Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (the “MD&A”) summarizes the financial statements from management’s perspective with respect to our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and other factors that may affect actual results. The MD&A is organized in the following sections:
•Overview
•COVID-19
•Results of Operations
•Liquidity and Capital Resources
•Regulations
•Critical Accounting Estimates
The MD&A should be read in conjunction with our 2021 Form 10-K.
Overview:
We have two reportable segments, Truckload Transportation Services (“TTS”) and Werner Logistics, and we operate in the truckload and logistics sectors of the transportation industry. In the truckload sector, we focus on transporting consumer nondurable products that generally ship more consistently throughout the year. In the logistics sector, besides managing transportation requirements for individual customers, we provide additional sources of truck capacity, alternative modes of transportation, a North American delivery network and systems analysis to optimize transportation needs. Our success depends on our ability to efficiently and effectively manage our resources in the delivery of truckload transportation and logistics services to our customers. Resource requirements vary with customer demand, which may be subject to seasonal or general economic conditions. Our ability to adapt to changes in customer transportation requirements is essential to efficiently deploy resources and make capital investments in tractors and trailers (with respect to our TTS segment) or obtain qualified third-party capacity at a reasonable price (with respect to our Werner Logistics segment). We may also be affected by our customers’ financial failures or loss of customer business.
Revenues for our TTS segment operating units (Dedicated and One-Way Truckload) are typically generated on a per-mile basis and also include revenues such as stop charges, loading and unloading charges, equipment detention charges and equipment repositioning charges. To mitigate our risk to fuel price increases, we recover additional fuel surcharge revenues from our customers that generally recoup a majority of the increased fuel costs; however, we cannot assure that current recovery levels will continue in future periods. Because fuel surcharge revenues fluctuate in response to changes in fuel costs, we identify them separately and exclude them from the statistical calculations to provide a more meaningful comparison between periods. The key statistics used to evaluate trucking revenues, net of fuel surcharge, are (i) average revenues per tractor per week, (ii) average percentage of empty miles (miles without trailer cargo), (iii) average trip length (in loaded miles) and (iv) average number of tractors in service. General economic conditions, seasonal trucking industry freight patterns and industry capacity are important factors that impact these statistics. Our TTS segment also generates a small amount of revenues categorized as non-trucking revenues, which consist primarily of the intra-Mexico portion of cross-border shipments delivered to or from Mexico where the TTS segment utilizes a third-party capacity provider. We exclude such revenues from the statistical calculations.
Our most significant resource requirements are company drivers, independent contractors, tractors and trailers. Independent contractors supply their own tractors and drivers and are responsible for their operating expenses. Our financial results are affected by company driver and independent contractor availability and the markets for new and used revenue equipment. We are self-insured for a significant portion of bodily injury, property damage and cargo claims; workers’ compensation claims; and associate health claims (supplemented by premium-based insurance coverage above certain dollar levels). For that reason, our financial results may also be affected by driver safety, medical costs, weather, legal and regulatory environments and insurance coverage costs to protect against catastrophic losses.
The operating ratio is a common industry measure used to evaluate our profitability and that of our TTS segment operating fleets. The operating ratio consists of operating expenses expressed as a percentage of operating revenues. The most significant variable expenses that impact the TTS segment are driver salaries and benefits, fuel, fuel taxes (included in taxes and licenses expense), payments to independent contractors (included in rent and purchased transportation expense), supplies and maintenance and insurance and claims. As discussed further in the comparison of operating results for second quarter 2022 to second quarter 2021, several industry-wide issues have caused, and could continue to cause, costs to increase in future periods. These issues include shortages of drivers or independent contractors, changing fuel prices, compliance with new or proposed regulations and tightening of the commercial truck liability insurance market. Our main fixed costs include depreciation expense for tractors and trailers and equipment licensing fees (included in taxes and licenses expense). The TTS segment requires substantial cash expenditures for tractor and trailer purchases. We fund these purchases with net cash from operations and financing available under our existing credit facilities, as management deems necessary.
We provide non-trucking services primarily through the three operating units within our Werner Logistics segment (Truckload Logistics, Intermodal, and Final Mile). In first quarter 2021, we completed the sale of the Werner Global Logistics (“WGL”) freight forwarding services for international ocean and air shipments to Scan Global Logistics Group. WGL had annual revenues of $53 million in 2020, and we realized a $1.0 million gain from the sale in first quarter 2021, which assumed achievement of the full earnout. At the end of the twelve month period following the completed sale of WGL, the full earnout was achieved. Unlike our TTS segment, the Werner Logistics segment is less asset-intensive and is instead dependent upon qualified associates, information systems and qualified third-party capacity providers. The largest expense item related to the Werner Logistics segment is the cost of purchased transportation we pay to third-party capacity providers. This expense item is recorded as rent and purchased transportation expense. Other operating expenses consist primarily of salaries, wages and benefits, as well as depreciation and amortization, supplies and maintenance, and other general expenses. We evaluate the Werner Logistics segment’s financial performance by reviewing operating expenses and operating income expressed as a percentage of revenues. Purchased transportation expenses as a percentage of revenues can be impacted by the rates charged to customers and the costs of securing third-party capacity. We have a mix of contracted long-term rates and variable rates for the cost of third-party capacity, and we cannot assure that our operating results will not be adversely impacted in the future if our ability to obtain qualified third-party capacity providers changes or the rates of such providers increase.
COVID-19:
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the U.S. and global economies and has resulted in ongoing supply chain challenges. During the pandemic, the transportation industry has been designated by the U.S. government as an essential industry for keeping the U.S. supply chain moving. We are monitoring and reacting to the evolving nature of the pandemic, governmental responses, and their impacts on our business, including employee availability. We are working hard to stay healthy while safely delivering our customers’ freight on time. Throughout our offices and terminal network, we are closely following the safety guidelines set forth by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO).
Over the past several years, we have repositioned Werner to increase our ability to execute through different macroeconomic environments. We believe our freight base, which is heavily weighted toward customers delivering essential products that are continually being restocked in today’s economy, enabled us to more effectively manage through the difficult economic environment created by the pandemic. While there remain significant uncertainties related to COVID-19 and its effect on the economy, we believe that demand for our services will continue to moderate during the remainder of 2022.
Results of Operations:
The following table sets forth the consolidated statements of income in dollars and as a percentage of total operating revenues and the percentage increase or decrease in the dollar amounts of those items compared to the prior year.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended (3ME) June 30, | | Six Months Ended (6ME) June 30, | Percentage Change in Dollar Amounts |
| 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 | 3ME | 6ME |
(in thousands) | $ | % | | $ | % | | $ | % | | $ | % | % | % |
Operating revenues | $ | 836,276 | | 100.0 | | | $ | 649,814 | | 100.0 | | | $ | 1,600,881 | | 100.0 | | | $ | 1,266,260 | | 100.0 | | 28.7 | | 26.4 | |
Operating expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Salaries, wages and benefits | 253,639 | | 30.3 | | | 210,095 | | 32.4 | | | 495,635 | | 31.0 | | | 414,948 | | 32.8 | | 20.7 | | 19.4 | |
Fuel | 125,446 | | 15.0 | | | 58,503 | | 9.0 | | | 213,867 | | 13.3 | | | 109,341 | | 8.6 | | 114.4 | | 95.6 | |
Supplies and maintenance | 62,656 | | 7.5 | | | 49,414 | | 7.6 | | | 119,681 | | 7.4 | | | 95,561 | | 7.5 | | 26.8 | | 25.2 | |
Taxes and licenses | 23,791 | | 2.8 | | | 23,744 | | 3.7 | | | 47,624 | | 3.0 | | | 46,977 | | 3.7 | | 0.2 | | 1.4 | |
Insurance and claims | 41,071 | | 4.9 | | | 20,739 | | 3.2 | | | 68,563 | | 4.3 | | | 42,795 | | 3.4 | | 98.0 | | 60.2 | |
Depreciation and amortization | 68,471 | | 8.2 | | | 63,865 | | 9.8 | | | 135,700 | | 8.5 | | | 127,816 | | 10.1 | | 7.2 | | 6.2 | |
Rent and purchased transportation | 197,116 | | 23.6 | | | 150,920 | | 23.2 | | | 382,353 | | 23.9 | | | 297,413 | | 23.5 | | 30.6 | | 28.6 | |
Communications and utilities | 3,781 | | 0.4 | | | 3,333 | | 0.5 | | | 7,707 | | 0.5 | | | 6,355 | | 0.5 | | 13.4 | | 21.3 | |
Other | (14,618) | | (1.7) | | | (7,662) | | (1.2) | | | (28,683) | | (1.8) | | | (14,280) | | (1.1) | | 90.8 | | 100.9 | |
Total operating expenses | 761,353 | | 91.0 | | | 572,951 | | 88.2 | | | 1,442,447 | | 90.1 | | | 1,126,926 | | 89.0 | | 32.9 | | 28.0 | |
Operating income | 74,923 | | 9.0 | | | 76,863 | | 11.8 | | | 158,434 | | 9.9 | | | 139,334 | | 11.0 | | (2.5) | | 13.7 | |
Total other expense (income), net | (22,495) | | (2.6) | | | (19,770) | | (3.1) | | | (11,452) | | (0.7) | | | (19,187) | | (1.5) | | 13.8 | | (40.3) | |
Income before income taxes | 97,418 | | 11.6 | | | 96,633 | | 14.9 | | | 169,886 | | 10.6 | | | 158,521 | | 12.5 | | 0.8 | | 7.2 | |
Income tax expense | 23,809 | | 2.8 | | | 24,601 | | 3.8 | | | 41,242 | | 2.6 | | | 39,997 | | 3.1 | | (3.2) | | 3.1 | |
Net income | 73,609 | | 8.8 | | | 72,032 | | 11.1 | | | 128,644 | | 8.0 | | | 118,524 | | 9.4 | | 2.2 | | 8.5 | |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | (1,319) | | (0.2) | | | — | | — | | | (2,605) | | (0.1) | | | — | | — | | N/A | N/A |
Net income attributable to Werner | $ | 72,290 | | 8.6 | | | $ | 72,032 | | 11.1 | | | $ | 126,039 | | 7.9 | | | $ | 118,524 | | 9.4 | | 0.4 | | 6.3 | |
The following tables set forth the operating revenues, operating expenses and operating income for the TTS segment and certain statistical data regarding our TTS segment operations, as well as statistical data for the One-Way Truckload and Dedicated operating units within TTS.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
TTS segment (in thousands) | $ | | % | | $ | | % | | $ | | % | | $ | | % |
Trucking revenues, net of fuel surcharge | $ | 488,208 | | | | | $ | 428,523 | | | | | $ | 960,569 | | | | | $ | 839,175 | | | |
Trucking fuel surcharge revenues | 118,641 | | | | | 57,439 | | | | | 198,456 | | | | | 104,898 | | | |
Non-trucking and other operating revenues | 6,767 | | | | | 5,238 | | | | | 13,008 | | | | | 10,076 | | | |
Operating revenues | 613,616 | | | 100.0 | | | 491,200 | | | 100.0 | | | 1,172,033 | | | 100.0 | | | 954,149 | | | 100.0 | |
Operating expenses | 549,612 | | | 89.6 | | | 418,092 | | | 85.1 | | | 1,031,936 | | | 88.0 | | | 823,413 | | | 86.3 | |
Operating income | $ | 64,004 | | | 10.4 | | | $ | 73,108 | | | 14.9 | | | $ | 140,097 | | | 12.0 | | | $ | 130,736 | | | 13.7 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | | | Six Months Ended June 30, | | |
TTS segment | 2022 | | 2021 | | % Change | | 2022 | | 2021 | | % Change |
Average tractors in service | 8,286 | | | 7,664 | | | 8.1 | % | | 8,262 | | | 7,727 | | | 6.9 | % |
Average revenues per tractor per week (1) | $ | 4,532 | | | $ | 4,301 | | | 5.4 | % | | $ | 4,472 | | | $ | 4,177 | | | 7.1 | % |
Total tractors (at quarter end) | | | | | | | | | | | |
Company | 8,145 | | | 7,305 | | | 11.5 | % | | 8,145 | | | 7,305 | | | 11.5 | % |
Independent contractor | 255 | | | 340 | | | (25.0) | % | | 255 | | | 340 | | | (25.0) | % |
Total tractors | 8,400 | | | 7,645 | | | 9.9 | % | | 8,400 | | | 7,645 | | | 9.9 | % |
Total trailers (at quarter end) | 25,905 | | | 23,090 | | | 12.2 | % | | 25,905 | | | 23,090 | | | 12.2 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
One-Way Truckload | | | | | | | | | | | |
Trucking revenues, net of fuel surcharge (in 000’s) | $ | 188,173 | | | $ | 166,171 | | | 13.2 | % | | $ | 374,933 | | | $ | 323,010 | | | 16.1 | % |
Average tractors in service | 3,102 | | | 2,715 | | | 14.3 | % | | 3,083 | | | 2,785 | | | 10.7 | % |
Total tractors (at quarter end) | 3,080 | | | 2,605 | | | 18.2 | % | | 3,080 | | | 2,605 | | | 18.2 | % |
Average percentage of empty miles | 12.39 | % | | 10.72 | % | | 15.6 | % | | 12.07 | % | | 11.04 | % | | 9.3 | % |
Average revenues per tractor per week (1) | $ | 4,665 | | | $ | 4,709 | | | (0.9) | % | | $ | 4,677 | | | $ | 4,461 | | | 4.8 | % |
Average % change in revenues per total mile (1) | 13.7 | % | | 16.7 | % | | | | 17.1 | % | | 13.1 | % | | |
Average % change in total miles per tractor per week | (12.9) | % | | (1.7) | % | | | | (10.5) | % | | (4.8) | % | | |
Average completed trip length in miles (loaded) | 692 | | | 877 | | | (21.1) | % | | 704 | | | 865 | | | (18.6) | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Dedicated | | | | | | | | | | | |
Trucking revenues, net of fuel surcharge (in 000’s) | $ | 300,035 | | | $ | 262,352 | | | 14.4 | % | | $ | 585,636 | | | $ | 516,165 | | | 13.5 | % |
Average tractors in service | 5,184 | | | 4,949 | | | 4.7 | % | | 5,179 | | | 4,942 | | | 4.8 | % |
Total tractors (at quarter end) | 5,320 | | | 5,040 | | | 5.6 | % | | 5,320 | | | 5,040 | | | 5.6 | % |
Average revenues per tractor per week (1) | $ | 4,452 | | | $ | 4,079 | | | 9.1 | % | | $ | 4,349 | | | $ | 4,018 | | | 8.2 | % |
(1)Net of fuel surcharge revenues.
The following tables set forth the Werner Logistics segment’s revenues, purchased transportation expense, other operating expenses (primarily salaries, wages and benefits expense), total operating expenses, and operating income, as well as certain statistical data regarding the Werner Logistics segment.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
Werner Logistics segment (in thousands) | $ | | % | | $ | | % | | $ | | % | | $ | | % |
Operating revenues | $ | 203,861 | | | 100.0 | | | $ | 141,673 | | | 100.0 | | | $ | 392,869 | | | 100.0 | | | $ | 279,526 | | | 100.0 | |
Operating expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Purchased transportation expense | 166,241 | | | 81.6 | | | 124,388 | | | 87.8 | | | 323,762 | | | 82.4 | | | 244,915 | | | 87.6 | |
Other operating expenses | 25,130 | | | 12.3 | | | 13,358 | | | 9.4 | | | 47,936 | | | 12.2 | | | 26,110 | | | 9.4 | |
Total operating expenses | 191,371 | | | 93.9 | | | 137,746 | | | 97.2 | | | 371,698 | | | 94.6 | | | 271,025 | | | 97.0 | |
Operating income | $ | 12,490 | | | 6.1 | | | $ | 3,927 | | | 2.8 | | | $ | 21,171 | | | 5.4 | | | $ | 8,501 | | | 3.0 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | | | Six Months Ended June 30, | | |
Werner Logistics segment | 2022 | | 2021 | | % Change | | 2022 | | 2021 | | % Change |
Average tractors in service | 58 | | | 34 | | | 70.6 | % | | 55 | | | 36 | | | 52.8 | % |
Total tractors (at quarter end) | 57 | | | 41 | | | 39.0 | % | | 57 | | | 41 | | | 39.0 | % |
Total trailers (at quarter end) | 1,920 | | | 1,325 | | | 44.9 | % | | 1,920 | | | 1,325 | | | 44.9 | % |
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Operating Revenues
Operating revenues increased 28.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the same period of the prior year. When comparing second quarter 2022 to second quarter 2021, TTS segment revenues increased $122.4 million, or 24.9%, and Werner Logistics revenues increased $62.2 million, or 43.9%.
Our results in second quarter 2022 reflect strong freight market conditions. Our One-Way Truckload fleet freight demand in second quarter moderated from very good levels in April to seasonally normal levels by the end of June, while our Dedicated fleet freight demand remained strong and steady in second quarter 2022. For the remainder of 2022, we expect industry truckload freight demand to continue to moderate, more for discretionary goods and less for consumer staples. This may impact our One-Way Truckload fleet more than our Dedicated fleet or Logistics segment.
Trucking revenues, net of fuel surcharge, increased 13.9% in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021 due to an 8.1% increase in the average number of tractors in service and a 5.4% increase in average revenues per tractor per week, net of fuel surcharge. The increase in average revenues per tractor was due primarily to improved pricing in both Dedicated and One-Way Truckload, partially offset by a decline in miles per tractor caused by lower length of haul due to the ECM Associated, LLC (“ECM”) acquisition, growth in Dedicated, and fewer team drivers. We currently expect average revenues per total mile, net of fuel surcharge, for the One-Way Truckload fleet for the third quarter 2022 to increase in a range of 2% to 5% when compared to third quarter 2021, and we currently expect Dedicated average revenues per tractor per week, net of fuel surcharge, to increase in a range of 6% to 8% in 2022 compared to 2021.
The average number of tractors in service in the TTS segment increased 8.1% to 8,286 in second quarter 2022 from 7,664 in second quarter 2021, primarily resulting from the nearly 500 tractors acquired in the ECM acquisition. We ended second quarter 2022 with 8,400 tractors in the TTS segment, a year-over-year increase of 755 tractors compared to the end of second quarter 2021, and a sequential increase of 175 tractors compared to the end of first quarter 2022. Within TTS, our Dedicated unit ended second quarter 2022 with 5,320 tractors (or 63% of our total TTS segment tractors) compared to 5,040 tractors (or 66%) a year ago. We expect our tractor count at the end of 2022 to be in a range of 2% to 5% higher when compared to the fleet size at year end 2021, subject to the availability of drivers and new equipment. We cannot predict whether future driver shortages, if any, will adversely affect our ability to grow our fleet size. If such a driver shortage were to occur, it could result in a fleet size reduction, and our results of operations could be adversely affected.
Trucking fuel surcharge revenues increased 106.6% to $118.6 million in second quarter 2022 from $57.4 million in second quarter 2021 due primarily to higher average diesel fuel prices in second quarter 2022. These revenues represent collections from customers for the increase in fuel and fuel-related expenses, including the fuel component of our independent contractor cost (recorded as rent and purchased transportation expense) and fuel taxes (recorded in taxes and licenses expense), when diesel fuel prices rise. Conversely, when fuel prices decrease, fuel surcharge revenues decrease. To lessen the effect of
fluctuating fuel prices on our margins, we collect fuel surcharge revenues from our customers for the cost of diesel fuel and taxes in excess of specified base fuel price levels according to terms in our customer contracts. Fuel surcharge rates generally adjust weekly based on an independent U.S. Department of Energy fuel price survey which is released every Monday. Our fuel surcharge programs are designed to (i) recoup higher fuel costs from customers when fuel prices rise and (ii) provide customers with the benefit of lower fuel costs when fuel prices decline. These programs generally enable us to recover a majority, but not all, of the fuel price increases. The remaining portion is generally not recoverable because it results from empty and out-of-route miles (which are not billable to customers) and tractor idle time. Fuel prices that change rapidly in short time periods also impact our recovery because the surcharge rate in most programs only changes once per week.
Werner Logistics revenues are generated by its three operating units, following the sale of its WGL freight forwarding services for international ocean and air shipments in first quarter 2021. Werner Logistics revenues exclude revenues for full truckload shipments transferred to the TTS segment, which are recorded as trucking revenues by the TTS segment. Werner Logistics also recorded revenue and brokered freight expense of $625 thousand in second quarter 2022 and $193 thousand in second quarter 2021 for Intermodal drayage movements performed by the TTS segment (also recorded as trucking revenue by the TTS segment), and these transactions between reporting segments are eliminated in consolidation. In second quarter 2022, Werner Logistics revenues increased $62.2 million, or 43.9%. Truckload Logistics revenues (65% of total Logistics revenues) increased by 36% in second quarter 2022. Truckload Logistics volume increased 16% in second quarter 2022, and revenues per shipment increased 17%. Intermodal revenues (23% of Logistics revenues) increased 18% in second quarter 2022, due to 35% higher revenues per shipment, partially offset by a decrease in volume of 13%. Final Mile revenues (12% of total Logistics revenues) increased $21.1 million in second quarter 2022, primarily due to growth from the November 2021 acquisition of NEHDS Logistics, LLC (“NEHDS”) and continued growth from our national final mile agent network. The Werner Logistics operating income increased to $12.5 million in second quarter 2022 from $3.9 million in second quarter 2021, due to revenue growth and an improved operating margin percentage when compared to the 2021 quarter when we experienced a significant increase in the cost of capacity for contractual brokerage shipments and intermodal shipments.
Operating Expenses
Our operating ratio (operating expenses expressed as a percentage of operating revenues) was 91.0% for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 88.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2021. Expense items that impacted the overall operating ratio are described on the following pages. The tables on pages 21 through 23 show the consolidated statements of income in dollars and as a percentage of total operating revenues and the percentage increase or decrease in the dollar amounts of those items compared to the same period of the prior year, as well as the operating ratios, operating margins, and certain statistical information for our two reportable segments, TTS and Werner Logistics.
Salaries, wages and benefits increased $43.5 million or 20.7% in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021 and decreased 2.1% as a percentage of operating revenues to 30.3%. The higher dollar amount of salaries, wages and benefits expense in the second quarter of 2022 was due primarily to increased driver pay, including driver pay rate increases and the impact of 3.9 million more company tractor miles in the second quarter of 2022. In August 2021, we implemented driver pay increases of approximately $11 million annually in our One-Way Truckload fleet. Within Dedicated, we continue to implement driver pay increases as needed. The increase in salaries, wages and benefits was also due to an increase in the number of non-driver employees and higher benefits. Non-driver salaries, wages and benefits in our non-trucking Werner Logistics segment increased 65.5% as a result of increased employees to support the 44% growth of Logistics revenues and higher pay rates per employee.
We renewed our workers’ compensation insurance coverage on April 1, 2022. Our coverage levels are the same as the prior policy year. We continue to maintain a self-insurance retention of $2.0 million per claim. Our workers’ compensation insurance premiums for the policy year beginning April 2022 are $0.4 million higher than the premiums for the previous policy year.
Strong consumer demand combined with a very competitive driver market is presenting labor challenges for customers and carriers alike. The driver market remained challenging in second quarter 2022, as the strong freight market caused increased competition for the finite number of experienced drivers that meet our hiring standards. Several ongoing market factors persisted including a declining number of, and increased competition for, driver training school graduates, aging truck driver demographics and increased truck safety regulations. We continue to take significant actions to strengthen our driver recruiting and retention as we strive to be the truckload employer of choice, including raising driver pay, providing a modern tractor and trailer fleet with the latest safety equipment and technology, investing and expanding our driver training school network and offering a wide variety of driving positions including daily and weekly home time opportunities. We are unable to predict whether we will experience future driver shortages or maintain our current driver retention rates. If such a driver shortage were to occur and additional driver pay rate increases became necessary to attract and retain drivers, our results of operations would be negatively impacted to the extent that we could not obtain corresponding freight rate increases.
Fuel increased $66.9 million or 114.4% in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021 and increased 6.0% as a percentage of operating revenues to 15.0% due to higher average diesel fuel prices and 3.9 million more company tractor miles in second quarter 2022. Average diesel fuel prices were $2.21 per gallon higher in second quarter 2022 than in second quarter 2021 and were $1.20 per gallon higher than in first quarter 2022.
We continue to employ measures to improve our fuel mpg such as (i) limiting tractor engine idle time, (ii) optimizing the speed, weight and specifications of our equipment and (iii) implementing mpg-enhancing equipment changes to our fleet including new tractors, more aerodynamic tractor features, idle reduction systems, trailer tire inflation systems, trailer skirts and automated manual transmissions to reduce our fuel gallons purchased. However, fuel savings from mpg improvement is partially offset by higher depreciation expense and the additional cost of diesel exhaust fluid. Although our fuel management programs require significant capital investment and research and development, we intend to continue these and other environmentally conscious initiatives, including our active participation as an EPA SmartWay Transport Partner. The SmartWay Transport Partnership is a national voluntary program developed by the EPA and freight industry representatives to reduce greenhouse gases and air pollution and promote cleaner, more efficient ground freight transportation.
For July 2022, the average diesel fuel price per gallon was approximately $1.64 higher than the average diesel fuel price per gallon in July 2021 and approximately $1.63 higher than in third quarter 2021.
Shortages of fuel, increases in fuel prices and petroleum product rationing can have a material adverse effect on our operations and profitability. We are unable to predict whether fuel price levels will increase or decrease in the future or the extent to which fuel surcharges will be collected from customers. As of June 30, 2022, we had no derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to fuel price fluctuations.
Supplies and maintenance increased $13.2 million or 26.8% in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021 and decreased 0.1% as a percentage of operating revenues. Supplies and maintenance expense increased due to increases in tractor and trailer parts and labor, over-the-road repairs, tires, and tolls. The average age of our tractors and trailers increased by 0.3 years and 0.6 years, respectively, in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021, primarily due to ongoing delays in receiving new equipment. Operating older equipment has a direct impact on our supplies and maintenance costs.
Insurance and claims increased $20.3 million or 98.0% in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021 and increased 1.7% as a percentage of operating revenues due primarily to a higher amount of unfavorable reserve development on large claims, higher expense for small dollar liability claims resulting from unfavorable reserve development and higher new claims, and higher liability insurance premiums. The majority of the higher unfavorable reserve development related to recent unexpected and unfortunate legal developments for two prior year motor vehicle accidents that have been settled, including a settlement of a lawsuit in Texas arising from a May 24, 2020 accident for which we recognized $9.5 million of insurance and claims expense in second quarter 2022. We also incurred insurance and claims expense of $1.3 million in both second quarter 2022 and second quarter 2021 for accrued interest related to a previously-disclosed adverse jury verdict rendered May 17, 2018, which we are appealing. Interest is accrued at $0.4 million per month, until such time as the outcome of our appeal is finalized. For additional information related to these lawsuits, see Note 8 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) set forth in Part I of this report. The majority of our insurance and claims expense results from our claim experience and claim development under our self-insurance program; the remainder results from insurance premiums for claims in excess of our self-insured limits.
We renewed our liability insurance policies on August 1, 2022 and are responsible for the first $10.0 million per claim on all claims with an annual $10.0 million aggregate for claims between $10.0 million and $20.0 million. For the policy year that began August 1, 2021, we were responsible for the first $10.0 million per claim on all claims with an annual $10.0 million aggregate for claims between $10.0 million and $15.0 million. We maintain liability insurance coverage with insurance carriers in excess of the $10.0 million per claim. Our liability insurance premiums for the policy year that began August 1, 2022 are $1.9 million higher than premiums for the previous policy year.
Depreciation and amortization expense increased $4.6 million or 7.2% in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021 and decreased 1.6% as a percentage of operating revenues due primarily to depreciation and amortization on tangible and intangible assets recorded in the ECM and NEHDS acquisitions, partially offset by the impact of a change in accounting estimate effective January 1, 2022, which decreased depreciation expense by $3.2 million in second quarter 2022. During the first quarter of 2022, we increased the estimated salvage value of our trailers by $5,000 per trailer due to the ongoing stronger used trailer market and the increasing cost of new trailers.
The average age of our tractor fleet was 2.3 years as of June 30, 2022, and the average age of our trailers was 4.7 years. We are continuing to invest in new tractors and trailers and our terminals in 2022 to improve our driver experience, increase operational efficiency and more effectively manage our maintenance, safety and fuel costs. During the remainder of 2022, we expect the
average age of our tractor and trailer fleet to remain at or near current levels, subject to potential delays in receiving new equipment.
Rent and purchased transportation expense increased $46.2 million or 30.6% in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021 and increased 0.4% as a percentage of operating revenues. Rent and purchased transportation expense consists mostly of payments to third-party capacity providers in the Werner Logistics segment and other non-trucking operations and payments to independent contractors in the TTS segment. The payments to third-party capacity providers generally vary depending on changes in the volume of services generated by the Werner Logistics segment. Werner Logistics purchased transportation expense increased $41.9 million as a result of higher logistics revenues, and decreased as a percentage of Werner Logistics revenues to 81.5% in second quarter 2022 from 87.8% in second quarter 2021 due to improved pricing and the effect of the NEHDS acquisition, as NEHDS utilizes both employees and contracted drive teams.
Rent and purchased transportation expense for the TTS segment increased $3.5 million in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021 due primarily to higher reimbursements to independent contractors due to higher average diesel fuel prices. The higher expense was partially offset by fewer independent contractor miles in second quarter 2022. Independent contractor miles decreased approximately 3.4 million miles in second quarter 2022 and as a percentage of total miles were 4.4% in second quarter 2022 compared to 6.2% in second quarter 2021. Because independent contractors supply their own tractors and drivers and are responsible for their operating expenses, the decrease in independent contractor miles as a percentage of total miles shifted costs from the rent and purchased transportation category to other expense categories, including (i) salaries, wages and benefits, (ii) fuel, (iii) depreciation, (iv) supplies and maintenance and (v) taxes and licenses.
Challenging operating conditions continue to make independent contractor recruitment and retention difficult. Such conditions include inflationary cost increases that are the responsibility of independent contractors and a shortage of financing available to independent contractors for equipment purchases. Historically we have been able to add company tractors and recruit additional company drivers to offset any decrease in the number of independent contractors. If a shortage of independent contractors and company drivers occurs, further increases in per-mile settlement rates (for independent contractors) and driver pay rates (for company drivers) may become necessary to attract and retain these drivers. These rate increases could negatively affect our results of operations to the extent that we would not be able to obtain corresponding freight rate increases.
Other operating expenses decreased $7.0 million in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021 and decreased 0.5% as a percentage of operating revenues. Gains on sales of assets (primarily used tractors and trailers) are reflected as a reduction of other operating expenses and are reported net of sales-related expenses (which include costs to prepare the equipment for sale). Gains on sales of assets were $20.7 million in second quarter 2022, compared to $13.5 million in second quarter 2021. We realized substantially higher average gains per tractor and trailer due to significantly improved pricing in the market for our used equipment, which we believe is a temporary result of increased demand for previously used equipment because of production delays limiting availability of new equipment in the industry. We sold fewer tractors and trailers in second quarter 2022 than in second quarter 2021.
Other Expense (Income)
Other income, net of expense, increased $2.7 million in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021 due primarily to a $3.9 million increase in the amount of unrealized net gains recognized on our investments in equity securities in second quarter 2022 compared to second quarter 2021 (see Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) set forth in Part I of this report), partially offset by a $1.1 million increase in interest expense. Interest expense increased primarily due to higher average debt outstanding.
Income Tax Expense
Our effective income tax rate (income taxes expressed as a percentage of income before income taxes) was 24.4% in second quarter 2022 compared to 25.5% in second quarter 2021. The lower income tax rate in second quarter 2022 was attributed primarily to a higher amount of favorable discrete income tax items in the second quarter 2022 and the income tax effect of the noncontrolling interest.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Operating Revenues
Operating revenues increased 26.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the same period of the prior year. When comparing the first six months of 2022 to the first six months of 2021, TTS segment revenues increased $217.9 million, or 22.8%, and Werner Logistics revenues increased $113.3 million, or 40.5%, due primarily to pricing and volume increases and the acquisition of NEHDS. In the TTS segment, trucking revenues, net of fuel surcharge, increased $121.4 million, or 14.5%, due primarily to a 7.1% increase in average revenues per tractor per week and a 6.9% increase in average tractors in
service. TTS segment fuel surcharge revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2022 increased $93.6 million or 89.2% when compared to the same period of the prior year due to higher average diesel fuel prices in the 2022 period.
Operating Expenses
Our operating ratio (operating expenses expressed as a percentage of operating revenues) was 90.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 89.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2021. Expense items that impacted the overall operating ratio are described on the following pages. The tables on pages 21 through 23 show the consolidated statements of income in dollars and as a percentage of total operating revenues and the percentage increase or decrease in the dollar amounts of those items compared to the same period of the prior year, as well as the operating ratios, operating margins, and certain statistical information for our two reportable segments, TTS and Werner Logistics.
Salaries, wages and benefits increased $80.7 million or 19.4% in the first six months of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 and decreased 1.8% as a percentage of operating revenues to 31.0%. The higher dollar amount of salaries, wages and benefits expense in the first six months of 2022 was due primarily to increased driver pay, including driver pay rate increases and the impact of 8.0 million more company tractor miles in the first six months of 2022. The increase in salaries, wages and benefits was also due to an increase in the number of non-driver employees and higher benefits. Non-driver salaries, wages and benefits in our non-trucking Werner Logistics segment increased 56.2% as a result of increased employees to support the 41% growth of Logistics revenues and higher pay rates per employee.
Fuel increased $104.5 million or 95.6% in the first six months of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 and increased 4.7% as a percentage of operating revenues due to higher average diesel fuel prices and 8.0 million more company tractor miles in the first six months of 2022. Average diesel fuel prices were $1.74 per gallon higher in the first six months of 2022 than in same period in 2021.
Supplies and maintenance increased $24.1 million or 25.2% in the first six months of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 and decreased 0.1% as a percentage of operating revenues. Supplies and maintenance expense increased due to increases in tractor and trailer parts and labor, over-the-road repairs, tires, tolls, travel, and driver advertising.
Insurance and claims increased $25.8 million or 60.2% in the first six months of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 and increased 0.9% as a percentage of operating revenues due primarily to a higher amount of unfavorable reserve development on large claims, higher expense for small dollar liability claims resulting from unfavorable reserve development and higher new claims, and higher liability insurance premiums.
Depreciation and amortization expense increased $7.9 million or 6.2% in the first six months of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 and decreased 1.6% as a percentage of operating revenues due primarily to depreciation and amortization on tangible and intangible assets recorded in the ECM and NEHDS acquisitions, partially offset by the impact of a change in accounting estimate effective January 1, 2022, which decreased depreciation expense by $6.3 million in first six months of 2022. During the first quarter of 2022, we increased the estimated salvage value of our trailers by $5,000 per trailer due to the ongoing stronger used trailer market and the increasing cost of new trailers.
Rent and purchased transportation expense for the TTS segment increased $5.0 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 due primarily to higher reimbursements to independent contractors due to higher average diesel fuel prices. The higher expense was partially offset by fewer independent contractor miles in the first six months of 2022. Independent contractor miles decreased approximately 7.5 million miles in the first six months of 2022 and as a percentage of total miles were 4.4% in the first six months of 2022 compared to 6.4% in the first six months of 2021. Werner Logistics purchased transportation expense increased $78.8 million in the first six months of 2022 as a result of higher logistics revenues and decreased as a percentage of Werner Logistics revenues to 82.4% in the first six months of 2022 from 87.6% in the same period in 2021 due to improved pricing and the effect of the NEHDS acquisition, as NEHDS utilizes both employees and contracted drive teams.
Other operating expenses decreased $14.4 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 and decreased 0.7% as a percentage of operating revenues due primarily to higher gains on the sales of assets in the first six months of 2022, partially offset by the impact of a $1.0 million gain from the sale of WGL in first quarter 2021. Gains on sales of assets were $41.1 million in the first six months of 2022, compared to $25.0 million in the same period in 2021. We realized substantially higher average gains per tractor and trailer due to significantly improved pricing in the market for our used equipment, which we believe is a temporary result of increased demand for previously used equipment because of production delays limiting availability of new equipment in the industry. We sold fewer tractors and trailers in the first six months of 2022 than in the same period in 2021.
Other Expense (Income)
Other income, net of expense, decreased $7.7 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 due primarily to a $5.9 million decrease in the amount of unrealized net gains recognized on our investments in equity securities (see Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) set forth in Part I of this report) and a $1.7 million increase in interest expense. Interest expense increased due to higher average debt outstanding, partially offset by a decrease in the average effective interest rate incurred on our debt.
Income Tax Expense
Our effective income tax rate (income taxes expressed as a percentage of income before income taxes) was 24.3% for the first six months of 2022 compared to 25.2% in the same period in 2021. The lower income tax rate in the first six months of 2022 was attributed primarily to a higher amount of favorable discrete income tax items in the first six months of 2022 and the income tax effect of the noncontrolling interest.
Liquidity and Capital Resources:
We closely manage our liquidity and capital resources. Our liquidity requirements depend on key variables, including the level of investment needed to support business strategies, the performance of the business, capital expenditures, borrowing arrangements, and working capital management. Capital expenditures, stock repurchases, and dividend payments are components of our cash flow and capital management strategy, which to a large extent, can be adjusted in response to economic and other changes in the business environment. Management’s approach to capital allocation focuses on investing in key priorities that support our business and growth strategies and providing shareholder returns, while funding ongoing operations.
Management believes our financial position at June 30, 2022 is strong. As of June 30, 2022, we had $54.4 million of cash and cash equivalents and over $1.3 billion of stockholders’ equity. Cash is invested primarily in government portfolio money market funds. In addition, we have two $300.0 million revolving credit facilities, for which our total available borrowing capacity was $291.6 million as of June 30, 2022 (see Note 7 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) set forth in Part I of this report for information regarding our credit agreements). We believe our liquid assets, cash generated from operating activities, and borrowing capacity under our existing credit facilities will provide sufficient funds to meet our cash requirements and our planned shareholder returns for the foreseeable future.
Item 7 of Part II of our 2021 Form 10-K includes our disclosure of material cash requirements as of December 31, 2021. On March 25, 2022, we entered into a new credit agreement, replacing a previous credit agreement, and we amended an existing credit agreement. These changes increased our borrowing capacity by $200.0 million. See Note 7 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) set forth in Part I of this report for further details regarding our debt and the timing of expected future principal payments. Except for the changes related to our credit agreements, there were no other material changes in the nature of these items during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Cash Flows
During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we generated cash flow from operations of $267.5 million, a 41.2% or $78.1 million increase in cash flows compared to the same six-month period a year ago. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities was due primarily to increased cash flows from working capital. We were able to make net capital expenditures, make additional strategic investments, pay dividends and repurchase company stock with the net cash provided by operating activities and existing cash balances.
Net cash used in investing activities was $169.7 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2022 compared to $104.6 million during the same period in 2021. Net property additions (primarily revenue equipment) were $153.4 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2022, compared to $102.9 million during the same period of 2021. We currently estimate net capital expenditures (primarily revenue equipment) in 2022 to be in the range of $275 million to $325 million, compared to net capital expenditures in 2021 of $193.0 million. We intend to fund these net capital expenditures through cash flow from operations and financing available under our existing credit facilities, if necessary. As of June 30, 2022, we were committed to property and equipment purchases of approximately $182.4 million.
Net financing activities used $97.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022, and provided $77.8 million during the same period in 2021. We had net borrowings on our debt of $17.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022, increasing our outstanding debt to $445.0 million at June 30, 2022. We had net borrowings of $100.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021, which we used to finance the July 1, 2021 purchase of ECM. We paid dividends of $15.7 million in the six-month period ended June 30, 2022 and $12.9 million during the same period in 2021. We currently plan to continue paying our quarterly dividend, which we have paid quarterly since 1987.
Financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022, also included common stock repurchases of 2,495,100 shares at a cost of $102.1 million. The Company has repurchased, and may continue to repurchase, shares of the Company’s common stock. The timing and amount of such purchases depend upon economic and stock market conditions and other factors. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had purchased 3,472,986 shares pursuant to our current Board of Directors repurchase authorization and had 2,527,014 shares remaining available for repurchase.
Regulations:
Item 1 of Part I of our 2021 Form 10-K includes a discussion of pending proposed regulations that may have an effect on our operations if they become adopted and effective as proposed. There have been no material changes in the status of the proposed regulations previously disclosed in the 2021 Form 10-K.
Critical Accounting Estimates:
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the (i) reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and (ii) reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis as events and circumstances change, utilizing historical experience, consultation with experts and other methods considered reasonable in the particular circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates and may significantly impact our results of operations from period to period. It is also possible that materially different amounts would be reported if we used different estimates or assumptions.
Information regarding our Critical Accounting Estimates can be found in our 2021 Form 10-K. Estimates of accrued liabilities for insurance and claims for bodily injury, property damage and workers’ compensation is a critical accounting estimate that requires us to make significant judgments and estimates and affects our financial statements.
There have been no material changes to this critical accounting estimate from that discussed in our 2021 Form 10-K.