By Tom Fairless
From London to Washington to Sydney, policy makers are puzzling
over why workers' pay has been rising only slowly even though
official unemployment is at its lowest levels in decades.
Now, some economists have a possible answer: Instead of focusing
on the number of people without jobs, watch the rate at which
workers are switching between jobs.
While unemployment fell quickly after the financial crisis,
job-switching rates recovered more slowly and remain lower than in
earlier decades.
That is surprising because changing jobs is often lucrative.
U.S. workers who switch jobs gain 4% more pay on average than those
who stay put, according to recent research by Giuseppe Moscarini, a
labor economist at Yale University.
He and other economists say the amount of job-market churn may
be a stronger predictor of wages, inflation and productivity than
unemployment.
If so, wage growth and inflation could remain soft even as labor
markets continue to tighten -- especially if the recent sag in
global growth weighs on workers' confidence.
It is a crucial issue for central banks as they figure out how
much to cut interest rates to support their softening economies.
One of their key economic models, the so-called Phillips curve,
predicted inflation would rise as unemployment fell. That hasn't
happened lately. Inflation remains below central banks' targets
across developed economies.
"Central banks should pay more attention to job switching and
what it reveals about people's preferences for the jobs they have,"
Mr. Moscarini says.
The argument runs like this: Workers can demand higher wages
only if they have outside offers, regardless of the unemployment
rate. People who switch jobs tend to find work that better utilizes
their skills, and therefore pays more. Job switchers also improve
the bargaining position of workers who stay in their jobs, by
encouraging employers to pay more to retain them.
The most productive companies are able to pay more to poach
workers and expand, while less productive companies shrink. That
means increased job-switching tends to boost productivity, or
output per hour worked.
"The biggest reason for wage rises is competition, either actual
turnover or the threat of turnover," says Chris Pissarides, a Nobel
Prize-winning labor economist. "If we're observing declining labor
turnover, that should have an impact on productivity and wage
increases."
Since peaking after the recession at 10% in October 2009, the
U.S. unemployment rate fell 6.5 percentage points to a 50-year-low
of 3.5% in September, before edging up to 3.6% last month.
But the rate at which employed workers transition to new jobs
has only recently edged toward the levels seen before the 2008
financial crisis, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau.
Some 5.8% of U.S. workers switched jobs in the first three months
of 2018, the most recent period available, similar to the level
reached in 2006-07, and down from around 7% per quarter in 2000.
Job switching fell to as low as 3% per quarter in 2009.
U.S. wage growth firmed much of the past year, with average
hourly earnings increasing 3% in October from a year earlier. But
annual wage growth remains below the rates of more than 4% seen
before the financial crisis, and above 5% in the early 2000s.
For the average U.S. worker, 40% of wage growth over their
working lifetime comes from job switching, rather than experience
or skills, says Mr. Moscarini.
Researchers at Australia's Treasury found that a 1 percentage
point increase in the rate at which workers switch jobs is
associated with a 0.5 percentage-point increase in growth of
average wages.
Yet the share of Australian workers who switch jobs in a given
year has fallen to around 8% from around 11% in the early 2000s,
according to the researchers.
In the U.K., the job-switching rate only recently returned to
its precrisis level and remains around 25-30% below its peak in the
1970s and 1980s, according to the Bank of England. U.K. wages are
still below their level a decade ago after adjusting for inflation,
despite the lowest unemployment rate in around half a century.
The job-switching theory could explain why it has taken so long
for inflation to pick up. As workers started changing jobs after
the financial crisis, their pay rose. But that generally reflected
increased productivity, which doesn't generate inflation. And
switching hasn't recovered enough to fuel faster inflation.
Why the slowdown in job switching? One important driver,
economists say, is workers' increased caution in the wake of the
financial crisis and sweeping changes in the economy, including
globalization and new technologies.
Switching jobs is good on average, but risky. New hires may fear
they will be the first to be fired in any downturn. Workers may be
concerned about switching to fast-growing sectors that require new
skills.
An aging population also plays a large role, says Steven Davis,
an economist at the University of Chicago.
"Older workers are less geographically mobile and are less
likely to quit to take a job or seek employment in new locations,"
he says. "Spousal employment, kids, homeownership are among the
factors that make older workers less mobile."
Increased regulation has made the U.S. labor market less fluid,
and more like those in Europe, economists say. The share of U.S.
jobs requiring a license has risen to 22% in 2018 from around 9% in
1950, according to the Labor Department. That means switching jobs
can be more expensive and time-consuming.
If workers are less willing to switch jobs, central banks could
press harder on the gas pedal to stimulate the economy without
worrying about inflation. And there may be little policy makers can
do to influence the job-switching rate except to watch it.
--Eric Morath contributed to this article.
Write to Tom Fairless at tom.fairless@wsj.com
(END) Dow Jones Newswires
November 17, 2019 09:14 ET (14:14 GMT)
Copyright (c) 2019 Dow Jones & Company, Inc.