SBBP Strongbridge Biopharma PLC

DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION

Corporate Profile

        The Company is a public limited company for the purposes of Part 17 of the Irish Companies Act 2014 (the "Irish Companies Act"). For the purposes of Irish law, our registered office is Arthur Cox Building, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland.

Corporate Purpose

        According to our Memorandum of Association, the objects for which the Company was established are:

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To carry on the business of a pharmaceuticals company, and to research, develop, design, manufacture, produce, supply, buy, sell, distribute, import, export, provide, promote and otherwise deal in pharmaceuticals, active pharmaceutical ingredients and dosage pharmaceuticals and other devices or products of a pharmaceutical or healthcare character and to hold intellectual property rights and to do all things usually dealt in by persons carrying on the above mentioned businesses or any of them or likely to be required in connection with any of the said businesses.



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To carry on the business of a holding company and to co-ordinate the administration, finances and activities of any subsidiary companies or associated companies, to do all lawful acts and things whatever that are necessary or convenient in carrying on the business of such a holding company and in particular to carry on the business of a management services company, to act as managers and to direct or coordinate the management of other companies or of the business, property and estates of any company or person and to undertake and carry out all such services in connection therewith as may be deemed expedient by the Company's board of directors and to exercise its powers as a shareholder of other companies.



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To acquire shares, stocks, debentures, debenture stock, bonds, obligations and securities by original subscription, tender, purchase, exchange or otherwise and to subscribe for the same either conditionally or otherwise, and to guarantee the subscription thereof and to exercise and enforce all rights and powers conferred by or incidental to the ownership thereof.



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To facilitate and encourage the creation, issue or conversion of and to offer for public subscription debentures, debenture stocks, bonds, obligations, shares, stocks, and securities and to act as trustees in connection with any such securities and to take part in the conversion of business concerns and undertakings into companies.



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To purchase or by any other means acquire any freehold, leasehold or other property and in particular lands, tenements and hereditaments of any tenure, whether subject or not to any charges or incumbrances, for any estate or interest whatever, and any rights, privileges or easements over or in respect of any property, and any buildings, factories, mills, works, wharves, roads, machinery, engines, plant, live and dead stock, barges, vessels or things, and any real or personal property or rights whatsoever which may be necessary for, or may conveniently be used with, or may enhance the value or property of the Company, and to hold or to sell, let, alienate, mortgage, charge or otherwise deal with all or any such freehold, leasehold, or other property, lands, tenements or hereditaments, rights, privileges or easements.



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To sell or otherwise dispose of any of the property or investments of the Company.



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To establish and contribute to any scheme for the purchase of shares in the Company to be held for the benefit of the Company's employees and to lend or otherwise provide money to such schemes or the Company's employees or the employees of any of its subsidiary or associated companies to enable them to purchase shares of the Company.

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To grant, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of any property or asset of the Company of whatever nature or tenure for such price, consideration, sum or other return whether equal to or less than the market value thereof and whether by way of gift or otherwise as the Directors shall deem fit and to grant any fee, farm grant or lease or to enter into any agreement for letting or hire of any such property or asset for a rent or return equal to or less than the market or rack rent therefor or at no rent and subject to or free from covenants and restrictions as the Directors shall deem appropriate.



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To acquire and undertake the whole or any part of the business, good-will and assets of any person, firm or company carrying on or proposing to carry on any of the businesses which this Company is authorized to carry on, and as part of the consideration for such acquisition to undertake all or any of the liabilities of such person, firm or company, or to acquire an interest in, amalgamate with, or enter into any arrangement for sharing profits, or for co-operation, or for limiting competition or for mutual assistance with any such person, firm or company and to give or accept by way of consideration for any of the acts or things aforesaid or property acquired, any shares, debentures, debenture stock or securities that may be agreed upon, and to hold and retain or sell, mortgage or deal with any shares, debentures, debenture stock or securities so received.



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To apply for, register, purchase, lease, hold, use, control, license or otherwise acquire any patents, brevets d'invention, copyrights, trademarks, licenses, concessions and the like conferring any exclusive or non-exclusive or limited rights to use or any secret or other information as to any invention which may seem capable of being used for any of the purposes of the Company or the acquisition of which may seem calculated directly or indirectly to benefit the Company, and to use, exercise, develop or grant licenses in respect of or otherwise turn to account the property, rights or information so acquired.



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To enter into partnership or into any arrangement for sharing profits, union of interests, co-operation, joint venture, reciprocal concession or otherwise with any person or company carrying on or engaged in or about to carry on or engage in any business or transaction which the Company is authorized to carry on or engage in or any business or transaction capable of being conducted so as directly to benefit this Company.



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To invest and deal with the moneys of the Company not immediately required upon such securities and in such manner as may from time to time be determined.



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To lend money to and guarantee the performance of the contracts or obligations of any company, firm or person, and the repayment of the capital and principal of, and dividends, interest or premiums payable on, any stock, shares and securities of any company, whether having objects similar to those of this Company or not, and to give all kinds of indemnities.



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To engage in currency exchange and interest rate transactions including, but not limited to, dealings in foreign currency, spot and forward rate exchange contracts, futures, options, forward rate agreements, swaps, caps, floors, collars and any other foreign exchange or interest rate hedging arrangements and such other instruments as are similar to, or derived from, any of the foregoing whether for the purpose of making a profit or avoiding a loss or managing a currency or interest rate exposure or any other exposure or for any other purpose.



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To guarantee, support or secure, whether by personal covenant or by mortgaging or charging all or any part of the undertaking, property and assets (both present and future) and uncalled capital of the Company, or by both such methods, the performance of the obligations of, and the repayment or payment of the principal amounts of and premiums, interest and dividends on any securities of, any person, firm or company including (without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing) any company which is for the time being the Company's holding company as defined

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by the Irish Companies Act or a subsidiary as therein defined of any such holding company or otherwise associated with the Company in business.

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To borrow or secure the payment of money in such manner as the Company shall think fit, and in particular by the issue of debentures, debenture stocks, bonds, obligations and securities of all kinds, either perpetual or terminable and either redeemable or otherwise and to secure the repayment of any money borrowed, raised or owing by trust deed, mortgage, charge, or lien upon the whole or any part of the Company's property or assets (whether present or future) including its uncalled capital, and also by a similar trust deed, mortgage, charge or lien to secure and guarantee the performance by the Company of any obligation or liability it may undertake.



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To draw, make, accept, endorse, discount, execute, negotiate and issue promissory notes, bills of exchange, bills of lading, warrants, debentures and other negotiable or transferable instruments.



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To subscribe for, take, purchase or otherwise acquire and hold shares or other interests in, or securities of any other company having objects altogether or in part similar to those of this Company, or carrying on any business capable of being conducted so as directly or indirectly to benefit this Company.



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To hold in trust as trustees or as nominees and to deal with, manage and turn to account, any real or personal property of any kind, and in particular shares, stocks, debentures, securities, policies, book debts, claims and chases in actions, lands, buildings, hereditaments, business concerns and undertakings, mortgages, charges, annuities, patents, licenses, and any interest in real or personal property, and any claims against such property or against any person or company.



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To constitute any trusts with a view to the issue of preferred and deferred or other special stocks or securities based on or representing any shares, stocks and other assets specifically appropriated for the purpose of any such trust and to settle and regulate and if thought fit to undertake and execute any such trusts and to issue, dispose of or hold any such preferred, deferred or other special stocks or securities.



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To give any guarantee in relation to the payment of any debentures, debenture stock, bonds, obligations or securities and to guarantee the payment of interest thereon or of dividends on any stocks or shares of any company.



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To construct, erect and maintain buildings, houses, flats, shops and all other works, erections, and things of any description whatsoever either upon the lands acquired by the Company or upon other lands and to hold, retain as investments or to sell, let, alienate, mortgage, charge or deal with all or any of the same and generally to alter, develop and improve the lands and other property of the Company.



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To provide for the welfare of persons in the employment of or holding office under or formerly in the employment of or holding office under the Company including Directors and ex-Directors of the Company or any of its subsidiary or associated companies and the spouses, civil partners, widows, widowers, families, dependents or connections of such persons by grants of money, pensions or other payments and by forming and contributing to pension, provident or benefit funds or profit sharing or co-partnership schemes for the benefit of such persons and to form, subscribe to or otherwise aid charitable, benevolent, religious, scientific, national or other institutions, exhibitions or objects which shall have any moral or other claims to support or aid by the Company by reason of the locality of its operation or otherwise.



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To remunerate by cash payments or allotment of shares or securities of the Company credited as fully paid up or otherwise any person or company for services rendered or to be rendered to the Company whether in the conduct or management of its business, or in placing or assisting to

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place or guaranteeing the placing of any of the shares of the Company's capital, or any debentures or other securities of the Company or in or about the formation or promotion of the Company.

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To enter into and carry into effect any arrangement for joint working in business or for sharing of profits or for amalgamation with any other company or association or any partnership or person carrying on any business within the objects of the Company.



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To distribute in specie or otherwise as may be resolved, any assets of the Company among its members and in particular the shares, debentures or other securities of any other company belonging to this Company or of which this Company may have the power of disposing.



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To vest any real or personal property, rights or interest acquired or belonging to the Company in any person or company on behalf of or for the benefit of the Company, and with or without any declared trust in favor of the Company.



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To transact or carry on any business which may seem to be capable of being conveniently carried on in connection with any of these objects or calculated directly or indirectly to enhance the value of or facilitate the realization of or render profitable any of the Company's property or rights.



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To accept stock or shares in or debentures, mortgages or securities of any other company in payment or part payment for any services rendered or for any sale made to or debt owing from any such company, whether such shares shall be wholly or partly paid up.



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To pay all costs, charges and expenses incurred or sustained in or about the promotion and establishment of the Company or which the Company shall consider to be preliminary thereto and to issue shares as fully or in part paid up, and to pay out of the funds of the Company all brokerage and charges incidental thereto.



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To procure the Company to be registered or recognized in any part of the world.



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To do all or any of the matters hereby authorized in any part of the world or in conjunction with or as trustee or agent for any other company or person or by or through any factors, trustees or agents.



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To make gifts, pay gratuities or grant bonuses to current and former Directors (including substitute directors), officers or employees of the Company or to make gifts or pay gratuities to any person on their behalf or to charitable organizations, trusts or other bodies corporate nominated by any such person.



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To do all such other things that the Company may consider incidental or conducive to the attainment of the above objects or as are usually carried on in connection therewith.



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To carry on any business which the Company may lawfully engage in and to do all such things incidental or conducive to the business of the Company.



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To make or receive gifts by way of capital contribution or otherwise.

Authorized Share Capital

        Our authorized share capital is €40,000, divided into 40,000 deferred ordinary shares with a nominal value of €1.00 per share, and $7,000,000, divided into 600,000,000 ordinary shares with a nominal value of $0.01 per share and 100,000,000 preferred shares with a nominal value of $0.01 per share.

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        The authorized and issued share capital includes 40,000 deferred ordinary shares, which are required in order to satisfy statutory minimum capital requirements of an Irish public limited company. The holders of the deferred ordinary shares are not entitled to receive any dividend or distribution, to attend, speak or vote at any general meeting, and have no effective rights to participate in the assets of our Company.

        We may issue shares subject to the maximum authorized share capital contained in our Articles. The authorized share capital may be increased or reduced by a resolution approved by a simple majority of the votes cast at a general meeting of our shareholders, referred to under Irish law as an "ordinary resolution." Our authorized share capital may be divided into shares of such nominal value as the resolution shall prescribe. As a matter of Irish law, the directors of a company may issue new ordinary or preferred shares without shareholder approval once authorized to do so by the memorandum and articles of association or by an ordinary resolution adopted by our shareholders at a general meeting. The authorization may be granted for a maximum period of five years, at which point it must be renewed by shareholders by an ordinary resolution. Accordingly, our Articles authorize our board of directors to issue new ordinary or preferred shares without shareholder approval for a period of five years from the date of the adoption of our Articles on September 9, 2015. The authority to issue preferred shares provides us with the flexibility to consider and respond to future business needs and opportunities as they arise from time to time, including in connection with capital raising, financing and acquisition transactions or opportunities.

        Under our Articles, our board of directors is authorized to issue preferred shares on a non-pre-emptive basis, with discretion as to the terms attaching to the preferred shares, including as to voting, dividend and conversion rights and priority relative to other classes of shares with respect to dividends and upon a liquidation. As described in the preceding paragraph, this authority extends until five years from the date of the adoption of our Articles on September 9, 2015, at which time it will expire unless renewed by our shareholders.

        Notwithstanding this authority, under the Irish Takeover Rules our board of directors would not be permitted to issue any of our shares, including preferred shares, during a period when an offer has been made for us or is believed to be imminent unless the issue is (i) approved by our shareholders at a general meeting; (ii) consented to by the Irish Takeover Panel on the basis it would not constitute action frustrating the offer; (iii) consented to by the Irish Takeover Panel and approved by the holders of more than 50% of our shares carrying voting rights; (iv) consented to by the Irish Takeover Panel in circumstances where a contract for the issue of the shares had been entered into prior to that period; or (v) consented to by the Irish Takeover Panel in circumstances where the issue of the shares was decided by our directors prior to that period and either action has been taken to implement the issuance (whether in part or in full) prior to such period or the issuance was otherwise in the ordinary course of business.

        While we do not have any current specific plans, arrangements or understandings, written or oral, to issue any preferred shares for any purpose, we are continually evaluating our financial position and analyzing the possible benefits of issuing additional debt securities, equity securities, convertible securities or a combination thereof in connection with, among other things: (i) repaying indebtedness; (ii) financing acquisitions; or (iii) strengthening our balance sheet. The availability of preferred shares gives us flexibility to respond to future capital raising, financing and acquisition needs and opportunities without the delay and expense associated with holding an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders to obtain further shareholder approval.

        The rights and restrictions to which the ordinary shares will be subject are prescribed in our memorandum of association and Articles. Our Articles permit our board of directors, without shareholder approval, to determine the terms of any preferred shares that we may issue. Our board of directors is authorized, without obtaining any vote or consent of the holders of any class or series of

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shares, unless expressly provided by the terms of that class or series of shares, to provide from time to time for the issuance of other classes or series of shares and to establish the characteristics of each class or series, including the number of shares, designations, relative voting rights, dividend rights, liquidation and other rights, redemption, repurchase or exchange rights and any other preferences and relative, participating, optional or other rights and limitations not inconsistent with applicable law.

        Irish law does not recognize fractional shares held of record. Accordingly, our Articles do not provide for the issuance of fractional ordinary shares, and our official Irish share register will not reflect any fractional shares.

Preemption Rights, Share Warrants and Share Options

        Under Irish law, unless otherwise authorized, when an Irish public limited company issues shares for cash to new shareholders, it is required first to offer those shares on the same or more favorable terms to existing shareholders of the company on a pro rata basis, commonly referred to as the statutory preemption right. However, we have opted out of these preemption rights in our Articles as permitted under Irish law. Because Irish law requires this opt-out to be renewed every five years by a special resolution of the shareholders, our Articles provide that this opt-out will lapse five years after the adoption of Strongbridge Biopharma plc's current Articles on September 9, 2015. A special resolution requires not less than 75% of the votes of our shareholders cast at a general meeting. If the opt-out is not renewed, shares issued for cash must be offered to pre-existing shareholders of Strongbridge pro rata to their existing shareholding before the shares can be issued to any new shareholders. The statutory preemption rights do not apply where shares are issued for non-cash consideration and do not apply to the issue of non-equity shares (that is, shares that have the right to participate only up to a specified amount in any income or capital distribution).

Issuance of Warrants and Options

        Our Articles provide that, subject to any shareholder approval requirement under any laws, regulations or the rules of any stock exchange to which we are subject, our board of directors is authorized, from time to time, in its discretion, to grant such persons, for such periods and upon such terms as it deems advisable, options to purchase such number of shares of any class or classes or of any series of any class as our board of directors may deem advisable, and to cause warrants or other appropriate instruments evidencing such options to be issued. The Irish Companies Act provides that directors may issue share warrants or options without shareholder approval once authorized to do so by

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the articles of association or an ordinary resolution of shareholders. We are subject to the rules of NASDAQ and the Irish Companies Act, which require shareholder approval of certain equity plan and share issuances. Our board of directors may issue shares upon exercise of warrants or options without shareholder approval or authorization, up to the relevant authorized share capital limit.

Dividends

        Under Irish law, dividends and distributions may only be made from distributable reserves. Distributable reserves generally means accumulated realized profits less accumulated realized losses and includes reserves created by way of capital reduction. In addition, no distribution or dividend may be made unless our net assets are equal to, or in excess of, the aggregate of our called up share capital plus undistributable reserves and the distribution does not reduce our net assets below such aggregate. Undistributable reserves include undenominated capital and the amount by which our accumulated unrealized profits, so far as not previously utilized by any capitalization, exceed our accumulated unrealized losses, so far as not previously written off in a reduction of capital approved by the Irish High Court without restriction, or a reorganization of capital.

        The determination as to whether or not we have sufficient distributable reserves to fund a dividend must be made by reference to our "relevant financial statements." The "relevant financial statements" will be either the last set of unconsolidated annual audited financial statements or other financial statements properly prepared in accordance with the Irish Companies Act, which give a "true and fair view" of our unconsolidated financial position and accord with accepted accounting practice.

        The mechanism as to who declares a dividend and when a dividend shall become payable is governed by our Articles. Our Articles authorize our board of directors to declare dividends without shareholder approval to the extent they appear justified by profits lawfully available for distribution. Our board of directors may also recommend a dividend to be approved and declared by the shareholders at a general meeting. Our board of directors may direct that the payment be made by distribution of assets, shares or cash, and no dividend issued may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Dividends may be declared and paid in the form of cash or non-cash assets and may be paid in dollars or any other currency.

        Our board of directors may deduct from any dividend payable to any shareholder any amounts payable by such shareholder to us in relation to our ordinary shares.

        Our board of directors may also authorize us to issue shares with preferred rights to participate in dividends we declare. The holders of preferred shares may, depending on their terms, rank senior to the ordinary shares in terms of dividend rights or be entitled to claim arrears of a declared dividend out of subsequently declared dividends in priority to ordinary shareholders.

        For information about the Irish tax issues relating to dividend payments, please see the section of this prospectus titled "Taxation—Irish Tax Considerations—Irish Dividend Withholding Tax."

Bonus Shares

        Under our Articles, our board of directors may resolve to capitalize any amount credited to any reserve, including our undenominated capital, or credited to the profit and loss account, and use such amount for the issuance to shareholders of shares as fully paid bonus shares on the same basis of entitlement as would apply in respect of a dividend distribution.

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Share Repurchases and Redemptions

Overview

        Our Articles provide that any ordinary share that we have agreed to acquire shall be deemed to be a redeemable share. Accordingly, for Irish law purposes, the repurchase of ordinary shares by us may technically be effected as a redemption of those shares as described under "—Repurchases and Redemptions." If our Articles did not contain such provision, repurchases by us would be subject to many of the same rules that apply to purchases of ordinary shares by subsidiaries described under "—Purchases by Subsidiaries," including the shareholder approval requirements described below, and the requirement that any purchases on market be effected on a "recognized stock exchange," which, for purposes of the Irish Companies Act, includes NASDAQ.

        Except where otherwise noted, when we refer elsewhere in this prospectus to repurchasing or buying back our ordinary shares, we are referring to the redemption of our ordinary shares or the purchase of our ordinary shares by a subsidiary of us, in each case in accordance with our Articles and Irish law as described below.

Repurchases and Redemptions

        Under Irish law, subject to the conditions summarized below, a company may issue redeemable shares and may only redeem them out of distributable reserves or the proceeds of a new issue of ordinary shares for that purpose. As described in "Dividend Policy," we do not expect to have any distributable reserves for the foreseeable future. We may only issue redeemable shares if the nominal value of the issued share capital that is not redeemable is not less than 10% of the nominal value of our total issued share capital. All redeemable shares must also be fully paid and the terms of redemption of the shares must provide for payment on redemption. Redeemable shares may, upon redemption, be cancelled or held in treasury. Based on the provision of our Articles described above, shareholder approval will not be required to redeem our ordinary shares.

        We may also be given an additional general authority to purchase our own shares on market, which would take effect on the same terms and be subject to the same conditions as applicable to purchases by our subsidiaries as described below.

        Our board of directors may also issue preferred shares, which may be redeemed at the option of either us or the shareholder, depending on the terms of such preferred shares. Please see "—Authorized Share Capital" above for additional information on preferred shares.

        Repurchased and redeemed shares may be cancelled or held as treasury shares. The nominal value of treasury shares held by us at any time must not exceed 10% of the nominal value of our issued share capital. We may not exercise any voting rights in respect of any shares held as treasury shares. Treasury shares may be cancelled by us or re-issued subject to certain conditions.

Purchases by Subsidiaries

        Under Irish law, an Irish or non-Irish subsidiary may purchase our ordinary shares either on market or off market. For one of our subsidiaries to make purchases on market of our ordinary shares, the shareholders must provide general authorization for such purchase by way of ordinary resolution. However, as long as this general authority has been granted, no specific shareholder authority for a particular on market purchase by a subsidiary of our ordinary shares is required. For a purchase by a subsidiary off market, the proposed purchase contract must be authorized by special resolution of our shareholders before the contract is entered into. The person whose ordinary shares are to be bought back cannot vote in favor of the special resolution and the purchase contract must be on display or must be available for inspection by our shareholders at our registered office from the date of the notice of the meeting at which the resolution approving the contract is to be proposed.

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        In order for one of our subsidiaries to make an on market purchase of our ordinary shares, such shares must be purchased on a "recognized stock exchange." NASDAQ is specified as a recognized stock exchange for this purpose by Irish law.

        The number of ordinary shares held by our subsidiaries at any time will count as treasury shares and will be included in any calculation of the permitted treasury share threshold of 10% of the nominal value of our issued share capital. While a subsidiary holds any of our shares, it cannot exercise any voting rights in respect of those shares. The acquisition of our ordinary shares by a subsidiary must be funded out of distributable reserves of the subsidiary.

Lien on Shares, Calls on Shares and Forfeiture of Shares

        Our Articles provide that we will have a first and paramount lien on every share that is not a fully paid share for all amounts payable at a fixed time or called in respect of that share. Subject to the terms of their allotment, directors may call for any unpaid amounts in respect of any shares to be paid, and if payment is not made, the shares may be forfeited. These provisions are customary in the articles of association of an Irish public company limited by shares such as our company and will only be applicable to shares that have not been fully paid.

Consolidation and Division; Subdivision

        Under our Articles, we may, by ordinary resolution, consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of larger nominal value than our existing shares or subdivide our shares into smaller amounts than are fixed by our Articles.

Reduction of Share Capital

        We may, by ordinary resolution, reduce our authorized share capital in any way. We also may, by special resolution and subject to confirmation by the Irish High Court, reduce or cancel our issued share capital in any manner permitted by the Irish Companies Act.

General Meetings of Shareholders

        We are required to hold an annual general meeting within eighteen months of incorporation (our first annual general meeting was held in Dublin, Ireland on May 12, 2016) and at intervals of no more than fifteen months thereafter, provided that an annual general meeting is held in each calendar year following our first annual general meeting, no more than nine months after our fiscal year-end.

        Our extraordinary general meetings may be convened by (i) our board of directors, (ii) on requisition of shareholders holding not less than 10% of our paid up share capital carrying voting rights or (iii) on requisition of our auditors. Extraordinary general meetings are generally held for the purposes of approving shareholder resolutions as may be required from time to time.

        Notice of a general meeting must be given to all our shareholders and to our auditors. Our Articles provide that the maximum notice period is 60 days. The minimum notice periods are 21 days' notice in writing for an annual general meeting or an extraordinary general meeting to approve a special resolution and 14 days' notice in writing for any other extraordinary general meeting. General meetings may be called by shorter notice, but only with the consent of our auditors and all of our shareholders entitled to attend and vote thereat. Because of the 21-day and 14-day requirements described in this paragraph, our Articles include provisions reflecting these requirements of Irish law.

        In the case of an extraordinary general meeting convened by our shareholders, the proposed purpose of the meeting must be set out in the requisition notice. Upon receipt of this requisition notice, our board of directors has 21 days to convene a meeting of our shareholders to vote on the matters set out in the requisition notice. This meeting must be held within two months of the receipt of the requisition notice. If our board of directors does not convene the meeting within such 21-day period, the requisitioning shareholders, or any of them representing more than one half of the total voting rights of all of them, may themselves convene a meeting, which meeting must be held within three months of the receipt of the requisition notice.

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        The only matters which must, as a matter of Irish company law, be transacted at an annual general meeting are the consideration of the Irish statutory financial statements, the report of the directors, the report of the auditors on those statements and that report and a review by the members of our affairs. If no resolution is made in respect of the reappointment of an auditor at an annual general meeting, the previous auditor will be deemed to have continued in office. Our Articles divide our board of directors into three classes, with members of each class being elected to staggered three-year terms. At each annual general meeting, directors will be elected for a full term of three years to succeed those directors of the relevant class whose terms are expiring. A nominee is elected to the board of directors by a plurality of the votes cast by the shareholders.

        Holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each share at all meetings at which directors are elected.

        Our Articles provide for a minimum number of directors of two. In the event that an election results in only one director being elected, that director shall be elected and shall serve for a three-year term, and the nominee receiving the next greatest number of votes in favour of their election shall hold office until his or her successor shall be elected.

        If our directors become aware that our net assets are half or less of the amount of our called-up share capital, our directors must convene an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders not later than 28 days from the date that they learn of this fact. This meeting must be convened for the purposes of considering whether any, and if so what, measures should be taken to address the situation.

Quorum for General Meetings

        The presence, in person or by proxy, of the holders of our ordinary shares outstanding which entitle the holders to a majority of our voting power constitutes a quorum for the conduct of business. No business may take place at a general meeting if a quorum is not present in person or by proxy. Our board of directors has no authority to waive quorum requirements stipulated in our Articles. Abstentions and broker non-votes will be counted as present for purposes of determining whether there is a quorum in respect of the proposals.

Adjournment of Shareholder Meetings

        Our Articles provide that if a quorum is not present, the meeting shall be adjourned and we shall notify shareholders in accordance with the usual notice requirements (as set out in "—Differences in Corporate Law Between Ireland and the State of Delaware—Record Date; Notice Provisions for Meetings of Shareholders") in the event that such meeting is to be reconvened.

Voting

        Under our Articles, each holder of our ordinary shares is entitled to one vote for each ordinary share that he or she holds as of the record date for the meeting. The holders of our deferred ordinary shares are not entitled to a vote. We may not exercise any voting rights in respect of any shares held as treasury shares. Any shares held by our subsidiaries will count as treasury shares for this purpose, and such subsidiaries cannot therefore exercise any voting rights in respect of those shares.

        Irish law distinguishes between "ordinary business" and "special business." Most business that is transacted at a general meeting is deemed "special" with the exception of declaring a dividend, the consideration of the statutory financial statements and the reports of the directors and auditors thereon, the review by the shareholders of the company's affairs, the fixing of the remuneration of auditors and the election of directors, all of which are deemed to be "ordinary business."

        Our Articles provide that, except for the election of directors and where a greater majority is required by the Irish Companies Act (such as any matters that require special resolutions of the

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shareholders) as described below, any question, business or resolution proposed at any general meeting shall be decided by a simple majority of the votes cast.

        All resolutions proposed at our general meetings will be decided on a poll. Every shareholder entitled to vote has one vote for each share held unless otherwise provided in our Articles. Voting rights may be exercised by shareholders registered in the share register as of the record date for the meeting or by a duly appointed proxy of such a registered shareholder, which proxy need not be a shareholder. Where interests in shares are held by a nominee trust company, this company may exercise the rights of the beneficial holders on their behalf as their proxy. All proxies must be appointed in accordance with our Articles. Our Articles permit the appointment of proxies by our shareholders to be notified to us electronically, when permitted by our directors.

        In accordance with our Articles, our board of directors may from time to time authorize us to issue preference shares. These preferred shares may have such voting rights as may be specified in the terms of such preferred share. For example, they may carry more votes per share than ordinary shares or may entitle their holders to a class vote on such matters as may be specified in the terms of the preferred shares. Treasury shares or our shares held by our subsidiaries will not be entitled to be voted at general meetings of shareholders.

        Irish law requires special resolutions of our shareholders at a general meeting to approve certain matters. Examples of matters requiring special resolutions include:

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amending our objects or memorandum of association;



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amending our Articles;



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approving a change of our name;



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authorizing the entering into of a guarantee or provision of security in connection with a loan, quasi-loan or credit transaction to a director or connected person;



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opting out of preemption rights on the issuance of new shares;



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re-registering us from a public limited company to a private company;



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variation of class rights attaching to classes of shares (where our memorandum and articles of association do not provide otherwise);



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purchase of our ordinary shares off market;



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reduction of issued share capital;



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sanctioning a compromise or scheme of arrangement with creditors or shareholders;



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resolving that we be wound up by the Irish courts;



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resolving in favor of a shareholders' voluntary winding-up; and



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setting the re-issue price of treasury shares.

Action by Written Consent

        Our Articles provide that shareholder resolutions are to be adopted by way of poll at meetings and shareholders are not permitted to pass resolutions by unanimous written consent.

Variation of Rights Attaching to a Class or Series of Shares

        Under our Articles and the Irish Companies Act, any variation of class rights attaching to our issued shares must be approved by a special resolution of our shareholders of the affected class or with the consent in writing of the holders of 75% of all the votes of that class of shares.

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Inspection of Books and Records

        Under Irish law, shareholders have the right to (1) receive a copy of our Articles, (2) inspect and obtain copies of the minutes of general meetings and resolutions, (3) inspect and receive a copy of the register of shareholders, register of directors and secretaries, register of directors' interests and other statutory registers maintained by us, (4) receive copies of statutory financial statements (or summary financial statements, where applicable) and directors' and auditors' reports that have previously been sent to shareholders prior to an annual general meeting and (5) receive financial statements of any our subsidiaries that have previously been sent to shareholders prior to an annual general meeting for the preceding ten years. The auditors' report must be circulated to the shareholders with our financial statements prepared in accordance with Irish law 21 days before the annual general meeting and must be read to the shareholders at our annual general meeting.

Acquisitions

        An Irish public limited company may be acquired in a number of ways, including:

•

a court-approved scheme of arrangement under the Irish Companies Act. A scheme of arrangement with shareholders requires a court order from the Irish High Court and the approval of a majority in number representing 75% in value of the shareholders present and voting in person or by proxy at a meeting called to approve the scheme;



•

through a tender or takeover offer by a third party for all of our shares. Where the holders of 80% or more of our ordinary shares have accepted an offer for their shares in our company, the remaining shareholders may also be statutorily required to transfer their shares. If the bidder does not exercise this "squeeze out" right, then the non-accepting shareholders also have a statutory right to require the bidder to acquire their shares on the same terms. If our shares were to be listed on the main securities market of the Irish Stock Exchange or another regulated stock exchange in the European Union, or EU, this threshold would be increased to 90%; and



•

it is also possible for us to be acquired by way of a merger with an EU-incorporated company under the EU Cross-Border Mergers Directive 2005/56/EC. Such a merger must be approved by a special resolution. If we are being merged with another EU company under the EU Cross-Border Mergers Directive 2005/56/EC and the consideration payable to our shareholders is not all in the form of cash, our shareholders may be entitled to require their shares to be acquired at fair value.

        Irish law does not generally require shareholder approval for a sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of a company's property and assets. However, our Articles provide that an affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting shares on the relevant record date is required to approve a sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of our property or assets.

Appraisal Rights

        Generally, under Irish law, shareholders of an Irish company do not have dissenters' or appraisal rights. Under the European Communities (Cross-Border Mergers) Regulations 2008, as amended, governing the merger of an Irish company limited by shares such as our company and a company incorporated in the European Economic Area, a shareholder (1) who voted against the special resolution approving the merger or (2) of a company in which 90% of the shares are held by the other party to the merger has the right to request in certain circumstances that the successor company acquire its shares for cash at a price determined in accordance with the share exchange ratio set out in the merger agreement.

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Corporate Governance

        Our Articles allocate authority over our day-to-day management to our board of directors. Our board of directors may then delegate our management to committees of our board of directors, consisting of one or more members of our board of directors, or to our executive officers, although our board of directors will remain responsible, as a matter of Irish law, for the proper management of our affairs. The proceedings of committees are governed by the Articles regulating the proceedings of directors. A vote at any committee meeting will be determined by a majority of votes of the members present.

        Our board of directors has a standing audit committee, a compensation committee and a nomination and governance committee. We have also adopted corporate governance policies, including a code of conduct and an insider trading policy.

        Our corporate governance guidelines and general approach to corporate governance as reflected in our memorandum and articles of associations and our internal policies and procedures comply with applicable federal securities laws and regulations and NASDAQ requirements, though the standards applicable to us as a foreign private issuer are generally less restrictive than those applicable to U.S. companies. Although we are an Irish public limited company, we are not be subject to the listing rules of the Irish Stock Exchange or the listing rules of the U.K. Listing Authority and we are therefore not subject to, nor will we adopt, the U.K. Corporate Governance Code or any other non-statutory Irish or U.K. governance standards or guidelines. While there are many similarities and overlaps between the U.S. corporate governance standards applied by us and the U.K. Corporate Governance Code and other Irish/U.K. governance standards or guidelines, there are differences, in particular relating to the extent of the authorization to issue share capital and effect share repurchases that may be granted to our board and the criteria for determining the independence of our directors.

Directors

Number of Directors

        The Irish Companies Act provides for a minimum of two directors for public limited companies. Our Articles provide for a minimum of two directors and a maximum of 13. Our shareholders may from time to time increase or reduce the maximum number, or increase the minimum number, of directors by ordinary resolution. Our board of directors determines the number of directors within the range of two to 13.

Election and Term of Office of Directors

        Our Articles divide our board of directors into three classes, with members of each class being elected to staggered three-year terms. At each annual general meeting, directors will be elected for a full term of three years to succeed those directors of the relevant class whose terms are expiring. A nominee is elected to the board of directors by a plurality of the votes cast by shareholders.

        Holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to one vote for each share at all meetings at which directors are elected.

        Our Articles provide for a minimum number of directors of two. In the event that an election results in only one director being elected, that director shall be elected and shall serve for a three-year term, and the nominee receiving the next greatest number of votes in favour of their election shall hold office until his or her successor shall be elected.

Board Vacancies

        Any vacancy on our board of directors, including a vacancy resulting from an increase in the number of directors or from the death, resignation, retirement, disqualification or removal of a

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director, shall be deemed a casual vacancy. Subject to the terms of any one or more classes or series of preferred shares, any casual vacancy shall only be filled by the decision of a majority of our board of directors then in office, provided that a quorum is present and provided that the appointment does not cause the number of directors to exceed any number fixed by or in accordance with our Articles as the maximum number of directors.

        Any director of a class of directors elected to fill a vacancy resulting from an increase in the number of directors of such class shall hold office for the remaining term of that class. Any director elected to fill a vacancy not resulting from an increase in the number of directors shall have the same remaining term as that of his predecessor. A director retiring at a meeting shall retain office until the close or adjournment of the meeting.

Resignation, Removal and Disqualification of Directors

        The Irish Companies Act provide that, notwithstanding anything contained in the articles of association of a company or in any agreement between that company and a director, the shareholders may by an ordinary resolution remove a director from office before the expiration of his or her term. The power of removal is without prejudice to any claim for damages for breach of contract (e.g., employment contract) which the director may have against us in respect of his or her removal.

        Our Articles also provide that the office of a director will also be vacated if the director is restricted or disqualified to act as a director under the Irish Companies Act; resigns his or her office by notice in writing to us or in writing offers to resign and the directors resolve to accept such offer; or is requested to resign in writing by not less than 75% of the other directors.

Indemnification Agreements

        To the fullest extent permitted by Irish law, our Articles contain indemnification for the benefit of our directors, company secretary and executive officers. However, as to our directors and company secretary, this indemnity is limited by the Irish Companies Act, which prescribe that an advance commitment to indemnify only permits a company to pay the costs or discharge the liability of a director or company secretary where judgment is given in favor of the director or company secretary in any civil or criminal action in respect of such costs or liability, or where an Irish court grants relief because the director or company secretary acted honestly and reasonably and ought fairly to be excused. Any provision whereby an Irish company seeks to commit in advance to indemnify its directors or company secretary over and above the limitations imposed by the Irish Companies Act will be void, whether contained in its articles of association or any contract between the company and the director or company secretary. This restriction does not apply to our executive officers who are not directors, our company secretary or other persons who would be considered "officers" within the meaning of the Irish Companies Act.

        We are permitted under our Articles and the Irish Companies Act to take out directors' and officers' liability insurance, as well as other types of insurance, for our directors, officers, employees and agents. In order to attract and retain qualified directors and officers, we expect to purchase and maintain customary directors' and officers' liability insurance and other types of comparable insurance.

        We have entered, and intend to continue to enter, into separate indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers, in addition to the indemnification provided for in our Articles. These agreements, among other things, provide that we will to the extent permitted under our Articles and the Irish Companies Act indemnify and provide expense advancement for our directors and executive officers for certain expenses, including attorneys' fees, judgments, fines, and settlement amounts incurred by a director or executive officer in any action or proceeding arising out of their services as one of our directors or executive officers, or any of our subsidiaries or any other company or enterprise to which the person provides services at our request. At present, there is no pending

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litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors or executive officers as to which indemnification is required or permitted, and we are not aware of any threatened litigation or proceeding that may result in a claim for indemnification.

        The indemnification provisions in our Articles may discourage shareholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and our shareholders. A shareholder's investment may be harmed to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable. There is no pending litigation or proceeding naming any of our directors or officers as to which indemnification is being sought, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification by any director or officer.

Legal Name; Formation; Fiscal Year; Registered Office

        Our fiscal year ends on December 31 and our registered address is Arthur Cox Building, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland.

Duration; Dissolution; Rights Upon Liquidation

        The duration of our company will be unlimited. We may be dissolved and wound up at any time by way of a shareholders' voluntary winding up or a creditors' winding up. In the case of a shareholders' voluntary winding up, a special resolution of shareholders is required. Our company may also be dissolved by way of court order on the application of a creditor, or by the Companies Registration Office as an enforcement measure if we have failed to file certain returns. We may also be dissolved by the Director of Corporate Enforcement in Ireland where our affairs have been investigated by an inspector and it appears from the report or any information obtained by the Director of Corporate Enforcement that we should be wound up.

        If our Articles contain no specific provisions in respect of a dissolution or winding up, then, subject to the priorities of any creditors, the assets will be distributed to our shareholders in proportion to the paid-up nominal value of the shares held. Our Articles provide that our ordinary shareholders are entitled to participate pro rata in a winding up, but their right to do so may be subject to the rights of any preference shareholders to participate under the terms of any series or class of preferred shares.

Uncertificated Shares

        Holders of our ordinary shares will not have the right to require us to issue certificates for their shares.

No Sinking Fund

        Our ordinary shares do not have sinking fund provisions.

Transfer and Registration of Shares

        Our transfer agent will maintain the share register, registration in which will be determinative of ownership of our ordinary shares. A shareholder of our company who holds shares beneficially will not be the holder of record of such shares. Instead, the depository (for example, Cede & Co., as nominee for DTC) or other nominee will be the holder of record of those shares. Accordingly, a transfer of shares from a person who holds such shares beneficially to a person who also holds such shares

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beneficially through a depository or other nominee will not be registered in our official share register, as the depository or other nominee will remain the record holder of any such shares.

        A written instrument of transfer is required under Irish law in order to register on our official share register any transfer of shares (1) from a person who holds such shares directly to any other person, (2) from a person who holds such shares beneficially but not directly to a person who holds such shares directly, or (3) from a person who holds such shares beneficially to another person who holds such shares beneficially where the transfer involves a change in the depository or other nominee that is the record owner of the transferred shares. An instrument of transfer is also required for a shareholder who directly holds shares to transfer those shares into or out of his or her own broker account. Such instruments of transfer may give rise to Irish stamp duty, which must be paid prior to registration of the transfer on our official Irish share register. However, a shareholder who directly holds shares outside of DTC may transfer those shares into DTC without giving rise to Irish stamp duty provided that (a) there is no change in beneficial ownership of the shares and (b) at the time of the transfer into or out of DTC there is no agreement in place for the sale of the shares by the beneficial owner to a third party.

        Any transfer of our ordinary shares that is subject to Irish stamp duty will not be registered in the name of the buyer unless an instrument of transfer is duly stamped, the stamp duty thereon is paid by one of the parties and the instrument is provided to the transfer agent. We, in our absolute discretion and insofar as the Irish Companies Act or any other applicable law permits, may, or may procure that we or a subsidiary of our company shall, pay Irish stamp duty arising on a transfer of our ordinary shares on behalf of the transferee of such ordinary shares. If stamp duty resulting from the transfer of such ordinary shares which would otherwise be payable by the transferee is paid by our company or any subsidiary of our company on behalf of the transferee, then in those circumstances, we intend to, on our behalf or on behalf of our subsidiary, take one or a combination of the following actions: (1) require the transferee to pay to us or a subsidiary of our company the amount of such stamp duty and refuse to register such transfer until that amount is paid, (2) seek reimbursement of the stamp duty from the transferee, (3) set-off the stamp duty against any dividends payable to the transferee of those ordinary shares and (4) claim a first and permanent lien on the ordinary shares on which stamp duty has been paid by us or our subsidiary for the amount of stamp duty paid. Our lien shall extend to all dividends paid on those ordinary shares. Our Articles delegate authority to our company secretary (or his or her nominee) to execute an instrument of transfer on behalf of a transferring party.

        In order to help ensure that the official share register is regularly updated to reflect trading of our ordinary shares occurring through normal electronic systems, we intend to regularly produce any required instruments of transfer in connection with any transactions for which we pay stamp duty, subject to the reimbursement and set-off rights described above. In the event that we notify one or both of the parties to a share transfer that we believe stamp duty is required to be paid in connection with the transfer and that we will not pay the stamp duty, the parties may either themselves arrange for the execution of the required instrument of transfer (and may request a form of instrument of transfer from us for this purpose) or request that we execute an instrument of transfer on behalf of the transferring party in a form determined by us. In either event, if the parties to the share transfer have the instrument of transfer duly stamped to the extent required and then provide it to our transfer agent, the buyer will be registered as the legal owner of the relevant shares on our official Irish share register, subject to the suspension right described below.

        Our directors have general discretion to decline to register an instrument of transfer unless the transfer is in respect of one class of shares only. Our directors may suspend registration of transfers from time to time, not exceeding 30 days in aggregate each year.

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Differences in Corporate Law Between Ireland and the State of Delaware

        As a public limited company incorporated under the laws of Ireland, the rights of our shareholders are governed by applicable Irish law, including the Irish Companies Act, and not by the law of any U.S. state. As a result, our directors and shareholders are subject to different responsibilities, rights and privileges than are applicable to directors and shareholders of U.S. corporations. We have set below a summary of the differences between the provisions of the Irish Companies Act applicable to us and the Delaware General Corporation Law relating to stockholders' rights and protections. This summary is not intended to be a complete discussion of the respective rights and it is qualified in its entirety by reference to Irish law, Delaware law and our Articles. Before investing, you should consult your legal advisor regarding the impact of Irish corporate law on your specific circumstances and reasons for investing. The summary below does not include a description of rights or obligations under the U.S. federal securities laws or NASDAQ listing requirements. You are also urged to carefully read the relevant provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law and the Irish Companies Act for a more complete understanding of the differences between Delaware and Irish law.

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