Annual Report (10-k)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

___________________________________________

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JANUARY 31, 2020

Commission File No. 001-33866

___________________________________________

TITAN MACHINERY INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	No. 45-0357838 (IRS Employer Identification No.)

644 East Beaton Drive

West Fargo, ND 58078-2648

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(701) 356-0130

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.00001 par value per share	TITN	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



Large accelerated filer o				Accelerated filer x
Non-accelerated filer o				Smaller reporting company o
Emerging Growth Company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates as of July 31, 2019 was approximately $386.4 million (based on the last sale price of $20.74 per share on such date as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market).

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock as of March 31, 2020 was 22,335,152 shares.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the proxy statement for the registrant's 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of this report.

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		Page No.
	PART I
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	9
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	17
Item 2.	Properties	17
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	18
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	19
	PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	19
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	20
Item 7.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	43
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	44
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	89
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	89
Item 9B.	Other Information	89
	PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	89
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	89
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	89
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	90
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	90
	PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	90
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	94

We make available, free of charge, copies of our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, on our website, http://www.titanmachinery.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such material electronically or otherwise furnishing it to the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). We are not including the information on our website as a part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this Form 10-K.

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Our Company

Titan Machinery Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, "Titan Machinery," the "Company," "we," or "our") own and operate a network of full service agricultural and construction equipment stores in the United States and Europe. We have been an authorized dealer of CNH Industrial N.V. or its U.S. subsidiaries (collectively referred to in this Form 10-K as "CNH Industrial") since our inception in 1980. CNH Industrial is a leading manufacturer and supplier of agricultural and construction equipment, which includes the Case IH Agriculture, New Holland Agriculture, Case Construction and New Holland Construction brands. Based upon information provided to us by CNH Industrial, we are the largest retail dealer of Case IH Agriculture equipment in the world, the largest retail dealer of Case Construction equipment in North America and a major retail dealer of New Holland Agriculture and New Holland Construction equipment in the U.S. In addition to the CNH Industrial brands, we sell and service equipment made by a variety of other manufacturers.

We operate our business in three reportable segments, Agriculture, Construction and International, within which we engage in four principal business activities:


•	new and used equipment sales;


•	parts sales;


•	equipment repair and maintenance services; and


•	equipment rental and other activities.

We offer our customers a one-stop solution by providing equipment and parts sales, equipment repair and maintenance services, and rental functions in each store. Our full service approach provides us with multiple points of customer contact and cross-selling opportunities. We believe our mix of equipment sales and recurring parts and service sales, as well as our diverse geographic footprint, provide us with diversification, which we believe aids in reducing the risks we face associated with adverse economic cycles that affect particular geographic markets or segments. We also believe our scale, customer service, diverse and stable customer base, centralized resources, and experienced management team provide us with a competitive advantage in many of our local markets.

Throughout our 39-year operating history, we have built an extensive, geographically contiguous network of 74 stores in the U.S. and 33 stores in Europe. Our Agriculture stores in the U.S. are located in Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota and include several highly productive farming regions, such as the Red River Valley in eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota, portions of the corn belt in Iowa, eastern South Dakota and southern Minnesota, and along the I-80 corridor in Nebraska, which sits on top of the Ogallala Aquifer. Our Construction stores are located in Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Our International stores are located in the European countries of Bulgaria, Germany, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine.

We have a history of growth through acquisitions. Since January 1, 2003, we have completed the acquisition of over 50 dealerships located in 11 U.S. states and four European countries, along with establishing new startup operations and a network of stores in Ukraine. We believe that there will continue to be opportunities for dealership consolidation in the future, and we expect that acquisitions will continue to be a component of our long-term growth strategy.

Products and Services

Within each of our segments, we have four principal sources of revenue: new and used equipment sales, parts sales, equipment repair and maintenance services, and equipment rental and other business activities.

New and Used Equipment Sales

We sell new agricultural and construction equipment manufactured under the CNH Industrial family of brands as well as equipment from a variety of other manufacturers. The used equipment we sell is primarily acquired through trade-ins from our customers. The agricultural equipment we sell and service includes machinery and attachments for uses ranging from large-scale farming to home and garden purposes. The construction equipment we sell and service includes heavy construction machinery, light industrial machinery for commercial and residential construction, road and highway construction machinery, and mining operations equipment. Equipment sales generate cross-selling opportunities by populating our markets with equipment in need of service and parts. Equipment revenue represented 70.3%, 72.1% and 70.8% of total revenue for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.

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Parts Sales

We maintain an extensive in-house parts inventory to provide timely parts and repair and maintenance support to our customers. Our parts sales provide a relatively stable revenue stream that is less sensitive to economic cycles than our equipment sales. Parts revenue represented 17.9%, 16.7% and 17.0% of total revenue for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.

Equipment Repair and Maintenance Services

We provide repair and maintenance services, including warranty repairs, for our customers' equipment. All of our stores have service bays staffed by trained service technicians. In addition, our technicians are able to make off-site repairs at customer locations. We provide proactive and comprehensive customer service by maintaining service histories for each piece of equipment owned by our customers, maintaining 24/7 service hours in times of peak equipment usage, providing on-site repair services, scheduling off-season maintenance activities with customers, notifying customers of periodic service requirements and providing training programs to customers in order to educate them on standard maintenance requirements. Our after-market repair and maintenance services have historically provided a high-margin, relatively stable source of revenue through changing economic cycles. Service revenue represented 7.6%, 6.9%, and 7.4% of total revenue for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.

Equipment Rental and Other Business Activities

We rent equipment to our customers, primarily in the Construction segment, for periods ranging from a few days to seasonal rentals. We actively manage the size, quality, age and composition of our rental fleet and closely monitor and analyze customer demand and rate trends. We service our fleet through our on-site parts and services team, and market our rental equipment through our retail sales force. Our rental activities create cross-selling opportunities in equipment sales, including rent-to-own purchase options on our non-fleet rentals.

We provide ancillary equipment support activities such as equipment transportation, Global Positioning System ("GPS") signal subscriptions and other precision farming products, farm data management products, and CNH Industrial finance and insurance products.

Equipment rental and other revenue represented 4.2%, 4.3% and 4.7% of total revenue for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.

Industry Overview

Agricultural Equipment Industry

Agricultural equipment is purchased primarily by commercial farmers for the production of crops used for food, fiber, feed grain and feedstock for renewable energy. Agricultural equipment is also purchased by "life-style farmers" and for home and garden applications, and for maintenance of commercial, residential and government properties. Deere & Company ("Deere"), CNH Industrial, and Agco Corporation ("AGCO") are the largest global manufacturers of agricultural equipment and they each manufacture a full line of equipment and parts that supply the primary machinery requirements of farmers. In addition to the major manufacturers, several short-line manufacturers produce specialized equipment that satisfies various niche requirements of farmers. Agricultural equipment manufacturers typically grant dealers in the U.S. defined sales and marketing territories with designated store locations to distribute their products.

We believe there are many factors that influence demand for agricultural equipment, parts and repair and maintenance services, including net farm income, commodity markets, production yields, tariffs and trade policies, interest rates, government policies, European Union subvention funds and individual European country subsidies, tax policies, local growing conditions, and general economic conditions. Any of these conditions can change materially in a short time period, creating volatility in demand for our products and services. Federal legislation, such as the Farm Bill, attempts to stabilize the agriculture industry through various policies including (i) commodity programs consisting of direct, counter-cyclical and price support payments to farmers; (ii) conservation programs; (iii) crop insurance programs; and (iv) disaster relief programs. For the past two growing seasons, the U.S. Federal government has furnished market facilitation program payments to farmers or ranchers to compensate for the adverse impact of U.S.-China trade policies, which payments have assisted our customers. We believe that these various federal policies reduce financial volatility in the agriculture industry and assist farmers in continuing to operate their farms during economic down cycles and through the adverse headwinds caused by trade policies and tariffs.

Construction Equipment Industry

Construction equipment is purchased primarily for use in commercial, residential and infrastructure construction, as well as for agriculture, demolition, mining, energy production and forestry operations. Caterpillar, Inc., Deere, Komatsu Ltd.,

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the Volvo Group, Terex Corporation, Doosan, and CNH Industrial are some of the largest global manufacturers of construction and industrial equipment. The market for construction equipment is segmented across multiple categories including earth moving, lifting, light industrial, asphalt and paving, and concrete and aggregate equipment. As with agricultural equipment, distribution of construction equipment in the U.S. is accomplished primarily through manufacturer authorized dealers.

CNH Industrial and industry reports show that demand for construction equipment in our markets is driven by several factors, including (i) public spending on roads, highways, sewer and water projects, and other public works projects; (ii) public and private expenditures for the energy and mining industries, which are driven in part by demand for fossil fuels, metals and other commodities; (iii) business conditions in the agriculture industry; and (iv) general economic and market conditions of the construction sector for residential and commercial buildings.

Business Strengths

We believe the following attributes are important factors in our ability to compete effectively and to achieve our long-term financial objectives:

Centralized Inventory Management

We believe our significant scale enables us to centrally manage our inventory, permitting us to more effectively manage inventory levels at each store while still providing a significant breadth of equipment and parts inventories to our customers throughout our footprint. Moreover, our floorplan financing capacity enables us to opportunistically purchase and carry inventory to satisfy market demands.

Superior Customer Service at the Local Level

Our centralization of numerous administrative functions better positions our employees in the field to focus on customer service. We believe that the following capabilities enable us to better service our customers:


•	our ability to staff a large number of highly-trained service technicians across our network of stores, which makes it possible to schedule repair services on short notice without affecting our technician utilization rates;


•	our ability to staff and leverage product and application specialists across our network of stores, which makes it possible to offer valuable pre-sale and aftermarket services, including equipment training, best practices education and precision farming technology support; and


•	our ability to innovate and lead our industry through initiatives such as precision farming and farm data management products and services, which provide our customers with the latest advances in technology and operating practices.

We spend significant time and resources training our employees to effectively service our customers in each of our local markets. Our training program involves active participation in all manufacturer-sponsored training programs, the use of industry experts for customized training programs, and a centralized training team to assist in training programs and the integration of newly-acquired dealerships. We also partner with several technical colleges to sponsor students who we plan to eventually employ as service technicians.

Ability to Act on Acquisition Opportunities

We believe that our experienced management team and access to capital enables us to be opportunistic in responding to accretive growth opportunities, primarily arising from the continued consolidation of the dealer network.

Superior Centralized Marketing Systems

Our shared resource group includes a professional marketing team that supports all aspects of brand and solution awareness, customer analytics and targeting, and lead generation through multichannel campaigns that typically incorporate digital marketing (email, website, search, social and syndication), direct mail, and regional and local advertising and sponsorships. Our marketing functions also drive increased customer engagement and loyalty through participation in trade shows and industry events and communication and coordination for local store open houses, service clinics, equipment demonstrations, product showcases and customer appreciation outings.

Ability to Attract and Retain Superior Employees.

We recognize that attracting and retaining talented employees is essential to achieving outstanding company performance. We strive to develop our employees through a structured training program, and to invest in our employees' development. In addition, we strive to implement a compensation system that rewards employees for high performance. We believe that our efforts in these areas will enable us to attract and retain superior employees, necessary for us to be successful in our industry.

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Diverse and Stable Customer Base Reduces Market Risk

Our large geographic footprint covering 11 U.S. states and five European countries provides a diversified customer base. We believe that this diverse customer base reduces the potential impact of risks associated with customer concentration and fluctuations in local market conditions. During fiscal 2020, none of our customers accounted for more than 1.0% of our total revenue. Revenue from customers located outside of the United States is primarily included in our International segment, which represented 18.1%, 18.4% and 17.5% of total consolidated revenue during fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018. In addition, our large geographic footprint enables us to capitalize on crop diversification and disparate weather in growing regions, as well as local trends in residential, infrastructure and commercial construction.

Experienced Management Team

Our executive team is led by David Meyer, our Board Chair and Chief Executive Officer, who has over 40 years of industry experience. Our other executive team members, managers in the field, and equipment sales consultants also have extensive knowledge and experience in our industry. We compensate, develop and review our managers and sales employees based on an approach that aligns their incentives with the goals and objectives of our Company, including achievement of revenue, profitability, market share and balance sheet objectives. We believe the strength of our management team will improve our success in the marketplace.

Growth Strategy

We pursue the following growth strategies:

Increasing Same-Store Sales and Market Share

Increasing same-store sales and market share is one of our priorities. This type of growth both enhances our current period revenue and increases our potential future revenue during the life of the sold equipment as a result of the potential for recurring parts and service business. We seek to generate growth in same-store sales and market share through the following:


•	employing significant marketing and advertising programs, including targeted direct mailings, internet based marketing, advertising with targeted local media outlets, participation in and sponsorship of trade shows and industry events, our Titan Trader monthly magazine, and by hosting open houses, service clinics, equipment demonstrations, product showcases and customer appreciation outings;


•	supporting and providing customers with training on evolving technologies, such as precision farming and farm data management, which are difficult for small dealers to support;


•	maintaining state-of-the-art service facilities, mobile service trucks and trained service technicians to maximize our customers' equipment uptime through preventative maintenance programs and seasonal 24/7 service support; and


•	centrally managing our inventory to optimize the availability of equipment and parts for our customers.

Strategic Acquisitions

Since January 1, 2003, we have completed the acquisition of over 50 dealerships located in 11 U.S. states and four European countries. In addition, we have added dealership locations in Ukraine through new start-up operations. The agricultural and construction equipment industries are fragmented and consist of many relatively small, independent businesses serving discrete local markets. We believe a favorable climate for dealership consolidation will continue to exist in the future due to several factors, including the competitiveness of our industry, increased dealer capitalization requirements, increased sophistication and complexity of equipment and related technologies, increased expectations from our customers and our equipment suppliers, and the lack of succession alternatives for many current owners. We intend to pursue acquisitions with the objectives of entering new markets, consolidating distribution within our existing footprint, and strengthening our competitive position. We expect that opportunistic acquisitions will continue to be a component of our long-term growth strategy.

We regularly assess the acquisition landscape, evaluating potential acquisitions in terms of availability and alignment to our long-term growth strategy. Typically, we have acquired only the working capital and fixed assets that we believe are necessary to run an efficient store and we do not generally assume any indebtedness. On occasion, we have acquired all of the outstanding equity of a company. Acquisitions are typically financed with available cash balances, floorplan payable line of credit capacity, and long-term debt.

The consent of CNH Industrial is required to acquire any CNH Industrial dealership. Additionally, the consent of our lender group, consisting of a number of national and regional banks (the "Bank Syndicate"), is required for acquisitions meeting certain thresholds or other criteria as defined in our credit agreement (which credit agreement was formerly referred to

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as the "Wells Fargo Credit Agreement"). Effective as of April 3, 2020, we amended and restated the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement, which we now refer to as the "Bank Syndicate Credit Facility."

Suppliers

CNH Industrial—Case IH Agriculture, Case Construction, New Holland Agriculture and New Holland Construction

CNH Industrial is a publicly-traded, global leader in the agricultural and construction equipment industries. In 2019, CNH Industrial generated $13.7 billion in revenue from its equipment operations. CNH Industrial is the world's second largest manufacturer of agricultural equipment, manufacturing the Case IH Agriculture and New Holland Agriculture brands of equipment. Case IH Agriculture, recognized by the red color of its equipment, possesses over 170 years of farm equipment heritage. New Holland Agriculture, recognized by the blue color of its tractors and the yellow color of its harvesting and hay equipment, has over 120 years of farm equipment industry experience. The Case Construction and New Holland Construction brands are owned and operated by CNH Industrial.

In fiscal 2020, CNH Industrial supplied approximately 74% of the new equipment sold in our Agriculture segment, 70% of the new equipment sold in our Construction segment, and 62% of the new equipment sold in our International segment. In addition, CNH Industrial provides financing and insurance products and services to our end-user customers through its affiliate CNH Industrial Capital America, LLC ("CNH Industrial Capital").

Our relationship with CNH Industrial is more than a typical supply relationship; it is strategic for both our Company and CNH Industrial. In that regard, we believe that it is in each company's interest to maintain and develop the longstanding strong relationship we share.

Dealership Agreements

We have entered into separate dealership agreements with CNH Industrial to sell and service the Case IH Agriculture, New Holland Agriculture, Case Construction and New Holland Construction brands (collectively the “CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements”). Separate CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements exist for each of our North American stores or store complexes, and for each of the European countries in which we operate. The structure of the North American and European agreements are very similar. Except as noted, the following discussion describes the North American CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements.

Each of the CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements assign to us a geographically defined area of primary responsibility, providing us with distribution and product support rights within the identified territory for specific equipment products. Although the dealer appointment is non-exclusive, in each territory there is typically only one dealer responsible for retail sales to end-users and for after-sales product support of the equipment. If we sell certain CNH Industrial construction equipment outside of our designated sales and service areas, CNH Industrial has the right to require that we pay sales and service fees for purposes of compensating the dealer assigned to such territory. We are authorized to display and use CNH Industrial trademarks and trade names at our stores, with certain restrictions.

Under our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements, we have both the right and obligation to sell CNH Industrial equipment and related parts and products and to provide customers with repair services. The CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements impose various requirements on us regarding the location and appearance of facilities, satisfactory levels of new equipment and parts inventories, the training of personnel, adequate business enterprise and information technology system, adequate working capital, a maximum adjusted debt to tangible net worth ratio, development of annual sales and marketing goals, and furnishing of monthly and annual financial information to CNH Industrial. We must obtain the approval or consent of CNH Industrial in the event of proposed fundamental changes to our ownership, governance or business structure (defined as "change in control" events) including, among other things, (i) a merger, consolidation or reorganization, unless securities representing more than 50% of the total combined voting power of the successor corporation are immediately owned, directly or indirectly, by persons that owned our securities prior to the transaction; (ii) a sale of all or substantially all of our assets; (iii) any transaction or series of transactions resulting in a person or affiliated group acquiring 30% or more of the combined voting power of our securities or, in the case of a competitor of CNH Industrial, 20% or more of the combined voting power of our securities; (iv) a substantial disposition of shares of our common stock by certain named executives; (v) certain significant changes in the composition of our Board of Directors; and (vi) replacement of our Chief Executive Officer. The CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements do not establish mandatory minimum or maximum retail pricing for our equipment, parts, or service offerings.

The Case IH Agricultural dealership agreement and the Case Construction dealership agreement have fixed terms expiring on December 31, 2027, and renew automatically for successive 5-year terms unless either party notifies the other party of its intention not to renew or otherwise exercises its termination rights under the agreement. The New Holland dealership agreement is a 12-month agreement, with automatic 1-year renewals unless either party notifies the other party of its intention not to renew or otherwise exercises its termination rights under the agreement.

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CNH Industrial has the right to terminate its dealer agreements with us immediately in certain circumstances, including in the event of (i) our insolvency or bankruptcy, (ii) a material breach by us of the provisions of a CNH Industrial Dealer Agreement or (iii) our failure to secure the consent of CNH Industrial prior to the occurrence of a “change in control” event. The CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements governing Case Construction equipment grants CNH Industrial the right to terminate these CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements for any reason upon 120 days prior written notice. In addition, we have the right to terminate any of the CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements at any time, with or without cause, upon 60 days prior written notice. Subject to protections provided under state dealer protection laws, in the event that CNH Industrial offers a new dealer agreement or an amendment to the existing CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements to all authorized CNH Industrial dealers located in the state, CNH Industrial is permitted to terminate our existing CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements for stores located in that state upon at least 180 days prior written notice if we refuse or otherwise fail to enter into such new agreements or amendments. In addition, to the extent CNH Industrial determines that we are not meeting our obligations under the CNH Industrial Dealer Agreement with respect to a particular product, CNH Industrial may, upon 60 days prior written notice to us, remove such product from the authorized product list allowed to be sold or serviced by us. In the event of termination of any of the CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements, CNH Industrial is obligated to repurchase the inventory of the CNH Industrial brand applicable to the agreement being terminated. The CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements generally do not include non-compete provisions that apply during or after the term of such agreements or limit our operations apart from our designated CNH Industrial dealership store locations. Our CNH Dealer Agreements for Case Construction equipment, absent consent of CNH Industrial, restrict our ability to sell competing products (new equipment and parts) of other manufacturers at our Case dealership store locations during the term of such agreements. Our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements require us to operate any material business activities not related to sales of CNH Industrial products or services to customers in agricultural, construction, industrial or similar markets separately from our CNH Industrial dealership business.

The CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements and industry practices generally provide that payment on equipment and parts purchased from CNH Industrial entities is due within 30 days, at which time the equipment inventory is then financed through one of our floorplan payable credit facilities. CNH Industrial makes available to us any floorplan programs, parts return programs, sales or incentive programs or similar plans or programs it offers to its other dealers, and provides us with promotional items and marketing materials.

The CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements for our European operations, with the exception of Ukraine, grant to us exclusive territories. We are restricted in our ability to sell competing products in our assigned territories. Our CNH Dealer Agreements of our European operations do not have a fixed term. CNH Industrial can terminate these agreements immediately in certain circumstances constituting cause, and for any reason upon twenty-four (24) months' prior written notice.

Other Suppliers

In addition to products supplied by CNH Industrial, we sell a variety of new equipment and parts supplied by other manufacturers. These products tend to address specialized niche markets and complement the CNH Industrial products we sell by filling gaps in the CNH Industrial line of products. We believe our offering of products for specialized niche markets supports our goal of being a one-stop solution for our customers' equipment needs at each of our stores. Approximately 30% of our total new equipment sales in fiscal 2020 resulted from sales of products manufactured by companies other than CNH Industrial, with our single largest manufacturer other than CNH Industrial representing approximately 2% of our total new equipment sales. The terms of our arrangements with these other suppliers vary, but most of the dealership agreements contain termination provisions allowing the supplier to terminate the agreement after a specified notice period, which is typically 30 days. Payment and financing practices with these other suppliers are similar to those practices described above with respect to the CNH Industrial entities.

Customers

Our North America agriculture customers vary from small, single machine owners to large farming operations, primarily in the states of Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota. In fiscal 2020, no single agriculture customer accounted for more than 1.0% of our Agriculture revenue.

Our Construction customers include a wide range of construction contractors, public utilities, mining, forestry, energy companies, farmers, municipalities and maintenance contractors, primarily in the states of Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin and Wyoming. They vary in size from small, single machine owners to large firms. In fiscal 2020, no single construction equipment customer accounted for more than 2.0% of our Construction revenue.

Our International customers vary from small, single machine owners to large farming operations, primarily in the European countries of Bulgaria, Germany, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine. We also sell Case construction equipment in Bulgaria and Romania. In fiscal 2020, no single international customer accounted for more than 3.0% of our International revenue.

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Floorplan Payable Financing

We attempt to maintain at each store, or have readily available at other stores in our network, sufficient new equipment inventory to satisfy customer demand. Inventory levels fluctuate throughout the year and tend to increase before the primary sales seasons for agricultural equipment. The cost of floorplan payable financing is an important factor affecting our financial results.

CNH Industrial Capital offers floorplan payable financing to CNH Industrial dealers to finance the purchase of inventory from CNH Industrial and for used equipment inventory purchased on trade-ins from our customers. CNH Industrial Capital provides this financing in part to enable dealers to carry representative inventories of equipment and encourage the purchase of goods by dealers in advance of seasonal retail demand. CNH Industrial Capital charges variable market rates of interest based on the prime rate on balances outstanding after any interest-free periods and receives a security interest in inventory and other assets. Interest-free periods are generally about four months in duration for both new and used agriculture and construction equipment. As of January 31, 2020, we had a $450.0 million floorplan credit facility with CNH Industrial Capital.

In addition to the CNH Industrial Capital floorplan line of credit, as of January 31, 2020, we also had a $140.0 million wholesale floorplan line of credit under the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement, and a $60.0 million credit facility with DLL Finance LLC that can be used to finance inventory purchases. Effective as of April 3, 2020, we amended and restated the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement (hereafter referred to as the "Bank Syndicate Credit Facility"), under which we have total borrowing capacity of $250.0 million, $185.0 million allocated to a floorplan line and $65.0 million allocated to an operating line. In addition, we have other lines of credit offered by various financial institutions as well as floorplan payable financing programs offered by manufacturers and suppliers, or their third party lenders, from which we purchase equipment inventory.

Sales and Marketing

We currently market our products and services through:


•	our sales employees, who operate out of our network of local stores and call on customers in the markets surrounding each store;


•	our area product support managers, and our store parts managers and service managers, who provide our customers with comprehensive after-market support;


•	our website;


•	local and regional advertising efforts, including broadcast, cable, print and web-based media; and


•	alternative channels, such as auctions, for selling our aged equipment inventories.

Equipment Sales Consultants and Centralized Support

Our equipment sales employees (who we refer to as "equipment sales consultants") perform a variety of functions, such as servicing customers at our stores, calling on existing customers, and soliciting new business at farming, construction and industrial sites. We develop customized marketing programs for our sales force by analyzing each customer group for profitability, buying behavior and product selection. All members of our sales force are expected to participate in internal and external manufacturer-sponsored training sessions to develop product and application knowledge, sales techniques and financial acumen. Our shared resources group provides centralized sales and marketing support for our field operations, and coordinates centralized media buys, strategic planning, sales support and training. In addition, we enable our regional and area managers and their sales teams to develop localized sales and marketing strategies.

Parts Managers and Service Managers

Our parts managers and service managers are involved in our efforts to market parts and service, taking advantage of our seasonal marketing campaigns in parts and service sales. As a group, they have won multiple awards from our suppliers for their efforts benefiting both our customers and our key suppliers.

Website

Our used equipment inventories are marketed on our website, www.titanmachinery.com, through an equipment search feature which allows users to search by equipment type, manufacturer, price and/or store. A picture of each piece of equipment is shown, along with the equipment specifications, price and store location. Parts manufactured by the CNH Industrial brands are marketed and can be purchased directly through our website. Other sales and financing programs are also marketed through our website. Finally, our website provides dealer locater search functions and provides the contact information for the various departments at each of our stores.

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Print, Broadcast and Web-Based Advertising Campaigns

Each year we initiate several targeted direct mail, print and broadcast advertising and marketing campaigns. CNH Industrial and other suppliers periodically provide us with advertising funds, which we primarily use to promote new equipment, parts and financing programs. We will continue to explore and launch additional sales channels as appropriate, including, for example, additional internet-based efforts.

Channels for Selling Aged Equipment Inventory

In certain circumstances, we sell aged equipment inventories through the use of alternative channels such as onsite and online auctions.

Competition

The agricultural and construction equipment sales and distribution industries are highly competitive and fragmented, with large numbers of companies operating on a regional or local scale. Our competitors range from multi-location, regional operators to single-location dealers and include dealers and distributors of competing equipment brands, including Deere, Caterpillar and the AGCO brands, as well as other dealers and distributors of the CNH Industrial family of brands. Competition among equipment dealers, whether they offer agricultural or construction products or both, is primarily based on the price, value, reputation, quality and design of the products, customer service including repair and maintenance service provided by the dealer, the availability of equipment and parts, and the accessibility of stores. While we believe we compete favorably on each of these competitive factors, our sales and margins may be impacted by (i) aggressive pricing competition by equipment manufacturers or their dealers, (ii) our ability to obtain higher service margins based on our service quality and reputation, and (iii) our ability to attract new and maintain existing customers based on the availability and quality of the products we offer and our local relationships and reputation.

We are one of the established regional-scale agricultural and construction equipment dealers in the U.S. and Europe. The number of other agricultural and construction equipment dealers operating on a regional scale is limited. Our primary regional-scale competitors include RDO Equipment Co., Butler Machinery, Ziegler Inc., Brandt Holdings Co., Wagner Equipment Co., 21st Century Equipment, LLC, AKRS Equipment, C & B Operations, LLC, and Van Wall Equipment.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated as a North Dakota corporation in 1980 and reincorporated in Delaware in December 2007 prior to our initial public offering. Our executive offices are located at 644 East Beaton Drive, West Fargo, ND 58078-2648. Our telephone number is (701) 356-0130. We maintain a website at www.titanmachinery.com. Our SEC filings are available on the Investor Relations page of our website or at www.sec.gov.

Intellectual Property

We have registered trademarks for certain names and designs used in our business and have trademark applications pending for certain others. We generally operate each of our stores under the Titan Machinery name. Case IH, Case and New Holland are registered trademarks of CNH Industrial, which we use in connection with advertisements and sales as authorized under our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements. We also license trademarks and trade names from other suppliers of equipment to us.

Product Warranties

Product warranties for new equipment and parts are provided by the original equipment manufacturer ("OEM"). The term and scope of these warranties vary greatly by OEM and by product. At the time equipment is purchased, we also offer customers the option of purchasing extended warranty protection provided by the OEM or through various third-party warranty providers. We are paid by the OEM for repairs we perform on equipment under warranty. We generally sell used equipment "as is" and without OEM warranty unless the original warranty period has not expired and is transferable. We also offer extended warranty programs on certain used equipment through various third-party warranty providers.

Seasonality & Weather

The agricultural and construction equipment businesses are highly seasonal, which causes our quarterly results and our cash flow to fluctuate during the year. Our customers generally purchase and rent equipment in preparation for, or in conjunction with, their busy seasons. For farmers, the busy seasons are spring planting and fall harvesting. For Construction customers, the busy season is typically the second and third quarters of our fiscal year for much of our Construction footprint, subject to weather conditions. Our parts and service revenues are typically highest during our customers' busy seasons as well, due to the increased use of their equipment during this time, which generates the need for more parts and service work. Weather

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conditions impact the timing of our customers' busy times, which may cause our quarterly financial results to differ between fiscal years. In addition, the fourth quarter typically is a significant period for equipment sales in the U.S. because of our customers’ year-end tax planning considerations, the timing of dealer incentives and the increase in availability of funds from completed harvests and construction projects.

Seasonal weather trends, particularly severe wet or dry conditions, can have a significant impact on regional agricultural and construction market performance by affecting crop production yields and the ability to undertake construction projects. Weather conditions that adversely affect the agricultural or construction markets would have a negative effect on the demand for our products and services.

In addition, numerous external factors such as credit markets, commodity prices, production yields, and other circumstances may disrupt normal purchasing practices and buyer sentiment, further contributing to the seasonal fluctuations.

Employees

As of January 31, 2020, we employed 1,612 full-time and 118 part-time employees. Our employees are not covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We believe our relations with our employees are good.

Governmental Regulation

We are subject to numerous federal, state, and local rules and regulations, including regulations promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency and similar state agencies, with respect to storing, shipping, disposing, discharging and handling hazardous materials and hazardous and non-hazardous waste. The environmental regulations applicable to us are associated with the repair and maintenance of equipment at our stores including the handling and disposal of oil, fluids, wastewater and solvent cleaners. Currently, none of our stores or operations exceeds small quantity generation status. Compliance with these rules and regulations has not had any material effect on our operations, nor do we expect it to in the future. Further, we have not made, and do not anticipate making, any material capital expenditures related to compliance with environmental regulations.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

We are substantially dependent upon CNH Industrial, our primary supplier of equipment and parts inventory.

The substantial majority of our business involves the sale and distribution of new equipment and after-market parts supplied by CNH Industrial and the servicing of equipment manufactured by CNH Industrial. In fiscal 2020, CNH Industrial supplied approximately 74% of the new equipment sold in our Agriculture segment, 70% of the new equipment sold in our Construction segment, and 62% of the new equipment sold in our International segment, and supplied a significant portion of our parts inventory.

In addition to being our primary supplier, CNH Industrial provides us with the following important inputs for our business:


•	Floorplan payable financing for the purchase of a substantial portion of our equipment inventory;


•	Retail financing used by many of our customers to purchase CNH Industrial equipment from us;


•	Reimbursement for warranty work performed by us pursuant to CNH’s product warranties;


•	Incentive programs and discount programs offered from time to time that enable us to price our products more competitively; and


•	Promotional and marketing activities on national, regional and local levels.

Our financial performance and future success are highly dependent on the overall reputation, brand and success of CNH Industrial in the agricultural and construction equipment manufacturing industries, including its ability to maintain a competitive position in product innovation, product quality, and product pricing, and its ability to continue to provide financing to both us and our retail customers, and warranty reimbursements for service work that we perform.

CNH Industrial may change or terminate our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements.

We have entered into CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements under which we sell CNH Industrial’s branded agricultural and construction equipment, along with after-market parts and repair services. Subject to applicable state statutes that may govern the dealer-manufacturer legal relationship, CNH Industrial may terminate our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements immediately in certain circumstances, following written notice and cure periods for certain breaches of the agreement, and for

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any reason under the Case Construction agreement following 120 days prior written notice. If CNH Industrial were to terminate all or any of its CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements with us, our business would be severely harmed.

Furthermore, CNH Industrial may unilaterally change its operating practices under the terms of its CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements with us to, among other things, change or authorize additional dealers in our sales and service areas, change its distribution system to the detriment of its dealers like us, limit our product offerings, and change pricing or delivery terms. If CNH Industrial were to change the terms of our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements or its operating practices in a manner that adversely affects us, our business and results of operations would be harmed.

Our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements impose obligations and restrictions on us.

Under our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements, we are obligated to actively promote the sale of CNH Industrial equipment within our designated geographic areas of responsibility, fulfill the product warranty obligations of CNH Industrial (subject to CNH Industrial’s payment to us of the agreed upon reimbursement), maintain adequate facilities and workforce to service the needs of our customers, and maintain equipment and parts inventories at the level deemed necessary by CNH Industrial to meet sales goals as stated in the annual business plan mutually agreed upon by us and CNH Industrial, maintain adequate working capital, and maintain stores only in authorized locations. Our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements do not provide us with exclusive dealerships in any territory (except in our European territories), and CNH Industrial could elect to authorize additional dealers in our market areas in the future, subject to state dealer protection laws.

Consent of CNH Industrial is required for certain material changes in our ownership, governance or business structure, including the acquisition by any person or group of persons of 30% or more of our outstanding stock or 20% or more of our outstanding stock if the person or group is a competitor of CNH Industrial. This requirement may have the effect of discouraging a sale or other change in control of the Company, including transactions that our stockholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests.

The acquisition of additional CNH Industrial geographic areas of responsibility and store locations in our Agriculture, Construction and International segments requires the consent of CNH Industrial under our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements, subject to contrary state dealer protection laws. CNH Industrial may decide to decline, in its sole discretion, to consent to any acquisition of an additional CNH Industrial store location we may pursue. If CNH Industrial is unwilling to consent to any future proposed acquisition of additional dealerships, our ability to execute on our acquisition strategy and to grow our business may be impaired. We cannot assume that CNH Industrial will consent to any acquisition of stores or dealerships that we may desire to make in the future.

Our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements require us to operate any material business activities not related to sales of CNH Industrial products or services to customers in agricultural, construction, industrial or similar markets separately from our CNH Industrial dealership business. Our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreement for Case Construction equipment prohibits us from carrying other suppliers' products (new equipment and parts) at our Case Construction stores that are competitive with CNH Industrial's products. These restrictions may discourage or prevent us from pursuing business activities that we believe are in the best interests of our stockholders.

Our agricultural equipment, parts and service sales are affected by numerous market factors outside of our control.

Farmers' capital expenditures often follow a cyclical pattern, with increased capital investments typically occurring during boom cycles spurred by high net farm income and strong farmer balance sheets. The USDA has forecasted net farm income, a broad measure of farm profitability, to be $93.6 billion for calendar year 2019, which is approximately 18.1% above the average for the five-year period ended December 31, 2019. Net farm income is subject to numerous external factors that are beyond the control of the individual farmer such as commodity prices, import tariffs and other trade regulations including developments in U.S.-China trade relations, input costs, production yields, animal diseases and crop pests, federal crop insurance and subsidy programs. Net farm income also impacts farmland values, which causes overall farm wealth to increase or decrease, impacting farmers’ sentiment to make investments in equipment. The nature of the agricultural industry is such that a downturn in equipment demand can occur suddenly, resulting in negative impact on dealers including declining revenues, reduced profit margins, excess new and used equipment inventories, and increased floorplan interest expenses. These downturns may be prolonged, and during these periods, our revenues and profitability could be harmed. Demand for our parts and service, although not as cyclical as equipment purchases, also can be negatively affected in agricultural downturns and in regions affected by adverse weather or growing conditions which result in fewer acres planted or harvested.

Our construction equipment, parts and service sales are affected by numerous market factors outside of our control.

Our construction equipment customers primarily operate in the natural resource development, construction, transportation, agriculture, manufacturing, industrial processing and utilities industries, which industries generally are capital intensive and cyclical in nature. Many of our construction equipment customers are directly and indirectly affected by

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fluctuations in commodity prices in the agriculture, forestry, metals and minerals, petroleum and natural gas industries. Prolonged periods of low oil prices, natural gas prices and other commodity prices may cause reduced activity in these sectors which may result in decreased demand for our products and services by our customers operating in these industries.

Construction contractors' demand for our construction equipment, parts and repair services is affected by economic conditions at both a global and a local level. Economic conditions that negatively affect the construction industry, such as the tightening of credit standards which affect the ability of consumers or businesses to obtain financing for construction projects, could reduce our customers' demand for our construction equipment. The construction industry in many of our geographical areas has experienced periodic, and sometimes prolonged, economic down cycles, which negatively impacts sales of construction equipment in those markets. During these downturns our revenues and profitability could be harmed.

Actual or threatened epidemics, pandemics, outbreaks, or other public health crises could result in disruptions in our supply chain, decreased customer demand, lower oil and other commodity prices and volatility in the stock market and the global economy, which could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Actual or threatened epidemics, pandemics, outbreaks, or other public health crises could materially and adversely impact or disrupt our operations, adversely affect the local economies where we operate and negatively impact our customers’ spending in the impacted regions or depending upon the severity, globally, which could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. For example, since December 2019, a strain of novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) surfaced in China and has spread into the United States, Europe and several other parts of the world, resulting in certain supply chain disruptions, volatilities in the stock market, lower oil and other commodity prices due to diminished demand, economic challenges for ethanol producers, and lockdown on international travels, all of which could adversely impact the global economy and result in decreased demand from our customers. There is significant uncertainty around the breadth and duration of the business disruptions related to COVID-19, as well as its impact on the U.S. economy. Moreover, an epidemic, pandemic, outbreak or other public health crisis, such as COVID-19, could adversely affect our ability to adequately staff and manage our business. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, rapidly changing and cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19 and the actions taken to contain it or treat its impact.

Our customers’ ability to obtain affordable financing is an important factor in their purchasing decisions, and directly affects our business.

The ability to obtain affordable financing is an important part of a customer's decision to purchase agricultural or construction equipment. As net farm income and farm wealth have decreased in recent years, the borrowing capacity of our farmer customers may have also decreased. Moreover, in a tighter credit environment, agricultural lenders may discourage their farmer customers from making non-essential capital expenditures.

Interest rate increases may make equipment purchases less affordable for customers and, as a result, our revenue and profitability may decrease. We are unable to anticipate the timing and impact of interest rate adjustments.

Changes in governmental policies may reduce demand for agricultural and construction equipment and cause our revenue to decline.

Changes in federal, state, and international agricultural policies could adversely affect sales of agricultural equipment. Government programs and subsidies that reduce economic volatility, incentivize agricultural equipment purchases, and enhance farm income positively influence farmers' demand for agricultural equipment. To the extent that future funding or farm programs available to individual farmers are reduced, or, in the case of the U.S. Federal government's market facilitation program, this program is not renewed, these changes could reduce demand for agricultural equipment and we could experience a decline in revenue. Government sponsored conservation programs could remove acres from agricultural production, reducing demand for our products and services. Changes in government spending on infrastructure projects could adversely affect the demand for construction equipment and we could experience a decline in revenue. The ability to export agricultural products is critical to our agriculture customers. As a result, tariffs and other government trade agreements, policies or regulations impacting or limiting the export or import of agricultural commodities, such as China's import tariffs, could have a material adverse effect on the international flow of agricultural and other commodities, which may cause a decrease in the demand for agricultural equipment. Furthermore, the U.S. federal government has initiated tariffs, such as the current steel tariff, on certain foreign goods, including raw materials, commodities, and products manufactured outside the United States that are used in our manufacturers’ production processes. These tariffs could in turn increase our cost of sales as a result of price increases implemented by our domestic suppliers, which we may not be able to pass on to our customers.

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The equipment distribution market is subject to supply-demand imbalances arising from factors over which we have no control.

Over-production of equipment by one or more manufacturers, or a sudden reduction in demand for equipment, can dramatically disrupt the equipment market and cause downward pressure on our equipment profit margins. Customer leasing arrangements in the agriculture and construction equipment industries may also impact the level of industry-wide equipment inventory supplies. When leased equipment comes off lease, there may be an increase in the availability of late-model used equipment, which can create an inventory over-supply condition and put pressure on our equipment sales and margins, and have an adverse effect on values of our used equipment inventory and rental fleet equipment. Similarly, rental house companies engage in regular sales of rental fleet units, which can further disrupt the supply-demand balance. However, we have no control over or ability to significantly influence any of the foregoing inputs into the equipment distribution markets, but expect that we will be subject to the negative impact, including downward pressure on equipment profit margins, resulting from any supply-demand imbalances arising therefrom.

Our financial performance is dependent on our ability to effectively manage our inventory.

Our agricultural and construction equipment dealership network requires substantial inventories of equipment and parts to be maintained at each store and company-wide to facilitate sales to customers on a timely basis. Our equipment inventory has traditionally represented 50% or more of our total assets. We need to maintain a proper balance of new and used equipment to assure satisfactory inventory turnover and to minimize floorplan financing costs.

Our purchases of new equipment and parts are based primarily on projected demand. If actual sales are materially less than our forecasts, for example, because of the unexpected effects on consumer demand caused by COVID-19, we would experience an over-supply of new equipment inventory. An over-supply of new equipment inventory will generally cause downward pressure on our product sale prices and margins, decrease our inventory turns, and increase our floorplan financing expenses.

Our used equipment is generally acquired as “trade-ins” from customers in connection with equipment sales to those customers. Equipment inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value. Adjustments to market value of inventory are recognized as a cost of sales, negatively impacting earnings, in the periods in which they occur. Our estimates of market value for our used equipment, as determined at the time of the trade-in, may prove to be inaccurate, given the potential for sudden change in market conditions and other factors beyond our control. Changes from our normal retail marketing channel to more aggressive marketing channels for specific pieces or categories of equipment inventory, particularly as equipment inventory ages, will generally result in lower sales prices. Pricing and sales of used equipment can be significantly affected by the limited market for certain types of used equipment.

Our international operations expose us to additional risks.

We currently operate dealership locations in Bulgaria, Germany, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine. In fiscal 2020, total International segment revenues were 18.1% of our consolidated total revenue. As of January 31, 2020, total International segment assets were 19.6% of our consolidated total assets.

Our operations in international markets subject us to risks related to the differing legal, political, social and regulatory environments and economic conditions in the countries in which we operate. Risks inherent in our international operations include:


•	difficulties in implementing our business model in foreign markets;


•	costs and diversion of domestic management attention related to oversight of international operations;


•	unexpected adverse changes in export duties, quotas and tariffs and difficulties in obtaining import licenses;


•	cyclicality of demand in European Union member states for agricultural equipment, based on availability of European Union government subsidy programs and tax incentives;


•	unexpected adverse changes in foreign laws or regulatory requirements;


•	compliance with a variety of tax regulations, foreign laws and regulations;


•	compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other U.S. laws that apply to the international operations of U.S. companies which may be difficult and costly to implement and monitor, can create competitive disadvantages if our competitors are not subject to such laws, and which, if violated, may result in substantial financial and reputational harm;

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•	fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates to which we are exposed may adversely affect the results of our operations, the value of our foreign assets and liabilities and our cash flows;


•	the laws of the European countries in which we operate, unlike U.S. states, do not include specific dealer protection laws and, therefore, we may be more susceptible to actions of suppliers that are adverse to our interests such as termination of our dealer agreements for any reason or installing additional dealers in our designated territories; and


•	geo-political or economic instability.

Any escalation of political tensions or economic instability in Ukraine, including as a result of heightened tensions between Ukraine and the Russian Federation, could create significant disruption in our Ukrainian operations and may have an adverse effect on our business operations in Ukraine. Previous periods of political tension and economic instability in Ukraine caused liquidity problems for our customers, which negatively impacted their purchasing decisions for our products and services, limited our ability to maintain working capital loans or increased the cost of maintaining such loans, and as a result of imposed currency exchange controls, restricted our ability to manage our cash held in Ukraine and our investment in our Ukrainian business. Our operations in Ukraine are subject to the risks of further devaluation of the local currency, increased interest rates and increased inflation.

These factors, in addition to others that we have not anticipated, may negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Floorplan financing for our equipment inventory may not be available on favorable terms, which would adversely affect our growth and results of operations.

We generally purchase our equipment with the assistance of floorplan payable financing programs through CNH Industrial Capital and our other credit facilities. In the event that our available financing sources are insufficient to satisfy our future requirements, we would be required to obtain financing from other sources. We may not be able to obtain this additional or alternative financing on commercially reasonable terms or at all. To the extent that this financing cannot be obtained on commercially reasonable terms or at all, our growth and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Our level of indebtedness could limit our financial and operational flexibility.

As of January 31, 2020, our indebtedness included floorplan payable financing, real estate mortgage financing arrangements that are secured by real estate assets and other long-term debt. In addition, we have obligations under our lease agreements for our store locations and corporate headquarters.

Our level of indebtedness could have important consequences. For example, it could:


•	increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;


•	limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; and


•	limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or general corporate purposes.

We expect to use cash flow from operations and borrowings under our credit facilities to fund our operations, debt service and capital expenditures. However, our ability to make these payments depends on our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic and other factors, many of which may be beyond our control.

The credit agreements governing our indebtedness restrict our ability to engage in certain corporate and financial transactions, and require us to satisfy financial covenants.

The credit agreements governing our indebtedness contain covenants that, among other things, may limit or place conditions on our ability to:


•	incur more debt;


•	make investments;


•	create liens;


•	merge, consolidate, or make certain acquisitions;


•	transfer and sell assets;


•	pay dividends or repurchase stock; and


•	issue equity instruments.

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Our credit facilities with CNH Industrial Capital and DLL Finance require us to satisfy a net leverage ratio and fixed charge coverage ratio on an ongoing basis, measured at the end of each fiscal quarter. Under the Bank Syndicate Credit Facility, if our excess availability (i.e., borrowing base capacity less outstanding loan balance and certain reserves) falls below a certain threshold, we become subject to a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. Our ability to borrow under these credit agreements depends upon compliance with these financial covenants.

Our failure to satisfy any covenant, absent a waiver or amendment, would cause us to be in default under our credit facilities and would enable our lenders to accelerate payment of the outstanding indebtedness. Each of our credit agreements include cross-default provisions which state that certain types of defaults under any other indebtedness agreement will also constitute a default under that credit agreement. If an event of default occurred, and the lender demanded accelerated payment, we may not be able to satisfy a pay-off request, whether through internal funds or a new financing.

Our variable rate indebtedness exposes us to interest rate risk.

A substantial portion of our floorplan and working capital borrowings, including the credit facilities with CNH Industrial Capital, the Bank Syndicate, DLL Finance, and our international floorplan facilities are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. As such, our results of operations are sensitive to movements in interest rates. There are many economic factors outside our control that have in the past and may, in the future, impact rates of interest including publicly announced indices that underlie the interest obligations related to a certain portion of our debt. Factors that impact interest rates include governmental monetary policies, inflation, recession, changes in unemployment, the money supply, and international instability impacting domestic and foreign financial markets. Any increases in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial conditions and results of operations.

Changes affecting the availability of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) may have consequences for the Company that cannot yet reasonably be predicted.

The Company has outstanding credit facilities, including the Bank Syndicate Credit Facility and the Company’s credit facility with DLL Finance, with variable interest rates based on LIBOR. The LIBOR benchmark has been subject of national, international, and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for calculation of LIBOR after 2021. These reforms may cause LIBOR to perform differently than in the past and LIBOR may ultimately cease to exist after 2021. Alternative benchmark rate(s) may replace LIBOR and could affect the Company’s credit facilities. At this time, it is not possible to predict the effect of any changes to LIBOR, any phase out of LIBOR or any establishment of alternative benchmark rates. Any new benchmark rate will likely not replicate LIBOR exactly. Any changes to benchmark rates may have an uncertain impact on our cost of funds and our access to the capital markets, which could impact our results of operations and cash flows.

We are in the process of implementing a new enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system, and problems with the design or implementation of this ERP system could interfere with our business and operations.

We are engaged in the implementation of a new ERP system. The ERP system is designed to accurately maintain the Company’s books and records and provide information to the Company’s management team important to the operation of our business. The Company’s ERP transition has required, and will continue to require, the investment of significant human and financial resources. We may not be able to successfully implement the ERP transition without experiencing delays, increased costs and other difficulties. Beyond cost and scheduling, potential flaws in the implementation of an ERP system may pose risks to the Company’s ability to operate successfully and efficiently, including timely and accurate SEC filings. If we are unable to successfully implement the new ERP system as planned, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be negatively impacted.

The agricultural and construction equipment industries are highly seasonal, which can cause significant fluctuations in our results of operations and cash flow.

The agricultural and construction equipment businesses are highly seasonal, which causes our quarterly results to fluctuate during the year. Farmers generally purchase agricultural equipment and service work in preparation for, or in conjunction with, the spring planting and fall harvesting seasons. Construction equipment customers’ purchases of equipment and service work, as well as rental of equipment, are also seasonal in our stores located in colder climates where construction work slows significantly in the winter months. In addition, the fourth quarter typically is a significant period for equipment sales in the U.S. because of our customers’ year-end tax planning considerations, the timing of dealer incentives and the increase in availability of farmers’ funds from completed harvests and construction customers' funds from completed projects. Also, numerous external factors such as credit markets, commodity prices, weather conditions, and other circumstances may disrupt normal purchasing practices and customers’ sentiment, further contributing to the seasonal fluctuations.

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Weather conditions may negatively impact the agricultural and construction equipment markets and affect our financial results.

Weather conditions, particularly severe floods and droughts, can have a significant adverse effect on growing conditions and on regional agricultural and construction markets. Adverse weather conditions may result in fewer acres being planted or harvested by farmers and reduced crop yields on those acres that are planted. Accordingly, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by adverse weather conditions.

Our rental operations subject us to risks including increased maintenance costs as our rental fleet ages, increased costs of new replacement equipment we use in our fleet, and losses upon disposition of rental fleet units.

Our rental fleet margins are materially impacted by utilization of fleet assets, which is seasonal and can fluctuate materially due to weather and economic factors. If our rental equipment ages, the costs of maintaining that equipment, if not replaced within a certain period of time, will likely increase. The cost of new equipment for use in our rental fleet could also increase due to increased material costs for our suppliers or other factors beyond our control. Furthermore, changes in customer demand could cause some of our existing equipment to become obsolete and require us to purchase new equipment at increased costs.

Upon the sale of a rental fleet unit, we include in operating income the difference between the sales price and the depreciated value of the equipment sold. The market value of any given piece of rental equipment could be less than its depreciated value at the time it is sold. The market value of used rental equipment depends on several factors, including:


•	market prices for like equipment;


•	hours and condition of the equipment;


•	time of year that the equipment is sold;


•	the supply of used equipment in the market; and


•	general economic conditions.

Any significant decline in the selling prices for used rental equipment, or increased costs resulting from our rental operations, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operation and cash flow.

Our industry is highly competitive.

The agricultural and construction equipment distribution (including parts and service) and rental industries are highly competitive and fragmented, with large numbers of companies operating on a regional or local basis. Historically, our competitors have competed aggressively on the basis of pricing or inventory availability, resulting in decreased margins on our sales to the extent we choose to match our competitors' pricing. To the extent we choose not to match or remain within a reasonable competitive distance from our competitors' pricing, we may lose sales volume and market share. In addition, to the extent CNH Industrial's competitors (such as Deere, Caterpillar, Komatsu, Volvo, and AGCO) provide their dealers with more innovative or higher quality products, better customer financing, or have more effective marketing programs or the CNH Industrial reputation or brand are tarnished in the marketplace or with our customers, our ability to compete and our results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, e-commerce companies selling parts have negatively impacted dealers' parts sales and margins, and it is expected that this competitive pressure will only continue to increase in the future.

If our acquisition plans are unsuccessful, we may not achieve our planned long-term revenue growth.

Our ability to grow through the acquisition of additional CNH Industrial geographic areas of responsibility and store locations or other businesses will be dependent upon the availability of suitable acquisition candidates at acceptable values, our ability to compete effectively for available acquisition candidates and the availability of capital to complete the acquisitions. We may not successfully identify suitable targets, or if we do, we may not be able to close the transactions, or if we close the transactions, they may not be profitable. In addition, CNH Industrial's consent is required for the acquisition of any CNH Industrial dealership, and the consent of our lenders may be required for certain acquisitions. CNH Industrial typically evaluates management, historical performance, and capitalization of a prospective acquirer in determining whether to consent to the sale of a CNH Industrial dealership. There can be no assurance that CNH Industrial or our lenders will consent to any acquisitions of dealerships that we may propose.

Our acquisitions may not be successful.

There are risks associated with acquisitions of new dealerships. These risks include incurring significantly higher than anticipated capital expenditures and operating expenses; failing to assimilate the operations and personnel of the acquired dealerships; disrupting our ongoing business; diluting the effectiveness of our management; failing to maintain uniform

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standards, controls and policies; and impairing relationships with employees and customers as a result of changes in management. To the extent we do not successfully avoid or overcome the risks or problems related to acquisitions, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. Future acquisitions also may have a significant impact on our financial position and capital needs, and could cause substantial fluctuations in our quarterly and yearly results of operations. Acquisitions could include significant goodwill and intangible assets, which may result in future impairment charges that would reduce our stated earnings.

We are exposed to customer credit risks.

We extend credit to our customers for parts and service work, rental charges, and also for some equipment sales in our domestic and international operations. If we are unable to manage credit risk issues adequately, or if a large number of customers should have financial difficulties at the same time, our credit losses could increase above historical levels and our operating results would be adversely affected. Delinquencies and credit losses generally would be expected to increase if there was a worsening of economic conditions.

Our business success depends on attracting and retaining qualified personnel.

Our success in executing our operating and strategic plans depends on the efforts and abilities of our management team and key employees, including the managers of our field operations and our country managers in our International operations. The failure to attract and retain members of our management team and key employees will harm us.

Over the past several months, the equipment industry has experienced a shortage of qualified service technicians. If this trend worsens and we are not able to hire and retain qualified service technicians at acceptable levels, our ability to satisfy customers' service needs would be negatively impacted. Moreover, the technician shortage may increase our service technician compensation expense, and reduce our gross margins on service work.

Selling and renting agricultural and construction equipment, selling parts, and providing repair services subject us to liability risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and reputation.

Products sold, rented or serviced by us may expose us to potential liabilities for personal injury or property damage claims that arise from the use of such products. Our commercial liability insurance may not be adequate to cover significant product liability claims, or we may not be able to secure such insurance on economically reasonable terms. An uninsured or partially insured claim for which indemnification from the manufacturer is not available could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Furthermore, if any significant claims are made against us or against CNH Industrial or any of our other suppliers, our business may be adversely affected by any related negative publicity or any adverse impact on the reputation or brand of any of our suppliers, including CNH Industrial.

Labor organizing and other activities could negatively impact us.

The unionization of all or a substantial portion of our workforce could result in work slowdowns or stoppages, could increase our overall costs, could reduce our operating margins and reduce the efficiency of our operations at the affected locations, could adversely affect our flexibility to run our business competitively, and could otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our common stock price has fluctuated significantly and may continue to do so in the future.

The price at which our common stock trades may be volatile and could be subject to significant fluctuations in response to our operating results and financial condition as set forth in our earnings releases, guidance estimates released by agricultural or construction equipment manufacturers that serve the markets in which we operate, announcements by our competitors, analyst recommendations, our ability to meet or exceed analysts’ or investors’ expectations, fluctuations in the price of crop commodities and natural resources, the condition of the financial markets, and other factors. Quarterly fluctuations resulting from the seasonality of our business may cause our results of operations and cash flows to underperform in relation to our quarterly modeling assumptions or the expectations of financial analysts or investors, which may cause volatility or decreases in our stock price.

The Company’s stock price is dependent in part on the multiple of earnings that investors are willing to pay. That multiple is in part dependent on investors’ perception of the Company’s future earnings growth prospects. If investors’ perception of the Company’s earnings growth prospects change, the Company’s earnings multiple may decline, and its stock price could be adversely affected.

In addition, the stock market in recent years has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies. These fluctuations, as well as general economic and market conditions, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock notwithstanding our actual operating performance.

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Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

The efficient operation of our business is dependent on our information technology systems. We use information technology systems to record, process and summarize financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory financial reporting, legal and tax requirements. Additionally, in the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including proprietary business information, of our customers and suppliers, as well as personally identifiable information of our customers and employees, in our data centers and on our networks. The secure operation of these information technology networks and the systems of the third parties with whom we do business and the processing and maintenance of information is critical to our operations. Despite our and the third parties with whom we do business' security measures and business continuity plans, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to attacks by hackers or breaches due to employee error or malfeasance or other disruptions arising from power outages, telecommunication failures, terrorist acts, natural disasters, or other catastrophic events. The occurrence of these events could compromise our networks, and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or regulatory penalties under laws that protect the privacy of personally identifiable information, disrupt our operations, and damage our reputation, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In particular, given our Europe operations, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation imposes stringent data protection requirement and provides significant penalties for noncompliance. In addition, as security threats continue to evolve and increase in frequency and sophistication, we may need to invest additional resources to protect the security of our systems.

We maintain cyber risk insurance, but this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our losses from any future breaches of our systems.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Equipment Stores

As of January 31, 2020, we operate 107 agricultural and construction equipment stores in the United States and Europe in the following locations.



	Agriculture Segment	Construction Segment	International Segment	Total
US States
North Dakota	10	5	—	15
Minnesota	10	3	—	13
Iowa	10	3	—	13
Nebraska	11	2	—	13
South Dakota	8	2	—	10
Colorado	—	3	—	3
Montana	—	3	—	3
Arizona	—	2	—	2
Wisconsin	—	1	—	1
Wyoming	—	1	—	1
European Countries
Bulgaria	—	—	7	7
Germany	—	—	5	5
Romania	—	—	12	12
Ukraine	—	—	8	8
Serbia	—	—	1	1
Total	49	25	33	107

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Store Lease Arrangements

As of January 31, 2020, we leased 94 store facilities with lease arrangements expiring at various dates through January 31, 2031. Many of our lease agreements include fair market value purchase options, rights of first refusal, lease term extension options, or month-to-month or year-to-year automatic renewal provisions at the conclusion of the original lease period. A majority of the leases provide for fixed monthly rental payments and require us to pay the real estate taxes on the properties for the lease periods. We are generally responsible for utilities and maintenance of the leased premises. All of the leases require that we maintain public liability, property casualty, and personal property insurance on each of the leased premises. The leases generally require us to indemnify the lessor in connection with any claims arising from the leased premises during our occupation of the property. We believe our facilities are adequate to meet our current and anticipated needs.

As part of our due diligence review prior to a dealership acquisition, we evaluate the adequacy, suitability and condition of the related real estate. Our evaluation typically includes a Phase I environmental study, and if deemed necessary, a Phase II environmental study, of the real property to determine whether there are any environmental concerns. If any environmental concerns exist, we generally require that such concerns be addressed prior to acquisition of the dealership.

We have not historically owned significant amounts of real estate, although we evaluate opportunities to invest in our real estate on a case by case basis. We currently own the store facilities for 9 U.S. dealership locations and 4 Germany dealership locations. We have incurred debt financing and granted mortgages on these owned facilities. The remainder of our U.S. and international store locations are leased from third parties.

Headquarters

We currently lease and occupy approximately 48,000 square feet in West Fargo, North Dakota for our headquarters, this lease expires on January 31, 2028. We continually review our location needs, including the adequacy of our headquarters space, to ensure our space is sufficient to support our operations. We believe there is ample opportunity for expansion in our West Fargo headquarters facility if necessary.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are, from time to time, subject to claims and suits arising in the ordinary course of business. Such claims have, in the past, generally been covered by insurance. Management believes the resolution of other legal matters will not have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operation or cash flow, although the ultimate outcome of any such actions is not assured. Furthermore, our insurance may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that may arise out of claims brought against us.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

The names, ages and positions of our executive officers are as follows:



Name	Age	Position
David Meyer	66	Board Chair and Chief Executive Officer
Mark Kalvoda	48	Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
Bryan Knutson	41	Chief Operating Officer

David Meyer is our Board Chair and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Meyer worked for JI Case Company in 1975. From 1976 to 1980, Mr. Meyer was a partner in a Case/New Holland Dealership with locations in Lisbon, North Dakota and Wahpeton, North Dakota. In 1980, Mr. Meyer, along with a partner, founded Titan Machinery Inc. Mr. Meyer has served on both the Case CE and CaseIH Agriculture Dealer Advisory Boards. Mr. Meyer is the past chairman of the North Dakota Implement Dealers Association, and currently serves as a Trustee on the University of Minnesota Foundation.

Mark Kalvoda became our Chief Financial Officer in April 2011 and previously served as our Chief Accounting Officer since September 2007. Prior to joining us, he held various positions between 2004 and 2007 at American Crystal Sugar Co., including Corporate Controller, Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer. Prior to working for American Crystal Sugar Co., he served in various financial positions within Hormel Foods Corporation.

Bryan Knutson became our Chief Operating Officer in August 2017 and previously served as our Vice President, Ag Operations since 2016. Mr. Knutson joined the company in 2002 where he began his career in equipment sales later advancing to store manager, complex manager and region manager prior to his current role. Mr. Knutson is a current board member of the Pioneer Equipment Dealers Association.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock is listed for trading on the NASDAQ Stock Market and trades under the symbol "TITN". As of March 31, 2020, there were approximately 665 record holders of our common stock, which excludes holders whose stock is held either in nominee name or street name brokerage accounts.

DIVIDENDS

We have not historically paid any dividends on our common stock and do not expect to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Payment of future cash dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs, outstanding indebtedness and plans for expansion and restrictions imposed by lenders, if any.

UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

We did not have any unregistered sales of equity securities during the fiscal quarter ended January 31, 2020.

SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS

For information on securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, refer to Item 12, "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters."

REPURCHASES

We did not engage in any repurchases of our common stock during the fiscal quarter ended January 31, 2020.

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STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH

The following graph compares the cumulative total return for the last trading day of our last five fiscal years on a $100 investment (assuming dividend reinvestment) on January 31, 2015, the last trading day before our fifth preceding fiscal year, in each of our common stock, the Russell 2000 Stock Index and the S&P Retailing Group Index.



	January 31,
	2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020
Titan Machinery Inc.	$	100.00	$	60.08	$	97.74	$	152.09	$	132.63	$	86.41
Russell 2000 Index	100.00		88.84		116.86		135.15		129.01		138.71
S&P 500 Retail Index	100.00		115.56		135.00		194.19		203.54		243.26

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The data given below, excluding the store count data, as of and for each of the five years in the period ended January 31, 2020, has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. In order to understand the effect of accounting policies and material uncertainties that could affect our presentation of financial information, this data should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included under Item 8 to this Form 10-K and in conjunction with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation included under Item 7 of this Form 10-K.

The change in store count, resulting from acquisitions, new store openings, or store closings, has an impact on the comparability of our statement of operations and balance sheet information. The table below summarizes the net change in our store count and ending store count for each fiscal year presented.



	Year Ended January 31,
	2020	2019	2018		2017	2016
Store Count Data
Net change in store count during fiscal year	3	7	(12	)	1	(4	)
Store count at end of fiscal year	107	104	97		109	108

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	Year Ended January 31,
	2020			2019			2018			2017			2016
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Statement of Operations Data:
Revenue
Equipment	$	917,202		$	909,178		$	844,768		$	838,037		$	972,496
Parts	234,217			210,796			203,231			214,103			222,982
Service	99,165			86,840			88,794			94,408			94,216
Rental and other	54,587			54,691			55,813			55,149			66,098
Total Revenue	1,305,171			1,261,505			1,192,606			1,201,697			1,355,792
Cost of Revenue
Equipment	818,707			812,467			764,649			769,924			917,779
Parts	165,190			149,615			143,729			149,212			156,563
Service	33,446			29,036			30,679			31,490			30,121
Rental and other	37,010			38,799			38,249			37,342			45,415
Total Cost of Revenue	1,054,353			1,029,917			977,306			987,968			1,149,878
Gross Profit	250,818			231,588			215,300			213,729			205,914
Operating Expenses	225,722			201,537			203,203			211,372			220,524
Impairment and Restructuring Costs	3,764			2,570			11,172			4,729			8,500
Income (Loss) from Operations	21,332			27,481			925			(2,372		)	(23,110		)
Other Income (Expense)
Interest income and other income (expense)	3,126			2,547			1,635			1,524			(478		)
Interest expense	(9,806		)	(13,874		)	(16,999		)	(21,865		)	(32,623		)
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes	14,652			16,154			(14,439		)	(22,713		)	(56,211		)
Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes	699			3,972			(7,390		)	(8,178		)	(17,982		)
Net Income (Loss) Including Noncontrolling Interest	13,953			12,182			(7,049		)	(14,535		)	(38,229		)
Less: Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	—			—			—			(356		)	(337		)
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Titan Machinery Inc.	$	13,953		$	12,182		$	(7,049	)	$	(14,179	)	$	(37,892	)

Earnings (Loss) per Share:
Basic	$	0.63		$	0.55		$	(0.32	)	$	(0.65	)	$	(1.76	)
Diluted	$	0.63		$	0.55		$	(0.32	)	$	(0.65	)	$	(1.76	)

Weighted Average Shares Outstanding:
Basic	21,946			21,809			21,543			21,294			21,111
Diluted	21,953			21,816			21,543			21,294			21,111

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	January 31,
	2020			2019			2018			2017			2016
	(in thousands)
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash	$	43,721		$	56,745		$	53,396		$	53,151		$	89,465
Receivables, net	72,776			77,500			60,672			60,082			65,534
Inventories	597,394			491,091			472,467			478,266			680,482
Prepaid expenses and other	13,655			15,556			12,440			10,989			9,753
Income taxes receivable	—			—			171			5,380			13,011
Total current assets	727,546			640,892			599,146			607,868			858,245
Goodwill and intangibles, net	10,694			8,408			5,193			5,001			5,134
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation	145,562			138,950			151,047			156,647			183,179
Operating lease assets	88,281			—			—			—			—
Deferred income taxes	2,147			3,010			3,472			547			—
Other assets	1,113			1,178			1,450			1,359			1,317
Total Assets	$	975,343		$	792,438		$	760,308		$	771,422		$	1,047,875

Accounts payable	$	16,976		$	16,607		$	15,136		$	17,326		$	16,863
Floorplan payable (1)	371,772			273,756			247,392			233,228			444,780
Senior convertible notes	—			45,249			—			—			—
Current maturities of long-term debt (2)	13,779			2,067			1,574			1,373			1,557
Current operating lease liabilities	12,259			—			—			—			—
Deferred revenue	40,968			46,409			32,324			26,366			31,159
Accrued expenses and other (2)	38,409			36,364			31,863			30,533			29,066
Total current liabilities	494,163			420,452			328,289			308,826			523,425
Senior convertible notes	—			—			62,819			88,501			134,145
Long-term debt, less current maturities (2)	37,789			20,676			34,578			38,236			38,409
Operating lease liabilities	88,387			—			—			—			—
Deferred income taxes	2,055			4,955			2,275			9,500			11,135
Other long-term liabilities (2)	7,845			11,044			10,492			5,180			2,412
Total stockholders' equity	345,104			335,311			321,855			321,179			338,349
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	$	975,343		$	792,438		$	760,308		$	771,422		$	1,047,875

(1) Portion of floorplan payable balance which is interest-bearing as of January 31, of the relevant year	45		%	45		%	47		%	72		%	75		%
(2) Amounts as of, and prior to January 31, 2018, do not include the reclassification of finance leases from current maturities of long-term debt to accrued expenses and other, as well as, long-term debt, less current maturities to other long-term liabilities. See Note 1 of our consolidated financial statements for further detail.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and the related notes appearing under Item 8 of this Form10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this annual report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and expected financial results, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the "Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statement" in this Item 7 and "Risk Factors" presented under Item 1A for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis in this annual report.

A discussion of changes in our Financial Results and Cash Flow Comparisons from fiscal year 2018 to fiscal year 2019 has been omitted from this Form 10-K, but may be found in Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on April 5, 2019.

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION

We own and operate a network of full service agricultural and construction equipment stores in the United States and Europe. Based upon information provided to us by CNH Industrial N.V. or its U.S. subsidiary CNH Industrial America, LLC, collectively referred to in this annual report as CNH Industrial, we are the largest retail dealer of Case IH Agriculture equipment in the world, the largest retail dealer of Case Construction equipment in North America and a major retail dealer of New Holland Agriculture and New Holland Construction equipment in the U.S. We operate our business through three reportable segments: Agriculture, Construction and International. Within each segment, we have four principal sources of revenue: new and used equipment sales, parts sales, service, and equipment rental and other activities.

The agricultural equipment we sell and service includes machinery and attachments for uses ranging from large-scale farming to home and garden use. The construction equipment we sell and service includes heavy construction machinery, light industrial machinery for commercial and residential construction, road and highway construction machinery, mining, energy, and forestry operations equipment. We offer our customers a one-stop solution for their equipment needs through:


•	new and used equipment sales;


•	parts sales;


•	equipment repair and maintenance services; and


•	equipment rental and other activities.

The new equipment and parts we sell are supplied primarily by CNH Industrial. According to its public reports, CNH Industrial is a leading manufacturer and supplier of agricultural and construction equipment based on the number of units sold, primarily through the Case IH Agriculture, New Holland Agriculture, Case Construction and New Holland Construction brands. Sales of new CNH Industrial products accounted for approximately 70% of our new equipment revenue in fiscal 2020, with our single largest manufacturer other than CNH Industrial representing approximately 2% of our total new equipment sales. We acquire used equipment for resale primarily through trade-ins from our customers and in some cases through selective purchases. We sell parts and provide in-store and on-site repair and maintenance services. We rent equipment and provide other ancillary services such as equipment transportation, GPS signal subscriptions, farm data management systems, precision farming equipment, and finance and insurance products.

Throughout our 39-year operating history, we have built an extensive, geographically contiguous network of 74 stores located in the United States and 33 stores in Europe. We have a history of growth through acquisitions, including over 50 acquisitions in 11 U.S. states and four European countries since January 1, 2003. We believe that there will continue to be opportunities for dealership consolidation in the future, and we expect that acquisitions will continue to be a component of our long-term growth strategy.

Certain External Factors Affecting our Business

We are subject to a number of factors that affect our business including those factors discussed in the sections in this annual report entitled "Risk Factors" and "Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements." Certain of these external factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

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Macroeconomic and Industry Factors

Our Agriculture and International businesses are primarily driven by the demand for agricultural equipment for use in the production of food, fiber, feed grain and renewable energy; home and garden applications; and the maintenance of commercial, residential and government properties. Agriculture industry factors such as changes in agricultural commodity prices and net farm income, have an effect on customer sentiment and their ability to secure financing for equipment purchases. Macroeconomic and industry factors that affect commodity prices and net farm income include changing worldwide demand for agriculture commodities, crop yields and supply disruptions caused by weather patterns and crop diseases, crop stock levels, production costs, and changing U.S. dollar foreign currency exchange rates. Based on U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA") publications, the most recent estimate of net farm income for calendar year 2019 increased 12% compared to calendar year 2018 due to the U.S. Federal government's direct farm program payments. Based on its February 2020 report, the USDA projected net farm income for calendar year 2020 to increase 3.0%, as compared to calendar year 2019.

During economic downturns, and especially in the agriculture industry, equipment revenue generally decreases; however, parts and service revenue tend to be more stable, as the amount of land in production remains unchanged. Additionally, farmers maintain existing equipment rather than purchase new equipment. Our gross profit margins on equipment sales are lower than our gross profit margins on parts and service. As a result, a change in sales mix may cause our gross profit margin to increase on a percentage basis even though our overall gross profit dollars may decrease. Our operating expenses are largely fixed expenses, other than commissions paid to our equipment sales consultants, which generally fluctuate with gross profit. When equipment revenue decreases, it may have a negative impact on our ability to leverage these fixed costs, and, as a result, may reduce our operating income.

Seasonality & Weather

The agricultural and construction equipment businesses are highly seasonal, which causes our quarterly results and our available cash flow to fluctuate during the year. Our customers generally purchase and rent equipment in preparation for, or in conjunction with, their busy seasons, which for farmers are the spring planting and fall harvesting seasons; and which for Construction customers is typically the second and third quarters of our fiscal year for much of our Construction footprint. Our parts and service revenues are typically highest during our customers' busy seasons as well, due to the increased use of their equipment during this time, which generates the need for more parts and service work. However, weather conditions impact the timing of our customers' busy times, which may cause greater than expected fluctuations in our quarterly financial results year over year. In addition, the fourth quarter typically is a significant period for equipment sales in the U.S. because of our customers’ year-end tax planning considerations, the timing of dealer incentives and the increase in availability of funds from completed harvests and construction projects.

Seasonal weather trends, particularly severe wet or dry conditions, can have a significant impact on regional agricultural and construction market performance by affecting crop production and the ability to undertake construction projects. Weather conditions that adversely affect the agricultural or construction markets decrease the demand for our products and services.

In addition, numerous external factors such as credit markets, commodity prices, and other circumstances may disrupt normal purchasing practices and buyer sentiment, further contributing to the seasonal fluctuations.

Dependence on our Primary Supplier

The majority of our business involves the distribution and servicing of equipment manufactured by CNH Industrial. In fiscal 2020, CNH Industrial supplied approximately 74% of the new equipment sold in our Agriculture segment, 70% of the new equipment sold in our Construction segment, and 62% of the new equipment sold in our International segment, and represented a significant portion of our parts revenue. Thus, we believe the following factors have a significant impact on our operating results:


•	CNH Industrial’s product offerings, reputation and market share;


•	CNH Industrial’s product prices and incentive and discount programs;


•	CNH Industrial's supply of inventory;


•	CNH Industrial's offering of floorplan payable financing for the purchase of a substantial portion of our inventory; and


•	CNH Industrial's offering of financing and leasing used by our customers to purchase CNH Industrial equipment from us.

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Credit Market Changes

Changes in credit markets can affect our customers' ability and willingness to make capital expenditures, including purchasing our equipment. Tight credit markets, a low level of liquidity in many financial markets, and extreme volatility in fixed income, credit, currency and equity markets have the potential to adversely affect our business. Such disruptions in the overall economy and financial markets and the related reduction in consumer confidence in the economy, slow activity in the capital markets, negatively affect access to credit on commercially acceptable terms, and may adversely impact our customers' access to credit and the terms of any such credit. However, if retail interest rates remain low, our business may be positively affected by customers who find financing purchases of our equipment more attractive due to lower borrowing costs.

Our business is also particularly dependent on our access to credit markets to manage inventory and finance acquisitions. We cannot predict what future changes will occur in credit markets or how these changes will impact our business.

Inflation

Inflation has not had a material impact on our operating results and we do not expect it to have a material impact in the future. To date, in those instances in which we have experienced cost increases, we have been able to increase selling prices to offset such increases.

Significant Items Impacting Our Financial Position and Results of Operations

AGRAM Acquisition

On July 2, 2018, we continued our strategy of acquiring dealerships in desired market areas with our acquisition of two commonly-controlled companies, AGRAM Landtechnikvertrieb GmbH and AGRAM Landtechnik Rollwitz GmbH (collectively "AGRAM"). AGRAM consists of four Case IH agriculture dealership locations in the following cities of Germany: Altranft, Burkau, Gutzkow, and Rollowitz. Total cash consideration paid in the acquisition was $19.2 million, which we financed through available cash resources and capacity under our existing floorplan payable and other credit facilities. The four AGRAM dealerships are included within our International segment.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

In the preparation of financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), we are required to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and the related disclosures. While we believe the estimates and judgments we use in preparing our financial statements are appropriate, they are subject to future events and uncertainties regarding their outcome and therefore actual results may materially differ from these estimates. We describe in Note 1, Business Activity and Significant Accounting Polices, of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements the significant accounting policies used in preparing the consolidated financial statements. We consider the following items in our consolidated financial statements to require significant estimation or judgment.

Revenue Recognition

Equipment revenue transactions include the sale of agricultural and construction equipment and often include both cash and noncash consideration received from our customers, with noncash consideration in the form of used, trade-in, equipment assets. The amount of revenue recognized in the sale transaction is dependent on the value assigned to the trade-in asset. Significant judgment is required to estimate the value of trade-in assets. We assign value based on the estimated selling price for that piece of equipment in the applicable market, less a gross profit amount to be realized at the time the trade-in asset is sold and an estimate of any reconditioning work required to ready the asset for sale. We estimate future selling prices of trade-in assets using various external industry data and relevant internal information, and consider the impact of various factors including model year, hours of use, overall condition, and other equipment specifications. Our estimates of the value of trade-in assets are impacted by changing market values of used equipment and the availability of relevant and reliable third-party data. In instances in which relevant third-party information is not available, the value assigned to trade-in equipment is dependent on internal judgments.

Inventories

New and used equipment inventories are stated at the lower of cost (specific identification) or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The majority of our used equipment inventory is acquired through trade-ins from our customers and is initially measured and recognized based on the estimated future selling price of the equipment, less a gross profit amount to be realized when the trade-in asset is sold and an estimate of any reconditioning work required to ready the

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asset for sale. Subsequent to the initial recognition, all new and used equipment inventories are subject to lower of cost or net realizable value assessments. We estimate net realizable value using internal information, management judgment and third-party data that considers various factors including age of equipment, hours of use and market conditions. Generally, used equipment prices are more volatile to changes in market conditions than prices for new equipment due to incentive programs that may be offered by manufacturers to assist in the sale of new equipment. We review our equipment inventory values and adjust them whenever the carrying amount exceeds the estimated net realizable value.

Parts inventories are valued at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. We estimate net realizable value of our parts inventories based on various factors including aging and sales history of each type of parts inventory.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-Lived Assets. Our long-lived assets consist primarily of property and equipment and operating lease assets. We review these assets for potential impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the estimated future undiscounted cash flows of such assets to their carrying values. If the estimated undiscounted cash flows exceed the carrying value, the carrying value is considered recoverable and no impairment recognition is required. However, if the sum of the undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the asset, the second step of the impairment analysis must be performed to measure the amount of the impairment, if any. The second step of the impairment analysis compares the estimated fair value of the long-lived asset to its carrying value and any amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value is recognized as an impairment charge.

When reviewing long-lived assets for impairment, we group long-lived assets with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Long-lived assets deployed and used by individual store locations are reviewed for impairment at the individual store level. Other long-lived assets shared across stores within a segment or shared across segments are reviewed for impairment on a segment or consolidated level as appropriate.

During our 2020 fiscal year, we determined that events or circumstances were present that may indicate that the carrying amount of certain of our store long-lived assets might not be recoverable. The events or circumstances which indicated that certain of our store long-lived assets might not be recoverable included a current period operating loss combined with historical losses and anticipated future operating losses within certain of our stores, or an expectation that a long-lived asset (or asset group) will be disposed of before the end of its previously estimated useful life. In light of these circumstances, we performed step one of the impairment analysis for these assets, which have a combined carrying value of $35.4 million, to determine if the asset values are recoverable. In certain cases, the analysis indicated that the carrying value is not recoverable. The aggregate carrying value of such assets totaled $9.4 million. Based on this conclusion, we performed step two of the impairment analysis and estimated the fair value of these assets using an income approach that incorporated unobservable inputs including estimated forecasted net cash flows generated from the use and disposition of these assets. Step two of the analysis indicated that an impairment charge in the amount of $3.1 million was necessary, of which $2.3 million related to the Agriculture segment and $0.8 million related to the Construction segment. In all other cases, in which the aggregate carrying value of such assets totaled $26.0 million, our analyses indicated that the carrying values are recoverable based on our estimates of future undiscounted cash flows under step one of the impairment analysis.

Our impairment analyses require significant judgment, including identification of the grouping of long-lived and other assets and liabilities for impairment testing, estimates of future cash flows arising from these groups of assets and liabilities, and estimates of the remaining useful lives of the long-lived assets being evaluated. Our estimates inherently include a degree of uncertainty and are impacted by macroeconomic and industry conditions, the competitive environment and other factors. Adverse changes in any of these factors in future periods could result in impairment charges in future periods which could materially impact our results of operations and financial position.

Income Taxes

In determining our provision for (benefit from) income taxes, we must make certain judgments and estimates, including an assessment of the realizability of our deferred tax assets. In evaluating our ability to realize the benefit of our deferred tax assets we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including our historical operating results and our expectation of future taxable income, the availability to implement prudent tax-planning strategies, and the carryforward periods over which the assets may be realized. These assumptions require significant judgment and estimation.

In reviewing our deferred tax assets as of January 31, 2019, we concluded that a partial valuation allowance for U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets was warranted. In total we had recognized a valuation allowance of $4.4 million as of January 31, 2019. This conclusion was principally based on the presence of historical losses and our expected future sources of taxable income, including the anticipated future reversal of our existing deferred tax assets and liabilities. We review our foreign deferred tax assets, including net operating losses, on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. As of January 31, 2019, we

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concluded that a valuation allowance for certain of our foreign deferred tax assets, including net operating losses, was warranted. In total we have recognized a valuation allowance in the amount of $2.3 million. This conclusion was principally based on the presence of historical losses and the anticipated time period over which we may generate taxable income in excess of these historical losses.

During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2020, the Company concluded, based upon all available evidence, it was more likely than not that it would have sufficient future taxable income to realize the Company’s federal and state deferred tax assets. As a result, the Company released the $4.6 million valuation allowance associated with deferred tax assets and recognized a corresponding benefit from income taxes in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended January 31, 2020. At fiscal year end 2020, the remaining foreign valuation allowance was $2.2 million and there was no domestic valuation allowance. The Company's conclusion regarding the realizability of such deferred tax assets was based on recent profitable domestic operations resulting in a cumulative profit over the three-year period ending January 31, 2020 and our projections of future profitability in the U.S.

The initial recognition of, and any changes in, a deferred tax asset valuation allowance are recorded to the provision for income taxes and impacts our effective tax rate. Our assessment of the need for and magnitude of valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets may be impacted by changes in tax laws, our assumptions regarding the ability to generate future taxable income and the availability of tax-planning strategies. Changes in any of these factors could lead to a change in the recognized valuation allowance which may impact our future results of operations and financial position.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 1, Business Activity and Significant Accounting Polices, of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of new accounting pronouncements recently adopted or not yet adopted and the impact or anticipated impact of such pronouncements to our consolidated financial statements.

Key Financial Metrics

In addition to tracking our sales and expenses to evaluate our operational performance, we also monitor the following key financial metrics. The results of some of these metrics are discussed further throughout the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section of this Form 10-K.

Inventory Turnover

Inventory turnover measures the rate at which inventory is sold during the year. We calculate it by dividing cost of sales on equipment and parts for the last twelve months by the average of the month-end balances of our equipment and parts inventories for the same twelve-month period. We believe that inventory turnover is an important management metric in evaluating the efficiency at which we are managing and selling our inventories.

Same-Store Results

Same-store results for any period represent results of operations by stores that were part of our Company for the entire comparable period in the preceding fiscal year. We do not distinguish relocated or newly-expanded stores in this same-store analysis. Closed stores are excluded from the same-store analysis.

Absorption

Absorption is an industry term that refers to the percentage of an equipment dealer's operating expense covered by the combined gross profit from parts, service and rental fleet activity. We calculate absorption by dividing our gross profit from sales of parts, service and rental fleet by our operating expenses, less commission expense on equipment sales, plus interest expense on floorplan payables and rental fleet debt. We believe that absorption is an important management metric because during economic down cycles our customers tend to postpone new and used equipment purchases while continuing to run, maintain and repair their existing equipment. Thus, operating at a high absorption rate enables us to operate profitably throughout economic down cycles.

Dollar Utilization

Dollar utilization is a measurement of asset performance and profitability used in the rental industry. We calculate the dollar utilization of our rental fleet equipment by dividing the rental revenue earned on our rental fleet by the average gross carrying value of our rental fleet (comprised of original equipment costs plus additional capitalized costs) for that period. While our rental fleet has variable expenses related to repairs and maintenance, its primary expense for depreciation is fixed. Low dollar utilization of our rental fleet has a negative impact on gross profit margin and gross profit dollars due to the fixed

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depreciation component. However, high dollar utilization of our rental fleet has a positive impact on gross profit margin and gross profit dollars.

Adjusted EBITDA

EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as earnings before finance costs, income taxes, depreciation and amortization and is a metric frequently used to assess and evaluate financial performance. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA as a measure of financial performance, as a supplemental measure to evaluate the Company's overall operating performance and believes it provides a useful metric for comparability between periods and across entities within our industry by excluding differences in capital structure, income taxes, non-cash charges and certain activities that occur outside of the ordinary course of our business. We calculate Adjusted EBITDA as our net income (loss), adjusted for net interest (excluding floorplan interest expense), income taxes, depreciation, amortization, and items included in our non-GAAP reconciliation, for each of the respective periods. Adjusted EBITDA should be evaluated in addition to, and not considered a substitute for, or superior to, any GAAP measure of net income (loss). In addition, other companies may calculate Adjusted EBITDA in a different manner, which may hinder comparability with other companies. The Company's Adjusted EBITDA for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2020 and 2019 was $53.1 million and $49.8 million, respectively. Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income.

Key Financial Statement Components

Revenue


•	Equipment: We derive equipment revenue from the sale of new and used agricultural and construction equipment.


•	Parts: We derive parts revenue from the sale of parts for brands of equipment that we sell, other makes of equipment, and other types of equipment and related components. Our parts sales provide us with a relatively stable revenue stream that is less sensitive to the economic cycles that affect our equipment sales.


•	Service: We derive service revenue from repair and maintenance services to our customers' equipment. Our repair and maintenance services provide a high-margin, relatively stable source of revenue through changing economic cycles.


•	Rental and other: We derive other revenue from equipment rentals and ancillary equipment support activities such as equipment transportation, GPS signal subscriptions and reselling financial and insurance products.

Cost of Revenue


•	Equipment: Cost of equipment revenue is the lower of the acquired cost or the market value of the specific piece of equipment sold.


•	Parts: Cost of parts revenue is the lower of the acquired cost or the market value of the parts sold, based on average costing.


•	Service: Cost of service revenue represents costs attributable to services provided for the maintenance and repair of customer-owned equipment and equipment then on-rent by customers.


•	Rental and other: Costs of other revenue represent costs associated with equipment rental, such as depreciation, maintenance and repairs, as well as costs associated providing transportation, hauling, parts freight, GPS subscriptions and damage waivers, including, among other items, drivers' wages, fuel costs, shipping costs and our costs related to damage waiver policies.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses include sales and marketing expenses, sales commissions (which generally are based upon equipment gross profit margins), payroll and related benefit costs, insurance expenses, professional fees, property rental and related costs, property and other taxes, administrative overhead, and depreciation associated with property and equipment (other than rental equipment).

Floorplan Interest

The cost of financing inventory is an important factor affecting our results of operations. Floorplan payable financing from CNH Industrial Capital, the Bank Syndicate Credit Facility, DLL Finance and various credit facilities related to our foreign subsidiaries represent the primary sources of financing for equipment inventories. CNH Industrial regularly offers interest-free periods as well as additional incentives and special offers. As of January 31, 2020, 55.2% of our floorplan payable financing was non-interest bearing.

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Other Interest Expense

Interest expense represents the interest on our debt instruments, including on our previously outstanding Senior Convertible Notes, other than floorplan payable financing facilities. Non-cash interest expense from amortization of the debt discount associated with our previously outstanding Senior Convertible Notes is also included in this balance.

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Results of Operations

Comparative financial data for each of our four sources of revenue for fiscal 2020 and 2019 are presented below. The results include the acquisitions made during these periods. The year-to-year comparison included below is not necessarily indicative of future results. Information regarding segment revenue and income (loss) before income taxes is presented for each fiscal year following our discussion of the consolidated results of operations. Additional information regarding our segments is included in Note 25 of our consolidated financial statements.

The comparative financial data for fiscal 2018 and the comparison of fiscal 2019 to fiscal 2018 have been omitted from this Form 10-K but may be found in Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on April 5, 2019.



	Year Ended January 31,
	2020			2019
	(dollars in thousands)
Equipment
Revenue	$	917,202		$	909,178
Cost of revenue	818,707			812,467
Gross profit	$	98,495		$	96,711
Gross profit margin	10.7		%	10.6		%
Parts
Revenue	$	234,217		$	210,796
Cost of revenue	165,190			149,615
Gross profit	$	69,027		$	61,181
Gross profit margin	29.5		%	29.0		%
Service
Revenue	$	99,165		$	86,840
Cost of revenue	33,446			29,036
Gross profit	$	65,719		$	57,804
Gross profit margin	66.3		%	66.6		%
Rental and other
Revenue	$	54,587		$	54,691
Cost of revenue	37,010			38,799
Gross profit	$	17,577		$	15,892
Gross profit margin	32.2		%	29.1		%

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The following table sets forth our statements of operations data expressed as a percentage of revenue for the fiscal years indicated.



	Year Ended January 31,
	2020		2019
Revenue
Equipment	70.3	%	72.1	%
Parts	17.9	%	16.7	%
Service	7.6	%	6.9	%
Rental and other	4.2	%	4.3	%
Total Revenue	100.0	%	100.0	%
Total Cost of Revenue	80.8	%	81.6	%
Gross Profit Margin	19.2	%	18.4	%
Operating Expenses	17.3	%	16.0	%
Impairment of Intangible and Long-Lived Assets	0.3	%	0.2	%
Income from Operations	1.6	%	2.2	%
Other Income (Expense)	(0.5	)%	(0.9	)%
Income Before Income Taxes	1.1	%	1.3	%
Provision for Income Taxes	0.1	%	0.3	%
Net Income	1.1	%	1.0	%

Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2020 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2019

Consolidated Results

Revenue



	Year Ended January 31,				Increase/			Percent
	2020		2019		(Decrease)			Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Equipment	$	917,202	$	909,178	$	8,024		0.9	%
Parts	234,217		210,796		23,421			11.1	%
Service	99,165		86,840		12,325			14.2	%
Rental and other	54,587		54,691		(104		)	(0.2	)%
Total Revenue	$	1,305,171	$	1,261,505	$	43,666		3.5	%

The increase in total revenue for fiscal 2020, as compared to fiscal 2019, was primarily the result of increased parts and service revenue within our Agriculture and Construction segments. Company-wide same-store sales were relatively flat, increasing 1.6% over the prior fiscal year, which was driven by parts and service revenue. Our total revenue increase over the prior year was also impacted by our acquisitions of AGRAM and Northwood.

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Gross Profit



	Year Ended January 31,						Increase/			Percent
	2020			2019			(Decrease)			Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Gross Profit
Equipment	$	98,495		$	96,711		$	1,784		1.8	%
Parts	69,027			61,181			7,846			12.8	%
Service	65,719			57,804			7,915			13.7	%
Rental and other	17,577			15,892			1,685			10.6	%
Total Gross Profit	$	250,818		$	231,588		$	19,230		8.3	%
Gross Profit Margin
Equipment	10.7		%	10.6		%	0.1		%	0.9	%
Parts	29.5		%	29.0		%	0.5		%	1.7	%
Service	66.3		%	66.6		%	(0.3		)%	(0.5	)%
Rental and other	32.2		%	29.1		%	3.1		%	10.7	%
Total Gross Profit Margin	19.2		%	18.4		%	0.8		%	4.3	%
Gross Profit Mix
Equipment	39.3		%	41.8		%	(2.5		)%	(6.0	)%
Parts	27.5		%	26.4		%	1.1		%	4.2	%
Service	26.2		%	25.0		%	1.2		%	4.8	%
Rental and other	7.0		%	6.8		%	0.2		%	2.9	%
Total Gross Profit Mix	100.0		%	100.0		%

Gross profit increased 8.3% or $19.2 million from fiscal 2019 to fiscal 2020, primarily due to higher revenue from our parts and service business in fiscal 2020. Gross profit margin increased from 18.4% in fiscal 2019 to 19.2% in fiscal 2020. The improvement in overall gross profit margin was the result of an improved sales mix, a greater percentage of revenue was generated by our higher margin parts and service businesses. Additionally, an increase in our rental fleet dollar utilization to 25.4% in fiscal 2020 compared to 23.9% in fiscal 2019 resulted in an improvement in rental and other gross profit, as well as gross profit margin.

Our company-wide absorption rate improved to 72.0% for fiscal 2020 as compared to 71.6% during fiscal 2019, due to additional parts and service gross profit partially offset by increased expenses.

Operating Expenses



	Year Ended January 31,									Percent
	2020			2019			Increase			Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Operating Expenses	$	225,722		$	201,537		$	24,185		12.0	%
Operating Expenses as a Percentage of Revenue	17.3		%	16.0		%	1.3		%	8.1	%

Operating expenses for fiscal 2020 increased $24.2 million, as compared to fiscal 2019. In fiscal 2020, operating expenses as a percentage of revenue increased to 17.3% from 16.0% in fiscal 2019. Operating expenses increased primarily as a result of costs arising from the ERP transition, a full year of expenses for AGRAM, expenses associated with our acquisition of the Northwood, North Dakota dealership location (October 2019), and increased other costs required to support higher business volumes in our Agriculture and Construction segments. These expense increases combined with relatively flat same-store sales resulted in the 1.3% increase in operating expenses as a percentage of revenue.

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Impairment and Restructuring Costs



	Year Ended January 31,				Increase/			Percent
	2020		2019		(Decrease)			Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets	$	3,764	$	2,156	$	1,608		75.0	%
Restructuring Costs	—		414		(414		)	n/m

During fiscal 2020, we recognized a total of $3.8 million of impairment expenses related to long-lived assets, as compared to $2.2 million in fiscal 2019. The fiscal 2020 impairment expenses were related to certain store assets in the Agriculture and Construction segments, and primarily related to the impairment of right-of-use assets identified after the initial adoption of the new lease accounting standard guidance in ASC 842, which we adopted in fiscal year 2020.

Other Income (Expense)



	Year Ended January 31,						Increase/			Percent
	2020			2019			(Decrease)			Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest income and other income (expense)	$	3,126		$	2,548		$	578		22.7	%
Floorplan interest expense	(5,354		)	(6,114		)	(760		)	12.4	%
Other interest expense	(4,452		)	(7,761		)	(3,309		)	42.6	%

The decrease in floorplan interest expense for fiscal 2020, as compared to fiscal 2019, was primarily due to a decrease in our interest-bearing inventory in fiscal 2020. Interest expense associated with our Senior Convertible Notes, which is reflected in other interest expense, decreased in fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019, due to interest savings resulting from the payoff of our Senior Convertible Notes on May 1, 2019.

Provision for Income Taxes



	Year Ended January 31,							Percent
	2020		2019		(Decrease)			Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Provision for Income Taxes	$	699	$	3,972	$	(3,273	)	82.4	%

Our effective tax rate decreased from 24.6% in fiscal 2019 to 4.8% in fiscal 2020. The Company's effective tax rate decreased due to changes in valuation allowances recognized for deferred tax assets. In fiscal 2020, the Company concluded that a release of its domestic valuation allowance of $4.6 million for U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets was warranted. This conclusion was principally based on the presence of three years of cumulative income and our projections of future profitability.

See Note 18 to our consolidated financial statements for further details on our effective tax rate.

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Segment Results



	Year Ended January 31,						Increase/			Percent
	2020			2019			(Decrease)			Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue
Agriculture	$	749,042		$	726,793		$	22,249		3.1	%
Construction	320,034			301,989			18,044			6.0	%
International	236,095			232,723			3,371			1.4	%
Total	$	1,305,171		$	1,261,505		$	43,664		3.5	%

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes
Agriculture	$	18,036		$	16,799		$	1,237		7.4	%
Construction	(2,290		)	(4,400		)	2,110			48.0	%
International	504			5,160			(4,656		)	(90.2	)%
Segment income before income taxes	16,250			17,559			(1,309		)	(7.5	)%
Shared Resources	(1,598		)	(1,405		)	(192		)	(13.7	)%
Total	$	14,652		$	16,154		$	(1,501	)	(9.3	)%

Agriculture

Agriculture segment revenue for fiscal 2020 increased 3.1% or $22.2 million compared to the same period last year. Agriculture same-store sales increased 2.7% for fiscal 2020, as compared to fiscal 2019. Total segment revenue and same-store sales were primarily driven by increased parts and service business. The Northwood acquisition, which closed in October 2019, also contributed to the total sales growth for the segment.

Agriculture segment income before income taxes for fiscal 2020 improved by $1.2 million or 7.4% compared to the same period last year. The improvement in segment performance was largely the result of increased parts and service sales, partially offset by increases in operating expenses, as well as floorplan interest.

Construction

Construction segment revenue for fiscal 2020 improved 6.0% or $18.0 million compared to fiscal 2019. Same-store sales growth accounted for 6.1% of the 6.0% segment revenue increase. Our Construction segment experienced increased revenues across all revenue categories: equipment, parts, service, and rental and other.

The Construction segment loss before income taxes was $2.3 million for fiscal 2020 compared to $4.4 million for the prior year. The improvement in segment results was due to increased revenue and improved gross profit margins, partially offset by higher operating expenses required to support increased activity within this segment.

International

International segment revenue for fiscal 2020 increased 1.4% or $3.4 million compared to fiscal 2019, primarily due to a full year of results from our AGRAM acquisition plus an increase in parts and service sales. Partially offsetting the impact of our AGRAM acquisition and parts and service sales growth was a same-store sales decrease of 7.9% in fiscal 2020 compared to the prior year due to decreased equipment revenue resulting from challenging industry conditions in certain of our markets.

Our International segment income before income taxes was $0.5 million for fiscal 2020, compared to $5.2 million for the same period last year. The decrease in segment income before income taxes was primarily due to decreased equipment revenue and the resulting negative impact on our ability to leverage our fixed operating costs within this segment as well as an overall increase in segment operating expenses.

Shared Resources/Eliminations

We incur centralized expenses/income at our general corporate level, which we refer to as “Shared Resources,” and then allocate most of these net expenses to our segments. Since these allocations are set early in the year, and a portion is planned to be unallocated, unallocated balances may occur. Shared Resource loss before income taxes was $1.6 million for fiscal 2020 compared to $1.4 million for fiscal 2019.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our net income and diluted earnings per share ("diluted EPS"), both GAAP measures, we present and our management utilizes adjusted net income, adjusted diluted EPS, and adjusted EBITDA, all non-GAAP financial measures. Generally, these non-GAAP financial measures include adjustments for items such as valuation allowances for income tax, restructuring costs, long-lived asset impairment charges, gains and losses recognized on the repurchase of our Senior Convertible Notes, ERP start-up costs, and other gains and losses. We believe that the presentation of adjusted net income, adjusted diluted EPS and adjusted EBITDA is relevant and useful to our management and investors because it provides a measurement of earnings on activities that we consider to occur in the ordinary course of our business. Adjusted net income, adjusted diluted EPS, and adjusted EBITDA should be evaluated in addition to, and not considered a substitute for, or superior to, the most comparable GAAP financial measure. In addition, other companies may calculate these non-GAAP financial measures in a different manner, which may hinder comparability of our results with those of other companies.

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The following tables reconcile net income and diluted EPS, GAAP financial measures, to adjusted net income, adjusted diluted EPS, and adjusted EBITDA, all non-GAAP financial measures.



	Year Ended January 31,
	2020		2019
	(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Adjusted Net Income
Net Income	$	13,953	$	12,182
Adjustments
ERP transition costs	7,175		—
Loss on repurchase of senior convertible notes	—		615
Restructuring & impairment charges	3,764		2,570
Total Pre-Tax Adjustments	10,939		3,185
Less: Tax Effect of Adjustments (1)	2,571		636
Less: Income Tax Valuation Allowance (2)	4,611		—
Total Adjustments	3,757		2,549
Adjusted Net Income	$	17,710	$	14,731

	Year Ended January 31,
	2020		2019
	(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Adjusted Diluted EPS
Diluted EPS	$	0.63	$	0.55
Adjustments (3)
ERP transition costs	0.32		—
Loss on repurchase of senior convertible notes	—		0.03
Restructuring & impairment charges	0.17		0.12
Total Pre-Tax Adjustments	0.49		0.15
Less: Tax Effect of Adjustments (1)	0.12		0.03
Less: Income Tax Valuation Allowance (2)	0.21		—
Total Adjustments	0.16		0.12
Adjusted Diluted EPS	$	0.79	$	0.67

Adjusted EBITDA
Net Income	$	13,953	$	12,182
Adjustments
Interest expense, net of interest income	4,121		6,818
Provision for income taxes	699		3,972
Depreciation and amortization	28,067		23,605
EBITDA	46,840		46,577
Adjustments
ERP transition costs (excluding depreciation)	2,497		—
Loss on repurchase of senior convertible notes	—		615
Restructuring & impairment charges	3,764		2,570
Total Adjustments	6,261		3,185
Adjusted EBITDA	$	53,101	$	49,762


(1)	The tax effect of adjustments for all U.S. related items was determined using the federal and state statutory tax rates applicable to the respective period with an impact for state taxes given our valuation allowances against deferred tax assets. The federal statutory tax rate for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2020 and 2019 was 23.5% and 21.0%, respectively.

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(2)	Amounts reflect the tax benefit recognized from the release of the valuation allowance on our U.S. deferred tax assets.


(3)	Adjustments are net of the impact of amounts allocated to participating securities where applicable.

For a discussion of other non-GAAP financial measures, see our discussion of Adjusted Cash Flow in the Cash Flow section elsewhere within this Item 7 of our Form 10-K.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash reserves, cash generated from operations, and borrowings under our floorplan payable and other credit facilities. We expect these sources of liquidity to be sufficient to fund our working capital requirements, acquisitions, capital expenditures and other investments in our business, service our debt, pay our tax and lease obligations and other commitments and contingencies, and meet any seasonal operating requirements for the foreseeable future, provided, however, that our borrowing capacity under our credit agreements is dependent on compliance with various financial covenants as further described in Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K. We have worked in the past, and will continue to work in the future, with our lenders to implement satisfactory modifications to these financial covenants when appropriate for the business conditions confronted by us.

Equipment Inventory and Floorplan Payable Credit Facilities

Floorplan payable balances reflect the amount owed for new equipment inventory purchased from a manufacturer and used equipment inventory, which is primarily purchased through trade-in on equipment sales, net of unamortized debt issuance costs incurred for floorplan credit facilities. Certain of the manufacturers from which we purchase new equipment inventory offer financing on these purchases, either offered directly from the manufacturer or through the manufacturers’ captive finance affiliate. CNH Industrial's captive finance subsidiary, CNH Industrial Capital, also provides financing of used equipment inventory. We also have floorplan payable balances with non-manufacturer lenders for new and used equipment inventory. Borrowings and repayments on manufacturer floorplan facilities are reported as operating cash flows, while borrowings and repayments on non-manufacturer floorplan facilities are reported as financing cash flows in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

As of January 31, 2020, we had floorplan payable lines of credit for equipment purchases totaling $717.0 million, which includes a $450.0 million credit facility with CNH Industrial Capital, a $140.0 million floorplan payable line under the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement, a $60.0 million credit facility with DLL Finance, and additional credit facilities related to our foreign subsidiaries. Available borrowing capacity under these lines of credit are reduced by amounts outstanding under such facilities, borrowing base calculations and amount of standby letters of credit outstanding with respect to the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement, and certain acquisition-related financing arrangements with respect to the CNH Industrial Capital credit facility. As of January 31, 2020, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants under its credit agreements. Additional details on each of these credit facilities is disclosed in Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

As of January 31, 2020, the Company was not subject to the fixed charge ratio covenant under the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement as our adjusted excess availability plus eligible cash collateral (as defined in the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement) was not less than 15% of the total amount of the credit facility. The maturity date for the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement was October 28, 2020. Effective April 3, 2020, we entered into an amended and restated credit agreement with the Bank Syndicate, which has a maturity date of April 3, 2025. Please refer to Note 27 to our consolidated financial statement included in Item 8 for further information regarding the Company's line of credit.

Our equipment inventory turnover decreased to 1.5 times for fiscal 2020 compared to 1.8 times for fiscal 2019. Our equipment inventories amount increased 23.7% from January 31, 2019 to January 31, 2020. The increase in equipment sales volume in fiscal 2020 as compared to fiscal 2019 was offset by the increase in our average equipment inventory over these time periods. Our equity in equipment inventory, which reflects the portion of our equipment inventory balance that is not financed by floorplan payables, decreased to 27.9% as of January 31, 2020 from 34.4% as of January 31, 2019. The decrease in our equity in equipment inventory is primarily due to the stocking of new equipment inventories and the higher level of floorplan financing available on such inventories, and increased borrowing on our floorplan lines of credit following the repayment of our outstanding Senior Convertible Notes on May 1, 2019.

Senior Convertible Notes

The Company's Senior Convertible Notes had a maturity date of May 1, 2019. The outstanding principal balance of Senior Convertible Notes as of January 31, 2019 was $45.6 million. In fiscal 2020, the Company repaid the remaining

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outstanding Senior Convertible Notes, which repayment was primarily funded from non-manufacturer floorplan payables in addition to cash generated from business activities.

Long-Term Debt Facilities

As of January 31, 2020, we had a $60.0 million working capital line of credit under the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement (the "Working Capital Line"). Under the recently executed Bank Syndicate Facility Agreement, the Company's working capital line increased to $65.0 million. The Working Capital Line is used to finance our working capital requirements and fund certain capital expenditures. As of January 31, 2020, the Company had utilized $10.0 million or 17% of the Working Capital Line. The Company may also decide in the future to finance a portion of our rental fleet as well as our capital expenditures using long-term debt from various lenders.

Adequacy of Capital Resources

Our primary uses of cash have been to fund our operating activities, including the purchase of inventories and providing for other working capital needs; meeting our debt service requirements; making payments due under our various leasing arrangements; funding capital expenditures, including the purchase of rental fleet assets; and from time to time, opportunistically repurchasing our previously outstanding Senior Convertible Notes. The primary factor affecting our ability to generate cash and to meet cash requirements, is our operating performance as impacted by (i) industry factors, (ii) competition, (iii) general economic conditions, (iv) the timing and extent of acquisitions, and (v) business and other factors including those identified in Item 1A "Risk Factors" and discussed in this Form 10-K.

Our ability to service our debt will depend upon our ability to generate necessary cash. This will depend on our future acquisition activity, operating performance, general economic conditions, and financial, competitive, business and other factors, some of which are beyond our immediate control. Based on our current operational performance, we believe our cash flow from operations, available cash, and available borrowings under our existing credit facilities will be adequate to meet our liquidity needs for, at a minimum, the next 12 months.

In fiscal 2020, we used $14.3 million in cash for rental fleet purchases and $10.7 million in cash for property and equipment purchases and financed $11.0 million in property and equipment purchases with long-term debt and capital leases. The property and equipment purchases primarily related to the purchase of vehicles and improvements to, or purchase of, real estate assets. In fiscal 2019, we used $5.7 million in cash for rental fleet purchases, $6.3 million in cash for property and equipment purchases, and financed $5.2 million in property and equipment purchases with long-term debt. The property and equipment purchases primarily related to the purchase of vehicles, trucks and real estate. We expect our cash expenditures for property and equipment, exclusive of rental fleet purchases, for fiscal 2021 to be approximately $20.0 million and expect cash expenditures for our rental fleet for fiscal 2021 to be approximately $15.0 million. The actual amount of our fiscal 2021 capital expenditures will depend upon factors such as general economic conditions, growth prospects for our industry and our decisions regarding financing and leasing options. We currently expect to finance property and equipment purchases with borrowings under our existing credit facilities, financing with long-term debt, with available cash or with cash flow from operations. We may need to incur additional debt if we pursue any future acquisitions.

There can be no assurances, however, that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available under the credit facilities with the Bank Syndicate, CNH Industrial Capital and DLL Finance in amounts sufficient to allow us to service our indebtedness and to meet our other commitments. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or to obtain sufficient future borrowings, we may be required to seek one or more alternatives such as refinancing or restructuring our indebtedness, selling material assets or operations or seeking to raise additional debt or equity capital. There can be no assurances that we will be able to succeed with one of these alternatives on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In addition, if we pursue strategic acquisitions, we may require additional equity or debt financing to consummate the transactions, and we cannot assure you that we will succeed in obtaining this financing on favorable terms or at all. If we incur additional indebtedness to finance any of these transactions, this may place increased demands on our cash flow from operations to service the resulting increased debt. Our existing debt agreements contain restrictive covenants that may restrict our ability to adopt any of these alternatives. Any non-compliance by us under the terms of our debt agreements could result in an event of default which, if not cured, could result in the acceleration of our debt. We have met all financial covenants under these credit agreements as of January 31, 2020. If anticipated operating results create the likelihood of a future covenant violation, we would seek to work with our lenders on an appropriate modification or amendment to our financing arrangements.

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Cash Flow

Cash Flow Provided By Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2020 was $1.0 million compared to $46.6 million in fiscal 2019. The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities of $45.6 million from fiscal 2019 to fiscal 2020 was primarily attributable to changes in inventory. We evaluate our cash flow from operating activities net of all floorplan payable activity and maintain a constant level of equity in our inventory. Taking these adjustments into account, our adjusted cash flow provided by operating activities was $17.8 million for fiscal 2020 compared to $47.4 million for fiscal 2019. For a reconciliation of this adjusted cash flow provided by operating activities to the comparative GAAP financial measure, refer to the Adjusted Cash Flow Reconciliation below.

Cash Flow Used For Investing Activities

Net cash used for investing activities is primarily comprised of cash used for property and equipment purchases, including rental fleet purchases, and for business acquisitions.

Net cash used for investing activities was $36.5 million in fiscal 2020, compared to $25.8 million in fiscal 2019. In fiscal 2020, the Company used $25.0 million of cash, compared to $12.0 million in fiscal 2019, for additional investment in our rental fleet, vehicles, capital improvements, and purchases of real estate. In addition, the Company utilized $13.9 million of cash, compared to $15.3 million in the prior fiscal year, for acquisitions.

Cash Flow Provided By (Used For) Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $22.9 million in fiscal 2020, compared to net cash used for financing activities of $16.7 million in fiscal 2019. In fiscal 2020, net cash provided by financing activities was the result of increased non-manufacturer floorplan payables, the proceeds of which were partially used to repay $45.6 million face value of our Senior Convertible Notes, which matured on May 1, 2019. Additionally, in fiscal 2020, long-term financing proceeds of $18.9 million were utilized to purchase previously leased assets, vehicles and real estate.

Adjusted Cash Flow Reconciliation

We consider our cash flow from operating activities to include all equipment inventory financing activity regardless of whether we obtain the financing from a manufacturer or other source. GAAP requires the cash flows associated with non-manufacturer floorplan payables to be recognized as financing cash flows in the consolidated statement of cash flows. We consider equipment inventory financing with both manufacturers and other sources to be part of the normal operations of our business. We also evaluate our cash flow from operating activities by assuming a constant level of equity in our equipment inventory. Our equity in our equipment inventory reflects the portion of our equipment inventory balance that is not financed by floorplan payables. Our adjustment to maintain a constant level of equity in our equipment inventory is equal to the difference between our actual level of equity in equipment inventory at each period-end presented on the consolidated statements of cash flows compared to the actual level of equity in equipment inventory at the beginning of the fiscal year. We refer to this measure of cash flow as Adjusted Cash Flow.

Our equity in equipment inventory was 27.9% and 34.4% as of January 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Adjusted Cash Flow is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted Cash Flow is relevant and useful to our investors because it provides information on activities we consider normal operations of our business, regardless of financing source and level of financing for our equipment inventory. The following table reconciles net cash provided by operating activities, a GAAP financial measure, to adjusted cash flow provided by operating activities; and net cash used for financing activities, a GAAP financial measure, to adjusted cash flow used for financing activities.



	Net Cash Provided by (Used for) Operating Activities						Net Cash Provided by (Used for) Financing Activities
	Year Ended January 31,						Year Ended January 31,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Cash Flow, As Reported	$	955		$	46,605		$	22,869		$	(16,727	)
Adjustment for Non-Manufacturer Floorplan Net Payments	50,158			16,818			(50,158		)	(16,818		)
Adjustment for Constant Equity in Equipment Inventory	(33,359		)	(16,030		)	—			—
Adjusted Cash Flow	$	17,754		$	47,393		$	(27,289	)	$	(33,545	)

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Certain Information Concerning Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of January 31, 2020, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We are, therefore, not exposed to any financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in these relationships. In the normal course of our business activities, we lease real estate, vehicles and equipment under operating leases.

Contractual and Commercial Commitment Summary

Our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of January 31, 2020 are summarized below:



			Payments Due By Period
Contractual Obligations	Total		Less Than 1 Year		1 to 3 Years		3 to 5 Years		More Than 5 Years
	(in thousands)
Long-term debt obligations (1)	$	74,798	$	18,466	$	15,330	$	15,522	$	25,480
Operating lease (2)	126,998		18,714		32,578		28,530		47,176
Purchase obligations (3)	18,207		4,850		7,232		6,125		—
Total	$	220,003	$	42,030	$	55,140	$	50,177	$	72,656


(1)	Includes obligations under our capital lease and financing obligations, long-term debt obligations and estimates of interest payable under all such obligations.

(2)

Includes minimum lease payment obligations under operating leases. Amounts do not include insurance or real estate taxes, which we include in our operating expenses and which we estimate will be approximately $2.3 million for the less than 1 year period, $4.3 million for the 1 to 3 year period, $3.9 million for the 3 to 5 year period, and $6.7 million for the more than 5 years period for a total of approximately $17.2 million. See Note 16 to our consolidated financial statements for a description of our operating lease obligations.


(3)	Primarily represents contracts related to information technology systems.

Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a "safe harbor" for forward-looking statements. We include "forward-looking" information in this Form 10-K, including this Item 7, as well as in other materials filed or to be filed by us with the SEC (as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by us).

This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the following words: "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "ongoing," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "will," "would," or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our or our industry's actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are only predictions and are not guarantees of performance. These statements are based on our management's beliefs and assumptions, which in turn are based on currently available information. Our forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K generally relate to the following:


•	our beliefs and intentions with respect to our growth strategies, including growth through strategic acquisitions, the types of acquisition targets we intend to pursue, the availability of suitable acquisition targets, the industry climate for dealer consolidation, and our ability to implement our growth strategies;


•	our beliefs with respect to factors that will affect demand and seasonality of purchasing in the agricultural and construction industries;


•	our beliefs with respect to our primary supplier (CNH Industrial) of equipment and parts inventory;


•	our beliefs with respect to the equipment market, our competitors and our competitive advantages;


•	our beliefs with respect to the impact of U.S federal government policies on the agriculture economy;


•	our beliefs with respect to the impact of commodity prices for the fossil fuels and other commodities on our operating results;


•	our beliefs with respect to the impact of government regulations;

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•	our beliefs with respect to our business strengths and the diversity of our customer base;


•	our plans and beliefs with respect to real property used in our business;


•	our plans and beliefs regarding future sales, sales mix, and marketing activities;


•	our beliefs and assumptions regarding the payment of dividends;


•	our beliefs and assumptions regarding valuation reserves, equipment inventory balances, fixed operating expenses, and absorption rate;


•	our beliefs and expectations regarding the effects of the political climate and economy in Ukraine;


•	our beliefs and assumptions with respect to our rental equipment operations;


•	our beliefs with respect to our employee relations;


•	our assumptions, beliefs and expectations with respect to past and future market conditions, including interest rates, and public infrastructure spending, new environmental standards, and the impact these conditions will have on our operating results;


•	our beliefs with respect to the impact of our credit agreements, including future interest expense, limits on corporate transactions, financial covenant compliance, and ability to negotiate amendments or waivers, if needed;


•	our beliefs with respect to the impact of increase or decrease in applicable foreign exchange rates;


•	our plans and assumptions for future capital expenditures;


•	our cash needs, sources of liquidity, and the adequacy of our working capital; and


•	our expectations regarding the impact of inflation.

Forward-looking statements are only predictions and are not guarantees of performance. These statements are based on our management's beliefs and assumptions, which in turn are based on currently available information. Important assumptions relating to the forward-looking statements include, among others, assumptions regarding demand for our products, the expansion of product offerings geographically, the timing and cost of planned capital expenditures, competitive conditions and general economic conditions. These assumptions could prove inaccurate. Forward-looking statements also involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results that differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement. Many of these factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the following:


•	incorrect assumptions regarding our cash needs and the amount of inventory we need on hand;


•	general economic conditions and construction activity in the markets where we operate;


•	our dependence of CNH Industrial and our relationships with other equipment suppliers;


•	our level of indebtedness and ability to comply with the terms of agreements governing our indebtedness;


•	the risks associated with the expansion of our business;


•	the risks resulting from outbreaks or other public health crises, including COVID-19;


•	the potential inability to integrate any businesses we acquire;


•	competitive pressures;


•	significant fluctuations in the price of our common stock


•	risks related to our dependence on our information technology systems and the impact of potential breaches and other disruptions


•	compliance with laws and regulations; and


•	other factors discussed under "Risk Factors" or elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

You should read the risk factors and the other cautionary statements made in this Form 10-K as being applicable to all related forward-looking statements wherever they appear in this Form 10-K. We cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans

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in any specified timeframe, if at all. Other than as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements, even though our situation may change in the future.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to various market risks, including changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices such as interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.

Interest Rate Risk

Exposure to changes in interest rates results from borrowing activities used to fund operations. For fixed rate debt, interest rate changes affect the fair value of financial instruments but do not impact earnings or cash flows. Conversely, for floating rate debt, interest rate changes generally do not affect the fair market value but do impact future earnings and cash flows, assuming other factors are held constant. We have both fixed and floating rate financing. Some of our floating rate credit facilities contain minimum rates of interest to be charged. Based upon our interest-bearing balances and interest rates as of January 31, 2020, holding other variables constant, a one percentage point increase in interest rates for the next 12-month period would decrease pre-tax earnings and cash flow by approximately $1.8 million. Conversely, a one percentage point decrease in interest rates for the next 12-month period would result in an increase to pre-tax earnings and cash flow of approximately $1.8 million. At January 31, 2020, we had total floorplan payables of $371.8 million, of which $166.6 million was interest-bearing at variable interest rates and $205.2 million was non-interest bearing. In addition, at January 31, 2020, we had total long-term debt of $57.4 million, all of which was fixed rate debt.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Our foreign currency exposures arise as the result of our foreign operations. We are exposed to transactional foreign currency exchange rate risk through our foreign entities holding assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than their functional currency. In addition, the Company is exposed to foreign currency transaction risk as a result of certain intercompany financing transactions. The Company attempts to manage its transactional foreign currency exchange rate risk through the use of derivative financial instruments, primarily foreign exchange forward contracts, or through natural hedging instruments. Based upon balances and exchange rates as of January 31, 2020, holding other variables constant, we believe that a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in all applicable foreign exchange rates would not have a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows. As of January 31, 2020, our Ukrainian subsidiary had $3.8 million of net monetary assets denominated in Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH). We have attempted to minimize our net monetary asset position through reducing overall asset levels in Ukraine and through borrowing in UAH which serves as a natural hedging instrument offsetting our net UAH denominated assets. At certain times, currency and payment controls imposed by the National Bank of Ukraine have limited our ability to manage our net monetary asset position. While the UAH remained relatively stable in fiscal 2019, an escalation of political tensions or economic instability could lead to significant UAH devaluations, which could have a material impact on our results of operations and cash flows.

In addition to transactional foreign currency exchange rate risk, we are also exposed to translational foreign currency exchange rate risk as we translate the results of operations and assets and liabilities of our foreign operations from their functional currency to the U.S. dollar. As a result, our results of operations, cash flows and net investment in our foreign operations may be adversely impacted by fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates. We believe that a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in all applicable foreign exchange rates, holding all other variables constant, would not have a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The Consolidated Balance Sheets of the Company as of January 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related Consolidated Statements of Operations, Comprehensive Income (Loss), Stockholders' Equity, and Cash Flows for the years ended January 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, and the notes thereto, have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS



	Page
Titan Machinery Inc.—Financial Statements
Audited Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	45
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	46
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of January 31, 2020 and 2019	47
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018	48
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018	49
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018	50
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018	51
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	52

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Titan Machinery Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Titan Machinery Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of January 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2020, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of January 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated April 6, 2020, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a r

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