 31,
Income Statement location:		2023		2022
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate	$	1,467,835	$	1,232

		December 31, 2023				September 30, 2023
Undistributed earnings, net of income taxes, of MVP in retained earnings, excluding impairment		$	10,773,811			$	9,683,797

The undistributed earnings does not include the impairment of the investment in the LLC.

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The change in the investment in unconsolidated affiliates is provided below:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash investment	$	—	$	818,178
Change in accrued capital calls		—		39,466
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate		1,467,835		1,232
Change in investment in unconsolidated affiliates	$	1,467,835	$	858,876

Summary unaudited financial statements of MVP are presented below. Southgate financial statements, which are accounted for under the cost method, are not included.

	Income Statements
	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
AFUDC	$	158,562,141	$	—
Other income, net		2,663,569		160,472
Net income	$	161,225,710	$	160,472

	Balance Sheets
	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Assets:
Current assets	$	349,417,551	$	795,787,358
Construction work in progress		8,468,379,830		7,499,128,254
Other assets		12,160,170		11,639,586
Total assets	$	8,829,957,551	$	8,306,555,198

Liabilities and Equity:
Current liabilities	$	371,508,693	$	236,947,158
Capital		8,458,448,858		8,069,608,040
Total liabilities and equity	$	8,829,957,551	$	8,306,555,198

7.	Derivatives and Hedging

The Company’s hedging and derivative policy allows management to enter into derivatives for the purpose of managing the commodity and financial market risks of its business operations, including the price of natural gas and the cost of borrowed funds. This policy specifically prohibits the use of derivatives for speculative purposes.

The Company has five interest rate swaps associated with its variable rate debt as of December 31, 2023. Roanoke Gas has two variable-rate term notes in the amounts of $15 million and $10 million, with corresponding swap agreements to convert the variable interest rates into fixed rates of 2.00% and 2.49%, respectively. Midstream has three swap agreements corresponding to the variable rate term notes with original principal amounts of $14 million, $10 million, and $8 million. The swap agreements convert these three notes into fixed rate instruments with effective interest rates of 3.24%, 3.14%, and 2.443%, respectively. The swaps qualify as cash flow hedges with changes in fair value reported in other comprehensive income. No portion of the swaps were deemed ineffective during the periods presented.

The fair value of the current and non-current portions of the interest rate swaps are reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets under the caption interest rate swaps. The table in Note 10 reflects the effect on income and other comprehensive income of the Company's cash flow hedges.

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8.	Short-Term Debt

On March 24, 2023, Roanoke Gas entered into an unsecured Revolving Note in the principal amount of $25 million, which will mature on March 31, 2024. The Revolving Note's variable interest rate is based upon Term SOFR plus 110 basis points and provides for multiple tier borrowing limits to accommodate seasonal borrowing demands. The Company's total available borrowing limits during the term of the Revolving Note range from $4 million to $25 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an outstanding balance of $13,252,596 under the Revolving Note.

9.	Long-Term Debt

On June 28, 2023, Midstream amended and restated its $14 million and $8 million Term Notes initially entered into on June 12, 2019 and November 1, 2021, respectively. The amendments revised each of the original Term Note's interest rate from LIBOR plus 115 basis points to Daily Simple SOFR plus 126.448 basis points, effective July 1, 2023. All other terms and requirements of the Term Notes were retained. In conjunction with the amendment of the Term Notes, Midstream also amended the corresponding interest rate swaps associated with the Term Notes. The amendments provided for the floating rates on the interest rate swaps to continue to match the rate of the associated notes as well as retain the overall fixed interest rates of 3.24% and 2.443%, respectively.

On March 24, 2023, Roanoke Gas amended and restated the $10 million Term Note originally entered into on September 24, 2021. The amendment revised the original Term Note's interest rate from LIBOR plus 100 basis points to Term SOFR plus 100 basis points. All other terms and requirements of the original Term Note were retained. The effective date of the Amended Term Note was April 1, 2023. In addition, on April 3, 2023, the interest rate swap was amended to align with the Amended Term Note and retained the fixed interest rate of 2.49%. In connection with the Revolving Note and Amended Term Note, Roanoke Gas also amended and restated the Loan Agreement dated September 24, 2021. The amendment provides for borrowing limits on the Revolving Note and amends certain financial conditions required of Roanoke Gas and Resources. All other terms and requirements of the original Loan Agreement were retained. See Note 7 for additional information regarding the interest rate swap and Note 8 for additional information regarding the Revolving Note.

On July 28, 2023, Midstream entered into the Fifth Amendment to Credit Agreement and related Promissory Notes on the non-revolving credit facility. The Fifth Amendment revised the interest rate from Term SOFR plus 1.50% to Term SOFR plus 2.00% and extended the maturity date of the Promissory Notes to December 31, 2024. All other terms and requirements remain unchanged.

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Long-term debt consists of the following:

	December 31, 2023					September 30, 2023
	Principal			Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs		Principal			Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs
Roanoke Gas:
Unsecured senior notes payable at 4.26%, due September 18, 2034	$	30,500,000		$	103,782	$	30,500,000		$	106,195
Unsecured term notes payable at 3.58%, due October 2, 2027		8,000,000			18,060		8,000,000			19,264
Unsecured term notes payable at 4.41%, due March 28, 2031		10,000,000			22,711		10,000,000			23,495
Unsecured term notes payable at 3.60%, due December 6, 2029		10,000,000			21,136		10,000,000			22,017
Unsecured term note payable at 30-day SOFR plus 1.20%, due August 20, 2026 (swap rate at 2.00%)		15,000,000			—		15,000,000			—
Unsecured term note payable at Term SOFR plus 1.00%, due October 1, 2028 (swap rate at 2.49%)		10,000,000			31,983		10,000,000			33,666
Midstream:
Unsecured term notes payable at Term SOFR plus 2.00%, due December 31, 2024		23,000,000			16,217		23,000,000			23,386
Unsecured term note payable at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due June 12, 2026 (swap rate at 3.24%)		14,000,000			6,019		14,000,000			6,621
Unsecured term note payable at 30-day LIBOR plus 1.20%, due June 1, 2024 with monthly principal installments of $41,667 that began July 1, 2022 (swap rate at 3.14%)		9,250,000			982		9,375,000			1,571
Unsecured term note payable at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due January 1, 2028 with quarterly principal installments of $400,000 that began April 1, 2023 (swap rate at 2.443%)		6,800,000			17,914		7,200,000			19,057
Total long-term debt		136,550,000			238,804		137,075,000			255,272
Less: current maturities of long-term debt		(33,850,000	)		—		(10,975,000	)		—
Total long-term debt, net current maturities	$	102,700,000		$	238,804	$	126,100,000		$	255,272

Debt issuance costs are amortized over the life of the related debt. As of December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, the Company also had an unamortized loss on the early retirement of debt of $1,227,512 and $1,256,059, respectively, which has been deferred as a regulatory asset and is being amortized over a 20-year period.

All debt agreements set forth certain representations, warranties and covenants to which the Company is subject, including financial covenants that limit consolidated long-term indebtedness to not more than 65% of total capitalization. All of the debt agreements provide for priority indebtedness to not exceed 15% of consolidated total assets. The $15 million and $10 million notes, as well as the line-of-credit, have an interest coverage ratio requirement of not less than 1.5 to 1, which excludes the effect of the non-cash impairments on the LLC investments up to the total investment as of December 31, 2021, as revised by the Seventh Amendment to the Credit Agreement. The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023.

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10.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

A summary of other comprehensive income and loss is provided below:

				Tax
	Before-Tax			(Expense)			Net-of-Tax
	Amount			or Benefit			Amount
Three Months Ended December 31, 2023
Interest rate swaps:
Unrealized losses	$	(836,071	)	$	215,205		$	(620,866	)
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense		(545,183	)		140,329			(404,854	)
Net interest rate swaps		(1,381,254	)		355,534			(1,025,720	)
Defined benefit plans:
Amortization of actuarial losses		16,015			(4,122	)		11,893
Other comprehensive loss	$	(1,365,239	)	$	351,412		$	(1,013,827	)
Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
Interest rate swaps:
Unrealized gains	$	43,947		$	(11,311	)	$	32,636
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense		(290,779	)		74,845			(215,934	)
Net interest rate swaps		(246,832	)		63,534			(183,298	)
Defined benefit plans:
Amortization of actuarial losses		19,703			(5,072	)		14,631
Other comprehensive loss	$	(227,129	)	$	58,462		$	(168,667	)

The amortization of actuarial gains and losses, reflected in the preceding table, relate to the unregulated operations of the Company. Actuarial gains and losses attributable to the regulated operations are included as a regulatory asset. See Note 16 for a schedule of regulatory assets. The amortization of actual gains and losses is recognized as a component of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs under other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

Reconciliation of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

							Accumulated
							Other
	Interest Rate			Defined Benefit			Comprehensive
	Swaps			Plans			Income (Loss)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	3,428,922		$	(1,175,633	)	$	2,253,289
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(1,025,720	)		11,893			(1,013,827	)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	2,403,202		$	(1,163,740	)	$	1,239,462

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11.

Commitments and Contingencies

Roanoke Gas currently holds the only franchises and/or CPCNs to distribute natural gas in its service area. These franchises generally extend for multi-year periods and are renewable by the municipalities, including exclusive franchises in the cities of Roanoke and Salem and the Town of Vinton, Virginia. All three franchises are set to expire December 31, 2035. In 2019, the SCC issued an order granting a CPCN to furnish gas to all of Franklin County. Unlike the CPCNs for the other counties served by Roanoke Gas, the Franklin County CPCN was scheduled to terminate within five years of the date of the order if Roanoke Gas did not furnish gas service to the designated service area. In November 2023, the SCC granted Roanoke Gas a three-year extension on the CPCN. Roanoke Gas plans to serve the Franklin County area with natural gas delivered through the MVP, once MVP is placed into service.

Due to the nature of the natural gas distribution business, the Company has entered into agreements with both suppliers and pipelines for natural gas commodity purchases, storage capacity and pipeline delivery capacity. The Company utilizes an asset manager to assist in optimizing the use of its transportation, storage rights and gas supply in order to provide a secure and reliable source of natural gas to its customers. The Company also has storage and pipeline capacity contracts to store and deliver natural gas to the Company’s distribution system. Roanoke Gas is currently served directly by two primary pipelines that deliver all of the natural gas supplied to the Company’s distribution system. Depending on weather conditions and the level of customer demand, failure of one of these transmission pipelines could have a major adverse impact on the Company's ability to deliver natural gas to its customers and its results of operations. The MVP will provide Roanoke Gas with access to an additional delivery source to its distribution system, increasing system reliability and the Company's ability to meet future demands for natural gas.

12.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per common share for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share were calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period plus potential dilutive common shares.

A reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings per share is presented below:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	5,019,992	$	3,256,405
Weighted average common shares		10,029,243		9,830,206
Effect of dilutive securities:
Options to purchase common stock		2,111		6,982
Diluted average common shares		10,031,354		9,837,188
Earnings per share of common stock:
Basic	$	0.50	$	0.33
Diluted	$	0.50	$	0.33

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13.

Employee Benefit Plans

The Company has both a pension plan and a postretirement plan. The pension plan covers the Company’s employees hired before January 1, 2017 and provides a retirement benefit based on years of service and employee compensation. The postretirement plan, covering employees hired before January 1, 2000, provides certain health care and supplemental life insurance benefits to retired employees who meet specific age and service requirements. Net pension plan and postretirement plan expense is detailed as follows:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Components of net periodic pension cost:
Service cost	$	81,066		$	91,635
Interest cost		367,206			343,025
Expected return on plan assets		(294,958	)		(308,149	)
Recognized loss		79,132			79,181
Net periodic pension cost	$	232,446		$	205,692

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Components of postretirement benefit cost:
Service cost	$	7,599		$	11,475
Interest cost		153,369			155,156
Expected return on plan assets		(133,311	)		(116,012	)
Recognized gain		(10,149	)		—
Net postretirement benefit cost	$	17,508		$	50,619

The components of net periodic benefit cost, excluding the service cost component, are included in other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Service cost is included in operations and maintenance expense in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

For the three-month period ended December 31, 2023, no funding contributions were made to the pension plan or postretirement plan. The Company is not currently planning to make any funding contributions to either plan for the remainder of fiscal 2024.

14.

Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes each input to the valuation method used to measure fair value of financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are measured and reported on a fair value basis into one of the following three levels:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

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Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices in Level 1 that are either for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date, which require the Company to develop its own assumptions.

The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as required by existing guidance and the fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy:

	Fair Value Measurements - December 31, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Fair		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Interest rate swaps	$	3,236,201	$	—	$	3,236,201	$	—
Total	$	3,236,201	$	—	$	3,236,201	$	—

Liabilities:
Natural gas purchases	$	1,234,072	$	—	$	1,234,072	$	—
Total	$	1,234,072	$	—	$	1,234,072	$	—

	Fair Value Measurements - September 30, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Fair		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Interest rate swaps	$	4,617,455	$	—	$	4,617,455	$	—
Total	$	4,617,455	$	—	$	4,617,455	$	—

Liabilities:
Natural gas purchases	$	1,022,662	$	—	$	1,022,662	$	—
Total	$	1,022,662	$	—	$	1,022,662	$	—

The fair value of the interest rate swaps are determined by using the counterparty's proprietary models and certain assumptions regarding past, present and future market conditions.

Under the asset management contract, a timing difference can exist between the payment for natural gas purchases and the actual receipt of such purchases. Payments are made based on a predetermined monthly volume with the price based on weighted average first of the month index prices corresponding to the month of the scheduled payment. At December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, the Company had recorded in accounts payable the estimated fair value of the liability valued at the corresponding first of month index prices for which the liability is expected to be settled.

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The Company’s nonfinancial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis consist of its AROs. The AROs are measured at fair value at initial recognition based on expected future cash flows required to settle the obligation.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, borrowings under line-of-credit, accounts payable (with the exception of the timing difference under the asset management contract), customer credit balances and customer deposits is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments. In addition, the carrying amount of the variable rate line-of-credit is a reasonable approximation of its fair value.

The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are not adjusted to fair value in the financial statements:

	Fair Value Measurements - December 31, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	33,850,000	$	—	$	—	$	34,027,761
Notes payable		102,700,000		—		—		99,954,528
Total	$	136,550,000	$	—	$	—	$	133,982,289

	Fair Value Measurements - September 30, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	10,975,000	$	—	$	—	$	10,975,000
Notes payable		126,100,000		—		—		120,298,658
Total	$	137,075,000	$	—	$	—	$	131,273,658

The fair value of long-term debt is estimated by discounting the future cash flows of the fixed rate debt based on the underlying Treasury rate or other Treasury instruments with a corresponding maturity period and estimated credit spread extrapolated based on market conditions since the issuance of the debt.

ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosures regarding concentrations of credit risk from financial instruments. Cash equivalents are investments in high-grade, short-term securities (original maturity less than three months), placed with financially sound institutions. Accounts receivable are from a diverse group of customers including individuals and small and large companies in various industries. No individual customer amounted to more than 5% of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023. The Company maintains certain credit standards with its customers and requires a customer deposit if warranted.

15.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated regularly by the Company's executive management in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company uses operating income and equity in earnings to assess segment performance.

Intersegment transactions are recorded at cost.

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The reportable segments disclosed herein are defined as follows:

Gas Utility - The natural gas segment of the Company generates revenue from its tariff rates and other regulatory mechanisms through which it provides the sale and distribution of natural gas to its residential, commercial and industrial customers.

Investment in Affiliates - The investment in affiliates segment reflects the income generated through the activities of the Company's investment in MVP and Southgate projects.

Parent and Other - Parent and other include the unregulated activities of the Company as well as certain corporate reporting adjustments.

Information related to the Company's segments are provided below:

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2023
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates			Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Operating revenues	$	24,391,854	$	—		$	27,498	$	24,419,352
Depreciation		2,697,707		—			—		2,697,707
Operating income (loss)		6,644,298		(13,403	)		21,142		6,652,037
Equity in earnings		—		1,467,835			—		1,467,835
Interest expense		968,937		667,336			—		1,636,273
Income before income taxes		5,795,734		787,534			21,117		6,604,385

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates			Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Operating revenues	$	33,252,767	$	—		$	29,568	$	33,282,335
Depreciation		2,419,541		—			—		2,419,541
Operating income (loss)		5,567,345		(46,704	)		23,844		5,544,485
Equity in earnings		—		1,232			—		1,232
Interest expense		822,566		546,598			—		1,369,164
Income (loss) before income taxes		4,819,955		(592,615	)		23,819		4,251,159

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	December 31, 2023
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates		Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Total assets	$	278,936,342	$	19,367,243	$	16,399,650	$	314,703,235

	September 30, 2023
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates		Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Total assets	$	268,664,460	$	17,882,108	$	17,182,772	$	303,729,340

16.

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

The Company’s regulated operations follow the accounting and reporting requirements of ASC 980, Regulated Operations. A regulated company may defer costs that have been or are expected to be recovered from customers in a period different from the period in which the costs would ordinarily be charged to expense by an unregulated enterprise. When this situation occurs, costs are deferred as assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheet (regulatory assets) and amortized into expense over periods when such amounts are reflected in customer rates. Additionally, regulators can impose liabilities upon a regulated company for amounts previously collected from customers and for current collection in customer rates of costs that are expected to be incurred in the future (regulatory liabilities). In the event the provisions of ASC 980 no longer apply to any or all regulatory assets or liabilities, the Company would write off such amounts and include the effects in the condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income in the period which ASC 980 no longer applied.

Regulatory assets included in the Company’s accompanying balance sheets are as follows:

	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Assets:
Current Assets:
Regulatory assets:
Accrued WNA revenues	$	1,587,816	$	414,689
Under-recovery of gas costs		—		1,383,340
Under-recovery of RNG revenues		1,085,177		797,804
Accrued pension		182,263		243,017
Other deferred expenses		12,762		15,426
Total current		2,868,018		2,854,276
Other Non-Current Assets:
Regulatory assets:
Premium on early retirement of debt		1,227,512		1,256,059
Accrued pension		3,786,265		3,786,265
Other deferred expenses		336,414		347,121
Total non-current		5,350,191		5,389,445

Total regulatory assets	$	8,218,209	$	8,243,721

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Regulatory liabilities included in the Company’s accompanying balance sheets are as follows:

	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity:
Current Liabilities:
Regulatory liabilities:
Over-recovery of gas costs	$	663,505	$	—
Over-recovery of SAVE Plan revenues		176,935		146,861
Rate refund		652,018		652,018
Deferred income taxes		591,765		527,034
Supplier refunds		203,437		275,649
Other deferred liabilities		23,365		31,154
Total current		2,311,025		1,632,716
Deferred Credits and Other Non-Current Liabilities:
Asset retirement obligations		10,855,794		10,792,831
Regulatory cost of retirement obligations		13,404,991		13,029,376
Regulatory liabilities:
Deferred income taxes		16,101,834		16,249,776
Deferred postretirement medical		1,781,917		1,781,917
Total non-current		42,144,536		41,853,900

Total regulatory liabilities	$	44,455,561	$	43,486,616

As of December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, the Company had regulatory assets in the amount of $8,218,209 and $8,243,721, respectively, on which the Company did not earn a return during the recovery period.

17.

Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued. There were no items not otherwise disclosed which would have materially impacted the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 2 – MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains forward-looking statements that relate to future transactions, events or expectations. In addition, Resources may publish forward-looking statements relating to such matters as anticipated financial performance, business prospects, technological developments, new products, research and development activities, operational impacts and similar matters. These statements are based on management’s current expectations and information available at the time of such statements and are believed to be reasonable and are made in good faith. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements. In order to comply with the terms of the safe harbor, the Company notes that a variety of factors could cause the Company’s actual results and experience to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the Company’s forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties that may affect the operations, performance, development and results of the Company’s business include, but are not limited to those set forth in the following discussion and within Item 1A “Risk Factors” in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. All of these factors are difficult to predict and many are beyond the Company’s control. Accordingly, while the Company believes its forward-looking statements to be reasonable, there can be no assurance that they will approximate actual experience or that the expectations derived from them will be realized. When used in the Company’s documents or news releases, the words, “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” "predict", "target", “expect,” “objective,” “projection,” “forecast,” “budget,” “assume,” “indicate” or similar words or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “can,” “could”, “may” or "might" are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements reflect the Company’s current expectations only as of the date they are made. The Company assumes no duty to update these statements should expectations change or actual results differ from current expectations except as required by applicable laws and regulations.

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The three-month earnings presented herein should not be considered as reflective of the Company’s consolidated financial results for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024. The total revenues and margins realized during the first three months reflect higher billings due to the weather sensitive nature of the natural gas business.

Overview

Resources is an energy services company primarily engaged in the regulated sale and distribution of natural gas to approximately 63,200 residential, commercial and industrial customers in Roanoke, Virginia and surrounding localities through its Roanoke Gas subsidiary. Midstream, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Resources, is a less than 1% investor in both the MVP and Southgate.

The utility operations of Roanoke Gas are regulated by the SCC, which oversees the terms, conditions, and rates charged to customers for natural gas service, safety standards, extension of service and depreciation. Nearly all of the Company’s revenues are derived from the sale and delivery of natural gas to Roanoke Gas customers based on rates and fees authorized by the SCC. These rates are designed to provide the Company with the opportunity to recover its gas and non-gas expenses and to earn a reasonable rate of return for shareholders based on normal weather. These rates are determined based on various rate applications filed with the SCC. Generally, investments related to extending service to new customers are recovered through the additional revenues generated by the non-gas base rates in place at that time. The investment in replacing and upgrading existing infrastructure, as well as recovering increases in non-gas expenses due to inflationary pressures, regulatory requirements or operational needs, are generally not recoverable until a formal rate application is filed to include the additional investment and higher costs, and new non-gas base rates are approved.

Beginning January 1, 2023, Roanoke Gas implemented interim, non-gas base rates designed to provide $8.55 million in additional annual revenues in response to higher operating costs and to recover its investment in non-SAVE related projects since the prior non-gas base rate increase in fiscal 2019. Revenues from the SAVE Plan and Rider were incorporated into the new non-gas base rates. On December 19, 2023, the SCC issued a final order approving a non-gas base rate increase of $7.45 million. The order also directed Roanoke Gas to refund the excess revenues collected during the time the interim rates were in effect with interest. The refund to customers, which was accrued in fiscal 2023 and reflected in regulatory liabilities, is expected to be completed during the Company's 2024 second fiscal quarter. Roanoke Gas has notified the SCC of its intent to file a general rate case and submitted its application on February 2, 2024. See the Regulatory section for additional information.

The Company is also subject to regulation from the United States Department of Transportation in regard to the construction, operation, maintenance, safety and integrity of its transmission and distribution pipelines. FERC regulates the prices for the transportation and delivery of natural gas to the Company’s distribution system and underground storage services. In addition, the Company is subject to other regulations which are not necessarily industry specific.

As the Company’s business is seasonal in nature, volatility in winter weather and the commodity price of natural gas can impact the effectiveness of the Company’s rates in recovering its costs and providing a reasonable return for its shareholders. In order to mitigate the effect of weather variations and other factors not provided for in the Company's base rates, Roanoke Gas has certain approved rate mechanisms in place that help provide stability in earnings, adjust for volatility in the price of natural gas and provide a return on qualified infrastructure investment. These mechanisms include the SAVE Rider, WNA, ICC, RNG and PGA.

The SAVE Plan and Rider provides the Company with a mechanism through which it recovers costs related to qualified SAVE infrastructure investments on a prospective basis, until a rate application is filed incorporating these investments in non-gas base rates. SAVE Plan revenues decreased by approximately $1,028,000 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period last year, reflecting the movement of the SAVE Plan revenues into the new non-gas base rates on January 1, 2023. Roanoke Gas filed and received approval from the SCC for a new SAVE Plan and Rider with new rates placed into effect on October 1, 2023 that is expected to result in approximately $366,000 in SAVE related revenues during fiscal 2024. Additional information regarding the SAVE Plan and Rider is provided under the Regulatory section below.

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The WNA mechanism reduces the volatility in earnings due to the variability in temperatures during the heating season. The WNA is based on the most recent 30-year temperature average and provides the Company with a level of earnings protection when weather is warmer than normal and provides its customers with price protection when weather is colder than normal. The WNA allows the Company to recover from its customers the lost margin (excluding gas costs) from warmer than normal weather and correspondingly requires the Company to refund the excess margin earned for colder than normal weather. The WNA mechanism used by the Company is based on a linear regression model that determines the value of a single heating degree day and thereby estimates the revenue adjustment based on weather variance from normal. Any billings or refunds related to the WNA are completed following each WNA year, which extends for the 12-month period from April to March. For the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company accrued approximately $1,173,000 in additional revenues under the WNA model for weather that was 16% warmer than normal compared to an accrued refund of approximately $187,000 for weather that was 3% colder than normal for the corresponding period last year.

The Company has an approved rate structure to mitigate the impact of the financing costs of its natural gas inventory. Under this rate structure, Roanoke Gas recognizes revenue by applying the ICC factor, based on the Company’s weighted-average cost of capital, including interest rates on short-term and long-term debt, and the Company’s authorized return on equity, to the average cost of natural gas inventory during the period. Total ICC revenues decreased by approximately $128,000 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023, compared to the corresponding period last year, due to lower natural gas commodity prices during the 2023 summer storage injection season resulting in a lower average cost of natural gas in storage. Accordingly, fiscal 2024 ICC revenues are expected to continue to remain below last year's levels.

In March 2023, Roanoke Gas began operating the RNG facility, through a cooperative agreement with the Western Virginia Water Authority, to produce commercial quality RNG for delivery into its distribution system. With SCC approval, Roanoke Gas is allowed to recover the costs associated with the investment in RNG facilities and the related operating costs through an RNG Rider added to customer bills. Customers receive the benefit of the monetization of environmental credits generated through the production of RNG. Roanoke Gas recognized approximately $300,000 in revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2023.

The cost of natural gas, which is a pass-through cost, is independent of the Company's non-gas rates. Accordingly, the Company's approved billing rates include a component designed to allow for the recovery of the cost of natural gas used by its customers. This rate component, referred to as the PGA, allows the Company to pass along to its customers increases and decreases in natural gas costs through a quarterly filing, or more frequent if necessary, with the SCC. Once SCC approval is received, the Company adjusts the gas cost component of its rates. As actual costs will differ from the projections used in establishing the PGA rate, the Company will either over-recover or under-recover its actual gas costs during the period. The difference between actual costs incurred and costs recovered through the application of the PGA is recorded as a regulatory asset or liability. At the end of the annual deferral period, the balance is amortized over an ensuing 12-month period as amounts are reflected in customer billings.

Results of Operations

The analysis on the results of operations is based on the consolidated operations of the Company, which is primarily associated with the utility segment. Additional segment analysis is provided when Midstream's investment in affiliates represents a significant component of the comparison.

The Company's operating revenues are affected by the cost of natural gas, as reflected in the consolidated income statement under cost of gas - utility. The cost of natural gas, which includes commodity price, transportation, storage, injection and withdrawal fees, with any increase or decrease offset by a correlating change in revenue through the PGA, is passed through to customers at cost. Accordingly, management believes that gross utility margin, a non-GAAP financial measure defined as utility revenues less cost of gas, is a more useful and relevant measure to analyze financial performance. The term gross utility margin is not intended to represent or replace operating income, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, as an indicator of operating performance and is not necessarily comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. The following results of operations analyses will reference gross utility margin.

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Three Months Ended December 31, 2023:

Net income increased by $1,763,587 for the three months ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period last year, primarily due to AFUDC on MVP and the implementation of new non-gas base rates effective January 1, 2023.

The tables below reflect operating revenues, volume activity and heating degree days.

	Three Months Ended December 31,					Increase / (Decrease)
		2023		2022		Increase / (Decrease)			Percentage
Operating Revenues
Gas utility		$	24,391,854	$	33,252,767	$	(8,860,913	)		(27	)%
Non utility			27,498		29,568		(2,070	)		(7	)%
Total operating revenues		$	24,419,352	$	33,282,335	$	(8,862,983	)		(27	)%
Delivered Volumes
Regulated natural gas (DTH)
Residential and commercial			2,094,640		2,433,239		(338,599	)		(14	)%
Transportation and interruptible			925,995		875,301		50,694			6	%
Total delivered volumes			3,020,635		3,308,540		(287,905	)		(9	)%
HDD			1,237		1,523		(286	)		(19	)%

Total operating revenues for the three months ended December 31, 2023, compared to the same period last year, decreased by approximately 27% primarily due to significantly lower natural gas commodity prices, reductions in delivered natural gas volumes and lower SAVE revenues more than offsetting the implementation of a non-gas base rate increase. Natural gas commodity prices during the quarter declined by 58% from the corresponding period last year. Total gas costs decreased by 44% compared to the same period last year, which corresponds to the decline in the gas cost component included in total customer billing rate. In addition, total heating degree days decreased by 19% from the same period last year resulting in a 14% decline in the weather sensitive residential and commercial sales. Transportation and interruptible volumes increased by approximately 6% primarily due to a single, multi-fuel customer that increased its natural gas utilization during the quarter. With the reset of the SAVE Rider as discussed above, SAVE Plan revenues declined by approximately $1,028,000.

	Three Months Ended December 31,					Increase / (Decrease)
		2023		2022		Increase / (Decrease)			Percentage
Gross Utility Margin
Gas utility revenues		$	24,391,854	$	33,252,767	$	(8,860,913	)		(27	)%
Cost of gas - utility			10,097,016		20,804,153		(10,707,137	)		(51	)%
Gross utility margin		$	14,294,838	$	12,448,614	$	1,846,224			15	%

Gross utility margin increased over the same period last year primarily as a result of the aforementioned implementation of new non-gas base rates, WNA and RNG revenue, offset by the reductions in SAVE and ICC revenues. When adjusted for WNA, the volumetric margin increased by approximately $2,260,000 and base charge revenues increased by approximately $442,000 due to the non-gas base rate increase. However, SAVE revenues decreased by approximately $1,028,000 as these revenues are reflected in the increased volumetric and base charge rates. The RNG Rider contributed an additional $300,000 to margin, and ICC revenue declined by $128,000 due to lower cost of gas in storage.

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The components of and the change in gas utility margin are summarized below:

		Three Months Ended December 31,					Increase/
	2023		2022			(Decrease)
Customer base charge	$	4,032,454	$	3,590,557		$	441,897
ICC		243,330		371,539			(128,209	)
SAVE Plan		21,187		1,049,310			(1,028,123	)
Volumetric		8,473,367		7,573,398			899,969
WNA		1,173,127		(186,647	)		1,359,774
RNG		300,365		—			300,365
Other revenues		51,008		50,457			551
Total	$	14,294,838	$	12,448,614		$	1,846,224

Operations and maintenance expenses increased by $414,684, or 11%, from the same period last year primarily due to lower capitalized overheads and increased compensation costs. Total capitalized construction overheads declined by approximately $230,000 due to a reduction in direct construction expenditures related to Roanoke Gas capital projects compared to the same period last year and lower overheads capitalized as part of LNG due to timing of production. Compensation costs increased by approximately $160,000 due to increased staffing and inflationary impact on salaries. Professional services and corporate insurance premiums accounted for much of the remaining cost increases.

General taxes increased by $43,195, or 7%, primarily due to increases in payroll taxes related to increased staffing and compensation and higher property taxes associated with growth in utility property.

Depreciation expense increased by $278,166, or 11%, on a comparable increase in utility property balances.

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate increased by $1,466,603 associated with the recognition of AFUDC as a result of MVP construction activities.

Other income, net increased by $46,180, or 62%, primarily due to an increase of approximately $69,000 in revenue sharing related to the asset management agreement and higher interest income offset by the absence of AFUDC related to the RNG facility, which was placed in service in March 2023.

Interest expense increased by $267,109, or 20%, as the weighted-average interest rate on total debt increased from 3.78% during the first quarter of fiscal 2023 to 4.28% during the first quarter of fiscal 2024, while total daily average debt outstanding increased by 2%. The increase in the weighted-average interest rate was primarily associated with Roanoke Gas' variable rate line-of-credit and Midstream's credit facility.

Roanoke Gas' interest expense increased by $146,371 primarily due to a combination of higher borrowing levels and an increase in the interest rate on the variable rate line-of-credit.

Midstream's interest expense increased by $120,738 primarily due to rising interest rates on its credit facility. Total average outstanding debt decreased by $1.4 million over the same quarter last year due to amortization payments under two of Midstream's promissory notes.

Income tax expense increased by $589,639 due to a corresponding increase in pre-tax income. The effective tax rate was 24.0% and 23.4% for the three-month periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effective tax rate is below the combined statutory state and federal rate due to the amortization of excess deferred taxes and tax credits.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The consolidated financial statements of Resources are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements are affected by accounting policies, estimates and assumptions that are necessary to comply with generally accepted accounting principles. Estimates used in the financial statements are derived from prior experience, statistical analysis and management judgments. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates and assumptions.

There have been no significant changes to the critical accounting policies as reflected in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023.

Asset Management

Roanoke Gas uses a third-party asset manager to oversee its pipeline transportation, storage rights and gas supply inventories and deliveries. In return for utilizing the excess capacities of the transportation and storage rights, the asset manager pays Roanoke Gas a monthly utilization fee. In accordance with an SCC order issued in 2018, a portion of the utilization fee is retained by the Company with the balance passed through to customers through reduced gas costs. The current asset management agreement ends March 31, 2025.

Equity Investment in Mountain Valley Pipeline

The Company has a less than 1% interest in the MVP, which is accounted for as an equity investment, and a less than 1% interest in Southgate, which is contemplated to interconnect with the MVP. As discussed more fully in Note 6, since inception, the MVP has encountered various legal and regulatory issues that have substantially delayed the completion of the project, including a period in 2022 where work on the project was halted. With the passage of the FRA and certain judicial rulings in mid-2023, construction work was restarted, and the Company believes the MVP will be completed relatively soon.

Since its inception, earnings from MVP have been primarily attributable to AFUDC income. Once the pipeline is commercially operational, AFUDC will cease and the Company will begin to receive its share of LLC earnings from long-term contracts to provide gas. Resources expects cash distributions from the LLC to begin three to six months after commercial operations begin. The Company recorded $1,467,835 and $1,232 in the first fiscal quarters of 2023 and 2022, respectively, as its share of Midstream’s earnings.

Midstream fully borrowed $23 million under its non-revolving credit facility, which matures in December 2024. Installment payments have begun on two of Midstream's promissory notes with one of the notes due in full in June 2024. The Company is actively discussing and anticipates refinancing those obligations in 2024. Additionally, Midstream is considering the long-term structure of its debt as the MVP evolves from a project phase to an operating phase. See Note 9 for more information on all borrowings related to Midstream.

Regulatory

On December 2, 2022, Roanoke Gas filed an application with the SCC seeking an $8.55 million annual increase in its non-gas base rates, of which $4.05 million was being recovered through the SAVE Rider. Since the Company was seeking to recover the costs associated with its SAVE Plan through interim non-gas base rates effective January 1, 2023, the Company discontinued its SAVE Plan and Rider for the remainder of fiscal 2023. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company reached a settlement with the SCC staff on all outstanding issues in the case. Under the terms of the settlement, the Company agreed to an incremental revenue requirement of $7.45 million. The Company agreed to begin billing the new rates effective October 1, 2023. The Commission issued its Final Order on the matter on December 19, 2023 in which it approved the settlement agreement in its entirety.

The Company has recorded a provision for refund, including interest, associated with customer billings for the difference between the interim rates and the settlement rates. The Company expects to complete the customer refund process with the February 2024 billing cycle.

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In December 2023, the Company notified the SCC of its intent to file a general rate case. The Company filed the general rate application on February 2, 2024.

The Company filed an application with the SCC for a new, five-year SAVE Plan and Rider on March 31, 2023, seeking recovery of costs associated with an estimated $8.5 million in SAVE-eligible investment in fiscal 2024 and an estimated cumulative investment of $49.5 million over the proposed five-year plan period ending September 30, 2028. On July 7, 2023, the SCC Staff filed its report on the Company’s SAVE Plan and Rider in which it recommended approval of the $49.5 million, five-year plan with a revenue requirement of approximately $366,000 beginning on October 1, 2023. On August 31, 2023, the SCC approved the new SAVE Plan and Rider with rates effective October 1, 2023.

On June 2, 2022, Roanoke Gas filed an application with the SCC to acquire certain natural gas distribution assets from a local housing authority. Under this application, the Company requested the approval to acquire such facilities at five separate apartment complexes, located in the Company’s service territory, that were under housing authority management. Under the proposed plan, the housing authority would renew existing natural gas distribution facilities to include mains, services, and meter installations and then transfer ownership of these facilities to Roanoke Gas. In turn, Roanoke Gas would assume responsibility for the operation and maintenance of these assets and recognize a gain related to the asset acquisition equal to the cost associated with the renewal.

On July 19, 2022, the SCC approved the application and on August 4, 2022, the housing authority transferred the assets from two apartment complexes to Roanoke Gas. Roanoke Gas recorded these assets and recognized a pre-tax gain of approximately $219,000 during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022. On September 29, 2023, the housing authority transferred the assets from one additional apartment complex to Roanoke Gas and the Company recorded a pre-tax gain of approximately $311,000 during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023. The authority is awaiting future funding to complete the two remaining apartment complexes. The timing of funding and the completion of the asset renewals for these complexes is unknown at this time.

Capital Resources and Liquidity

Due to the capital intensive nature of the utility business, as well as the impact of weather variability, the Company’s primary capital needs are the funding of its capital projects, the seasonal funding of its natural gas inventories and accounts receivables, debt service and payments of dividends to shareholders. The Company anticipates funding these items through its operating cash flows, credit availability under short-term and long-term debt agreements and proceeds from the sale of its common stock.

Cash and cash equivalents increased by $1,352,306 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 compared to a decrease of $1,664,722 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2022. The following table summarizes the sources and uses of cash:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
Cash Flow Summary	2023			2022
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(564,347	)	$	(2,424,401	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(5,300,295	)		(8,348,589	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		7,216,948			9,108,268
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	1,352,306		$	(1,664,722	)

Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities:

The seasonal nature of the natural gas business causes operating cash flows to fluctuate significantly during the year as well as from year-to-year. Factors, including weather, energy prices, natural gas storage levels and customer collections contribute to working capital levels and related cash flows. Generally, operating cash flows are positive during the second and third fiscal quarters as a combination of earnings, declining storage gas levels and collections on customer accounts contribute to higher cash levels. During the first and fourth fiscal quarters, operating cash flows generally decrease due to increases in natural gas storage levels and rising customer receivable balances.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Cash flows from operating activities for the three months ended December 31, 2023 increased by $1,860,054 compared to the same period last year. The table below summarizes the significant components of operating cash flows:

	Three Months Ended December 31,						Increase/
Cash Flow From Operating Activities:	2023			2022			(Decrease)
Net income	$	5,019,992		$	3,256,405		$	1,763,587
Non-cash adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization		2,761,920			2,477,084			284,836
Equity in earnings		(1,467,835	)		(1,232	)		(1,466,603	)
AFUDC		—			(103,771	)		103,771
Changes in working capital and regulatory assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(8,963,996	)		(15,967,191	)		7,003,195
Over-recovery of gas cost		2,046,845			5,763,958			(3,717,113	)
Accounts payable		572,694			3,220,632			(2,647,938	)
WNA		(1,173,127	)		186,648			(1,359,775	)
Income tax		2,317,469			(205,393	)		2,522,862
Accrued expenses		(1,452,841	)		(1,005,348	)		(447,493	)
Other		(225,468	)		(46,193	)		(179,275	)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(564,347	)	$	(2,424,401	)	$	1,860,054

Significantly higher natural gas prices during the first quarter of fiscal 2023 resulted in much higher accounts receivable and accounts payable balances compared to the current fiscal quarter. In anticipation of these higher prices, the Company adjusted the PGA component of its billing rates for the first quarter of fiscal 2023. However, in December 2022, the commodity prices declined significantly resulting in the Company recognizing a larger than normal over-recovery of gas costs during the period. The Company subsequently reduced the PGA component of it billing rates in January 2023 to compensate for the lower natural gas prices. For the first quarter of fiscal 2024, natural gas prices have remained low and relatively stable resulting in lower accounts receivable and accounts payable balances. Warmer weather during the current quarter also contributed to the decline in accounts receivable balances. As discussed in the Overview section above, the current fiscal quarter had 19% fewer HDD than the same period last year and 16% fewer HDD than normal resulting in an increase in the WNA receivable of approximately $1.2 million during the quarter. The same quarter last year was 3% colder than normal resulting in a decline of approximately $200,000 in the WNA receivable leading to a $1.4 million decline in operating cash between periods. The timing of income tax estimated payments in the first quarter of fiscal 2023 and the receipt of a tax refund during the first quarter of fiscal 2024 resulted in a $2.5 million increase in operating cash between periods. The increase in non-cash equity in earnings from the Company's investment in the LLC offset most of the net income cash flow.

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities:

Investing activities primarily consist of expenditures related to Roanoke Gas' utility property, which includes replacing aging natural gas pipe with new plastic or coated steel pipe, improvements to the LNG plant and gas distribution system facilities and expansion of its natural gas system to meet the demands of customer growth. With the recent approval of its new SAVE Plan and Rider, the Company is continuing its focus on SAVE infrastructure replacement projects, including the replacement of pre-1973 first generation plastic pipe. New customer demand for natural gas continues to be strong and therefore extending the natural gas distribution system within its service territory is also a priority. Roanoke Gas' total capital expenditures for the three-month period ended December 31, 2023 were approximately $5.3 million compared to $7.5 million during the same period last year. The $2.2 million decrease in expenditures is primarily due to the completion of the RNG project, which was placed in service in March 2023. Total fiscal 2024 capital expenditures are expected to be approximately $20 million. Midstream's investment in the LLC was approximately $800,000 in the first quarter of fiscal 2023. However, Midstream ceased future participation in capital calls following its May 2023 funding payment based on an agreement with the LLC's managing partner. Midstream continues to be invested in the LLC; however, its participation percentage is declining with no additional investment. Once MVP is placed into service, Midstream may incur periodic future capital investment related to ongoing operations requirements and system improvements. Midstream will continue to make capital investments in Southgate. The targeted completion timing for the Southgate project is June 2028.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities:

Financing activities generally consist of borrowings and repayments under credit agreements, issuance of common stock and the payment of dividends. Net cash flows provided by financing activities were approximately $7.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, compared to $9.1 million for the same period last year. The reduction in financing cash flows is primarily attributable to Midstream's $1.1 million borrowing under its credit facility during the first quarter of fiscal 2023 combined with an additional $400,000 in debt retirement on amortizing notes during the current year. In addition, Resources issued a total of 44,367 shares of common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately $821,000, including 26,077 shares through the ATM program in which Resources received approximately $542,000, net of fees. During the same period last year, Resources issued 31,245 shares for approximately $653,000, including 17,199 shares through the ATM program for approximately $377,000, net of fees.

Notes 8 and 9 provide details on the Company's line-of-credit and borrowing activity.

The current interest rate environment is expected to continue to result in higher interest expense associated with the Company's variable-rate debt or on the issuance of any new debt.

Management regularly evaluates the Company’s liquidity through a review of its available financing resources and its cash flows. Resources’ maintains the ability to raise equity capital through its ATM program, private placement or other public offerings. Management believes Roanoke Gas has access to sufficient financing resources to meet its cash requirements for the next year, including the line-of-credit, which it expects to renew, and the two private shelf facilities. Roanoke Gas may also adjust capital spending as necessary if such a need would arise.

Based on the agreement with the LLC's managing partner to assume future capital contributions related to the MVP, Midstream's future cash requirements are reduced to regular monthly operating expenses, debt service and capital contributions to Southgate. Midstream's total debt service over the succeeding 12 months includes $33.85 million to retire maturing debt. Management believes that they will be able to negotiate extensions on the current debt or obtain other financing options to satisfy the debt servicing requirements and be able to meet Midstream's cash requirements over the ensuing 12 month period.

As of December 31, 2023, Resources' long-term capitalization ratio was 43% equity and 57% debt.

ITEM 3 – QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 4 – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) that are designed to be effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act are identified, recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Through December 31, 2023, the Company has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the chief executive officer and the chief financial officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2023.

Management routinely reviews the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and makes changes, as necessary, to enhance the effectiveness of the internal controls. There were no control changes during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Part II – Other Information

ITEM 1 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

No material proceedings.

ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Resources' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023.

ITEM 2 – UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 3 – DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5 – OTHER INFORMATION

None.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

ITEM 6 – EXHIBITS

Number						Description
31.1						Rule 13a–14(a)/15d–14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer
31.2						Rule 13a–14(a)/15d–14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer
32.1*						Section 1350 Certification of Principal Executive Officer
32.2*						Section 1350 Certification of Principal Financial Officer
99.1						RGC Resources, Inc. Recovery of Incentive Compensation Policy, effective as of October 1, 2023
101.INS						Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

These certifications are being furnished solely to accompany this quarterly report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		RGC Resources, Inc.

Date: February 6, 2024	By:	/s/ Timothy J. Mulvaney
		Timothy J. Mulvaney
		Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Paul W. Nester, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of RGC Resources, Inc.;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)

Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)

Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)

Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)

All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: February 6, 2024			/s/ Paul W. Nester
			Paul W. Nester
			President and Chief Executive Officer
			(Principal Executive Officer)

RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Timothy J. Mulvaney, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of RGC Resources, Inc.;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)

(b)

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: February 6, 2024			/s/ Timothy J. Mulvaney
			Timothy J. Mulvaney
			Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial Officer)

RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of RGC Resources, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Paul W. Nester, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify to my knowledge, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)

The report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)

The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

/s/ Paul W. Nester
Paul W. Nester
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: February 6, 2024

RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of RGC Resources, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Timothy J. Mulvaney, Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify to my knowledge, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)

The report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)

The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

/s/ Timothy J. Mulvaney
Timothy J. Mulvaney
Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

Date: February 6, 2024

Exhibit 99.1

RGC RESOURCES, INC.

RECOVERY OF INCENTIVE COMPENSATION POLICY

Effective as of October 1, 2023

In the event RGC Resources, Inc. (the “Company”) determines it must prepare an accounting restatement due to the material noncompliance of the Company with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period, the Company shall reasonably promptly recover any erroneously awarded compensation that was received by any current or former covered officer during the applicable lookback period.

For purposes of this policy the following definitions apply:

(i)

“covered officer” means any current or former executive officer of the Company as defined under Rule 10D-1 of the Act, and such other senior executives as may be determined by the Committee;

(ii)

“incentive-based compensation” means any compensation that is granted, earned or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of a financial reporting measure;

(iii)

“financial reporting measure” means any measure that is determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company’s financial statements, any measure that is derived wholly or in part from such measure, stock price and total shareholder return;

(iv)

“erroneously awarded compensation” means, with respect to each current or former covered officer in connection with an accounting restatement, the amount of incentive-based compensation received that exceeds the amount of incentive-based compensation that otherwise would have been received had it been determined based on the restated amounts, computed without regard to any taxes paid;

(v)

“lookback period” means, with respect to any accounting restatement, the three completed fiscal years of the Company immediately preceding the restatement date, as well as any transition period (that results from a change in the Company’s fiscal year) within or immediately following those three completed fiscal years (except that a transition period that comprises a period of at least nine months shall count as a completed fiscal year);

(vi)

“restatement date” means the earlier to occur of (1) the date the Board, a committee of the Board or officers of the Company authorized to take such action if Board action is not required, concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement, or (2) the date a court, regulator or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare an accounting restatement; and

(vii)

“received” means with respect to any accounting restatement the Company’s fiscal period during which the financial reporting measure specified in the incentive-based compensation award is attained, even if payment or grant of the incentive-based compensation occurs after the end of that period.

Application of this policy will be at the direction of the Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) of the Board of Directors (“Board”) in accordance with the final listing standards adopted by the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) pursuant to Section 10D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Act”).

The Committee shall have broad discretion to determine the appropriate means and timing (which shall in all circumstances be reasonably promptly) of recovery of erroneously awarded compensation based on all applicable facts and circumstances, which may include without limitation:

(i)

requiring repayment or return of prior incentive-based compensation awards;

(ii)

cancelling unvested incentive-based compensation awards;

(iii)

offsetting the amount to be recovered from any compensation owed by the Company to the covered officer; or

(iv)

adjusting future compensation of such covered officer, subject to compliance with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code and any other applicable laws.

In addition, the Committee may, to the extent permitted by law, take other remedial and recovery action, as determined by the Committee. The recovery of erroneously awarded compensation under this policy is in addition to any other right or remedy available to the Company.

For any incentive-based compensation based on stock price or total shareholder return, where the amount of erroneously awarded compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in the accounting restatement, (i) the amount of erroneously awarded compensation shall be based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the accounting restatement on the stock price or total shareholder return upon which the incentive-based compensation was received, and (ii) the Company shall maintain documentation of the determination of that reasonable estimate and provide such documentation to the Nasdaq.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not be required to seek recovery of erroneously awarded compensation under this policy if such recovery would be impracticable and/or involve tax-qualified retirement plans, as determined by the Committee in accordance with the Nasdaq listing standards. Any such determination that the recoupment is not required shall be documented in accordance with the Nasdaq listing standards.

The Committee shall have full and final authority to make all determinations under this policy, including without limitation, the authority to: (i) construe all terms, provisions, conditions and limitations of this policy; (ii) correct any defect, supply any omission or reconcile any inconsistency that may appear in this policy in such manner and to such extent as the Committee shall determine appropriate; and (iii) make all other determinations or take any actions necessary or advisable for the administration of this policy. All determinations and decisions made by the Committee pursuant to the provisions of this policy shall be final, conclusive and binding on all persons. The determination of the Committee need not be uniform with respect to one or more covered officers. The Company shall take such action as it deems necessary or appropriate to implement this policy, including requiring all covered officers to acknowledge the rights and powers of the Company and the Committee hereunder.

This policy shall apply to all incentive-based compensation that is received on or after October 1, 2023.

Document And Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
Document And Entity Information - shares	Dec. 31, 2023	Jan. 31, 2024
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Central Index Key	0001069533
Entity Registrant Name	RGC Resources, Inc.
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--09-30
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	000-26591
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	VA
Entity Tax Identification Number	54-1909697
Entity Address, Address Line One	519 Kimball Ave., N.E.
Entity Address, City or Town	Roanoke
Entity Address, State or Province	VA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	24016
City Area Code	540
Local Phone Number	777-4427
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $5 Par Value
Trading Symbol	RGCO
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		10,163,395

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Current Period Unaudited) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 2,864,737	$ 1,512,431
Accounts receivable (less allowance for credit losses of $343,304, and $155,164, respectively)	13,158,930	4,194,934
Materials and supplies	1,573,190	1,674,462
Gas in storage	10,018,097	11,185,601
Prepaid income taxes	1,084,515	3,227,544
Regulatory assets	2,868,018	2,854,276
Interest rate swaps	1,123,194	1,533,057
Other	2,079,194	612,957
Total current assets	34,769,875	26,795,262
UTILITY PROPERTY:
In service	323,411,050	318,369,891
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(87,584,583)	(85,752,798)
In service, net	235,826,467	232,617,093
Construction work in progress	14,517,366	14,966,458
Utility property, net	250,343,833	247,583,551
OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS:
Regulatory assets	5,350,191	5,389,445
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates	18,654,928	17,187,093
Benefit plan assets	1,743,208	1,901,902
Deferred income taxes	1,115,898	1,163,594
Interest rate swaps	2,113,007	3,084,398
Other	612,295	624,095
Total other non-current assets	29,589,527	29,350,527
TOTAL ASSETS	314,703,235	303,729,340
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Current maturities of long-term debt	33,850,000	10,975,000
Line-of-credit	13,252,596	4,353,572
Dividends payable	2,032,679	1,978,400
Accounts payable	6,058,027	5,838,643
Customer credit balances	1,882,100	1,972,132
Income taxes payable	174,440	0
Customer deposits	1,646,267	1,476,321
Accrued expenses	2,958,931	4,661,722
Regulatory liabilities	2,311,025	1,632,716
Other	30,657	30,281
Total current liabilities	64,196,722	32,918,787
LONG-TERM DEBT:
Notes payable	102,700,000	126,100,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs	(238,804)	(255,272)
Long-term debt, net	102,461,196	125,844,728
DEFERRED CREDITS AND OTHER NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Asset retirement obligations	10,855,794	10,792,831
Regulatory cost of retirement obligations	13,404,991	13,029,376
Benefit plan liabilities	75,637	47,674
Deferred income taxes	1,959,485	2,008,458
Regulatory liabilities	17,883,751	18,031,693
Other	321,056	323,168
Total deferred credits and other non-current liabilities	44,500,714	44,233,200
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Common stock, $5 par; authorized 20,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 10,059,621 and 10,015,254 shares, respectively	50,298,105	50,076,270
Preferred stock, no par, authorized 5,000,000 shares; no shares issued and outstanding	0	0
Capital in excess of par value	45,047,443	44,430,786
Retained earnings	6,959,593	3,972,280
Accumulated other comprehensive income	1,239,462	2,253,289
Total stockholders’ equity	103,544,603	100,732,625
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$ 314,703,235	$ 303,729,340

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Current Period Unaudited) (Parentheticals) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Accounts receivable, allowance for uncollectible	$ 343,304	$ 155,164
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 5	$ 5
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	20,000,000	20,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	10,059,621	10,015,254
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	10,059,621	10,015,254
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 0
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
OPERATING REVENUES:
Revenues	$ 24,419,352	$ 33,282,335
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Operations and maintenance	4,335,197	3,920,513
General taxes	632,245	589,050
Depreciation and amortization	2,697,707	2,419,541
Total operating expenses	17,767,315	27,737,850
OPERATING INCOME	6,652,037	5,544,485
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate	1,467,835	1,232
Other income, net	120,786	74,606
Interest expense	1,636,273	1,369,164
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES	6,604,385	4,251,159
INCOME TAX EXPENSE	1,584,393	994,754
NET INCOME	$ 5,019,992	$ 3,256,405
BASIC EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE (in dollars per share)	$ 0.5	$ 0.33
DILUTED EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE (in dollars per share)	0.5	0.33
DIVIDENDS DECLARED PER COMMON SHARE (in dollars per share)	$ 0.2	$ 0.1975
Gas Utility [Member]
OPERATING REVENUES:
Revenues	$ 24,391,854	$ 33,252,767
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Cost of gas and sale	10,097,016	20,804,153
Non-utility [Member]
OPERATING REVENUES:
Revenues	27,498	29,568
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Cost of gas and sale	$ 5,150	$ 4,593

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
NET INCOME	$ 5,019,992	$ 3,256,405
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Interest rate swaps	(1,025,720)	183,298
Defined benefit plans	11,893	14,631
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS, NET OF TAX	(1,013,827)	(168,667)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	4,006,165	3,087,738
Interest Rate Swap [Member]
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Interest rate swaps	$ (1,025,720)	$ (183,298)

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($)	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	AOCI Attributable to Parent [Member]	Total
Balance at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 49,102,675	$ 41,479,459	$ 544,158	$ 1,964,364	$ 93,090,656
Net income	0	0	3,256,405	0	3,256,405
Other comprehensive loss	0	0	0	(168,667)	(168,667)
Cash dividends declared	0	0	(1,957,369)	0	(1,957,369)
Net issuance of common stock (44,367 shares)	156,225	512,757	0	0	668,982
Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	49,258,900	41,992,216	1,843,194	1,795,697	94,890,007
Balance at Sep. 30, 2023	50,076,270	44,430,786	3,972,280	2,253,289	100,732,625
Net income	0	0	5,019,992	0	5,019,992
Other comprehensive loss	0	0	0	(1,013,827)	(1,013,827)
Cash dividends declared	0	0	(2,032,679)	0	(2,032,679)
Net issuance of common stock (44,367 shares)	221,835	616,657	0	0	838,492
Balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 50,298,105	$ 45,047,443	$ 6,959,593	$ 1,239,462	$ 103,544,603

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) (Parentheticals) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Dividends declared per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.2	$ 0.1975
Common stock issued (in shares)	44,367	31,245

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$ 5,019,992	$ 3,256,405
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	2,761,920	2,477,084
Cost of retirement of utility property, net	(136,639)	(159,174)
Amortization of stock option grants	17,168	16,170
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate	(1,467,835)	(1,232)
Allowance for funds used during construction	0	(103,771)
Changes in assets and liabilities which used cash, exclusive of changes and noncash transactions shown separately	(6,758,953)	(7,909,883)
Net cash used in operating activities	(564,347)	(2,424,401)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Expenditures for utility property	(5,300,669)	(7,530,620)
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates	0	(818,178)
Proceeds from disposal of utility property	374	209
Net cash used in investing activities	(5,300,295)	(8,348,589)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from issuance of unsecured notes	0	1,103,800
Repayments of notes payable	(525,000)	(125,000)
Borrowings under line-of-credit	16,390,292	17,952,768
Repayments under line-of-credit	(7,491,268)	(8,560,795)
Proceeds from issuance of stock	(821,324)	(652,812)
Cash dividends paid	(1,978,400)	(1,915,317)
Net cash provided by financing activities	7,216,948	9,108,268
NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	1,352,306	(1,664,722)
BEGINNING CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	1,512,431	4,898,914
ENDING CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	$ 2,864,737	$ 3,234,192

Note 1 - Basis of Presentation

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]

1.	Basis of Presentation

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained in the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023.

Certain amounts previously disclosed have been reclassified to conform to current year presentations.

Recently Issued or Adopted Accounting Standards

Note 2 - Leases

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Lessee, Operating Leases [Text Block]

2.	Leases

Other information related to leases were as follows:

		Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid on operating leases	$	6,766	$	12,600
Right of use obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations		N/A		N/A
Weighted-average remaining term (in years)		17.4		2.8
Weighted-average discount rate		N/A		N/A

On December 31, 2023, the future minimum rental payments under non-cancelable operating leases by fiscal year were as follows:

2024	$	42,300
2025		43,065
2026		30,038
2027		30,038
2028		26,400
Thereafter		369,600
Total minimum lease payments		541,441
Less imputed interest		(189,728	)
Total	$	351,713

Note 3 - Revenue

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Text Block]

3.	Revenue

The following tables summarize revenue by customer, product and income statement classification:

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2023						Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
	Gas utility		Non utility		Total operating revenues		Gas utility			Non utility		Total operating revenues
Natural Gas (Billed and Unbilled):
Residential	$	13,824,642	$	—	$	13,824,642	$	19,365,840		$	—	$	19,365,840
Commercial		7,841,726		—		7,841,726		12,019,113			—		12,019,113
Transportation and interruptible		1,370,270		—		1,370,270		1,588,068			—		1,588,068
Other		293,888		27,498		321,386		421,995			29,568		451,563
Total contracts with customers		23,330,526		27,498		23,358,024		33,395,016			29,568		33,424,584
Alternative revenue programs		1,061,328		—		1,061,328		(142,249	)		—		(142,249	)
Total operating revenues	$	24,391,854	$	27,498	$	24,419,352	$	33,252,767		$	29,568	$	33,282,335

Gas utility revenues

Other revenues

Alternative revenue program revenues

Customer accounts receivable and liabilities

	Current Assets				Current Liabilities
	Trade accounts receivable⁽¹⁾		Unbilled revenue⁽¹⁾		Customer credit balances			Customer deposits
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	2,782,025	$	1,240,097	$	1,972,132		$	1,476,321
Balance at December 31, 2023		8,302,330		4,757,101		1,882,100			1,646,267
Increase (decrease)	$	5,520,305	$	3,517,004	$	(90,032	)	$	169,946

⁽¹⁾ Included in accounts receivable in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Amounts shown net of reserve for credit losses.

The Company had no significant contract assets or liabilities during the period. Furthermore, the Company did not incur any significant costs to obtain contracts.

Note 4 - Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block]

4.	Income Taxes

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Effective tax rate		24.0	%		23.4	%

Note 5 - Rates and Regulatory Matters

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Public Utilities Disclosure [Text Block]

5.	Rates and Regulatory Matters

In December 2023, the Company notified the SCC of its intent to file a general rate case. The Company filed the general rate application on February 2, 2024.

Note 6 - Other Investments

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures Disclosure [Text Block]

6.	Other Investments

The Company will participate in the earnings generated from the transportation of natural gas through both pipelines proportionate to its level of investment once the pipelines are placed in service.

Investment balances of MVP and Southgate, as of December 31, 2023 and September 30, 2023, are reflected in the table below:

Balance Sheet location:	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Other Assets:
MVP	$	18,564,311	$	17,096,476
Southgate		90,617		90,617
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates	$	18,654,928	$	17,187,093

	Three Months Ended December 31,
Income Statement location:		2023		2022
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate	$	1,467,835	$	1,232

		December 31, 2023				September 30, 2023
Undistributed earnings, net of income taxes, of MVP in retained earnings, excluding impairment		$	10,773,811			$	9,683,797

The undistributed earnings does not include the impairment of the investment in the LLC.

The change in the investment in unconsolidated affiliates is provided below:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash investment	$	—	$	818,178
Change in accrued capital calls		—		39,466
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate		1,467,835		1,232
Change in investment in unconsolidated affiliates	$	1,467,835	$	858,876

Summary unaudited financial statements of MVP are presented below. Southgate financial statements, which are accounted for under the cost method, are not included.

	Income Statements
	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
AFUDC	$	158,562,141	$	—
Other income, net		2,663,569		160,472
Net income	$	161,225,710	$	160,472

	Balance Sheets
	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Assets:
Current assets	$	349,417,551	$	795,787,358
Construction work in progress		8,468,379,830		7,499,128,254
Other assets		12,160,170		11,639,586
Total assets	$	8,829,957,551	$	8,306,555,198

Liabilities and Equity:
Current liabilities	$	371,508,693	$	236,947,158
Capital		8,458,448,858		8,069,608,040
Total liabilities and equity	$	8,829,957,551	$	8,306,555,198

Note 7 - Derivatives and Hedging

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Text Block]

7.	Derivatives and Hedging

Note 8 - Short-term Debt

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Debt Disclosure [Text Block]

8.	Short-Term Debt

Note 9 - Long-term Debt

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Long-Term Debt [Text Block]

9.	Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following:

	December 31, 2023					September 30, 2023
	Principal			Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs		Principal			Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs
Roanoke Gas:
Unsecured senior notes payable at 4.26%, due September 18, 2034	$	30,500,000		$	103,782	$	30,500,000		$	106,195
Unsecured term notes payable at 3.58%, due October 2, 2027		8,000,000			18,060		8,000,000			19,264
Unsecured term notes payable at 4.41%, due March 28, 2031		10,000,000			22,711		10,000,000			23,495
Unsecured term notes payable at 3.60%, due December 6, 2029		10,000,000			21,136		10,000,000			22,017
Unsecured term note payable at 30-day SOFR plus 1.20%, due August 20, 2026 (swap rate at 2.00%)		15,000,000			—		15,000,000			—
Unsecured term note payable at Term SOFR plus 1.00%, due October 1, 2028 (swap rate at 2.49%)		10,000,000			31,983		10,000,000			33,666
Midstream:
Unsecured term notes payable at Term SOFR plus 2.00%, due December 31, 2024		23,000,000			16,217		23,000,000			23,386
Unsecured term note payable at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due June 12, 2026 (swap rate at 3.24%)		14,000,000			6,019		14,000,000			6,621
Unsecured term note payable at 30-day LIBOR plus 1.20%, due June 1, 2024 with monthly principal installments of $41,667 that began July 1, 2022 (swap rate at 3.14%)		9,250,000			982		9,375,000			1,571
Unsecured term note payable at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due January 1, 2028 with quarterly principal installments of $400,000 that began April 1, 2023 (swap rate at 2.443%)		6,800,000			17,914		7,200,000			19,057
Total long-term debt		136,550,000			238,804		137,075,000			255,272
Less: current maturities of long-term debt		(33,850,000	)		—		(10,975,000	)		—
Total long-term debt, net current maturities	$	102,700,000		$	238,804	$	126,100,000		$	255,272

Note 10 - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Comprehensive Income (Loss) Note [Text Block]

10.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

A summary of other comprehensive income and loss is provided below:

				Tax
	Before-Tax			(Expense)			Net-of-Tax
	Amount			or Benefit			Amount
Three Months Ended December 31, 2023
Interest rate swaps:
Unrealized losses	$	(836,071	)	$	215,205		$	(620,866	)
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense		(545,183	)		140,329			(404,854	)
Net interest rate swaps		(1,381,254	)		355,534			(1,025,720	)
Defined benefit plans:
Amortization of actuarial losses		16,015			(4,122	)		11,893
Other comprehensive loss	$	(1,365,239	)	$	351,412		$	(1,013,827	)
Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
Interest rate swaps:
Unrealized gains	$	43,947		$	(11,311	)	$	32,636
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense		(290,779	)		74,845			(215,934	)
Net interest rate swaps		(246,832	)		63,534			(183,298	)
Defined benefit plans:
Amortization of actuarial losses		19,703			(5,072	)		14,631
Other comprehensive loss	$	(227,129	)	$	58,462		$	(168,667	)

Reconciliation of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

							Accumulated
							Other
	Interest Rate			Defined Benefit			Comprehensive
	Swaps			Plans			Income (Loss)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	3,428,922		$	(1,175,633	)	$	2,253,289
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(1,025,720	)		11,893			(1,013,827	)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	2,403,202		$	(1,163,740	)	$	1,239,462

Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Text Block]

11.

Commitments and Contingencies

Note 12 - Earnings Per Share

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Earnings Per Share [Text Block]

12.

Earnings Per Share

A reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings per share is presented below:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	5,019,992	$	3,256,405
Weighted average common shares		10,029,243		9,830,206
Effect of dilutive securities:
Options to purchase common stock		2,111		6,982
Diluted average common shares		10,031,354		9,837,188
Earnings per share of common stock:
Basic	$	0.50	$	0.33
Diluted	$	0.50	$	0.33

Note 13 - Employee Benefit Plans

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Retirement Benefits [Text Block]

13.

Employee Benefit Plans

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Components of net periodic pension cost:
Service cost	$	81,066		$	91,635
Interest cost		367,206			343,025
Expected return on plan assets		(294,958	)		(308,149	)
Recognized loss		79,132			79,181
Net periodic pension cost	$	232,446		$	205,692

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Components of postretirement benefit cost:
Service cost	$	7,599		$	11,475
Interest cost		153,369			155,156
Expected return on plan assets		(133,311	)		(116,012	)
Recognized gain		(10,149	)		—
Net postretirement benefit cost	$	17,508		$	50,619

Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Fair Value Disclosures [Text Block]

14.

Fair Value Measurements

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).

	Fair Value Measurements - December 31, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Fair		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Interest rate swaps	$	3,236,201	$	—	$	3,236,201	$	—
Total	$	3,236,201	$	—	$	3,236,201	$	—

Liabilities:
Natural gas purchases	$	1,234,072	$	—	$	1,234,072	$	—
Total	$	1,234,072	$	—	$	1,234,072	$	—

	Fair Value Measurements - September 30, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Fair		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Interest rate swaps	$	4,617,455	$	—	$	4,617,455	$	—
Total	$	4,617,455	$	—	$	4,617,455	$	—

Liabilities:
Natural gas purchases	$	1,022,662	$	—	$	1,022,662	$	—
Total	$	1,022,662	$	—	$	1,022,662	$	—

The fair value of the interest rate swaps are determined by using the counterparty's proprietary models and certain assumptions regarding past, present and future market conditions.

The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are not adjusted to fair value in the financial statements:

	Fair Value Measurements - December 31, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	33,850,000	$	—	$	—	$	34,027,761
Notes payable		102,700,000		—		—		99,954,528
Total	$	136,550,000	$	—	$	—	$	133,982,289

	Fair Value Measurements - September 30, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	10,975,000	$	—	$	—	$	10,975,000
Notes payable		126,100,000		—		—		120,298,658
Total	$	137,075,000	$	—	$	—	$	131,273,658

Note 15 - Segment Information

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Segment Reporting Disclosure [Text Block]

15.

Segment Information

Intersegment transactions are recorded at cost.

The reportable segments disclosed herein are defined as follows:

Investment in Affiliates - The investment in affiliates segment reflects the income generated through the activities of the Company's investment in MVP and Southgate projects.

Parent and Other - Parent and other include the unregulated activities of the Company as well as certain corporate reporting adjustments.

Information related to the Company's segments are provided below:

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2023
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates			Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Operating revenues	$	24,391,854	$	—		$	27,498	$	24,419,352
Depreciation		2,697,707		—			—		2,697,707
Operating income (loss)		6,644,298		(13,403	)		21,142		6,652,037
Equity in earnings		—		1,467,835			—		1,467,835
Interest expense		968,937		667,336			—		1,636,273
Income before income taxes		5,795,734		787,534			21,117		6,604,385

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates			Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Operating revenues	$	33,252,767	$	—		$	29,568	$	33,282,335
Depreciation		2,419,541		—			—		2,419,541
Operating income (loss)		5,567,345		(46,704	)		23,844		5,544,485
Equity in earnings		—		1,232			—		1,232
Interest expense		822,566		546,598			—		1,369,164
Income (loss) before income taxes		4,819,955		(592,615	)		23,819		4,251,159

	December 31, 2023
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates		Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Total assets	$	278,936,342	$	19,367,243	$	16,399,650	$	314,703,235

	September 30, 2023
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates		Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Total assets	$	268,664,460	$	17,882,108	$	17,182,772	$	303,729,340

Note 16 - Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Schedule of Regulatory Assets and Liabilities [Text Block]

16.

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

Regulatory assets included in the Company’s accompanying balance sheets are as follows:

	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Assets:
Current Assets:
Regulatory assets:
Accrued WNA revenues	$	1,587,816	$	414,689
Under-recovery of gas costs		—		1,383,340
Under-recovery of RNG revenues		1,085,177		797,804
Accrued pension		182,263		243,017
Other deferred expenses		12,762		15,426
Total current		2,868,018		2,854,276
Other Non-Current Assets:
Regulatory assets:
Premium on early retirement of debt		1,227,512		1,256,059
Accrued pension		3,786,265		3,786,265
Other deferred expenses		336,414		347,121
Total non-current		5,350,191		5,389,445

Total regulatory assets	$	8,218,209	$	8,243,721

Regulatory liabilities included in the Company’s accompanying balance sheets are as follows:

	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity:
Current Liabilities:
Regulatory liabilities:
Over-recovery of gas costs	$	663,505	$	—
Over-recovery of SAVE Plan revenues		176,935		146,861
Rate refund		652,018		652,018
Deferred income taxes		591,765		527,034
Supplier refunds		203,437		275,649
Other deferred liabilities		23,365		31,154
Total current		2,311,025		1,632,716
Deferred Credits and Other Non-Current Liabilities:
Asset retirement obligations		10,855,794		10,792,831
Regulatory cost of retirement obligations		13,404,991		13,029,376
Regulatory liabilities:
Deferred income taxes		16,101,834		16,249,776
Deferred postretirement medical		1,781,917		1,781,917
Total non-current		42,144,536		41,853,900

Total regulatory liabilities	$	44,455,561	$	43,486,616

Note 17 - Subsequent Events

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes to Financial Statements

Subsequent Events [Text Block]

17.

Subsequent Events

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Dec. 31, 2023
Insider Trading Arr Line Items
Material Terms of Trading Arrangement [Text Block]	ITEM 5 – OTHER INFORMATION None.
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted [Flag]	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted [Flag]	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated [Flag]	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated [Flag]	false

Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	3 Months Ended
Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Accounting, Policy [Policy Text Block]	Resources is an energy services company primarily engaged in the sale and distribution of natural gas. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Resources and its wholly-owned subsidiaries: Roanoke Gas, Diversified Energy and Midstream. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring accruals) necessary to fairly present Resources' financial position as of December 31, 2023, cash flows for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations, comprehensive income, and changes in stockholders' equity for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The results of operations for the three months ended December 31, 2023 are not indicative of the results to be expected for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024 as quarterly earnings are affected by the highly seasonal nature of the business and weather conditions generally result in greater earnings during the winter months. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and condensed notes are presented under the rules and regulations of the SEC. Pursuant to those rules, certain information and note disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Although the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and condensed notes should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes contained in the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023. The September 30, 2023 consolidated balance sheet was included in the Company’s audited financial statements included in Form 10-K. Roanoke Gas’ line of credit is renewed annually in March, and there is approximately $6,700,000 outstanding under the line of credit at the time of this filing. Separately, Midstream has $33,850,000 of current maturities of long-term debt due in the next 12 months. These amounts, in the aggregate, exceed the liquidity available to the Company through currently executed agreements and anticipated operating cash flows over this period without taking additional actions involving a third party. As a result, under ASU 2014-15, substantial doubt exists about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans are to refinance these amounts and management's discussions with banks regarding refinancing the amounts have been positive. Additionally, the Company has refinanced this debt in the past and the pending completion of the MVP further supports a favorable likelihood of successful refinancing. Since such refinancing is not entirely within the Company's control, there can be no assurances that such refinancing can be completed. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained in the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2023. Certain amounts previously disclosed have been reclassified to conform to current year presentations.
New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Policy Text Block]	Recently Issued or Adopted Accounting Standards In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. In combination with ASU 2021-01 and ASU 2022-06, the ASU provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for and recognizing the effects of reference rate change on financial reporting. The new guidance applies specifically to contracts and hedging relationships that reference LIBOR, or any other referenced rate that is expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. The new guidance is effective for the Company through December 31, 2024. The Intercontinental Exchange Benchmark Administration, the administrator for LIBOR and other inter-bank offered rates, announced that the LIBOR rates for one-day, one-month, six-month and one-year would cease publication in June 2023 and that no new financial contracts may use LIBOR after December 31, 2021. Subsequent to June 30, 2023, the one-day, one-month, six-month, and one-year LIBOR settings will continue to be published under an unrepresentative synthetic methodology until the end of September 2024 in order to bridge the transition to other reference rates. The Company has transitioned all but one LIBOR-based variable rate note to a new reference rate as of December 31, 2023. Each of the revised notes has a corresponding swap that was also transitioned to align with the related notes. The last LIBOR-based variable rate note will mature in fiscal 2024. See Note 7 and Note 9 for more information. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The new guidance is designed to provide users of financial statements with enhanced disclosures regarding the information provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and how the CODM uses the information in assessing the performance of each segment. The Company is currently evaluating the new standard and determining the additional disclosure requirements. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2024. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The new guidance requires that on an annual basis public business entities disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation table and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (items equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income or loss by the applicable statutory rate). The required disclosures will provide more granularity regarding the payment of income taxes to federal, state and foreign entities. The Company does not expect certain requirements of this ASU to have a significant impact to its current disclosures as all of its operations are domestic and reside in two states. Changes to the rate reconciliation table will result in additional disclosure. The new guidance is effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Other accounting standards that have been issued by the FASB or other standard-setting bodies are not currently applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 2 - Leases (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes Tables

Lease, Cost [Table Text Block]

		Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid on operating leases	$	6,766	$	12,600
Right of use obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations		N/A		N/A
Weighted-average remaining term (in years)		17.4		2.8
Weighted-average discount rate		N/A		N/A

Lessee, Operating Lease, Liability, to be Paid, Maturity [Table Text Block]

2024	$	42,300
2025		43,065
2026		30,038
2027		30,038
2028		26,400
Thereafter		369,600
Total minimum lease payments		541,441
Less imputed interest		(189,728	)
Total	$	351,713

Note 3 - Revenue (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes Tables

Disaggregation of Revenue [Table Text Block]

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2023						Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
	Gas utility		Non utility		Total operating revenues		Gas utility			Non utility		Total operating revenues
Natural Gas (Billed and Unbilled):
Residential	$	13,824,642	$	—	$	13,824,642	$	19,365,840		$	—	$	19,365,840
Commercial		7,841,726		—		7,841,726		12,019,113			—		12,019,113
Transportation and interruptible		1,370,270		—		1,370,270		1,588,068			—		1,588,068
Other		293,888		27,498		321,386		421,995			29,568		451,563
Total contracts with customers		23,330,526		27,498		23,358,024		33,395,016			29,568		33,424,584
Alternative revenue programs		1,061,328		—		1,061,328		(142,249	)		—		(142,249	)
Total operating revenues	$	24,391,854	$	27,498	$	24,419,352	$	33,252,767		$	29,568	$	33,282,335

Contract with Customer, Contract Asset, Contract Liability, and Receivable [Table Text Block]

	Current Assets				Current Liabilities
	Trade accounts receivable⁽¹⁾		Unbilled revenue⁽¹⁾		Customer credit balances			Customer deposits
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	2,782,025	$	1,240,097	$	1,972,132		$	1,476,321
Balance at December 31, 2023		8,302,330		4,757,101		1,882,100			1,646,267
Increase (decrease)	$	5,520,305	$	3,517,004	$	(90,032	)	$	169,946

Note 4 - Income Taxes (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation [Table Text Block]

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Effective tax rate		24.0	%		23.4	%

Note 6 - Other Investments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes Tables

Investment [Table Text Block]

Balance Sheet location:	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Other Assets:
MVP	$	18,564,311	$	17,096,476
Southgate		90,617		90,617
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates	$	18,654,928	$	17,187,093

	Three Months Ended December 31,
Income Statement location:		2023		2022
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate	$	1,467,835	$	1,232

		December 31, 2023				September 30, 2023
Undistributed earnings, net of income taxes, of MVP in retained earnings, excluding impairment		$	10,773,811			$	9,683,797

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash investment	$	—	$	818,178
Change in accrued capital calls		—		39,466
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate		1,467,835		1,232
Change in investment in unconsolidated affiliates	$	1,467,835	$	858,876

Equity Method Investments [Table Text Block]

	Income Statements
	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
AFUDC	$	158,562,141	$	—
Other income, net		2,663,569		160,472
Net income	$	161,225,710	$	160,472

	Balance Sheets
	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Assets:
Current assets	$	349,417,551	$	795,787,358
Construction work in progress		8,468,379,830		7,499,128,254
Other assets		12,160,170		11,639,586
Total assets	$	8,829,957,551	$	8,306,555,198

Liabilities and Equity:
Current liabilities	$	371,508,693	$	236,947,158
Capital		8,458,448,858		8,069,608,040
Total liabilities and equity	$	8,829,957,551	$	8,306,555,198

Note 9 - Long-term Debt (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Long-Term Debt Instruments [Table Text Block]

	December 31, 2023					September 30, 2023
	Principal			Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs		Principal			Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs
Roanoke Gas:
Unsecured senior notes payable at 4.26%, due September 18, 2034	$	30,500,000		$	103,782	$	30,500,000		$	106,195
Unsecured term notes payable at 3.58%, due October 2, 2027		8,000,000			18,060		8,000,000			19,264
Unsecured term notes payable at 4.41%, due March 28, 2031		10,000,000			22,711		10,000,000			23,495
Unsecured term notes payable at 3.60%, due December 6, 2029		10,000,000			21,136		10,000,000			22,017
Unsecured term note payable at 30-day SOFR plus 1.20%, due August 20, 2026 (swap rate at 2.00%)		15,000,000			—		15,000,000			—
Unsecured term note payable at Term SOFR plus 1.00%, due October 1, 2028 (swap rate at 2.49%)		10,000,000			31,983		10,000,000			33,666
Midstream:
Unsecured term notes payable at Term SOFR plus 2.00%, due December 31, 2024		23,000,000			16,217		23,000,000			23,386
Unsecured term note payable at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due June 12, 2026 (swap rate at 3.24%)		14,000,000			6,019		14,000,000			6,621
Unsecured term note payable at 30-day LIBOR plus 1.20%, due June 1, 2024 with monthly principal installments of $41,667 that began July 1, 2022 (swap rate at 3.14%)		9,250,000			982		9,375,000			1,571
Unsecured term note payable at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due January 1, 2028 with quarterly principal installments of $400,000 that began April 1, 2023 (swap rate at 2.443%)		6,800,000			17,914		7,200,000			19,057
Total long-term debt		136,550,000			238,804		137,075,000			255,272
Less: current maturities of long-term debt		(33,850,000	)		—		(10,975,000	)		—
Total long-term debt, net current maturities	$	102,700,000		$	238,804	$	126,100,000		$	255,272

Note 10 - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes Tables

Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table Text Block]

				Tax
	Before-Tax			(Expense)			Net-of-Tax
	Amount			or Benefit			Amount
Three Months Ended December 31, 2023
Interest rate swaps:
Unrealized losses	$	(836,071	)	$	215,205		$	(620,866	)
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense		(545,183	)		140,329			(404,854	)
Net interest rate swaps		(1,381,254	)		355,534			(1,025,720	)
Defined benefit plans:
Amortization of actuarial losses		16,015			(4,122	)		11,893
Other comprehensive loss	$	(1,365,239	)	$	351,412		$	(1,013,827	)
Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
Interest rate swaps:
Unrealized gains	$	43,947		$	(11,311	)	$	32,636
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense		(290,779	)		74,845			(215,934	)
Net interest rate swaps		(246,832	)		63,534			(183,298	)
Defined benefit plans:
Amortization of actuarial losses		19,703			(5,072	)		14,631
Other comprehensive loss	$	(227,129	)	$	58,462		$	(168,667	)

Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table Text Block]

							Accumulated
							Other
	Interest Rate			Defined Benefit			Comprehensive
	Swaps			Plans			Income (Loss)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	3,428,922		$	(1,175,633	)	$	2,253,289
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(1,025,720	)		11,893			(1,013,827	)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	2,403,202		$	(1,163,740	)	$	1,239,462

Note 12 - Earnings Per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted [Table Text Block]

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	5,019,992	$	3,256,405
Weighted average common shares		10,029,243		9,830,206
Effect of dilutive securities:
Options to purchase common stock		2,111		6,982
Diluted average common shares		10,031,354		9,837,188
Earnings per share of common stock:
Basic	$	0.50	$	0.33
Diluted	$	0.50	$	0.33

Note 13 - Employee Benefit Plans (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Net Benefit Costs [Table Text Block]

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Components of net periodic pension cost:
Service cost	$	81,066		$	91,635
Interest cost		367,206			343,025
Expected return on plan assets		(294,958	)		(308,149	)
Recognized loss		79,132			79,181
Net periodic pension cost	$	232,446		$	205,692

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Components of postretirement benefit cost:
Service cost	$	7,599		$	11,475
Interest cost		153,369			155,156
Expected return on plan assets		(133,311	)		(116,012	)
Recognized gain		(10,149	)		—
Net postretirement benefit cost	$	17,508		$	50,619

Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis [Table Text Block]

	Fair Value Measurements - December 31, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Fair		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Interest rate swaps	$	3,236,201	$	—	$	3,236,201	$	—
Total	$	3,236,201	$	—	$	3,236,201	$	—

Liabilities:
Natural gas purchases	$	1,234,072	$	—	$	1,234,072	$	—
Total	$	1,234,072	$	—	$	1,234,072	$	—

	Fair Value Measurements - September 30, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Fair		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Interest rate swaps	$	4,617,455	$	—	$	4,617,455	$	—
Total	$	4,617,455	$	—	$	4,617,455	$	—

Liabilities:
Natural gas purchases	$	1,022,662	$	—	$	1,022,662	$	—
Total	$	1,022,662	$	—	$	1,022,662	$	—

Fair Value, by Balance Sheet Grouping [Table Text Block]

	Fair Value Measurements - December 31, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	33,850,000	$	—	$	—	$	34,027,761
Notes payable		102,700,000		—		—		99,954,528
Total	$	136,550,000	$	—	$	—	$	133,982,289

	Fair Value Measurements - September 30, 2023
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	10,975,000	$	—	$	—	$	10,975,000
Notes payable		126,100,000		—		—		120,298,658
Total	$	137,075,000	$	—	$	—	$	131,273,658

Note 15 - Segment Information (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Segment Reporting Information, by Segment [Table Text Block]

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2023
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates			Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Operating revenues	$	24,391,854	$	—		$	27,498	$	24,419,352
Depreciation		2,697,707		—			—		2,697,707
Operating income (loss)		6,644,298		(13,403	)		21,142		6,652,037
Equity in earnings		—		1,467,835			—		1,467,835
Interest expense		968,937		667,336			—		1,636,273
Income before income taxes		5,795,734		787,534			21,117		6,604,385

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates			Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Operating revenues	$	33,252,767	$	—		$	29,568	$	33,282,335
Depreciation		2,419,541		—			—		2,419,541
Operating income (loss)		5,567,345		(46,704	)		23,844		5,544,485
Equity in earnings		—		1,232			—		1,232
Interest expense		822,566		546,598			—		1,369,164
Income (loss) before income taxes		4,819,955		(592,615	)		23,819		4,251,159

	December 31, 2023
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates		Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Total assets	$	278,936,342	$	19,367,243	$	16,399,650	$	314,703,235

	September 30, 2023
	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates		Parent and Other		Consolidated Total
Total assets	$	268,664,460	$	17,882,108	$	17,182,772	$	303,729,340

Note 16 - Regulatory Assets and Liabilities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Notes Tables

Schedule of Regulatory Assets [Table Text Block]

	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Assets:
Current Assets:
Regulatory assets:
Accrued WNA revenues	$	1,587,816	$	414,689
Under-recovery of gas costs		—		1,383,340
Under-recovery of RNG revenues		1,085,177		797,804
Accrued pension		182,263		243,017
Other deferred expenses		12,762		15,426
Total current		2,868,018		2,854,276
Other Non-Current Assets:
Regulatory assets:
Premium on early retirement of debt		1,227,512		1,256,059
Accrued pension		3,786,265		3,786,265
Other deferred expenses		336,414		347,121
Total non-current		5,350,191		5,389,445

Total regulatory assets	$	8,218,209	$	8,243,721

Schedule of Regulatory Liabilities [Table Text Block]

	December 31, 2023		September 30, 2023
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity:
Current Liabilities:
Regulatory liabilities:
Over-recovery of gas costs	$	663,505	$	—
Over-recovery of SAVE Plan revenues		176,935		146,861
Rate refund		652,018		652,018
Deferred income taxes		591,765		527,034
Supplier refunds		203,437		275,649
Other deferred liabilities		23,365		31,154
Total current		2,311,025		1,632,716
Deferred Credits and Other Non-Current Liabilities:
Asset retirement obligations		10,855,794		10,792,831
Regulatory cost of retirement obligations		13,404,991		13,029,376
Regulatory liabilities:
Deferred income taxes		16,101,834		16,249,776
Deferred postretirement medical		1,781,917		1,781,917
Total non-current		42,144,536		41,853,900

Total regulatory liabilities	$	44,455,561	$	43,486,616

Note 1 - Basis of Presentation (Details Textual)	Feb. 06, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Long-Term Line of Credit		$ 13,252,596
Number of States in which Entity Operates		2
RGC Midstream LLC [Member]
Unsecured Debt, Current		$ 33,850,000
Subsequent Event [Member]
Long-Term Line of Credit	$ 6,700,000

Note 2 - Leases (Details Textual)	3 Months Ended
Note 2 - Leases (Details Textual)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Number of Additional Operating Leases	3
Three Other Operating Leases [Member]
Operating Lease, Cost	$ 50,000
Other Noncurrent Assets [Member]
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset	354,320
Other Noncurrent Liabilities [Member]
Operating Lease, Liability, Current	30,657
Deferred Credit And Other Noncurrent Liabilities [Member]
Operating Lease, Liability, Noncurrent	$ 321,056
Minimum [Member]
Lessee, Operating Lease, Term of Contract (Year)	3 years
Maximum [Member]
Lessee, Operating Lease, Term of Contract (Year)	6 years
RNG [Member]
Lessee, Operating Lease, Term of Contract (Year)	20 years
Lessee, Operating Lease, Renewal Term (Year)	5 years

Note 2 - Leases - Lease Cost (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
Note 2 - Leases - Lease Cost (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Cash paid on operating leases	$ 6,766	$ 12,600
Weighted-average remaining term (in years) (Year)	17 years 4 months 24 days	2 years 9 months 18 days

Note 2 - Leases - Operating Lease Maturity (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
2024	$ 42,300
2025	43,065
2026	30,038
2027	30,038
2028	26,400
Thereafter	369,600
Total minimum lease payments	541,441
Less imputed interest	(189,728)
Other Liabilities [Member]
Total	$ 351,713

Note 3 - Revenue - Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Total contracts with customers	$ 23,358,024	$ 33,424,584
Alternative revenue programs	1,061,328	(142,249)
Operating revenues	24,419,352	33,282,335
Oil and Gas [Member] \| Residential [Member]
Total contracts with customers	13,824,642	19,365,840
Oil and Gas [Member] \| Commercial [Member]
Total contracts with customers	7,841,726	12,019,113
Oil and Gas [Member] \| Transportation and Interruptible [Member]
Total contracts with customers	1,370,270	1,588,068
Product and Service, Other [Member]
Total contracts with customers	321,386	451,563
Gas Utility [Member]
Total contracts with customers	23,330,526	33,395,016
Alternative revenue programs	1,061,328	(142,249)
Operating revenues	24,391,854	33,252,767
Gas Utility [Member] \| Oil and Gas [Member] \| Residential [Member]
Total contracts with customers	13,824,642	19,365,840
Gas Utility [Member] \| Oil and Gas [Member] \| Commercial [Member]
Total contracts with customers	7,841,726	12,019,113
Gas Utility [Member] \| Oil and Gas [Member] \| Transportation and Interruptible [Member]
Total contracts with customers	1,370,270	1,588,068
Gas Utility [Member] \| Product and Service, Other [Member]
Total contracts with customers	293,888	421,995
Non-utility [Member]
Total contracts with customers	27,498	29,568
Alternative revenue programs	0	0
Operating revenues	27,498	29,568
Non-utility [Member] \| Oil and Gas [Member] \| Residential [Member]
Total contracts with customers	0	0
Non-utility [Member] \| Oil and Gas [Member] \| Commercial [Member]
Total contracts with customers	0	0
Non-utility [Member] \| Oil and Gas [Member] \| Transportation and Interruptible [Member]
Total contracts with customers	0	0
Non-utility [Member] \| Product and Service, Other [Member]
Total contracts with customers	$ 27,498	$ 29,568

Note 3 - Revenue - Customer Accounts Receivable (Details) - USD ($)

3 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Sep. 30, 2023

Trade accounts receivable

$ 13,158,930

$ 4,194,934

Unbilled revenue

4,757,101

1,240,097

Customer credit balances

1,882,100

1,972,132

Customer deposits

1,646,267

1,476,321

Increase (decrease) in Unbilled revenue

^[1]

3,517,004

Increase (decrease) in Customer credit balances

(90,032)

Increase (decrease) in Customer deposits

169,946

Trade Accounts Receivable [Member]

Trade accounts receivable

8,302,330

$ 2,782,025

Increase (decrease) in Trade accounts receivable

^[1]

$ 5,520,305

[1]	Included in accounts receivable in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Amounts shown net of reserve for credit losses.

Note 4 - Income Taxes (Details Textual)	3 Months Ended
Note 4 - Income Taxes (Details Textual)	Dec. 31, 2023
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, at Federal and State Statutory Income Tax Rate, Percent	25.74%

Note 4 - Income Taxes - Income Positions (Details)	3 Months Ended
Note 4 - Income Taxes - Income Positions (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Effective tax rate	24.00%	23.40%

Note 5 - Rates and Regulatory Matters (Details Textual)					3 Months Ended
Note 5 - Rates and Regulatory Matters (Details Textual)	Jul. 07, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 21, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 02, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jul. 19, 2022	Jun. 02, 2022
Public Utilities, Requested Rate Increase (Decrease), Amount				$ 8,550,000
Regulated Operating Revenue, SAVE Revenue				$ 4,050,000.00
Public Utilities, Approved Rate Increase (Decrease), Amount			$ 7,450,000
SAVE Plan and Rider for Recovery Costs, Term (Year)	5 years	5 years
Recovery Costs, SAVE Eligible Expenses		$ 8,500,000
Investments	$ 49,500,000	$ 49,500,000
SAVE Annual Revenues	$ 366,000
Number of Locations, Natural Gas Delivery Assets, Requested Acquisition								5
Number of Locations, Natural Gas Delivery Assets, Approved Acquisition							2
Natural Gas Delivery Assets [Member] \| Housing Authority Management [Member]
Asset Acquisition, Recognized Pre-tax Gain					$ 311,000	$ 219,000

Note 6 - Other Investments (Details Textual) - RGC Midstream LLC [Member]	Dec. 31, 2023
MVP Southgate Investment [Member]
Subsidiary, Ownership Percentage, Noncontrolling Owner	1.00%
MVP [Member]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	1.00%

Note 6 - Other Investments - Schedule of Other Investments (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates	$ 18,654,928		$ 17,187,093
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate	1,467,835	$ 1,232
Undistributed earnings, net of income taxes, of MVP in retained earnings, excluding impairment	10,773,811		9,683,797
Cash investment	(0)	818,178
Change in accrued capital calls	0	39,466
Change in investment in unconsolidated affiliates	1,467,835	$ 858,876
MVP [Member]
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates	18,564,311		17,096,476
Southgate [Member]
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates	$ 90,617		$ 90,617

Note 6 - Other Investments - Investment in Unconsolidated Entity (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Other income, net	$ 120,786	$ 74,606
Net income	5,019,992	3,256,405
Current assets	34,769,875		$ 26,795,262
Total assets	314,703,235		303,729,340
Current liabilities	64,196,722		32,918,787
Capital	103,544,603	94,890,007	100,732,625	$ 93,090,656
Total liabilities and equity	314,703,235		303,729,340
Equity Method Investment, Nonconsolidated Investee or Group of Investees [Member]
Current assets	349,417,551		795,787,358
Construction work in progress	8,468,379,830		7,499,128,254
Other assets	12,160,170		11,639,586
Total assets	8,829,957,551		8,306,555,198
Current liabilities	371,508,693		236,947,158
Capital	8,458,448,858		8,069,608,040
Total liabilities and equity	8,829,957,551		$ 8,306,555,198
Equity Method Investment, Nonconsolidated Investee or Group of Investees [Member] \| MVP [Member]
AFUDC	158,562,141	0
Other income, net	2,663,569	160,472
Net income	$ 161,225,710	$ 160,472

Note 7 - Derivatives and Hedging (Details Textual) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 28, 2023 USD ($)	Apr. 03, 2023	Aug. 20, 2021 USD ($)
Number of Interest Rate Derivatives Held	5
Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 30-day SOFR Average 1.20% Due August 20, 2026 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount				$ 15
Roanoke Gas Company [Member]
Number of Interest Rate Derivatives Held	2
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Debt [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 30-day SOFR Average 1.20% Due August 20, 2026 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 15
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.00%
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Debt [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 30-day LIBOR Plus 100 Basis Points, Due October 1, 2028 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 10
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.49%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member]
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate			2.49%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 8	$ 8
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.443%	2.443%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 30-day LIBOR Plus 1.15% Due June 12, 2026 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 14
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.24%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 30-day LIBOR Plus 1.20%, Due June 1, 2024 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 10
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.14%

Note 8 - Short-term Debt (Details Textual) - USD ($)	Mar. 24, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Long-Term Line of Credit		$ 13,252,596
Minimum [Member]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity	$ 4,000,000
Maximum [Member]
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity	25,000,000
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Revolving Note Maturing March 31, 2024 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 25,000,000
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.10%

Note 9 - Long-term Debt (Details Textual)					3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
Note 9 - Long-term Debt (Details Textual)	Jul. 28, 2023	Jun. 28, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 24, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Apr. 03, 2023 USD ($)	Aug. 20, 2021 USD ($)
Regulatory Asset					$ 8,218,209		$ 8,243,721
Debt Instrument, Debt Covenant Ratio of Long-term Debt to Total Capitalization, Maximum					65.00%
Debt Instrument, Debt Covenant, Ratio of Priority Debt to Total Assets, Maximum					15.00%
Debt Instrument, Debt Covenant, Interest Coverage Ratio						1.5
Deferred Gain (Loss) on Early Extinguishment of Debt [Member]
Regulatory Asset					$ 1,227,512		$ 1,256,059
Regulatory Asset, Amortization Period (Year)					20 years
Amended and Restated Delayed Term Note Entered September 24, 2021 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount								$ 10,000,000
Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 30-day SOFR Average 1.20% Due August 20, 2026 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount									$ 15,000,000
RGC Midstream LLC [Member]
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate								2.49%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Promissory Notes [Member] \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	2.00%			1.50%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes [Member] \| Unsecured term note payable, at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due June 12, 2026[Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 14,000,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate		3.24%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Debt [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 8,000,000			$ 8,000,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate		2.443%			2.443%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Debt [Member] \| London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) 1 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate		1.15%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Debt [Member] \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) [Member]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate		1.26448%
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Amended and Restated Delayed Term Note Entered September 24, 2021 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount			$ 10,000,000
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate			1.00%
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Amended and Restated Delayed Term Note Entered September 24, 2021 [Member] \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate			1.00%
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Debt [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 30-day SOFR Average 1.20% Due August 20, 2026 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount					$ 15,000,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate					2.00%

Note 9 - Long-term Debt - Long-term Debt (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	$ 238,804	$ 255,272
Total long-term debt, net current maturities	102,700,000	126,100,000
Notes Payable [Member]
Notes payable	136,550,000	137,075,000
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	238,804	255,272
Less: current maturities of long-term debt	(33,850,000)	(10,975,000)
Total long-term debt, net current maturities	102,700,000	126,100,000
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable, at 4.26%, Due on September 18, 2034 [Member]
Notes payable	30,500,000	30,500,000
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	103,782	106,195
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 3.58%, Due on October 2, 2027 [Member]
Notes payable	8,000,000	8,000,000
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	18,060	19,264
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 4.41 %, Due on March 28, 2031 [Member]
Notes payable	10,000,000	10,000,000
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	22,711	23,495
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 3.60%, Due on December 6, 2029 [Member]
Notes payable	10,000,000	10,000,000
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	21,136	22,017
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 30-day SOFR Average 1.20% Due August 20, 2026 [Member]
Notes payable	15,000,000	15,000,000
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	0	0
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured term note payable, at Term SOFR plus 1.00%, due October 1, 2028 [Member]
Notes payable	10,000,000	10,000,000
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	31,983	33,666
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured term notes payable, at TERM SOFR plus 2.00%, due December 31, 2024 [Member]
Notes payable	23,000,000	23,000,000
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	16,217	23,386
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured term note payable, at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due June 12, 2026[Member]
Notes payable	14,000,000	14,000,000
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	6,019	6,621
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Term Note Payable, at 30-day LIBOR Plus 1.20%, Due June 1, 2024 [Member]
Notes payable	9,250,000	9,375,000
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	982	1,571
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured term note payable, at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due January 1, 2028 [Member]
Notes payable	6,800,000	7,200,000
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs	$ 17,914	$ 19,057

Note 9 - Long-term Debt - Long-term Debt (Details) (Parentheticals) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Apr. 03, 2023
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable, at 4.26%, Due on September 18, 2034 [Member]
Stated rate	4.26%	4.26%
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 3.58%, Due on October 2, 2027 [Member]
Stated rate	3.58%	3.58%
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 4.41 %, Due on March 28, 2031 [Member]
Stated rate	4.41%	4.41%
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 3.60%, Due on December 6, 2029 [Member]
Stated rate	3.60%	3.60%
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 30-day SOFR Average 1.20% Due August 20, 2026 [Member]
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.00%	2.00%
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Term Notes Payable, at 30-day SOFR Average 1.20% Due August 20, 2026 [Member] \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.20%	1.20%
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured term note payable, at Term SOFR plus 1.00%, due October 1, 2028 [Member]
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.49%	2.49%
Roanoke Gas Company [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured term note payable, at Term SOFR plus 1.00%, due October 1, 2028 [Member] \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.00%	1.00%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member]
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate			2.49%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured term notes payable, at TERM SOFR plus 2.00%, due December 31, 2024 [Member] \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	2.00%	2.00%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured term note payable, at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due June 12, 2026[Member]
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.24%	3.24%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured term note payable, at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due June 12, 2026[Member] \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.26448%	1.26448%
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured Term Note Payable, at 30-day LIBOR Plus 1.20%, Due June 1, 2024 [Member]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.20%	1.20%
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.14%	3.14%
Debt Instrument, Periodic Payment	$ 41,667	$ 41,667
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured term note payable, at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due January 1, 2028 [Member]
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.443%	2.443%
Debt Instrument, Periodic Payment	$ 400,000	$ 400,000
RGC Midstream LLC [Member] \| Unsecured Senior Notes Payable [Member] \| Unsecured term note payable, at Daily Simple SOFR plus 1.26448%, due January 1, 2028 [Member] \| Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap Rate [Member]
Debt Instrument, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.26448%	1.26448%

Note 10 - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Schedule of Other Comprehensive Income and Loss (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Unrealized losses	$ (836,071)	$ (43,947)
Unrealized losses	215,205	11,311
Unrealized losses	(620,866)	(32,636)
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense	(545,183)	(290,779)
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense	140,329	(74,845)
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense	(404,854)	(215,934)
Net interest rate swaps	(1,381,254)	246,832
Net interest rate swaps	355,534	(63,534)
Net interest rate swaps	(1,025,720)	183,298
Amortization of actuarial losses	16,015	19,703
Amortization of actuarial losses	(4,122)	(5,072)
Amortization of actuarial losses	11,893	14,631
Other comprehensive loss	(1,365,239)	(227,129)
Other comprehensive loss	351,412	58,462
Other comprehensive loss	1,013,827	168,667
Unrealized gains (losses)	836,071	43,947
Unrealized gains (losses)	(215,205)	(11,311)
Unrealized gains (losses)	620,866	32,636
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense	(140,329)	74,845
Net interest rate swaps	1,381,254	(246,832)
Net interest rate swaps	(355,534)	63,534
Net interest rate swaps	$ 1,025,720	$ (183,298)

Note 10 - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Reconciliation of Accumulated Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Balance	$ 100,732,625	$ 93,090,656
Other comprehensive loss	(1,013,827)	(168,667)
Balance	103,544,603	94,890,007
Accumulated Gain (Loss), Net, Cash Flow Hedge, Parent [Member]
Balance	3,428,922
Other comprehensive loss	(1,025,720)
Balance	2,403,202
Accumulated Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment, Net Gain (Loss) Attributable to Parent [Member]
Balance	(1,175,633)
Other comprehensive loss	11,893
Balance	(1,163,740)
AOCI Attributable to Parent [Member]
Balance	2,253,289	1,964,364
Other comprehensive loss	(1,013,827)	(168,667)
Balance	$ 1,239,462	$ 1,795,697

Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies (Details Textual)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Number of Pipelines	2

Note 12 - Earnings Per Share - Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Net income	$ 5,019,992	$ 3,256,405
Weighted average common shares (in shares)	10,029,243	9,830,206
Options to purchase common stock (in shares)	2,111	6,982
Diluted average common shares (in shares)	10,031,354	9,837,188
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.5	$ 0.33
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.5	$ 0.33

Note 13 - Employee Benefit Plans (Details Textual) - Pension Plan [Member] $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Defined Benefit Plan, Plan Assets, Contributions by Employer	$ 0
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Employer Contributions, Next Fiscal Year	$ 0

Note 13 - Employee Benefit Plans - Schedule of Components of Net Periodic Pension and Postretirement Benefit Cost (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Pension Plan [Member]
Service cost	$ 81,066	$ 91,635
Interest cost	367,206	343,025
Expected return on plan assets	(294,958)	(308,149)
Recognized loss	79,132	79,181
Net periodic pension cost	232,446	205,692
Postemployment Retirement Benefits [Member]
Service cost	7,599	11,475
Interest cost	153,369	155,156
Expected return on plan assets	(133,311)	(116,012)
Recognized loss	(10,149)	0
Net periodic pension cost	$ 17,508	$ 50,619

Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements (Details Textual) Pure in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Customer Concentration Risk [Member] \| Accounts Receivable [Member]
Number of Major Customers	0	0

Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis (Details) - Fair Value, Recurring [Member] - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Total Assets fair value	$ 3,236,201	$ 4,617,455
Natural gas purchases	1,234,072	1,022,662
Total Liabilities fair value	1,234,072	1,022,662
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Total Assets fair value	0	0
Natural gas purchases	0	0
Total Liabilities fair value	0	0
Interest rate swaps, liabilities		0
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Total Assets fair value	3,236,201	4,617,455
Natural gas purchases	1,234,072	1,022,662
Total Liabilities fair value	1,234,072	1,022,662
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Total Assets fair value	0	0
Natural gas purchases	0	0
Total Liabilities fair value	0	0
Interest Rate Swap [Member]
Interest rate swaps	3,236,201
Interest rate swaps, liabilities		4,617,455
Interest Rate Swap [Member] \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Interest rate swaps	0
Interest Rate Swap [Member] \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Interest rate swaps	3,236,201
Interest rate swaps, liabilities		4,617,455
Interest Rate Swap [Member] \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Interest rate swaps	$ 0
Interest rate swaps, liabilities		$ 0

Note 14- Fair Value Measurements - Summary of the Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Adjusted to Fair Value (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Current maturities of long-term debt	$ 33,850,000	$ 10,975,000
Reported Value Measurement [Member]
Current maturities of long-term debt	33,850,000	10,975,000
Notes payable	102,700,000	126,100,000
Total Liabilities fair value	136,550,000	137,075,000
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement [Member] \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Current maturities of long-term debt	0	0
Notes payable	0	0
Total Liabilities fair value	0	0
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement [Member] \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Current maturities of long-term debt	0	0
Notes payable	0	0
Total Liabilities fair value	0	0
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement [Member] \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Current maturities of long-term debt	34,027,761	10,975,000
Notes payable	99,954,528	120,298,658
Total Liabilities fair value	$ 133,982,289	$ 131,273,658

Note 15 - Segment Information - Segment Information (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023
Operating revenues	$ 24,419,352	$ 33,282,335
Depreciation	2,697,707	2,419,541
Operating income (loss)	6,652,037	5,544,485
Equity in earnings	1,467,835	1,232
Interest expense	1,636,273	1,369,164
Income before income taxes	6,604,385	4,251,159
Total assets	314,703,235		$ 303,729,340
Operating Segments [Member] \| Gas Utility [Member]
Operating revenues	24,391,854	33,252,767
Depreciation	2,697,707	2,419,541
Operating income (loss)	6,644,298	5,567,345
Equity in earnings	0	0
Interest expense	968,937	822,566
Income before income taxes	5,795,734	4,819,955
Total assets	278,936,342		268,664,460
Operating Segments [Member] \| Investment in Affiliates [Member]
Operating revenues	0	0
Depreciation	0	0
Operating income (loss)	(13,403)	(46,704)
Equity in earnings	1,467,835	1,232
Interest expense	667,336	546,598
Income before income taxes	787,534	(592,615)
Total assets	19,367,243		17,882,108
Corporate, Non-Segment [Member]
Operating revenues	27,498	29,568
Depreciation	0	0
Operating income (loss)	21,142	23,844
Equity in earnings	0	0
Interest expense	0	0
Income before income taxes	21,117	$ 23,819
Total assets	$ 16,399,650		$ 17,182,772

Note 16 - Regulatory Assets and Liabilities (Details Textual) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Remaining Amounts of Regulatory Assets for which No Return on Investment During Recovery Period is Provided	$ 8,218,209	$ 8,243,721

Note 16 - Regulatory Assets and Liabilities - Schedule of Regulatory Assets (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Regulatory assets	$ 2,868,018	$ 2,854,276
Noncurrent regulatory assets	5,350,191	5,389,445
Total regulatory assets	8,218,209	8,243,721
WNA [Member]
Regulatory assets	1,587,816	414,689
Regulatory Clause Revenues, under-Recovered [Member]
Regulatory assets	0	1,383,340
Under-recovery of RNG Revenues [Member]
Regulatory assets	1,085,177	797,804
Pension Costs [Member]
Regulatory assets	182,263	243,017
Noncurrent regulatory assets	3,786,265	3,786,265
Other Assets [Member]
Regulatory assets	12,762	15,426
Noncurrent regulatory assets	336,414	347,121
Deferred Gain (Loss) on Early Extinguishment of Debt [Member]
Noncurrent regulatory assets	1,227,512	1,256,059
Total regulatory assets	$ 1,227,512	$ 1,256,059

Note 16 - Regulatory Assets and Liabilities - Schedule of Regulatory Liabilities (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Regulatory liabilities	$ 2,311,025	$ 1,632,716
Asset retirement obligations	10,855,794	10,792,831
Regulatory cost of retirement obligations	13,404,991	13,029,376
Regulatory Liability, Noncurrent	17,883,751	18,031,693
Total non-current	42,144,536	41,853,900
Total regulatory liabilities	44,455,561	43,486,616
Over-recovery of Gas Cost [Member]
Regulatory liabilities	663,505	0
Revenue Subject to Refund [Member]
Regulatory liabilities	176,935	146,861
Rate Refund [Member]
Regulatory liabilities	652,018	652,018
Deferred Income Tax Charge [Member]
Regulatory liabilities	591,765	527,034
Regulatory Liability, Noncurrent	16,101,834	16,249,776
Supplier Refund [Member]
Regulatory liabilities	203,437	275,649
Other Deferred Liabilities [Member]
Regulatory liabilities	23,365	31,154
Other Regulatory Assets (Liabilities) [Member]
Regulatory Liability, Noncurrent	$ 1,781,917	$ 1,781,917