Exploration and evaluation assets as of 31 December 2012 and 2011 comprise the ETP VI licence acquired in February 2010 and the ETP VII licence acquired in December 2011. Construction in progress relates to the construction of infield infrastructure and drilling of oil wells commenced in 2012.

   18.   Inventories 
 
               As at 31 December 
              ------------------- 
                2012       2011 
              ---------  -------- 
                $'000     $'000 
 
Crude oil         1,869     1,141 
Spare parts       2,087     1,222 
Fuel                302       273 
Chemicals           338       187 
 
 Total            4,596     2,823 
              =========  ======== 
 
   19.   trade and other receivables 
 
                                         As at 31 December 
                                        ------------------- 
                                          2012       2011 
                                        ---------  -------- 
                                          $'000     $'000 
 
Trade receivables                           1,971     1,912 
Allowance for doubtful debts                 (53)     (141) 
                                        ---------  -------- 
 Net trade receivables                      1,918     1,771 
Taxes recoverable                          13,749     8,686 
Income tax receivable                         445     1,093 
Other receivables                             896     2,136 
 
  Current trade and other receivables      17,008    13,686 
                                        =========  ======== 
 

In determining the recoverability of a trade receivable, the Company considers any change in the credit quality of the trade receivable from the date credit was initially granted up to the reporting date. Accordingly, the management of the Group believes that there is no further credit provision required in excess of the allowance for doubtful debts.

   20.   other assets 
 
                          As at 31 December 
                         ------------------- 
                           2012      2011 
                         --------  --------- 
                          $'000      $'000 
 
Eurobonds                       -     13,561 
Prepayments                 2,809      2,200 
Prepaid expenses              909        790 
Other                          70         97 
                         --------  --------- 
 
  Current other assets      3,788     16,648 
                         ========  ========= 
 

On 6 May 2011, the Group purchased Eurobonds issued by EBRD for the total consideration of $15,399 thousand. The financial instruments are denominated in Roubles with the fixed interest rate of 6% and matured in February 2012.

   21.   Short-term loans issued 

In September - November 2012 the Group has signed a number of preliminary agreements to process the acquisition of subsoil licences and certain other non-current assets of VenlockNeft LLC ("Venlock") for a total consideration of $2,719 thousand. Completion of the transaction is subject for certain actions and approvals and is planned for 2013.

As a part of Venlock acquisition process the Group issued a loan to a third party of $2,719 thousand maturing in June 2013.

   22.   Cash and cash equivalents 
 
                                         As at 31 December 
                                        ------------------- 
                                          2012       2011 
                                        ---------  -------- 
                                          $'000     $'000 
 
Cash on deposit (contractual interest 
 rate 0.12 - 4.2% p.a.)                    95,000    77,000 
Cash on deposit (contractual interest 
 rate 6.15 - 6.65 % p.a.)                   9,877    17,083 
Cash on deposit (contractual interest 
 rate 3.85 - 5.6 % p.a.)                        -     6,572 
Cash in bank (interest-free)               16,088    16,316 
Cash on hand                                    -       596 
 
 Total                                    120,965   117,567 
                                        =========  ======== 
 
   23.   provision for decommissioning 
 
                                       As at 31 December 
                                      ------------------- 
                                        2012      2011 
                                      --------  --------- 
                                       $'000      $'000 
 
Balance at the beginning of the 
 year                                    5,153      3,949 
Additions                                3,589      2,553 
Change in estimates                      (367)    (1,469) 
Unwinding of the present value 
 discount                         14       487        390 
Translation difference                     484      (270) 
                                      --------  --------- 
 
Balance at the end of the year           9,346      5,153 
                                      ========  ========= 
 

In accordance with the licence agreements the Group is liable for site restoration, clean up and abandonment of the wells upon completion of their production cycle. The provision for future site restoration relates to obligations to restore the oilfields after use. All of these costs are expected to be incurred at the end of the life of wells between 2027 and 2038 (Note 5). They depend on the estimated lives of the wells, the scale of any possible contamination and the timing and extent of corrective actions.

The unwinding of the discount related to future site restoration and abandonment reserve is included within finance costs. Management believes that this estimate of the future liability is appropriate to the size of the fields.

   24.   trade and other payables 
 
                                    As at 31 December 
                                   ------------------- 
                                     2012       2011 
                                   ---------  -------- 
                                     $'000     $'000 
 
Trade payables                         7,819    13,633 
Advances received                      8,410     7,329 
Salary payable                           949       719 
Other payables                           821     1,115 
 
Current trade and other payables      17,999    22,796 
                                   =========  ======== 
 

At 31 December 2012, advances of $8,410 thousand (2011: $7,329 thousand) relate to the receipts from customers for the sales in January 2013 (2011: January 2012).

At 31 December 2011, other payables include $452 thousand of penalties imposed by FSA.

   25.   borrowings 
 
                         As at 31 December 
                        ------------------- 
                          2012       2011 
                          $'000     $'000 
 
Credit Suisse             100,245    49,038 
Less: current portion       (245)   (3,271) 
 
Long-term portion         100,000    45,767 
 

There is no material difference between the carrying amount and fair value of borrowings.

Credit Suisse - On 10 September 2010, the Group agreed a loan facility of $50 million with a term of 3.5 years. Interest is charged at LIBOR plus 7%.

The first repayment of principal was made in January 2012 in compliance with the repayment schedule.

In March 2012 the existing loan facility was replaced by a $100 million loan facility with a term of 5 years. The loan bears an interest rate at LIBOR plus 6% and is repayable in equal quarterly installments beginning from March 2014. The interest is payable quarterly with the first payment made in June 2012.

Unamortised borrowing costs of $1,514 thousand incurred in relation to the previous loan facility of $50 million were written off to the statement of comprehensive income in March 2012.

Borrowing costs of $2,160 thousand directly attributable to the extension of loan facility were immediately recognised in the statement of comprehensive income.

The loan is secured by a pledge of the 100% shares of certain Group's subsidiaries (Note 31): Ucatex Oil LLC, Kayumneft CJSC, Nem Oil CJSC, Komi Resources CJSC, Nord Oil CJSC, Ucatex Ugra LLC, Actionbrook Limited, Claybrook Limited, Diamondbridge Limited, Lanarch Limited, Halescope Limited, Vitalaction Limited, Corewell Limited, Touchscope Limited, Silo Holdings Limited and Exillon Finance Limited.

The loan is also secured with future revenue under export contracts and cash balances from a bank account opened in CJSC Bank Credit Suisse (Moscow).

   26.   share capital 

The amount of share capital available for issue at the date of these consolidated financial statements and the issued share capital of the Company are as follows:

 
                         Number      Share capital  Share Premium 
                      (allotted and 
                       called up) 
                                             $'000          $'000 
 
As at 31 December 
 2010                   138,072,911              1        126,034 
Issuance of shares       23,438,000              -        146,082 
As at 31 December 
 2011                   161,510,911              1        272,116 
Issuance of shares                -              -              - 
As at 31 December 
 2012                   161,510,911              1        272,116 
 

The total number of allotted ordinary shares is 161,510,911 with a par value of $0.0000125 each. Shares issued include 3,765,624 shares, which are not paid and held by the EBT within the Group for further allocation to employees (Note 27).

Issuance of new shares - on 21 April 2011, the Company issued 23,438,000 new shares with a par value of $0.0000125 each at GBP4 for total proceeds of GBP93,752 thousand or $153,406 thousand. Costs related to the issuance of new shares taken against share premium amounted to $7,324 thousand.

   27.   Share-based payment 
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