Report of Foreign Issuer Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16 (6-k)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16

UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the month of April, 2023

Commission File Number: 001-38438

Spotify Technology S.A.

(Translation of registrant's name into English)


5, Place de la Gare
L-1616 Luxembourg
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
(Address of principal executive office)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1):

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7):

Yes ☐ No ☒

Spotify Technology S.A.

Interim condensed consolidated financial statements

For the three months ended March 31, 2023

Table of contents


						Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements						1
Interim condensed consolidated statement of operations						1
Interim condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive loss						2
Interim condensed consolidated statement of financial position						3
Interim condensed consolidated statement of changes in equity						4
Interim condensed consolidated statement of cash flows						5
Notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements						6
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations						24
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk						36
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings						38
Item 1A. Risk Factors						38
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds						38
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities						38
Item 5. Other Information						38
Signatures						39

Table of C ontents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Interim condensed consolidated statement of operations

(Unaudited)

(in € millions, except share and per share data)


		Three months ended March 31,
	Note	2023	2022
Revenue	4	3,042	2,661
Cost of revenue		2,276	1,990
Gross profit		766	671
Research and development		435	250
Sales and marketing		347	296
General and administrative		140	131
		922	677
Operating loss		(156)	(6)
Finance income	5	27	175
Finance costs	5	(77)	(14)
Finance income/(costs) - net		(50)	161
(Loss)/income before tax		(206)	155
Income tax expense	6	19	24
Net (loss)/income attributable to owners of the parent		(225)	131

(Loss)/earnings per share attributable to owners of the parent
Basic	7	(1.16)	0.68
Diluted	7	(1.16)	0.21
Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding
Basic	7	193,562,462	192,476,022
Diluted	7	193,562,462	197,077,256

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Interim condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive loss

(Unaudited)

(in € millions)


		Three months ended March 31,
	Note	2023	2022
Net (loss)/income attributable to owners of the parent		(225)	131
Other comprehensive loss
Items that may be subsequently reclassified to interim condensed consolidated statement of operations (net of tax):
Change in net unrealized gain or loss on short term investments	14, 20	6	(13)
Change in net unrealized gain or loss on cash flow hedging instruments	14, 20	(2)	(2)
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment		(13)	33
Items not to be subsequently reclassified to interim condensed consolidated statement of operations (net of tax):
Losses in the fair value of long term investments	14, 20	(5)	(238)

Other comprehensive loss for the period (net of tax)		(14)	(220)
Total comprehensive loss for the period attributable to owners of the parent		(239)	(89)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Interim condensed consolidated statement of financial position

(in € millions)


	Note	March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
		(Unaudited)
Assets
Non-current assets
Lease right-of-use assets	8	413	417
Property and equipment	9	331	348
Goodwill	10	1,155	1,168
Intangible assets	10	115	127
Long term investments	20	1,134	1,138
Restricted cash and other non-current assets	11	77	78
Deferred tax assets	6	11	8
		3,236	3,284
Current assets
Trade and other receivables	12	555	690
Income tax receivable		5	5
Short term investments	20	995	867
Cash and cash equivalents		2,443	2,483
Other current assets	13	295	307
		4,293	4,352
Total assets		7,529	7,636
Equity and liabilities
Equity
Share capital		—	—
Other paid in capital		4,864	4,789
Treasury shares	14	(262)	(262)
Other reserves	14	1,615	1,521
Accumulated deficit		(3,875)	(3,647)
Equity attributable to owners of the parent		2,342	2,401
Non-current liabilities
Exchangeable Notes	16, 20	1,156	1,128
Lease liabilities	8	546	555
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	18	17	28
Provisions	19	3	3
Deferred tax liabilities	6	6	5
		1,728	1,719
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables	17	850	845
Income tax payable		9	11
Deferred revenue		524	520
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	18	2,025	2,093
Provisions	19	27	26
Derivative liabilities	20	24	21
		3,459	3,516
Total liabilities		5,187	5,235
Total equity and liabilities		7,529	7,636

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Interim condensed consolidated statement of changes in equity

(Unaudited)

(in € millions)


	Note	Share capital	Other paid in capital	Treasury Shares	Other reserves	Accumulated deficit	Equity attributable to owners of the parent
Balance at January 1, 2023		—	4,789	(262)	1,521	(3,647)	2,401
Loss for the period		—	—	—	—	(225)	(225)
Other comprehensive loss		—	—	—	(14)	—	(14)
Reclassification of loss on sale of long term investments	14	—	—	—	3	(3)	—

Issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options, restricted stock units, and contingently issuable shares	14	—	75	—	—	—	75
Restricted stock units withheld for employee taxes		—	—	—	(13)	—	(13)
Share-based compensation	15	—	—	—	105	—	105
Income tax impact associated with share-based compensation	6	—	—	—	13	—	13
Balance at March 31, 2023		—	4,864	(262)	1,615	(3,875)	2,342


	Note	Share capital	Other paid in capital	Treasury Shares	Other reserves	Accumulated deficit	Equity attributable to owners of the parent
Balance at January 1, 2022		—	4,746	(260)	853	(3,220)	2,119
Income for the period		—	—	—	—	131	131
Other comprehensive loss		—	—	—	(220)	—	(220)
Repurchases of ordinary shares	14	—	—	(2)	—	—	(2)
Issuance of shares upon exercise of stock options, restricted stock units, and contingently issuable shares	14	—	43	—	—	—	43
Restricted stock units withheld for employee taxes		—	—	—	(11)	—	(11)
Share-based compensation	15	—	—	—	69	—	69
Income tax impact associated with share-based compensation	6	—	—	—	18	—	18
Balance at March 31, 2022		—	4,789	(262)	709	(3,089)	2,147

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Interim condensed consolidated statement of cash flows

(Unaudited)

(in € millions)


		Three months ended March 31,
	Note	2023	2022
Operating activities
Net (loss)/income		(225)	131
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss)/income to net cash flows
Depreciation of property and equipment and lease right-of-use assets	8, 9	31	27
Amortization of intangible assets	10	13	10
Share-based compensation expense	15	105	68
Finance income	5	(27)	(175)
Finance costs	5	77	14
Income tax expense	6	19	24
Other		(5)	4
Changes in working capital:
Decrease in trade receivables and other assets		118	59
Decrease in trade and other liabilities		(57)	(103)
Increase in deferred revenue		6	6
Increase/(decrease) in provisions	19	1	(3)
Interest paid on lease liabilities	8	(10)	(13)
Interest received		23	1
Income tax paid		(10)	(13)
Net cash flows from operating activities		59	37
Investing activities
Business combinations, net of cash acquired		—	(79)
Payment of deferred consideration pertaining to business combinations		(7)	(6)
Purchases of property and equipment	9	(2)	(10)
Purchases of short term investments	20	(237)	(133)
Sales and maturities of short term investments	20	111	78
Change in restricted cash	11	—	(5)
Other		13	(1)
Net cash flows used in investing activities		(122)	(156)
Financing activities
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	15	75	43

Repurchases of ordinary shares	14	—	(2)
Payments of lease liabilities	8	(15)	(10)
Lease incentives received	8	2	2

Payments for employee taxes withheld from restricted stock unit releases	15	(13)	(11)
Net cash flows from financing activities		49	22
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(14)	(97)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period		2,483	2,744
Net foreign exchange (losses)/gains on cash and cash equivalents		(26)	74
Cash and cash equivalents at March 31		2,443	2,721
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Non-cash investing and financing activities

Recognition of lease right-of-use asset in exchange for lease liabilities	8	15	12
Purchases of property and equipment in trade and other liabilities	9	3	6

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements

(Unaudited)

1.Corporate information

Spotify Technology S.A. (the "Company" or "parent") is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in Luxembourg. The Company's registered office is 5, Place de la Gare, L-1616 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

The principal activity of the Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, the "Group," "we," "us," or "our") is audio streaming. The Group's premium service ("Premium Service") provides users with unlimited online and offline high-quality streaming access to its catalog of music and podcasts. The Premium Service offers a music listening experience without commercial breaks. The Group's ad-supported service ("Ad-Supported Service" and together with the Premium Service, the "Service") has no subscription fees and provides users with limited on-demand online access to the catalog of music and unlimited online access to the catalog of podcasts. The Group depends on securing content licenses from a number of major and minor content owners and other rights holders in order to provide its service.

2.Basis of preparation and summary of significant accounting policies

The interim condensed consolidated financial statements of Spotify Technology S.A. for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 have been prepared in accordance with IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting. The interim financial information is unaudited. The interim financial information reflects all normal recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to fairly present the information set forth herein. The interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Group's consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, as they do not include all the information and disclosures required in the annual consolidated financial statements. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results for a full year. The interim condensed consolidated financial statements are presented in millions of Euros.

New and amended standards and interpretations adopted by the Group

On January 1, 2023, the Group adopted the amendment to IAS 12 Income Taxes ("IAS 12 Amendment") which requires recognition of deferred taxes on transactions that, on initial recognition, give rise to equal amounts of taxable and deductible temporary differences. This amendment applies to differences associated with right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and decommissioning obligations. This amendment is applied to transactions that occurred on or after the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented.

We adopted the IAS 12 Amendment effective January 1, 2022 utilizing the modified retrospective method and applied it to our lease transactions. The adoption of the IAS 12 Amendment did not have a material impact on the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

New standards and interpretations issued not yet effective

In January 2020, the IASB issued amendments to paragraphs 69 to 76 of IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements to specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or non-current. In November 2022, the IASB issued further amendments delaying the effective date to annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024. The amendments are required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The amendments will require the Group to reclassify the Exchangeable Notes (as defined below) as a current liability if the exchange conditions are met, even if no noteholder actually requires us to exchange their notes. Adoption of this amendment would not have resulted in the reclassification of the Exchangeable Notes as a current liability at any reporting date, from the inception of the notes to March 31, 2023 as the exchange conditions had not been met.

There are no other IFRS or IFRIC interpretations that are not yet effective and that are expected to have a material impact to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

3.Critical accounting estimates and judgments

In preparing these interim condensed consolidated financial statements, the significant judgments made by management in applying the Group's accounting policies and the key sources of estimation and uncertainty were the same as those applied to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Estimates and judgments are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events.

4.Segment information

The Group has two reportable segments: Premium and Ad-Supported. Revenue for the Premium segment is generated primarily through subscription fees. Revenue for the Ad-Supported segment is primarily generated through the sale of advertising across the Group's music and podcast content. Royalty costs are primarily recorded in each segment based on specific rates for each segment agreed to with rights holders. All podcast content costs are recorded in the Ad-Supported segment. The remaining costs that are not specifically associated to either of the segments are allocated based on user activity or the revenue recognized in each segment. The businesses acquired during March 31, 2022 are included in the Ad-Supported segment. No operating segments have been aggregated to form the reportable segments.

Key financial performance measures of the segments including revenue, cost of revenue, and gross profit are as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
Premium
Revenue	2,713	2,379
Cost of revenue	1,937	1,704
Gross profit	776	675
Ad-Supported
Revenue	329	282
Cost of revenue	339	286
Gross profit	(10)	(4)
Consolidated
Revenue	3,042	2,661
Cost of revenue	2,276	1,990
Gross profit	766	671

Reconciliation of segment gross profit

Operating expenses, finance income, and finance costs are not allocated to individual segments as these are managed on an overall Group basis. The reconciliation between reportable segment gross profit to the Group's (loss)/income before tax is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
Segment gross profit	766	671
Research and development	(435)	(250)
Sales and marketing	(347)	(296)
General and administrative	(140)	(131)
Finance income	27	175
Finance costs	(77)	(14)
(Loss)/income before tax	(206)	155

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Revenue by country


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
United States	1,189	1,020
United Kingdom	283	273
Luxembourg	2	2
Other countries	1,568	1,366
	3,042	2,661

Premium revenue is attributed to a country based on where the membership originates. Ad-Supported revenue is attributed to a country based on where the advertising campaign is delivered. There are no countries that individually make up greater than 10% of total revenue included in "Other countries."

5.Finance income and costs


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
Finance income
Fair value movements on derivative liabilities (Note 20)	—	50
Fair value movements on Exchangeable Notes (Note 20)	—	90
Interest income	26	3
Foreign exchange gains	—	22
Other finance income	1	10
Total	27	175
Finance costs
Fair value movements on derivative liabilities (Note 20)	(7)	—
Fair value movements on Exchangeable Notes (Note 20)	(43)	—
Interest expense on lease liabilities	(10)	(10)

Other finance costs	(4)	(4)
Foreign exchange losses	(13)	—
Total	(77)	(14)

6.Income tax

The effective tax rates for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were (9.3)% and 15.3%, respectively. The Group operates in a global environment with significant operations in various jurisdictions outside Luxembourg. Accordingly, the consolidated income tax rate is a composite rate reflecting the Group's earnings and the applicable tax rates in the various jurisdictions where the Group operates.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the income tax expense of €19 million was due primarily to utilizing historical share-based compensation deductions recognized in equity to offset current taxable income, income taxes associated with the Group’s profitable subsidiaries as well as impacts of prior year adjustments. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the income tax expense of €24 million was due primarily to the impact of share-based compensation deductions recognized in equity against taxable income.

Transactions recorded through other comprehensive loss have been shown net of their tax impact, as applicable.

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We are subject to ongoing tax audits in several jurisdictions, and most of these audits involve transfer pricing matters. Tax authorities in certain jurisdictions have challenged our tax positions. We regularly assess the likely outcomes of these audits, taking into account any new information available, in order to determine the appropriateness of the tax reserves. If management concludes that it is not probable that a tax position will be accepted, the effect of that uncertainty is reflected at either the most likely amount or the expected value, taking into account a range of possible outcomes.

Tax provisions related to uncertain tax positions in the interim condensed consolidated statement of financial position, which management has concluded are not probable to be accepted were €9 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. None of the provisions related to uncertain tax positions are reasonably expected to be resolved within the next twelve months. Interest and penalties included in income tax expense were not material in any of the periods presented. Due to the uncertainty associated with our tax positions, any future agreement with the tax authorities could have a significant impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Net deferred tax assets of €5 million and €3 million have been recorded in the interim condensed consolidated statement of financial position as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. In evaluating the probability of realizing the deferred tax assets, the Group considered all available positive and negative evidence of future tax profit, primarily past operating results. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, deferred tax assets of €679 million and €598 million have not been recognized.

7.(Loss)/earnings per share

Basic (loss)/earnings per share is computed using the weighted-average number of outstanding ordinary shares during the period. Diluted (loss)/earnings per share is computed using the weighted-average number of outstanding ordinary shares and potential outstanding ordinary shares during the period. Potential ordinary shares, which are based on the weighted-average ordinary shares underlying outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, other contingently issuable shares, warrants, and Exchangeable Notes and computed using the treasury stock method or the if-converted method, as applicable, are included when calculating diluted (loss)/earnings per share when their effect is dilutive. The computation of (loss)/earnings per share for the respective periods is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
	(in € millions, except share and per share data)
Basic (loss)/earnings per share
Net (loss)/income attributable to owners of the parent	(225)	131
Shares used in computation:
Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding	193,562,462	192,476,022
Basic (loss)/earnings per share attributable to owners of the parent	(1.16)	0.68

Diluted (loss)/earnings per share
Net (loss)/income attributable to owners of the parent	(225)	131

Fair value gains on dilutive Exchangeable Notes	—	(90)
Net (loss)/income used in the computation of diluted (loss)/earnings per share	(225)	41
Shares used in computation:
Weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding	193,562,462	192,476,022

Exchangeable Notes	—	2,911,500
Stock options	—	1,055,820
Restricted stock units	—	562,670

Other contingently issuable shares	—	71,244
Diluted weighted-average ordinary shares	193,562,462	197,077,256
Diluted (loss)/earnings per share attributable to owners of the parent	(1.16)	0.21

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Potential dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted (loss)/earnings per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Stock options	16,519,785	7,617,452
Restricted stock units	3,861,368	196,095

Other contingently issuable shares	36,898	—
Warrants	800,000	1,600,000
Exchangeable Notes	2,911,500	—

8.Leases

The Group leases certain properties under non-cancellable lease agreements that primarily relate to office space. The expected lease terms are up to eleven years. The Group currently does not act in the capacity of a lessor.

Below is the roll-forward of lease right-of-use assets:


Right-of-use assets
			(in € millions)
Cost
At January 1, 2023			675
Increases			15
Decreases			(1)
Exchange differences			(5)
At March 31, 2023			684
Accumulated depreciation
At January 1, 2023			(258)
Depreciation charge			(15)
Decreases			1
Exchange differences			1
At March 31, 2023			(271)
Cost, net accumulated depreciation
At January 1, 2023			417
At March 31, 2023			413

Below is the roll-forward of lease liabilities:


Lease liabilities	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
At January 1	613	623
Increases	15	12

Payments (1)	(25)	(23)
Interest expense	10	10

Lease incentives received (1)	2	2
Increases in lease incentives receivable	—	1
Exchange differences	(6)	12
At March 31	609	637

(1) Included within the interim condensed consolidated statement of cash flows

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Below is the maturity analysis of lease liabilities:


Lease liabilities			March 31, 2023
Maturity Analysis			(in € millions)
Less than one year			101
One to five years			369
More than five years			355
Total lease commitments			825
Impact of discounting remaining lease payments			(214)
Lease incentives receivable			(2)
Total lease liabilities			609
Lease liabilities included in the interim condensed consolidated statement of financial position
Current			63
Non-current			546
Total			609

Excluded from the lease commitments above are short term leases. Expenses relating to short term leases were approximately €1 million and €2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, the Group has entered into certain lease agreements with approximately €40 million of commitments, which had not commenced as of March 31, 2023, and as such, have not been recognized in the interim condensed consolidated statement of financial position.

The weighted-average incremental borrowing rate applied to lease liabilities recognized in the interim condensed consolidated statement of financial position as of March 31, 2023 was 6.4%.

9.Property and equipment


	Property and equipment	Leasehold improvements	Total
	(in € millions)
Cost
At January 1, 2023	92	448	540
Additions	1	1	2
Disposals	(1)	—	(1)
Exchange differences	(1)	(3)	(4)
At March 31, 2023	91	446	537
Accumulated depreciation
At January 1, 2023	(60)	(132)	(192)
Depreciation charge	(4)	(12)	(16)
Disposals	1	—	1
Exchange differences	—	1	1
At March 31, 2023	(63)	(143)	(206)
Cost, net accumulated depreciation
At January 1, 2023	32	316	348
At March 31, 2023	28	303	331

The Group had €6 million and €8 million of leasehold improvements that were not placed into service as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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10.Goodwill and intangible assets


	Internal development costs and patents	Acquired intangible assets	Total	Goodwill	Total
	(in € millions)
Cost
At January 1, 2023	69	193	262	1,168	1,430
Additions	2	—	2	—	2

Derecognition of fully amortized intangibles	—	(5)	(5)	—	(5)
Exchange differences	—	(2)	(2)	(13)	(15)
At March 31, 2023	71	186	257	1,155	1,412
Accumulated amortization
At January 1, 2023	(50)	(85)	(135)	—	(135)
Amortization charge	(4)	(9)	(13)	—	(13)
Derecognition of fully amortized intangibles	—	5	5	—	5
Exchange differences	—	1	1	—	1
At March 31, 2023	(54)	(88)	(142)	—	(142)
Cost, net accumulated amortization
At January 1, 2023	19	108	127	1,168	1,295
At March 31, 2023	17	98	115	1,155	1,270

Amortization charges related to intangible assets of €10 million and €8 million are included in research and development in the interim condensed consolidated statement of operations during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no impairment charges for goodwill or intangible assets for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

11.Restricted cash and other non-current assets


	March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
	(in € millions)
Restricted cash
Lease deposits and guarantees	52	53
Other	2	2
Other non-current assets	23	23
Total	77	78

12.Trade and other receivables


	March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
	(in € millions)
Trade receivables	366	509
Less: allowance for expected credit losses	(5)	(7)
Trade receivables - net	361	502
Other receivables	194	188
Total	555	690

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13.Other current assets


	March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
	(in € millions)
Content assets	179	187
Prepaid expenses and other	90	89
Derivative assets	26	31
Total	295	307

Content asset amortization of €50 million and €41 million is included in cost of revenue in the interim condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

14.Equity and other reserves

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had 196,893,630 and 196,858,811 ordinary shares issued and fully paid, respectively, with 2,729,249 and 3,565,542 ordinary shares held as treasury shares, respectively.

On August 20, 2021, the Company announced that the board of directors had approved a program to repurchase up to $1.0 billion of the Company’s ordinary shares. Repurchases of up to 10,000,000 of the Company’s ordinary shares were authorized at the Company’s general meeting of shareholders on April 21, 2021. The repurchase program will expire on April 21, 2026. Since the commencement of this repurchase program and through March 31, 2023, 469,274 ordinary shares were repurchased for €91 million under this program.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not repurchase any of its own ordinary shares and reissued 836,293 treasury shares upon the exercise of stock options, restricted stock units, and contingently issuable shares. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company repurchased 1,209,040 of its own ordinary shares and reissued 694,816 treasury shares upon the exercise of stock options, restricted stock units, and contingently issuable shares.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Group's founders held 349,876,040 and 349,876,040 beneficiary certificates, respectively.

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Other reserves


	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
Currency translation
At January 1	100	17
Currency translation	(13)	33
At March 31	87	50
Short term investments
At January 1	(18)	(3)
Gains/(Losses) on fair value that may be subsequently reclassified to interim condensed consolidated statement of operations	4	(13)
Losses reclassified to interim condensed consolidated statement of operations	4	—
Deferred tax	(2)	—
At March 31	(12)	(16)
Long term investments
At January 1	161	(26)
Losses on fair value not to be subsequently reclassified to interim condensed consolidated statement of operations	(5)	(243)
Losses on sale of long term investment reclassified to accumulated deficit	3	—
Deferred tax	—	5
At March 31	159	(264)
Exchangeable Notes
At January 1	3	—
Gains on fair value attributable to changes in credit risk	—	—

At March 31	3	—
Cash flow hedges
At January 1	10	(4)
Gains/(Losses) on fair value that may be subsequently reclassified to interim condensed consolidated statement of operations	4	(7)
(Gains)/Losses reclassified to revenue	(18)	12
(Losses)/Gains reclassified to cost of revenue	12	(7)

At March 31	8	(6)
Share-based compensation
At January 1	1,265	869
Share-based compensation	105	69
Income tax impact associated with share-based compensation	13	18

Restricted stock units withheld for employee taxes	(13)	(11)
At March 31	1,370	945
Other reserves at March 31	1,615	709

15.Share-based compensation

The expense recognized in the interim condensed consolidated statement of operations for share-based compensation is as follows:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
Cost of revenue	2	2
Research and development	65	37
Sales and marketing	20	13
General and administrative	18	16
Total	105	68

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Activity in the Group's RSUs and other contingently issuable shares outstanding and related information is as follows:


	RSUs		Other
	Number of RSUs	Weighted average grant date fair value		Number of Awards	Weighted average grant date fair value
		US$			US$
Outstanding at January 1, 2023	3,135,407	142.23		71,717	152.50
Granted	1,109,141	113.56		—	—
Forfeited	(63,559)	157.58		—	—
Released	(319,621)	147.46		(34,819)	148.96
Outstanding at March 31, 2023	3,861,368	133.32		36,898	155.96

In the table above, the number of RSUs and other contingently issuable shares released include ordinary shares that the Group has withheld for settlement of employees' tax obligations due upon the vesting of RSUs and other contingently issuable shares.

Activity in the Group's stock options outstanding and related information is as follows:


	Options
	Number of options	Weighted average exercise price
		US$
Outstanding at January 1, 2023	16,004,890	164.56
Granted	1,858,529	121.82
Forfeited	(109,653)	200.52
Exercised	(656,913)	121.47
Expired	(577,068)	151.91
Outstanding at March 31, 2023	16,519,785	161.68
Exercisable at January 1, 2023	6,402,109	172.69
Exercisable at March 31, 2023	5,960,276	178.75

The weighted-average contractual life for the stock options outstanding at March 31, 2023 was 3.4 years. The weighted average share price at exercise for options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was US$126.35. The weighted average fair value of options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was US$47.02 per option.

The following table lists the inputs to the Black-Scholes option-pricing models used for share-based compensation for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Expected volatility (%)	51.8 - 61.2	35.9 - 47.5
Risk-free interest rate (%)	3.5 - 4.7	0.9 - 1.6
Expected life of stock options (years)	2.6 - 4.8	2.6 - 4.8
Weighted average share price (US$)	108.30	154.55

16.Exchangeable Notes

On March 2, 2021, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Spotify USA Inc. (the “Issuer”), issued US$1,500 million aggregate principal amount of 0% Exchangeable Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Exchangeable Notes”), which included the initial purchasers’ exercise in full of their option to purchase an additional US$200 million principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes. The Exchangeable Notes will mature on March 15, 2026, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or exchanged. The Exchangeable Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a senior, unsecured basis by the Company.

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The net proceeds from the issuance of the Exchangeable Notes were €1,223 million after deducting transaction costs of €18 million. The transaction costs were immediately expensed and included in finance costs in the interim condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

The Exchangeable Notes are the Issuer’s senior unsecured obligations and are equal in right of payment with the Issuer's future senior, unsecured indebtedness, senior in right of payment to the Issuer’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Exchangeable Notes and effectively subordinated to the Issuer’s future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness. The Exchangeable Notes will be structurally subordinated to all future indebtedness and other liabilities, including trade payables, and (to the extent the Issuer is not a holder thereof) preferred equity, if any, of the Issuer’s subsidiaries.

The noteholders may exchange their Exchangeable Notes at their option into consideration that consists, at the Issuer’s election, of cash, ordinary shares of the Company, or a combination of cash and ordinary shares, but only under certain circumstances as set forth in the indenture governing the Exchangeable Notes (the "Indenture"). The circumstances required to allow the noteholders to exchange their Exchangeable Notes were not met during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The Exchangeable Notes will not be redeemable prior to March 20, 2024, except in the event of certain tax law changes as set forth in the Indenture. The Exchangeable Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part, at the Issuer’s option at any time, and from time to time, on or after March 20, 2024 and on or before the 40th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, at a cash redemption price equal to the principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid special and additional interest, if any, but only if the last reported sale price per ordinary share exceeds 130% of the exchange price on:

(1) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Issuer sends the related redemption notice; and

(2) the trading day immediately before the date the Issuer sends such notice.

In addition, the Issuer will have the right to redeem all, but not less than all, of the Exchangeable Notes if certain changes in tax law as set forth in the Indenture occur. In addition, calling any Exchangeable Note for redemption will constitute a make-whole fundamental change with respect to that Exchangeable Note, in which case the exchange rate applicable to the exchange of that Exchangeable Note will be increased in certain circumstances if it is exchanged after it is called for redemption.

Upon the occurrence of a “fundamental change” as set forth in the Indenture, noteholders may require the Issuer to repurchase their Exchangeable Notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid special and additional interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date as set forth in the Indenture.

The Group accounted for the Exchangeable Notes at fair value through profit and loss using the fair value option in accordance with IFRS 9, Financial Instruments. The fair value of the Exchangeable Notes as of March 31, 2023 was €1,156 million. See Note 20 for information regarding the key inputs and assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the Exchangeable Notes.

17.Trade and other payables


	March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
	(in € millions)
Trade payables	592	588
Value added tax and sales taxes payable	244	244
Other current liabilities	14	13
Total	850	845

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18.Accrued expenses and other liabilities


	March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
	(in € millions)
Non-current
Other accrued liabilities	17	28
Total	17	28
Current
Accrued fees to rights holders	1,630	1,665
Accrued salaries, vacation, and related taxes	135	120
Accrued social costs for options and RSUs	17	7
Accrued operating liabilities	141	194
Other accrued expenses	102	107
Total	2,025	2,093

On January 23, 2023, the Company announced a reorganization to streamline our organizational structure and reduce our operating costs. As part of such reorganization, we reduced our employee base by approximately 6% across the Company. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we have recognized cash charges related to the reorganization of €44 million consisting of employee severance and related charges for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as follows:


			Three months ended March 31, 2023
			(in € millions)
Cost of revenue			3
Research and development			24
Sales and marketing			9
General and administrative			8
Total			44

As of March 31, 2023, we have accrued costs related to the reorganization of €15 million included within current accrued expenses and other liabilities. We expect to substantially settle our obligations related to the reorganization by the end of the second fiscal quarter of 2023.

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19.Provisions


	Legal contingencies	Indirect tax	Onerous Contracts	Other	Total
	(in € millions)
Carrying amount at January 1, 2023	10	8	5	6	29
Charged/(credited) to the interim condensed statement of operations:
Additional provisions	1	1	8	—	10
Reversal of unutilized amounts	—	(1)	(3)	(1)	(5)
Exchange differences	—	—	1	—	1
Utilized	—	—	(5)	—	(5)
Carrying amount at March 31, 2023	11	8	6	5	30
As at January 1, 2023
Current portion	10	8	5	3	26
Non-current portion	—	—	—	3	3
As at March 31, 2023
Current portion	11	8	6	2	27
Non-current portion	—	—	—	3	3

Various legal actions, proceedings, and claims are pending or may be instituted or asserted against the Group. The results of such legal proceedings are difficult to predict and the extent of the Group's financial exposure is difficult to estimate. The Group records a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred, and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.

As of April 2019, the Group's settlement of the Ferrick et al. v. Spotify USA Inc., No. 1:16-cv-8412-AJN (S.D.N.Y.), putative class action lawsuit, which alleged that the Group unlawfully reproduced and distributed musical compositions without obtaining licenses, was final and effective. Even with the effectiveness of the settlement, we may still be subject to claims of copyright infringement by rights holders who have purported to opt out of the settlement or who may not otherwise be covered by its terms. The Music Modernization Act of 2018 contains a limitation of liability with respect to such lawsuits filed on or after January 1, 2018. Rights holders may, nevertheless, file lawsuits, and may argue that they should not be bound by this limitation of liability. For example, in August 2019, the Eight Mile Style, LLC et al v. Spotify USA Inc., No. 3:19-cv-00736-AAT, lawsuit was filed against us in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee, alleging both that the Group does not qualify for the limitation of liability in the Music Modernization Act and that the limitation of liability is unconstitutional and, thus, not valid law. The Group intends to vigorously defend this lawsuit, including plaintiffs' challenges to the limitation of liability in the Music Modernization Act.

20.Financial instruments

Foreign exchange forward contracts

Cash flow hedges

The Group's currency pairs used for cash flow hedges are Euro / U.S. dollar, Euro / Australian dollar, Euro / British pound, Euro / Swedish krona, Euro / Canadian dollar, and Euro / Norwegian krone. The notional principal of foreign exchange contracts hedging the revenue and cost of revenue line items in the interim condensed consolidated statement of operations was approximately €1,254 million and €884 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2023, and approximately €1,214 million and €859 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2022.

Fair values

The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, restricted cash, trade and other payables, and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. All other financial assets and liabilities are accounted for at fair value.

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The following tables summarize, by major security type, the Group's financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and the category using the fair value hierarchy:


	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)	March 31, 2023
	(in € millions)
Financial assets at fair value
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	1,505	—	—	1,505
Time Deposits	450	—	—	450
Short term investments:
Money market funds	251	—	—	251
Government securities	222	8	—	230
Corporate notes	—	331	—	331

Fixed income funds	183	—	—	183
Derivatives (designated for hedging):
Foreign exchange forwards	—	26	—	26


Long term investments	1,080	—	54	1,134
Total financial assets at fair value	3,691	365	54	4,110
Financial liabilities at fair value
Exchangeable Notes	—	—	1,156	1,156
Derivatives (not designated for hedging):
Warrants	—	—	8	8
Derivatives (designated for hedging):
Foreign exchange forwards	—	16	—	16

Total financial liabilities at fair value	—	16	1,164	1,180

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	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)	December 31, 2022
	(in € millions)
Financial assets at fair value
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	1,543	—	—	1,543
Time Deposits	293	—	—	293
Short term investments:
Money market funds	125	—	—	125
Government securities	245	5	—	250
Corporate notes	—	309	—	309


Fixed income funds	183	—	—	183
Derivatives (designated for hedging):
Foreign exchange forwards	—	31	—	31
Long term investments	1,095	—	43	1,138
Total financial assets at fair value	3,484	345	43	3,872
Financial liabilities at fair value
Exchangeable Notes	—	—	1,128	1,128
Derivatives (not designated for hedging):				—
Warrants	—	—	1	1
Derivatives (designated for hedging):
Foreign exchange forwards	—	20	—	20

Total financial liabilities at fair value	—	20	1,129	1,149

The Group's policy is to recognize transfers into and transfers out of fair value hierarchy levels at the end of each reporting period. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy.

Recurring fair value measurements

Long term investment - Tencent Music Entertainment Group

The Group's approximate 8% investment in TME is carried at fair value through other comprehensive loss. The fair value of ordinary shares of TME is based on the ending New York Stock Exchange American depository share price. The fair value of the investment in TME may vary over time and is subject to a variety of risks including company performance, macro-economic, regulatory, industry, USD to Euro exchange rate and systemic risks of the equity markets overall.

The table below presents the changes in the investment in TME:


	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
At January 1	1,094	852
Changes in fair value recorded in other comprehensive loss	(14)	(230)
At March 31	1,080	622

A 10% decrease or increase in TME's share price would have resulted in a fair value of the Group's long term investment in TME ranging from €972 million to €1,188 million at March 31, 2023.

The following sections describe the valuation methodologies the Group uses to measure its Level 3 financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis.

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Long term investments - other

The Group has interests in certain long term investments, the most significant of which is our equity investment in DistroKid, an independent digital music distribution service. These long term investments primarily represent unlisted equity securities carried at fair value through other comprehensive loss . The fair values of these equity investments are generally determined using business enterprise values based on market transactions or by (i) applying market multiples to the projected financial performance and (ii) discounting the future value to its present value equivalent. The key assumptions used to estimate the fair value of these equity investments include market multiples of revenue or earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization for benchmark companies used to estimate business enterprise value and discount rate.

The fair value of the long term investments may vary over time and is subject to a variety of risks including company performance, macroeconomic, regulatory, industry, USD to Euro exchange rate, and systemic risks of the overall equity markets.

The table below presents the changes in the other long term investments:


	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
At January 1	43	64
Initial recognition of long term investment	2	—
Changes in fair value recorded in other comprehensive loss	9	(15)
Changes in fair value recognized in interim condensed consolidated statement of operations	—	10
Return of capital	—	(8)

At March 31	54	51

Warrants

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the number of outstanding warrants was 800,000.

The outstanding warrants are valued using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the warrants in the option pricing model are as follows:


			March 31, 2023
Expected term (years)			1.4
Risk free rate (%)			4.4
Volatility (%)			60.0
Share price (US$)			133.62

The table below presents the changes in the warrants liability:


	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
At January 1	1	72



Changes in fair value recognized in interim condensed consolidated statement of operations	7	(53)
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates	—	3
At March 31	8	22

A 10% decrease or increase in the Company's ordinary share price would have resulted in a fair value of the warrants ranging from €6 million to €11 million at March 31, 2023.

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Contingent consideration

On April 1, 2019, the Group acquired Cutler Media, LLC ("Parcast"), a premier storytelling podcast studio. Included in the purchase price was €13 million related to the estimated fair value of contingent consideration. The contingent consideration is valued by the Group using a simulation of user engagement outcomes. The change in the fair value of the contingent consideration is recognized within general and administrative expenses in the interim condensed consolidated statement of operations.

The table below presents the changes in the contingent consideration liability:


		2022
	(in € millions)
At January 1		17


Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates		1
At March 31		18

As of June 30, 2022, the contingent consideration was fully paid.

Exchangeable Notes

The table below presents the changes in the Exchangeable Notes:


	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
At January 1	1,128	1,202

Changes in fair value recognized in interim condensed consolidated statement of operations	43	(90)
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates	(15)	34
At March 31	1,156	1,146

The change in estimated fair value is recognized within finance income/(costs) in the interim condensed consolidated statement of operations, excluding changes in fair value due to changes in the Group’s own credit risk, which are recognized in other comprehensive loss and will not be reclassified to the interim condensed consolidated statement of operations.

The fair value of the Exchangeable Notes was estimated using a combination of a binomial option pricing model and prices observed for the Exchangeable Notes in an over-the-counter market on the last trading day of the reporting period. A weight of 75% was applied to the binomial option pricing model and a weight of 25% was applied to the price of the Exchangeable Notes in the over-the-counter market on the last trading day of the reporting period. The key assumptions used in the binomial option pricing model for the Exchangeable Notes were as follows:


			March 31, 2023
Risk free rate (%)			3.8
Discount rate (%)			6.6
Volatility (%)			45.0
Share price (US$)			133.62

A decrease or increase of 10 percentage points in volatility would have resulted in a fair value of the Exchangeable Notes ranging from €1,148 million to €1,168 million at March 31, 2023. A 10% decrease or increase in the Company's ordinary share price would have resulted in a fair value of the Exchangeable Notes ranging from €1,153 million to €1,160 million at March 31, 2023. A decrease or increase of 100 basis points in credit spread would have resulted in a fair value of the Exchangeable Notes ranging from €1,180 million to €1,132 million at March 31, 2023.

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21.Commitments and contingencies

Commitments

The Group is subject to the following minimum guarantees relating to the content on its Service, the majority of which relate to minimum royalty payments associated with its license agreements for the use of licensed content:


	March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
	(in € millions)
Not later than one year	643	1,111
Later than one year but not more than five years	276	298

	919	1,409

In addition, the Group is subject to various non-cancelable purchase obligations and service agreements with minimum spend commitments, including a service agreement with Google for the use of Google Cloud Platform and certain podcast and marketing commitments:


	March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
	(in € millions)
Not later than one year	390	485
Later than one year but not more than five years	289	334
More than five years	83	98
	762	917

Contingencies

Various legal actions, proceedings, and claims are pending or may be instituted or asserted against the Group. These may include, but are not limited to, matters relating to intellectual property, data protection, consumer protection, employment, and contractual rights. As a general matter, the music and other content made available on the Group's Service are licensed to the Group by various third parties. Many of these licenses allow rights holders to audit the Group's royalty payments, and any such audit could result in disputes over whether the Group has paid the proper royalties. If such a dispute were to occur, the Group could be required to pay additional royalties, and the amounts involved could be material. The Group expenses legal fees as incurred. The Group records a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. An unfavorable outcome to any legal matter, if material, could have an adverse effect on the Group's operations or its financial position, liquidity, or results of operations.

On August 11, 2020, the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit issued an opinion which, as of the issuance of the formal “mandate” on October 26, 2020, vacated the Copyright Royalty Board’s determination of the royalty rates for applicable mechanical rights in the United States for calendar years 2018 to 2022. These rates apply both to compositions that we license under compulsory license pursuant to Section 115 of the Copyright Act of 1976 and to a number of direct licenses that we have had with music publishers. On July 1, 2022, the Copyright Royalty Board issued its initial ruling to set those rates in light of the D.C. Circuit’s opinion. That ruling will need to be adapted into regulations, which, when issued by the U.S. Copyright Office, will become law. Until the final rates are determined, our recorded royalty costs will be based on management estimates of the rates that will apply. The rates set by the Copyright Royalty Board are also subject to further change as part of future Copyright Royalty Board proceedings. Changes to these estimates could either benefit or adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

22.Events after the reporting period

Subsequent to the end of the reporting period, the Company issued 700,000 ordinary shares to its Netherlands subsidiary at par value and subsequently repurchased those shares at the same price. These shares are held in treasury in order to facilitate the fulfillment of option exercises and RSU releases under the Company’s stock option and RSU plans.

Subsequent to the end of the reporting period, the Group signed license agreements with certain publishers which include minimum guarantee and spend commitments of approximately €391 million over the next two years.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This discussion and analysis reflects our historical results of operations and financial position and contains estimates and forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. The words "may," "might," "will," "could," "would," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "intend," "seek," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential," "continue," "contemplate," "possible," and similar words are intended to identify estimates and forward-looking statements.

Our estimates and forward-looking statements are mainly based on our current expectations and estimates of future events and trends, which affect or may affect our businesses and operations. Although we believe that these estimates and forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, they are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties and are made in light of information currently available to us. Many important factors may adversely affect our results as indicated in forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to:

•our ability to attract prospective users, retain existing users, and monetize our products and services;

•competition for users, user listening time, and advertisers;

•risks associated with our international operations and our ability to manage our growth;

•risks associated with our new products or services and our emphasis on long-term user engagement over short-term results;

•our ability to predict, recommend, and play content that our users enjoy;

•our ability to be profitable or generate positive cash flow on a sustained basis;

•our ability to convince advertisers of the benefits of our advertising offerings;

•our ability to forecast or optimize advertising inventory amid emerging industry trends in digital advertising;

•our ability to generate revenues from podcasts, audiobooks, and other non-music content;

•potential disputes or liabilities associated with content made available on our Service (as defined above);

•risks relating to acquisitions, investments, and strategic alliances;

•our dependence upon third-party licenses for most of the content we stream;

•our lack of control over third-party content providers who are concentrated and can unilaterally affect our access to content;

•our ability to comply with complex license agreements;

•our ability to accurately estimate royalty payments under our license agreements and relevant statutes;

•the limitations on our operating flexibility due to financial commitments required under certain of our license agreements;

•our ability to identify the compositions embodied in sound recordings and ownership thereof in order to obtain licenses or comply with existing license agreements;

•assertions by third parties of infringement or other violations by us of their intellectual property rights;

•our ability to protect our intellectual property;

•the dependence of streaming on operating systems, online platforms, hardware, networks, regulations, and standards that we do not control;

•our ability to maintain the integrity of our technology structure and systems or the security of confidential information;

•undetected errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities in our products;

•interruptions, delays, or discontinuations in service arising from our systems or systems of third parties;

•changes in laws or regulations affecting us;

•risks relating to privacy and data security;

•our ability to maintain, protect, and enhance our brand;

•risks associated with increased scrutiny of environmental, social, and governance matters;

•payment-related risks;

•our dependence on key personnel and ability to attract, retain, and motivate highly skilled employees;

•our ability to access additional capital to support growth;

•risks relating to currency exchange rate fluctuations and foreign exchange controls;

•the impact of economic, social, or political conditions, including the continued effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, rising inflation and interest rates, financial market volatility resulting from recent bank failures, the continued conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and supply chain disruptions;

•our ability to accurately estimate user metrics and other estimates;

•our ability to manage and remediate attempts to manipulate streams and attempts to gain or provide unauthorized access to certain features of our Service;

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•risks related to our indebtedness, including risks related to our Exchangeable Notes;

•fluctuation of our operating results and fair market value of ordinary shares;

•tax-related risks;

•the concentration of voting power among our founders, which limits shareholders’ ability to influence our governance and business; and

•risks related to our status as a foreign private issuer and a Luxembourg company.

We operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor are we able to assess the impact of all of these risk factors on our business or the extent to which any risk factor, or combination of risk factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. For additional information, refer to the risk factors discussed under Part I, Item 3.D. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022 ("Annual Report on Form 20-F") and in our other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

You should read this discussion and analysis completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from our expectations.

Investors and others should note that we announce material financial information to our investors using our Investors website (investors.spotify.com), SEC filings, press releases, public conference calls, and webcasts. We use these channels, as well as social media, to communicate with our users and the public about our company, our Service, and other issues. It is possible that the information we post on these channels could be deemed to be material information. Therefore, we encourage investors, the media, and others interested in our Company to review the information we post on the channels listed on our Investors website.

Overview

Our mission is to unlock the potential of human creativity by giving a million creative artists the opportunity to live off their art and billions of fans the opportunity to enjoy and be inspired by it.

We are the world's most popular audio streaming subscription service. With a presence in 184 countries and territories, our platform includes 515 million monthly active users ("MAUs"), including 210 million Premium Subscribers (as defined below) as of March 31, 2023.

We currently monetize our Service through both subscriptions and advertising. Our Premium Subscribers have grown 15% year-over-year, as of March 31, 2023, to 210 million. Our 515 million MAUs have grown 22% year-over-year, as of March 31, 2023.

Our results reflect the effects of our trial programs, both discounted and free trials, in addition to seasonal trends in user behavior and, with respect to our Ad-Supported segment, advertising behavior. Historically, Premium Subscriber growth accelerates when we run such trial programs.

For our Ad-Supported segment, typically we experience higher advertising revenue in the fourth quarter of each calendar year due to greater advertising demand during the holiday season. However, in the first quarter of each calendar year, we typically experience a seasonal decline in advertising revenue due to reduced advertiser demand.

Reorganization

On January 23, 2023, the Company announced a reorganization to streamline our organizational structure and reduce our operating costs. As part of such reorganization, we reduced our employee base by approximately 6% across the Company. We have incurred cash charges of €44 million, primarily consisting of employee severance and related charges related to the reorganization. See Note 18 to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further details.

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Current macroeconomic environment

The global macroeconomic environment continues to be challenging, reflecting the impacts of the continued effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, rising inflation and interest rates, financial market volatility resulting from recent bank failures, continued conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and supply chain disruptions.

The continued impact of the macroeconomic environment on our business, financial condition, and results of operations is uncertain and will vary by region or market. We will continue to actively monitor and respond accordingly to the macroeconomic environment.

For additional information refer to Part I, Item 3.D. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Key Performance Indicators

We use certain key performance indicators to monitor and manage our business. We use these indicators to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions. We believe these indicators provide useful information to investors in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner we do.

MAUs

We track MAUs as an indicator of the size of the audience engaged with our Service. We define MAUs as the total count of Ad-Supported Users and Premium Subscribers that have consumed content for greater than zero milliseconds in the last thirty days from the period-end indicated. Reported MAUs may overstate the number of unique individuals who actively use our Service within a thirty-day period as one individual may register for, and use, multiple accounts. Additionally, though we strive to detect and minimize non-bona fide accounts that may typically be created in an attempt to artificially stream content, they may contribute, from time to time, to an overstatement in our reported MAUs. Our MAUs in the tables below are inclusive of Ad-Supported Users who may have employed methods to limit or otherwise avoid being served advertisements. For additional information, refer to the risk factors discussed under Part I, Item 3.D. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 20-F, and in our other filings with the SEC.

The table below sets forth our MAUs as of March 31, 2023 and 2022.


	As of March 31
	2023	2022	Change
	(in millions, except percentages)
MAUs	515	422	93	22	%

MAUs were 515 million as of March 31, 2023 and 422 million as of March 31, 2022, which represented an increase of 22%. MAUs benefited from our continued investment in driving the growth of our Service through successful consumer marketing campaigns, enhanced content offerings, and product enhancements, resulting in continued user engagement and customer satisfaction and retention.

Premium Subscribers

We define Premium Subscribers as users that have completed registration with Spotify and have activated a payment method for Premium Service. Our Premium Subscribers include all registered accounts in our Family Plan and Duo Plan. Our Family Plan consists of one primary subscriber and up to five additional sub-accounts, allowing up to six Premium Subscribers per Family Plan Subscription. Our Duo Plan consists of one primary subscriber and up to one additional sub-account, allowing up to two Premium Subscribers per Duo Plan Subscription. Premium Subscribers includes subscribers in a grace period of up to 30 days after failing to pay their subscription fee.

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The table below sets forth our Premium Subscribers as of March 31, 2023 and 2022.


	As of March 31
	2023	2022	Change
	(in millions, except percentages)
Premium Subscribers	210	182	28	15	%

Premium Subscribers were 210 million as of March 31, 2023 and 182 million as of March 31, 2022, which represented an increase of 15%. The Family Plan was a meaningful contributor of total gross additions in Premium Subscribers, while our free trial offers and global campaigns also accounted for a significant portion of gross additions in Premium Subscribers. In addition, there was an increase in the number of Premium Subscribers on our Duo Plan.

Ad-Supported MAUs

We define Ad-Supported MAUs as the total count of Ad-Supported Users that have consumed content for greater than zero milliseconds in the last thirty days from the period-end indicated.

The table below sets forth our Ad-Supported MAUs as of March 31, 2023 and 2022.


	As of March 31
	2023	2022	Change
	(in millions, except percentages)
Ad-Supported MAUs	317	252	65	26	%

Ad-Supported MAUs were 317 million as of March 31, 2023 and 252 million as of March 31, 2022, which represented an increase of 26%. Ad-Supported MAUs benefited from our continued investment in driving the growth of our Ad-Supported Service through successful consumer marketing campaigns, enhanced content offerings, and product enhancements, resulting in continued Ad-Supported User engagement and customer satisfaction.

Premium ARPU

Premium average revenue per user ("ARPU") is a monthly measure defined as Premium subscription revenue recognized in the quarter indicated divided by the average daily Premium Subscribers in such quarter, which is then divided by three months. Fiscal year-to-date figures are calculated by averaging Premium ARPU for the quarters in such period.

The table below sets forth our average Premium ARPU for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
Premium ARPU	€	4.32	€	4.38	€	(0.06)	(1)	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, Premium ARPU was €4.32 and €4.38, respectively, which represented a decrease of 1%. This decrease of €0.06 is primarily attributable to changes in product and market mix, decreasing ARPU by €0.08, partially offset by favorable movements in foreign exchange rates.

How We Generate Revenue

We operate and manage our business in two reportable segments - Premium and Ad-Supported. We identify our reportable segments based on the organizational units used by the chief operating decision maker to monitor performance and make operating decisions. See Note 4 to our interim condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our reportable segments.

Premium

We generate revenue for our Premium segment through the sale of the Premium Service. The Premium Service is sold directly to end users and through partners who are generally telecommunications companies that bundle the subscription with their own services or collect payment for the stand-alone subscriptions from their end customers. Premium partner subscription revenue is based on a per-subscriber rate in a negotiated partner agreement. We also bundle the Premium Service with other services and products.

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Ad-Supported

We generate revenue for our Ad-Supported segment primarily from the sale of display, audio, and video advertising delivered through advertising impressions across our music and podcast content. We generally enter into arrangements with advertising agencies that purchase advertising on behalf of their clients and we also enter into arrangements directly with some large advertisers. These advertising arrangements are typically sold on a cost-per-thousand basis and are evidenced by an insertion order that specifies the terms of the arrangement such as the type of advertising product, pricing, insertion dates, and number of impressions or downloads in a stated period. Additionally, we generate revenue through arrangements with certain advertising automated exchanges, internal self-serve, and advertising marketplace platforms to distribute advertising inventory for purchase on a cost-per-thousand basis. These advertising arrangements typically specify the type of advertising product, pricing, insertion dates, and number of impressions in a stated period.

Components of our Operating Results

Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue consists predominantly of royalty and distribution costs related to content streaming. We incur royalty costs, which we pay to certain record labels, music publishers, and other rights holders, for the right to stream music to our users. Royalties are typically calculated monthly based on the combination of a number of different variables. Generally, Premium Service royalties are based on the greater of a percentage of revenue and a per user amount. Royalties for the Ad-Supported Service are typically a percentage of relevant revenue, although certain agreements are based on the greater of a percentage of relevant revenue and an amount for each time a sound recording and musical composition are streamed. We have negotiated lower per user amounts for our lower priced subscription plans such as our Family Plan, Duo Plan, and Student Plan. In our agreements with certain record labels, the percentage of revenue used in the calculation of royalties is generally dependent upon certain targets being met. The targets can include such measures as the number of Premium Subscribers, the ratio of Ad-Supported Users to Premium Subscribers, and/or the rates of Premium Subscriber churn. In addition, royalty rates vary by country. Some of our royalty agreements require that royalty costs be paid in advance or are subject to minimum guaranteed amounts. For the majority of royalty agreements, incremental costs incurred due to unrecouped advances and minimum guarantees have not been significant to date. We also have certain so-called most favored nation royalty agreements, which require us to record additional costs if certain material contract terms are not as favorable as the terms we have agreed to with similar licensors. Cost of revenue also reflects discounts provided by certain rights holders in return for promotional activities in connection with marketplace programs. Additionally, it includes the costs of discounted trials.

Cost of revenue also includes the cost of podcast content assets (both produced and licensed). Amortization of podcast content assets is recorded over the shorter of the estimated useful economic life or the license period (if relevant) and begins at the release of each episode. We make payments to podcast publishers, whose content we monetize through advertising sales, which are also included in cost of revenue.

Cost of revenue also includes credit card and payment processing fees for subscription revenue, customer service, certain employee compensation and benefits, cloud computing, streaming, facility, and equipment costs.

Research and Development. We invest heavily in research and development in order to drive user engagement and customer satisfaction on our platform, which we believe helps drive organic growth in MAUs, which, in turn, drives additional growth in, and better retention of, Premium Subscribers, as well as increased advertising opportunities to our users. We aim to design products and features that create and enhance user experiences, and new technologies are at the core of many of these opportunities. Expenses primarily comprise costs incurred for the development of products related to our platform and Service, as well as new advertising products and improvements to our mobile application and desktop application and streaming services. The costs incurred include related facility costs, consulting costs, and employee compensation and benefits costs. We expect engineers to represent a significant portion of our employees over the foreseeable future.

Many of our new products and improvements to our platform require large investments and involve substantial time and risks to develop and launch. Some of these products may not be well received or may take a long time for users to adopt. As a result, the benefits of our research and development investments are difficult to forecast.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses primarily comprise employee compensation and benefits, public relations, branding, consulting expenses, customer acquisition costs, advertising, marketing events and trade shows, amortization of trade name intangible assets, the cost of working with music record labels, publishers, songwriters, and artists to promote the availability of new releases on our platform, and the costs of providing free trials. Expenses included in the cost of providing free trials are derived primarily from per user royalty fees determined in accordance with the rights holder agreements.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses primarily comprise employee compensation and benefits for functions such as finance, accounting, analytics, legal, human resources, consulting fees, and other costs including

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facility and equipment costs, directors' and officers’ liability insurance, director fees, and fair value adjustments on contingent consideration.

Results of Operations

Revenue


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022	Change
	(in € millions, except percentages)
Premium	2,713	2,379	334	14	%
Ad-Supported	329	282	47	17	%
Total	3,042	2,661	381	14	%

Premium revenue

For both the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, Premium revenue comprised 89% of our total revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, Premium revenue increased €334 million, or 14%. The increase was due primarily to an increase in the number of Premium Subscribers.

Ad-Supported revenue

For both the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, Ad-Supported revenue comprised 11% of our total revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, Ad-Supported revenue increased €47 million, or 17%. This increase was due primarily to growth in music impressions sold, which increased revenue in our direct and programmatic channels by €27 million. Ad sales from podcasts, partially offset by our self-serve platform, also increased revenue by €6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Foreign exchange impact on total revenue

The general movement of the Euro relative to certain foreign currencies, primarily the U.S. Dollar, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the same period in 2022, had a favorable net impact on our revenue. We estimate that total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 would have been approximately €26 million lower if foreign exchange rates had remained consistent with foreign exchange rates for the comparable period in 2022.

Cost of revenue


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022	Change
	(in € millions, except percentages)
Premium	1,937	1,704	233	14	%
Ad-Supported	339	286	53	19	%
Total	2,276	1,990	286	14	%

Premium cost of revenue

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, Premium cost of revenue increased €233 million, or 14%, and Premium cost of revenue as a percentage of Premium revenue remained flat at 71%. The increase in Premium cost of revenue was driven primarily by increases in new Premium Subscribers and publishing licensing costs, partially offset by benefits from certain marketplace programs. These collectively resulted in higher royalty costs of €199 million.

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Ad-Supported cost of revenue

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, Ad-Supported cost of revenue increased €53 million, or 19%, and Ad-Supported cost of revenue as a percentage of Ad-Supported revenue increased from 101% to 103%. The increase in Ad-Supported cost of revenue was driven primarily by an increase in content costs, streaming delivery costs and advertising measurement costs of €33 million. Additionally, there was an increase in royalty costs of €16 million due to growth in both advertising revenue and streams as well as publishing licensing rate increases, partially offset by benefits from certain marketplace programs for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Foreign exchange impact on total cost of revenue

The general movement of the Euro relative to certain foreign currencies, primarily the U.S. Dollar, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to the same period in 2022, had an unfavorable net impact on our cost of revenue. We estimate that total cost of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 would have been approximately €20 million lower, if foreign exchange rates had remained consistent with foreign exchange rates for the comparable period in 2022.

Gross profit/(loss) and gross margin


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
	(in € millions, except percentages)
Gross profit/(loss)
Premium	776		675		101	15	%
Ad-Supported	(10)		(4)		(6)	N/M*
Consolidated	766		671		95	14	%
Gross margin
Premium	29	%	28	%
Ad-Supported	(3)	%	(1)	%
Consolidated	25	%	25	%

* Percentage change is not meaningful for presentation purpose.

Premium gross profit and gross margin

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, Premium gross profit increased by €101 million, and Premium gross margin increased from 28% to 29%. Premium gross margin increased due primarily to benefits from certain marketplace programs and changes in prior period estimates.

Ad-Supported gross profit/(loss) and gross margin

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, Ad-Supported gross profit decreased by €6 million, and gross margin decreased from (1)% to (3)%. The decrease in Ad-Supported gross margin was due primarily to increase in content costs, streaming delivery costs and advertising measurement costs. An increase in royalty costs due to growth in both advertising revenue and streams as well as publishing licensing rate increases, partially offset by benefits from certain marketplace programs, also contributed to the decrease in Ad-Supported gross margin during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

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Consolidated Operating Expenses

Research and development


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
	(in € millions, except percentages)
Research and development	435		250		185	74	%
As a percentage of revenue	14	%	9	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, research and development costs increased by €185 million, or 74%. The increase was due primarily to an increase in personnel-related costs of €152 million that included increased salaries, share-based compensation, and other employee benefits as a result of increased headcount to support our growth, and an increase in social costs due primarily to changes in share price movements. There was also an increase in information technology costs of €12 million due to an increase in our usage of cloud computing services and additional software license fees. In addition, reorganization costs of €24 million were included in research and development costs for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Sales and marketing


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
	(in € millions, except percentages)
Sales and marketing	347		296		51	17	%
As a percentage of revenue	11	%	11	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, sales and marketing expense increased by €51 million, or 17%. The increase was due primarily to an increase in personnel-related costs of €46 million that included increased salaries, share-based compensation, and other employee benefits as a result of increased headcount to support our growth, and an increase in social costs due primarily to changes in share price movements. There was a decrease in advertising costs of €40 million for marketing campaigns, which was partially offset by an increase in advertising costs for sponsorships and events of €24 million. In addition, reorganization costs of €9 million were included in sales and marketing expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

General and administrative


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
	(in € millions, except percentages)
General and administrative	140		131		9	7	%
As a percentage of revenue	5	%	5	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, general and administrative expense increased by €9 million, or 7%. The increase was due primarily to an increase in personnel-related costs of €22 million that included increased salaries, share-based compensation, and other employee benefits as a result of increased headcount to support our growth, and an increase in social costs due primarily to changes in share price movements. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in legal fees of €14 million. In addition, reorganization costs of €8 million were included in general and administrative expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

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Finance income

Finance income consists of fair value adjustment gains on certain financial instruments, interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents and short term investments, and foreign currency gains.


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
	(in € millions, except percentages)
Finance income	27		175		(148)	(85)	%
As a percentage of revenue	1	%	7	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, finance income decreased €148 million due primarily to a decrease in the benefits recognized from the decline in the fair value of the Exchangeable Notes of €90 million and of derivative liabilities of €50 million. There was also a decrease of €22 million in foreign exchange gains on the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities in a transaction currency other than the functional currency. These decreases were partially offset by a €23 million increase in interest income.

Finance costs

Finance costs consist of fair value adjustment losses on certain financial instruments, interest expense, and foreign currency losses.


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
	(in € millions, except percentages)
Finance costs	(77)		(14)		(63)	450	%
As a percentage of revenue	(3)	%	(1)	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, finance costs increased €63 million. The increase was due primarily to an increase in fair values of derivative liabilities of €7 million and of the Exchangeable Notes of €43 million. There was also an increase of €13 million in foreign exchange losses on the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities in a transaction currency other than the functional currency.

Income tax expense


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
	(in € millions, except percentages)
Income tax expense	19		24		(5)	(21)	%
As a percentage of revenue	1	%	1	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, income tax expense was €19 million, compared to an income tax expense of €24 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is due primarily to utilizing historical share-based compensation deductions recognized in equity to offset current taxable income, income taxes associated with the Group’s profitable subsidiaries as well as impacts of prior year adjustments. The expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was due primarily to current period share-based compensation deductions recognized in equity against taxable income.

Non-IFRS financial measure

We have reported our financial results in accordance with IFRS as issued by IASB. In addition, we have discussed our results using the non-IFRS measure of Free Cash Flow as discussed below.

We define "Free Cash Flow" as net cash flows from operating activities less capital expenditures and change in restricted cash. We believe Free Cash Flow is a useful supplemental financial measure for us and investors in assessing our ability to pursue business opportunities and investments. Free Cash Flow is not a measure of our liquidity under IFRS and should not be considered as an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities.

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Free Cash Flow is a non-IFRS measure and is not a substitute for IFRS measures in assessing our overall financial performance. Because Free Cash Flow is not a measurement determined in accordance with IFRS, and is susceptible to varying calculations, it may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures presented by other companies. You should not consider Free Cash Flow in isolation, or as a substitute for an analysis of our results as reported on our interim condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this document.

Set forth below is a reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to net cash flows from operating activities for the periods presented.


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
Net cash flows from operating activities	59	37
Capital expenditures	(2)	(10)
Change in restricted cash	—	(5)
Free Cash Flow	57	22

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents, short term investments, and cash generated from operating activities. Cash and cash equivalents and short term investments consist mostly of time deposits, investments in money market funds, and investments in government securities, corporate notes, and fixed income funds. Cash and cash equivalents and short term investments increased by €88 million from €3,350 million as of December 31, 2022 to €3,438 million as of March 31, 2023.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, short term investments, and the cash flow we generate from our operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs and other liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months. However, our future capital requirements may be materially different than those currently planned in our budgeting and forecasting activities and depend on many factors, including our rate of revenue growth, the timing and extent of spending on content and research and development, the expansion of our sales and marketing activities, the timing of new product introductions, market acceptance of our products, our continued international expansion, the acquisition of other companies, competitive factors, the COVID-19 pandemic, and global economic conditions. To the extent that current and anticipated future sources of liquidity are insufficient to fund our future business activities and requirements, we may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. The sale of additional equity would result in additional dilution to our shareholders, while the incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations. Such debt instruments also could introduce covenants that might restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that we could obtain additional financing on favorable terms, or at all. For additional information, refer to Part I, Item 3.D. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 20-F. We have planned capital expenditures of approximately €14 million in 2023. We plan to use our existing cash and cash equivalents and the cash flow we generate from operations to fund these capital expenditures.

We continue to evaluate our real estate footprint to optimize our global office space while making necessary investments in offices and information technology infrastructure to grow our business. We fund these investments using current cash and cash equivalents and the cash flow we generate from operations. Given the impact of our Work From Anywhere program and in conjunction with a strategic review of our real estate footprint and space utilization trends, our focus has shifted more towards optimizing our current portfolio and reviewing our real estate needs around the world as opposed to significant expansion of our presence in current markets. This will result in a reduction of our real estate footprint in certain locations and consolidation or subleasing some of our leased office space in future periods.

Share repurchase program

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The timing and actual number of shares repurchased depends on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and alternative investment opportunities. The repurchase program is executed consistent with the Company’s capital allocation strategy of prioritizing investment to grow the business over the long term. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of ordinary shares, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion. The Company uses current cash and cash equivalents and the cash flow it generates from operations to fund the share repurchase program.

Exchangeable notes

On March 2, 2021, Spotify USA Inc. issued US$1,500 million in aggregate principal amount of the Exchangeable Notes. Net proceeds from the issuance of the Exchangeable Notes were €1,223 million after deducting the transaction costs. See Note 16 to our interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our Exchangeable Notes.

Cash flow


	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
	(in € millions)
Net cash flows from operating activities	59	37
Net cash flows used in investing activities	(122)	(156)
Net cash flows from financing activities	49	22
Free Cash Flow(1)	57	22

(1)For a discussion of the limitations associated with using Free Cash Flow rather than IFRS measures, and a reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to net cash flows from operating activities, see "Non-IFRS Financial Measure" above.

Operating activities

Net cash flows from operating activities increased by €22 million to €59 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase was due primarily to an increase in interest received on cash and cash equivalents and short term investments of €22 million. There was an increase in operating loss adjusted for non-cash items including depreciation, amortization, and share-based compensation expense, resulting in a decrease in cash flows from operating activities of €106 million in aggregate which was offset by favorable changes in working capital movements of €109 million, principally due to favorable movements in trade receivables and other assets and trade and other liabilities.

Investing activities

Net cash flows used in investing activities decreased by €34 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. The decrease was due primarily to cash consideration used in business combinations, net of cash acquired, of €79 million for three months ended March 31, 2022, whereas no such activity occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2023. There was also a decrease in purchases of property and equipment of €8 million. These changes were partially offset by an increase in net cash outflows from purchases and sales and maturities of short term investments of €71 million.

Financing activities

Net cash flows from financing activities increased by €27 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase was due primarily to an increase in cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

Free Cash Flow

Free Cash Flow increased by €35 million to €57 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, due primarily to an increase in net cash flows from operating activities of €22 million, as described above, and a decrease in capital expenditures of €8 million.

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Restrictions on subsidiaries to transfer funds

The payment of dividends and the making, or repayment, of loans and advances to the Company by the Company's direct subsidiaries and by its indirect subsidiaries to their respective parent entities are subject to various restrictions. Future indebtedness of these subsidiaries may prohibit the payment of dividends or the making, or repayment, of loans or advances to the Company. In addition, the ability of any of the Company's direct or indirect subsidiaries to make certain distributions may be limited by the laws of the relevant jurisdiction in which the subsidiaries are organized or located, including financial assistance rules, corporate benefit laws, liquidity requirements, requirements that dividends must be paid out of reserves available for distribution, and other legal restrictions which, if violated, might require the recipient to refund unlawful payments. Spotify AB, which, directly or indirectly through its subsidiaries, conducts much of the Group's business, may only make dividends to the Company if there would continue to be full coverage of its restricted equity following such dividend, and only if doing so would be considered prudent under Swedish law given the needs of Spotify AB and its subsidiaries. Loans and other advances from Spotify AB to the Company may be subject to essentially the same restrictions as dividends. Since the Company is expected to rely primarily on dividends from its direct and indirect subsidiaries to fund its financial and other obligations, restrictions on its ability to receive such funds may adversely impact the Company's ability to fund its financial and other obligations.

Indebtedness

As of March 31, 2023, our outstanding indebtedness, other than lease liabilities, consisted primarily of the Exchangeable Notes that mature on March 15, 2026 and bear no interest. See Note 16 to our interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our Exchangeable Notes. We may from time to time seek to incur additional indebtedness. Such indebtedness, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, and other factors.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of March 31, 2023, we do not have transactions with unconsolidated entities, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, whereby we have financial guarantees, subordinated retained interests, derivative instruments, or other contingent arrangements that expose us to material continuing risks, contingent liabilities, or any other obligation under a variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk, or credit risk support to us.

Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of March 31, 2023:


	Payments due by period
Contractual obligations:	Total	Less than 1 year	1-3 years	3-5 years	More than 5 years
	(in € millions)
Minimum guarantees (1)	919	643	276	—	—
Exchangeable Notes (2)	1,384	—	1,384	—	—
Lease obligations (3)	869	103	195	186	385
Purchase obligations (4)	762	390	251	38	83
Deferred consideration (5)	30	14	16	—	—
Total	3,964	1,150	2,122	224	468

(1)We are subject to minimum royalty payments associated with our license agreements for the use of licensed content. See Part I, Item 3.D. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 20-F.

(2)Consists of principal on our 0.00% Exchangeable Notes due March 15, 2026.

(3)Included in the lease obligations are short term leases and certain lease agreements that the Group has entered into, but had not yet commenced as of March 31, 2023. Lease obligations primarily relate to our office space. The lease terms are up to eleven years. See Note 8 to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further details regarding leases.

(4)We are subject to various non-cancelable purchase obligations and service agreements with minimum spend commitments, including a service agreement with Google for the use of Google Cloud Platform and certain podcast and marketing commitments.

(5)Included in deferred consideration are obligations to transfer €30 million of cash consideration over the next three years to former owners of certain entities we have acquired.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our activities expose us to a variety of market risks. Our primary market risk exposures relate to currency, interest rate, share price, and investment risks. To manage these risks and our exposure to the unpredictability of financial markets, we seek to minimize potential adverse effects on our financial performance and capital.

Volatile market conditions caused by significant events with macroeconomic impacts, including, but not limited to, volatility in the credit, equity and foreign exchange markets, inflation and interest rates, financial market volatility resulting from bank failures, the effects of COVID-19, and the continued conflict between Russian and Ukraine, may result in significant changes in foreign exchange rates, interest rates, and share prices, both our own and those of third parties we use to value certain of our long-term investments. Refer to Part I, Item 3.D. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for further discussion on the impact of worldwide economic conditions on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Currency risk

Currency risk manifests itself in transaction exposure, which relates to business transactions denominated in foreign currency required by operations (purchasing and selling) and/or financing (interest and amortization). The volatility in foreign exchange rates, in particular a weakening of foreign currencies relative to the Euro, may negatively affect our revenue. Our general policy is to hedge transaction exposure on a case-by-case basis. Translation exposure relates to net investments in foreign operations. We do not conduct translation risk hedging.

Transaction exposure sensitivity

In most cases, our customers are billed in their respective local currency. Major payments, such as salaries, consultancy fees, and rental fees are settled in local currencies. Royalty payments are primarily settled in Euros and U.S. dollars. Hence, the operational need to net purchase foreign currency is due primarily to a deficit from such settlements.

The table below shows the immediate impact on (Loss)/income before tax of a 10% strengthening of foreign currencies relative to the Euro in the closing exchange rate of significant currencies to which we have transaction exposure, at March 31, 2023. The sensitivity associated with a 10% weakening of a particular currency would be equal and opposite. This assumes that each currency moves in isolation.

Swedish krona
(SEK)

British pound
(GBP)

U.S. dollar
(USD)

(in € millions)

(Increase)/decrease in loss before tax

(15)

(11)

Translation Exposure Sensitivity

The impact on our equity would be approximately €112 million if the Euro weakened by 10% against all translation exposure currencies, based on the exposure at March 31, 2023.

Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that changes in interest rates will have a negative impact on earnings and cash flow. Our exposure to interest rate risk is related to our interest-bearing assets, primarily our short term debt securities. Fluctuations in interest rates impact the yield of the investment. The sensitivity analysis considered the historical volatility of short term interest rates and we determined that it was reasonably possible that a change of 100 basis points could be experienced in the near term. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates would have impacted interest income by €10 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Share price risk

Share price risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in the fair value of the Company's ordinary share price. Our exposure to this risk relates primarily to the Exchangeable Notes, outstanding warrants, and accrual for social costs on outstanding share-based compensation awards.

A 10% decrease or increase in the Company's ordinary share price would have resulted in a fair value of the Exchangeable Notes ranging from €1,153 million to €1,160 million at March 31, 2023.

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A 10% decrease or increase in the Company's ordinary share price would have resulted in a fair value of the warrants ranging from €6 million to €11 million at March 31, 2023.

A 10% decrease or increase in the Company's ordinary share price would have resulted in a change in the accrual for social costs on outstanding share-based compensation awards of €3 million and €7 million, respectively at March 31, 2023.

Investment risk

We are exposed to investment risk as it relates to changes in the market value of our long term investments, due primarily to volatility in the share price used to measure the investment and exchange rates. The majority of our long term investments relate to TME. A 10% decrease or increase in TME's share price would have resulted in a fair value of the Group's long term investment in TME ranging from €972 million to €1,188 million at March 31, 2023.

Critical accounting policies and estimates

We prepare our interim condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. Preparing these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results may differ from these estimates.

We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with revenue, share-based compensation, content, warrants, Exchangeable Notes, business combinations, the incremental borrowing rate, and income taxes have the greatest potential impact on our interim condensed consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.

There have been no material changes or additions to our critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates described in our Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Recent accounting pronouncements

There are no other new IFRS or IFRS Interpretation Committee ("IFRIC") interpretations effective for the three months ended March 31, 2023 that have a material impact to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements. See Note 2 to our interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in this document.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are from time to time subject to various claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings. Some of these claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings involve highly complex issues, and often these issues are subject to substantial uncertainties. Accordingly, our potential liability with respect to a large portion of such claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings cannot be estimated with certainty. Management, with the assistance of legal counsel, periodically reviews the status of each significant matter and assesses potential financial exposure. We recognize provisions for claims or pending litigation when it determines that an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Due to the inherent uncertain nature of litigation, the ultimate outcome or actual cost of settlement may materially vary from estimates. If management's estimates prove incorrect, current reserves could be inadequate and we could incur a charge to earnings which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

For a discussion of legal proceedings in which we are involved, see Note 19 and Note 21 to our interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes from the risk factors and information disclosed in Part I, Item 3.D. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity

No ordinary shares were repurchased during the three months ended March 31, 2023. See Note 14 to our interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional details.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.