HOLO MicroCloud Hologram Inc

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1 — Nature of business and organization

MicroCloud Hologram Inc. (formerly known as Golden Path Acquisition Corporation (“Golden Path” or “the Company”)), a Cayman Islands exempted company, is a leading holographic digitalization technology service provider in China, which is committed to providing first-class holographic technology services to the customers worldwide.

On September 16, 2022, the Company consummated the previously announced business combination pursuant to the Merger Agreement, by and among Golden Path, Golden Path Merger Sub, and MC. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, MC merged with Golden Path Merger Sub, survived the merger and continued as the surviving company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Golden Path (the “Merger”, and, collectively with the other transactions described in the Merger Agreement, the “Business Combination”). Upon the closing of the Business Combination, Golden Path changed its name to MicroCloud Hologram Inc., pursuant to which Golden Path issued 44,554,455 ordinary shares to MC shareholders. Prior to the Transaction Close, the holders of Golden Path ordinary shares had the right to redeem all or a portion of their Golden Path ordinary shares calculated in accordance with Golden Path’s governing documents. At the Closing, each of Golden Path’s public units separated into its components consisting of one ordinary share, one warrant and one right, as a result, the units no longer trade as a separate security. As a result of the closing of the Business Combination, after reflecting the actual redemption of 2,182,470 shares by Golden Path shareholders, MC owns approximately 87.68% of the outstanding Golden Path ordinary shares, the former shareholders of Golden Path owns approximately 11.57% of the outstanding Golden Path ordinary shares, and Peace Asset Management, a private held entity who facilitated the business combination, owns approximately 0.75 % as of March 31, 2023 (not giving effect to any shares issuable to them upon the exercise of any Golden Path warrants). Immediately after giving effect to the Business Combination, MicroCloud has 50,812,035 ordinary shares issued and outstanding, and 6,020,500 warrants outstanding. The proceeds received from the Reverse Recapitalization is $33.2 million, net of certain transaction costs.

As a result of the consummation of the Business Combination, MC is now a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, which has changed its name to MicroCloud Hologram Inc.

Following the Closing, on September 19, 2022, the ordinary shares and public warrants outstanding upon the Closing began trading on the NASDAQ Stock Exchange (the “NASDAQ”) under the symbols “HOLO” and “HOLOW,” respectively.

The transaction was accounted for as a “reverse recapitalization” in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) because the primary assets of Golden Path would be nominal following the close of the Merger. Under this method of accounting, Golden Path was treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes and MC was determined to be the accounting acquirer based on the terms of the Merger and other factors including: (i) MC’s stockholders have a majority of the voting power of the combined company, (ii) MC comprises a majority of the governing body of the combined company, and MC’s senior management comprises all of the senior management of the combined company, and (iii) MC comprises all of the ongoing operations of the combined entity. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, this transaction was treated as the equivalent of the Company issuing shares for the net assets of Golden Path, accompanied by a recapitalization. The shares and net loss per common share, prior to the Reverse Recapitalization, have been retroactively restated as shares reflecting the Exchange Ratio established in the Reverse Recapitalization (one Golden Path share for one Company share). The net assets of Golden Path were recorded at historical costs, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Reverse Recapitalization are those of MC.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the activities of the Company and each of the following entities as of March 31, 2023:

Note 2 — Summary of significant accounting policies

Liquidity

In assessing the Company’s liquidity, the Company monitors and analyses its cash on-hand and its operating and capital expenditure commitments. The Company’s liquidity needs are to meet its working capital requirements, operating expenses and capital expenditure obligations. Cash flow from operations, advance from shareholders, and proceeds from third party loan have been utilized to finance the working capital requirements of the Company. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had cash of $20.3 million. The Company’s working capital was approximately $21.5 million as of March 31, 2023. The Company believes its revenues and operations will continue to grow and the current working capital is sufficient to support its operations and debt obligations as they become due one year through report date.

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, regarding financial reporting, and include all normal and recurring adjustments that management of the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of its financial position and operation results. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any other three months period or for the full year of 2023. Accordingly, these statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and note thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Principles of consolidation

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances between the Company and its subsidiaries are eliminated upon consolidation.

Subsidiaries are those entities in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power; or has the power to govern the financial and operating policies, to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors, or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of directors.

Use of estimates and assumptions

The preparation of unaudited consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the unaudited consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Company’s unaudited consolidated financial statements include the useful lives of property and equipment and intangible assets, impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill, allowance for doubtful accounts, revenue recognition, inventory reserve, purchase price allocation for business combination, uncertain tax position, and deferred taxes. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Foreign currency translation and transaction

The functional currency of MicroCloud, MC, Mengyun HK, Mcloudvr HK and Broadvision HK is in US dollars and the functional currency of the Company’s other subsidiaries are RMB, as determined based on the criteria of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 830 “Foreign Currency Matters.”

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the rates of exchange in place at the balance sheet date. Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency during the year are converted into the functional currency at the applicable rates of exchange prevailing when the transactions occurred. Transaction gains and losses are recognized in the unaudited consolidated statement of operations.

In the unaudited consolidated financial statements, the financial information of the Company and other entities located outside of the PRC has been translated into USD. Assets and liabilities of the Company translated from their respective functional currencies to the reporting currency at the exchange rates at the balance sheet dates, equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates and revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during the reporting period. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustment are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss).

The balance sheet amounts, with the exception of shareholders’ equity for MC, Mengyun HK, Mcloudvr HK and Broadvision HK as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were translated at RMB 1.00 to USD 0.1456 and to USD 0.1450, respectively. The shareholders’ equity accounts were stated at their historical rate. Cash flows are also translated at average translation rates for the periods, therefore, amounts reported on the statement of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the consolidated balance sheet.

Convenience translation

Translations of balances in the unaudited consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of income and consolidated statements of cash flows from RMB into USD as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are solely for the convenience of the reader and were calculated at the rate of RMB 1.00 to USD 0.1456, representing the noon buying rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board on March 31, 2023. No representation is made that the RMB amounts represent or could have been, or could be, converted, realized or settled into USD at that rate, or at any other rate.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of bank deposits with original maturities of six months or less, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use. Cash and cash equivalents also consist of funds earned from the Company’s operating revenues which were held at third party platform fund accounts which are unrestricted as to immediate use or withdrawal. The Company maintains most of its bank accounts in the PRC.

Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivables include trade accounts due from customers. Accounts are considered overdue after 90 days. Management reviews its receivables on a regular basis to determine if the bad debt allowance is adequate, and provides an allowance when necessary. The allowance is based on management’s best estimates of specific losses on individual customer exposures, as well as the historical trends of collections. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the likelihood of collection is not probable. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company has $2,820,015 and $705,060 of allowance for doubtful accounts for accounts receivable, respectively.

Inventories, net

Inventories are comprised of raw material and finish goods are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the weighted average method. Cost of finished goods comprise direct material and outsourced assembling costs. Management reviews inventories for obsolescence and cost in excess of net realizable value periodically when appropriate and records a reserve against the inventory when the carrying value exceeds net realizable value. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has an allowance of $25,69425,964 and $25,584, respectively.

Prepayments, other current assets and deposits, net

Prepayments and other current assets are mainly payments made to vendors or service providers for purchasing goods or services that have not been received or provided, deposits for rent and utilities and employee advances. This amount is refundable and bears no interest. Prepayment and deposit are classified as either current or non-current based on the terms of the respective agreements. These advances are unsecured and are reviewed periodically to determine whether their carrying value has become impaired. As of March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company made $478 and $481 allowance for noncurrent prepayments and deposits, respectively.

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment if applicable. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets with a 5% residual value. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets sold or otherwise retired are eliminated from the accounts and any gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to earnings as incurred, while additions, renewals and betterments, which are expected to extend the useful life of assets, are capitalized. The Company also re-evaluates the periods of depreciation to determine whether subsequent events and circumstances warrant revised estimates of useful lives.

Intangible assets, net

The Company’s intangible assets with definite useful lives primarily consist of customer relationships, software, and non-competing agreements. Identifiable intangible assets resulting from the acquisitions of subsidiaries accounted for using the purchase method of accounting are estimated by management based on the fair value of assets received. The Company amortizes its intangible assets with definite useful lives over their estimated useful lives and reviews these assets for impairment. The Company typically amortizes its intangible assets with definite useful lives on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the contractual terms or the estimated useful lives of three to ten years.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration paid for an acquisition over the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the acquired subsidiaries at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually, more often when circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. Goodwill is carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses. If impairment exists, goodwill is immediately written down to its fair value and the loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Impairment losses on goodwill are not reversed.

The Company has the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform further impairment testing in accordance with ASC 350-20, as amended by ASU 2017-04. If the Company believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the impairment test described below is required. The Company compares the fair values of each reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered to be impaired. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, impairment is recognized for the difference, limited to the amount of goodwill recognized for the reporting unit. Estimating fair value is performed by utilizing various valuation techniques, with the primary technique being discounted cash flows.

Impairment for long-lived assets

Long-lived assets, including property and equipment and intangible assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company assesses the recoverability of the assets based on the undiscounted future cash flows the assets are expected to generate and recognize an impairment loss when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset plus net proceeds expected from disposition of the asset, if any, are less than the carrying value of the asset. If an impairment is identified, the Company would reduce the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated fair value based on a discounted cash flows approach or, when available and appropriate, to comparable market values. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, no impairment of long-lived assets was recognized.

Investments in unconsolidated entities

The Company’s investments in unconsolidated entities consist of equity investments without readily determinable fair value.

The Company follows ASC Topic 321, Investments Equity Securities (“ASC 321”) to account for investments that do not have readily determinable fair value and over which the Company does not have significant influence. The Company uses the measurement alternative to measure those investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer, if any.

An impairment charge is recorded if the carrying amount of the investment exceeds its fair value and this condition is determined to be other-than temporary.

Business combination

The purchase price of an acquired company is allocated between tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired business based on their estimated fair values, with the residual of the purchase price recorded as goodwill. Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred, and are included in general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. The results of operations of the acquired business are included in the Company’s operating results from the date of acquisition.

Fair value measurement

U.S. GAAP regarding fair value of financial instruments and related fair value measurements defines financial instruments and requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments held by the Company.

U.S. GAAP defines fair value, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosures of fair value measurement and enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measures. The three levels are defined as follow:

Financial instruments included in current assets and current liabilities are reported in the unaudited consolidated balance sheets at face value or cost, which approximate fair value because of the short period of time between the origination of such instruments and their expected realization and their current market rates of interest.

Noncontrolling Interests

The Company’s noncontrolling interests represent the minority shareholders’ ownership interests related to the Company’s subsidiaries, including 44% for Ocean HK and its subsidiaries. The noncontrolling interests are presented in the consolidated balance sheets separately from equity attributable to the shareholders of the Company. Noncontrolling interests in the results of the Company are presented on the consolidated statement of income as allocations of the total income or loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 between noncontrolling interest holders and the shareholders of the Company.

Ordinary share Warrants

The Company accounts for ordinary share warrants as either equity instruments or liabilities in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”), depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement.

Revenue recognition

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASC Topic 606 using the modified retrospective adoption method. Based on the requirements of ASC Topic 606, revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company primarily sells its products to hospitals and medical equipment companies. Revenue is recognized when the following 5-step revenue recognition criteria are met:

The Company’s revenue recognition policies effective upon the adoption of ASC 606 are as follows:

(i) Holographic Solutions

a. Holographic Technology LiDAR Products

The Company generates LiDAR revenue through selling integrated circuit board embedded with holographic software. The Company typically enters into written contracts with its customer where the rights of the parties, including payment terms, are identified and sales prices to the customers are fixed with no separate sales rebate, discount, or other incentive and no right of return exists on sales of inventory. The Company’s performance obligation is to deliver products according to contract specifications. The Company recognizes product revenue at a point in time when the control of products is transferred to customers.

b. Holographic Technology Intelligence Vision software and Technology Development Service

The Company generates revenue by developing ADAS software and technology, which are generally on a fixed-priced basis. The Company has no alternative use for the customized software and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Revenues from ADAS software development contracts are recognized over time during the contract period based on the Company’s measurement of progress towards completion using input method, which is usually measured by comparing labor hours expended to date to total estimated labor hours needed to satisfy the performance obligation. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligation is $0 and $384,489. Assumptions, risks and uncertainties inherent in the estimates used to measure progress could affect the amount of revenues, receivables and deferred revenues at each reporting period. The Company has a long history of developing various ADAS software resulting in its ability to reasonably estimate the progress toward completion on each fixed price customized contracts.

c. Holographic Technology Licensing and Content Products

The Company provides holographic content products and holographic software for music videos, shows, and commercials on a fixed-price basis. These contents and software are generally pre-developed and exist when made available to the customer. Content products are delivered through its website or offline using hard drive.

Revenues from licensing and content products are recognized at the point in time when the control of products or services is transferred to customers. No upgrades, maintenance, or any other post-contract customer support are provided.

d. Holographic Technology Hardware Sales

The Company is a distributer of holographic hardware and generates revenue through resale. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue recognition: principal agent consideration, an entity is a principal if it controls the specified good or service before that good or service is transferred to a customer. Otherwise, the entity is an agent in the transaction. The Company evaluates three indicators of control in accordance with ASU 2016-08: 1) For hardware sales, the Company is the most visible entity to customers and assumes fulfilment risk and risks related to the acceptability of products, including addressing customer complaints directly and handling of product returns or refunds directly. 2) The Company assumes inventory risk after taking the title from vendors and is responsible for product damage during shipment period prior to acceptance of its customers and is also responsible for product return if the customer is not satisfied with the products. 3) The Company determines the resale price of hardware products. 4) The Company is the party that directs the use of the inventory and can prevent the vendor from transferring the product to a customer or to redirect the products to a different customer. After evaluating the above scenario, the Company considers itself the principal of these arrangements and records hardware sales revenue on a gross basis.

Hardware sales contracts are on a fixed price basis with no separate sales rebate, discount, or other incentive. Revenue is recognized at a point in time when the Company has delivered products and the acceptance by its customer with no future obligation. The Company generally permits returns of products due to deficits; however, returns are historically insignificant.

(ii) Holographic Technology Service

Holographic advertisements are the use of holographic technology integrated into advertisements on media platforms and offline display. The Company enters advertising contracts with advertisers to promote merchandises and services where the price, which is generally based on cost per action (“CPA”), is fixed and determinable. The Company provides its advertising service to channel providers where the amounts cost per action are also fixed and determinable. Revenue is recognized at a point of time when agreed actions are performed. The Company considers itself as provider of the services under the CPA model as it has the control of the services at any time before it is transferred to the customers which is evidenced by 1) having a right to a service to be performed by the other party, which gives the Company the ability to direct that party to provide the service to the customers on the Company’s behalf. 2) having discretion in setting the price for the service 3) billing monthly advertising fee directly to customers by settling valid CPA data with customers. Therefore, the Company acts as the principal of these arrangements and reports revenue earned and costs incurred related to these transactions on a gross basis. The Company also provides advertisement services through influencers on social networks. The Company charges advertisers a fixed rate, which is generally a fixed percentage of total value of merchandise sold over a specific period (“GMV”). Revenue is recognized at a point of time when merchandise is sold through social network.

The Company’s SDK service is a collection of software development tools in one installable package that enables customers (usually software developers) to add holographic functionality and run holographic advertisements in their APPs or software. SDK contracts are primarily on a fixed rate basis, or cost per SDK Connection. The Company recognizes SDK service revenue at a point in time when a user completes an SDK connection via a designated portal. Service fees are generally billed monthly based on per-connection basis.

The Company also provides game promotion services for game developers and licensed game operators. The Company acted as a marketing channel that it will promote the games through in-house or third-party platforms, from which users can download the mobile and purchase virtual currency for in game premium features to enhance their game playing experience. The Company contracts with third party payment platforms for collection services offered to game players who have purchased virtual currency. The game developers, licensed operator, payment platforms and the marketing channels are entitled to profit sharing based on a prescribed percentage of the gross amount charged to the game players. The Company’s obligation in the promotion services is completed at a point in time when the game players made a payment to purchase virtual currency. The Company considered itself an agent in these arrangements since it does not control the services at any time. Accordingly, the Company records the game promotion service revenue on a net basis.

Contract balances:

The Company records receivable related to revenue when it has an unconditional right to invoice and receive payment.

Payments received from customers before all of the relevant criteria for revenue recognition met are recorded as deferred revenues.

Cost of revenues

For holographic solutions, the cost of revenue consists primarily of the costs of hardware products sold and outsourced content providers, third party software development costs, and compensation expenses for the Company’s professionals.

For holographic technology service, the cost of revenue consists primarily of costs paid to channel distributors for advertising services and compensation expenses for the Company’s professionals.

Advertising costs

Advertising costs amounted to $138,153.67 and $85,937 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and included in selling expenses.

Research and development

Research and development expenses include salaries and other compensation-related expenses to the Company’s research and product development personnel, outsourced subcontractors, as well as office rental, depreciation and related expenses for the Company’s research and product development team.

Value added taxes (“VAT”)

Revenue represents the invoiced value of service, net of VAT. VAT is based on the gross sales price. The VAT rate is 6% on services and 13% on goods in China. Entities that are VAT general taxpayers are allowed to offset qualified input VAT paid to suppliers against their output VAT liabilities. Net VAT balance between input VAT and output VAT is recorded in taxes payable. All of the VAT returns filed by the Company’s subsidiaries in China, have been and remain subject to examination by the tax authorities for five years from the date of filing.

Income taxes

The Company are accounted for current income taxes in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities. The charge for taxation is based on the results for the fiscal year as adjusted for items, which are non-assessable or disallowed. It is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

Deferred taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method in respect of temporary differences arising from differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the unaudited consolidated financial statements and the corresponding tax basis used in the computation of assessable tax profit. In principle, deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Deferred tax is calculated using tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the income statement, except when it is related to items credited or charged directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax asset will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.

An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit has a greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. No penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the period incurred.

Other income, net

Other income includes government subsidies which are amounts granted by local government authorities as an incentive for companies to promote development of the local technology industry. The Company receives government subsidies and records such government subsidies as a liability when it is received. The Company records government subsidies as other income when there is no further performance obligation. Total government subsidies amounted to $12,191 and $6,665 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Other income also includes $25,235 and $8,158 for other non-operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Operating leases

Effective January 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02, “Leases” (Topic 842), and elected the practical expedients that does not require the Company to reassess: (1) whether any expired or existing contracts are, or contain, leases, (2) lease classification for any expired or existing leases and (3) initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases. For lease terms of twelve months or fewer, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election not to recognize lease assets and liabilities. The Company also adopted the practical expedient that allows lessees to treat the lease and non-lease components of a lease as a single lease component. On January 1, 2022, the Company recognized approximately USD 0.8 million of right of use (“ROU”) assets and approximately USD 0.8 million of operating lease liabilities based on the present value of the future minimum rental payments of leases, using incremental borrowing rate of 7%.

The Company determines if a contract contains a lease at inception. US GAAP requires that the Company’s leases be evaluated and classified as operating or finance leases for financial reporting purposes. The classification evaluation begins at the commencement date and the lease term used in the evaluation includes the non-cancellable period for which the Company has the right to use the underlying asset, together with renewal option periods when the exercise of the renewal option is reasonably certain and failure to exercise such option which result in an economic penalty. All of the Company’s real estate leases are classified as operating leases.

When determining the lease payments for an operating lease transitioning to ASC 842 using the effective date, it’s based on future payments at the transition date, based on the present value of lease payments over the remaining lease term. Since the implicit rate for the Company’s leases is not readily determinable, the Company use its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow, on a collateralized basis, an amount equal to the lease payments, in a similar economic environment and over a similar term.

Lease terms used to calculate the present value of lease payments generally do not include any options to extend, renew, or terminate the lease, as the Company does not have reasonable certainty at lease inception that these options will be exercised. The Company generally considers the economic life of its operating lease ROU assets to be comparable to the useful life of similar owned assets. The Company has elected the short-term lease exception, therefore operating lease ROU assets and liabilities do not include leases with a lease term of twelve months or less. Its leases generally do not provide a residual guarantee. The operating lease ROU asset also excludes lease incentives. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company reviews the impairment of its ROU assets consistent with the approach applied for its other long-lived assets. The Company reviews the recoverability of its long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The assessment of possible impairment is based on its ability to recover the carrying value of the asset from the expected undiscounted future pre-tax cash flows of the related operations. The Company has elected to include the carrying amount of operating lease liabilities in any tested asset group and includes the associated operating lease payments in the undiscounted future pre-tax cash flows.

Statutory reserves

Pursuant to the laws applicable to the PRC, PRC entities must make appropriations from after-tax profit to the non-distributable “statutory surplus reserve fund”. Subject to certain cumulative limits, the “statutory surplus reserve fund” requires annual appropriations of 10% of after-tax profit until the aggregated appropriations reach 50% of the registered capital (as determined under accounting principles generally accepted in the PRC (“PRC GAAP”) at each year-end). For foreign invested enterprises and joint ventures in the PRC, annual appropriations should be made to the “reserve fund”. For foreign invested enterprises, the annual appropriation for the “reserve fund” cannot be less than 10% of after-tax profits until the aggregated appropriations reach 50% of the registered capital (as determined under PRC GAAP at each year-end). If the Company has accumulated loss from prior periods, the Company is able to use the current period net income after tax to offset against the accumulate loss.

Earnings per share

The Company computes earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share”. ASC 260 requires companies to present basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is measured as net income divided by the weighted average common share outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS presents the dilutive effect on a per share basis of the potential common shares (e.g., convertible securities, options and warrants) as if they had been converted at the beginning of the periods presented, or issuance date, if later. Potential common shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.

Segment reporting

ASC 280, “Segment Reporting”, establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company’s internal organizational structure as well as information about geographical areas, business segments and major customers in financial statements for detailing the Company’s business segments.

The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews the financial information of the separate operating segments when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing the performance of the group. The Company has determined that it has two operating segments: (1) holographic solutions, and (2) holographic technology service.

Employee benefits

The full-time employees of the Company are entitled to staff welfare benefits including medical care, housing fund, pension benefits, unemployment insurance and other welfare, which are government mandated defined contribution plans. The Company is required to accrue for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ respective salaries, subject to certain ceilings, in accordance with the relevant PRC regulations, and make cash contributions to the state-sponsored plans out of the amounts accrued. Total expenses for the plans were $60,844 and $176,196 the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, which is an update to ASU Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which introduced the expected credit losses methodology for the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost basis, replacing the previous incurred loss methodology. The amendments in Update 2016-13 added Topic 326, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses, and made several consequential amendments to the Codification. Update 2016-13 also modified the accounting for available-for-sale debt securities, which must be individually assessed for credit losses when fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, in accordance with Subtopic 326-30, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses — Available-for-Sale Debt Securities. The amendments in this Update address those stakeholders’ concerns by providing an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis. For those entities, the targeted transition relief will increase comparability of financial statement information by providing an option to align measurement methodologies for similar financial assets. Furthermore, the targeted transition relief also may reduce the costs for some entities to comply with the amendments in Update 2016-13 while still providing financial statement users with decision-useful information.

In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-10, which to update the effective date of ASU No. 2016-02 for private companies, not-for-profit organizations and certain smaller reporting companies applying for credit losses, leases, and hedging standard. The new effective date for these preparers is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company is still evaluating the impact of the adoption of this ASU on the Company’s unaudited consolidated financial statements.

In October 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-08, “Codification Improvements to Subtopic 310-20, Receivables — Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs”. The amendments in this Update represent changes to clarify the Codification. The amendments make the Codification easier to understand and easier to apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. ASU 2020-08 is effective for the Company for annual and interim reporting periods beginning July 1, 2021. Early application is not permitted. All entities should apply the amendments in this Update on a prospective basis as of the beginning of the period of adoption for existing or newly purchased callable debt securities. These amendments do not change the effective dates for Update 2017-08. The adoption of this new standard does not have material impact on Company’s unaudited consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Except as mentioned above, the Company does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, statements of income and comprehensive income and statements of cash flows.

Movement of allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows:

Net provision for doubtful accounts for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 amounted to $2,119,725 and $442,335, respectively.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the management of the Company estimated its inventories at the lower of cost or market, determined on a weighted average method, or net realizable value. The Company recognized nil0 and nil0 inventory allowance as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Movement of inventory reserve is as follows:

Depreciation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 amounted to $27,048 and $69,104, respectively.

The estimated annual amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years is as follow:

Movement of allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows:

Note 8 — Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration paid of an acquisition over the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the acquired subsidiaries at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually, more often when circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. The following table summarizes the components of acquired goodwill balances as of:

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to reportable segments as of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023 are as follows:

Note 10 — Other payables and accrued liabilities

Other payables and accrued liabilities consist of the following:

Note 11 — Related party balances and transactions

The amounts due from related parties consist of the following:

The amounts due to related parties consists of the following:

Note 12 — Income taxes

Cayman Islands

MC was incorporated in the Cayman Islands and is not subject to tax on income or capital gains under the laws of Cayman Islands. Additionally, the Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.

Hong Kong

Mengyun HK, Broadvision HK, Ocean HK and Mcloudvr HK are incorporated in Hong Kong and is subject to Hong Kong Profits Tax on the taxable income as reported in its statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with relevant Hong Kong tax laws. The applicable tax rate is 16.5% in Hong Kong. Under Hong Kong tax law, Mengyun HK is exempted from income tax on its foreign-derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on remittance of dividends.

PRC

The subsidiaries incorporated in the PRC are governed by the income tax laws of the PRC and the income tax provision for operations in the PRC is calculated at the applicable tax rates on the taxable income for the periods based on existing legislation, interpretations and practices in respect thereof. Under the Enterprise Income Tax Laws of the PRC (the “EIT Laws”), domestic enterprises and Foreign Investment Enterprises (the “FIE”) are subject to a unified 25% enterprise income tax rate while preferential tax rates, tax holidays and even tax exemptions may be granted on a case-by-case basis. EIT grants preferential tax treatment to certain High and New Technology Enterprises (“HNTEs”). Under this preferential tax treatment, HNTEs are entitled to an income tax rate of 15%, subject to a requirement that they re-apply for HNTE status every three years. Shanghai Mengyun obtained the “high-tech enterprise” tax status in October 2017 and further renewed in December 2020, which reduced its statutory income tax rate to 15% from January 2017 to December 2023. Shenzhen Mengyun obtained the “high-tech enterprise” tax status in November 2018 and further renewed in December 2021, which reduced its statutory income tax rate to 15% from January 2018 to December 2024. Shenzhen Bowei obtained the “high-tech enterprise” tax status in December 2021, which reduced its statutory income tax rate to 15% from December 2021 to December 2024.

Horgos Weiyi, Horgos Youshi, Horgos Bowei and Horgos Tianyuemeng were formed and registered in Horgos in Xinjiang Province, China from 2016 to 2020, and Kashgar Youshi was formed and registered in Kashgar in Xinjiang Provence, China in 2016. These companies are not subject to income tax for 5 years and can obtain another two years of tax exempt status and three years at reduced income tax rate of 12.5% after the 5 years due to the local tax policies to attract companies in various industries.

The Ministry of Finance (“MOF”) and State Administration of Taxation (“SAT”) on January 17, 2019 jointly issued Cai Shui 2019 No. 13. This clarified that from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021, eligible small enterprises whose RMB 1,000,000 of annual taxable income is eligible for a 75% reduction on a rate of 20% (i.e., effective rate is 5%) and the income between RMB 1,000,000 and RMB 3,000,000 is eligible for 50% reduction on a rate of 20% (i.e., effective rate is 10%). On April 2, 2021, MOF and SAT further jointly issued Cai Shui 2021 No. 12, which clarified that from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022, eligible small enterprises whose RMB 1,000,000 of annual taxable income is eligible for an extra 50% reduction base on Cai Shui 2019 No. 13 (i.e., effective rate is 2.5%). On March 14, 2022, MOF and SAT further jointly issued Cai Shui 2022 No. 13, which clarified that from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024, eligible small enterprises whose income between RMB 1,000,000 and RMB 3,000,000 is eligible for an extra 50% reduction base on Cai Shui 2019 No. 13 (i.e., effective rate is 5%). March 26, 2023, MOF and SAT further jointly issued Cai Shui 2023 No. 6 which clarified that from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2024, eligible small enterprises whose RMB 1,000,000 of annual taxable income is eligible for a 75% reduction on a rate of 20% (i.e., effective rate is 5%).For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023, Shenzhen Tianyuemeng, Yijia Network, and Qianhai Youshi and Shenzhen Yunao were eligible to employ this policy.

Significant components of the income tax expense (benefit) consisted of the following:

Deferred tax assets and liabilities — China

Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

The Company evaluated the recoverable amounts of deferred tax assets, and provided a valuation allowance to the extent that future taxable profits will be available against which the net operating loss and temporary differences can be utilized. Valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets when the Company determines that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be utilized in the future. In making such determination, the Company considered factors including future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and tax loss carry forwards. Valuation allowance was provided for net operating loss carry forward because it was more likely than not that such deferred tax assets would not be realized based on the Company’s estimate of its future taxable income. If events occur in the future that allow the Company to realize more of its deferred income tax than the presently recorded amounts, an adjustment to the valuation allowances will result in a decrease in tax expense when those events occur. The valuation allowance was increased by $70,565 and $38,311 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company recognized deferred tax liabilities related to the excess of the intangible assets reporting basis over its income tax basis as a result of fair value adjustment from acquisitions in 2020. The deferred tax liabilities will reverse as the intangible assets are amortized for financial statement reporting purposes.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company had net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $5,538,621, which arose from Shenzhen Mengyun, Qianhai Youshi, Yijia Nework and Shenzhen Bowei, the subsidiaries established in the PRC, and will expire during the period from 2022 to 2026.

Uncertain tax positions

The Company evaluates each uncertain tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and measure the unrecognized benefits associated with the tax positions. As of December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, the Company did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions. The Company did not incur any interest and penalties related to potential underpaid income tax expenses For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023, and also does not anticipate any significant increases or decreases in unrecognized tax benefits in the next 12 months from March 31, 2023.

Value added taxes (“VAT”)

Revenue represents the invoiced value of service, net of VAT. The VAT are based on gross sales price. VAT rate is 6% on services and 13% on goods in China.

Taxes payable consisted of the following:

Note 13 — Concentration of risk

Credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and short-term investments consisting of time deposit. In China, the insurance coverage for cash deposits at each bank is RMB 500,000. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, cash and time deposit balance of $20,328,906 and $21,910,338 was deposited with financial institutions located in China. While management believes that these financial institutions are of high credit quality, it also continually monitors their credit worthiness.

A majority of the Company’s expense transactions are denominated in RMB and a significant portion of the Company and its subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities are denominated in RMB. RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. In the PRC, certain foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only by authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the PBOC. Remittances in currencies other than RMB by the Company in China must be processed through the PBOC or other China foreign exchange regulatory bodies which require certain supporting documentation in order to affect the remittance.

To the extent that the Company needs to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for capital expenditures and working capital and other business purposes, appreciation of RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount the Company would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if the Company decides to convert RMB into U.S. dollar for the purpose of making payments for dividends, strategic acquisition or investments or other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to the Company.

Customer concentration risk

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, one customer accounted for 25.7% of the Company’s total revenues. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, one customer accounted for 38.8% of the Company’s total revenues.

As of March 31, 2023, two customers accounted for 31.1%, and 21.1% of the Company’s accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, two customers accounted for 26.4% and 15.8% of the Company’s accounts receivable, respectively.

Vendor concentration risk

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, two vendors accounted for 59.0% and 12.7% of the Company’s total purchases, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, two vendors accounted for 45.6% and 23.5% of the Company’s total purchases.

As of March 31, 2023, one vendor accounted for 68.2% of the Company’s accounts payable. As of December 31, 2022, two vendors accounted for 63.6% and 10.0% of the Company’s accounts payable, respectively.

Note 14 — Shareholders’ equity

Ordinary shares

The Company was established under the laws of Cayman Islands on November 10, 2020 with authorized share of 500,000,000 ordinary Shares with a par value of USD 0.0001 each, 132,000,000 of which have been issued and are outstanding.

At the closing of the Business Combination, the issued and outstanding shares in MC held by the former MC shareholders were cancelled and ceased to exist, in exchange for the issuance of an aggregate of 44,554,455 Golden Path ordinary shares.

The number of shares of ordinary issued immediately following the consummation of the Merger was 50,812,035 shares with a par value of USD 0.0001 each.

Restricted assets

The Company’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions of funds from its subsidiary. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by Beijing Xihuiyun and Shanghai Mengyun (collectively “Mengyun PRC entities”) only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The results of operations reflected in the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of Mengyun PRC entities.

Mengyun PRC entities are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, Mengyun PRC entities may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to an enterprise expansion fund and staff bonus and welfare fund at its discretion. Mengyun PRC entities may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at its discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by State Administration of Foreign Exchange.

As a result of the foregoing restrictions, Mengyun PRC entities are restricted in their ability to transfer their assets to the Company. Foreign exchange and other regulations in the PRC may further restrict Mengyun PRC entities from transferring funds to the Company in the form of dividends, loans and advances. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, amounts restricted are the paid-in-capital and statutory reserve of Mengyun PRC entities, which amounted to $6,121,025 and $6,121,025.

Statutory reserve

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, Mengyun PRC entities collectively attributed $0 and $126,416, of retained earnings for their statutory reserves, respectively

Note 15 — Leases

The Company has several offices lease agreements with lease terms ranging from two to six years. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2022, the Company recognized approximately RMB 5.7 million (USD 0.9 million) of right of use (“ROU”) assets and approximately RMB 5.7 million (USD 0.9 million) of operating lease liabilities based on the present value of the future minimum rental payments of leases, using incremental borrowing rate of 7.0%.

The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The leases generally do not contain options to extend at the time of expiration.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company’s operating leases had a weighted average remaining lease term of approximately 2.75 years.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, rent expenses for the operating leases and short-term lease (less than one year) were $70,168 and $ 25,408, respectively.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, rent expenses for the operating leases and short term lease (less than one year) were $ 72,563 and $ 21,955, respectively.

The five-year maturity of the Company’s lease obligations is presented below:

Future amortization of Company’s ROU assets is presented below:

Note 16 — Warrant liabilities

As of March 31, 2023, the Company had 5,750,000 public warrants and 270,500 private warrants.

The Company accounts for its outstanding Warrants in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815-40-15-7D and 7F. Management has determined that under the Private Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment and must be recorded as liabilities. Accordingly, the Company classifies the Private Warrants as liabilities at their fair value and adjusts the Private Warrants to fair value at each reporting period. Management has further determined that its Public Warrants qualify for equity treatment. Warrant liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in our statements of operations.

Public Warrants

On June 24, 2021, the Company sold 5,750,000 units at a price of $10.00 per Public Unit in its Initial Public Offering. Each Public Unit consists of one ordinary share of the Company, $0.0001 par value per share, one right and one redeemable warrant (the “Public Warrant”). Each Public Warrant entitles the holder to purchase one-half (1/2) of an ordinary share at an exercise price of $11.50 per whole share, subject to adjustment as described in Form S-1 Amendment No. 2 filed on June 11, 2021. Pursuant to the warrant agreement, a warrant holder may exercise its warrants only for a whole number of shares. This means that only an even number of warrants may be exercised at any given time by a warrant holder.

No public warrants will be exercisable for cash unless the Company has an effective and current registration statement covering the ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants and a current prospectus relating to such ordinary shares. It is the Company’s current intention to have an effective and current registration statement covering the ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants and a current prospectus relating to such ordinary shares in effect promptly following consummation of an initial business combination.

The Public Warrants became exercisable on September 16, 2022, the later of (a) the consummation of a Business Combination, which was September 16, 2022, or (b) 12 months from the effective date of the registration statement relating to the Initial Offering, which was June 21, 2021. No Public Warrants will be exercisable for cash unless the Company has an effective and current registration statement covering the ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants and a current prospectus relating to such ordinary shares. The Company has agreed that as soon as practicable, but in no event later than 15 business days after the closing of a Business Combination, the Company will use its best efforts to file, and within 60 business days following a Business Combination to have declared effective, a registration statement covering the ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a registration statement covering the ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of the Public Warrants is not effective within 60 days, the holders may, until such time as there is an effective registration statement and during any period when the Company shall have failed to maintain an effective registration statement, exercise the Public Warrants on a cashless basis pursuant to an available exemption from registration under the Securities Act. If an exemption from registration is not available, holders will not be able to exercise their Public Warrants on a cashless basis. The Public Warrants will expire five years from the consummation of a Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

The Company may call the warrants for redemption (excluding the Private Warrants), in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per warrant:

If the Company calls the Public Warrants for redemption, management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise the Public Warrants to do so on a “cashless basis,” as described in the warrant agreement. The exercise price and number of ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a share dividend, extraordinary dividend or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of ordinary shares at a price below its exercise price. Additionally, in no event will the Company be required to net cash settle the warrants. If the Company is unable to complete a Business Combination within the Combination Period and the Company liquidates the funds held in the Trust Account, holders of warrants will not receive any of such funds with respect to their warrants, nor will they receive any distribution from the Company’s assets held outside of the Trust Account with respect to such warrants. Accordingly, the warrants may expire worthless.

Private Warrants

Simultaneously with the closing of the Initial Public Offering, the Company consummated a private placement of 270,500 Private Units at $10.0 per unit, purchased by the sponsor. The Private Units are identical to the units sold in the Initial Public Offering except that the warrants included in the Private Units (the “Private Warrants”) and the ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of the Private Warrants will not be transferable, assignable or saleable until after the completion of a Business Combination, subject to certain limited exceptions. Additionally, the Private Warrants will be exercisable on a cashless basis and will be non-redeemable so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. If the Private Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the Private Warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

Note 17 — Commitments and contingencies

Contingencies

From time to time, the Company is party to certain legal proceedings, as well as certain asserted and un-asserted claims. Amounts accrued, as well as the total amount of reasonably possible losses with respect to such matters, individually and in the aggregate, are not deemed to be material to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

Note 18 — Segments

ASC 280, “Segment Reporting”, establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company’s internal organizational structure as well as information about geographical areas, business segments and major customers in financial statements for detailing the Company’s business segments.

The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews the financial information of the separate operating segments when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing the performance of the group. The Company has determined that it has two operating segments: (1) holographic solutions, and (2) holographic technology service.

The summary information by segment are as follows: