GFASY Gafisa SA (PK)

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company

General

Gafisa S.A. is a corporation organized under the laws of Brazil. We were incorporated on November 12, 1996 for an indefinite term. Our registered and principal executive offices are located at Av. Pres. Juscelino Kubitschek, No. 1830, Block 2, 3rd Floor, 04543-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and our general telephone and fax numbers are + 55 (11) 3025-9000 and + 55 (11) 3025-9242, respectively.

We are a leading diversified national homebuilder serving all demographic segments of the Brazilian market. Established over 60 years ago, we have completed and sold more than 1,100 developments and constructed over 12 million square meters of housing under the Gafisa brand, which we believe is more than any other homebuilder in Brazil. Recognized as one of the foremost professionally-managed homebuilders, we are also one of the best-known brands in the real estate development market, enjoying a reputation among potential homebuyers, brokers, lenders, landowners, and competitors for quality, consistency and professionalism, offering a variety of residential options to the mid to higher income segments. In addition, we provide construction services to third parties on certain developments where we retain an equity interest, and we also hold an equity interest in Alphaville, which focuses on the identification, development, and sale of high income residential properties.

Our core business is the development of high-quality residential units in attractive locations. For the year ended December 31, 2018, 100% of the value of our launches was derived from high, mid high- and mid-level residential developments.

We currently operate in São Paulo, having closed our operations in the city of Rio de Janeiro in October 2018. Although we still have a small portion of our inventory in Rio de Janeiro, freelance brokers are primarily responsible for marketing these units. In line with this decision, for the year ended December 31, 2018, 100% of the value of our launches was derived from our operations in the state of São Paulo.

In the fourth quarter of 2011, we conducted an extensive review of our operations and the operations of our subsidiaries, and our combined business strategy. As a result of this review, the following changes were made: temporary reductions of the activities of the Tenda segment, increase in investments in the Alphaville segment and focus the Gafisa segment on the markets of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

2013 marked the completion of Gafisa’s strategic repositioning, which commenced in early 2012. Our goal at the time was clear: we needed to reduce the level of debt and restrict the Company’s exposure to unprofitable businesses and markets. This process evolved positively throughout the period on several fronts—including improvement in margins and cash generation, and culminated with the sale of a 70% interest in Alphaville, which unlocked significant value and contributed to a reduction in the Company’s leverage, adjusting its capital structure. At the end of 2013 we finalized the development of our five-year business plan for the period from 2014 to 2018. During the planning process, we set guidelines for the development of our business for the upcoming years, including the expected size of Gafisa and Tenda operations, appropriate leverage, profitability guidelines, and more importantly, our commitment to capital discipline and shareholder value generation, which are reflected in the guidance released to the market at the end of 2013. Gafisa S.A. completed the sale of a majority interest in Alphaville Urbanismo S.A. (“Alphaville”), the leading residential community development company in Brazil, to Private Equity AE Investimentos e Participações (“Fundo AE”), which has as shareholders Pátria Investimentos and Blackstone Real Estate Advisor, which was announced on June 7, 2013. The transaction values Alphaville at an equity value of R$2.0 billion. The cash sale to Pátria and Blackstone resulted in Fundo AE owning 70% of Alphaville, with Gafisa retaining the remaining 30%. All precedent conditions were met including governmental approval, to the completion of the transaction. The transaction was concluded on December 9, 2013, with a sale of a 50% interest by Gafisa and a 20% interest by Construtora Tenda S.A. (“Tenda”), with Gafisa retaining the remaining 30% of Alphaville capital stock. Following this transaction and since December 2013, Alphaville is no longer consolidated in the financial statements of the Company.

The Company’s results of operations reflect the results of operations of Alphaville for the period January 1 to November 30, 2013 which are presented in the line item “Results from discontinued operations”.

During 2015, we did not issue a launch guidance for the Tenda segment or the Gafisa segment as a result of the continuing weakening economic conditions and political instability in Brazil. High interest rates, high rates of inflation and an increase in levels of unemployment, among other factors, had an adverse impact on the real estate market, including the Gafisa segment, resulting in a sharp decrease in the overall volume of real estate launches in Brazil.

Consequently, we adopted a conservative approach to launches, seeking to balance the level of launches of new products in the market by prioritizing ventures with more liquidity, with the aim to reach stable sales and profitability levels. In contrast, and despite the continuing weakening economic conditions in Brazil, we were able to expand the Tenda segment of our business, which focuses on the low-income market.

During 2015, as part of the spin-off studies, we (i) separated several joint departments of Gafisa and Tenda, including, among others, the services, personnel and management department and the legal department, (ii) converted Tenda’s issuer registration with the CVM from category B to category A, (iii) entered into negotiations with several banks and insurance companies to open lines of credit for Tenda that are independent of Gafisa, and (iv) reviewed our contracts with our third party counterparties and evaluated the potential impact of a spin-off on those contracts. On April 29, 2015, we announced to the market that the spin-off studies were ongoing and would take longer to be concluded than had been initially expected.

During 2016, we did not issue a launch guidance for the Tenda segment or the Gafisa segment as a result of the continuing weakening economic conditions and political instability in Brazil.

On August 16, 2016, we announced to the market that that the spin-off studies were ongoing and that we were evaluating other potential capital structure options and separation alternatives for the Gafisa and Tenda business units, including a potential offer of securities and/or a sale of equity interests, in addition to the spin-off itself.

In December 2016, following the conclusion of our analysis of certain strategic options, our management decided to sell 50% of Tenda’s total capital stock, and transfer the remaining 50% of Tenda’s total capital stock to our shareholders in connection with a reduction in our total capital stock. Accordingly, on December 14, 2016, we entered into the SPA with Jaguar pursuant to which we would sell Tenda shares representing up to 30% of the total capital stock of Tenda, at a price equal to R$8.13 per share.

During 2017, we did not issue a launch guidance for Gafisa as a result of the continuing weakening economic conditions and political instability in Brazil. Accordingly, we adopted a conservative approach to launches, focusing on the sale of inventory.

The spin-off of the Tenda business unit was consummated on May 4, 2017, following: (i) a reduction of the capital stock of Tenda (without the cancellation of shares), pursuant to which Gafisa, as sole shareholder at that time, received R$100 million (adjusted by the SELIC); (ii) a reduction of the capital stock of Gafisa, resulting in the distribution to Gafisa shareholders of shares corresponding to 50% of the capital stock of Tenda; (iii) the conclusion of the preemptive rights exercise pursuant to which Gafisa shareholders acquired up to 50% of the total share capital of Tenda, at the price per share set forth in the SPA with Jaguar and for a total amount of R$219.5 million, with no shares being acquired by Jaguar; and (iv) the satisfaction of other conditions precedent for the consummation of the spin-off. In addition, on May 4, 2017, the Tenda shares were listed on the B3 and began to publicly trade.

During 2018, we did not issue a launch guidance for Gafisa as a result of the economic conditions and political instability in Brazil.

On September 25, 2018, at an extraordinary shareholders’ meeting held at the request of GWI Asset Management S.A. , the shareholders resolved to (i) remove by majority vote all of the members of the Board of Directors and (ii) elect new Board members by means of a multiple-vote process. Accordingly, at a Board of Directors’ meeting on September 28, 2018, the following resolutions were passed as part of the turnaround process and the optimization of the Company’s structure: (i) the withdrawals of chief executive officer, chief financial and investor relations officer and chief operating officer and the election of new statutory officers; (ii) the adoption of measures to approve the Company’s headquarters relocation; (iii) the closure of our branch located in the city of Rio de Janeiro and (iv) the approval of the Company’s share buyback program.

An auction of 14,600,000 shares held by the Company’s shareholder, GWI Asset Management S.A took place on February 14, 2019, corresponding to an interest of 33.67% in the Company’s ownership structure. As a result of this auction, Planner Corretora de Valores S.A., through investment funds managed by it, acquired 8,000,000 common shares corresponding to 18.45% of the total common shares issued by the Company.

On October 21, 2019, we informed our shareholders and the market that we entered into a Purchase and Sale, Stock Redemption, Corporate Restructuring Agreement with Alphaville Urbanismo S.A., Private Equity AE Investimentos e Participações S.A. and affiliates of PEAE, setting forth the terms and conditions for the sale of our shares in Alphaville. As of the date of this annual report, we hold 21.20% of Alphaville’s shares, a decrease from our previous 30% stake, as a result of a capital increase in Alphaville by affiliates of PEAE. The sale price totals R$100

million, payable through credit offsets and the delivery of certain assets. The consummation of the transaction is subject to customary conditions precedent, including a corporate restructuring of certain assets of Alphaville, the obtainment of third party consents and corporate approvals. This transaction is in line with the Company’s strategy to optimize and improve the Company’s portfolio and capital allocation, aiming at creating value for our shareholders.

Our common shares are listed on the B3 under the symbol “GFSA3” and the ADSs are traded OTC in the United States under the symbol “GFASY”.

Our agent for service of process in the United States is National Corporate Research, Ltd. located at 10 East 40th Street, 10th floor, New York, NY 10016.

Historical Background and Recent Developments

Gomes de Almeida Fernandes Ltda., or “GAF,” was established in 1954 in the city of Rio de Janeiro with operations in the real estate markets in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. In December 1997, GP Investimentos S.A. and its affiliates, or “GP,” entered into a partnership with the shareholders of GAF to create Gafisa S.A. In 2004, as a result of a corporate restructuring, GP assumed a controlling position in our company. In 2005, an affiliate of Equity International Management, LLC, or “Equity International,” acquired approximately 32% of our company through a capital contribution. In February 2006, we concluded our initial public offering in Brazil, resulting in a public float of approximately 47% of our total share capital at the conclusion of the offering.

In September 2006, we created Gafisa Vendas Intermediação Imobiliária Ltda., or “Gafisa Vendas,” to function as our internal sales division in the state of São Paulo and in February 2007, we created a branch of Gafisa Vendas in Rio de Janeiro, or “Gafisa Vendas Rio,” to function as our internal sales division in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.

In October 2006, we entered into an agreement with Alphaville Participações S.A. to acquire 100% of Alphaville, one of the largest residential community development companies in Brazil in terms of units and square meters, focused on the identification, development and sale of high quality residential communities in the metropolitan regions throughout Brazil targeted at upper and upper-middle income families. On January 8, 2007, we successfully completed the acquisition of 60% of Alphaville’s shares for R$198.4 million, of which R$20 million was paid in cash and the remaining R$178.4 million was paid in exchange for 6.4 million common shares of Gafisa. On May 27, 2010, the shareholders of Gafisa approved the acquisition of 20% of Alphaville’s shares for the total amount of R$126.5 million, through the merger of Shertis Empreendimentos e Participações S.A. or “Shertis”, which main asset were 20% of Alphaville’s shares. As a consequence of such merger, Gafisa issued 9,797,792 common shares, paid to the former shareholders of Shertis.

On March 17, 2007, we concluded our initial public offering of common shares in the United States, resulting in a public float of 78.6% of our total share capital at the conclusion of the offering. Upon completion of the offering, entities related to Equity International and GP controlled 14.2% and 7.3% of our total capital stock, respectively. In June 2007, Brazil Development Equity Investments, LLC, a company affiliated with GP, sold its remaining interest in our company (7.1% of our capital stock at the time).

On March 15, 2007, we created a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Fit Residencial Empreendimentos Imobiliários Ltda., or “FIT,” for the development, construction and management of lower and lower-middle income residential projects. On October 21, 2008, Gafisa and Tenda concluded a business combination in which FIT was merged into Tenda. The purpose of the merger was to consolidate the activities of FIT and Tenda in the lower-income segment in Brazil focused on developing real estate units with an average price of less than R$200.0 thousand. As a result of the business combination, Gafisa became the owner of 60.0% of the total and voting capital stock of Tenda. On December 30, 2009, the shareholders of Gafisa and Tenda approved a corporate restructuring to consolidate Gafisa’s non-controlling share ownership in Tenda. The restructuring was accomplished by exchanging all of the remaining Tenda shares not held by Gafisa into Gafisa shares. As a result of the restructuring, Tenda became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gafisa. On October 26, 2007, Gafisa acquired 70% of Cipesa Empreendimentos Imobiliários S.A., a leading homebuilder in the State of Alagoas at the time.

On October 1, 2010, Equity International sold its remaining interest in our company.

On June 8, 2012, according to the material fact then disclosed, the third phase of the Investment Agreement and Other Covenants entered into on October 2, 2006 (“Investment Agreement”), established the rules and conditions for Gafisa related to the acquisition of the remaining 20% interest in the capital stock of Alphaville not held by the Company. While the valuation of the capital stock has been agreed by both parties, the number of shares that shall be

issued by the Company to settle this transaction is being decided in arbitration proceedings initiated by the minority shareholders of Alphaville, according to the material fact we released on July 3, 2012. There is an embedded derivative component to the Investment Agreement, relating to the Company’s obligation to purchase the Alphaville shares held by the non-controlling interest. As the fair value of this embedded derivative for all reporting periods has no significant value, since the future settlement of the derivative will be based on the fair value of Alphaville’s capital stock, no derivative asset or liability has been recorded. The future settlement to be made in cash or shares represented an amount of R$359.0 million as at December 31, 2012 and 2011. If 70,251,551 common shares of Gafisa are issued to the other shareholders of Alphaville, these shareholders will receive 13.96% of Gafisa’s total capital stock. On June 7, 2013, according to the material fact then disclosed, Gafisa entered into an agreement to sell a 70% interest in Alphaville to Blackstone and Patria and also agreed to complete the purchase of the outstanding 20% interest in Alphaville, finalizing the arbitration process.

On July 3, 2013, Gafisa completed the purchase of the outstanding 20% interest in Alphaville, belonging to Alphapar, resulting in the Company holding 100% of Alphaville’s capital stock. This transaction resulted in a temporary increase in the Company’s leverage to 126% (Net Debt/Equity) and it was financed partially through Company’s cash in addition to funding of R$250 million in June. The total disbursement was made in July in the amount of R$366.6 million.

On December 9, 2013, Gafisa announced the completion of the agreement to sell a 70% interest in Alphaville to private equity firms Blackstone and Pátria. Gafisa retained a 30% interest. The sale valued Alphaville at R$2.0 billion. The proceeds from the transaction totaled R$1.54 billion, of which R$1.25 billion was received through the sale of shares, and R$290 million was received as a dividend distributed by Alphaville.

On February 2, 2014, Gafisa’s board of directors authorized management to initiate studies for a potential spin-off of Gafisa and Tenda business units into two independent publicly traded companies. Our management initiated the studies in the first quarter of 2014.

During 2014, we also revised our 2014 launch guidance for the Gafisa segment as a result of weakening economic conditions in Brazil. We did not issue a launch guidance for the Gafisa segment or the Tenda segment during 2015, 2016 and 2017 due to the continuing weakening economic conditions and political instability in Brazil.

During 2015 and 2016, we implemented several initiatives in connection with the potential spin-off. During 2016, our management decided to sell 50% of Tenda’s total capital stock, and transfer the remaining 50% of Tenda’s total capital stock to our shareholders in connection with a reduction in our total capital stock, and implement the spin-off. The spin-off of the Tenda business unit was consummated on May 4, 2017. See “—A. History and Development of the Company—General” for further information.

On March 23, 2017, the Company conducted a reverse split of common shares issued by the Company, at the ratio of 13.483023074 to 1, and proportional adjustment to the limit of authorized capital. As of the date of this annual report, the share capital is comprised of 28,040,162 common, registered and non-par value shares.

On December 20, 2017, the Company’s shareholders approved at an extraordinary shareholders’ meeting a capital increase of up to R$300.0 million, with the option to approve a partial capital increase of up to R$200.0 million to be subscribed for through the issuance of a minimum of 13,333,333 new common shares and a maximum of 20,000,000 new common shares in the Company, all in registered, book-entry form, and with no par value, at a price per share equal to R$15.00, of which R$0.01 per share would be allocated to capital, and R$14.99 per share would be allocated to capital reserves. This capital increase is part of the Company’s strategy to reinforce its liquidity, strengthen its capital structure and solidify the Company’s strategic and operational positioning for a new cycle of the real estate market. Following the preemptive rights exercise period, which expired on January 19, 2018, and the subsequent subscription periods that expired on February 2, 2018 and February 21, 2018, respectively, we issued and sold 16,717,752 new common shares of the Company for a total amount of R$250.8 million, all in registered, book-entry form, and with no par value, at a price per share equal to R$15.00, of which R$0.01 per share was allocated to capital, and R$14.99 per share was allocated to capital reserves. Accordingly, on February 28, 2018, our board of directors approved a capital and capital reserve increase in the amount of R$250.8 million.

At the end of 2017 and in the beginning of 2018, GWI Group, a private property investment company and asset management fund founded by South Korean national Mu Hak You, began to acquire a large number of shares in the Company. On January 31, 2018, following several purchases of Company shares, the GWI Group had a 30.45% interest in the Company’s share capital.

On September 21, 2018, GWI Group acquired an additional number of shares, increasing its interest to 37.32% in the Company’s share capital. GWI informed us that this share acquisition was made for investment purposes and in order to restructure part of the Company’s Board. On September 25, 2018, GWI convened an Extraordinary Shareholders’ Meeting for the purpose of dismissing members of the Board of Directors and electing new members through a multiple-vote process. GWI approved the dismissal of the entire Board of Directors and elected directors for five of the seven vacant seats. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices”, for further information about our Board of Directors. Within three days of the dismissal and election of the new Board of Directors, the Company’s executive board was removed from office. On September 28, 2018, our Board of Directors approved the establishment of the Company’s share buyback program with the objective of generating value for the Company’s shareholders. Shares purchased by the Company as part of the buyback program will be held in treasury, and may subsequently be canceled, sold and/or used in connection with the exercise of stock options granted by the Company. The maximum number of shares the Company may acquire under this program is 3,516,970 common shares, pursuant to Article 8 of CVM Instruction No. 567/15. This buyback program ends on October 1, 2019. Under our current shares repurchase program, any acquisition by us of our own shares must be made on a stock exchange and cannot be made by means of a private transaction. See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Bylaws—Purchases by us of our own Shares”, for further information. Such events were discussed at length in the media, which led to variations in the market price of our shares.

On November 26, 2018, our Board of Directors approved the voluntary delisting of our ADSs from the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) and a proposal to maintain our ADR facility as a Level 1 ADR program to enable investors to retain their ADSs. On December 7, 2018, we filed a Form 25 with the SEC to effect the delisting of the ADSs, and sent a copy to the NYSE on the same day. The last day of trading on NYSE for our ADSs was December 14, 2018, and our ADSs were delisted from the NYSE on December 17, 2018. Our ADSs remain eligible for trading in the over-the-counter markets in the United States, and our common shares will continue to be listed and admitted to trading in the Novo Mercado segment of the B3. In addition to the information we are required to report under applicable Brazilian regulations, we intend to continue publishing English translations of our annual report, interim results and communications on our investor relations website at (www.ri.gafisa.com.br), in accordance with Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Exchange Act. In the Extraordinary shareholders meeting held in April 2019, the measures taken for the voluntary delisting of Gafisa’s shares from the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the change of the American Depositary Shares program from a Level 3 to a Level 1 program were not ratified.

On December 19, 2018, the Board of Directors approved the cancellation of 1,030,325 of the Company’s common shares, without reduction in our capital stock.

On January 22, 2019, the Board of Directors approved the cancellation of 370,000 of the Company’s common shares, without reduction in our capital stock. The Company also disclosed to the market a Material Fact stating that the GWI Group had acquired Company shares representing more than 50% in the Company’s share capital. Pursuant to article 46 of the Company’s Bylaws, any shareholder that holds a participation equal to or greater than 50% of the Company’s share capital is required to make a Tender Offer for the remaining shares. Accordingly, shortly thereafter, GWI Group, without making a Tender Offer, sold a small portion of its shares in order to maintain a participation of less than 50% in the Company’s share capital. Following queries for clarification by the Company, CVM and B3 about these transactions involving the Company’s share capital, GWI Group confirmed that the GWI acquisition of more than 50% of the Company’s share capital was not intentional and, therefore, did not trigger the Tender Offer requirement provided for in the Company Bylaws.

By February 14, 2019, GWI Group had sold, through auction in the capital markets, a 33.67% interest it held in the Company’s share capital. As a result, GWI Group ceased to control the Company and reduced its interest in the Company’s share capital to 7.70%. Furthermore, Planner Corretora de Valores S.A. in the same date, through investment funds managed by it, purchased shares corresponding to 18.45% of the total share capital of the Company.

The GWI Group traded in our shares in early 2019, giving rise to several requests for information by CVM and B3 with respect to compliance with the Tender Offer requirement provided for in the Company’s Bylaws. The Company responded to such requests on March 21, 2019 and, as of the date of this annual report, has no knowledge of any further action to be taken by CVM regarding this issue. The Company understands that, as the GWI Group is no longer a relevant shareholder and their representatives are no longer part of the Company’s management, the Company should not be subject to any further sanctions and will keep its shareholders and the market informed of any developments in that regard.

During February, March and April 2019, the members of the Company’s Board of Directors elected in late 2018 resigned, with the exception of Pedro Carvalho de Mello, and new members were elected to replace them.

As of the date of this annual report, following the Annual General Meeting held on April 15, 2019, Gafisa’s Board of Directors is composed of the following members: (i) Leo Julian Simpson (nominated as chairman of the Board of Directors on April 15, 2019), (ii) Antonio Carlos Romanoski, (iii) Demian Fiocca, (iv) Eduardo Larangeira Jácome, (v) Nelson Sequeiros Rodriguez Tanure, (vi) Roberto Luz Portella and (vii) Thomas Cornelius Azevedo Reichenheim, all nominated on April 15, 2019.

On April 15, 2019, at the Annual General Meeting, the shareholders resolved to suspend the shareholder rights of GWI Asset Management S.A. and the other members of the GWI Group due to GWI Group’s non-compliance with the Company’s Bylaws as they relate to the Tender Offer request. In addition, it was resolved to increase the limit of authorized capital of the Company from 71,031,876 ordinary shares to 120,000,000 ordinary shares. This increase in the Company’s authorized capital enables us to issue new shares in a sufficient amount to accommodate the financial restructuring of the Company.

On April 15, 2019, following the General Meeting, in order to raise funds for investments, the newly appointed Board of Directors approved a capital increase of 26,273,962 new common shares. These newly issued common shares were offered privately to the Company’s shareholders at the B3, and were issued at the reference price of R$6.02 per common share (which was determined following an audit conducted by a specialized firm). The Board of Directors also appointed Roberto Luz Portella as Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Investor Relations Officer and Eduardo Larangeira Jácome as Operational Executive Officer. Following the preemptive rights exercise period, and the subsequent subscription periods, we issued and sold 12,170,035 and 14,103,927 new common shares of the Company for a total amount of R$62.3 million and R$70.0 million, respectively, all in registered, book-entry form, and with no par value, at a price per share equal to R$5.12 and R$4.96, respectively. Accordingly, on June 24, 2019, our board of directors approved a capital increase in the amount of R$132.3 million.

On August 15, 2019, the Board of Directors approved a capital increase of 48,968,124 new common shares. These newly issued common shares were offered privately to the Company’s shareholders at the B3, and were issued at the reference price of R$6.57 per common share (which was determined following an audit conducted by a specialized firm). Following the preemptive rights exercise period and subsequent subscriptions periods, we issued and sold 45.554.148 and 3,413,976 new common shares of the Company for a total amount of R$254.2 million and R$18.5 million, respectively, all in registered, book-entry form, and with no par value, at a price per share equal to R$5.58 and R$5.42, respectively. Accordingly, on October 23, 2019, our board of directors approved a capital increase in the amount of R$272.7 million. As of the date of this annual report, the share capital of the Company totaled R$2,926.3 million, represented by 120,000,000 common shares, all in registered, book-entry form, and with no par value.

On August 30, 2019 the Board of Directors appointed André Luis Ackermann as Chief Financial Officer, and Eduardo Larangeira Jácome tendered his resignation as Management Officer, effective as of September 30, 2019. Eduardo Larangeira Jácome will remain as a member of the Restructuring Committee until December 31, 2019 and a member of the Company’s Board of Directors.

In addition, on September 20, 2019, Roberto Luz Portella resigned from his position as Chief Executive Officer and Inverstor Relations Officer. Following his resignation, on September 23, 2019, the Board of Directors appointed André Luis Ackermann as Investor Relations Officer.

On October 21, 2019, we informed our shareholders and the market that we entered into a Purchase and Sale, Stock Redemption, Corporate Restructuring Agreement with Alphaville Urbanismo S.A., Private Equity AE Investimentos e Participações S.A. and affiliates of PEAE, setting forth the terms and conditions for the sale of our shares in Alphaville. As of the date of this annual report, we hold 21.20% of Alphaville’s shares, a decrease from our previous 30% stake, as a result of a capital increase in Alphaville by affiliates of PEAE. The sale price totals R$100 million, payable through credit offsets and the delivery of certain assets. The consummation of the transaction is subject to customary conditions precedent, including a corporate restructuring of certain assets of Alphaville, the obtainment of third party consents and corporate approvals. This transaction is in line with the Company’s strategy to optimize and improve the Company’s portfolio and capital allocation, aiming at creating value for our shareholders.

Capital Expenditures

In 2018, under the Gafisa brand, we invested R$12.5 million in machinery and equipment, information technology equipment, software, project planning and information technology projects. Our main investments during the period were related to sales stands, which amounted to R$9.7 million.

In 2017, under the Gafisa brand, we invested R$20.5 million in machinery and equipment, information technology equipment, software, project planning and information technology projects. Our main investments during the period were related to sales stands and software acquisitions, which amounted to R$7.3 million and R$6.4 million, respectively.

In 2016, under the Gafisa brand, we invested R$35.8 million in machinery and equipment, information technology equipment, software, project planning and information technology projects. Our main investments during the period were related to sales stands and software acquisitions, which amounted to R$10.8 million and R$7.8 million, respectively.

Our capital expenditures are all made in Brazil and are usually funded by financings through local debt capital markets. We currently do not have any significant capital expenditures in progress.

B. Business Overview

General Overview

We believe we are one of Brazil’s leading homebuilders. For over more than 60 years, Gafisa has been recognized as one of the foremost professionally-managed homebuilders, having completed and sold more than 1,100 developments and constructed over 12 million square meters of housing, which we believe is more than any other residential development company in Brazil. We believe our brand “Gafisa” is a well-known brand in the Brazilian real estate development market, enjoying a reputation among potential homebuyers, brokers, lenders, landowners and competitors for quality, consistency and professionalism.

Our core business is the development of high-quality residential units in attractive locations. For the year ended December 31, 2018, 49% of the value of our launches was derived from high and mid high-level residential developments. In addition, we also provide construction services to third parties on certain developments where we retain an equity interest. We are currently operating mainly in São Paulo and its metropolitan area which represents approximately 10.3% of the national population and approximately 17.7% of the gross domestic product as of December 31, 2016 (latest available information).

Our Markets

We have developed real estate projects in 30 municipalities throughout Brazil, including Barueri, Belém, Campinas, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Goiânia, Gramado, Guarujá, Guarulhos, Itu, Jundiaí, Macaé, Maceió, Manaus, Niterói, Nova Iguaçu, Osasco, Porto Alegre, Porto Velho, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Santo André, Santos, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, São Gonçalo, São Jose dos Campos, São Luís, São Paulo and Volta Redonda.

Our Real Estate Activities

Our real estate business includes the following activities:

The table below sets forth our potential sales value, generated from new developments for each of our real estate activities and as a percentage of total real estate amount generated during the periods presented:

The table below sets forth our sales value from new developments generated for each of our real estate activities and as a percentage of total real estate amount generated during the periods presented:

Our developments for sale are divided into two broad categories: (1) residential buildings and (2) commercial buildings.

Overview of Residential Buildings

In the residential buildings category, we develop three main types of products: (1) luxury buildings targeted at higher-income customers and buildings targeted at middle-income customers; and (2) entry level buildings targeted at middle-low income customers. Quality residential buildings for middle- and upper-income customers are our core products and we have developed them since our inception. A significant portion of our residential developments is located in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro where we have held a leading position over the past five years based upon area of total construction. In 2006, we began our national expansion to pursue opportunities in residential buildings outside these cities. However in 2012, as a result of the difficulties to manage these projects and to achieve reasonable profits, we shifted our focus back to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. In October 2018 we closed our operations in the city of Rio de Janeiro to focus on our operations in São Paulo, as we believe the São Paulo metropolitan area is the most economically important region in Brazil with the largest population.

Luxury and Middle-Income Buildings

Luxury buildings are a high margin niche. Units usually have over 150 square meters of private area, at least four bedrooms and more than three parking spaces. Typically, this product is fitted with modern, top-quality materials designed by brand-name manufacturers. The development usually includes swimming pools, gyms, visitor parking, and other amenities. Average price per square meter generally is higher than approximately R$15,000. Luxury building developments are targeted to families with monthly household incomes in excess of approximately R$40,000.

Buildings targeted at middle-income customers have accounted for the majority of our sales since our inception. Units usually have between 60 and 150 square meters of private area, between one and three bedrooms and up to three parking spaces. Buildings are usually developed in large tracts of land as part of multi-building developments and, to a lesser extent, in smaller lots in attractive neighborhoods. Average price per square meter ranges from approximately R$9,000 to R$15,000. Middle-income building developments are tailored to customers with monthly household incomes between approximately R$15,000 and R$40,000.

The table below sets forth our luxury and middle-income building developments launched between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018:

Entry Level Developments

Entry level housing consists of building and house units. Units usually have between 40 to 60 square meters of private area, one to three bedrooms, and are typically located outside the vehicle restriction area of São Paulo and near public transportation points. The average price per square meter ranges from R$6,000 to R$9,000. Entry level housing developments are tailored to customers with monthly household incomes between approximately R$7,000 and R$10,000.

The table below sets forth our entry level developments launched between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018:

Completed developments with percentage of units sold less than 90%

The table below sets forth our completed developments as of December 31, 2018, with percentage of units sold less than 90%:

We have evaluated all of our developments and we have recorded reduction to net realizable value and write-offs to net realizable value for the following projects: 044 Vila Rica, Alpha Green, Alpha Land, AlphaGreen, Alphamall, Americas Avenue, Espaço Alpha, Gafisa Hi Guaca, Global Offices, Golden Office, Icon Business & Mall, Laguna Mall, Sao Gate, Sao Way, Scena Alto da Lapa, Target Offices & Mall, Today Modern Residences, Smart Santa Cecília, Moov Parque Maia, Moov Belém, single units of Olavo Bilac and single units of Reserva das Ruínas.

Land Subdivisions under Alphaville Brand

As set forth in “—A History and Development of the Company”, we completed the sale of a controlling interest in Alphaville, on December 9, 2013. As a result, Alphaville was no longer consolidated in the financial statements of the Company since then. In this annual report, while financial information related to Alphaville is treated as discontinued operations, all operating information related to our business includes full operating information for Alphaville through December 9, 2013.

As a result of the sale of the 70% interest in Alphaville on December 9, 2013, we were not involved in the launch of any residential communities under the Alphaville brand in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

Commercial Buildings

In 2016, 2017 and 2018 we did not launch any commercial buildings.

Construction Services

We provide construction services to third parties on certain developments where we retain an equity interest. This practice allows us to benchmark our construction costs, facilitates our access to new constructions materials, techniques and service providers such as architects and sub-contractors, and provides larger economies of scale.

The table below sets forth the real estate developments for third parties currently under construction, in which we also have an equity interest, between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018:

Sale of Units Through Our Brokerage Subsidiaries

In September 2006, we created a new subsidiary, Gafisa Vendas, to function as our internal sales division in the state of São Paulo. This subsidiary company is responsible for efforts in connection with: (1) launches — our internal sales force focuses on promoting launches of our developments; however, we also use outside brokers (mainly in Rio de Janeiro), thus creating what we believe to be a healthy competition between our sales force and outside brokers; (2) inventory — we have a team focused on selling units launched in prior years; and (3) web sales — we have a sales team dedicated to internet sales as an alternative source of revenues with lower costs.

Our Clients

Our clients mainly consist of development clients. Development clients are clients who purchase units in our developments. As of December 31, 2018, our development-client database was comprised of more than 62.000 individuals. We currently have approximately 27.650 active clients.

We also provide construction services to certain construction-services clients in connection with developments in which we retain an equity interest. As of December 31, 2018, our main construction services client was Atins Empreendimentos, with whom we retain an equity interest in the 044 Vila Rica development.

No individual client represents more than 5% of our revenues from residential developments or construction services.

Our Operations

The stages of our development process are summarized in the diagrams below:

Land Acquisition

We use results from our extensive market research to guide our land reserves strategy and process. Our marketing and development teams monitor market fundamentals and trends. We have developed a sophisticated database to support our search for and analysis of new investment opportunities. Key decision factors used by our management for land acquisition and new developments include location, type of product to be developed, expected demand for the new developments, current inventory of units in the region and acquisition cost of the land.

Whenever we identify an attractive tract of land, we first conduct a study of the project to define the most appropriate use of the space. Afterwards, the basic design of the project enters the economic feasibility study stage, where we consider preliminary revenues and expenses associated with the project. This study will determine project profitability. We collect and analyze information on demand, competition, construction budget, sales policy and funding structure to ensure economic viability of the new development. We then initiate a legal due diligence of the property to identify liens, encumbrances and restrictions, potential solutions to such issues and the relevant costs. Before acquiring the land, we conduct a thorough due diligence process including an environmental review. Each decision to acquire land is analyzed and approved by our investment committee. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices” elsewhere in this annual report for further information on the activities of our committees and boards.

We seek to finance land acquisition through barter transactions, in which we grant the seller a certain number of units to be built on the land or a percentage of the proceeds from the sale of units in such development. As a result, we reduce our cash requirements and increase our returns. In the event we cannot do so or in order to obtain better terms or prices, we acquire land for cash, alone or in partnership with other developers. We purchase land both for immediate development and for inventory.

As a new strategy defined by the end of 2011, the Company is selling landbank located in cities and places where there is no intention to run operations with new developments.

As of December 31, 2018, we had an inventory of 31 land parcels under Gafisa, in which we estimate we could develop a total of 7,429 units (residential and commercial) units with a sales value of R$3.7 billion, of which 8.2% represents land acquired through barter transactions. The table below sets forth the breakdown of our land holdings by location and by segment:

Project Design

In order to meet evolving preferences of our customers, we invest considerable resources in creating an appropriate design and marketing strategy for each new development, which includes determining the size, style and price range of units. Our staff, including engineers and marketing and sales professionals, works with recognized independent architects on the planning and design of our developments. Their activities include designing the interior and exterior, drafting plans for the execution of the project, and choosing the finishing construction materials. A team responsible for preparing the business plan and budget and assessing the financial viability for each of our projects is also involved. Simultaneously with the planning and design of our developments, we seek to obtain all the necessary licenses and regulatory approvals from local authorities, which usually take three to twelve months in the case of our residential buildings and three years in the case of our residential communities.

Marketing and Sales

Our marketing efforts are coordinated by our internal staff of approximately 5 professionals. Our specialized team generally coordinates with several outsourced brokerage companies with a combined sales force of more than 10 representatives, monitoring such sales representatives in order to promote loyalty and ensure performance. Our marketing intelligence team is also responsible for gathering information on the needs and preferences of potential customers to provide guidance on our land acquisition and project design activities.

Gafisa Vendas was created as our internal sales division and it currently consists of approximately 250 independent Gafisa Vendas brokers, 29 sales consultants and 1 sales manager.

The creation of Gafisa Vendas was intended to establish a strategic channel for us to access our clients and to reduce our dependence on outside brokers for marketing.

Because the sales force at Gafisa Vendas is trained to sell our products exclusively, we believe that it is able to focus on the sale of our developments, articulate the unique features of our development, manage our current customers and capture new customers more effectively. Gafisa Vendas was initially established in São Paulo in 2006 and opened a branch in Rio de Janeiro in 2007.

In 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014 Gafisa Vendas was responsible for approximately (i) 73.7%, 68.0%, 61.1%, 60.9%, and 61.0% respectively, of our sales in the state of São Paulo, and (ii) 64.9%, 63%, 48.8%, 60.6% and 23.4%, respectively, of our sales in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

We will continue to utilize independent real estate brokerage firms as we believe this provides a healthy competition between our internal sales force and outside brokers. Independent brokers provide us with a broad reach, access to a specialized and rich database of prospective customers, and flexibility to accommodate the needs of our diverse offering and clientele. In line with our results-oriented culture, we compensate brokers based on their profit contribution rather than on sales. Brokers are required to attend periodic specialized training sessions where they are updated on customer service and marketing techniques, competing developments, construction schedules, and marketing and advertising plans. We emphasize a highly transparent sales approach, as opposed to the traditional high-pressure techniques, in order to build customer loyalty and to develop a sense of trust between customers and us. At our showrooms, brokers explain the project and financing plans, answer questions and encourage customers to purchase or sign on to receive a visit or additional information.

Under our Gafisa brand, we typically initiate our marketing efforts 60 days before the launch of a development. We typically have a showroom on or near the construction site, which includes a model unit furnished with appliances and furniture. We leverage our reputation for quality, consistency, on-time delivery and professionalism to increase sales velocity. We have been successful with this strategy, usually selling approximately 30% of the units before construction starts.

We market our developments through newspapers, radio, television, direct mail advertising and by distributing leaflets in neighboring areas, as well as through telemarketing and websites.

Under Brazilian law, we may establish a term within and the conditions under which we are entitled to cancel the development. According to our regular purchase contracts, if we are not able to sell at least 60% of the units within 180 days of launching, we can cancel the development. Under those circumstances, we usually consider changing the project or selling the land, but, in any of those cases, we have to return the cash payment made by our customers adjusted for inflation but with no interest. Customers, however, are not entitled to other remedies. Over the last five years, we have only cancelled one development.

Construction

Gafisa has been engaged in the construction business for over 50 years. Our experience spans across the entire construction chain. Before engaging in each new project, we develop sketches and research and develop projects and plans to create the most appropriate product possible. Our standardized construction techniques and unique control system are designed to optimize productivity and minimize raw material losses. Our monitoring tools are available on our intranet where all employees regularly review costs and key performance indicators of each development such as actual versus budget comparisons, volume consumption for each raw material, and construction schedule.

We use strict quality control methods. We have developed proprietary procedure manuals that describe in significant detail each task of each stage of the construction project. These manuals are also used for the training sessions that we require all of our workers to attend. In addition, we keep quarterly records of projects delivered.

The reviews focus on identifying problems in order to take corrective and preventive actions in projects underway and thus avoid costly repetition. We have adopted a quality management system that was certified for ISO 9002 by Fundação Bureau Veritas, from Universidade de São Paulo. In 2007, we received a certification from Programa Brasileiro de Qualidade e Produtividade do Habitat (PBQP-H), which is part of the Ministry of Cities. In addition, the Eldorado Business Tower building was certified as a Green Building, category Platinum, by the U.S. Green Building Council, which attests that it is environmentally sustainable, through the rational use of energy, natural lighting and pollution control and recycling. Eldorado Business Tower was the first building in Latin America to achieve this category.

We invest in technology. Our research and development costs amounted to R$1.0 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016. We believe that we have pioneered the adoption of advanced construction techniques in Brazil such as dry wall and plane pre-stressed slabs, which present numerous advantages over traditional techniques. We also optimize costs by synchronizing our projects’ progress so as to coordinate the purchase of raw material and benefit from economies of scale.

We have long-term arrangements with a number of suppliers which allow us to build our developments with quality, using brand name construction materials and equipment, and advanced technology. Moreover, our centralized procurement center enables us to achieve significant economies of scale in the purchase of materials and retention of services.

We do not own heavy construction equipment and we employ directly only a small fraction of the labor working on our sites. We generally act as a contractor, supervising construction while subcontracting more labor-intensive activities. Substantially all on-site construction is performed for a fixed price by independent subcontractors. We have policies in place in order to hire reputable, cost-oriented and reliable service providers that are in compliance with labor laws and have performed their work diligently and on time in the past. Hiring subcontractors instead of employing workers directly has some financial and logistical advantages. For instance, we do not need to incur fixed costs to maintain a specialized labor force even when they are not actively working at a construction site and we do not need to pay for frequent transfers of labor to different construction locations.

Our construction engineering group coordinates the activities of service providers and suppliers, monitors compliance with safety and zoning codes, and monitors completion of the project on a timely basis. We provide a five-year limited warranty covering structural defects in all our developments.

Risk Control

Our risk control procedures require that all of our projects be approved by our investment committee, which meets on a monthly basis, or more frequently on an as-needed basis, and consists of our chief executive officer and two members of our board of directors. Our investment committee carefully reviews the various studies conducted by us and described above. In addition, we have a board of officers, which meets monthly, and is in charge of overseeing and approving major decisions. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership” in this annual report.

Mortgages. In 2018, approximately 75% of our sales value was financed by bank mortgages, where the customer paid us approximately 25% to 60% of the sales price of the property during the period of construction, and upon delivery of the property paid the balance of the sales price through a bank mortgage. We analyze the credit history of each customer at the time of sale to see if the customer would qualify for a bank mortgage based on banks’ standard credit rating policies. Although there is no assurance that the customer will qualify for a mortgage at the time of delivery, our analyses have been fairly successful in predicting whether the customer would qualify for a mortgage. The following table sets forth the credit limits established by mortgage sources available in Brazil in 2018:

Financing by Gafisa during construction. We finance some of our own sales during the construction period, with a down payment of 20-30% and financing of the balance through monthly installments up to the delivery of the unit.

Financing by Gafisa after delivery. In addition, we offer financing plans to prospective customers using our own capital, where we finance purchases for up to 120 months after the completion of the construction. For completed units we require a down payment of 30% and financing of the remaining balance with up to 120 monthly installments. For units under construction we require a down payment of 10% and provide financing for the remaining balance of 25-35% with up to 30 monthly installments until the delivery of the unit and financing of the remaining 75-65%, respectively, with up to 120 additional monthly installments. All of our financing plans are guaranteed by a conditional sale of the unit, with the transfer of the full property rights of the unit to the customer upon the full payment of the outstanding installments.

We have developed a strict credit policy in order to minimize risks. We take the following steps whenever we conduct a credit review process:

Sales contracts. Our sales contracts generally provide for adjustment of the sales price according to the INCC during construction and at an annual interest rate of 12% plus IGP-M over the receivables balance after a stated date in our sales contracts. We have historically experienced a low rate of customer default on our sales. On December 31, 2018, our clients’ default level, related to amounts overdue for over 30 days, was 14.3% of our accounts receivable for Gafisa.

In order to maintain low rates of customer default, we have adopted a conservative and robust credit and receivables management policy, pursuant to which: (1) we conduct database research on the socio-economic background of our prospective customers; (2) our agreements discourage default and cancellation of the purchase by imposing immediate penalty fees, interest and liquidated damages which are adjusted for inflation, and we retain approximately 40-45% (Gafisa) and 20% (Tenda) of the total amount paid to us plus expenses incurred by us, which in general represents all or a substantial portion of the amount that the defaulted clients have already paid us; and (3) we offer several options to our customers if they experience financial difficulties, such as offering them a greater number of installment payments or exchanging the unit bought for a less expensive one. When a default occurs, we endeavor to renegotiate the outstanding loan with our customers before taking any legal action.

We will only transfer title of the unit to a buyer after the release of the certificate of acceptance of occupancy by local authority and the full payment of all outstanding installments. We have increased the percentage of mortgages that our customers obtain from commercial banks from approximately 33% in 2006 to 71% in 2018. This increase reflects the growing interest of commercial banks in financing the Brazilian housing industry. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Launches and Contracted Sales—Contracted Sales” for a discussion of the sales value of contracts cancelled by our customers and penalties paid in connection with such cancellations.

The table below sets forth client default levels:

The increase in our default levels is mainly due to the weakening economic conditions and political instability in Brazil since 2014.

Cancelation of sales contracts.

Until December 2018, sales contracts involving real estate development activities were irrevocable under Brazilian law. The buyer did not have the unilateral ability to terminate a contract once it was executed, nor did the buyer have the ability to require a refund of amounts previously paid unless Gafisa agreed. To the extent the customer was not in compliance with its obligations under a contract, Gafisa could, at its sole discretion, either force compliance through Brazilian courts, or agree to a “default” by the customer. In this case, if Gafisa agreed at its sole discretion to refund part of the amounts paid to the defaulting party, the penalty set forth in the contract would be normally applied.

In recent years, however, the Brazilian real estate market has seen an unprecedented level of noncompliance by customers, many of which went to court to ask for the unilateral judicial termination of sales contracts. This was triggered by a number of factors, including a national economic crisis, high levels of unemployment and a crisis in the real estate market, leading to a distorted fluctuation in real estate prices.

In view of the excessive number of judicial proceedings filed to redeem consumer rights, Law No. 4,591 of December 16, 1964 was amended by Law No. 13,786 on December 12, 2018, to regulate the unilateral termination of real estate contracts and clarified the parameters of the commercial relationship between customer and contractor.

Pursuant to Law No. 13,786, upon termination of a real estate sale contract due to the default of a buyer’s obligation, the buyer is entitled to a partial restitution of the amounts already paid to the developer. The penalty due by the buyer in these cases must not exceed:

(i) 25% of the amounts paid, if the development is not being constructed legally segregated from the developer’s assets, as per Law No. 10,931 of August 2, 2004 (“Detached Assets”); or

(ii) 50% of the amounts paid, if the development is subject to Detached Assets.

In case the buyer finds a new buyer for the returned unit, the penalty fees can be avoided, provided the requirements defined by law are satisfied.

The real estate developer must refund the referred amounts in a single installment no later than (i) 30 days from the issuance of the occupancy permit by the relevant Municipality, if subject to Detached Assets; (ii) 180 days from the termination of the relevant agreement, if not subject to Detached Assets; or (iii) 30 days from the resale of the returned unit, if prior to the other terms.

In addition, Brazilian law also grants the developer the right to force the unit to be auctioned in case the buyer’s obligations provided therein are not complied with. When the unit is purchased in auction by a third party, part of the proceeds from the auction are used to reimburse the buyer for the amounts already paid to the developer, deducting the amounts stipulated by the relevant legislation. When no third party is willing to acquire the unit in the auction, the ownership of the unit returns to the developer, which shall reimburse the buyer portion of the amounts already paid, also in accordance with the law.

The table below provides the number and sales value of contracts canceled by customers for the periods presented:

Receivables securitization

We release capital for new projects by seeking not to maintain receivables after our projects are completed. The securitization (mortgage-backed securities) market in Brazil is expanding. This expansion is helped significantly by recent development in Brazilian foreclosure laws.

With the growing availability of mortgages from commercial banks and the increasing liquidity of CRIs, we expect to further reduce our role as a financing provider to our customers. Our goal is to optimize our working capital by transferring the financing activities to securitization companies and banks.

Main Raw Materials and Suppliers

We purchase a wide variety of raw materials for our operations. Even though these raw materials have represented on average, over the last three years, approximately 41% of our total costs of development, aside from land, the only raw materials that represent more than approximately 5% of our total costs are steel and concrete. Prices of some raw materials have increased over the last three years at a rate higher than inflation. The index that measures the fluctuation of construction costs, the INCC, increased 14.9% during the three year period ended December 31, 2018, resulting in an increase in the construction costs of Gafisa over that period. During the three year period ended December 31, 2018 the IGP-M increased 15.2%. We have been working on the development of new construction techniques and the utilization of alternative materials in order to reduce costs and improve our construction process with advanced technology.

We contract with major suppliers for the materials used in the construction of the buildings. We receive general pricing proposals from various suppliers of raw materials and select the proposal with the best terms and conditions for each development. In addition to pricing, we select our suppliers by the quality of their materials. We set forth specific minimum quality requirements for each construction project, and the chosen supplier must meet this quality requirement. The materials for our developments are readily available from multiple sources and, accordingly, we do not rely on any one supplier for our raw materials.

Our five largest suppliers in terms of volume are Gerdau Aços Longos S.A., Votorantim Cimentos Brasil Ltda., Elevadores Atlas Shindler S.A., Portobello S.A. and IBRAP Industria Brasileira de Aluminio e Plastico S.A. In general terms, we purchase products for our construction based on the scheduled requirements, and we are given approximately 60 days to pay. The products we purchase generally come with a five-year warranty. We do not have any exclusive arrangements with our suppliers. We work closely with suppliers, enabling them to schedule their production in order to meet our demand or notify us in advance in the event they anticipate delays. We have good relationships with our suppliers and have experienced no significant construction delays due to shortages of materials in recent years. We do not maintain inventories of construction materials.

We achieve significant economies of scale in our purchases because we:

Customer Service

In our industry, customer satisfaction is based in large part on our ability to respond promptly and courteously to buyers before, during and after the sale of our properties, including providing an owner’s guide.

These services are provided with the objective of educating customers on the progress of the construction and improving customers’ experience with the purchase of our units. Other customer service efforts include:

As part of our customer service program in our residential developments, we conduct pre-delivery inspections to promptly address any outstanding construction issues. We also conduct monitored inspections of our developments to allow buyers to gather more information from our technical personnel. In addition, we send a monthly status report on the construction of the unit. We also provide a five-year limited warranty covering structural defects, which is required by Brazilian law.

Competition

The real estate market in Brazil is highly fragmented and competitive with low barriers to entry. The main competitive factors include price, financing, design, quality, reputation, reliability, meeting delivery expectations, partnerships with developers and the availability and location of land. Certain of our competitors have greater financial resources than we do, which could provide them an advantage over us in the acquisition of land using cash. In addition, some of our competitors have better brand recognition in certain regions, which could give them a competitive advantage in increasing the velocity of their sales. Because of our geographic diversification, we believe that we have access to different markets within Brazil that have different demand drivers.

Because of the high fragmentation of the markets in which we operate, no single developer or construction company is likely to obtain a significant market share. With the exception of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where we face competition from major publicly-traded competitors, in other regions we generally face competition from small and medium-sized local competitors that are not as well-capitalized. We expect additional entrants, including foreign companies in partnership with Brazilian entities, into the real estate industry in Brazil, particularly the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro markets.

The table below sets forth the most recent data available on our market share in the São Paulo market:

Source: EMBRAESP and SECOVI.

Seasonality

Although the Brazilian real estate market is not generally seasonal, there are a few months of the year when the market slows down (January, February and July) each year. These months coincide with school vacations and result in the postponement of investment decisions. We are impacted similarly as the rest of the market during such periods.

Subsidiaries

We carry out our real estate developments directly or through our subsidiaries or our jointly-controlled entities in partnership with third parties. Many of Gafisa’s subsidiaries and joint-ventures are SPEs, many of which have been incorporated by us as joint ventures together with other real estate and construction companies in Brazil.

As of December 31, 2018, Gafisa had 97 direct and indirect subsidiaries, 28 jointly-controlled entities under operations and 5 entities in which it had minority stakes. The majority of such subsidiaries, jointly-controlled entities and entities in which Gafisa has a minority stake are incorporated as special purpose entities, are headquartered in Brazil and operate exclusively in the real estate sector. Gafisa also holds a 30% interest in the capital stock of Alphaville.

Of our 130 SPEs or invested companies, 96 are wholly-owned by us, we hold an interest of 50% or less in 25, and the remaining 9 are majority-owned by us.

Intellectual Property

Trademarks

Our trademarks are filed or registered in Brazil with the Brazilian Institute of Industrial Property (Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial), or the “INPI,” which is the competent body for, among others, trademarks’ and patents’ registries in Brazil. Additionally, the trademark “Gafisa” is also registered before the competent agency for registering trademarks in the United States.

Currently, the registration process of a trademark takes approximately 24 months from the date of filing of the application until the definitive registration. From the date of filing of the application to the date of the definitive registration, the applicant has an expectation of right for the use of the trademark in connection with the products and services for which the trademark was applied.

Each trademark registration is effective for a 10-year period and is renewable for equal and successive periods. The renewal of a trademark registration is granted upon request accompanied by payment of renewal fees during the final year of the trademark’s registration period or within the 6-month waiting period after its expiration. In case of non-payment, the registration is definitively archived by INPI, requiring the filing of a new application.

A trademark registration may be cancelled in the case of (1) the expiration of its renewable 10-year validity term; (2) the trademark owner’s or holder’s waiver, in whole or in part, of the rights granted by registration; (3) the forfeiture, or the applicant’s or the holder’s failure to use a registered trademark in connection with related goods or services for a period longer than five years; or (4) the failure to appoint a Brazilian resident with the power to represent the applicant or holder in administrative or judicial proceedings, in cases where the applicant or the holder resides abroad.

As of the date of this annual report, we had approximately 52 pending trademark applications and 131 trademarks registered in Brazil with the INPI.

Our most significant trademark is “Gafisa,” which is duly registered with the INPI in the relevant market segment.

Domain Name

As of the date of this annual report, we, together with our subsidiaries, were the owners of approximately 225 domain names including our and our subsidiaries’ principal websites. The term of each domain name registration is usually one year and is renewable for equal and successive periods. An annual fee payment is necessary for the maintenance of the domain name registrations. Other than non-payment of the annual fee, domain name registration may be cancelled by: (1) express waiver of the owner; (2) irregularities in the data form as requested by the respective agency; (3) non-compliance with applicable regulations; (4) judicial order; or (5) in the case of foreign companies, non-compliance with the obligation to initiate the company’s activities in Brazil. Our domain names will, unless renewed, expire between May 2019 and April 2023. We will seek to renew our domain names expiring in 2019, after evaluating their continuing applicability.

Patents

We have no patents registered in our name.

Software Licenses

Most of the software we use in our daily business refers to common computer programs, such as Windows, SAP and AutoCAD. Additionally, we own all required licenses of use in connection with such software. The use of computer software without the acquisition of proper licenses is considered a felony subject to both criminal and civil liabilities, including the payment of fines and restrictions of future use of the applicable software.

Licenses

Under Brazilian laws, we are required to obtain a variety of licenses for each of our new developments. As of the date of this annual report, we have obtained all necessary licenses and permits to operate our business.

Insurance

We maintain insurance policies with leading Brazilian insurance companies, such as Allianz Seguros S.A., Chubb do Brasil Companhia de Seguro, AXA Seguros S.A., Porto Seguro Cia de Seguros Gerais, Swiss RE, Fator Seguradora, Ace Seguradora, Berkley Seguros, Tokio Marine Seguradora S.A, J Malucelli Seguradora S.A., Zurich Brasil Seguros and Pottencial Seguradora with coverage for, among others, (1) potential risks arising from the commencement of construction, including property damages, business interruption, engineering risks, fire, falls, collapse, lightning, and gas explosion; (2) construction errors; (3) performance bonds; and (4) losses arising from damages or defense costs associated with litigation resulting from misconduct of directors and officer. Such insurance policies contain customary specifications, limits and deductibles. Additionally, we do not maintain any insurance policy for our properties after construction is completed.

According to Brazilian Federal Law, it is mandatory that homebuilders have insurance policies in force with coverage for, among others, damages and losses related to civil liabilities and performance bonds. Failure or default in contracting any compulsory insurance required by applicable legislation is subject to a penalty amounting to the higher amount between (1) twice the premium price of the insurance that should have been contracted; and (2) ten percent of the insured property value. Additionally, no operating authorization or license (or the renewal of any existing license) shall be granted to companies subject to compulsory insurance in default of the aforementioned obligations.

Our management believes that the insurance coverage for our properties is adequate and that our insurance policies are customary for our industry in Brazil and adequate for applicable regulations.

Regulatory Framework

Brazilian Government and Real Estate Sector Regulations.

The real estate sector is directly regulated by the Brazilian government and is indirectly impacted by the government’s regulations on the availability of credit. Regulations include development policies, zoning restrictions and environmental laws which can determine the availability of different products offered in the market. For example, city master plans and zoning laws restrict the types of real estate developments that can be constructed in a given area.

As a general rule, the NBCC requires that the transfer of title of real estate properties, as well as the assignment, transfer, change or waiver of rights on real estate properties, be carried out by means of a public deed, except in certain cases, such as when the Real Estate Finance System (Sistema Financeiro Imobiliario), or SFI, or the SFH, are involved. The intent of this rule is to increase the security of real estate property transfers.

According to applicable law, transfer of real estate title is only deemed effective upon the registration of the transfer with the relevant Real Estate Registry Office. The procedure for the execution of public deeds and also the respective registration with the Real Estate Registry Office (Registro Imobiliário) is regulated by the Brazilian Law of Public Registers (Lei de Registros Públicos), in particular Law No. 6,015 of December 13, 1973.

Real estate development

Real estate development activities are regulated by Law No. 4,591 of December 16, 1964, as amended, or Law No. 4,591. The main duties of a developer are to: (1) obtain all required construction approvals and authorizations

from the proper authorities; (2) register the development with the Real Estate Registry Office (without registration, the developed units cannot be sold); (3) indicate in the preliminary documents the deadline for the developer to withdraw from the development; (4) indicate in all advertisements and sales contracts the registration number of the development with the Real Estate Registry Office; (5) oversee the construction of the project established by the contract which must be in accordance with the approval granted by the authorities; (6) deliver to the final owner the completed units, in accordance with the contractual specifications, and transfer to the final owner the title of the unit by signing the final sale deed; (7) assume sole responsibility for the delivery of the developed units to the respective purchasers; (8) assume sole responsibility in the event the construction of the unit is not in accordance with the advertisements and sale contracts; and (9) provide construction blueprints and specifications along with the joint ownership agreement to the proper Real Estate Registry Office. The final owner is obligated, in turn, to pay the price related to the cost of the land and the construction.

The construction of the real estate units may be contracted and paid for by the developer or by the final owners of the units. Brazilian law provides for two pricing methods in real estate development: (1) construction under contract and (2) construction under a system of management. In construction under contract, the contracting parties will either set a fixed price, stipulated before the construction begins, or agree on an adjustable price pegged to an index determined by the contracting parties. In construction under a system of management, an estimated price is agreed upon by the contracting parties, but no fixed final price is provided at the beginning of the construction process. The actual amount that purchasers of the units pay depends on the monthly costs of the developer or contractor.

In addition, in order to increase the legal and economic confidence in the real estate development sector, Law No. 4,591 was recently amended by Law No. 13,786, enacted on December 12, 2018, providing for and regulating the possibility of unilateral dissolution or termination of purchase and sale agreements involving real estate development activities.

Urban land subdivisions

Urban land subdivisions consist of subdivisions of urban land parcels into building lots and the construction of new roads and other infrastructure, and are regulated by Law No. 6,766 of December 19, 1979 - the Brazilian Law of Urban Land Subdivision (Lei de Parcelamento do Solo), as amended, or Law No. 6,766. Law No. 6,766 governs urban land subdivisions and establishes, among other things, the planning and technical requirements for this form of land parceling and the obligations of the developers, and also provides for fines and sanctions in the event of violation of its provisions.

Under Law No. 6,766, land subdivisions are intended for the creation of lots in urban areas or urban expansion zones, as defined by the planning director or approved by municipal law, and must comply with Law No. 6,766.

For the construction of land subdivisions, the developer must proceed through the following steps: (1) prior to developing the land subdivision plan, it must request the municipality in which the development will be located to issue directives on use policies specifically to the land, such as the delineation of lots, road and street systems and areas reserved for municipal or community properties; (2) pursuant to the directives issued by the municipality, it must develop a plan for the proposed land subdivision and present it to the municipality for approval, including the plans, designs, descriptions, and schedule for performance of the work, among other documents; and (3) after approval for the land subdivision project is obtained, it must be submitted for recording in the property registry of the appropriate Real Estate Registry Office within 180 days. The approval may be revoked and treated as expired if it is not submitted for recording within the 180-day period.

In addition to the approval of the project by the municipality in which the development will be located, the approval of other governmental bodies may be necessary in cases where the land subdivision: (1) is located in an area of special interest, such as a protected cultural, historical, landscape and archeological heritages site as defined by state or federal legislation; (2) is located in the boundary area of a city, belongs to more than one municipality, or is in a metropolitan region or urban agglomeration as defined in state or federal law; or (3) has an area greater than 1 million square meters. In the case of land subdivisions located in a municipality area that is within a metropolitan area, the examination and prior consent to the approval of such project will be subject to the metropolitan authority.

The legal requirements for the approval of the land subdivision by a municipality include: (1) the developer must preserve a percentage of the land used for residential communities as open spaces for public use and for municipal or community properties with the percentage determined by each municipal zoning code; (2) each lot must have a minimum area of 125 square meters and the distance between the building and the street must be at least five meters; (3) the developer must reserve 15 meters of land on either side of running or still water and of strips of public domain

land for roads and highways; and (4) the allotment procedures must be coordinated with the official adjacent tracks, existing or projected, and harmonized with the local topography.

Law No. 6,766 also sets forth locations where subdivisions are not permitted, such as: (1) on wetlands and lands subject to flooding, until measures have been taken to assure water drainage; (2) on land that has been filled with material that is a public health hazard, unless previously cleaned up; (3) on land that has a slope equal to or greater than 30 degrees, unless the requirements of the appropriate authorities have been met; (4) on lands where geological conditions make buildings inadvisable; and (5) in ecological preserves or areas where pollution creates unacceptable sanitary conditions, until corrected.

In order to offer greater security to the property market, Law No. 6,766 prohibits the sale or promise of sale of any lot that is the result of a subdivision where the developer has not previously obtained approval by the appropriate municipality and the development has not been recorded with the respective Real Estate Registry Office. If any such lot is sold or contracted to be sold, the developer and any person or legal entity benefiting from such sale or promise of sale shall be jointly liable for the resulting damages to the purchaser and the public authorities.

Law No. 6,766 was recently amended by Law No. 13,786, enacted on December 12, 2018, which granted the buyer the right to restitution of the amounts already paid to a developer when the agreement is terminated due to the breach of the buyer’s obligations as provided therein, increasing and/or deducting, whichever is applicable, the amounts originally stipulated thereby. The penalty due by the buyer must not exceed 10% of the value of the agreement adjusted for inflation, and the amounts must be reimbursed by the developer, who can make the payments in up to 12 installments, the first one being due no later than (i) 180 days from the date expected for the conclusion of the construction, or (ii) 12 months from the termination of the relevant agreement, if the construction has been concluded.

Assets for Appropriation

Law No. 10,931 of August 2, 2004, as amended, provides for certain protection of real estate assets. Accordingly, such protected assets are segregated from other properties, rights and obligations of the developer, including other assets previously appropriated, and such appropriated assets can only be used to guarantee debts and obligations related to the respective development. The appropriated assets are considered bankruptcy free and will not be affected in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency of the developer. In the event of a bankruptcy or insolvency of the developer, joint ownership of the construction may be instituted by a resolution of the purchasers of the units or by judicial decision. The joint owners of the construction will decide whether the project will proceed or the assets appropriated will be liquidated. Developers may also opt to submit a project to appropriation in order to benefit from a special tax system. Under this system, land and objects built on the land, financial investments in the land, and any other assets and rights with respect to the land are considered to be protected for the benefit of the construction of that development and the delivery of the units to the final owners, and are thus separate from the remaining assets of the developer.

In addition, in order to encourage the use of the appropriation system, Laws No. 11,977 of July 7, 2009 (amended by Law No. 12,249 enacted on June 11, 2010, Law No. 12,424 enacted on June 16, 2011, Law No. 12,693 enacted on July 24, 2012, Law No. 12,722 enacted on October 3, 2012, Law No. 13,043 enacted on November 13, 2014, Law No. 13,097 enacted on January 19, 2015, Law No. 13,274 enacted on April 26, 2016, Law No. 13,465 enacted on July 11, 2017 and Law No. 13,590 enacted on January 4, 2018) and No. 12,844 of July 13, 2013, which granted tax benefits for the adoption of the system by reducing tax rates on appropriated assets from 7% to 4% and, in the case of the appropriated assets under the public housing program “Minha Casa, Minha Vida,” the rates were reduced from 7% to 1%, until December 31, 2018, by Law No. 13,097, enacted January 19, 2015. We have not yet utilized the appropriation system for any of our real estate developments. We prefer to use our subsidiaries and our jointly-controlled entities for each specific real estate development. Our subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities allow us to borrow funds by segregating the credit risk taken on by the financial institutions.

Credit Policy Regulations

The real estate sector is highly dependent on the availability of credit in the market, and the Brazilian government’s credit policy significantly affects the availability of funds for real estate financing, thus influencing the supply of and demand for properties.

Housing Finance System, or “SFH”

Law No. 4,380 of August 21, 1964, as amended, created the SFH to promote the construction and ownership of private homes, especially for low income earners. Financing resources under the SFH’s control are provided by the Government Severance Indemnity Fund for Employees (Fundo de Garantia do Tempo de Serviço), or “FGTS,” and from savings account deposits.

The FGTS, created by Law No. 5,107 of September 13, 1966 and regulated by Law No. 8,036 of May 11, 1990, imposes a mandatory 8% employee payroll deduction on all employees in Brazil. Employees maintain FGTS accounts, which are similar to pension funds, and are allowed, among other things, to use the funds deposited in the accounts for the acquisition of real estate property under certain circumstances, as set forth by applicable law. The CEF is the agency responsible for managing the funds deposited in the FGTS. In order to be eligible for the financing, the beneficiary must purchase a completed unit or unit under construction priced at up to R$950,000 (price applicable to the States of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Distrito Federal) or R$800,000 (price applicable to other Brazilian States). In addition, the beneficiary shall (1) not own or be the committed purchaser of any residential real estate financed by the SFH within Brazil; (2) not own or be the committed purchaser of, any real estate property built or under construction in both his or her current city of residence and the city where the beneficiary conducts his or her main activities; (3) reside for at least one year in the city where the property is located; (4) pay the FGTS; and (5) be registered for at least three years with the FGTS regime. The unemployed also have access to the FGTS to purchase real estate property provided that he still has funds on the FGTS account (where the 8% payroll deduction was deposited while employed).

Financings that originate from savings account deposits in the entities comprising the Brazilian Saving and Loan System (Sistema Brasileiro de Poupança e Empréstimo), or “SBPE,” are regulated by the Central Bank. Such financings can be obtained through the SFH, which is strictly regulated by the Brazilian government, or through the mortgage portfolio system, where banks are free to set the financing conditions. SFH financing offers fixed interest rates lower than the market rates, capped at around 12% per year, and SFH financing contract terms vary, in general, between 15 and 30 years. The mortgage portfolio system financing offers market interest rates as determined by the financial institutions, generally varying between 18.5% and 12% per year.

CMN Resolution No. 3,932/2010 provides for the allocation of the funds deposited in savings accounts in the entities comprising SBPE and states that the following conditions must be met for SFH financing: (1) the maximum amount of the financing is 80% of the appraisal price of the property, as a general rule; (2) the maximum appraisal price for the financed unit is R$950,000 (applicable to the States of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Distrito Federal) or R$800,000 (applicable to other Brazilian States); (3) the maximum actual cost to the borrower, which includes charges such as interest, fees and other financial costs, except insurance and other costs, may not exceed 12% per year; and (4) the borrower is responsible for the potential outstanding balance verified at the end of the financing term, (such term might be extended by half of the initial term).

SFH financings need to be secured by at least one of the following: (1) a first mortgage over the unit that is being financed; or (2) a conditional sale over the unit that is being financed, as prescribed by Law No. 9,514 of November 20, 1997, as amended by Law No. 10,931 of August 2, 2004, Law No. 11,076 of December 30, 2004, Law No. 11,481 of May 31, 2007, Law No. 12,703 of August 07, 2012, Law No. 12,810 of May 15, 2013, Law No. 13,043 enacted on November 13, 2014, Law No. 13,097 enacted on January 19,2015 and Law No. 13,465 enacted on July 11, 2017 (“Law no. 9,514”), (3) a first mortgage or conditional sale, as determined by Law No. 9,514, of other property owned by the borrower or by a third party or (4) other guarantees, as established by the financing agent. SFH funds are only released upon the formalization of one of these methods of guaranteeing the loan.

As of 2014, the federal government implemented changes to the regulations on financing and construction in order to promote growth in the real estate market. The implemented measures are, among others: (1) all the acts involving immovable property will be entered on the property’s record in the land registry office, i.e., unregistered acts and actions enforceable against third parties in good faith, even if the unregistered act or action challenges ownership to the property; (2) the buyer of a real estate property will be able to give property as guarantee to finance another, or to purchase other assets with funds raised in savings accounts; (3) banks can issue Real Estate Covered Bonds (Letras Imobiliárias Garantidas, or “LIGs”), pursuant to CMN Resolution No. 4,598, enacted on August 29, 2017, which is exempt from income tax to raise more funds and borrow to finance the purchase of real estate; and (4) banks may grant payroll loans, in which the parcels will be charged to the worker’s salary in the private sector with more facilities, resulting in lower interests.

Mortgage portfolio

While a large portion of the funds in the deposits in saving accounts are allocated to the SFH, some of the funds are allocated to loans granted at market rates. CMN Resolution No. 3,932/10, as amended, established that at least 65% of these deposits should be used for real estate financing, with a minimum of 80% of the financing going to housing loans under the SFH and the remaining balance for loans granted at market rates which are usually higher than in SFH loans, including mortgage portfolio used by banks for the concession of housing loans.

In early 2005 the Brazilian government took a number of measures to better regulate the use of the funds raised in savings account deposits in order to promote growth of the real estate sector, these measures included: (1) the cancellation of payments to the Central Bank of funds not invested in real estate financing in January, February and March; (2) the creation of a real estate interbank deposit market to allow financial institutions with excessive investments in real estate to trade with financial institutions that have capacity for more real estate credits; (3) a review of the factors used in the calculation guidelines of the SFH in order to stimulate financing for the acquisition of new real estate properties at a low cost, applicable as of January 1, 2005; and (4) authorization for the SFH to provide financing to legal entities for the construction of development projects for their employees, provided that such entities follow all SFH guidelines.

In 2014, the Brazilian government adopted measures to facilitate the purchase of financed properties, as discussed in SFH above, and in 2016, the increase in the operating limits of the SFH to units with a maximum sales prices of R$800,000 and R$950,000 (applicable only to the States of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and the Distrito Federal). These changes have significantly increased the funds available for investments in the Brazilian real estate sector.

Real Estate Finance System, or “SFI”

The SFI was created by Law No. 9,514 to establish assignment, acquisition and securitization criteria for real estate credits. The system seeks to develop primary (loans) and secondary (trading of securities backed by receivables) markets for the financing of real estate properties by creating advantageous payment conditions and special protection of creditors’ rights. The SFI supervises real estate financing transactions carried out by savings banks, commercial banks, investment banks, real estate credit portfolio banks, housing loan associations, savings and loan associations, mortgage companies and other entities authorized by the CMN to provide such financing. SFI real estate credits may be freely negotiated by the parties, under the following conditions: (1) the amount loaned and the related adjustments must be fully reimbursed; (2) interest must be paid at the rates established by the contract; (3) interest must be capitalized; and (4) borrowers must purchase life and permanent disability insurance.

Real estate sales, rental, or other real estate property financing in general, can be negotiated with non-financial institutions under the same conditions permitted by authorized entities under the SFI. In these cases, non-financial entities are authorized to charge capitalized interest rates greater than 12% per year.

The following types of guarantees are applicable to loans approved by the SFI: (1) mortgages; (2) fiduciary assignment of credit rights resulting from sales contracts; (3) guarantee of credit rights resulting from contracts of sale or promise of sale of property; and (4) conditional sale of real estate property.

Law No. 9,514 also reformed securitizations of real estate assets provisions, making them less expensive and more attractive. The securitization of credits in the context of the SFI is made through real estate securitization companies, non-financial institutions formed as joint stock companies whose objective is to acquire and securitize real estate credits. Funds raised by the securitizing companies can be made through the issuance of debentures or notes, or the creation of a new type of CRI. According to applicable law, CRIs are nominative credit securities issued exclusively by securitizing companies, backed by real estate credits, freely negotiated, and payable in cash. CRIs tend to have, among others, the following characteristics: they are issued in book-entry form, they may have fixed or floating interest rates and can be paid in installments, they may contain adjustment provisions, they are registered and traded through centralized systems of custody and financial settlement of private securities and they can be secured by the assets of the issuing company.

Minha Casa, Minha Vida program

Provisional Measure No. 459 enacted on March 25, 2009, converted into Law No. 11,977 enacted on July 7, 2009, amended by Law No. 12,249 enacted on June 11, 2010, Law No. 12,424 enacted on June 16, 2011, Law No. 12,693 enacted on July 24, 2012, Law No. 13,043 enacted on November 13, 2014 and Law No. 13,097 enacted on January 19, 2015, created a public housing program called “Minha Casa, Minha Vida.” Provisional Measure No. 514 enacted on December 1, 2010, converted into Law No. 12,424 enacted on June 16, 2011, modified the aforementioned legislation, which calls for government investment of more than R$30 billion and is focused on building one million houses for families with monthly incomes of up to ten times the minimum wage. Under this program, the government is authorized to finance families purchasing houses with assessed values between R$90,000 and R$240,000. Law No. 12,868 enacted on October 15, 2013, released resources for “Minha Casa Melhor”, in which CEF provides to each beneficiary of the program “Minha Casa Minha Vida” subsidized credit up to R$5,000 for the purchase of furniture and appliances, with interest rate of 5% per year and repayable in 48 months.

Municipal Legislation

Municipal planning is regulated by articles 182 and 183 of the Federal Constitution and by Law No. 10,257 of July 10, 2001 (Estatuto da Cidade), as amended, or Law No. 10,257. Law No. 10,257 provides, among other things, for the establishment of (1) rules for the parceling, use and occupation of urban tracts of land in each municipality for the collective welfare and environmental balance of the community; and (2) a master plan, which shall be reviewed every 10 years. The master plan is the guiding tool used to plan developments in the urban areas of each municipality and is used as a reference by all public and private agents acting within the municipality. It establishes the strategic goals and general guidelines for urban construction, the objectives and guidelines for differentiated areas of planning and the instruments for their deployment.

We set out below certain details of the laws governing the municipal planning of the two major cities in which we operate, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro:

São Paulo municipality

City laws govern the zoning, construction, parceling, use and occupation of land in the municipality of São Paulo. They set forth technical and urban planning requirements for parceling, and provide that the division, subdivision or segregation of urban tracts of land are subject to the prior approval of the São Paulo municipal government. Moreover, the zoning laws describe the types of permissible uses for the land and their respective characteristics, by dividing São Paulo into areas of use with fixed locations, limits and boundaries. They also provide for fines and sanctions for noncompliance.

Municipal Law No. 11,228 of June 25, 1992, approved the Code of Works and Construction, regulated by Decree 32,329 of September 23, 1992, which governs administrative and executive procedures and sets forth the rules to be followed in the planning, licensing, execution, maintenance and use of public works and construction within properties in the municipality of São Paulo, and provides for sanctions and fines applicable in cases of non-compliance with these rules.

On July 31, 2014, Municipal Law No. 16,050 was published, replacing Municipal Law No. 13,430 of September 13, 2002, approving the master plan and creating the Planning System of the municipality of São Paulo and regulating the new master plan of the municipality. The new master plan provides a series of guidelines for the development and growth of the city of São Paulo for the next 16 years, in order to (i) incentivize the use of public and non-motorized forms of transport; (ii) reduce the housing deficit; (iii) improve the access of residential areas to commercial areas of the city; and (iv) incentivize the development of urban areas already equipped with public transportation infrastructure, among other guidelines.

On March 22, 2016, Municipal Law No. 16,402 was published, replacing Municipal Law No. 13,885 of August 25, 2004, regulating the new rules regarding the parceling, use and occupation of land in the municipality of São Paulo.

Rio de Janeiro municipality

Decree 322 of March 3, 1976, as amended, of the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro, and Decree “E” 3,800 of April 20, 1970, as amended, of the then State of Guanabara, jointly created the municipality’s Zoning Regulation, Land Parceling Regulation and Construction Regulation. These regulations control the use of the municipality land, including urban zoning, use of properties, development of construction sites and conditions for the use of each zone in the municipality. The Ten-year master plan of the municipality, approved pursuant to Supplementary Law No. 111 of January 1, 2011, establishes rules and procedures related to urban policy of the municipality, determines guidelines, provides instruments for its execution and defines area policies and their related programs, aiming at meeting the social needs of the city.

On January 14, 2019, Municipal Law No. 198 was published, replacing the former Code of Works and Construction of the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The new Code has only 40 articles, replacing the over 500 provided for in the former code, and its principal goal is to modernize and simplify the rules for developers. The simplification of the licensing process allows for more flexible urbanization parameters. Among the important changes brought about by Law No. 198, we highlight the following:

(i) Minimum Size: The new rule allows for properties with a minimum size of 25 square meters (or 82 square feet), except in the boroughs of Barra da Tijuca, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, Vargem Grande, Vargem Pequena and Ilha do Governador. According to the old rules, the minimum useable area of the apartments varied from 28 square

meters (91 square feet) in the Central and Northern regions and 60 square meters (196 square feet) in the Southern Region;

(ii) Parking: It is no longer required for a building built within a radius of 800 meters (2,624 feet) from an underground, train, BRT and/or VLT station to have at least one parking space for each one of its individual units. The requirement now is one parking space for every four apartments;

(iii) Playground: It is no longer required for a building to have a playground;

(iv) Marquees: Marquees, which have been forbidden since 2007, are once again allowed in the city’s building designs;

(v) Elevators: Elevators are now required only in buildings with more than five stories;

(vi) Cultural Heritage Buildings: Cultural Heritage Buildings may have their use changed, pursuant to the compliance with the rules enforced by the preservation regulatory bodies;

(vii) Balconies: No limits on the construction of a balcony were established in the new code. Sealing off balconies is still allowed, provided that the legal requirements are met;

(viii) Mezzanines: Non-residential units may have a mezzanine that occupies 100% of its useable area pursuant to payment of a fee to City Hall;

(ix) Condo Villages: It is once again permitted to build condo villages in town, which may have up to 36 units. According to the old rules, these used to be allowed only in the boroughs of Campo Grande and Tijuca. The code also determines that the upkeep of the village street, its entrance and common services are the obligation of its occupants;

(x) Bike Racks: It is now required of residential buildings to have a designated place for storing bicycles; and

(xi) Retrofit: The rules for the calculation of the Total Built Area, parking spaces and adaptation of the building in the retrofitting of existing buildings have been made more flexible.

Environmental Issues

We are subject to a variety of Brazilian federal, state and local laws and regulations concerning the protection of the environment, as well as urban regulations and zoning restrictions, as described below. Applicable environmental laws may vary according to the development’s location, the site’s environmental conditions and the present and former uses of the site. Compliance with these environmental laws may result in delays, cause us to incur in substantial costs, and prohibit or severely restrict project development. Before we purchase any real estate, we conduct investigations of all necessary and applicable environmental issues, including the possible existence of hazardous or toxic materials, as well as any inadequately disposed waste substances. During the investigations we also identify the existence of water wells and protected vegetation, observing the proximity of the real estate property to permanent preservation areas. We generally condition the real estate property acquisitions on obtaining the required regulatory approvals prior to closing.

We have adopted certain practices to further our commitment to environmental protection and landscape development. Through our Selective Collection Project, we have partnered in environmental education initiatives with private and governmental entities, including non-governmental organizations. We provide training to all of our outsourced workers (before we begin work on any particular project), that focuses on the importance of preserving the environment and how to effectively collect, store and control materials for recycling. Alphaville was given the “ECO Award” in 2006 and 2007 (by the American Chamber of Commerce), the “Top Ambiental Award” (Top Environmental Award) in 2007 and 2008 (by the Brazilian Association of Marketing and Sales Agents, in recognition for its environmentally responsible practices) and the “Top Social Award” in 2008 and 2009 (by the Brazilian Association of Marketing and Sales Agents, in recognition for its socially responsible practices). Our Eldorado Business Tower building is the first building in Latin American, to be pre-certified by the U.S. Green Building Council as a Leed CS 2.0 Platinum building for leadership in energy and environmental design.

Environmental licenses and authorizations

Brazilian environmental policy requires environmental licenses and permits for the construction and operation of real estate projects. Environmental licensing is required for both initial construction and alteration in existing developments, and the licenses must be periodically renewed. The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable

Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis), or the IBAMA, is responsible for granting such licenses for projects developed in two states or in federal conservation units. In other cases, state or municipal environmental agencies are responsible for granting such environmental licenses, depending on the extent of environmental impacts caused by certain projects.

The environmental licensing process is comprised of three stages: preliminary license, installation license and operational license. The preliminary license, issued during the preliminary planning phase of the project, authorizes the location and basic development, and establishes the conditions and technical requirements to be observed in further stages of development. The installation license authorizes the facility’s construction. The operating license authorizes the commencement and continuation of operational activities. Operating licenses are subject to compulsory renewal depending on their validity. The licensing of activities that may significantly impact the environment, as determined by the competent environmental agency and according to the Environmental Impact Assessment and its related Report (“EIA/RIMA”), requires environmental offset payments, to be invested in conservation units (e.g. national parks, biological reserves etc.), pursuant to Article 36 of Law No. 9,985/00. The value of the environmental offset is established by the environmental agency conducting the licensing proceeding, according to the “ecosystem impact level” of the proposed activity, pursuant to Article 31-A of Federal Decree No. 6,848/09.

The installation, operation or alteration of projects without proper and valid environmental licensing or the non-compliance with the conditions or technical requirements of the respective environmental licenses, may subject the violator to administrative sanctions that may range from fines (R$500 to R$10 million), as well as the suspension of activities and, depending on the specific circumstances, criminal liability (of individuals and/or companies), pursuant to Federal Law No. 9,605/98 and civil liability (in case environmental damage occurs).

The construction, maintenance and sale of our projects may be hampered or halted by delays in the issuance of applicable licenses or even by failure to obtaining such licenses.

The construction of real estate developments often requires land moving activities, and in many cases, the cutting down of trees. In addition to environmental licenses and permits, Brazilian legislation requires specific environmental authorizations for the development of projects, based on the characteristics of the project, its location and the natural features inherent to the area. The development of projects that require the cutting of trees or removing vegetation must receive specific authorizations from environmental agencies. Companies that apply for an authorization for vegetation removal are required to perform the reforestation of other areas as a compensatory measure, such as reforestation or to repair the affected areas, which may imply additional expenses. Brazilian legislation also requires special protections for certain specific types of flora and areas with special ecological purpose, imposing additional legal requirements to removal of such vegetation.

The removal of vegetation without proper and valid authorization, or non-compliance with the authorization requirements, may subject the transgressor to civil liability (in case environmental damage occurs), administrative sanctions (such as fines) and, according to specific circumstances, criminal liability (of individuals and/or companies), pursuant to Federal Law No. 9,605/98.

The licensing of projects with relevant environmental impacts located in a conservation unit or within its buffer zone will depend on prior authorization from the conservation unit’s managing office.

In addition, the development of projects that require water abstraction from bodies of water or groundwater, as well as the discharge of effluents into water bodies, are subject to specific water use grants, to be issued by the relevant authorities. Water use grants are subject to certain conditions and technical requirements, including maximum capacity requirements and effluent treatment standards, and are subject to automatic renewal.

Moreover, some of our projects require the transfer of wildlife to other areas, which is subject to specific authorizations issued by the state environmental agencies. To catch, handle and transfer wildlife without the proper authorization may result in administrative sanctions of up to R$5,000.00 per animal, pursuant to Federal Decree 6,514/08.

Waste disposal

Brazilian legislation relies on several standards and procedures for waste management. All waste must be properly stored, treated, transported and disposed of, in order to avoid the occurrence of environmental damages – and as a result, environmental liability.

The Brazilian “National Waste Management Policy” (Federal Law No. 12,305/10) and CONAMA Resolution 307/2002 specifically regulate the handling of solid waste generated by the construction sector. As part of their licensing procedure, companies are required to present and have a solid waste management plan approved by competent environmental agency and must comply with the conditions and obligations set forth in such plan. Failure to comply with such obligations may lead to civil (obligation to repair/indemnify in case of pollution), administrative (e.g. fines, suspension of activities etc.) and, according to specific circumstances, criminal liability.

Regarding civil liability, because Brazilian legislation imposes strict, joint and several liability for environmental damages, companies may be held liable for any environmental damages that may arise as a result of its activities, including waste generated thereof, which must be properly stored, treated, transported and disposed of. Likewise, the hiring of third parties for management of waste generated from our activities does not exempt us from civil environmental liability.

Contaminated areas

We develop and construct projects in several states within Brazil. Each state has its Environmental Secretary and/or Environmental Agency. The São Paulo State Secretary of Environment (Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente de São Paulo), or the “SMA,” and the State Environmental Agency of São Paulo (Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo), or “CETESB,” are the principal environmental regulatory entities of the State of São Paulo, and they have adopted procedures with regard to the management of contaminated areas, including the creation of environmental standards to preserve the quality of land and underground water, as well as procedures to be complied with if contamination is confirmed. The standards established by CETESB are used as reference by most Brazilian states that have no specific regulation on contaminated land management.

In addition, the Rio de Janeiro State Secretary of Environment (Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Urbano do Rio de Janeiro) and the Rio de Janeiro State Environmental Agency, or “INEA,” also maintain their own quality standards, in combination with those established by the National Environmental Council (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente), or “CONAMA.” Other states have similar requirements.

If contaminated areas are identified in the development of our projects, we must provide proper disclosure to environmental authorities and registration before real estate property records. Given the strict liability regime, we may be required to proceed with the remedial actions deemed necessary by environmental agencies in order to comply with technical standards set forth for each kind of project, even if we have not caused the contamination, and may result in delays for the project development’s completion. Prior approval from environmental agencies before engaging in remedial actions may be necessary. All emergency actions to prevent and mitigate risks to the environment and public health, if required, must be adopted promptly and at our expense.

Non-compliance with the guidelines established by the environmental and health entities may result in criminal, as well as administrative penalties. Moreover, the owners and holders of properties may be required to pay for costs relating to the clean-up of any contaminated soil or groundwater located in their properties, even if they did not cause the contamination.

If there are contaminated areas in the properties where our projects will be developed, this must be disclosed to our clients.

Environmental liability

Article 225 of the Brazilian Federal Constitution, provides that “activities that are harmful to the environment shall subject violators, whether individuals or companies, to criminal and administrative sanctions, regardless of the obligation to repair the damage caused.” Therefore, the Brazilian Federal Constitution provided for environmental liability in three distinct fields: civil, administrative and criminal. As an example, payment of an administrative fine does not offer exemption from the duty to make reparations or indemnify for damages that might be caused by harmful conduct, nor does it offer exemption from possible criminal charges prompted by the event.

Civil environmental liability in Brazil is considered by case law as propter rem, that is, liability attaches to the real estate property. Therefore, whoever buys or holds environmentally damaged land will succeed in the liability for the clean-up or recovery and for reparation of potential damage to third parties. Although this liability can be contractually allocated between the parties, it cannot be opposed either administratively or before third parties, meaning the concept of a bona fide prospective purchaser does not exist in civil environmental liability in Brazil.

In addition, Federal Law No. 6,938/81 establishes strict liability for the recovery of environmental damages or, if not possible, compensation or indemnity for such damages, with joint and several liability established among all those directly or indirectly contributing to environmental degradation, regardless of the degree of participation in the damage. Each of those involved may be held liable for the full amount of the damages. Moreover, pursuant to Article 4 of Federal Law 9,605/1998, Brazilian environmental legislation determines that the corporate veil may be pierced whenever the veil is considered to be an obstacle to recovery for environmental damages. As a result, the controlling legal entity can be found liable despite a limited liability legal status.

At the administrative level, environmental liability may be assigned through administrative sanctions imposed by the competent environmental entities, pursuant to Law No. 9,605/98 which “rules on the criminal and administrative sanctions deriving from conduct and activities that are harmful to the environment” and pursuant to Federal Decree No. 6,514/08. These sanctions may include, among others: (1) fines of up to R$50 million, tailored to the economic capacity and track record of the offender, in addition to the severity of the facts and past performance, with the possibility of these fines being imposed at double or triple rates for repeated offenses; (2) suspension or interdiction of the activities of the respective enterprise; and (3) withdrawal of tax incentives and benefits. Administrative liability falls on the person engaged in the conduct described as an administrative offense.

Criminal liability is personal, arising directly from the unlawful conduct of the agent, with the crimes necessarily being specifically addressed in the law. Brazilian law allows criminal liability to be assigned to individual persons as well as corporate entities. When liability is assigned to the latter, the individual persons taking the decision that resulted in the criminal conduct (such as directors, officers, administrators, board members, members of technical entities, auditors, managers, agents or representatives) may also be penalized to the extent of their culpability.

The following chart shows our organizational structure for our principal subsidiaries, all of them incorporated in Brazil:

(*) We held 30% of this entity at December, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

For more information on our remaining subsidiaries and jointly-controlled entities, see “—B. Business Overview—Subsidiaries.”

We lease our headquarters located at Av. Pres. Juscelino Kubitschek, No. 1830, Block 2, 3rd Floor, 04543-900 – São Paulo, SP – Brazil. Currently, we lease approximately 950 square meters in this office. We believe these facilities are adequate for the full development of our operations.

As of December 31, 2018, our property and equipment recorded on our balance sheet mainly consisted of sales stands, facilities, model apartments, computer equipment, vehicles and leasehold improvements, among others, the balance of which was R$20.1 million.