VBIV

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022

OR

For the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission file number: 001-37769

VBI VACCINES INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 617-830-3031

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

VBI VACCINES INC.

FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND OTHER INFORMATION
CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and the provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. You can find many (but not all) of these statements by looking for words such as “approximates,” “believes,” “hopes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “will,” “may,” or other similar expressions in this Form 10-Q. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions; prospective products, applications, customers, and technologies; future performance or results of anticipated products; anticipated expenses; and projected financial results. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations, or projections described under the sections in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2021 annual report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 7, 2022. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, the terms “VBI,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and the “Company” refer to VBI Vaccines Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Unless indicated otherwise, all references to the U.S. Dollar, Dollar or $ are to the United States Dollar, the legal currency of the United States of America and all references to € mean Euros, the legal currency of the European Union. We may also refer to NIS, which is the New Israeli Shekel, the legal currency of Israel, and the Canadian Dollar or CAD, which is the legal currency of Canada.

Except for share and per share amounts, or as otherwise specified to be in millions, amounts presented are stated in thousands.

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share amounts)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share amounts)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(in thousands)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

VBI Vaccines Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

1. NATURE OF BUSINESS AND CONTINUATION OF BUSINESS

Corporate Overview

VBI Vaccines Inc. (the “Company” or “VBI”) was incorporated under the laws of British Columbia, Canada on April 9, 1965.

The Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, VBI Vaccines (Delaware) Inc., a Delaware corporation (“VBI DE”); VBI DE’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Variation Biotechnologies (US), Inc., a Delaware corporation (“VBI US”); Variation Biotechnologies, Inc. a Canadian company and the wholly-owned subsidiary of VBI US (“VBI Cda”); and SciVac Ltd. an Israeli company (“SciVac”); SciVac Hong Kong Limited (“SciVac HK”) and VBI Vaccines B.V a Netherlands company (“VBI BV”), are collectively referred to as the “Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”, or “VBI”.

The Company’s registered office is located at Suite 1700, Park Place, 666 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6C 2X8 with its principal office located at 160 Second Street, Floor 3, Cambridge, MA 02142. In addition, the Company has manufacturing facilities located in Rehovot, Israel and research facilities located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Principal Operations

VBI Vaccines Inc. (“VBI”) is a commercial stage biopharmaceutical company driven by immunology in the pursuit of prevention and treatment of disease. Through its innovative approach to virus-like particles (“VLPs”), including a proprietary enveloped VLP (“eVLP”) platform technology, VBI develops vaccine candidates that mimic the natural presentation of viruses, designed to elicit the innate power of the human immune system. VBI is committed to targeting and overcoming significant infectious diseases, including hepatitis B (“HBV”), COVID-19 and coronaviruses, and cytomegalovirus (“CMV”), as well as aggressive cancers including glioblastoma (“GBM”). VBI is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with research operations in Ottawa, Canada, and a research and manufacturing site in Rehovot, Israel.

The COVID-19 pandemic has materially negatively affected the global economy, and the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including but not limited to, supply chain issues, global shortages of supplies, materials and products, volatile market conditions and rising global inflation, continue to do so. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company’s business and results of operations were adversely affected and, as the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to impact the global economy, may continue to adversely affect our business and results of operations. The extent to which the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to impact our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our clinical studies, our research programs, the recoverability of our assets, and our manufacturing; however, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to disrupt or delay our business operations, including with respect to efforts relating to potential business development transactions, and it could continue to disrupt the marketplace which could have an adverse effect on our operations.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The Company faces a number of risks, including but not limited to, uncertainties regarding the success of the development and commercialization of its products, demand and market acceptance of the Company’s products, and reliance on major customers. The Company anticipates that it will continue to incur significant operating costs and losses in connection with the development and commercialization of its products.

The Company had an accumulated deficit of $468,468 as of September 30, 2022 and cash outflows from operating activities of $54,649 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

The Company will require significant additional funds to conduct clinical and non-clinical trials, commercially launch our products, and achieve regulatory approvals. Additional financing may be obtained from the issuance of equity securities, the issuance of additional debt, structured asset financings, government or non-governmental organization grants or subsidies, and/or revenues from potential business development transactions, if any. There is no assurance the Company will manage to obtain these sources of financing, if required. The above conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

On July 1, 2022, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) indicating that, based upon the closing bid price of our common shares for the 30 consecutive business day period between May 18, 2022 through September 30, 2022, we did not meet the minimum bid price of $1.00 per share required for continued listing on NASDAQ pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The letter also indicated that we will be provided with a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until December 28, 2022 (the “Compliance Period”), in which to regain compliance pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A).

In order to regain compliance with NASDAQ’s minimum bid price requirement, our common shares must maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive business days during the Compliance Period. In the event that we do not regain compliance by the end of the Compliance Period, we may be eligible for additional time to regain compliance. To qualify, we will be required to meet the continued listing requirement for the market value of our publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for NASDAQ, with the exception of the bid price requirement, and will need to provide written notice of our intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period, by effecting a reverse stock split if necessary. If we meet these requirements, we may be granted an additional 180 calendar days to regain compliance. We have not regained compliance as of the date of this Form 10-Q, and if we fail to regain compliance during the Compliance Period or any subsequent grace period granted by NASDAQ, our common shares will be subject to delisting by NASDAQ, which could seriously decrease or eliminate the value of an investment in our common shares and result in significantly increased uncertainty as to the Company’s ability to raise additional capital.

On August 26, 2022, the Company 1) filed a registration statement for a base prospectus which covers the offering, issuance and sale of up to $300,000 of common shares, warrants, units and/or subscription rights; and 2) entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell its common shares having an aggregate price of up to $125,000 from time to time through Jefferies, acting as agent or principal (the “ATM Program”). The ATM Program replaces Open Market Sale Agreements previously entered into with Jefferies on July 31, 2020, and September 3, 2021, pursuant to each of which we could offer and sell our common shares having an aggregate price of up to $125,000 from time to time, through “at the market” (“ATM”) equity offering programs. Both ATM programs were terminated, effective as of August 26, 2022. Prior to termination, $27,022 of our common shares remained available for sale pursuant to the first ATM program, and $125,000 of our common shares remained available for sale pursuant to the second ATM program. Neither ATM program was utilized in 2022.

In September 2022, the Company refinanced its existing term loan facility with K2 HealthVentures LLC (“K2”) to increase the amount of term loans available to $100,000 among other items. See Note 9 for more details. The refinanced long-term debt has a maturity date of September 14, 2026.

Financial instruments recognized in the condensed consolidated balance sheet consist of cash, accounts receivable, other current assets, accounts payable, and other current liabilities. The Company believes that the carrying value of its current financial instruments approximates their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The Company does not hold any derivative financial instruments.

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Company’s fiscal year ends on December 31 of each calendar year. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in U.S. dollars (“USD”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, for interim reporting. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”), have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The December 31, 2021 consolidated balance sheet in this document was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements and notes included in this quarterly report on this Form 10-Q does not include all of the disclosures required by U.S. GAAP and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (the “2021 10-K”), as filed with the SEC on March 7, 2022.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries: VBI DE, VBI US, VBI Cda, SciVac, SciVac HK, and VBI BV. Intercompany balances and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries are eliminated in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Certain items previously reported in specific financial statement captions have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

In the opinion of management, these condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments and accruals of a normal and recurring nature necessary to fairly state the results of the periods presented. The results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year or for any future periods.

Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements are disclosed in the 2021 10-K, and there have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, other than the polices discussed below.

3. NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”), which simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including certain convertible instruments and contracts on an entity’s own equity. Specifically, the new standard has removed the separation models required for convertible debt with cash conversion features and convertible instruments with beneficial conversion features. It has also removed certain settlement conditions that are currently required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception and simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation for convertible instruments.

On January 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU 2020-06 using the modified retrospective method and recognized a cumulative effect of initially applying the ASU as an adjustment to the January 1, 2022 opening balance of accumulated deficit. Our conversion option that was previously bifurcated and recorded as a debt discount and additional paid-in capital has now been combined as a single instrument classified as a liability. The Company eliminated the beneficial conversion feature from additional paid-in capital; eliminated the interest accretion on the beneficial conversion feature through December 31, 2021 from the opening balance of accumulated deficit; and eliminated the corresponding debt discount. The prior period consolidated financial statements have not been retrospectively adjusted and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.

Accordingly, the cumulative effect of the changes made on our January 1, 2022 condensed consolidated balance sheet for the adoption of the ASU was as follows:

SCHEDULE OF CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF CHANGES ON CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS 

Recently Issued Accounting Standards, not yet Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). The amendments in ASU 2016-13, among other things, require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. ASU 2016-13 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. This ASU will be implemented through a modified retrospective method of transition. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of ASU 2016-13 on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

4. INVENTORY, NET

Inventory consists of the following:

SCHEDULE OF INVENTORY 

5. OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Other current assets consisted of the following:

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT ASSETS 

6. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET, AND GOODWILL

The Company’s intangible assets determined to have indefinite useful lives including In-Process Research and Development (“IPR&D”) and goodwill, are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. Such circumstances could include but are not limited to: (1) a significant adverse change in legal factors or in business climate, (2) unanticipated competition, or (3) an adverse action or assessment by a regulator.

The Company has established August 31st as the date for its annual impairment test of IPR&D and goodwill. The costs of rights to IPR&D projects acquired in an asset acquisition are expensed in the consolidated statements of operations unless the project has an alternative future use. These costs include initial payments incurred prior to regulatory approval in connection with research and development agreements that provide rights to develop, manufacture, market and/or sell pharmaceutical products.

The IPR&D assets, which consist of the CMV and GBM programs, were acquired in a business combination, capitalized as an intangible asset and are tested for impairment at least annually until commercialization, after which time the IPR&D will be amortized over its estimated useful life. The impairment test compares the carrying amount of the IPR&D asset to its fair value. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset, such excess is recorded as an impairment loss. There was no IPR&D impairment as a result of the Company’s annual testing on August 31, 2022. The fair value of the IPR&D assets included in the impairment test was determined using the income approach method and is considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in the estimate of the fair value of IPR&D assets including: 1) the amount and timing of costs to develop the IPR&D into viable products; 2) the amount and timing of future cash inflows; 3) the discount rate; and 4) the probability of technical and regulatory success. The discount rate used was 12% and the cumulative probability of technical and regulatory success to achieve approval to market the products ranged from approximately 10% to 17%.

The fair value of our CMV asset was in excess of its carrying value by approximately 25% as of August 31, 2022. In the event we continue to experience challenging market conditions, insufficient internal resources due to competing programs, and changes in the competitive and technological landscape for CMV vaccines, this may give rise to a triggering event that may require the Company to record impairment charges on our IPR&D assets in the future.

SCHEDULE OF INDEFINITE LIVED INTANGIBLE ASSETS INCLUDING CUMULATIVE IMPAIRMENT AND CURRENCY TRANSLATION 

The Company amortizes intangible assets with finite lives on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

The change in carrying value for IPR&D assets from December 31, 2021 relates to currency translation adjustments which decreased by $4,311 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. When evaluating goodwill for impairment, we may first perform an assessment qualitatively whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, referred to as a “step zero” approach. Subsequently (if necessary, after step zero), if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeded its fair value an impairment would be recorded. We would perform our goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. There was no goodwill impairment determined as a result of the Company’s annual testing on August 31, 2022. The fair value of the Company, which consists of a single reporting unit, included in the impairment test was determined using the closing market stock price of VBI as of August 31, 2022.

SCHEDULE OF GOODWILL 

The change in carrying value for goodwill from December 31, 2021 relates to currency translation adjustments which increased by $157 for the nine months period ended September 30, 2022.

7. OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

SCHEDULE OF OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES 

8. LOSS PER SHARE OF COMMON SHARES

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted loss per share includes the effect, if any, from the potential exercise or conversion of securities, such as warrants, and stock options, which would result in the issuance of incremental shares of common shares unless such effect is anti-dilutive. In computing the basic and diluted net loss per share applicable to common stockholders, the weighted average number of shares remains the same for both calculations due to the fact that when a net loss exists, dilutive shares are not included in the calculation as their effect would be anti-dilutive. These potentially dilutive securities are more fully described in Note 10, Stockholders’ Equity and Additional Paid-in Capital.

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding at September 30, 2022 and 2021 have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding, as they would be antidilutive:

SCHEDULE OF ANTI-DILUTIVE WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARES OUTSTANDING  

9. LONG-TERM DEBT 

As of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the long-term debt is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF LONG-TERM DEBT  

On May 22, 2020, the Company (along with its subsidiary VBI Cda) entered into the Loan and Guaranty Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with K2 and any other lender from time-to-time party thereto (the “Lenders”). On May 22, 2020, the Lenders advanced the first tranche of term loans of $20,000. Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Lenders originally had the ability to convert, at the Lenders’ option, up to $4,000 of the secured term loan into common shares of the Company at a conversion price of $1.46 per share until the original maturity date of June 1, 2024. On February 3, 2021, pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Lenders, converted $2,000 of the secured term loan into 1,369,863 common shares at a conversion price of $1.46 per share.

On May 17, 2021, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the Loan and Guaranty Agreement (“First Amendment”) with the Lenders and received additional loan advances of $12,000.

On September 14, 2022, the Company entered into the Second Amendment to the Loan Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) with the Lenders to: (i) increase the amount of the term loans available under the Loan Agreement to $100,000 from $50,000, which term loans are available in up to four tranches the subject to the achievement of milestones and other customary conditions, (ii) add certain minimum net revenue covenants to the Second Amendment, (iii) extend the final maturity date for the term loans to September 14, 2026, which may be extended to September 14, 2027, under certain circumstances, and (iv) to the extent that the maturity date is extended, the term loans will begin amortizing on a monthly basis on September 14, 2026.

On September 15, 2022, the Lenders advanced to the Borrowers the Restatement First Tranche Term Loan (as defined in the Second Amendment) in an aggregate amount of $50,000 which included the refinancing of the $30,000 in term loans that were outstanding under the Loan Agreement as amended by the First Amendment. The second tranche of term loans of up to $15,000 will be available from April 1, 2023, through June 30, 2023, subject to the achievement of certain clinical milestones and compliance with a liquidity requirement which requires the Company to have sufficient cash on hand to funds its operations for at least nine months (the “Liquidity Requirement”). The third tranche of term loans of up to $10,000 will be available from April 1, 2024, through June 30, 2024, so long as certain of the milestones for the second tranche of term loans were achieved, no events of default under the Loan Agreement have occurred and are continuing, and the Liquidity Requirement is satisfied. The fourth tranche of term loans of up to $25,000 shall be available at any time from September 14, 2022, until September 14, 2026, subject to the Lender’s review of the Company’s clinical and financial plans and Lender’s investment committee approval.

Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Lenders have the ability to convert $7,000 into common shares, by which $2,000 of the term loans shall be convertible into 1,369,863 shares of common stock at a conversion price of $1.46 per share and $5,000 of the term loans shall be convertible into 4,792,026 shares of common stock at a conversion price of $1.0434 per share (“K2 conversion feature”).

In connection with the Loan Agreement, on May 22, 2020, the Company issued the Lenders a warrant to purchase up to 625,000 common shares (the “Original K2 Warrant”) at an exercise price of $1.12 per share. On May 17, 2021, in connection with the First Amendment, the Company amended and restated the Original K2 Warrant to purchase an additional 312,500 common shares for a total of 937,500 common shares (the “First Amendment Warrant”) with the same exercise price of $1.12 per share. On September 14, 2022, in connection with the Second Amendment and the advance of the first tranche of term loans of $50,000 by the Lenders, the Company issued the Lenders a warrant to purchase an additional 2,180,413 common shares (the “Second Amendment Warrant”) with a warrant exercise price of $0.8026. If the full remaining $50,000 available in the K2 tranches is advanced pursuant to the Second Amendment, up to an additional 2,180,413 common shares will be issuable pursuant to the Second Amendment Warrant. The First Amendment Warrant and the Second Amendment Warrant may be exercised either for cash or on a cashless “net exercise” basis. The First Amendment Warrant expires on May 22, 2030 and the Second Amendment Warrant expires on September 14, 2032.

The Company is required to make a final payment equal to 6.95% of the aggregate term loan principal on the maturity date of the term loan, or upon earlier prepayment of the term loans in accordance with the Second Amendment (the “Second Amendment Final Payment”). The final payment related to the refinanced $30,000 in term loans that were outstanding under the Loan Agreement as amended by the First Amendment of $2,224 remains and is due the earlier of June 1, 2024 or the earlier prepayment of the term loans in accordance with the Second Amendment (the “Original Final Payment”).

Upon receipt of additional funds, issuable pursuant to the second, third and fourth tranches, under the Second Amendment, additional common shares will be issuable pursuant to the Second Amendment Warrant as determined by the principal amount of the second tranche, third tranche and fourth tranche actually funded multiplied by 3.5% and divided by the warrant exercise price of $0.8026, and the Second Amendment Final Payment will increase by6.95% of the funds advanced.

The Company accounted for the Second Amendment as a debt extinguishment and resulted in an extinguishment loss of $172, which is included in interest expense, net of interest income in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The term loans under the Loan Agreement as amended by the First Amendment were derecognized and the term loan under the Loan Agreement as amended by the Second Amendment was recorded at fair value of $48,340, which resulted in a total debt discount of $7,359. Fees paid to the Lender, including the fair value of the Second Amendment Warrant of $1,550 and the facility fee of $563, were included in the calculation of extinguishment loss. Fees paid to third parties were de minimums and expensed as incurred in general and administrative in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The total principal amount of the loan under the Loan Agreement as amended by the Second Amendment, outstanding at September 30, 2022, including the Original Final Payment of $2,224 and the Second Amendment Final Payment of $3,475 in connection with the Second Amendment, is $55,699. The principal amount of the loan made under the Loan Agreement as amended by the Second Amendment accrues interest at an annual rate equal to the greater of (a) 8.00% or (b) prime rate plus 4.00%. The interest rate as of September 30, 2022 was 10.25%. The Company is required to pay only interest until September 14, 2026. The effective interest rate on the loan of $50,000, excluding the Original Final Payment and Second Amendment Final Payment, is 13.63%.  

Upon the occurrence of an Event of Default, and during the continuance of an Event of Default, the applicable rate of interest, described above, will be increased by 5.00% per annum. The secured term loan maturity date isSeptember 14, 2026, or if the milestone for the Restatement Third Tranche Term Loan (as defined in the Second Amendment) has been achieved, September 14, 2027, and the Loan Agreement as amended by the Second Amendment includes both financial and non-financial covenants. The Company was in compliance with these covenants as of September 30, 2022.

The obligations under the Loan Agreement as amended by the Second Amendment, are secured on a senior basis by a lien on substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries other than intellectual property. The subsidiaries of the Company, other than VBI Cda, SciVac HK, and VBI BV, are guarantors of the obligations of the Company and VBI Cda under the Loan Agreement. The Loan Agreement also contains customary events of default.

The total debt discount related to the Second Amendment is $7,359. As of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the unamortized debt discount was $7,281 and $3,783 respectively. The debt discount is being charged to interest expense, net of interest income in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss using the effective interest method over the term of the debt.

At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the fair value of our outstanding debt, which is considered level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, is estimated to be $47,080 and $30,406, respectively.

Interest expense, net of interest income recorded in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

SCHEDULE OF INTEREST EXPENSE  

The following table summarizes the future principal payments due under long-term debt:

SCHEDULE OF FUTURE PRINCIPAL OF LONG-TERM DEBT  

10. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL

Stock option plans

The Company’s stock option plans are approved by and administered by the Board and its Compensation Committee. The Board designates, in connection with recommendations from the Compensation Committee, eligible participants to be included under the plan, and designates the number of options, exercise price and vesting period of the new options.

2006 VBI US Stock Option Plan

The 2006 VBI US Stock Option Plan (the “2006 Plan”), was approved by and was previously administered by the VBI US board of directors which designated eligible participants to be included under the 2006 Plan, and designated the number of options, exercise price and vesting period of the new options. The 2006 Plan was not approved by the stockholders of VBI US. The 2006 Plan was superseded by the 2014 Plan (as defined below) following the PLCC Merger and no further options will be issued under the 2006 Plan. As of September 30, 2022, there were 842,803 options outstanding under the 2006 Plan.

2014 Equity Incentive Plan

On May 1, 2014, the VBI DE board of directors adopted the VBI Vaccines Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”). The 2014 Plan was approved by the VBI DE’s shareholders on July 14, 2014. The 2014 Plan was superseded by the 2016 Plan (as defined below) and no further options will be issued under the 2014 Plan. As of September 30, 2022, there were 521,242 options outstanding under the 2014 Plan.

2016 VBI Equity Incentive Plan

The 2016 VBI Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) is a rolling incentive plan that sets the number of common shares issuable under the 2016 Plan, together with any other security-based compensation arrangement of the Company, at a maximum of 10% of the aggregate common shares issued and outstanding on a non-diluted basis at the time of any grant under the 2016 Plan. The 2016 Plan is an omnibus equity incentive plan pursuant to which the Company may grant equity and equity-linked awards to eligible participants in order to promote the success of the Company by providing a means to offer incentives and to attract, motivate, retain and reward persons eligible to participate in the 2016 Plan. Grants under the 2016 Plan include a grant or right consisting of one or more options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted share units (“RSUs”), performance share units (“PSUs”), shares of restricted stock or other such award as may be permitted under the 2016 Plan. As of September 30, 2022, there were 21,727,860 options outstanding and 10,570 RSUs unvested under the 2016 Plan.

The aggregate number of common shares remaining available for issuance for awards under the 2016 Plan totaled 1,268,789 at September 30, 2022.

Activity related to stock options is as follows:

SCHEDULE OF STOCK OPTIONS ACTIVITY  

Information relating to RSUs is as follow:

SCHEDULE OF RESTRICTED STOCK UNITS  

In determining the amount of stock-based compensation the Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to establish the fair value of options granted by applying the following weighted average assumptions:

SCHEDULE OF FAIR VALUE OF OPTIONS GRANTED BY USING BLACK-SCHOLES OPTION PRICING ASSUMPTIONS  

The fair value of the options is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period and forfeitures are accounted for when they occur. The total stock-based compensation expense recorded in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

SCHEDULE OF STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE  

11. REVENUES, NET AND DEFERRED REVENUE

Revenues, net comprises the following:

SCHEDULE OF REVENUE COMPRISED  

The following table presents revenues expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations, based on current estimates, that are unsatisfied at September 30, 2022:

SUMMARY OF REVENUE EXPECTED TO BE RECOGNIZED IN FUTURE RELATED TO PERFORMANCE OBLIGATIONS  

The following table presents changes in the deferred revenue balance for the nine months ended September 30, 2022:

SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN DEFERRED REVENUE  

Collaboration and License Agreement – Brii Bio

On December 4, 2018, the Company entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Brii Biosciences Limited (“Brii Bio”), amended on April 8, 2021, whereby:

On December 20, 2021, the Company and Brii Bio further amended the License Agreement (the “Second Amendment License Agreement”) subject to the following additional terms and conditions:

Pursuant to the License Agreement, as amended, the Company is responsible for the R&D Services and Brii Bio is responsible for costs relating to the clinical trials for the Licensed Territory.

The Company and Brii Bio will jointly own all right, title and interest in the joint know-how development and the patents claiming joint inventions made pursuant to the Second Amendment License Agreement.

The initial consideration of the License Agreement consisted of an $11,000 non-refundable upfront payment. As part of the License Agreement, the Company and Brii Bio entered into a stock purchase agreement. Under the terms of the stock purchase agreement, the Company issued to Brii Bio 2,295,082 shares of its common stock valued at $3,626 (based on the Company’s common stock price on December 4, 2018). The remaining $7,374, deemed to be the initial transaction price, was allocated to two performance obligations: i) the VBI-2601 (BRII-179) license and ii) R&D services. The R&D services were allocated $4,737 of the transaction price using an estimated selling price based on an expected cost plus a margin approach and the remaining transaction price of $2,637 was allocated to the VBI-2601 (BRII-179) license using the residual method.

There was no additional consideration contemplated in the Second Amendment License Agreement.

In addition, the Company is also eligible to receive an additional $117,500 in potential regulatory and sales milestone payments, along with royalties on commercial sales in the Licensed Territory. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. Therefore, no variable consideration was included in the initial transaction price and no such amounts have been recognized to date.

The R&D Services will be satisfied over time as services are rendered using the “cost-to-cost” input method as this method represents the most accurate depiction of the transfer of services based on the types of costs expected to be incurred. As of September 30, 2022, R&D services related to Brii Bio that remain unsatisfied are $1,932, out of the $2,601 total deferred revenue.

Upon termination of the Collaboration and License Agreement prior to the end of the term, there is no obligation for refund and any amounts in deferred revenue related to unsatisfied performance obligations will be immediately recognized.

12. COLLABORATION ARRANGEMENTS

GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. (“GSK”)

On September 10, 2019, the Company entered into a Clinical Collaboration Agreement (“Collaboration Agreement”) pursuant to which we will investigate the use of GSK’s proprietary AS01_B adjuvant system in our ongoing study of VBI-1901. As a result of the Collaboration Agreement, a second study arm was added to Part B of the ongoing Phase Ib/IIa clinical study to accommodate the AS01_B adjuvant.

This relationship is considered a collaborative relationship and not a customer relationship and is therefore accounted for outside the scope of ASC Topic 606. Costs associated with the second study arm will be expensed as incurred in Research and Development expenses; three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are $0 and $139, respectively. Costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 are $48 and $374, respectively.

National Research Council of Canada (“NRC”)

On March 31, 2020, the Company announced a collaboration with the NRC, Canada’s largest federal research and development organization, to develop a coronavirus vaccine candidate, targeting COVID-19, SARS, and MERS. The NRC and the Company are collaborating to evaluate and select promising coronavirus vaccine candidates. The collaboration combines the Company’s viral vaccine expertise, eVLP technology platform, and modified coronavirus antigens with the NRC’s proprietary SARS-CoV-2 antigens and assay development capabilities to select the most immunogenic vaccine candidate for further development.

On December 21, 2020, the Company signed an amendment to the collaboration agreement with the NRC to broaden the scope of collaboration to include certain pre-clinical evaluations, bioprocess optimization, technology transfer, and the performance of additional scale up work.

On July 8, 2021, the Company signed a second amendment to the collaboration agreement with the NRC to broaden the scope of the collaboration to include developing a vaccine against the Beta variant of SARS-CoV-2.

On August 27, 2021, the Company signed a third amendment to the collaboration agreement with the NRC further broaden the scope to include certain stable cell line work for our vaccine candidate against the Beta variant of SARS-CoV-2.

On November 15, 2021, we signed a fourth amendment to the collaboration agreement with the NRC to further broaden the scope to include additional animal studies and PRNT analysis for our vaccine candidate against the Beta variant of SARS-CoV-2.

On February 8, 2022, we signed a fifth amendment to the collaboration agreement with the NRC to further broaden the scope to include additional assays of new variants against SARS-CoV-2.

On April 28, 2022, we signed a sixth amendment to the collaboration agreement with the NRC to further broaden the scope to include generation and testing of stable pools of cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

The expiry date of the collaboration agreement, as amended, is December 31, 2022. 

This relationship is considered a collaborative relationship and not a customer relationship and is therefore accounted for outside the scope of ASC Topic 606. Costs associated with the collaboration will be expensed as incurred in Research and Development expenses; costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are $118 and $702, respectively. Costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 are $712 and $942, respectively.

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”)

On March 9, 2021, the Company and CEPI announced the CEPI Funding Agreement, to develop eVLP vaccine candidates against SARS-COV-2 variants, including the Beta variant, also known as the B.1.351 variant and as 501Y.V2, first identified in South Africa. CEPI agreed to provide up to $33,018 to support the advancement of VBI-2905, a monovalent eVLP candidate expressing the pre-fusion form of the spike protein from the Beta variant strain, through Phase I clinical development.

Under the terms of the CEPI Funding Agreement, among other things, the Company and CEPI agreed on the importance of global equitable access to any vaccines produced pursuant to the CEPI Funding Agreement. Any such vaccines, if approved, are expected to be procured and allocated through global mechanisms as part of the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator, an international initiative launched by the WHO, Gavi the Vaccine Alliance, CEPI, and other global non-governmental organizations and governmental leaders in 2021.

This relationship is considered a collaborative relationship and not a customer relationship and is therefore accounted for outside the scope of ASC Topic 606.

Costs associated with the collaboration are expensed as incurred in Research and Development and General and Administrative expenses; costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 are $692 and $3,098 respectively. Costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 are $2,711 and $4,918, respectively. Such expenses, including administrative expenses, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 were reduced by the same amount. Since inception of the CEPI Funding Agreement in 2021, the Company received $19,327 from CEPI and the Company had $7,479 recorded as deferred funding, recorded in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Brii Biosciences Limited

On December 4, 2018, we entered into the Collaboration and License Agreement with Brii Bio, which was amended on April 8, 2021, as described in Note 11.

As described in Note 11, the Company and Brii Bio entered into the Second Amendment License Agreement on December 20, 2021. The Combo Clinical Trial collaboration is considered a collaborative relationship and not a customer relationship and is therefore accounted for outside the scope of ASC Topic 606. Costs associated with the Combo Clinical Trial collaboration will be expensed as incurred in Research and Development expenses; costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, were $56 and $191 respectively.

13. GOVERNMENT GRANTS

Grants recognized in research and development expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss are as follows:

Industrial Research Assistance Program (“IRAP”)

On July 3, 2020, the Company and the NRC as represented by its IRAP signed a contribution agreement whereby the NRC agreed to contribute up to CAD $1,000 for the transfer and scale-up of the technical production process for our prophylactic coronavirus vaccine program.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 the Company recognized $0 and $0, respectively, as a reduction in expenses. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had $41 recorded as deferred government grants, recorded in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized $68 and $68, respectively as a reduction in expenses.

Strategic Innovation Fund (“SIF”)

On September 16, 2020, the Company and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Industry (“ISED”) signed a contribution agreement (the “Contribution Agreement”) for a contribution from SIF whereby ISED agreed to contribute up to CAD $55,976 to support the development of the Company’s coronavirus vaccine program, through Phase II clinical studies, for a period commencing on April 15, 2020 and ending on or before the first quarter of 2022 (the “Project Completion Date”). On March 28, 2022, the Company and ISED signed an amendment to the Contribution Agreement, the main purpose of which was to extend the collaboration and move the Project Completion Date from March 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $1,831 and $3,783, respectively, as a reduction in expenses. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had $716 recorded as deferred government grants, recorded in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized $2,365 and $6,377, respectively as a reduction in expenses.

14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company may be involved in certain claims and litigation arising out of the ordinary course and conduct of business. Management assesses such claims and, if it considers that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated, provisions for loss are made based on management’s assessment of the most likely outcome.

On September 13, 2018, two civil claims were brought in the District Court of the central district in Israel naming our subsidiary SciVac as a defendant. In one claim, two minors, through their parents, allege, among other things: defects in certain batches of Sci-B-Vac discovered in July 2015; that Sci-B-Vac was approved for use in children and infants in Israel without sufficient evidence establishing its safety; that SciVac failed to provide accurate information about Sci-B-Vac to consumers; and that each child suffered side effects from the vaccine. The claim was filed together with a motion seeking approval of a class action on behalf of 428,000 children vaccinated with Sci-B-Vac in Israel from April 2011 and seeking damages in a total amount of NIS 1,879,500 ($530,483). The second claim is a civil action brought by two minors and their parents against SciVac and the Israel Ministry of Health alleging, among other things, that SciVac marketed an experimental, defective, hazardous or harmful vaccine; that Sci-B-Vac was marketed in Israel without sufficient evidence establishing its safety; and that Sci-B-Vac was produced and marketed in Israel without approval of a western regulatory body. The claim seeks damages for past and future losses and expenses as well as punitive damages.

SciVac believes these matters to be without merit and intends to defend these claims vigorously.

The District Court has accepted SciVac’s motion to suspend reaching a decision on the approval of the class action pending the determination of liability under the civil action. Preliminary hearings for the trial of the civil action began on January 15, 2020, with subsequent preliminary hearings held on May 13, 2020, December 3, 2020, September 30, 2021, and June 9, 2022. The next preliminary hearing is scheduled to be held on January 12, 2023.

Operating leases

The Company has entered into various non-cancelable lease agreements for its office, lab, and manufacturing facilities, which are classified as operating leases. The office facility lease agreement in the United States (“U.S.”) expires on October 31, 2024, with no option to extend. Our manufacturing facility lease agreement in Israel has been extended for 5 years with a term now ending January 31, 2027. A lease for additional office space in Israel has a term ending November 30, 2025 with an option to extend for two additional years. The lease agreement for our research facility in Canada, which comprises office and laboratory space, has a term ending on December 31, 2022 with an option to extend the term for one additional period of three years. A lease for additional office space at our research facility commenced on October 1, 2020 with a term ending April 30, 2023. In September 2022, we decided to extend the term of our lease for our research facility in Canada for three additional years, which now has a term ending on December 31, 2025.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company entered into new lease agreements and recognized a ROU asset of $339 and $1,134, respectively.

There are no residual value guarantees, no variable lease payments, and no restrictions or covenants imposed by leases. The discount rate used in measuring the lease liabilities and right of use assets was determined by reviewing our incremental borrowing rate at the initial measurement date.

 SUMMARY OF LEASE COST AND OTHER INFORMATION

Operating lease costs are included G&A expenses in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The following table summarizes future undiscounted cash payments reconciled to the lease liabilities:

SCHEDULE OF FUTURE UNDISCOUNTED CASH PAYMENTS RECONCILED TO LEASE LIABILITIES  

15. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) has been identified as the chief operating decision maker. The CEO evaluates the performance of the Company and allocates resources based on the information provided by the Company’s internal management system at a consolidated level. The Company has determined that it has only one operating segment.

Revenues, net from external customers are attributed to geographic areas based on location of the contracting customers:

SCHEDULE OF REVENUES FROM EXTERNAL CUSTOMERS  

There was no revenue attributed to our country of domicile, Canada, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

16. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS 

On October 18, 2022, the Company, Ferring International Center S.A., a company incorporated pursuant to the laws of Switzerland and SciVac, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, amended and restated that certain license agreement, dated as of June 3, 2004 and amended by the parties on each of January 24, 2005, March 15, 2005, June 15, 2005 and February 14, 2012 (the “Amended and Restated Ferring License Agreement”). The Amended and Restated Ferring License Agreement amends and restates certain of the terms relating to the manufacture and marketing of HBsAg products, which includes, among others, updates to the definition of net sales, and a reduction in the fixed royalty rate on net sales of HBsAg products from seven percent (7%) to three and a half percent (3.5%) in consideration for the grant of the license to utilize genetically engineered CHO cells encoding the hepatitis B antigen and certain information related to the manufacture of hepatitis B vaccines (collectively, the “Technology”). In connection with the Amended and Restated Ferring License Agreement, the Company has also agreed to act as the guarantor for SciVac’s obligations under the Amended and Restated Ferring License Agreement, or if the Amended and Restated Ferring License Agreement is assigned to a third party, guarantor for SciVac’s obligations that have accrued up until the date of such assignment.

In October 2022, the Company received notice from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) that we qualified as a small business and that the Prescription Drug User Fee Act program application fee of $2,876 for PreHevbrio would be refunded.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis summarize the significant factors affecting our operating results, financial condition, liquidity, and cash flows as of and for the periods presented below. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis here and throughout this Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

Overview

VBI Vaccines Inc. (“VBI”) is a commercial stage biopharmaceutical company driven by immunology in the pursuit of powerful prevention and treatment of disease. Through our innovative approach to virus-like particles (“VLPs”), including a proprietary enveloped VLP (“eVLP”) platform technology, we develop vaccine candidates that mimic the natural presentation of viruses, designed to elicit the innate power of the human immune system. We are committed to targeting and overcoming significant infectious diseases, including hepatitis B (“HBV”), COVID-19 and coronaviruses, and cytomegalovirus (“CMV”), as well as aggressive cancers including glioblastoma. We are headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with research operations in Ottawa, Canada, and a research and manufacturing site in Rehovot, Israel.

Product Pipeline

VBI’s pipeline is comprised of vaccine and immunotherapeutic programs developed by virus-like particle technologies to target two distinct, but often related, disease areas – infectious disease and oncology. We prioritize the development of programs for disease targets that are challenging, underserved, and where the human immune system, when powered and stimulated appropriately, can be a formidable opponent.

VLP vaccines are a type of sub-unit vaccine, in which only the portions of viruses critical for eliciting an immune response are presented to the body. Because of their structural similarity to viruses presented in nature, including their particulate nature and repetitive structure, virus-like particles (VLPs) can stimulate potent immune responses. VLPs can be customized to present any protein antigen, including multiple antibody and T cell targets, making them, we believe, ideal technologies for the development of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. However, only a few antigenic proteins self-assemble into VLPs, which limit the number of potential targets. Notably, HBV antigens are among those that are able to spontaneously form orderly VLP structures. Our eVLP platform technology expands the list of potentially viable target indications for VLPs by providing a stable core (Gag Protein) and lipid bilayer (the “envelope”). It is a flexible platform that enables the synthetic manufacture of an “enveloped” VLP, or “eVLP”, which looks structurally and morphologically similar to the virus, with no infectious material.

Our product pipeline includes an approved vaccine and multiple late- and early-stage investigational programs. The investigational programs are in various stages of clinical development and the scientific information included about these therapeutics is preliminary and investigative. The investigational programs have not been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, or any other health authority and no conclusion can or should be drawn regarding the safety or efficacy of these investigational programs.

In addition to our existing pipeline programs, we may also seek to in-license clinical-stage vaccines or vaccine-related technologies that we believe complement our pipeline, as well as technologies that may supplement our efforts in both immuno-oncology and infectious disease.

Key Targeted Disease Areas

Hepatitis B Virus (“HBV”)

HBV infection can cause liver inflammation, fibrosis, and liver injury, resulting in potentially life-threatening conditions through acute illness and chronic disease, including liver failure, cirrhosis, and cancer. HBV remains a significant public health burden with as many as 2.2 million chronically infected people in the United States (“U.S.”) alone. Worldwide, this number is estimated to be as high as 350 million, with approximately 800,000 deaths resulting from the consequences of HBV infection each year.

Despite the highly infectious nature of HBV, due to its often-asymptomatic nature, it is estimated that as many as 67% of chronically infected adults in the U.S. are unaware of their infection status. There is no cure available for HBV infection and while public health initiatives highlight immunization as the most effective strategy for the prevention of HBV infections, the U.S. adult HBV vaccination rates remain persistently low at only about 30% of all adults aged 19 years and older.

In April 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) implemented a change to the adult HBV vaccine recommendations. As incorporated in the CDC’s 2022 Adult Immunization Schedule and as published in the April 1, 2022, CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), adults aged 19 to 59 years are now universally recommended to be vaccinated against HBV infection. Additionally, while adults aged 60 years and older with risk factors for HBV infection are still recommended to receive HBV vaccinations, adults aged 60 years and older without known risk factors for HBV may now also receive HBV vaccinations.

In addition to our approved vaccine, PreHevbrio (Hepatitis B Vaccine [Recombinant]), there are four other vaccines approved in the U.S. for the prevention of HBV infection in adults: Engerix-B^® and Twinrix^®, manufactured by GSK, Recombivax HB^®, manufactured by Merck &. Co., and Heplisav-B^®, manufactured by Dynavax Technologies Corporation.

COVID-19 and Other Coronaviruses

Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped viruses that cause respiratory illness of varying severities. Only seven coronaviruses are known to cause disease in humans, four of which most frequently cause symptoms typically associated with the common cold. Three of the seven coronaviruses, however, have more serious outcomes in people. These more pathogenic coronaviruses are (1) SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus identified as the cause of COVID-19; (2) MERS-CoV, identified in 2012 as the cause of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (“MERS”); and (3) SARS-CoV, identified in 2002 as the cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (“SARS”).

The virus that causes COVID-19 continues to evolve and several SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and certain of these variants have been identified as having a significant public health impact. To date, notable Variants of Concern (“VOC”) have included:

Glioblastoma (“GBM”)

Glioblastoma (“GBM”) is among the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumors in humans. In the U.S. alone, about 12,000 new GBM cases are diagnosed each year. The current standard of care for GBM is surgical resection, followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Even with intensive treatment, GBM progresses rapidly and has a high mortality rate, with median overall survival for primary GBM of about 14 months. Median overall survival for recurrent GBM is even lower, at about 8 months.

Cytomegalovirus (“CMV”)

CMV is a common virus that is a member of the herpes family. It infects one in every two people in many developed countries. Most CMV infections are “silent”, meaning the majority of people who are infected exhibit no signs or symptoms. Despite its typically asymptomatic nature in older children and adults, CMV may cause severe infections in newborn children (congenital CMV) and may also cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems, such as solid organ or bone marrow transplant recipients. Congenital CMV infection can be treated – but not cured – and there are currently no approved vaccines available for the prevention of infection in either the congenital or the transplant setting.

Zika

Zika is a mosquito-borne virus that is spread primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito, but can also be transmitted sexually, during pregnancy, or during childbirth. Acute infections are typically mild, but Zika has been associated with a number of neurological complications in newborns. The first formal description of Zika virus was published in 1952, but it was not until 2007 that the first Zika outbreak in humans was recorded. Over the past decade, Zika has begun to spread globally, and between January 2014 and February 2016, 33 countries reported circulation of the Zika virus, including in North America. There is currently no vaccine to prevent Zika infection.

Pipeline Programs 

The table below is an overview of our commercial vaccine and our investigational programs as of October 31, 2022:

¹Approved for use in the U.S. for the prevention of infection caused by all known subtypes of hepatitis B virus in adults 18 years of age and older

² Approved for use in the European Union/European Economic Area and the UK, under the brand name PreHevbri, for active immunization against infection caused by all known subtypes of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in adults. It can be expected that hepatitis B will also be prevented by immunization with PreHevbri as hepatitis B (caused by the delta agent) does not occur in the absence of HBV infection.

³ Approved for use in Israel, under the brand name Sci-B-Vac, for active immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV infection).

A summary of our marketed product, lead pipeline programs, and recent developments follows.

Marketed Product

PreHevbrio (Hepatitis B Vaccine [Recombinant])

PreHevbrio (Hepatitis B Vaccine [Recombinant]) was approved by the FDA on November 30, 2021 for the prevention of infection caused by all known subtypes of HBV in adults aged 18 years and older. PreHevbrio contains the S, pre-S2, and pre-S1 HBV surface antigens, and is the only approved 3-antigen HBV vaccine for adults in the U.S. On February 23, 2022, following discussion at the CDC’s ACIP meeting, PreHevbrio joined the list of recommended products for prophylactic adult vaccination against HBV infection. The inclusion of PreHevbrio in the ACIP recommendation was reflected in a CDC publication on April 1, 2022 and was a notable milestone as many insurance plans and institutions require an ACIP recommendation before a vaccine can be reimbursed or is made available to patients. Additionally, PreHevbrio will be included in the next annual update of the CDC Adult Immunization Schedule in 2023, which will summarize changes throughout the coming year. VBI launched PreHevbrio in the U.S. at the end of the first quarter of 2022, and revenue generation began in the second quarter of 2022.

Commercial and regulatory activity for VBI’s 3-antigen HBV vaccine outside of the U.S. include:

Prophylactic Investigational Candidates

VBI-2900: Coronavirus Vaccine Program (VBI-2901, VBI-2902, VBI-2905)

In response to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, VBI initiated development of a prophylactic coronavirus vaccine program. Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses by nature which make them a prime target for VBI’s flexible eVLP platform technology.

On August 26, 2020, we announced data from three pre-clinical studies conducted to enable selection of optimized clinical candidates for our coronavirus vaccine program. As a result of these studies, VBI selected two vaccine candidates, with the goal of bringing forward candidates that add meaningful clinical and medical benefit to those already approved: (1) VBI-2901, a multivalent coronavirus vaccine candidate expressing the SARS-CoV-2, SARS, and MERS spike proteins; and (2) VBI-2902, a monovalent vaccine candidate expressing an optimized “prefusion” form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

In March 2021, a Phase I study of VBI-2902 was initiated and on June 29, 2021, we announced initial positive data from the Phase Ia portion of this study that evaluated one- and two-dose regimens of 5µg of VBI-2902 in 61 healthy adults aged 18-54 years. After two doses, VBI-2902 induced neutralization titers in 100% of participants, with 4.3x higher geometric mean titer (“GMT”) than that of the convalescent serum panel (n=25), and peak antibody binding GMT of 1:4,047. VBI-2902 was also well tolerated with no safety signals observed.

In response to the increased circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants, the Phase Ib portion of the ongoing Phase I study was initiated in September 2021 to assess VBI-2905, our eVLP vaccine candidate directed against the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant. On April 5, 2022, we announced new data from the Phase 1b study (n=53). A single-dose booster of VBI-2905 increased the geometric mean titer (“GMT”) of neutralizing antibodies directed against the Beta variant 3.8-fold, at day 28, in participants who had previously received two-doses of an mRNA vaccine (ancestral strain) – approximately 2-fold increases were also seen at day 28 in antibody GMTs against both the ancestral and delta variant. New preclinical data announced at the same time showed that against a panel of coronavirus variants in mice, reactivity was seen with VBI-2902 against all variants including the ancestral strain, Delta, Beta, Omicron, Lambda, and RaTG13 (a bat coronavirus that is distant to circulating human strains). In this same panel, VBI-2901 was able to elicit an even stronger response against all variants tested – as the strains became more divergent from the ancestral strain, VBI-2901 elicited a greater difference in GMT from VBI-2902, ranging from 2.5-fold higher against the ancestral strain to 9.0-fold higher against the bat coronavirus. Additionally, a validated pseudoparticle neutralization assay (“PNA”) benchmarked against the WHO reference standard demonstrated that VBI-2902 elicited neutralizing antibody responses of 176 IU50/mL in its Phase 1a study – this international standard measure would predict a greater than 90% efficacy, with two internationally approved vaccines estimated to have 90% efficacy at 83 and 140 IU50/mL (Gilbert, PB, 2021).

The clinical and preclinical data for all three candidates continued to support the potential of the eVLP platform against coronaviruses. On September 29, 2022, we announced that we initiated the first clinical study of VBI’s multivalent coronavirus candidate, VBI-2901, designed to increase breadth of protection against COVID-19 and related coronaviruses.

The VBI-2900 program is supported by a partnership with CEPI (the “CEPI Funding Agreement”), with contributions of up to $33 million; a partnership with the Strategic Innovation Fund (“SIF”), established by the Government of Canada, with an award of up to CAD $56 million; contribution of up to CAD $1 million from the Industrial Research Assistance Program (“IRAP”) of the National Research Council of Canada (“NRC”); and a collaboration with the NRC.

VBI-1501: Prophylactic CMV Vaccine Candidate

Our prophylactic CMV vaccine candidate uses the eVLP platform to express a modified form of the CMV glycoprotein B (“gB”) antigen and is adjuvanted with alum, an adjuvant used in FDA-approved products.

Following the successful completion of the Phase I study in May 2018, and positive discussions with Health Canada, we announced plans for a Phase II clinical study evaluating VBI-1501 on December 20, 2018. We received similarly positive guidance from the FDA in July 2019. The Phase II study is expected to assess the safety and immunogenicity of dosages of VBI-1501 up to 20µg with alum. We are currently evaluating the timing of the Phase II study.

Therapeutic Investigational Candidates

VBI-2601: HBV Immunotherapeutic Candidate

VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is our novel, recombinant, protein-based immunotherapeutic candidate in development for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is formulated to induce broad immunity against HBV, including T-cell immunity which plays an important role in controlling HBV infection.

On April 12, 2021 and June 23, 2021, we announced data from the completed Phase Ib/IIa clinical study in patients with chronic HBV infection, which was conducted by our partner Brii Biosciences Limited (“Brii Bio”). The study was a randomized, controlled study designed to assess the safety, tolerability, antiviral and immunologic activity of VBI-2601. The study was a two-part, dose-escalation study assessing different dose levels of VBI-2601 (BRII-179) with and without an immunomodulatory adjuvant, conducted at multiple study sites in New Zealand, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Hong Kong SAR, and China.

The data from the Phase Ib/IIa for 33 evaluable patients across all study arms suggest: (1) VBI-2601 (BRII-179) is well tolerated at all dose levels with and without the adjuvant with no significant adverse events identified; (2) VBI-2601 (BRII-179) induced both B cell (antibody) and T cell responses in chronically-infected HBV patients, (3) VBI-2601 (BRII-179) induced restimulation of T cell responses to HBV surface antigens, including S, Pre-S1 and Pre-S2, in greater than 50% of the evaluable patients compared to no detectable response in the control arm; (4) the T cell responses and antibody responses were comparable across the 20µg and 40µg unadjuvanted study arms; and (5) T cell response rates between the adjuvanted and unadjuvanted cohorts were also comparable. Based on the acceptable safety profile and vaccine-induced adaptive immune responses seen in this study, VBI-2601 (BRII-179) advanced to Phase II studies.

On April 21, 2021, we announced that the first patient had been dosed in a Phase II clinical study evaluating VBI-2601 (BRII-179) in combination with BRII-835 (VIR-2218), an investigational small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) targeting HBV, for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical trial in the field to evaluate the combination of these two HBV mechanisms of action. The multi-center, randomized, open-label study is designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this combination with and without interferon-alpha as a co-adjuvant. Brii Bio has led the design and implementation of this functional cure proof-of-concept study with the support of VBI and Vir Biotechnology (“VIR”). The study is being conducted at sites in Australia, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong SAR, South Korea, New Zealand, Singapore, and Thailand. Interim topline clinical data from this study is expected by the end of 2022.

On January 5, 2022, we announced that the first patient was dosed in a second Phase IIa/IIb clinical study evaluating VBI-2601 (BRII-179). This Phase II study assesses VBI-2601 as an add-on therapy to the standard-of-care nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (nrtl) and pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN-α,) therapy. Interim topline clinical data from part one of this Phase IIa/IIb clinical study is expected in the third quarter of 2023.

VBI-1901: Glioblastoma (GBM)

Our cancer vaccine immunotherapeutic program, VBI-1901, targets CMV proteins present in tumor cells. CMV is associated with a number of solid tumors including glioblastoma (“GBM”), breast cancer, and pediatric medulloblastoma.

In January 2018, we initiated dosing in a two-part, multi-center, open-label Phase I/IIa clinical study of VBI-1901 in 38 patients with recurrent GBM. Phase I (Part A) of the study was a dose-escalation phase that defined the safety, tolerability, and optimal dose level of VBI-1901 adjuvanted with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in recurrent GBM patients with any number of prior recurrences. In December 2018, this phase completed enrollment of 18 patients across three dose cohorts, the highest of which (10 µg) was selected as the optimal dose level to test in the Phase IIa portion (Part B) of the study. Phase IIa of the study, which initiated enrollment in July 2019, is a subsequent extension of the 10 µg doses level cohort. This phase is a two-arm study that enrolled 20 first-recurrent GBM patients to receive 10 µg of VBI-1901 in combination with either GM-CSF or GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. (“GSK”) proprietary adjuvant system, AS01, as immunomodulatory adjuvants. AS01 is provided pursuant to a Clinical Collaboration and Support Study Agreement (“Collaboration Agreement”) we entered into with GSK on September 10, 2019. Enrollment of the 10 patients in the VBI-1901 with GM-CSF arm was completed in March 2020 and enrollment of the 10 patients in the VBI-1901 with AS01 was completed in October 2020.

Data from the ongoing Phase IIa portion of the study was announced throughout 2020 and 2021, with the latest data presented in December 2021 at the World Vaccine & Immunology Congress. The data from the Phase IIa portion of this study demonstrate: (1) improvement in 6-month, 12-month, and 18-month overall survival (“OS”) data compared to historical controls; (2) 12-month OS of 60% (n=6/10) in the VBI-1901 + GM-CSF study arm and 70% (n=7/10) in the VBI-1901 + AS01 study arm, compared to historical controls of ~30%; (3) 18-month OS of 30% (3/10) in the VBI-1901 + GM-CSF study arm, 18-month OS not yet reached in the VBI-1901 + AS01 study arm; (3) 2 partial tumor responses, one of which remains on protocol past week 86 with a 93% tumor reduction relative to initiation of treatment at the start of the study, and 7 stable disease observations across both study arms; and (4) VBI-1901 continues to be safe and well tolerated at all doses tested, with no safety signals observed.

On June 8, 2021, we announced that the FDA granted Fast-Track Designation for VBI-1901 formulated with GM-CSF for the treatment of recurrent GBM patients with first tumor recurrence. The designation was granted based on data from the Phase I/IIa study.

On June 22, 2022, we announced that the FDA granted Orphan Drug Designation for VBI-1901 for the treatment of GBM.