Quarterly Report (10-q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2021

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-38685

Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware

83-0632724

(State or other jurisdiction

of incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

5000 Executive Parkway, Suite 520

San Ramon, CA 94583

(Address of principal executive offices)

(650) 523-5000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	GDYN	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
Redeemable warrants, exercisable for shares of common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share	GDYNW	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 2, 2021, there were 62,111,831 shares of registrant’s common Stock issued and outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)	1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	4
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	5
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	34
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	36

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	37
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	37
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	63
Item 3.	Default Upon Senior Securities	63
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	63
Item 5.	Other Information	63
Item 6.	Exhibits	64

SIGNATURES		65

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by terms such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “should,” “will,” “would,” or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:

●

the evolution of the digital engineering and information technology services landscape facing our customers and prospects;

●

our ability to educate the market regarding the advantages of our digital transformation products;

●

our ability to maintain an adequate rate of revenue growth;

●

our future financial and operating results;

●

our business plan and our ability to effectively manage our growth and associated investments;

●

beliefs and objectives for future operations;

●

our ability to expand a leadership position in enterprise-level digital transformation;

●

our ability to attract and retain customers;

●

our ability to further penetrate our existing customer base;

●

our ability to maintain our competitive technological advantages against new entrants in our industry;

●

our ability to timely and effectively scale and adapt our existing technology;

●

our ability to innovate new products and services and bring them to market in a timely manner;

●

our ability to maintain, protect, and enhance our brand and intellectual property;

●

our ability to capitalize on changing market conditions;

●

our ability to develop strategic partnerships;

●

benefits associated with the use of our services;

●

our ability to expand internationally;

●

our ability to raise financing in the future;

●

operating expenses, including changes in research and development, sales and marketing, and general administrative expenses;

●

the effects of seasonal trends on our results of operations;

●

our ability to grow and manage growth profitably and retain our key employees;

●

the expected benefits and effects of strategic acquisitions of business, products or technologies;

●

our ability to maintain the listing of our shares of common stock and our warrants on the NASDAQ;

●

costs related to being a public company;

●

changes in applicable laws or regulations;

●

the possibility that we have been and may continue to be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors, including the effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic; and

●

other risks and uncertainties indicated in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including those set forth in Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors, including those described in in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, new risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We cannot assure you that the results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in such forward-looking statements.

Neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. Moreover, the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, restructurings, joint ventures, partnerships, or investments we may make.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

iii

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

	As of
	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	67,974	$	112,745
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $205 and $418 as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively		29,051		16,890
Unbilled receivables		3,997		1,799
Prepaid income taxes		1,050		821
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		5,395		2,361
Total current assets		107,467		134,616
Property and equipment, net		5,160		4,095
Intangible assets, net		20,342		8,125
Deferred tax assets		4,865		5,609
Goodwill		35,299		14,690
Total assets	$	173,133	$	167,135

Liabilities and equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	2,489	$	757
Accrued liabilities		1,490		628
Accrued compensation and benefits		11,099		7,479
Accrued income taxes		1,830		1,248
Other current liabilities		8,251		3,206
Total current liabilities		25,159		13,318

Deferred tax liabilities		4,962		2,093
Total liabilities		30,121		15,411

Stockholders’ equity (Note 9)
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 110,000,000 shares authorized; 54,728,586 and 50,878,780 issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively		5		5
Additional paid-in capital		123,749		128,930
Retained earnings		19,248		22,793
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)		10		(4	)
Total stockholders’ equity		143,012		151,724
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	173,133	$	167,135

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF LOSS AND

COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands, except per share data)

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Revenue	$	47,676		$	22,368		$	86,810		$	54,825
Cost of revenue		27,879			13,982			51,676			36,621
Gross profit		19,797			8,386			35,134			18,204

Operating expenses
Engineering, research, and development		1,772			2,577			3,555			5,117
Sales and marketing		2,837			1,637			5,869			5,206
General and administrative		13,804			7,359			26,104			18,102
Total operating expenses		18,413			11,573			35,528			28,425

Income/(loss) from operations		1,384			(3,187	)		(394	)		(10,221	)
Other income/(expenses), net		(79	)		208			(1,129	)		(36	)
Income/(loss) before income taxes		1,305			(2,979	)		(1,523	)		(10,257	)
Provision/(benefit) for income taxes		2,788			(813	)		2,022			(3,495	)
Net loss	$	(1,483	)	$	(2,166	)	$	(3,545	)	$	(6,762	)

Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		(35	)		—			14			—
Comprehensive loss	$	(1,518	)	$	(2,166	)	$	(3,531	)	$	(6,762	)

Loss per share
Basic	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.04	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.17	)
Diluted	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.04	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.17	)

Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic		54,431			49,626			53,044			39,731
Diluted		54,431			49,626			53,044			39,731

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands)

															Accumulated
	Convertible								Additional						other			Total
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock				paid-in			Retained			comprehensive			stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		capital			earnings			income/(loss)			equity
Balance at December 31, 2020		—	$	—		50,879	$	5	$	128,930		$	22,793		$	(4	)	$	151,724
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—			(2,062	)		—			(2,062	)
Stock-based compensation		—		—		—		—		5,671			—			—			5,671
Exchange of warrants into common stock		—		—		2,221		—		—			—			—			—
Exercise of stock options		—		—		41		—		162			—			—			162
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards		—		—		1,030		—		(15,297	)		—			—			(15,297	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax		—		—		—		—		—			—			49			49
Balance at March 31, 2021		—	$	—		54,171	$	5	$	119,466		$	20,731		$	45		$	140,247
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—			(1,483	)		—			(1,483	)
Stock-based compensation		—		—		—		—		6,675			—			—			6,675
Exchange of warrants into common stock		—		—		271		—		918			—			—			918
Exercise of stock options		—		—		138		—		254			—			—			254
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards		—		—		149		—		(3,564	)		—			—			(3,564	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax		—		—		—		—		—			—			(35	)		(35	)
Balance at June 30, 2021		—	$	—		54,729	$	5	$	123,749		$	19,248		$	10		$	143,012

																		Accumulated
	Convertible											Additional						other		Total
	Preferred Stock						Common Stock					paid-in			Retained			comprehensive		stockholders’
	Shares			Amount			Shares		Amount			capital			earnings			income/(loss)		equity
Balance at December 31, 2019		622		$	9,187			12,847	$	8,117		$	10,535		$	35,392		$	—	$	54,044
Retroactive application of recapitalization (Note 3)		426			—			8,797		(8,115	)		8,115			—			—		—
Adjusted balance beginning of period		1,048		$	9,187			21,644	$	2		$	18,650		$	35,392		$	—	$	54,044
Net loss		—			—			—		—			—			(4,596	)		—		(4,596	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—		—			4,804			—			—		4,804
Conversion of preferred stock		(1,048	)		(9,187	)		1,048		1			9,187			—			—		9,188
Consideration paid to Grid shareholders		—			—			—		—			(123,865	)		—			—		(123,865	)
ChaSerg shares recapitalized, net of transaction costs of $4,142		—			—			28,088		2			204,323			—			—		204,325
Conversion of promissory note to common stock		—			—			53		—			530			—			—		530
Balance at March 31, 2020		—		$	—			50,833	$	5		$	113,629		$	30,796		$	—	$	144,430
Net loss		—			—			—		—			—			(2,166	)		—		(2,166	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			—		—			3,654			—			—		3,654
Exercise of stock options		—			—			6		—			59			—			—		59
Balance at June 30, 2020		—		$	—			50,839	$	5		$	117,342		$	28,630		$	—	$	145,977

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2021			2020
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(3,545	)	$	(6,762	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		2,100			1,234
Bad debt expense		(65	)		781
Deferred income taxes		1,115			(4,274	)
Stock-based compensation		12,346			8,458
Change in fair value of warrants		839			—
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(8,779	)		(1,111	)
Unbilled receivables		(371	)		4,058
Prepaid income taxes		(229	)		(611	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(1,666	)		(1,961	)
Accounts payable		1,393			51
Accrued liabilities		358			(519	)
Accrued compensation and benefits		1,410			(99	)
Accrued income taxes		376			(34	)
Other current liabilities		1,368			(132	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities		6,650			(921	)

Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment		(1,940	)		(1,110	)
Acquisition of Companies, net of cash acquired (Note 4)		(30,585	)		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(32,525	)		(1,110	)

Cash flows from financing activities
Cash received from ChaSerg		—			208,997
GDI shares redeemed for cash		—			(123,865	)
Equity issuance costs		(465	)		(2,264	)
Payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards		(18,861	)		—
Proceeds from exercises of stock options		416			59
Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities		(18,910	)		82,927

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		14			—

Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents		(44,771	)		80,896
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		112,745			42,189
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	67,974		$	123,085

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	1,150		$	1,144

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock	$	—		$	9,187
Conversion of warrants	$	918			—
Fair value of contingent consideration issued for acquisition of business	$	3,400			—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except per share data)

Note 1 — Background and nature of operations

Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (the “Company” or “GDH”) provides enterprise-level digital transformation in the areas of search, analytics, and release automation to Fortune 1000 companies. The Company’s headquarters and principal place of business is in San Ramon, California.

The Company was originally incorporated in Delaware on May 21, 2018 as a special purpose acquisition company under the name ChaSerg Technology Acquisition Corp. (“ChaSerg”) for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination involving ChaSerg and one or more businesses. On March 5, 2020 (the “Closing”), the Company consummated its business combination with Grid Dynamics International, Inc. (“GDI”) pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”), dated November 13, 2019 (the “Business Combination”). In connection with the Closing, the Company changed its name from ChaSerg Technology Acquisition Corp. to Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. The Company’s common stock is now listed on the NASDAQ under the symbol “GDYN” and warrants to purchase the common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share are listed on the NASDAQ under the symbol “GDYNW.”

Unless the context otherwise requires, the “Company” refers to the combined company and its subsidiaries following the Business Combination, “ChaSerg” refers to the Company prior to the Closing, and “GDI” refers to GDI prior to the Closing. Refer to Note 3 for further discussion of the Business Combination.

Note 2 — Basis of presentation and summary of significant accounting policies

The following is a summary of the significant accounting policies consistently applied in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Unaudited Interim Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of the Company’s management, necessary for the fair presentation of the results of operations for the interim periods. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with GDH’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K that the Company filed with the SEC on March 5, 2021.

Basis of presentation

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Although ChaSerg was the legal acquirer, for accounting purposes, GDI was deemed to be the accounting acquirer. GDI was determined to be the accounting acquirer based on evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:

●

GDI holds executive management roles for the Company and those individuals are responsible for the day-to-day operations;

●

GDI’s former owners have the largest minority voting rights in the Company;

●

From a revenue and business operation standpoint, GDI was the larger entity in terms of relative size;

●

GDI’s San Ramon, CA headquarters are the headquarters of the Company; and

●

The intended strategy of the Company will continue GDI’s strategy of driving enterprise-level digital transformation in the Fortune 1000 companies.

In conjunction with the Business Combination, outstanding shares of GDI were converted into common stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share, shown as a recapitalization, and the net assets of ChaSerg were acquired at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. GDI was deemed to be the predecessor of the Company, and the consolidated assets and liabilities and results of operations prior to the Closing (for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and the period from January 1, 2020 to March 5, 2020) are those of GDI. ChaSerg’s assets and liabilities, which include net cash from the trust of $85.1 million, and results of operations were consolidated with GDI beginning on the Closing.

In accordance with guidance applicable to these circumstances, the equity structure has been restated in all comparative periods up to the Closing Date, to reflect the number of shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, issued to GDI shareholders in connection with the recapitalization transaction. As such, the shares and corresponding capital amounts and earnings per share related to GDI preferred and common stock prior to the Business Combination have been retroactively restated as shares reflecting the exchange ratio established in the Business Combination.

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying condensed financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries that are directly or indirectly owned or controlled. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the consolidated condensed financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates and such differences could be material. Significant estimates include allowances for receivables, calculation of accrued liabilities, capitalization of internally developed software, stock-based compensation, contingent consideration payable, determination of fair value, useful lives and recoverability of intangible assets and goodwill, determination of provision for income taxes and uncertain tax positions.

Certain significant risks and uncertainties

The Company is subject to risks, including but not limited to customer concentration, concentrations of credit and foreign currency risks. Refer to the section below for additional information. Additionally, the Company has been impacted by the recent coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic. The global pandemic of COVID-19 has negatively affected the U.S. and global economy, disrupted global supply chains, resulted in significant travel and transport restrictions, including mandated closures and orders to “shelter-in-place,” and created significant disruption of the financial market. In 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the Company’s revenues, and the Company’s business continues to be exposed to risks and uncertainties related to the pandemic. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic had been more pronounced with the Company’s retail customers, which depended on keeping their stores open. Additionally, in situations where the Company’s customers encountered financial difficulties, there was a risk associated with the Company’s inability to collect money from customers. In 2020 the Company took several actions to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. These included enabling its employees to work from home, company-wide salary and compensation cuts, hiring freezes, and suspending all non-essential travel. Some of these actions such as working from home as well as suspending all non-essential travel continues to be currently in place. As the Company's business recovered in 2021, the Company discontinued some of the cost saving measures such as compensation cuts and hiring freezes. The Company now is facing the opposite challenges including employee retention and shortage of talent on the job market. The ultimate impact and the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to affect the business, results of operation and financial condition is difficult to predict and depends on numerous evolving factors outside of the Company’s control including: the duration and scope of the pandemic, including from renewed waves and new variants; government, social, business and other actions that have been and will be taken in response to the pandemic; and the effect of the pandemic on short and long-term general economic conditions.

Concentrations of credit risk and significant customers

The Company records its accounts receivable and unbilled receivables at their face amounts less allowances. Accounts receivable and unbilled receivables are generally dispersed across the Company’s customers in proportion to their revenue. Three customers individually exceeded 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. One customer individually exceeded 10% of the unbilled receivables as of June 30, 2021 and three customers individually exceeded 10% of the unbilled receivables as of December 31, 2020. Two and three customers individually accounted for greater than 10% of the sales for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Two and three customers individually accounted for greater than 10% of the sales for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers cash equivalents to be highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. At times, cash deposits with banks may exceed federally insured limits.

Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts

Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts, reflect the net realizable value of receivables and approximate fair value. The Company maintains an allowance against accounts receivable for the estimated probable losses on uncollectible accounts. The allowance is based upon historical loss experience, current economic conditions within the industries the Company serves as well as determination of the specific risk related to certain customers. Accounts receivable are charged off against the reserve when, in management’s estimation, further collection efforts would not result in a reasonable likelihood of receipt. The allowance for doubtful accounts balance decreased to $0.2 million as of June 30, 2021 compared to $0.4 million as of December 31, 2020.

	As of
	June 30, 2021			December 31, 2020
	(in thousands)
Trade accounts receivable	$	29,256		$	17,308
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(205	)		(418	)
Total trade accounts receivable, net	$	29,051		$	16,890

Unbilled receivables

Generally, the Company will not bill customers until the services have been completed. From time-to-time, a service period may overlap with a period-end and the unbilled receivables represent amounts for services performed through period-end, but not yet billed. The unbilled receivable represents the amount expected to be billed and collected for services performed through period-end in accordance with contract terms. The unbilled receivables balances were $4.0 million and $1.8 million as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net assets of businesses acquired. On an annual basis, the Company makes a qualitative assessment to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the Company determines that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, it will perform a quantitative analysis; otherwise, no further evaluation is necessary. For the quantitative impairment assessment, the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. The Company uses the discounted cash flow method of the income approach and market approach to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to that unit, goodwill is not impaired, and no further testing is performed. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Company will recognize a loss equal to the excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Impairments, if any, are charged directly to earnings. As of June 30, 2021, the Company has a single reporting unit and determined there were no indicators of impairment.

Intangible assets

Finite-lived intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed on the straight-line basis over the asset’s useful lives ranging between 2 and 12 years. Intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be fully recoverable. If facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value might not be recoverable, projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets over their estimated remaining useful lives is compared against their respective carrying amounts. If an asset is found to be impaired, the impairment charge will be measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of an entity exceeds its fair value. As of June 30, 2021, the Company determined there were no indicators of impairment.

Revenue recognition

The Company accounts for a contract with a customer when 1) the parties to the contract have approved the contract and are committed to performing their respective obligations, 2) the contract identifies each party’s rights regarding the goods or services to be transferred, 3) the contract identifies the payment terms for the goods or services to be transferred, 4) the contract has commercial substance, and 5) collection of substantially all consideration pursuant to the contract is probable.

The Company derives its revenue from offering a suite of digital engineering and information technology (“IT”) consulting services, including digital transformation strategy, emerging technology, lean labs and legacy system replatforming. For most contracts, the Company uses master agreements to govern the overall relevant terms and conditions of the business arrangement between the Company and its customers. When the Company and a customer enter into a Master Services Agreement (“MSA”), purchases are generally made by the customer via a statement of work (“SOW”) which explicitly references the MSA and specifies the services to be delivered. Fees for these contracts may be in the form of time-and-materials or fixed-fee arrangements. The majority of the Company’s revenues are generated under time-and-material contracts which are billed using hourly rates to determine the amounts to be charged directly to the customer. Fees are billed and collected as stipulated in the contract, and revenue is recognized as services are performed. If there is an uncertainty about the receipt of payment for the services, revenue is recognized to the extent that a significant reversal of revenue would not be probable.

Consulting services revenue is a single performance obligation earned through a series of distinct daily services and may include services such as those described above. The Company recognizes revenue for services over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as the Company performs IT consulting services. For revenue contracts, the customer derives value from the Company providing daily consulting services, and the value derived corresponds to the labor hours expended. Therefore, the Company measures the progress and recognizes revenue using an effort-based input method. For fixed fee contracts, the Company recognizes revenue as the work is performed, the monthly calculation of which is based upon actual labor hours incurred and level of effort expended throughout the duration of the contract.

For time-and-material contracts, the Company applies the variable consideration allocation exception. Therefore, instead of allocating the variable consideration to the entire performance obligation, the Company determined the variable consideration should be allocated to each distinct service to which the variable consideration relates, which is providing the customer daily consulting services. The Company also offers volume discounts or early settlement discounts. Volume discounts apply once the customer reaches certain contractual spend thresholds. Early settlement discounts are issued contingent upon the timing of the payment from the customer. If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company only includes estimated amounts of consideration in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. These estimates may require management to make subjective judgments and to make estimates about the effects of matters inherently uncertain. The determination of whether to constrain consideration in the transaction price are based on information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to the Company, taking into consideration the type of customer, the type of transaction and the specific facts and circumstances of each arrangement. Although the Company believes that its approach in developing estimates and its reliance on certain judgments and underlying inputs is reasonable, actual results may differ from management’s estimates, judgments and assumptions. These estimates have historically not been material to the consolidated financial statements.

Remaining performance obligation

ASC 606 requires that the Company disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of June 30, 2021. This disclosure is not required for:

	1)	contracts with an original duration of one year or less, including contracts that can be terminated for convenience without a substantive penalty,

	2)	contracts for which the Company recognizes revenues based on the right to invoice for services performed,

	3)	variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with ASC 606-10-25-14(b), for which the criteria in ASC 606-10-32-40 have been met, or

variable consideration in the form of a sales-based or usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property.

All of the Company’s contracts met one or more of these exemptions as of June 30, 2021.

Stock-based compensation expense

Stock-based compensation expense is measured based on the grant-date fair value of the share-based awards. Forfeitures are recognized as incurred. The Company estimates stock options grant-date fair value using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The model requires management to make a number of key assumptions including expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. The Company evaluates the assumptions used to value its share-based awards on each grant date. The fair market value of Grid Dynamics stock is determined based on the closing price on NASDAQ on the measurement date. The Company amortizes the grant-date fair value of all share-based compensation awards over the employee’s requisite service period for the entire award on a straight-line basis, which is generally the vesting period. For an award with graded vesting that is subject only to a service condition (e.g., time-based vesting), the Company uses the straight-line attribution method under ASC 718 under which they recognize compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the total requisite service period for the entire award (i.e., over the requisite service period of the last separately-vesting tranche of the award). Additionally, the Company applies the “floor” concept so that the amount of compensation cost that is recognized as of any date is at least equal to the grant-date fair value of the vested portion of the award on that date. That is, if the straight-line expense recognized to date is less than the grant date fair value of the award that is legally vested at that date, the company will increase its recognized expense to at least equal the fair value of the vested amount. Refer to Note 10 — Stock-based compensation for additional information.

Income taxes

The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of the assets and liabilities. The determination of the provision for income taxes requires significant judgment, the use of estimates and the interpretation and application of complex tax laws. The provision for income taxes reflects a combination of income earned and taxed in the various U.S. federal and state, international and other jurisdictions. Jurisdictional tax law changes, increases or decreases in permanent differences between book and tax items, accruals or adjustments of accruals for tax contingencies or valuation allowances, and the change in the mix of earnings from these taxing jurisdictions all affect the overall effective tax rate.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management considers all available evidence, both positive and negative, in determining whether a valuation allowance is required. Such evidence includes prior earnings history, the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, carryback and carryforward periods of tax attributes, and tax planning strategies that could potentially enhance the likelihood of realization of a deferred tax asset in making this assessment. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the evidence may be objectively verified.

The Company evaluates for uncertain tax positions at each balance sheet date. When it is more likely than not that a position will be sustained upon examination by a tax authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information, the Company measures the amount of tax benefit from the position and records the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized after settlement with a tax authority. The Company’s policy for interest and/or penalties related to underpayments of income taxes is to include interest and penalties in income tax expense.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

Changes to U.S. GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), in the form of Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”), to the FASB’s ASC. The Company has elected not to opt out of the extended transition period and thus when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard.

In December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (ASU 2019-12), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles and also simplification of areas such as franchise taxes, step-up in tax basis goodwill, separate entity financial statements and interim recognition of enactment of tax laws or rate changes. The update is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted the standard as of January 1, 2021 and has determined that the adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

The Company considered the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-2, Leases. ASU 2016-2 requires lessees to put most leases on their balance sheet while recognizing expense in a manner similar to existing accounting. ASU 2016-2 states that a lessee would recognize a lease liability for the obligation to make lease payments and a right-to-use asset for the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. The standard allows for two methods of adoption to recognize and measure leases: retrospectively to each prior period presented in the financial statements with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented or retrospectively at the beginning of the period of adoption with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the beginning of the period in which the guidance is first applied. Both adoption methods include a number of optional practical expedients that entities may elect to apply. The Company will adopt the standard retrospectively at the beginning of the period of adoption with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the beginning of the period in which the guidance is first applied. The new accounting guidance is effective for the Company for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2021. The Company expects the impact to be material but has not yet determined the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) — Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Topic 326 was subsequently amended by ASU 2019-4, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses, ASU 2019-5, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief, and clarified the guidance with the release of ASU 2020-2 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) and Leases (Topic 842). These ASUs replace the current incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases, and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods with fiscal years after December 15, 2022. The Company has not yet determined the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU No. 2020-3, Codification to Financial Instruments. This ASU improves and clarifies various financial instruments topics, including the current expected credit losses standard issued in 2016. The ASU includes seven different issues that describe the areas of improvement and the related amendments to U.S. GAAP, intended to make the standards easier to understand and apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. The amendments related to Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, and Issue 5 were effective upon issuance of this update. The new guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. The amendments related to Issue 6 and Issue 7 are effective for the Company the earlier of January 1, 2023 or when the Company adopts ASU 2016-13, if early adopted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact these topics will have on the consolidated financial statements.

Note 3 – Business combination

On March 5, 2020, ChaSerg consummated its business combination with GDI pursuant to the Merger Agreement. Immediately following the Business Combination, there were 50.8 million shares of common stock with a par value of $0.0001, and 11.3 million warrants outstanding.

GDI began operations in September 2006 to provide next-generation e-commerce platform solutions in the areas of search, analytics, and release automation to Fortune 1000 companies. Under ASC 805, Business Combinations, GDI was deemed the accounting acquirer, and the Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded in accordance with U.S. GAAP. ChaSerg was treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the Business Combination was treated as the equivalent of GDI issuing stock for the net assets of ChaSerg, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of ChaSerg were stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Reported shares and earnings per share available to holders of the Company’s common stock, prior to the Business Combination, have been retroactively restated as shares reflecting the exchange ratio established in the Business Combination (approximately 1.685 GDH shares to 1.0 GDI share).

The aggregate consideration for the Business Combination was $396.5 million, consisting of $130.0 million in cash and 27.0 million shares of ChaSerg’s common stock valued at $10.19 per share, less a post-Closing share adjustment amount of 0.9 million shares which were placed in escrow post-Closing. The shares transferred at Closing included 4.3 million options to purchase the Company’s shares that were vested, outstanding and unexercised, which were determined using 1.7 million vested options at Closing converted at an exchange ratio of approximately 2.48. Additionally, 0.4 million options to purchase the Company’s common stock that were unvested, outstanding and unexercised were assumed by the Company, which were determined using 0.1 million unvested options at Closing converted at an exchange ratio of approximately 2.48. The following represents the aggregate consideration for the Business Combination (in thousands except for per share amount):

Shares transferred at Closing		27,006
Less: Post-Closing share adjustment		(857	)
Total shares transferred at Closing		26,149
Value per share	$	10.19
Total share consideration	$	266,459
Plus: Cash transferred to GDI stockholders		130,000
Closing merger consideration	$	396,459

In connection with the Closing, 0.1 million shares of common stock were redeemed at a price per share of approximately $10.21.

In connection with the Business Combination, the Company incurred direct and incremental costs of approximately $4.7 million, consisting of legal and professional fees, of which $4.1 million were related to equity issuance costs and recorded to additional paid-in capital as a reduction of proceeds and $0.6 million were recorded to general and administrative expenses.

In connection with the Business Combination, all outstanding retention bonus obligations from a 2017 acquisition totaling $3.4 million were accelerated and paid in full to Grid Dynamics’ personnel immediately prior to the Closing and were recorded in cost of revenue and operating expenses in the consolidated financial statements.

Note 4 — Acquisition of Tacit Knowledge Inc.

On May 29, 2021, the Company acquired 100% of the equity interest of the global consultancy company Tacit Knowledge Inc. (“Tacit”). Founded in 2002, Tacit is a global provider of digital commerce solutions, serving customers across the UK, North America, Continental Europe, and Asia. The acquisition of Tacit added approximately 180 employees to the Company's headcount. The acquisition will augment the Company's service offerings and will strengthen its competitive position within the market. Additionally, the acquisition will also enable the Company to leverage near-shore capabilities with Tacit’s presence in Mexico.

The total purchase consideration is $37.0 million and included cash consideration of $33.6 million paid at closing and fair value of the contingent consideration at the date of the acquisition of $3.4 million. The maximum amount of potential contingent cash consideration is $5.0 million. The contingent consideration is payable based on revenue and EBITDA metrics to be achieved by Tacit within 12 months. The Company recorded a liability for the contingent consideration amount based on the Company’s best estimate of the fair value of the expected payout.

The primary areas of the preliminary purchase price allocations that have not been finalized relate to the finalization of working capital, the valuation and useful lives of intangible assets, the valuation of the earn-out, and the deferred tax liabilities. Upon completion of the fair value assessment, the Company anticipates that the ultimate intangible assets may differ from the preliminary assessment outlined above. Any change in the finalization of working capital will reduce or increase the cash consideration. Any changes to the preliminary estimates of the fair value of the and intangible assets or earn-out will be adjusted to goodwill during the measurement period, with subsequent changes in estimates recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss.

The purchase price of Tacit has been preliminarily allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated respective fair values as of May 29, 2021 with the excess purchase price allocated to goodwill. The Company’s preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the net tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed is as follows (in thousands):

Fair market values
Current assets	$	9,145
Property, plant and equipment		466
Customer relationships		11,737
Tradename		1,176
Goodwill		20,603
Total assets acquired	$	43,127

Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	(3,675	)
Deferred taxes		(2,500	)
Total liabilities assumed	$	(6,175	)
Purchase price allocation	$	36,952

The preliminary fair value of identifiable intangible assets as of the date of acquisition is as follows:

(In thousands)	Fair Value		Useful Life	Amortization method
Customer relationships	$	11,737	12 years	Straight-line
Tacit tradename		1,176	4 years	Accelerated
Total identified intangible assets	$	12,913

As a result of the acquisition, the Company recognized a total of $20.6 million of goodwill. The purchase price was assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition, and any excess was allocated to goodwill, as shown in the table above. Goodwill represents the value the Company expects to achieve through the implementation of operational synergies and growth opportunities as the Company expands its global reach. The goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes.

The Company used various valuation techniques to determine fair value, with the primary techniques being discounted cash flow analysis, relief-from-royalty, and multi-period excess earnings valuation approaches, which use significant unobservable inputs, or Level 3 inputs, as defined by the fair value hierarchy. Under these valuation approaches, the Company is required to make estimates and assumptions about sales, operating margins, growth and attrition rates, royalty rates and discount rates based on budgets, business projections, anticipated future cash flows, and marketplace data.

The acquisition of Tacit was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, and consequently, the results of operations for Tacit are reported in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. Tacit revenue was approximately $2.5 million and net income was approximately $0.5 million from the date of acquisition to June 30, 2021.

The following unaudited pro forma information presents the combined results of operations as if the acquisition of Tacit had occurred at the beginning of 2020. Tacit pre-acquisition results have been added to the Company’s historical results. The pro forma results contained in the table below include adjustment for amortization of acquired intangibles. Any potential cost savings or other operational efficiencies that could result from the acquisition are not included in these pro forma results.

The 2021 pro forma results include transaction related expenses incurred by the Company prior to the acquisition of $0.6 million including items such as consultant fees and other deal costs.

These pro forma results have been prepared for comparative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations as they would have been had the acquisitions occurred on the assumed dates, nor are they necessarily an indication of future operating results.

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(Unaudited)	2021			2020
Revenue	$	94,842		$	70,422
Net loss	$	(1,755	)	$	(6,629	)
Loss per share	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.17	)

Note 5 — Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):

	Estimated		As of
	Useful Life (In Years)		June 30, 2021			December 31, 2020
Computers and equipment		2-5	$	8,538		$	6,447
Machinery and automobiles		5		601			551
Furniture and fixtures		3-7		1,051			643
Software		5		513			554
Leasehold improvements		3-12		460			236
				11,163			8,430
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization				(7,405	)		(5,622	)
				3,758			2,809

Capitalized software development costs		2-3		4,216			3,531
Less: Accumulated amortization				(2,814	)		(2,245	)
				1,402			1,287
Property and equipment, net			$	5,160		$	4,095

Note 6 — Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands):

	Estimated		As of
	Useful Life (In Years)		June 30, 2021			December 31, 2020
Customer relationships		8-12	$	15,971		$	4,234
Tradename		4-10		4,676			3,500
Non-compete agreements		2		440			440
				21,087			8,174
Less: Accumulated amortization				(745	)		(49	)
Intangible assets, net			$	20,342		$	8,125

Note 7 — Other current liabilities

The components of other current liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

	As of
	June 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Customer deposits	$	767	$	731
Other liabilities		2,137		528
Contingent consideration payable		5,347		1,947
Total other current liabilities	$	8,251	$	3,206

In connection with the acquisition of Daxx on December 14, 2020, the Company recorded a contingent consideration payable, which is a post-closing earn-out consideration, estimated based on fair value. In connection with the acquisition of Tacit on May 29, 2021, the Company recorded a contingent consideration payable, which is a post-closing earn-out consideration, estimated based on fair value.

Note 8 — Income taxes

The Company recorded income tax expense of $2.8 million and income tax benefit of $(0.8) million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate was 213.6% and 27.3% for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020 was attributable mainly to Section 162 (m) compensation deduction limitations partially offset by stock-based compensation excess tax benefit. Additionally, the United Kingdom’s (“UK”) recently enacted Finance Act 2021 has increased its corporate tax rate to 25% for companies with profits exceeding 250,000 pounds, effective beginning April 1, 2023. As a result of this change in tax law, the Company remeasured its UK deferred taxes which resulted in a $0.5 million discrete tax expense in the three months ended June 30, 2021. The Company recorded income tax expense of $2.0 million and income tax benefit of $(3.5) million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate was (132.8)% and 34.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020 was attributable mainly to Section 162 (m) compensation deduction limitations partially offset by stock-based compensation excess tax benefit. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company used a discrete effective tax rate method to calculate income taxes due to sensitivity of the forecast. The Company determined that small changes in estimated “ordinary” income would result in significant changes in the estimated annual effective tax rate causing material distortion in the year-to-date tax provision. Similarly, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, due to uncertainties created by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate method would not provide a reliable estimate and therefore was not used.

On March 27, 2020, the U.S. President signed into law the CARES Act, an economic stimulus package in response to the COVID-19 global pandemic. The CARES Act contains several corporate income tax provisions, including making remaining alternative minimum tax credits immediately refundable; providing a 5-year carryback of net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) generated in tax years 2018, 2019, and 2020, and removing the 80% taxable income limitation on utilization of those NOLs if carried back to prior tax years or utilized in tax years beginning before 2021; and temporarily liberalizing the interest deductibility rules under Section 163(j) of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, by raising the adjusted taxable income limitation from 30% to 50% for tax years 2019 and 2020 and giving taxpayers the election of using 2019 adjusted taxable income for purposes of computing 2020 interest deductibility. The CARES Act did not have a significant impact on the Company’s tax provision for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 or 2020. As additional guidance is released, the Company will evaluate whether there would need to be a change in the period when such guidance is issued.

Note 9 — Stockholders’ equity

The following description summarizes the material terms and provisions of the securities that the Company has authorized.

Common stock

The Company is authorized to issue 110.0 million shares of common stock. At Closing, March 5, 2020, the Company had issued 50.8 million shares of common stock. As of June 30, 2021 the Company had 54.7 million shares of common stock that were outstanding.

Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2019 GDI had 1.0 million shares of no par value shares of preferred stock outstanding convertible on a 1:1basis with GDI’s common stock. At the Closing, the preferred stock outstanding was converted into common stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share.

Founders and underwriter shares subject to earnout provisions

At the Closing, the Company had 1.2 million shares of common stock issued and outstanding subject to earnout provisions (the “Earnout Shares”). The Earnout Shares were subject to transfer restrictions and the owners of the Earnout Shares could not sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of their respective shares until the respective earnout provisions were achieved as described further below. The Earnout Shares have full ownership rights including the right to vote and receive dividends and other distributions thereon. Dividends and other distributions are not subject to forfeiture in accordance with the Amended and Restated Sponsor Share Letter filed with the SEC on January 26, 2020. The Earnout Shares were eligible to vest and were no longer subject to the transfer restrictions as follows:

399,999; 400,000; and 400,001 Earnout Shares would vest if the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the principal exchange on which the securities are listed or quoted have been at or about $12.00; $13.50; and $15.00 per share, respectively, for 20 trading days (which need not be consecutive) over a thirty-trading day period at any time.

As of December 31, 2020, none of the Earnout Shares were vested. On January 20, 2021, 399,999 Earnout Shares vested and are no longer subject to transfer restrictions. On March 2, 2021, 400,000 Earnout Shares vested and are no longer subject to transfer restrictions. On March 29, 2021, 400,001 Earnout Shares vested and are no longer subject to transfer restrictions. Accordingly, as of March 29, 2021, all of the Earnout Shares have vested.

Warrants

On April 12, 2021, the Staff of the SEC issued the “Staff Statement on Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants Issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (“SPACs”)” (the “Staff Statement”). The Staff Statement provided new guidance for all SPAC-related companies regarding the accounting and reporting for their warrants that could result in the warrants issued by SPACs being classified as a liability measured at fair value, with non-cash fair value adjustments reported in earnings at each reporting period. The Company reviewed the accounting for both its public warrants and private warrants following the Staff Statement. The Company determined that the accounting for its public warrants as equity was consistent with the Staff Statement. The Company determined that its private warrants should be accounted for as liabilities but that the related accounting errors during the year ended December 31, 2020 were not material to the required financial statements and disclosures included in its annual report on Form 10-K filed on March 5, 2021. In the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company began accounting for the private warrants correctly, as disclosed in its quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2021.

As of June 30, 2021, there were a total of 0.01 million private warrants outstanding and 4.2 million public warrants outstanding. As part of its initial public offering (“IPO”), ChaSerg issued 22.0 million units including one share of common stock and one-half of one redeemable warrant. Simultaneously with its IPO, ChaSerg issued 0.6 million private placement units to its sponsor underwriter, each consisting of one common share and one-half of one redeemable warrant. ChaSerg issued 0.1 million units as a result of the conversion of a working capital sponsor loan consisting of one common share and one-half of one redeemable warrant.

Each whole warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $11.50. Warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares for common stock. No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the warrants. Each warrant is currently exercisable and will expire March 5, 2025 (five years after the completion of the Business Combination), or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

The Company may call the warrants for redemption at a price of $0.01 per warrant upon a minimum 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption, if and only if, the reported last sale price of the Company’s common stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending three business days before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders; and if and only if, there is a current registration statement in effect with respect to the shares of common stock underlying such warrants.

On February 17, 2021, the Company and Riverview Group LLC, an affiliate of Millennium Management LLC, a holder of 6.4 million of the outstanding publicly traded warrants (the “Public Warrants”) entered into a Warrant Exchange Agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”). Pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, the holder exchanged each of its public warrants for 0.3480 shares of the Company’s common stock, i.e., 2.2 million shares. During the three months ended June 30, 2021, the Company entered into agreements with investors resulting in exchange of 0.8 million of its private warrants for 0.3 million shares of the Company's common stock.

Note 10 — Stock-based compensation

2018 Stock Plan

GDI had previously adopted a stock plan in 2018 (the “2018 Stock Plan”). Under the terms of the 2018 Stock Plan, certain option grants were accelerated in full or by an additional 12 months as a result of the Business Combination. Therefore, on the date of Closing, the acceleration of vesting for 2.6 million stock options resulted in a stock compensation charge and corresponding increase to additional paid-in capital of $2.5 million. Additionally, at Closing, a percentage of outstanding vested GDI stock options were settled in exchange for cash consideration, pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement.

The remaining portion of outstanding vested options totaling 1.7 million and all unvested options totaling 0.1 million were automatically assumed and converted into options to purchase the Company’s common stock as of the Closing. The number of each participant’s assumed options and the exercise price were adjusted as provided in the Merger Agreement. There was no incremental compensation cost attributable to the incremental fair value of the modified options compared to the original options on the modification date. The assumed stock options will continue to be subject to the same terms and conditions, including vesting schedule terms, in accordance with the 2018 Stock Plan. Exercise prices for 2018 Stock Plan options range between $3.51 and $3.54 per share.

The following table sets forth the activity for the 2018 Stock Plan, including the conversion of the vested and unvested options, for the six months ended June 30, 2021:

	Options Outstanding, in thousands
Balance at December 31, 2019		2,734
Cashed out		(829	)
Forfeited		(19	)
Balance at March 31, 2020 (prior to exchange ratio conversion)		1,887
Converted vested balance		4,314
Converted unvested balance		364
Balance at March 6, 2020 (post to exchange ratio conversion)		4,678
Exercised in 2020		(28	)
Forfeited/Cancelled in 2020		(50	)
Options Outstanding as of December 31, 2020		4,600
Exercised in quarter ended March 31, 2021		(37	)
Forfeited/Cancelled in quarter ended March 31, 2021		(11	)
Options Outstanding as of March 31, 2021		4,552
Exercised in quarter ended June 30, 2021		(257	)
Forfeited/Cancelled in quarter ended June 30, 2021		(3	)
Options Outstanding as of June 30, 2021		4,291

As of June 30, 2021, since the conversion, a total of 0.08 million shares were forfeited, and 0.32 million shares were exercised for the total proceeds of $0.4 million in cash and 0.13 million shares net withheld for exercise price and taxes. The number of shares exercisable as of June 30, 2021 was 4.1 million with the average exercise price $3.54 per share. The intrinsic value of the 4.3 million total outstanding shares of 2018 Plan Options as of June 30, 2021, was $49.3 million with the remaining contractual term of 7.50 years. The unrecognized compensation expenses related to 2018 Plan options as of June 30, 2021 was $0.2 million, net of forfeitures, to be expensed on a straight-line basis over 2.19 years.

2020 Equity Incentive Plan

Effective March 5, 2020, our board of directors approved an equity incentive plan (the “2020 Plan”). The 2020 Plan permits the Company to grant a maximum aggregate amount of 16.3 million Incentive Stock Options, Non-Statutory Stock Options (“NSOs”), Restricted Stock, Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”), Stock Appreciation Rights, Performance Units (“PSUs”), and Performance Shares (“PSAs”) (collectively, the “Awards”) to employees, directors, and consultants of the Company. Our board of directors or any committee appointed by the board has the authority to grant Awards. During the quarter ended June 30, 2021, our board of directors granted 0.11 million NSOs and 0.02 million target PSUs at a maximum payout at 300%. The following table represent the number of shares available for grants from 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (in thousands):

	Available for grant
Available for grant, December 31, 2020		9,881
Options granted		(231	)
RSU granted		(7	)
PSU granted (100% target)		(566	)
Options forfeited		607
Traded for taxes (returned to the pool)		1,311
Available for grant, June 30, 2021		10,996

Stock Options

The total of 0.11 million NSOs shares granted during the quarter ended June 30, 2021 from 2020 Equity Incentive Plan are subject to the following time-based vesting conditions: one-fourth of the NSOs will vest on one year after the grant date; and thereafter one-sixteenth of the NSOs will vest each subsequent three-month anniversary. The NSOs have a ten-year exercise term, and once the NSOs are vested, the recipients have the right to purchase the Company’s stock at a fixed exercise price.

The grant date fair value of each NSO was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The key assumptions for 2021 grants are provided in the following table.

	2021
Dividend yield		0	%
Expected volatility		40	%
Risk-free interest rate		0.96	%
Expected term in years		6.11
Grant date fair value of common stock	$	14.98

The Company used a zero percent dividend yield assumption for all Black-Scholes-Merton stock option-pricing calculations. Since the Company’s shares were not publicly traded prior to the Closing and its shares were rarely traded privately, expected volatility is estimated based on the average historical volatility of similar entities with publicly traded shares. The risk-free rate for the expected term of the options is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the date of grant. Expected term is estimated using the simplified method, which takes into account vesting and contractual term. The simplified method is being used to calculate expected term instead of historical experience due to a lack of relevant historical data resulting from changes in option vesting schedules and changes in the pool of employees receiving option grants. The following table summarizes option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2021 (shares in thousands):

	Shares			Price ⁽¹⁾		Term ⁽²⁾
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2020 (2020 Plan)		1,942		$	8.38		9.22
Options granted		231		$	14.98
Options exercised		(10	)	$	8.13
Options forfeited		(284	)	$	8.55
Options outstanding as of June 30, 2021 (2020 Plan)		1,879		$	9.17		8.76

(1)

Represents the weighted average exercise price

(2)

Represents weighted average remaining contractual term

0.48 million shares of 2020 NSO grants were vested and outstanding as of June 30, 2021. The aggregated fair value of 0.23 million NSOs granted during the six months ending June 30, 2021 was $1.4 million or $5.95 per share. The intrinsic value of the 1.9 million total outstanding shares of 2020 Plan Options as of June 30, 2021, was $11.1 million. The total unrecognized compensation expenses related to 2020 Stock Plan options as of June 30, 2021 was $4.9 million to be expensed on a straight-line basis over the remaining 2.99 years.

Restricted Stock Units

The RSUs granted to employees generally are subject to the following time-based vesting conditions: one-fourth vest on the first anniversary of the grant; and thereafter one-sixteenth of the RSUs will vest each subsequent three-month anniversary. RSUs granted do not participate in earnings, dividends, and do not have voting rights until vested. RSUs granted to the Board in lieu of the quarterly payments vest immediately.

For the quarter ended June 30, 2021, approximately 0.15 million shares were issued upon vesting of the RSUs to the executives and 0.14 million shares were withheld to cover $2.2 million of employees’ tax obligations. 0.3 million unvested RSUs were forfeited as two members of the executive team resigned in June of 2021. The following table summarizes RSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2021(in thousands):

	Shares
RSUs outstanding as of December 31, 2020 (2020 Plan)		2,996
RSUs granted		7
RSUs released		(912	)
RSU forfeited		(291	)
RSUs outstanding as of June 30, 2021		1,799

The total unrecognized compensation expenses related to 2020 Stock Plan RSUs as of June 30, 2021 was $14.2 million to be expensed on a straight-line basis over 2.7 years.

Performance Stock Units

On March 2, 2021, the Company granted 0.5 million Performance Stock target shares under the 2020 Stock Plan with the maximum payout capped at 300%. The performance goals for these grants consist of:

Year-over-year growth in non-retail revenue for the Performance Period, which is Fiscal Year 2021, expressed as a percentage increase over the fiscal year 2020 non-retail revenue (“Revenue Growth”), and

Contribution Margin for the Performance Period as a percentage of Non-Retail revenue for the Performance Period.

Fifty percent (50)% of the target number of performance shares granted will vest (if at all) based on the extent of achievement of Revenue Growth for the Performance Period and the remaining fifty percent (50)% of the target number of performance shares granted will vest (if at all) based on the extent of achievement of the Contribution Margin.

Additionally, 0.02 million shares of PSU were granted on June 16th, 2021, per a consulting agreement with a former executive with the performance goals being consistent with those described above.

Performance shares will be certified and vested no later than March 1, 2022 with the payout shortly after. As of June 30, 2021, the Company assessed the vesting of the Performance Share Units as probable and the payout is estimated at 225% of the target goal. Stock-based compensation expense related to Performance Stock Units granted in 2021 was $6.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The unrecognized expense for PSUs as of June 30, 2021, was $12.9 million.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The Company classifies awards issued under the stock-based compensation plans as equity. Total compensation expense for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 was $6.7 million and $3.7 million respectively. Employee stock-based compensation recognized was as follows (in thousands):

	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Cost of revenue	$	149	$	60	$	260	$	675
Engineering, research, and development		617		460		1,171		1,056
Sales and marketing		453		602		1,244		1,737
General and administrative		5,456		2,532		9,671		4,990
Total stock-based compensation	$	6,675	$	3,654	$	12,346	$	8,458

As of June 30, 2021, there was approximately $32.2 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense.

Note 11 — Earnings per share

The Company computed earnings per share (“EPS”) in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities are subtracted from net income in determining net income attributable to common stockholders. The Company allocated income between its common and preferred shareholders only for the periods the preferred stock was outstanding, which was January 1, 2020 to March 4, 2020. There was no preferred stock outstanding from March 5, 2020 to June 30, 2021. As the Company was in a net loss position for the periods between January 1, 2020 to March 4, 2020 and March 5, 2020 to June 30, 2021, the net loss was allocated entirely to common shareholders.

All participating securities are excluded from basic weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, performance stock units, and convertible preferred securities. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted EPS in order of dilution and by application of the treasury stock method and the if-converted method for stock-based compensation and convertible preferred securities, respectively.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPS of common stock as follows (in thousands except per share data):

	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Numerator for basic and diluted loss per share
Net loss	$	(1,483	)	$	(2,166	)	$	(3,545	)	$	(6,762	)

Denominator for basic and diluted loss per share
Weighted-average shares outstanding – basic and diluted		54,431			49,626			53,044			39,731

Net loss per share
Basic	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.04	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.17	)
Diluted	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.04	)	$	(0.07	)	$	(0.17	)

The following table represents the number of share equivalents outstanding during the period that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect.

	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
Potential common shares (in ‘000s)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Convertible preferred stock		—		—		—		1,048
Stock options to purchase common stock		6,666		6,105		6,773		8,571
Restricted stock units		2,381		2,934		3,002		2,934
Performance stock units		1,274		1,292		2,726		1,292
Warrants to purchase common stock		4,963		11,347		11,347		11,347
Total		15,284		21,678		23,848		25,192

Note 12 — Commitments and contingencies

Legal Matters

The Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Management evaluates each claim and provides for potential loss when the claim is probable to be paid and reasonably estimable. While adverse decisions in certain of these litigation matters, claims and administrative proceedings could have a material effect on a particular period’s results of operations, subject to the uncertainties inherent in estimating future costs for contingent liabilities, management believes that any future accruals with respect to these currently known contingencies would not have a material effect on the financial condition, liquidity or cash flows of the Company. There were no amounts required to be reflected in these consolidated financial statements related to contingencies.

Note 13 — Subsequent events

The Company performed its subsequent event procedures through August 5, 2021, the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were issued.

On July 6, 2021, the Company closed a follow-on public offering of 11,615,301 shares of its common stock, which included 5,470,039 shares offered by Grid Dynamics and 6,145,262 shares offered by certain selling stockholders, at a price to the public of $15.03 per share. These amounts include shares sold upon exercise in full of the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares. J.P. Morgan Securities, LLC, William Blair & Company, L.L.C. and Cowen and Company, LLC were acting as joint book-running managers for the offering. Needham & Company, LLC and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. were acting as co-managers for the offering. The Company did not receive any proceeds from the sale of the shares by the selling stockholders. The net proceeds from this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses were $78.3 million.

On July 28, 2021, the Company announced the redemption of its 2.8 million then outstanding public warrants. Any public warrants not exercised prior to 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on August 30, 2021 will be redeemed at that time for $0.01 per warrant. The public warrants are exercisable at a price of $11.50 per share, representing a total of approximately $31.9 million in potential proceeds to Grid Dynamics if all 2.8 million outstanding warrants are exercised prior to the redemption date.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Statements

The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited financial statements and notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, which has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 5, 2021.

The statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements (within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act) that involve risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seek,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “projects,” “anticipates,” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ significantly from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause future results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements,” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (“Grid Dynamics,” “GDH,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is an emerging leader in enterprise-level digital transformations in Fortune 1000 companies. For enterprises that create innovative digital products and experiences, Grid Dynamics offers close collaboration to provide digital transformation initiatives that span strategy consulting, development of early prototypes and enterprise-scale delivery of new digital platforms. Since its inception in 2006 in Menlo Park, California, as a grid and cloud consultancy firm, Grid Dynamics has been on the forefront of digital transformation, working on big ideas like cloud computing, NOSQL, DevOps, microservices, big data and AI, and quickly established itself as a provider of choice for technology and digital enterprise companies.

As a leading global digital engineering and IT services provider with its headquarters in Silicon Valley and engineering centers in the United States, Mexico and multiple European countries, Grid Dynamics’ core business is to deliver focused and complex technical consulting, software design, development, testing and internet service operations. Grid Dynamics also helps organizations become more agile and create innovative digital products and experiences through its deep expertise in emerging technology, such as AI, data science, cloud computing, big data and DevOps, lean software development practices and a high-performance product culture. Grid Dynamics believes that the key to its success is a business culture that puts products over projects, client success over contract terms and real business results over pure technical innovation. By leveraging Grid Dynamics’ proprietary processes optimized for innovation, emphasis on talent development and technical expertise, Grid Dynamics has been able to achieve significant growth.

We are a former blank check company that completed our initial public offering on May 21, 2018. In March 2020, Grid Dynamics, formerly known as ChaSerg Technology Acquisition Corp (“ChaSerg”), completed its acquisition of Grid Dynamics International, Inc. (“GDI”) pursuant to the business combination agreement dated November 13, 2019 (the “Business Combination”). In conjunction with the completion of the Business Combination, ChaSerg was renamed as Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc.

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization for which GDI was determined to be the accounting acquirer. Outstanding shares of GDI were converted into our common shares, presented as a recapitalization, and the net assets of ChaSerg were acquired at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.

The following table sets forth a summary of Grid Dynamics’ financial results for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended June 30,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2021						2020
				% of revenue						% of revenue
Revenues	$	47,676			100.0	%	$	22,368			100.0	%
Gross profit		19,797			41.5	%		8,386			37.5	%
Income/(loss) from operations		1,384			2.9	%		(3,187	)		(14.2	)%
Net loss		(1,483	)		(3.1	)%		(2,166	)		(9.7	)%
Comprehensive loss		(1,518	)		(3.2	)%		(2,166	)		(9.7	)%
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.03	)		n/a		$	(0.04	)		n/a
Non-GAAP Financial Information⁽¹⁾
Non-GAAP EBITDA⁽¹⁾		9,731			20.4	%		1,198			5.4	%
Non-GAAP Net Income⁽¹⁾		6,090			12.8	%		433			1.9	%
Non-GAAP Diluted EPS⁽¹⁾	$	0.10			n/a		$	0.01			n/a

(1)

Non-GAAP EBITDA, Non-GAAP Net Income and Non-GAAP Diluted EPS are non-GAAP financial measures. See “Non-GAAP Measures” below for additional information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

	Six months ended June 30,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2021						2020
				% of revenue						% of revenue
Revenues	$	86,810			100.0	%	$	54,825			100.0	%
Gross profit		35,134			40.5	%		18,204			33.2	%
Loss from operations		(394	)		(0.5	)%		(10,221	)		(18.6	)%
Net loss		(3,545	)		(4.1	)%		(6,762	)		(12.3	)%
Comprehensive loss		(3,531	)		(4.1	)%		(6,762	)		(12.3	)%
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.07	)		n/a		$	(0.17	)		n/a
Non-GAAP Financial Information⁽¹⁾
Non-GAAP EBITDA⁽¹⁾		14,994			17.3	%		4,243			7.7	%
Non-GAAP Net Income⁽¹⁾		9,155			10.5	%		1,978			3.6	%
Non-GAAP Diluted EPS⁽¹⁾	$	0.15			n/a		$	0.05			n/a

(2)

Recent Developments

In the three months ended June 30, 2021, our revenues of $47.7 million were up 8.5 million or 21.8% in comparison to the three months ended March 31, 2021, and up 113.1% from the three months ended June 30, 2020. Our three months ended June 30, 2021 revenues included $9.3 million in revenue contribution from the acquisitions of Daxx and Tacit. Excluding contribution from acquisitions, in the three months ended June 30, 2021, our revenues of $38.4 million were up $5.8 million or 17.7% in comparison to the three months ended March 31, 2021, and up $16.0 million or 71.6% from the three months ended June 30, 2020 and was the highest revenue quarter in the company’s history. Similar to the last two quarters, in the three months ended June 30, 2021, we witnessed healthy business trends. This is largely reflected in the double-digit sequential growth over the three months ended March 31, 2021. The three months ended June 30, 2021 also marked the fourth consecutive sequential growth quarter since witnessing a bottom in revenues in the three months ended June 30, 2020. During the quarter, we witnessed strong demand from our customers across our industry verticals as digital transformation initiatives take center stage.

During the three months ended June 30, 2021, our largest industry vertical continued to be the Technology Media, and Telecom (“TMT”) at 33.8% of our revenue, while Consumer Packaged Goods (“CPG”)/Manufacturing, Finance, and Other verticals contributed to 20.8%, 8.5%, and 10.2% respectively. Revenues from our Top 5 customers during the quarter was 45.4%, down from 66.7% in the same quarter year ago. The diversification in our Top 5 customer concentration was driven by a combination of factors that included success in ramping business at new customers and growing business at existing customers, aided by our recent acquisitions.

We continue to focus on revenue diversification by increasing our customer base with new customers’ additions. During the three months ended June 30, 2021, we received revenues from a total of 212 customers, up from 188 customers in the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 37 customers in the three months ended June 30, 2020. Of these, 161 customers came from our recent acquisitions of Tacit and Daxx. Excluding customers from our recent acquisitions, we exited the quarter with 51 paying customers that included 5 new customers added during the three months ended June 30, 2021.

We exited the three months ended June 30, 2021 with $(1.5) million, or (3.1)% in GAAP Net Loss, an improvement from a GAAP Net Loss of $(2.1) million, or (5.3)% in the three months ended March 31, 2021 and a GAAP Net Loss of $(2.2) million, or (9.7)% in the three months ended June 30, 2020. We exited the three months ended June 30, 2021 with $9.7 million, or 20.4% in Non-GAAP EBITDA, up from $5.3 million, or 13.4% in the three months ended March 31, 2021 and $1.2 million, or 5.4% in the three months ended June 30, 2020. The sequential increase in profitability was largely driven by increase in billable personnel and billable work hours combined by contributions from our recent acquisitions of Tacit and Daxx.

Acquisition of Tacit Knowledge Inc.

On May 29, 2021, we acquired UK based Tacit Knowledge Inc. (“Tacit”) in an all-cash transaction. Headquartered in UK, Tacit is a global consultancy focused on digital commerce serving customers in the UK, North America, Continental Europe, and Asia. The company serves leading global brands across technology, CPG, financial, and retail markets. The company has approximately 180 employees with engineering centers situated in Moldova and Mexico. The acquisition will augment our service offerings and will strengthen our competitive position within the market. Additionally, the acquisition will also enable us to leverage near-shore capabilities with the company’s presence in Mexico.

Acquisition of Daxx

On December 14, 2020, we acquired Netherland based Daxx in an all-cash transaction. Headquartered in Amsterdam, and with approximately 490 employees, the company has engineering centers situated in major tech hubs across Ukraine. The company has over 20 years of experience in delivering software services to clients across a wide range of industry verticals that include high-tech, digital media, healthcare, and education. Some of the key capabilities include consulting services spanning agile process reengineering, lean development, and DevOps. Daxx serves customers in the Netherlands, Germany, U.K., and U.S., and with strong relationships with high-growth start-ups and established software companies. We believe the acquisition of Daxx will enable our company to have a stronger foothold in Europe and will enable the company to continue diversifying its business.

COVID-19 Related Updates

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus COVID-19 was reported in China, and in March 2020, the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic. This contagious disease pandemic has continued to spread across the globe, including extensively within the U.S., and is impacting worldwide economic activity and financial markets, significantly increasing economic volatility and uncertainty. In response to this global pandemic, several local, state, and federal governments have been prompted to take unprecedented steps that include, but not limited to, travel restrictions, closure of businesses, social distancing, and quarantines.

Starting in March 2020, headwinds to our business from the pandemic were largely centered around our retail customers as many of them witnessed a slowdown in their sales. After witnessing a low point in the month of May 2020, our business has steadily improved as we have added new customers and have grown existing business across industry verticals. We continue to take precautionary measures intended to minimize the risk of the virus to our employees, our customers, and the communities in which we operate that include suspension of all non-essential travel. Although a significant proportion of our employees continue to work remotely, all our facilities have been opened for employees to work following local government guidelines. We continue to deliver services to our clients in this fashion and this has resulted in minimal disruption in our operational and delivery capabilities.

Business Combination

On March 5, 2020, a wholly-owned subsidiary (“Merger Sub 1”) of ChaSerg merged with and into GDI, with GDI surviving the merger (the “Initial Merger”). Immediately following the Initial Merger, GDI merged with and into another wholly-owned subsidiary of ChaSerg (“Merger Sub 2”) with Merger Sub 2 surviving; Merger Sub 2 was then renamed “Grid Dynamics International, LLC,” and ChaSerg was then renamed “Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc.” (the “Business Combination”). As of the open of trading on March 6, 2020, the common stock and warrants of Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (“Grid Dynamics”), formerly those of ChaSerg, began trading on The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC as “GDYN” and “GDYNW,” respectively.

Comparability of Financial Information

Grid Dynamics’ results of operations and statements of assets and liabilities may not be comparable between periods as a result of the Business Combination on March 5, 2020 and the other events and transactions discussed below.

Key Performance Indicators and Other Factors Affecting Performance

Grid Dynamics uses the following key performance indicators and assesses the following other factors to analyze its business performance, to make budgets and financial forecasts and to develop strategic plans:

Employees by Region

Attracting and retaining the right employees is critical to the success of Grid Dynamics’ business and is a key factor in Grid Dynamics’ ability to meet client needs and grow its revenue base. Grid Dynamics’ revenue prospects and long-term success depend significantly on its ability to recruit and retain qualified IT professionals. A substantial majority of Grid Dynamics’ personnel is comprised of such IT professionals.

The following table shows the number of Grid Dynamics personnel (including full-time employees and contractors serving in similar capacities) by region, as of the dates indicated:

	As of June 30,
	2021		2020
United States and Mexico		317		251
Central and Eastern Europe⁽¹⁾, U.K. and the Netherlands		2,193		986
Total		2,510		1,237

(1)

Includes Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Serbia, and Moldova.

Attrition

There is competition for IT professionals in the regions in which Grid Dynamics operates, and any increase in such competition may adversely impact Grid Dynamics’ business and gross profit margins. Employee retention is one of Grid Dynamics’ main priorities and is a key driver of operational efficiency. Grid Dynamics seeks to retain top talent by providing the opportunity to work on exciting, cutting-edge projects for high profile clients, a flexible work environment and training and development programs. Grid Dynamics’ management targets a voluntary attrition rate no higher than the mid-teen percentages, in line with the industry.

Hours and Utilization

As most of Grid Dynamics’ customer projects are performed and invoiced on a time and materials basis, Grid Dynamics’ management tracks and projects billable hours as an indicator of business volume and corresponding resource needs for IT professionals. To maintain its gross profit margins, Grid Dynamics must effectively utilize its IT professionals, which depends on its ability to integrate and train new personnel, to efficiently transition personnel from completed projects to new assignments, to forecast customer demand for services and to deploy personnel with appropriate skills and seniority to projects. Grid Dynamics’ management generally tracks utilization with respect to subsets of employees, by location or by project, and calculates the utilization rate for each subset by dividing (x) the aggregate number of billable hours for a period by (y) the aggregate number of total available hours for the same period. Grid Dynamics’ management analyzes and projects utilization to measure the efficiency of its workforce and to inform management’s budget and personnel recruiting decisions.

Customer Concentration

Grid Dynamics’ ability to retain and expand its relationships with existing customers and add new customers are key indicators of its revenue potential. Grid Dynamics grew its customer base from 42 customers in the first half of 2020 to 226 customers in the same period of 2021, including 172 customers that were acquired as part of Daxx and Tacit acquisitions. Grid Dynamics’ procurement of new customers has a direct impact on its ability to diversify its sources of revenue and replace customers that may no longer require its services. Grid Dynamics has a relatively high level of revenue concentration with certain customers.

The following table shows the evolution of Grid Dynamics’ customer base and revenue concentration, as of the dates and for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended June 30,
	2021			2020

Total customers (for the period) ⁽¹⁾		212			37
Of which (customer revenue amounts annualized for interim periods):
>$5.0 million		9			7
>$2.5 – 5.0 million		4			2
>$1.0 – 2.5 million		15			6
Top five customers		45.4	%		66.7	%
Top ten customers		62.3	%		84.5	%
Top five customers	$	21,634		$	14,924
Top ten customers	$	29,690		$	18,891

(1)

Number of customers acquired as a result of Daxx and Tacit acquisitions for the three months ended June 30, 2021 is 161.

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2021			2020

Total customers (for the period) ⁽¹⁾		226			42
Of which (customer revenue amounts annualized for interim periods):
>$5.0 million		9			7
>$2.5 – 5.0 million		4			2
>$1.0 – 2.5 million		15			6
Top five customers		48.6	%		61.8	%
Top ten customers		64.3	%		84.0	%
Top five customers	$	42,213		$	33,884
Top ten customers	$	55,786		$	46,047

(1)

Number of customers acquired as a result of Daxx and Tacit acquisitions for the six months ended June 30, 2021 is 172.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Exposure

Grid Dynamics is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk and its profit margins are subject to volatility between periods due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. Grid Dynamics’ functional currency apart from the U.S. dollar includes EURO, British pounds, Mexican pesos and Moldovan leu. Grid Dynamics contracts with customers for payment in and generates predominantly all of its revenue in U.S. dollars, except for Daxx and Tacit that generate revenue predominantly in EURO and British pounds. Its non-U.S. subsidiaries’ operations relate substantially to performing services under those contracts. Several of Grid Dynamics’ subsidiaries conduct operations and employ or contract personnel in Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Serbia, but keep their books and records in U.S. dollars. Daxx’s books are kept in EURO. Tacit’s books are kept in local currencies. Grid Dynamics’ foreign currency transaction exposure is a result of having to convert U.S. dollars into the local currencies of the countries in which it must pay expenses, typically by transferring funds to its non-U.S. subsidiaries. These expenses are primarily comprised of compensation and benefits and other operating costs, such as rent. Subsidiary transactions executed in local currencies are converted into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect on the date of the transaction, in the case of asset and liability transactions, or at the average monthly exchange rate, in the case of income and expense transactions. Certain balances in local currencies, particularly cash and financial instruments, are adjusted at each balance sheet date to reflect the then-current exchange rate, which is the rate at which the related receivable or payable could be settled at that date. As a result, Grid Dynamics’ assets, liabilities, profit margins and other measures of profitability may be subject to volatility due to changes in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against the currencies in which Grid Dynamics’ subsidiaries incur operating expenses, hold assets, or owe liabilities, and may not be comparable between periods.

In the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, approximately 25.3%, 11.9% and 7.4% of Grid Dynamics’ $46.3 million and approximately 25.3%, 11.4% and 7.6% of Grid Dynamics’ $87.2 million of combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses were denominated in the Ukrainian hryvnia, Russian ruble, and Polish zloty, respectively. Comparatively, the same foreign currencies accounted for approximately 9.9%, 12.6% and 10.6% of Grid Dynamics’ $25.6 million and 10.7%, 15.6%, and 10.0% of Grid Dynamics’ $65.0 million of combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. Grid Dynamics does not currently hedge its foreign currency exposure, although it seeks to minimize such exposure by limiting cash transfers to amounts necessary to fund subsidiary operating expenses for a short period, typically one to two weeks. When and where possible, Grid Dynamics seeks to match expenses to the U.S. dollar. For example, in Ukraine, Grid Dynamics generally pays salaries in the current hryvnia equivalent of an agreed U.S. dollar amount, consistent with local requirements. As a result, a significant portion of Grid Dynamics’ exposure to fluctuations in the value of the Ukrainian hryvnia against the U.S. dollar is naturally hedged. Management carefully evaluates its exposure to foreign currency risk and, though Grid Dynamics does not currently hedge this exposure using financial instruments, it may do so in the future. See Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk” below for more information about Grid Dynamics’ exposure to foreign currency exchange rates.

Seasonality

Grid Dynamics’ business is subject to seasonal trends that impact its revenues and profitability between quarters. Some of the factors that influence the seasonal trends include the timing of holidays in the countries in which Grid Dynamics operates and the U.S. retail cycle, which drives the behavior of Grid Dynamics’ retail customers. Excluding the impact of growth in its book of business, Grid Dynamics has historically recorded higher revenue and gross profit in the second and third quarters of each year compared to the first and fourth quarters of each year. The Christmas holiday season in Russia and Ukraine, for example, falls in the first quarter of the calendar year, resulting in reduced activity and billable hours. In addition, many of Grid Dynamics’ retail sector customers tend to slow their discretionary spending during the holiday sale season, which typically lasts from late November (before Thanksgiving) through late December (after Christmas).

Non-GAAP Measures

To supplement Grid Dynamics’ consolidated financial data presented on a basis consistent with U.S. GAAP, this Quarterly Report contains certain non-GAAP financial measures, including Non-GAAP EBITDA, Non-GAAP Net Income and Non-GAAP Diluted Earnings Per Share, or EPS. Grid Dynamics has included these non-GAAP financial measures because they are financial measures used by Grid Dynamics’ management to evaluate Grid Dynamics’ core operating performance and trends, to make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital and new investments and are among the factors analyzed in making performance-based compensation decisions for key personnel. These measures exclude certain expenses that are required under U.S. GAAP. Grid Dynamics excludes these items because they are not part of core operations or, in the case of stock-based compensation, non-cash expenses that are determined based in part on Grid Dynamics’ underlying performance.

Grid Dynamics believes these supplemental performance measurements are useful in evaluating operating performance, as they are similar to measures reported by its public industry peers and those regularly used by security analysts, investors and other interested parties in analyzing operating performance and prospects. These non-GAAP financial measures are not intended to be a substitute for any GAAP financial measures and, as calculated, may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of performance of other companies in other industries or within the same industry.

There are significant limitations associated with the use of non-GAAP financial measures. Further, these measures may differ from the non-GAAP information, even where similarly titled, used by other companies and therefore should not be used to compare our performance to that of other companies. Grid Dynamics compensates for these limitations by providing investors and other users of its financial information a reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the related GAAP financial measures. Grid Dynamics encourages investors and others to review its financial information in its entirety, not to rely on any single financial measure and to view its non-GAAP measures in conjunction with GAAP financial measures.

Grid Dynamics defines and calculates its non-GAAP financial measures as follows:

●

Non-GAAP EBITDA: Net income/(loss) before interest income/expense, provision for income taxes and depreciation and amortization, and further adjusted for the impact of stock-based compensation expense, transaction-related costs (which include, when applicable, professional fees, retention bonuses, and consulting, legal and advisory costs related to Grid Dynamics’ merger and acquisition and capital-raising activities), impairment of goodwill and other income/expenses, net (which includes mainly interest income and expense, foreign currency transaction losses and gains, fair value adjustments and other miscellaneous expenses), and restructuring costs.

●

Non-GAAP Net Income: Net income/(loss) adjusted for the impact of stock-based compensation, impairment of goodwill, transaction-related costs, restructuring costs, other income/expenses, net, and the tax impacts of these adjustments.

●

Non-GAAP Diluted EPS: Non-GAAP Net income, divided by the diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period.

The following table presents the reconciliation of Grid Dynamics’ Non-GAAP EBITDA to its consolidated net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands)	2021			2020			2021			2020
GAAP net loss	$	(1,483	)	$	(2,166	)	$	(3,545	)	$	(6,762	)
Adjusted for:
Depreciation and amortization		1,154			588			2,100			1,234
Provision/(benefit) for income taxes		2,788			(813	)		2,022			(3,495	)
Stock-based compensation		6,675			3,654			12,346			8,458
Transaction and transformation-related costs ⁽¹⁾		518			—			942			3,940
Restructuring costs ⁽²⁾		—			143			—			832
Other (income)/expenses, net ⁽³⁾		79			(208	)		1,129			36
Non-GAAP EBITDA	$	9,731		$	1,198		$	14,994		$	4,243

(1)

Transaction and transformation-related costs include, when applicable, external deal costs, transaction-related professional fees, transaction-related retention bonuses, which are allocated proportionally across cost of revenue, engineering, research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses as well as other transaction-related costs including integration expenses consisting of outside professional and consulting services.

(2)

We implemented a cost reduction plan during first quarter of 2020. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we incurred restructuring and severance charges of $0.1 million and $0.8 million, respectively, primarily resulting from a reduction in workforce and other charges. We did not incur any restructuring expenses during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.

(3)

Other expenses consist primarily of losses and gains on foreign currency transactions, fair value adjustments, and other miscellaneous non-operating expenses and other income consists primarily of interest on cash held at banks.

The following table presents a reconciliation of Grid Dynamics’ Non-GAAP Diluted EPS and its Non-GAAP Net Income to its consolidated net loss for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except per share data)	2021			2020			2021			2020
GAAP net loss	$	(1,483	)	$	(2,166	)	$	(3,545	)	$	(6,762	)
Adjusted for:
Stock-based compensation		6,675			3,654			12,346			8,458
Transaction and transformation-related costs ⁽¹⁾		518			—			942			3,940
Restructuring costs ⁽²⁾		—			143			—			832
Other (income)/expenses, net ⁽³⁾		79			(208	)		1,129			36
Tax impact of non-GAAP adjustments ⁽⁴⁾		301			(990	)		(1,717	)		(4,526	)
Non-GAAP Net Income	$	6,090		$	433		$	9,155		$	1,978
Non-GAAP Diluted EPS⁽⁵⁾	$	0.10		$	0.01		$	0.15		$	0.05
Number of shares used in the Non-GAAP Diluted EPS		60,996			53,082			60,799			43,888

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Reflects the estimated tax impact of the non-GAAP adjustments presented in the table.

(5)

Non-GAAP Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing Non-GAAP Net Income/(Loss) by the diluted weighted-average shares outstanding. From the three months ended December 31, 2020 onwards, we have chosen to calculate its Non-GAAP Diluted EPS based on the diluted share count even in net GAAP loss situation. This methodology differs from the prior approach when we applied the basic share count in situations of a net GAAP loss and a positive non-GAAP net income. Management believes that the new methodology provides better representation of the company’s financial results as it takes into account the significance of the dilutive impact from any outstanding equity instruments in a GAAP net loss/non-GAAP Net income situation.

(1)

Key Components of Revenue and Expenses

Revenue

Grid Dynamics generates revenue by providing focused and complex services in the area of software engineering, development, integration, testing, and operations of digital services. Grid Dynamics provides services mainly on a time and materials basis and, to a much lesser extent, on a fixed-fee basis. While fixed-fee contracts currently represent an immaterial portion of overall revenue for the periods presented, Grid Dynamics expects proportionate revenue from fixed-fee contracts to increase in future periods. On a time and materials basis, Grid Dynamics earns and recognizes revenue as hours and costs are incurred. On its current and future fixed fee contracts, Grid Dynamics earns and recognizes revenue as the work is performed, the monthly calculation of which is based upon actual labor hours incurred and level of effort expended throughout the duration of the contract. For both time and materials contracts and fixed fee contracts, hourly rates are typically determined based on the location and experience of Grid Dynamics personnel selected to perform the service and are negotiated for each contract or statement of work, as the case may be. For fixed fee contracts, the fixed fee generally remains constant for the contracted project period unless the customer directs a change in scope of project work or requests additional Grid Dynamics employees in excess of those scheduled for a specific project.

In select cases, Grid Dynamics offers volume discounts or early settlement discounts, which are recorded as contra-revenue items. Volume discounts apply once the customer reaches certain contractual spend thresholds. Early settlement discounts are issued contingent upon the timing of the payment from the customer. If there is uncertainty about project completion or receipt of payment for services provided, revenue is deferred until the uncertainty is sufficiently resolved.

Costs and Expenses

Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists primarily of salaries and employee benefits, including performance bonuses and stock-based compensation, and travel expenses for client-serving personnel. Cost of revenue also includes depreciation and amortization expense related to client-serving activities.

Engineering, Research and Development. Engineering, research and development expenses consist mainly of salaries and employee benefits including performance bonuses and stock-based compensation for personnel engaged in the design and development of solutions. Engineering, research and development expenses also include depreciation and amortization expenses related to such activities. Engineering, research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of expenses associated with promoting and selling Grid Dynamics’ services and consists mainly of salaries and employee benefits, including performance bonuses and stock-based compensation, marketing events, travel, as well as depreciation and amortization expenses related to such activities.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of administrative personnel and officers’ salaries and employee benefits including performance bonuses and stock-based compensation, legal and audit expenses, insurance, operating lease expenses (mainly facilities and vehicles) and other facility costs, workforce global mobility initiatives, restructuring and employee relocations cost (not in connection with customer projects), and depreciation and amortization expenses related to such activities. General and administrative expenses include a substantial majority of Grid Dynamics’ stock-based compensation costs for the financial periods discussed herein.

Provision for Income Taxes. Grid Dynamics follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes, whereby deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of the assets and liabilities. The provision for income taxes reflects income earned and taxed in the various U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. jurisdictions. Jurisdictional tax law changes, increases or decreases in permanent differences between book and tax items, accruals, or adjustments of accruals for tax contingencies or valuation allowances, and the change in the mix of earnings from these taxing jurisdictions all affect the overall effective tax rate.

Results of Operations

The three and six months ended June 30, 2021compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2020

The following table sets forth a summary of Grid Dynamics’ consolidated results of operations for the interim periods indicated, and the changes between periods:

	Three months ended June 30,
(unaudited, in thousands, except percentages)	2021			2020			Change
Revenue	$	47,676		$	22,368		$	25,308		113.1	%
Cost of revenue		27,879			13,982			13,897		99.4	%
Gross profit		19,797			8,386			11,411		136.1	%
Engineering, research, and development		1,772			2,577			(805	)	(31.2	)%
Sales and marketing		2,837			1,637			1,200		73.3	%
General and administrative		13,804			7,359			6,445		87.6	%
Total operating expense		18,413			11,573			6,840		59.1	%
Profit/(loss) from operations		1,384			(3,187	)		4,571		(143.4	)%
Other income/(expenses), net		(79	)		208			(287	)	(138.0	)%
Profit/(loss) before income taxes		1,305			(2,979	)		4,284		(143.8	)%
Provision/(benefit) for income taxes		2,788			(813	)		3,601		(442.9	)%
Net loss		(1,483	)		(2,166	)		683		(31.5	)%
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		(35	)		—			(35	)	n.m.
Comprehensive loss	$	(1,518	)	$	(2,166	)	$	648		(29.9	)%

n.m. = not meaningful.

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(unaudited, in thousands, except percentages)	2021			2020			Change
Revenue	$	86,810		$	54,825		$	31,985		58.3	%
Cost of revenue		51,676			36,621			15,055		41.1	%
Gross profit		35,134			18,204			16,930		93.0	%
Engineering, research, and development		3,555			5,117			(1,562	)	(30.5	)%
Sales and marketing		5,869			5,206			663		12.7	%
General and administrative		26,104			18,102			8,002		44.2	%
Total operating expense		35,528			28,425			7,103		25.0	%
Loss from operations		(394	)		(10,221	)		9,827		(96.1	)%
Other expenses, net		(1,129	)		(36	)		(1,093	)	3,036.1	%
Loss before income taxes		(1,523	)		(10,257	)		8,734		(85.2	)%
Provision/(benefit) for income taxes		2,022			(3,495	)		5,517		(157.9	)%
Net loss		(3,545	)		(6,762	)		3,217		(47.6	)%
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		14			—			14		n.m.
Comprehensive loss	$	(3,531	)	$	(6,762	)	$	3,231		(47.8	)%

Revenues by Vertical. We assign our customers into one of our four main vertical markets or a group of various industries where we are increasing our presence, which we label as “Verticals”. The following table presents our revenues by vertical and revenues as a percentage of total revenues by vertical for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended June 30,
(unaudited, in thousands, except percentages)	2021		% of revenue			2020		% of revenue
Technology, Media and Telecom	$	16,115		33.8	%	$	11,975		53.5	%
Retail		12,729		26.7	%		4,000		17.9	%
Finance		4,071		8.5	%		3,522		15.7	%
CPG/Manufacturing		9,899		20.8	%		2,472		11.1	%
Other		4,862		10.2	%		399		1.8	%
Total	$	47,676		100.0	%	$	22,368		100.0	%

	Six months ended June 30,
(unaudited, in thousands, except percentages)	2021		% of revenue			2020		% of revenue
Technology, Media and Telecom	$	30,526		35.2	%	$	22,052		40.2	%
Retail		21,579		24.9	%		20,099		36.7	%
Finance		7,509		8.6	%		7,555		13.8	%
CPG/Manufacturing		18,624		21.5	%		4,655		8.5	%
Other		8,572		9.8	%		464		0.8	%
Total	$	86,810		100.0	%	$	54,825		100.0	%

Revenue. Revenue increased by $25.3 million, or 113.1%, to $47.7 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021 from $22.4 million in the three months ended June 30, 2020. Revenue increased by $32.0 million, or 58.3%, to $86.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 from $54.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 2020. The year- over- year increases, both on a three month and six-month basis, were largely driven by the improved business conditions as the company recovered from the impact of COVID-19 that resulted in increased billable headcount and billable hours. Additionally, the acquisitions of Daxx and Tacit contributed to the year-over-year growth, both on a three month and six-month basis. Combined, these two acquisitions contributed a total of $9.3 million and $15.8 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit. Cost of revenue increased by $13.9 million, or 99.4%, to $27.9 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021 from $14.0 million in the three months ended June 30, 2020 largely from increased costs of personnel to support higher revenue. This was offset by lower expenses, such as travel related costs. Cost of revenue increased by $15.1 million, or 41.1%, to $51.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 from $36.6 million in the same period of June 30, 2020, largely from increased costs of personnel to support higher revenue offset by lower expenses, such as travel related expenses and retention bonuses.

Gross profit increased by $11.4 million, or 136.1%, to $19.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021 from $8.4 million in the three months ended June 30, 2020. Gross margin (gross profit as a percentage of revenue) increased by 4.0 percentage points to 41.5% in the three months ended June 30, 2021 from 37.5% in the three months ended June 30, 2020. Gross profit increased by $16.9 million, or 93.0%, to $35.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 from $18.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 2020. Gross margin (gross profit as a percentage of revenue) increased by 7.3 percentage points to 40.5% in the six months ended June 30, 2021 from 33.2% in the same period of 2020. The increase in gross margins, both on a three month and six-month basis, was largely driven by a combination of increased billable workforce utilization and greater mix shift towards offshore delivery locations. Additionally, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, our business was severely impacted by COVID-19 which resulted in a significant proportion of our workforce becoming non-billable resulting in lower gross margins in comparison to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.

Engineering, Research and Development. Engineering, research and development expenses decreased by $0.8 million to $1.8 million during the three months ended June 30, 2021, a 31.2% decrease from $2.6 million in the second quarter of 2020. During the first half of 2021, engineering, research and development expenses decreased by 30.5% to $3.6 million from $5.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to high utilization of our personnel and decrease in retention bonuses.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $1.2 million, or 73.3% to $2.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was mainly due to increase in sales personnel and new sales initiatives as well as increase in wages in 2021. Sales and marketing expenses accounted for 6.0% of Grid Dynamics’ revenue in the three months ended June 30, 2021 compared to 7.3% in the same period of last year, a decrease of 1.3%. The decrease was due mainly to decrease in marketing and sales events due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sales and marketing expense remained on relatively the same level during the first half of 2021 compared to the same period of 2020. Sales and marketing expense accounted for 6.8% of Grid Dynamics’ revenue in the six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to 9.5% in the six months ended June 30, 2020, a decrease of 2.7 percentage points mainly to decrease in marketing and sales events due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased by $6.4 million to $13.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021 and increased by $8.0 million, or 44.2%, to $26.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 from $18.1 million in the same period of 2020. The increase was mainly due to increase in stock-based compensation, 2021 wages and bonuses, increase in legal and professional fees due to the recent acquisition of Tacit in May of 2021 and additional facilities expenses as well as amortization of intangibles resulting from it. General and administrative expenses accounted for 30.1% of Grid Dynamics’ revenue in the first half of 2021, a decrease of 2.9 percentage points from 33.0% in the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Other Income/(Expenses), Net. Other expenses, net changed by $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021 as compared to Other income, net recorded in the same period last year reflecting increased interest, other income and miscellaneous expenses. Other income/(expenses), net changed by $1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2020, mainly due to changes in the fair value of private warrants of $0.9 million in the first quarter of 2021.

Provision/(Benefit) for Income Tax. During the three months ended June 30, 2021 we recognized a provision for income tax of $2.8 million compared to benefit for income tax of $(0.8) million in the same period of 2020. The difference in tax provision was attributable mainly to Section 162(m) compensation deduction limitations partially offset by stock-based compensation excess tax benefit. Additionally, the United Kingdom’s (“UK”) recently enacted Finance Act 2021 has increased its corporate tax rate to 25% for companies with profits exceeding 250,000 pounds, effective beginning April 01, 2023. As a result of this change in tax law, the Company remeasured its UK deferred taxes which resulted in a $0.5 million discrete tax expense in the three months ended June 30, 2021. Provision for income tax was $2.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to benefit for income tax of $(3.5) million in the six months ended June 30, 2020.

During three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recognized net loss of $(1.5) million and $(3.5) million, respectively, compared to net loss of $(2.2) million and $(6.8) million in the same periods of 2020 due to the reasons stated above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Grid Dynamics measures liquidity in terms of its ability to fund the cash requirements of its business operations, including working capital needs, capital expenditures, contractual obligations, and other commitments with cash flows from operations and other sources of funding. Grid Dynamics’ current liquidity needs relate mainly to compensation and benefits of Grid Dynamics’ employees and contractors and capital expenditures for computer hardware and office furniture. Grid Dynamics’ ability to expand and grow its business will depend on many factors including its capital expenditure needs and the evolution of its operating cash flows. Grid Dynamics may need more cash resources due to changed business conditions or other developments, including investments or acquisitions. Grid Dynamics believes that its current cash position on its balance sheet of $68.0 million as of June 30, 2021, as well as the net proceeds received as a result of our follow-on public offering that closed on July 6, 2021, as described in Note 13 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, is sufficient to fund its currently expected levels of operating, investing and financing expenditures for a period of twelve months from the date of this filing. However, if Grid Dynamics’ resources are insufficient to satisfy its cash requirements, it may need to seek additional equity or debt financing, which may be subject to conditions outside of Grid Dynamics’ control and may not be available on terms acceptable to Grid Dynamics’ management or at all.

As of June 30, 2021, Grid Dynamics had cash and cash equivalents amounting to $68.0 million (compared to $112.7 million at December 31, 2020). Of this amount, $7.4 million was held outside the United States, namely in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Serbia, the Netherlands, UK, Mexico, Moldova, and Singapore (compared to $3.1 million as of December 31, 2020). As many of Grid Dynamics’ assets, operations and employees are located in these countries, Grid Dynamics expects that all such cash and cash equivalents will be used to fund future operating needs and Grid Dynamics’ management has no intention of repatriating the funds. If Grid Dynamics decided to remit funds from these countries to the United States in the future, whether in the form of inter-company dividends or otherwise, they may be subject to foreign withholding taxes. In addition, Grid Dynamics’ cash in banks in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Moldova, Serbia, and Mexico may be subject to other risks, as the banking sector in certain of these countries is subject to periodic instability, may be subject to sanctions and may be subject to capital adequacy and other banking standards that are substantially less rigorous than those of the United States.

On July 6, 2021, Grid Dynamics closed a follow-on public offering of common stock that resulted in $78.3 million net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company.

Grid Dynamics does not have any debt outstanding as of June 30, 2021 and or December 31, 2020.

Our performance stock units, or PSUs, vested upon the satisfaction of a performance-based vesting condition. The compensation committee of our board of directors certified that the performance conditions of the PSUs were met, and PSUs were released on February 12, 2021. Approximately 0.7 million shares were issued upon vesting of the PSUs and 0.75 million shares were net withheld to cover $10.7 million employees’ tax withholding obligations. In the six months ending June 30, 2021, approximately 0.8 million shares underlying RSUs held by our officers being vested. Upon vesting of the RSUs, approximately 0.4 million shares were released, and 0.4 million shares were net withheld to cover the employees’ tax withholding obligations. We have determined that our policy will be to require individuals to withhold to cover taxes, so approximately 52% of the vested shares were withheld on the settlement date, with the equivalent value being paid by us from our working capital. The total net tax withholding obligations for the six months ended June 30, 2021 were approximately $18.9 million in the aggregate for the option exercises, RSU and PSU releases.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes Grid Dynamics’ cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(unaudited, in thousands)	2021			2020
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities	$	6,650		$	(921	)
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(32,525	)	$	(1,110	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities	$	(18,910	)	$	82,927
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	$	14		$	—
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(44,771	)	$	80,896
Cash, cash equivalents (beginning of period)	$	112,745		$	42,189
Cash, cash equivalents (end of period)	$	67,974		$	123,085

Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2021 increased by $7.6 million to $6.7 million from $(0.9) million used in the same period in 2020, driven by higher cash operating profit (before non-cash depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation charges). The key reasons for the increase in cash operating profit in the six months ended June 30, 2021 in comparison to the six months ended June 30, 2020, were higher levels of revenue and greater billable utilization resulting in higher profitability.

Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2021 was $(32.5) million, which primarily reflects the acquisition of Tacit, compared to $(1.1) million used in the same period in 2020 reflecting mainly capital expenditures for computer hardware, related equipment and software.

Financing Activities. Net cash used in financing activities was $(18.9) million in the six months ended June 30, 2021, reflecting primarily the tax withholding obligations due to issuance of shares in connection with vested awards. Net cash provided by financing activities was $82.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 2020, reflecting primarily the proceeds from the Business Combination.

Contractual Obligations

Grid Dynamics’ outstanding operating leases and software service agreement obligations have not changed materially since December 31, 2020. In addition, Grid Dynamics purchases software licenses in the ordinary course of business.

Non-perpetual licenses are typically renewed annually. Grid Dynamics does not have any material obligations under contractual arrangements other than as disclosed in this report.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Commitments

Except for its credit support for the letter of credit and balances on corporate credit cards, Grid Dynamics does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements of the kind required to be disclosed under SEC rules and does not have any off-balance sheet or contingent commitments, except as described above with respect to operating leases.

As a result of analysis related to Grid Dynamics’ functional control of subcontractor GD Ukraine, LLC, the subcontractor was determined to be a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and is therefore consolidated in Grid Dynamics’ financial statements. The assets and liabilities of this VIE consist primarily of intercompany balances and transactions, all of which have been eliminated in consolidation.

Critical Accounting Policies

Grid Dynamics management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on the condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Preparation of the financial statements requires Grid Dynamics to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that impact the reported amount of revenue and expenses, assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Grid Dynamics considers an accounting judgment, estimate or assumption to be critical when (1) an estimate or assumption is complex in nature or requires a high degree of judgment, and (2) the use of different judgments, estimates and assumptions could have a material impact on Grid Dynamics’ condensed consolidated financial statements. Grid Dynamics’ critical accounting policies are described in Note 2 to its condensed consolidated financial statements.

Emerging Growth Company Accounting Election

Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”) exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can choose not to take advantage of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies and any such election to not to take advantage of the extended transition period is irrevocable. Prior to the Business Combination, ChaSerg was an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act and has elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Following the consummation of the Business Combination, Grid Dynamics remains an emerging growth company and continues to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period.

Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements are described in Note 2 to Grid Dynamics’ condensed consolidated financial statements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Grid Dynamics has in the past and may in the future be exposed to certain market and credit risks in the ordinary course of business, including exposure related to fluctuations in foreign currency rates, and on occasion and to a lesser extent, changes in interest rates and concentration of credit risk. In addition, Grid Dynamics’ international operations are subject to risks related to differing economic conditions, changes in political climate, differing tax structures, and other regulations and restrictions. See the section titled “Risk Factors” for additional information.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

In the three months ended June 30, 2021, approximately 25.3%, 11.9% and 7.4% of Grid Dynamics’ $46.3 million of combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses were denominated in the Ukrainian hryvnia, Russian ruble, and Polish zloty, respectively. Comparatively, the same foreign currencies accounted for approximately 9.9%, 12.6% and 10.6% of Grid Dynamics’ $25.6 million of combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses in the three months ended June 30, 2020.

In the three months ended June 30, 2021:

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a 10% decrease in the value of the Russian rouble against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.5 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the rouble’s value would have resulted in a $0.6 million decrease in income from operations.

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a 10% decrease in the value of the Polish zloty against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.3 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the zloty’s value would have resulted in a $0.4 million decrease in income from operations.

In the three months ended June 30, 2020:

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a 10% decrease in the value of the Russian rouble against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.3 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the rouble’s value would have resulted in a $0.4 million decrease in income from operations.

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a 10% decrease in the value of the Polish zloty against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.2 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the zloty’s value would have resulted in a $0.3 million decrease in income from operations.

In the six months ended June 30, 2021, approximately 25.3%, 11.4% and 7.6% of Grid Dynamics’ $87.2 million of combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses were denominated in the Ukrainian hryvnia, Russian ruble, and Polish zloty, respectively. Comparatively, the same foreign currencies accounted for approximately 10.7%, 15.6%, and 10.0% of Grid Dynamics’ $65.0 million of combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses in the six months ended June 30, 2020.

In the six months ended June 30, 2021:

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a 10% decrease in the value of the Russian rouble against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.9 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the rouble’s value would have resulted in a $1.1 million decrease in income from operations.

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a 10% decrease in the value of the Polish zloty against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.6 million n increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the zloty’s value would have resulted in a $0.7 million decrease in income from operations.

In the six months ended June 30, 2020:

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a 10% decrease in the value of the Russian ruble against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.9 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the ruble’s value would have resulted in a $1.2 million decrease in income from operations.

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a 10% decrease in the value of the Polish zloty against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.6 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the zloty’s value would have resulted in a $0.7 million decrease in income from operations.

Grid Dynamics analyses sensitivity to the rouble and zloty separately because, in management’s experience, fluctuations in the value of these currencies against the U.S. dollar are frequently driven by distinct macroeconomic and geopolitical factors.

Grid Dynamics does not currently hedge its foreign currency exposure, although it seeks minimize it by limiting cash transfers to amounts necessary to fund subsidiary operating expenses for a short period, typically one week. Grid Dynamics’ management may evaluate new hedging strategies in future periods.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting on a timely basis, information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act and were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management, including the CEO and CFO, confirmed there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended June 30, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our CEO and CFO, do not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Although we may, from time to time, be involved in litigation and claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of business, we are not currently a party to any material legal proceeding. In addition, we are not aware of any material legal or governmental proceedings against us or contemplated to be brought against us. Future litigation may be necessary, among other things, to defend us or our customers by determining the scope, enforceability, and validity of third-party proprietary rights or to establish our proprietary rights. The results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty and, regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on our company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risk factors set forth below. The risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business. See the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of the forward-looking statements that are qualified by these risk factors. If any of these known or unknown risks or uncertainties actually occurs and have a material adverse effect on us, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be seriously harmed.

Summary of Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that you should consider before investing in our company, as fully described below. The principal factors and uncertainties that make investing in our company risky include, among others:

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We have a relatively short operating history and operate in a rapidly evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk that we will not continue to be successful and may adversely impact our stock price.

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We may be unable to effectively manage our growth or achieve anticipated growth, which could place significant strain on our management personnel, systems and resources.

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Our revenues have historically been highly dependent on a limited number of clients and industries that are affected by seasonal trends, and any decrease in demand for outsourced services in these industries may reduce our revenues and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has and may continue to affect our overall financial performance, business operations, and stock price.

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Our revenues are highly dependent on clients primarily located in the U.S. Any economic downturn in the U.S. or in other parts of the world, including Europe, or disruptions in the credit markets may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We face intense competition.

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Damage to our reputation may adversely impact our ability to generate and retain business.

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Our failure to successfully attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Our business operations may be severely disrupted if we lose the services of our senior executives and key employees.

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Failure to adapt to changing technologies, methodologies, and evolving industry standards may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Security breaches, system failures or errors, and other disruptions to our network could result in disclosure of confidential information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

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Undetected software design defects, errors or failures may result in loss of business or in liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations.

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Acquisitions, strategic investments, partnerships or alliances could be difficult to identify and integrate, divert the attention of management, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, we may not achieve the financial and strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of a transaction, and we may be exposed to claims, liabilities and disputes as a result of the transaction that may adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Business, Operations and Industry

We have a relatively short operating history and operate in a rapidly evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate future prospects and may increase the risk that we will not continue to be successful and may adversely impact our stock price.

We were founded in 2006 and have a relatively short operating history in the technology services industry, which is competitive and continuously evolving, subject to rapidly changing demands and constant technological developments. As a result, success and performance metrics are difficult to predict and measure. Since services and technologies are rapidly evolving and each company within the industry can vary greatly in terms of the services it provides, its business model and its results of operations, it can be difficult to predict how any company’s services, including ours, will be received in the market.

While many Fortune 1000 enterprises, including our clients, have been willing to devote significant resources to incorporate emerging technologies and related market trends into their business models, they may not continue to spend any significant portion of their budgets on services like those provided by us in the future. Neither our past financial performance nor the past financial performance of any other company in the technology services industry is indicative of how we will fare financially in the future. Our future profits may vary substantially from those of other companies and our past profits, making an investment in us risky and speculative. If clients’ demand for our services declines as a result of economic conditions, market factors or shifts in the technology industry, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.

As a recently formed public company, our stock performance is highly dependent on our ability to successfully execute and grow the business. Consequently, our stock price may be adversely impacted by our inability to execute to our plan, our inability to meet or exceed forward looking financial forecasts, and our inability to achieve our stated short-term and long-term goals.

We may be unable to effectively manage our growth or achieve anticipated growth, which could place significant strain on our management personnel, systems and resources.

Continued growth and expansion may increase challenges we face in recruiting, training and retaining sufficiently skilled professionals and management personnel, maintaining effective oversight of personnel and delivery centers, developing financial and management controls, coordinating effectively across geographies and business units, and preserving our culture and values. Failure to manage growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on the quality of the execution of our engagements, our ability to attract and retain IT professionals, as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, as we increase the size and complexity of projects that we undertake with clients, add new delivery sites, introduce new services or enter into new markets, we may face new market, technological, operational, compliance and administrative risks and challenges, including risks and challenges unfamiliar to us. We may not be able to mitigate these risks and challenges to achieve our anticipated growth or successfully execute large and complex projects, which could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Our revenues have historically been highly dependent on a limited number of clients. In the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we generated a significant portion of our revenues from our largest clients. For example, we generated approximately 62.3% and 84.5% of our revenue from our 10 largest clients during the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and approximately 64.3% and 84.0% of our revenue from our 10 largest clients during six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our top two and three clients each accounted for greater than 10% of our revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Two and three customers individually accounted for greater than 10% of the sales for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Since a substantial portion of our revenue is derived through time and materials contracts, which are mostly short-term in nature, a major client in one year may not provide the same level of revenues for us in any subsequent year. In addition, a significant portion of our revenues is concentrated in our top two industry verticals: technology and retail. Our growth largely depends on our ability to diversify the industries in which we serve, continued demand for our services from clients in these industry verticals and other industries that we may target in the future, as well as on trends in these industries to outsource the type of services we provide.

Our business is also subject to seasonal trends that impact our revenues and profitability between quarters, driven by the timing of holidays in the countries in which we operate and the U.S. retail cycle, which drives the behavior of several of our retail clients. Excluding the impact of growth in our book of business, we have historically recorded higher revenue and gross profit in the second and third quarters of each year compared to the first and fourth quarters of each year. The Christmas holiday season in Russia and Ukraine, for example, falls in the first quarter of the calendar year, resulting in reduced activity and billable hours of our engineering personnel. In addition, many of our retail sector clients tend to slow their discretionary spending during the holiday sale season, which typically lasts from late November (before Thanksgiving) through late December (after Christmas). Such seasonal trends may cause reductions in our profitability and profit margins during periods affected.

A reduction in demand for our services and solutions caused by seasonal trends, downturns in any of our targeted industries, a slowdown or reversal of the trend to outsource IT services in any of these industries or the introduction of regulations that restrict or discourage companies from outsourcing may result in a decrease in the demand for our services and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has and may continue to affect our overall financial performance, business operations, and stock price.

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus COVID-19 was reported in China, and in March 2020, the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic. This contagious disease pandemic has continued to spread across the globe and is impacting worldwide economic activity and financial markets, significantly increasing economic volatility and uncertainty. In response to this global pandemic, local, state, and federal governments have been prompted to take unprecedented steps that include, but are not limited to, travel restrictions, closure of businesses, social distancing, and quarantines.

From March 2020 onwards, we started witnessing the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic to our revenues, largely as a consequence of the effect of the pandemic on the business conditions at some of our customers’ operations. The impacts have been more pronounced at our customers exposed to the retail vertical where store closures resulted in sales being severely impacted. Although we witnessed sequential growth in this vertical in the second half of 2020, revenues from most of our retail customers have not come back to pre-COVID-19 levels. The impact of the pandemic to other verticals of our business has largely been determined by customer-specific dynamics. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may pose risks in the future to our business as some of our customers are unable to recover to pre-COVID 19 levels of operation. Examples of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact to our business have included a temporary scale back to our personnel on projects, our customers placing projects and statements of work (“SOWs”) on temporary hold, and request for longer payment terms. Additionally, because more of our personnel are working remotely, we face increased cyber threats that may affect our systems and networks or those of our clients and contractors, and we anticipate the potential for increased costs to maintain and help secure our infrastructure and data.

Although recent vaccine approvals and rollout have raised hopes of a turnaround in the COVID-19 pandemic later this year, renewed waves and new variants pose concerns for the outlook. Growth may be stymied if virus surges (including from new variants) prove difficult to contain, infections and deaths mount rapidly before vaccines are widely available, and social distancing or lockdowns are more stringent than anticipated. Slower-than-anticipated progress on medical interventions could dampen hopes of a relatively quick exit from the COVID-19 pandemic and weaken confidence. Specifically, vaccine rollout could suffer delays or be uneven, widespread hesitancy could hamper vaccine take-up, vaccines could deliver shorter-lived immunity than anticipated and advances on therapies could be limited. Intensifying social unrest, including due to higher inequality and unequal access to vaccines and therapies, could further complicate the recovery. Moreover, if policy support is withdrawn before full economic recovery, bankruptcies of viable but illiquid companies could mount, leading to further employment and income losses. The ensuing tighter financial conditions could increase rollover risks for vulnerable borrowers, add to the already large number of economies in debt distress, and increase insolvencies among corporations and households.

In the United States, given the widespread impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, substantial governmental support is still required and the recently passed American Rescue Plan may be insufficient for long-term economic sustainability should there be a protracted recovery. Furthermore, investors fleeing the Dollar could elevate inflation expectations and interest rates. Additionally, high unemployment could lead to mortgage and rental defaults adding losses to the commercial banking industry, resulting in higher loan-loss provision, tighter lending standards and lending curtailment. If the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are materially prolonged, it could result in a cascade of additional corporate filings for bankruptcies, further eroding market confidence and increasing unemployment rates. Together, these uncertainties and risks could have a material adverse impact not only on our financial condition, business and results of operations in the United States, but also on our consolidated financial conditions, business and results of operations.

There are no comparable recent events which may provide guidance as to the effect of the spread and the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, the total magnitude of impact to our business and duration of impact is uncertain and difficult to reasonably estimate at this time.

We continue to take precautionary measures intended to minimize the risk of the virus to our employees, our customers, and the communities in which we operate that include suspension of all non-essential travel. All of our facilities in the Central and Eastern Europe (“CEE”) region have been opened for employees to work following local government guidelines. That said, the COVID-19 pandemic has placed restrictions in movement, and the majority of our employees continue to work remotely. Additionally, we have been successful in transitioning the majority of our workforce to work remotely and this has resulted in minimal disruption in our ability to deliver services to our customers.

As of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 our allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively and we continue to be engaged with all of our customers regarding their ability to fulfill their payment obligations. We continue to review our accounts receivable on a regular basis and have put in place regular review and processes to ensure payments from our customers.

The IT services industry is particularly sensitive to the economic environment and tends to decline during general economic downturns. We derive the majority of our revenues from clients in the U.S. In the event of an economic downturn in the U.S. or in other parts of the world, including Europe (where we have gained customers in the Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom through our acquisition of Daxx Web Industries B.V.("Daxx") in December 2020), as well as through our acquisition of Tacit in May 2021 our existing and prospective clients may reduce or postpone their technology spending significantly, which may in turn lower the demand for our services and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if a disruption in the credit markets were to occur, it could pose a risk to our business if clients or vendors are unable to obtain financing to meet payment or delivery obligations to us or if we are unable to obtain necessary financing. The COVID-19 pandemic has had adverse effects on economies and financial markets globally, which have particularly impacted many small, medium as well as large-sized businesses. Although the U.S. government and others throughout the world have or have taken steps to provide monetary and fiscal assistance to individuals and businesses affected by the pandemic, it is unclear whether these government actions will be sufficient to successfully avert or mitigate any economic downturn. Any economic downturn resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and preventative measures taken by governments and private business worldwide could decrease technology spending and negatively affect demand for our offerings, which could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We face intense competition.

The market for technology and IT services is highly competitive and subject to rapid change and evolving industry standards and we expect competition to persist and intensify. We face competition from offshore IT services providers in other outsourcing destinations with low wage costs such as India, China, CEE countries and Latin America, as well as competition from large, global consulting and outsourcing firms and in-house IT departments of large corporations. Industry clients tend to engage multiple IT services providers instead of using an exclusive IT services provider, which could reduce our revenues to the extent that our clients obtain services from competing companies. Industry clients may prefer IT services providers that have more locations or that are based in countries that are more cost-competitive, stable and/or secure than some of the emerging markets in which we operate.

Our primary competitors include IT service providers such as Andersen Lab, Ciklum, EPAM Systems, Inc., Globant S.A. and Endava plc; global consulting and traditional IT services companies, such as Accenture plc, Capgemini SE, Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation, SoftServe, Inc. and Tata Consultancy Services Limited; and in-house development departments of our clients. Many of our present and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing and technical resources, and name recognition than we do. Therefore, they may be able to compete more aggressively on pricing or devote greater resources to the development and promotion of technology and IT services and we may be unable to retain our clients while competing against such competitors. Increased competition as well as our inability to compete successfully may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Damage to our reputation may adversely impact our ability to generate and retain business.

Since our business involves providing tailored services and solutions to clients, we believe that our corporate reputation is a significant factor when an existing or prospective client is evaluating whether to engage our services as opposed to those of our competitors. In addition, we believe that our brand name and reputation also play an important role in recruiting, hiring and retaining highly skilled personnel.

However, our brand name and reputation is potentially susceptible to damage by factors beyond our control, including actions or statements made by current or former clients and employees, competitors, vendors, adversaries in legal proceedings, government regulators and the media. There is a risk that negative information about us, even if untrue, could adversely affect our business. Any damage to our reputation could be challenging to repair, could make potential or existing clients reluctant to select us for new engagements, could adversely affect our recruitment and retention efforts, and could also reduce investor confidence.

Our continued growth and success and operational efficiency is dependent on our ability to attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel, including IT engineers and other technical personnel, in the geographically diverse locations in which we operate. Competition for highly skilled IT professionals can be intense in the regions in which we operate, and we may experience significant employee attrition rates due to such competition. While our management targets a voluntary attrition rate (expressed as a percentage) no higher than in the low-twenties, the significant market demand for highly skilled IT personnel and competitors’ activities may induce our qualified personnel to leave and make it more difficult for us to recruit new employees with suitable knowledge, experience and professional qualifications. High attrition rates of IT personnel would increase our operating costs, including hiring and training costs, and could have an adverse effect on our ability to complete existing contracts in a timely manner, meet client objectives and expand our business. Failure to attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain personnel with the skills necessary to serve our clients could decrease our ability to meet and develop ongoing and future business and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business operations may be severely disrupted if we lose the services of our senior executives and key employees.

Our success depends substantially upon the continued services of our senior executives and other key employees. If we lose the services of one or more of such senior executives or key employees, as recently occurred in June 2021 when Victoria Livschitz resigned as Executive Vice President of Customer Success and became our consultant and Max Martynov resigned as our Chief Technology Officer, our business operations can be disrupted, and we may not be able to replace them easily or at all. In addition, competition for senior executives and key personnel in our industry is intense, and we may be unable to retain our senior executives and key personnel or attract and retain new senior executives and key personnel in the future, in which case our business may be severely disrupted.

Failure to adapt to changing technologies, methodologies, and evolving industry standards may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We operate in an industry characterized by rapidly changing technologies, methodologies and evolving industry standards. Our future success depends in part upon our ability to anticipate developments in our industry, enhance our existing services and to develop and introduce new services to keep pace with such changes and developments and to meet changing client needs.

Development and introduction of new services and products is expected to become increasingly complex and expensive, involve a significant commitment of time and resources, and subject to a number of risks and challenges, including:

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difficulty or cost in updating services, applications, tools and software and in developing new services quickly enough to meet clients’ needs;

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difficulty or cost in making some features of software work effectively and securely over the internet or with new or changed operating systems;

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difficulty or cost in updating software and services to keep pace with evolving industry standards, methodologies, regulatory and other developments in the industries where our clients operate; and

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difficulty or cost in maintaining a high level of quality and reliability as we implement new technologies and methodologies.

We may not be successful in anticipating or responding to these developments in a timely manner, and even if we do so, the services, technologies or methodologies we develop or implement may not be successful in the marketplace. Furthermore, services, technologies or methodologies that are developed by competitors may render our services non-competitive or obsolete. Our failure to adapt and enhance our existing services and to develop and introduce new services to promptly address the needs of our clients may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We often have access, or are required, to collect, process, transmit and store sensitive or confidential client and customer data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information of Grid Dynamics and our clients, and personally identifiable information of our clients, customers, employees, contractors, service providers, and others. We use our data centers and networks, and certain networks and other facilities and equipment of our contractors and service providers, for these purposes. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks and disruptions by hackers or other third parties or otherwise may be breached due to human error, phishing attacks, social engineering, malfeasance or other disruptions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, because more of our personnel are working remotely, we face increased risks of such attacks and disruptions that may affect our systems and networks or those of our clients and contractors. Any such breach or disruption could compromise our data centers, networks and other equipment and the information stored or processed there could be accessed, disclosed, altered, misappropriated, lost or stolen. In addition, any failure or breach of security in a client’s system relating to the services we provide could also result in loss or misappropriation of, or unauthorized access, alteration, use, acquisition or disclosure of sensitive or confidential information, and may result in a perception that we or our contractors or service providers caused such an incident, even if Grid Dynamics’ and our contractors’ networks and other facilities and equipment were not compromised.

Our contractors and service providers face similar risks with respect to their facilities and networks used by us, and they also may suffer outages, disruptions, and security incidents and breaches. Breaches and security incidents suffered by us and our contractors and service providers may remain undetected for an extended period. Any such breach, disruption or other circumstance leading to loss, alteration, misappropriation, or unauthorized use, access, acquisition, or disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or customer data suffered by us or our contractors or service providers, or the perception that any may have occurred, could expose us to claims, litigation, and liability, regulatory investigations and proceedings, cause us to lose clients and revenue, disrupt our operations and the services provided to clients, damage our reputation, cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, require us to expend significant resources to protect against further breaches and to rectify problems caused by these events, and result in significant financial and other potential losses.

Our errors and omissions insurance covering certain damages and expenses may not be sufficient to compensate for all liability. Although we maintain insurance for liabilities incurred as a result of certain security-related damages, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, results of operations, and reputation.

Undetected software design defects, errors or failures may result in loss of business or in liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations.

Our services involve developing software solutions for our clients and we may be required to make certain representations and warranties to our clients regarding the quality and functionality of our software. Given that our software solutions have a high degree of technological complexity, they could contain design defects or errors that are difficult to detect or correct. We cannot provide assurances that, despite testing by us, errors or defects will not be found in our software solutions. Any such errors or defects could result in litigation, other claims for damages against us, the loss of current clients and loss of, or delay in, revenues, loss of market share, a failure to attract new clients or achieve market acceptance, diversion of development resources, increased support or service costs, as well as reputational harm and thus could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not have long-term commitments from our clients, and our clients may terminate contracts before completion or choose not to renew contracts.

Our clients are generally not obligated for any long-term commitments to us. Although a substantial majority of our revenues are generated from repeated business, which we define as revenues from a client who also contributed to our revenues during the prior year, our engagements with our clients are typically for projects that are singular in nature. In addition, our clients can terminate many of our master services agreements and work orders with or without cause, and in most cases without any cancellation charge. Therefore, we must seek to obtain new engagements when our current engagements are successfully completed or are terminated as well as maintain relationships with existing clients and secure new clients to expand our business.

There are a number of factors relating to our clients that are outside of our control which might lead them to terminate a contract or project with us, including:

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financial difficulties for the client;

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a change in strategic priorities, resulting in elimination of the impetus for the project or a reduced level of technology spending;

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a change in outsourcing strategy resulting in moving more work to the client’s in-house technology departments or to our competitors;

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the replacement by our clients of existing software with packaged software supported by licensors; and

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mergers and acquisitions or significant corporate restructurings.

Failure to perform or observe any contractual obligations could result in cancellation or non-renewal of a contract, which could cause us to experience a higher than expected number of unassigned employees and an increase in our cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues, until we are able to reduce or reallocate our headcount. The ability of our clients to terminate agreements makes our future revenues uncertain. We may not be able to replace any client that elects to terminate or not renew its contract with us, which could materially adversely affect our revenues and thus our results of operations.

In addition, some of our agreements specify that if a change of control of our company occurs during the term of the agreement, the client has the right to terminate the agreement. If any future event triggers any change-of- control provision in our client contracts, these master services agreements may be terminated, which would result in loss of revenues.

Failure to successfully deliver contracted services or causing disruptions to clients’ businesses may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business is dependent on our ability to successfully deliver contracted services in a timely manner. Any partial or complete failure of our equipment or systems, or any major disruption to basic infrastructure like power and telecommunications in the locations in which we operate, could impede our ability to provide contracted services to our clients. In addition, if our professionals make errors in the course of delivering services to our clients or fail to consistently meet the service requirements of a client, these errors or failures could disrupt the client’s business. Any failure to successfully deliver contracted services or causing disruptions to a client’s business, including the occurrence of any failure in a client’s system or breach of security relating to the services provided by us, may expose us to substantial liabilities and have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, our clients may perform audits or require us to perform audits and provide audit reports with respect to the IT and financial controls and procedures that we use in the performance of services for our clients. Our ability to acquire new clients and retain existing clients may be adversely affected and our reputation could be harmed if we receive a qualified opinion, or if we cannot obtain an unqualified opinion in a timely manner, with respect to our controls and procedures in connection with any such audit. We could also incur liability if our controls and procedures, or the controls and procedures we manage for a client, were to result in an internal control failure or impair our client’s ability to comply with its own internal control requirements. If we or our partners fail to meet our contractual obligations or otherwise breach obligations to our clients, we could be subject to legal liability, which may have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We rely on software, hardware and SaaS technologies from third parties that may be difficult to replace or that may cause errors or defects in, or failures of, our services or solutions.

We rely on software and hardware from various third parties as well as hosted Software as a Service ("SaaS") applications from third parties to deliver our services and solutions. If any of these software, hardware or SaaS applications become unavailable due to loss of license, extended outages, interruptions, or because they are no longer available on commercially reasonable terms, there may be delays in the provisioning of our services until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could increase our expenses or otherwise harm our business. Furthermore, any errors or defects in or failures of third-party software, hardware or SaaS applications could result in errors or defects in or failures of our services and solutions, which could be costly to correct and have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Existing insurance coverage and limitation of liability provisions in service contracts may be inadequate to protect us against losses.

We maintain certain insurance coverage, including professional liability insurance, director and officer insurance, property insurance for certain of our facilities and equipment, and business interruption insurance for certain of our operations. However, we do not insure for all risks in our operations and if any claims for injury are brought against us, or if we experience any business disruption, litigation or natural disaster, we might incur substantial costs and diversion of resources.

Most of the agreements we have entered into with our clients require us to purchase and maintain specified insurance coverage during the terms of the agreements, including commercial general insurance or public liability insurance, umbrella insurance, product liability insurance, and workers’ compensation insurance. Some of these types of insurance are not available on reasonable terms or at all in some countries in which we operate.

Our liability for breach of our obligations is in some cases limited under client contracts. Such limitations may be unenforceable or otherwise may not protect us from liability for damages. In addition, our existing contracts may not limit certain liabilities, such as claims of third parties for which we may be required to indemnify our clients. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us in amounts greater than those covered by our current insurance policies could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if such assertions against us are unsuccessful, we may incur reputational harm and substantial legal fees.

If we are not able to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, current and potential investors could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could harm our business and have an adverse effect on our stock price. Management identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting in 2019 and although this material weakness has since been remediated, we cannot provide assurances that additional material weaknesses, or significant deficiencies, will not occur in the future.

Any failure to maintain effective internal controls over our financial reporting could materially and adversely affect us. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires us to include in our annual reports on Form 10-K an assessment by management of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. In addition, we will be required to have our independent public accounting firm attest to and report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting when we cease qualifying as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. If we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting or, if our independent auditors are unable to provide us with an attestation and an unqualified report as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could result in a decrease in the value of our securities.

In 2019, management identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Subsequent to the original issuance of the private company financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, we identified balances that were accounted for or presented incorrectly under GAAP relating to stock-based compensation and the presentation of retention bonuses and depreciation on the consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income.

The material weakness identified was a lack of sufficient resources with appropriate depth and experience to interpret complex accounting guidance and prepare financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with GAAP.

We have taken steps to enhance our internal control environment, including hiring a new Chief Financial Officer in December 2019, hiring a Global Controller in May 2020, and hiring additional qualified accounting and financial reporting personnel. Additionally, our new enterprise resource planning system, which has been implemented in phases since January 2020, has enhanced our internal controls over financial reporting. Given a combination of increased personnel, greater automation with software systems, and implementation of more detailed processes and procedures over the course of the year ended December 31, 2020, management considers this material weakness to have been remediated as of December 31, 2020.

If additional material weaknesses, or significant deficiencies, in internal controls are discovered in the future, they may adversely affect our ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information in a timely and accurate manner and, as a result, our financial statements may contain material misstatements or omissions.

Our global business, especially in CIS and CEE countries, exposes us to significant legal, economic, tax and political risks.

We have significant operations in certain emerging market economies, which creates legal, economic, tax and political risks. Risks inherent in conducting international operations include:

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less established legal systems and legal ambiguities, inconsistencies and anomalies;

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changes in laws and regulations;

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application and imposition of protective legislation and regulations relating to import or export, including tariffs, quotas and other trade protection measures;

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difficulties in enforcing intellectual property and/or contractual rights;

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bureaucratic obstacles and corruption;

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compliance with a wide variety of foreign laws, including those relating to privacy and data protection;

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restrictions on the repatriation of dividends or profits;

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expropriation or nationalization of property;

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restrictions on currency convertibility and exchange controls;

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fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

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potentially adverse tax consequences;

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competition from companies with more experience in a particular country or with international operations;

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civil strife;

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unstable political and military situations; and

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overall foreign policy and variability of foreign economic conditions, including the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The legal systems of Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Serbia, where we have significant operations, as well as Moldova, where we have acquired operations through the Tacit acquisition completed on May 29, 2021, are often beset by legal ambiguities as well as inconsistencies and anomalies due to the relatively recent enactment of many laws that may not always coincide with market developments. Furthermore, legal and bureaucratic obstacles and corruption exist to varying degrees in each of these countries. In such environments, our competitors may receive preferential treatment from governments, potentially giving them a competitive advantage. Governments may also revise existing contract rules and regulations or adopt new ones at any time and for any reason, and government officials may apply contradictory or ambiguous laws or regulations in ways that could materially adversely affect our business and operations in such countries. Any of these changes could impair our ability to obtain new contracts or renew or enforce contracts under which we currently provide services or to which we are a party. Any new contracting methods could be costly or administratively difficult for us to implement, which could materially adversely affect our business and operations. We cannot guarantee that regulators, judicial authorities or third parties in Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Serbia will not challenge our (including our subsidiaries’) compliance with applicable laws, decrees and regulations. In addition to the foregoing, selective or arbitrary government actions may include withdrawal of licenses, sudden and unexpected tax audits, criminal prosecutions and civil actions, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The banking and other financial systems in certain Commonwealth of Independent States (“CIS”) and CEE countries where we operate remain subject to periodic instability and generally do not meet the banking standards of more developed markets. A financial crisis or the bankruptcy or insolvency of banks through which we receive, or with which we hold, funds may result in the loss of our deposits or adversely affect our ability to complete banking transactions in that region, which could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Furthermore, existing tensions and the emergence of new or escalated tensions in CIS and CEE countries could further exacerbate tensions between such countries and the U.S. Such tensions, concerns regarding information security, and potential imposition of additional sanctions by the U.S. and other countries may discourage existing or prospective clients to engage our services, have a negative effect on our ability to develop or maintain our operations in the countries where we currently operate, and disrupt our ability to attract, hire and retain employees. The occurrence of any such event may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a result of our acquisition of Tacit on May 29, 2021, we have acquired operations in Guadalajara, Mexico. The laws and regulations in Mexico to which we have become subject thereby, and interpretations thereof, may change, sometimes substantially, as a result of a variety of factors beyond our control, including political, economic, regulatory or social events. As a result of amendments in May 2019 to the Mexican Federal Labor Law (Ley Federal del Trabajo) and other related regulations, among other things, new labor authorities and courts were created, new bargaining procedures were implemented and provisions related to employees’ freedom of association and organization, collective bargaining agreements, and rules against labor discrimination were issued or amended. We cannot assure you that these changes will not lead to an increase in litigation, labor activism or increasingly contentious labor relations, which in turn may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, particularly in Mexico. These and any other policies, laws and regulations which are further adopted could result in a deterioration of investment sentiment, political and economic uncertainty, and increased costs for our business, which may in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the duration of the pandemic, travel restrictions and social distancing in the CIS and CEE countries, the U.S. and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken by governments and private businesses to attempt to contain and treat the disease. Any prolonged shut down of a significant portion of global economic activity or downturn in the global economy, along with any adverse effects on industries in which our customers operate, could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our results of operations and financial condition could be materially affected by the enactment of legislation implementing changes in the U.S. taxation of international business activities or the adoption of other tax reform policies.

On April 7, 2021, the U.S. Department of the Treasury released the Made in America tax plan. The document describes President Biden’s proposals for U.S. tax reform, which include raising the U.S. federal corporate income tax from 21% to 28% and replacing the Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax with SHIELD (Stopping Harmful Inversions and Ending Low-tax Developments), a regime for preventing foreign corporations from shifting profits to lower-taxed jurisdictions. If enacted, these and other proposed changes could have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.

The tax rates and rules applicable to our stockholders could be materially affected by the enactment of legislation implementing changes in U.S. tax law.

There have been reports that President Biden’s tax reform proposals may include increases to the tax rates applicable to individuals, including the long-term capital gains rate for individuals whose gross income exceeds certain limits. If these or other proposals are enacted, the tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of owning and disposing of our common shares may differ from those discussed below in “Material U.S. Federal Income and Estate Tax Consequences for Non-U.S. Holders of Common Stock.” Potential Investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors on the potential impact of U.S. tax reform to an investment in our common shares.

Our effective tax rate could be adversely affected by several factors.

We conduct business globally and file income tax returns in multiple jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate could be materially adversely affected by several factors, including changes in the amount of income taxed by, or allocated to, the various jurisdictions in which we operate that have differing statutory tax rates; changing tax laws, regulations and interpretations of such tax laws in multiple jurisdictions; and the resolution of issues arising from tax audits or examinations and any related interest or penalties. In particular, there have been significant changes to the taxation systems in CEE countries in recent years as the authorities have gradually replaced or introduced new legislation regulating the application of major taxes such as corporate income tax, value-added tax, corporate property tax, personal income taxes and payroll taxes. Furthermore, any significant changes to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“U.S. Tax Act”) enacted in 2017, or to regulatory guidance associated with the U.S. Tax Act, could materially adversely affect our effective tax rate.

The determination of our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires estimation, judgment and calculations where the ultimate tax determination may not be certain. Our determination of tax liability is always subject to review or examination by authorities in various jurisdictions. If a tax authority in any jurisdiction reviews any of our tax returns and proposes an adjustment, including a determination that the transfer prices and terms we have applied are not appropriate, such an adjustment could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are unable to predict what tax reforms may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies or practices in jurisdictions in which we operate, could increase the estimated tax liability that we have expensed to date and paid or accrued on our balance sheets, and otherwise affect our financial position, future results of operations, cash flows in a particular period and overall or effective tax rates in the future in countries where we have operations, reduce post-tax returns to our stockholders and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.

There may be adverse tax and employment law consequences if the independent contractor status of some of our personnel or the exempt status of our employees is successfully challenged.

Certain of our personnel are retained as independent contractors. The criteria to determine whether an individual is considered an independent contractor or an employee are typically fact intensive and vary by jurisdiction, as can the interpretation of the applicable laws. If a government authority or court makes any adverse determination with respect to some or all of our independent contractors, we could incur significant costs, including for prior periods, in respect of tax withholding, social security taxes or payments, workers’ compensation and unemployment contributions, and recordkeeping, or we may be required to modify our business model, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Global mobility of employees may potentially create additional tax liabilities for us in different jurisdictions.

In performing services to clients, our employees may be required to travel to various locations. Depending on the length of the required travel and the nature of employees’ activities the tax implications of travel arrangements vary, with generally more extensive tax consequences in cases of longer travel. Such tax consequences mainly include payroll tax liabilities related to employee compensation and, in cases envisaged by international tax legislation, taxation of profits generated by employees during their time of travel.

We have internal procedures, policies and systems, including an internal mobility program, for monitoring our tax liabilities arising in connection with the business travel. However, considering that the tax authorities worldwide are paying closer attention to global mobility issues, our operations may be adversely affected by additional tax charges related to the activity of our mobile employees.

Loss of taxation benefits related to our employment-related taxes that are enjoyed in Russia could have a negative impact on our operating results and profitability.

The Russian government provides qualified Russian IT companies with substantial tax benefits through a reduced social contribution charge rate program. This program resulted in savings for us of approximately $1.8 million in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 and approximately $2.3 million in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. However, the reduced tax rates for social contributions (16% in total) are a temporary measure. In 2016, application of reduced rates was prolonged until 2023, after which the Russian government may take the decision to gradually increase the tax rates. If the Russian government were to change its favorable treatment of Russian IT companies by modifying or repealing its current favorable tax measures, or if we become ineligible for such favorable treatment, it would significantly impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Tax authorities may disagree with our positions and conclusions regarding certain tax positions, or may apply existing rules in an arbitrary or unforeseen manner, resulting in unanticipated costs, taxes or non-realization of expected benefits.

A tax authority may disagree with tax positions that we have taken, which could result in increased tax liabilities. For example, a tax authority could challenge our allocation of income by tax jurisdiction and the amounts paid between our affiliated companies pursuant to our intercompany arrangements and transfer pricing policies, including methodologies for valuing developed technology and amounts paid with respect to our intellectual property development.

A tax authority may take the position that material income tax liabilities, interest and penalties are payable by us, where there has been a technical violation of contradictory laws and regulations that are relatively new and have not been subject to extensive review or interpretation, in which case we expect that we might contest such assessment. High-profile companies can be particularly vulnerable to aggressive application of unclear requirements. Many companies must negotiate their tax bills with tax inspectors who may demand higher taxes than applicable law appears to provide. Contesting such an assessment may be lengthy and costly and if we were unsuccessful in disputing the assessment, the implications could increase our anticipated effective tax rate, where applicable.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Grid Dynamics is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk and its profit margins are subject to volatility between periods due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. Grid Dynamics’ functional currency apart from the U.S. dollar includes EURO, British pounds, Mexican pesos and Moldovan leu. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange transaction risk related to funding our non-U.S. operations and to foreign currency translation risk related to certain of our subsidiaries’ cash balances that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar as we do not currently hedge our foreign currency exposure. In addition, our profit margins are subject to volatility as a result of changes in foreign exchange rates. In the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, approximately 25.3%, 11.9% and 7.4% of Grid Dynamics’ $46.3 million and approximately 25.3%, 11.4% and 7.6% of Grid Dynamics’ $87.2 million of combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses were denominated in the Ukrainian hryvnia, Russian ruble, and Polish zloty, respectively. Comparatively, the same foreign currencies accounted for approximately 9.9%, 12.6% and 10.6% of Grid Dynamics’ $25.6 million and 10.7%, 15.6%, and 10.0% of Grid Dynamics’ $65.0 million of combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. Any significant fluctuations in currency exchange rates may have a material impact on our business and results of operations. In some countries, we may be subject to regulatory or practical restrictions on the movement of cash and the exchange of foreign currencies, which would limit our ability to use cash across our global operations and increase our exposure to currency fluctuations. This risk could increase as we continue expanding our global operations, which may include entering emerging markets that may be more likely to impose these types of restrictions. Currency exchange volatility caused by political or economic instability or other factors, could also materially impact our results. See the section titled, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk” in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for more information about our exposure to foreign currency exchange rates.

We may be exposed to liability for actions taken by its subsidiaries.

In certain cases, we may be jointly and severally liable for losses of our subsidiaries. Irrespective of incurring liability for losses of our subsidiaries, we may incur secondary liability and, in certain cases, liability to creditors for obligations of our subsidiaries in certain instances involving bankruptcy or insolvency.

In particular, under Article 53, Part 1 of the Russian Civil Code, a “controlling person” of a legal entity may be held directly liable for losses that the entity suffers because of his or her “fault,” and any agreement that seeks to limit or waive such liability will not be valid. Generally, a controlling person is anyone who holds the power to determine the entity’s actions, including the right to direct the actions of officers or executives. When a controlling person causes losses, officers and executives may all be held jointly and severally liable (a parent entity may also be held jointly liable with a subsidiary for actions directed by the parent or made with its consent). Liability may also apply to stockholders or controlling persons when the company is a foreign legal entity but conducts its business primarily in Russia.

Further, an effective parent is secondarily liable for an effective subsidiary’s debts if the effective subsidiary becomes insolvent or bankrupt as a result of the action or inaction of the effective parent. Compensation for the effective subsidiary’s losses from the effective parent that caused the effective subsidiary to take action or fail to take action, knowing that such action or failure to take action would result in losses, may be claimed, inter alia, by the other stockholders of the effective subsidiary, the administrators and creditors in an insolvency proceeding. We could be found to be the effective parent of the subsidiaries, in which case we could become liable for their debts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations or prospects.

Our profitability may suffer if we are unable to maintain our resource utilization and productivity levels.

As most of our client projects are performed and invoiced on a time and materials basis, our management tracks and projects billable hours as an indicator of business volume and corresponding resource needs for IT professionals. To maintain our gross profit margins, we must effectively utilize our IT professionals, which depends on our ability to:

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integrate and train new personnel;

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efficiently transition personnel from completed projects to new assignments;

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forecast customer demand for services; and

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deploy personnel with appropriate skills and seniority to projects.

If we experience a slowdown or stoppage of work for any client, or on any project for which we have dedicated personnel or facilities, including any adverse impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, which occurred in the second quarter, and to a lesser extent, in the third quarter of 2020, we may be unable to reallocate these personnel or assets to other clients and projects to keep their utilization and productivity levels high. If we are unable to maintain appropriate resource utilization levels, our profitability may suffer.

If we are unable to accurately estimate the cost of service or fail to maintain favorable pricing for our services, our contracts may be unprofitable.

While fixed-fee contracts currently represent an immaterial portion of overall revenue for the periods presented, Grid Dynamics expects proportionate revenue from fixed-fee contracts to increase in future periods. In order for our contracts to be profitable, we must be able to accurately estimate our costs to provide the services required by the applicable contract and appropriately price our contracts. Such estimates and pricing structures used by us for our contracts are highly dependent on internal forecasts, assumptions and predictions about our projects, the marketplace, global economic conditions (including foreign exchange volatility) and the coordination of operations and personnel in multiple locations with different skill sets and competencies. Due to the inherent uncertainties that are beyond our control, we may underprice our projects, fail to accurately estimate the costs of performing the work or fail to accurately assess the risks associated with potential contracts. In select cases, we also offer volume discounts once a client reaches certain contractual spend thresholds, which may lower the reference price for a client or result in a loss of profits if we do not accurately estimate the amount of discounts to be provided. We may not be able to recognize revenues from fixed-fee contracts in the period in which our services are performed, which may cause our margins to fluctuate. Any increased or unexpected costs, delays or failures to achieve anticipated cost savings, or unexpected risks we encounter in connection with the performance of our contracts, including those caused by factors outside our control, could make these contracts less profitable or unprofitable.

We face risks associated with the long selling and implementation cycle for our services that require significant resource commitments prior to realizing revenues for those services.

We have a long selling cycle for our services, which requires us to expend substantial time and resources to educate clients on the value of our services and our ability to meet their requirements. In certain cases, we may begin work and incur costs prior to executing a contract. Our selling cycle is subject to many risks and delays over which we have little or no control, including clients’ decisions to choose alternatives to our services (such as other IT services providers or in-house resources) and the timing of clients’ budget cycles and approval processes. Therefore, selling cycles for new clients can be especially unpredictable and we may fail to close sales with prospective clients to whom we have devoted significant time and resources. Any significant failure to generate revenues or delays in recognizing revenues after incurring costs related to sales processes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to obtain engagements for and effectively manage increasingly large and complex projects may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operating results are dependent on the scale of our projects and the prices we are able to charge for our services. In order to successfully perform larger and more complex projects, we need to establish and maintain effective, close relationships with our clients, continue high levels of client satisfaction and develop a thorough understanding of our clients’ needs. We may also face a number of challenges managing larger and more complex projects, including:

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maintaining high quality control and process execution standards;

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maintaining planned resource utilization rates on a consistent basis;

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using an efficient mix of on-site, off-site and offshore staffing;

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maintaining productivity levels;

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implementing necessary process improvements;

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recruiting and retaining sufficient numbers of highly skilled IT personnel; and

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controlling costs.

There is no guarantee that we may be able to overcome such challenges. In addition, large and complex projects may involve multiple engagements or stages, and there is a risk that a client may choose not to retain us for additional stages or may cancel or delay additional planned engagements. Our failure to successfully obtain engagements for and effectively manage large and complex projects may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Increases in compensation expenses, including stock-based compensation expenses, could lower our profitability, and dilute our existing stockholders.

Wages and other compensation costs in the countries in which we maintain significant operations and delivery centers are lower than comparable wage costs in more developed countries. However, wages in the technology industry in these countries may increase at a faster rate than in the past, which may make us less competitive unless we are able to increase the efficiency and productivity of our people. If we increase operations and hiring in more developed economies, our compensation expenses will increase because of the higher wages demanded by technology professionals in those markets. Wage inflation, whether driven by competition for talent or ordinary course pay increases, could increase our cost of services as well as selling, general and administrative expenses and reduce our profitability if we are not able to pass those costs on to our customers or charge premium prices when justified by market demand.

In addition, we have granted certain equity-based awards under our equity incentive plans and expect to continue doing so. For the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, Grid Dynamics recorded $6.7 million and $3.7 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to the grant of equity-based awards. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, Grid Dynamics recorded $12.3 million and $8.5 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to the grant of equity-based awards. If we do not grant equity awards, or if we reduce the value of equity awards we grant, we may not be able to attract, hire and retain key personnel. If we grant more equity awards to attract, hire and retain key personnel, the expenses associated with such additional equity awards could materially adversely affect our results of operations. If the anticipated value of these equity awards does not materialize because of volatility or lack of positive performance in our stock price, we may be unable to retain our key personnel or attract and retain new key employees in the future, in which case our business may be severely disrupted our ability to attract and retain personnel could be adversely affected. The issuance of equity-based compensation may also result in dilution to stockholders.

Failure to collect receivables from, or bill for unbilled services to, clients may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.

Our business depends on our ability to successfully obtain payment from our clients of the amounts they owe for work performed. We usually bill and collect such amounts on relatively short cycles and maintain allowances for doubtful accounts. However, actual losses on client balances could differ from those that we anticipate and, as a result, we might need to adjust our allowances.

There is no guarantee that we will accurately assess the creditworthiness of our clients. If clients suffer financial difficulties, it could cause them to delay payments, request modifications to their payment arrangements that could increase our receivables balance, or default on their payment obligations.

In addition, some of our clients may delay payments due to changes in internal payment procedures driven by rules and regulations to which they are subject. Timely collection of client balances also depends on our ability to complete our contractual commitments and bill and collect contracted revenues. If we are unable to meet our contractual requirements, we may experience delays in collection of or inability to collect accounts receivable. If this occurs, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

We may need additional capital and failure to raise additional capital on terms favorable to us, or at all, could limit our ability to grow our business and develop or enhance our service offerings to respond to market demand or competitive challenges.

We may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments. If existing resources are insufficient to satisfy cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain one or more credit facilities. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution to stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could require us to agree to operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. Our ability to obtain additional capital on acceptable terms is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including investors’ perception of, and demand for, securities of IT services companies, conditions in the capital markets in which we may seek to raise funds, our future results of operations and financial condition, and general economic and political conditions. Financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which could limit our ability to grow our business and develop or enhance our service offerings to respond to market demand or competitive challenges.

War, terrorism, other acts of violence, or natural or manmade disasters may affect the markets in which we operate, our clients and our service delivery.

Our business may be adversely affected by instability, disruption or destruction in a geographic region in which we operate, regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest, and natural or manmade disasters, including famine, flood, fire, earthquake, storm or pandemic events and spread of disease, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Such events may cause clients to delay their decisions on spending for the services provided by us and give rise to sudden significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles. These events also pose significant risks to our personnel and to physical facilities and operations, which could materially adversely affect our financial results.

Acquisitions could be difficult to identify and integrate, divert the attention of management, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, we may not achieve the financial and strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of a transaction, and we may be exposed to claims, liabilities and disputes as a result of the transaction that may adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

We continuously review and consider strategic acquisitions of businesses, products or technologies. We recently acquired Daxx Web Industries B.V., a Netherlands-based software development and technology consulting company, as well as Tacit, a global provider of digital commerce solutions, and we may in the future seek to acquire or invest in other businesses, products or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our services, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities. The pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not the acquisition purchases are completed. Additionally, we may not be able to find and identify desirable acquisition targets or be successful in entering into an agreement with any particular target or obtain adequate financing to complete such acquisitions. If we acquire businesses, we may not be able to successfully integrate the acquired personnel, operations, and technologies, or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition.

Additionally, we may not be able to find and identify desirable acquisition targets or be successful in entering into an agreement with any particular target or obtain adequate financing to complete such acquisitions. Acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. In addition, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, we may not achieve the financial and strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of a transaction, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Furthermore, we may acquire businesses that have inferior margins and profitability levels in comparison to our existing business and this may dilute our overall profitability of the company. This, in turn, may result in adverse financial results and dilution to existing stockholders.

Our operating results or financial condition may be adversely impacted by claims or liabilities that we assume from an acquired company or technology or other claims or liabilities otherwise related to an acquisition, including, among others, claims from governmental and regulatory agencies or bodies, terminated employees, current or former customers, current or former stockholders or other third parties, or arising from contingent payments related to the acquisition; pre-existing contractual relationships that we assume from an acquired company that we would not have otherwise entered into, the termination or modification of which may be costly or disruptive to our business; unfavorable revenue recognition or other accounting treatment as a result of an acquired company’s practices; and intellectual property claims or disputes. We may fail to identify or assess the magnitude of certain liabilities, shortcomings or other circumstances prior to acquiring a company or technology, which could result in unexpected litigation or regulatory exposure and other adverse effects on our business, operating results and financial condition.

We face risks associated with the transparency, quality, and reliability of financial information of a business we acquire.

Although we perform due diligence on a targeted business that we intend to acquire, we are exposed to risks associated with the quality and reliability of the financial statements of the acquired business. This risk may be higher with smaller businesses and businesses that are operated in jurisdictions and countries with poorer regulatory and compliance requirements. In such situation where we acquire a target with unreliable financial statements, we are exposed to material risks that may impact the reliability of our overall financial statements and may adversely impact our stock price.

We also cannot assure you that the diligence we conduct when evaluating future acquisitions will reveal all material issues that may be present, that it would be possible to uncover all material issues through a customary amount of due diligence, or that factors outside of our control will not later arise. Even if our due diligence successfully identifies certain risks, unexpected risks may arise and previously known risks may materialize in a manner not consistent with our preliminary risk analysis. Further, as a result of a completed acquisition, purchase accounting, and integration of the acquired business, we may be required to take write-offs or write-downs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could negatively affect our business, assets, liabilities, prospects, outlook, financial condition and results of operations.

Some of the additional risks associated with acquiring a business include, but not limited to the following:

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inability to integrate or benefit from acquired technologies or services;

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product synergies, cost reductions, increases in revenue and economies of scale may not materialize as expected;

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the business culture of the acquired entity may not match well with our culture;

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unforeseen delays, unanticipated costs and liabilities may arise when integrating operations, processes and systems in geographies where we have not conducted business;

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unanticipated costs or liabilities associated with the strategic transactions;

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incurrence of transaction-related costs;

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assumption of the existing obligations or unforeseen liabilities of the acquired business;

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difficulty integrating the accounting systems, security infrastructure, operations, and personnel of the acquired business;

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difficulties and additional expenses associated with supporting legacy products and hosting infrastructure of the acquired business;

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difficulty converting the current and prospective customers of the acquired business onto our platform and contract terms, including disparities in the revenue, licensing, support, or professional services model of the acquired company;

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diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;

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adverse effects to our existing business relationships with business partners and customers as a result of the strategic transactions;

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unexpected costs may arise due to unforeseen changes in tax, payroll, pension, labor, trade, environmental and safety policies in new jurisdictions where the acquired entity operates;

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difficulty in retaining, motivating and integrating key management and other employees of the acquired business;

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use of resources that are needed in other parts of our business; and

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use of substantial portions of our available cash to consummate the strategic transaction.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and if we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies, this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

We are an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We could be an emerging growth company for the first five years after the completion of our initial public offering, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions, the market prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the market prices of our securities may be more volatile.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with certain other public companies difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and affect our reported results of operations.

Generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in accounting standards or practices can have a significant effect on our reported results and may even affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. Changes to existing rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business.

For example, on April 12, 2021, the Staff of the SEC issued the “Staff Statement on Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants Issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (“SPACs”)” (the “Staff Statement”). The Staff Statement provided new guidance for all SPAC-related companies regarding the accounting and reporting for their warrants that could result in the warrants issued by SPACs being classified as a liability measured at fair value, with non-cash fair value adjustments reported in earnings at each reporting period. We reviewed the accounting for both our public warrants and private warrants following the Staff Statement. We determined that the accounting for our public warrants as equity was consistent with the Staff Statement. We determined that our private warrants should be accounted for as liabilities but that the related accounting errors during the year ended December 31, 2020 were not material to the required financial statements and disclosures included in our annual report on Form 10-K filed on March 5, 2021. In the three months ended March 31, 2021, we began accounting for the private warrants correctly, as disclosed in Note 8 in our quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2021.

Reports published by analysts, including projections in those reports that differ from our actual results, could adversely affect the price and trading volume of our common stock and warrants.

Securities research analysts may establish and publish their own periodic projections for us. These projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. Our share price may decline if our actual results do not match the projections of these securities research analysts. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who write reports on us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, our share price or trading volume could decline and demand for our shares could decrease.

Risks Related to Government Regulations

Failure to comply with privacy and data protection laws and regulations could lead to government enforcement actions, private litigation and adverse publicity.

We receive, store and process personal information and other data from and about customers in addition to our employees and contractors. Our handling of data is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including regulation by various government agencies and various state, local and foreign agencies. Our data handling also is subject to contractual obligations and may be deemed to be subject to industry standards, including certain industry standards that we undertake to comply with. The laws and regulations relating to privacy and data security are evolving, can be subject to significant change and may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions.

For example, the European Union has implemented the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which came into effect on May 25, 2018. The GDPR has a significant impact on how businesses can collect and process the personal data of individuals in the European Economic Area (“EEA”). The regulation includes stringent operational requirements for processors and controllers of personal data and imposes significant penalties for non-compliance of up to the greater of €20 million or 4% of global annual revenues. With regard to transfers to the U.S. of personal data from our employees and European customers and users, we rely upon standard contractual clauses approved by the European Commission (the “SCCs”). The SCCs have been subject to legal challenge and may be modified or invalidated, and we may be unsuccessful in maintaining legitimate means for the transfer and receipt of personal data from the EEA. We are in the process of assessing the “Schrems II” decision issued by the Court of Justice of the European Union (the “CJEU”) on July 16, 2020, and its impact on our data transfer mechanisms. In the Schrems II decision, the CJEU deemed the SCCs valid, but ruled that transfers made pursuant to the SCCs and other alternative transfer mechanisms must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis to ensure EU standards of data protection are met in the jurisdiction where the data importer is based. Subsequent guidance from EU regulators has stated that in certain cases, the SCCs must be accompanied by the use of supplementary measures. Concerns remain about the potential for the SCCs and other mechanisms to face additional challenges. We may, in addition to other impacts of the Schrems II decision and other developments relating to cross-border transfer, experience additional costs associated with increased compliance burdens, and we and our customers face the potential for regulators in the EEA to apply different standards to the transfer of personal data from the EEA to the U.S., and to block, or require ad hoc verification of measures taken with respect to, certain data flows from the EEA to the U.S. We also may be required to engage in new contract negotiations with third parties that aid in processing data on our behalf. We may experience reluctance or refusal by current or prospective European customers to use our products, and may find it necessary or desirable to make further changes to our handling of personal data of EEA residents. The regulatory environment applicable to the handling of EEA residents’ personal data, and our actions taken in response, may cause us to assume additional liabilities or incur additional costs and obligations and could result in our business, operating results and financial condition being harmed. Additionally, we and our customers may face a risk of enforcement actions by data protection authorities in the EEA relating to personal data transfers to and by us from the EEA. Any such enforcement actions could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, distract management and technical personnel and negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

In addition, California has enacted legislation that has been described as the first “GDPR-like” law in the U.S. The California state legislature passed the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) in 2018 and California voters approved a ballot measure subsequently establishing the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) in 2020, which will jointly regulate the processing of personal information of California residents and increase the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of California residents, including requiring covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers, and afford such consumers new abilities to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA came into effect on January 1, 2020, and the California Attorney General may bring enforcement actions, with penalties for violations of the CCPA. The CPRA will go into effect on January 1, 2023 instilling enforcement authority in a new dedicated regulatory body, the California Privacy Protection Agency, which will begin carrying out enforcement actions as soon as six months after the enactment date. While aspects of both the CCPA and CPRA and their interpretations remain to be determined in practice, we are committed to comply with their obligations. We cannot yet fully predict the impact of the CCPA and CPRA on our business or operations, but developments regarding these and all privacy and data protection laws and regulations around the world may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial additional costs and expenses in an effort to maintain compliance on an ongoing basis. Other countries and jurisdictions throughout the world are considering or enacting laws and regulations requiring the local storage of data. For example, under Russian law, all data operators collecting personal data of Russian citizens through electronic communications, including the internet, must comply with Russian laws regulating the local storage of such data in databases located in the territory of Russia. This law applies not only to local data controllers but also to data controllers established outside Russia to the extent they gather personal data relating to Russian nationals through websites aimed at the territory of Russia.

We have been undertaking measures in an effort to comply with the GDPR, CCPA, CPRA and other applicable privacy and data protection laws and regulations, and complying with these laws and regulations may require us to incur substantial operational costs and to require its data handling practices. The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to us may limit the use and adoption of our products and solutions, alter the way we conduct business and/or could otherwise have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. For example, we may find it necessary to establish systems to maintain data originated in certain jurisdictions within those jurisdictions, which may involve substantial expense and distraction from other aspects of our business. Further, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to us, may limit the use and adoption of our products and solutions and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

Any failure or perceived failure (including as a result of deficiencies in our policies, procedures or measures relating to privacy, data protection, data security, marketing or client communications) by us to comply with laws, regulations, policies, legal or contractual obligations, industry standards, or regulatory guidance relating to privacy, data protection or data security may result in governmental investigations and enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause our clients to lose trust in us, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards relating to privacy, data protection, data security, marketing, consumer communications and information security in the U.S., the European Union, Russia and other jurisdictions, and we cannot determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations or any changed interpretation or enforcement of existing laws or regulations could impair our ability to develop and market new services and maintain and grow our client base and increase revenue.

We are subject to laws and regulations restricting our operations, including export restrictions, economic sanctions and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-corruption laws. If we are not in compliance with applicable legal requirements, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties and other remedial measures.

Our operations are subject to laws and regulations restricting our operations, including activities involving restricted countries, organizations, entities and persons that have been identified as unlawful actors or that are subject to U.S. sanctions imposed by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) or other international economic sanctions that prohibit us from engaging in trade or financial transactions with certain countries, businesses, organizations and individuals. We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), which prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from bribing foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment, and other laws concerning our international operations. The FCPA’s foreign counterparts contain similar prohibitions, although varying in both scope and jurisdiction. We operate in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree, and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices.

We are currently in the process of developing and implementing formal controls and procedures to ensure that we are in compliance with the FCPA, OFAC sanctions, and similar sanctions, laws and regulations. The implementation of such procedures may be time consuming and expensive and could result in the discovery of issues or violations with respect to the foregoing by us or our employees, independent contractors, subcontractors or agents of which we were previously unaware.

If we are not completely effective in ensuring our compliance with all such applicable laws, it could result in us being subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of such laws by the U.S. or other jurisdictions could also have an adverse impact on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes to the U.S. administration’s fiscal, political, regulatory and other policies may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Recent events, including new policy introductions following the 2020 U.S presidential election, may result in substantial regulatory uncertainty regarding international trade and trade policy. U.S. policies have called for substantial changes to trade agreements, have increased tariffs on certain goods imported into the U.S. and have raised the possibility of imposing significant, additional tariff increases. In the past, unilateral tariffs on imported products by the U.S. have triggered retaliatory actions from certain foreign governments, including China and Russia, and may trigger retaliatory actions by other foreign governments, potentially resulting in a “trade war.” While we cannot predict the extent to which the U.S. or other countries will impose quotas, duties, tariffs, taxes or other similar restrictions upon the import or export of our products in the future, a “trade war” of this nature or other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements could have an adverse impact on demand for our services, sales and clients and affect the economies of the U.S. and various countries, having an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, regulatory, judicial or other developments regarding SPACs or companies, such as us, that have merged with a SPAC, could have an adverse effect on us. For example, the SEC has recently issued several statements regarding regulatory matters involving SPACS, and there can be no assurances that future statements would not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Negative publicity about offshore outsourcing or anti-outsourcing legislation and restriction on immigration may have an adverse effect on our business.

The issue of companies outsourcing services to organizations operating in other countries is a topic of political discussion in many countries, including the U.S., which is our largest source of revenues. Many organizations and public figures in the U.S. and Europe have publicly expressed concern about a perceived association between offshore outsourcing IT services providers and the loss of jobs in their home countries. For example, measures aimed at limiting or restricting outsourcing by U.S. companies are periodically considered in Congress and in numerous state legislatures to address concerns over the perceived association between offshore outsourcing and the loss of jobs in the U.S. A number of U.S. states have passed legislation that restricts state government entities from outsourcing certain work to offshore IT services providers. Given the ongoing debate over this issue, the introduction and consideration of other restrictive legislation is possible. If enacted, such measures may broaden restrictions on outsourcing by federal and state government agencies and on government contracts with firms that outsource services directly or indirectly, impact private industry with measures such as tax disincentives or intellectual property transfer restrictions, and/or restrict the use of certain business visas. In addition, current or prospective clients may be discouraged from transferring services to providers that utilize offshore delivery centers such as us to avoid any negative perceptions that may be associated with using an offshore provider or for data privacy and security concerns. As a result, our ability to service our clients could be impaired and we may not be able to compete effectively with competitors that operate primarily from within the countries in which our clients operate. Any such slowdown or reversal of the existing industry trends toward offshore outsourcing may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Some of our projects may involve our personnel obtaining visas to travel and work at customer sites outside of our personnel’s home countries and often in the United States. Our reliance on visas to staff projects with employees who are not citizens of the country where the work is to be performed makes us vulnerable to legislative and administrative changes in the number of visas to be issued in any particular year and other work permit laws and regulations. The process to obtain the required visas and work permits can be lengthy and difficult and variations due to political forces and economic conditions in the number of permitted applications, as well as application and enforcement processes, may cause delays or rejections when trying to obtain visas. Delays in obtaining visas may result in delays in the ability of our personnel to travel to meet with and provide services to our customers or to continue to provide services on a timely basis. In addition, the availability of a sufficient number of visas without significant additional costs could limit our ability to provide services to our customers on a timely and cost-effective basis or manage our sales and delivery centers as efficiently as we otherwise could. Delays in or the unavailability of visas and work permits could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our subsidiaries in CEE can be forced into liquidation on the basis of formal noncompliance with certain legal requirements.

We operate in CEE primarily through locally organized subsidiaries. Certain provisions of local laws may allow a court to order liquidation of a locally organized legal entity on the basis of its formal noncompliance with certain requirements during formation, reorganization or during its operations. If a company fails to comply with certain requirements including those relating to minimum net assets, governmental or local authorities can seek the involuntary liquidation of such company in court, and the company’s creditors will have the right to accelerate their claims or demand early performance of the company’s obligations as well as demand compensation for any damages. If involuntary liquidation of any of our subsidiaries were to occur, such liquidation could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Associated with Intellectual Property

We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property and our intellectual property rights may not be adequate to protect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success largely depends on methodologies, practices, tools and technical expertise and other intellectual property that we use in designing, developing, implementing and maintaining our services and solutions. We rely upon a combination of nondisclosure, confidentiality, assignment of invention and other contractual arrangements as well as trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws to protect our intellectual property rights. We may also rely on litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights and contractual rights.

The nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements that we enter into with our employees, independent contractors, vendors and clients in order to protect our proprietary information may not provide meaningful protection against unauthorized use, misappropriation or disclosure for trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information and there can be no assurance that others will not independently develop the know-how and trade secrets or develop better methods than us. Policing unauthorized use of such proprietary information is difficult and expensive. We may not be able to deter current and former employees, contractors, vendors, clients and other parties from breaching confidentiality agreements and misappropriating proprietary information and it is possible that third parties may copy, reverse engineer, or otherwise obtain and use our information and proprietary technology without authorization or otherwise infringing on our intellectual property rights.

In addition, our current and former employees or contractors could challenge our exclusive rights in the intellectual property they have developed in the course of their employment. In Russia and certain other countries in which we operate, an employer is deemed to own the copyright in works created by its employees during the course, and within the scope, of their employment, provided certain requirements are complied with. The employer may be required to satisfy additional legal requirements in order to make further use and dispose of such works. While we believe that we have complied with all such requirements and have fulfilled all requirements necessary to acquire all rights in intellectual property developed by our contractors and subcontractors, these requirements are often ambiguously defined and enforced.

Implementation of intellectual property-related laws in CIS and CEE countries in which we operate has historically been lacking and there is no assurance that we will be able to enforce or defend our rights under our non-disclosure, confidentiality or assignment of invention agreements or that protection of intellectual property rights in such countries will be as effective as that in the U.S. Any litigation relating to our intellectual property may not prove successful and might result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

In some cases, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights or to protect our trade secrets. Litigation could be costly, time consuming and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights and exposing us to significant damages or injunctions. Our inability to protect our intellectual property against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay sales or the implementation of our products, impair the functionality of our products, delay introductions of new products, result in our substituting less-advanced or more-costly technologies into our products or harm our reputation. In addition, we may be required to license additional intellectual property from third parties to develop and market new products, and we cannot assure you that we could license that intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Due to the foregoing reasons, we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in maintaining existing or obtaining future intellectual property rights or registrations, be able to detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property and take appropriate steps to enforce and protect our rights, or that any such steps will be successful. We can also neither guarantee that we have taken all necessary steps to enforce our intellectual property rights in each jurisdiction in which we operate nor that the intellectual property laws of any jurisdiction in which we operate are adequate to protect our interest or that any favorable judgment obtained by us with respect thereto will be enforced in the courts. Unauthorized use by third parties of, or other failure to protect, our intellectual property, including the costs of enforcing intellectual property rights, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may face intellectual property infringement claims that could be time-consuming and costly to defend and failure to defend against such claims may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success largely depends on our ability to use and develop our technology, tools, code, methodologies and services without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties, including patents, copyrights, trade secrets and trademarks. We may be subject to litigation involving claims of patent infringement or violation of other intellectual property rights of third parties.

We typically indemnify clients who purchase our services and solutions against potential infringement of intellectual property rights, which subjects us to the risk of indemnification claims. These claims may require us to initiate or defend protracted and costly litigation on behalf of our clients, regardless of the merits of these claims and are often not subject to liability limits or exclusion of consequential, indirect or punitive damages. If any of these claims succeed, we may be forced to pay damages on behalf of our clients, redesign or cease offering our allegedly infringing services or solutions or obtain licenses for the intellectual property such services or solutions allegedly infringe. If we cannot obtain all necessary licenses on commercially reasonable terms, our clients may be forced to stop using our services or solutions.

The holders of patents and other intellectual property rights potentially relevant to our service offerings may make it difficult for us to acquire a license on commercially acceptable terms. Also, we may be unaware of intellectual property registrations or applications relating to our services that may give rise to potential infringement claims against us. There may also be technologies licensed to and relied on by us that are subject to infringement or other corresponding allegations or claims by third parties which may damage our ability to rely on such technologies.

Parties making infringement claims may be able to obtain an injunction to prevent us from delivering our services or using technology involving the allegedly infringing intellectual property. Intellectual property litigation is expensive and time-consuming and could divert management’s attention from our business. A successful infringement claim against us, whether with or without merit, could, among other things, require us to pay substantial damages, develop non-infringing technology, or rebrand our name or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all, and would require us to cease making, licensing or using products that have infringed a third party’s intellectual property rights. Protracted litigation could also result in existing or prospective clients deferring or limiting their purchase or use of our software product development services or solutions until resolution of such litigation or could require us to indemnify our clients against infringement claims in certain instances. Any intellectual property claims or litigation in this area, whether or not we ultimately win or lose, could damage our reputation and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our use of open source software may lead to possible litigation, negatively affect sales and create liability.

We often incorporate software licensed by third parties under so-called “open source” licenses, which may expose us to liability and have a material impact on our software development services. Use of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide support, warranties, indemnification, or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. In addition, the public availability of such software may make it easier for others to compromise our services. Although we monitor our use of open source software in an effort both to comply with the terms of the applicable open source licenses and to avoid subjecting our client deliverables to conditions we do not intend, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by courts in relevant jurisdictions, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our clients’ ability to use the software that we develop for them and operate their businesses as they intend. Moreover, we cannot assure you that our processes for controlling our use of open source software in our products will be effective. From time to time, there have been claims challenging the ownership of open source software against companies that incorporate it into their products.

Therefore, there is a possibility that our clients could be subject to actions by third parties claiming that what we believe to be licensed open source software infringes such third parties’ intellectual property rights, and we would generally be required to indemnify our clients against such claims. In addition, in the event that portions of client deliverables are determined to be subject to an open source license, we or our clients could be required to publicly release the affected portions of source code or re-engineer all, or a portion of, the applicable software. Disclosing our proprietary source code could allow our clients’ competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of sales for our clients. Furthermore, if the license terms for the open source code change, we may be forced to re-engineer our software or incur additional costs. Any of these events could create liability for us to our clients and damage our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Securities

Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders (other than claims arising under federal securities laws, including the Securities Act or the Exchange Act and any successors thereto), which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the following (except for any claim as to which such court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court within 10 days following such determination), which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than such court or for which such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction):

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any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

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any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by, or otherwise wrongdoing by, any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders;

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any action arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), our certificate of incorporation or bylaws;

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any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws; and

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any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

However, notwithstanding the exclusive forum provisions, our bylaws explicitly state that they would not preclude the filing of claims brought to enforce any liability or duty created under federal securities laws, including the Exchange Act or Securities Act.

Our amended and restated bylaws also provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to the Securities Act, such a provision known as a “Federal Forum Provision.” Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our shares of capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions.

These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Additionally, a court could determine that the exclusive forum provision is unenforceable. If a court were to find the exclusive forum provision in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business.

The price of our common stock and warrants may be volatile.

The price of our common stock and warrants may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:

●

our ability to effectively service any current and future outstanding debt obligations;

●

the announcement the introduction of new products or services, or enhancements thereto, by us or our competitors;

●

developments concerning intellectual property rights;

●

changes in legal, regulatory and enforcement frameworks impacting our products;

●

variations in our and our competitors’ results of operations;

●

the addition or departure of key personnel;

●

announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, investments or strategic alliances;

●

actual or perceived data security incidents or breaches;

●

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results and those of other public companies in our industry;

●

the failure of securities analysts to publish research about us, or shortfalls in our results of operations compared to levels forecast by securities analysts;

●

any delisting of our common stock or warrants from NASDAQ due to any failure to meet listing requirements;

●

adverse developments from litigation; and

●

the general state of the securities market.

These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock and warrants, regardless of our operating performance.

As of June 30, 2021, over one-third of our outstanding common stock was held by our executive officers and directors, or by stockholders controlled by our executive officers or directors, although that percentage decreased as a result of our public offering that closed on July 6, 2021. The concentration of ownership provides such persons with substantial control over us, which could limit your ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control, and future resales of our common stock held by such persons may cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly.

As a result, such persons, acting together, have significant influence over all matters that require approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. Corporate action might be taken even if other stockholders oppose them. This concentration of ownership might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company that other stockholders may view as beneficial.

To the extent that such persons purchase additional shares of ours, the percentage of shares that will be held by them will increase, decreasing the percentage of shares that are held by public stockholders.

If any significant stockholder sells large amounts of our common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, or if warrant holders exercise their warrant and sell the shares acquired upon exercise, this could have the effect of increasing the volatility in the price of our common stock or putting significant downward pressure on the price of our common stock.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock since our merger with ChaSerg. The payment of any cash dividends will be dependent upon our revenue, earnings and financial condition from time to time. The payment of any dividends will be within the discretion of our board of directors. It is presently expected that we will retain all earnings for use in our business operations and, accordingly, it is not expected that our board of directors will declare any dividends in the foreseeable future. Our ability to declare dividends may be limited by the terms of any financing and/or other agreements entered into by us or our subsidiaries from time to time and by requirements under the laws of our subsidiaries’ respective jurisdictions of incorporation to set aside a portion of their net income in each year to legal reserves. Therefore, you are not likely to receive any dividends on your common stock for the foreseeable future and the success of an investment in shares of our common stock will depend upon any future appreciation in its value. Consequently, investors may need to sell all or part of their holdings of our common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our stockholders have purchased their shares.

Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions, that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and the DGCL, contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors and therefore depress the trading price of our common stock and warrants. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions regarding:

●

a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which could delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;

●

the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock, including “blank check” preferred stock, and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;

●

the limitation of the liability of, and the indemnification of our directors and officers;

●

the exclusive right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;

●

the requirement that directors may only be removed from our board of directors for cause;

●

a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of stockholders and could delay the ability of stockholders to force consideration of a stockholder proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;

●

the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by our board of directors, the chairman of our board of directors, or our chief executive officer, which could delay the ability of stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;

●

controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of board of directors and stockholder meetings;

●

the requirement for the affirmative vote of holders of at least a majority of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the voting stock, voting together as a single class, to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision of our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our board of directors and also may inhibit the ability of an acquirer to effect such amendments to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt;

●

the ability of our board of directors to amend the bylaws, which may allow our board of directors to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend the bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; and

●

advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our board of directors and also may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our board of directors or management.

In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the DGCL, which may prohibit certain stockholders holding 15% or more of our outstanding capital stock from engaging in certain business combinations with us for a specified period of time.

Any provision of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our capital stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock and warrants.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

Item 3. Default Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number	Description	Incorporated by Reference From Form	Incorporated by Reference From Exhibit Number	Date Filed
10.1	Warrant Exchange Agreement	8-K	10.1	May 17, 2021
10.2	Warrant Exchange Agreement	8-K	10.1	May 17, 2021
10.3	Warrant Exchange Agreement	8-K	10.1	May 20, 2021
10.4	Consulting Agreement	Filed herewith
31.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Filed herewith
31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Filed herewith
32.1*	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Furnished herewith
32.2*	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Furnished herewith
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.	Filed herewith
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	Filed herewith
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101,LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)	Filed herewith

The certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc.

Date: August 5, 2021	By:	/s/ Leonard Livschitz
		Leonard Livschitz
		Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: August 5, 2021	By:	/s/ Anil Doradla
		Anil Doradla
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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