[ ] REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b)
OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended
December 31,
2016
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR
15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from
______ to ______
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section
12(b) of the Act:
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to section
12(g) of the Act:
None.
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant
to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None
.
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the
issuers classes of capital or common shares as of the close of the period
covered by the annual report.
7,845,184 Common Shares.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known
seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes
[ ] No [X]
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by
check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section
13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Yes [X] No [
]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all
reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted
electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive
Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such
shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes [ ] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large
accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See
definition of accelerated filer and large accelerated filer in Rule 12b-2 of
the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant
has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
If Other has been checked in response to previous question,
indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected
to follow.
Item 17 [ ] Item 18 [ ]
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the
registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes [ ] No [X]
All references in this Form 20-F to the Company, Trillium,
we, us, or our refer to Trillium Therapeutics Inc. and the subsidiaries
through which it conducts its business, unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise.
We are an emerging growth company under the U.S. Jumpstart
Our Business Startups Act, enacted on April 5, 2012, or the JOBS Act, and
applicable U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC rules and will be
eligible for reduced public company disclosure requirements. See Item 4.
Information on the Company.
Unless otherwise indicated, all references to dollars or the
use of the symbol $ are to Canadian dollars, and all references to U.S.
dollars or US$ are to United States dollars. See Exchange Rate Data under
Item 1 for relevant information about the rates of exchange between Canadian
dollars and United States dollars.
We are an emerging growth company under the U.S. Jumpstart
Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, and will continue to qualify
as an emerging growth company until the earliest to occur of: (a) the last day
of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of
$1,000,000,000 (as such amount is indexed for inflation every 5 years by the
SEC) or more; (b) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth
anniversary of the date of the first sale of our common shares pursuant to an
effective registration statement under the Securities Act; (c) the date on which
we have, during the previous 3-year period, issued more than $1,000,000,000 in
non-convertible debt; or (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a large
accelerated filer, as defined in Rule 12b2 of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, or the Exchange Act.
Generally, a company that registers any class of its securities
under Section 12 of the Exchange Act is required to include in the second and
all subsequent annual reports filed by it under the Exchange Act, a management
report on internal control over financial reporting and, subject to an exemption
available to companies that meet the definition of a smaller reporting company
in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, an auditor attestation report on
managements assessment of the companys internal control over financial
reporting. However, for so long as we continue to qualify as an emerging growth
company, we will be exempt from the requirement to include an auditor
attestation report in our annual reports filed under the Exchange Act, even if
we do not qualify as a smaller reporting company. In addition, Section
103(a)(3) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, has been
amended by the JOBS Act to provide that, among other things, auditors of an
emerging growth company are exempt from any rules of the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board requiring mandatory audit firm rotation or a
supplement to the auditors report in which the auditor would be required to
provide additional information about the audit and the financial statements of
the company.
Any U.S. domestic issuer that is an emerging growth company is
able to avail itself of the reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive
compensation in periodic reports and proxy statements, and to not present to its
shareholders a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation, obtain
approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved, or present
the relationship between executive compensation actually paid and our financial
performance. So long as we are a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to
such requirements, and will not become subject to such requirements even if we
were to cease to be an emerging growth company.
As a reporting issuer under the securities legislation of the
Canadian provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia and
Alberta, we are required to comply with all new or revised accounting standards
that apply to Canadian public companies. Pursuant to Section 107(b) of the JOBS
Act, an emerging growth company may elect to utilize an extended transition
period for complying with new or revised accounting standards for public
companies until such standards apply to private companies. We have elected not
to utilize this extended transition period.
This annual report contains forward-looking statements within
the meaning of applicable securities laws. All statements contained herein that
are not clearly historical in nature are forward-looking, and the words
anticipate, believe, expect, estimate, may, will, could,
leading, intend, contemplate, shall and similar expressions are
generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking
statements in this annual report include, but are not limited to, statements
with respect to:
All forward-looking statements reflect our beliefs and
assumptions based on information available at the time the assumption was made.
These forward-looking statements are not based on historical facts but rather on
managements expectations regarding future activities, results of operations,
performance, future capital and other expenditures (including the amount, nature
and sources of funding thereof), competitive advantages, business prospects and
opportunities.
By its nature, forward-looking information involves numerous
assumptions, inherent risks and uncertainties, both general and specific, known
and unknown, that contribute to the possibility that the predictions, forecasts,
projections or other forward-looking statements will not occur. In evaluating
forward-looking statements, readers should specifically consider various
factors, including the risks outlined under the heading Item 3.D. Risk Factors
in this annual report. Some of these risks and assumptions include, among
others:
all as further and more fully described under the heading Item
3.D. Risk Factors.
Although the forward-looking statements contained in this
annual report are based upon what our management believes to be reasonable
assumptions, we cannot assure readers that actual results will be consistent
with these forward looking statements.
Any forward-looking statements represent
our estimates only as of the date of this annual report and should not be relied
upon as representing our estimates as of any subsequent date. We undertake no
obligation to update any forward-looking statement or statements to reflect
events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made or to
reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as may be required by
securities legislation.
PART I
ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS,
SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
A. Directors and Senior Management.
Not Applicable.
B. Advisers.
Not Applicable.
C. Auditors.
Not Applicable.
3
ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND
EXPECTED TIMETABLE
Not Applicable
ITEM 3. KEY
INFORMATION
A. Selected Financial Data
The following tables summarize selected financial data as at
and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012
prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS
as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB. The
financial information in the tables below as at December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014
and for the years then ended has been derived from our audited consolidated
financial statements and related notes included in this Form 20-F. The financial
information in the tables below as at December 31, 2013 and 2012 and for the
years then ended has been derived from our audited consolidated financial
statements and related notes for that year.
The selected financial data below should be read in conjunction
with the financial statements included in this annual report beginning on page
F-1 and with the information appearing in Item 5. Operating and Financial
Review and Prospects. Our historical results do not necessarily indicate
results expected for any future period.
Consolidated statement of loss
and
comprehensive loss data
|
Year
ended
December
31, 2016
|
Year
ended
December
31, 2015
|
Year
ended
December
31, 2014
|
Year
ended
December
31, 2013
|
Year
ended
December
31, 2012
|
Net sales
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Net loss and comprehensive loss
|
$31,733,085
|
$14,733,699
|
$12,881,820
|
$4,289,308
|
$1,061,502
|
Loss from continuing operations per share(1)
|
$4.06
|
$2.22
|
$3.06
|
$3.16
|
$1.71
|
Net loss per common share(1)
|
$4.06
|
$2.22
|
$3.06
|
$3.16
|
$1.71
|
Fully diluted net loss per common share(1)
|
$4.06
|
$2.22
|
$3.06
|
$3.16
|
$1.71
|
Consolidated statement of
financial position data
|
As at
December
31,
2016
|
As at
December
31,
2015
|
As at
December
31,
2014
|
As at
December
31,
2013
|
As at
December
31,
2012
|
Total assets
|
$66,622,691
|
$90,039,468
|
$28,186,032
|
$35,087,386
|
$1,567,728
|
Net assets
|
$58,119,519
|
$85,803,868
|
$24,304,294
|
$33,908,447
|
$1,382,470
|
Capital stock - common
|
$103,819,203
|
$103,340,072
|
$49,505,792
|
$47,191,303
|
$31,388,959
|
Number of common shares outstanding(2)
|
7,845,184
|
7,796,137
|
4,427,244
|
4,058,413
|
622,065
|
Capital stock - preferred
|
$32,085,627
|
$32,167,157
|
$10,076,151
|
$11,292,525
|
-
|
Number of preferred shares outstanding(3)
|
2,851,811
|
2,870,558
|
2,316,822
|
2,596,505
|
-
|
Dividends declared per share
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Notes:
|
(1)
|
The per share figures have been restated to reflect a
share consolidation ratio of 1 post-consolidated common share for each 30
pre-consolidation common shares on November 14, 2014.
|
|
(2)
|
The number of common shares has been restated to reflect
a share consolidation ratio of 1 post-consolidated common share for each
30 pre-consolidation common shares on November 14, 2014.
|
|
(3)
|
Number represents common share equivalent post conversion
of preferred shares. Each Series I preferred share is convertible into
one-thirtieth (1/30th) of a common share and each Series II preferred
share is convertible into one common share.
|
4
Exchange Rate Data
The following table sets forth, for each period indicated, the
high, low and average exchange rates for Canadian dollars expressed in United
States dollars, provided by the Bank of Canada. The exchange rates set forth
below demonstrate trends in exchange rates, but the actual exchange rates used
throughout this annual report may vary. The average exchange rate is calculated
by using the average of the closing prices on the last day of each month during
the relevant period. On March 8, 2017, the noon exchange rate for 1 Canadian
dollar expressed in United States dollars as reported by the Bank of Canada, was
Cdn$1.00 = US$0.7421.
$1 Canadian dollar equivalent in U.S. dollars
|
High
(1)
|
Low
(1)
|
Average
|
Year ended December 31, 2012
|
1.0371
|
0.9576
|
1.0010
|
Year ended December 31, 2013
|
1.0188
|
0.9314
|
0.9662
|
Year ended December 31, 2014
|
0.9444
|
0.8568
|
0.9021
|
Year ended December 31, 2015
|
0.8562
|
0.7141
|
0.7756
|
Year ended December 31, 2016
|
0.8002
|
0.6821
|
0.7564
|
September 2016
|
0.7798
|
0.7530
|
|
October 2016
|
0.7689
|
0.7444
|
|
November 2016
|
0.7520
|
0. 7359
|
|
December 2016
|
0.7645
|
0.7354
|
|
January 2017
|
0.7711
|
0.7431
|
|
February 2017
|
0.7704
|
0.7520
|
|
Notes:
|
(1)
|
The high and low exchange rates are intra-day values
rather than noon or closing rates.
|
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not Applicable.
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not Applicable.
5
D. Risk Factors
The following information sets forth material risks and uncertainties that may affect our business, including our future financing and operating results and could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in
forward-looking statements we have made in this annual report. The risks and uncertainties below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we believe to be immaterial may also adversely
affect our business. Further, if we fail to meet the expectations of the public market in any given period, the market price of our common shares could decline. We operate in a highly competitive environment that involves significant risks and
uncertainties, some of which are outside of our control.
Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital
We expect to incur future losses and we may never become profitable.
We have incurred losses of $31.7 million, $14.7 million and $12.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and expect to incur an operating loss for the year ending December 31, 2017. We have an
accumulated deficit since inception through December 31, 2016 of $97.0 million. We believe that operating losses will continue as we are planning to incur significant costs associated with the clinical development of SIRPαFc. Our net
losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on, among other things, our shareholders’ equity, total assets and working capital. We expect that losses will fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year, and that such
fluctuations may be substantial. We cannot predict when we will become profitable, if at all.
We will require additional capital to finance our operations, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. As a result, we may not complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates or develop new
product candidates.
As a research and development company, our operations have consumed substantial
amounts of cash since inception. We expect to spend substantial funds to
continue the research, development and testing of our product candidates and to
prepare to commercialize products subject to approval of the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, or FDA, in the U.S. and similar approvals in other
jurisdictions. We will also require significant additional funds if we expand
the scope of our current clinical plans or if we were to acquire any new assets
and advance their development. Therefore, for the foreseeable future, we will
have to fund all of our operations and development expenditures from cash on
hand, equity or debt financings, through collaborations with other biotechnology
or pharmaceutical companies or through financings from other sources. We expect
that our existing cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2016 of $50,472,971
will enable us to fund our current operating plan requirements for at least the
next twelve months. Additional financing will be required to meet our long term
liquidity needs. If we do not succeed in raising additional funds on acceptable
terms, we might not be able to complete planned preclinical studies and clinical
trials or pursue and obtain approval of any product candidates from the FDA and
other regulatory authorities. It is possible that future financing will not be
available or, if available, may not be on favorable terms. The availability of
financing will be affected by the achievement of our corporate goals, the
results of scientific and clinical research, the ability to obtain regulatory
approvals, the state of the capital markets generally and with particular
reference to drug development companies, the status of strategic alliance
agreements and other relevant commercial considerations. If adequate funding is
not available, we may be required to delay, reduce or eliminate one or more of
our product development programs, or obtain funds through corporate partners or
others who may require us to relinquish significant rights to product candidates
or obtain funds on less favorable terms than we would otherwise accept. To the
extent that external sources of capital become limited or unavailable or
available on onerous terms, our intangible assets and our ability to continue
our clinical development plans may become impaired, and our assets, liabilities,
business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially or
adversely affected.
We currently have no product revenue and will not be able to maintain our operations and research and development without additional funding.
To date, we have generated no product revenue and cannot predict when and if we will generate product revenue. Our ability to generate product revenue and ultimately become profitable depends upon our ability, alone or with partners, to successfully
develop our product candidates, obtain regulatory approval, and commercialize products, including any of our current product candidates, or other product candidates that we may develop, in-license or acquire in the future. We do not anticipate
generating revenue from the sale of products for the foreseeable future. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our product candidates through clinical
trials.
6
We are exposed to the financial risk related to the fluctuation of foreign exchange rates and the degrees of volatility of those rates.
We may be adversely affected by foreign currency fluctuations. To date, we have been primarily funded through issuances of equity, proceeds from the exercise of warrants and stock options and from interest income on funds available for investment,
which are all denominated both in Canadian and U.S. dollars. Also, a significant portion of our expenditures are in U.S. dollars, and we are therefore subject to foreign currency fluctuations which may, from time to time, impact our financial
position and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry
Our prospects depend on the success of our product candidates which are at early stages of development, and we may not generate revenue for several years, if at all, from these products.
Given the early stage of our product development, we can make no assurance that our research and development programs will result in regulatory approval or commercially viable products. To achieve profitable operations, we, alone or with others,
must successfully develop, gain regulatory approval, and market our future products. We currently have no products that have been approved by the FDA, Health Canada, or HC, or any similar regulatory authority.
To obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates being developed and to achieve commercial success, clinical trials must demonstrate that the product candidates are safe for human use and that they demonstrate efficacy. While we have
commenced Phase I trials for SIRPαFc, we have not yet completed a Phase I clinical trial or subsequent required clinical trials for any of our product candidates.
Many product candidates never reach the stage of clinical testing and even those that do have only a small chance of successfully completing clinical development and gaining regulatory approval. Product candidates may fail for a number of reasons,
including, but not limited to, being unsafe for human use or due to the failure to provide therapeutic benefits equal to or better than the standard of treatment at the time of testing. Unsatisfactory results obtained from a particular study
relating to a research and development program may cause us or our collaborators to abandon commitments to that program. Positive results of early preclinical research may not be indicative of the results that will be obtained in later stages of
preclinical or clinical research. Similarly, positive results from early-stage clinical trials may not be indicative of favorable outcomes in later-stage clinical trials. We can make no assurance that any future studies, if undertaken, will yield
favorable results.
We acquired several preclinical and discovery research programs in our acquisition of Fluorinov, including certain assets relating to the treatment of central nervous system disorders. While we conducted extensive due diligence before making this
acquisition, our assessment of the Fluorinov technologies may not be accurate. Therefore, our expectations about whether various clinical and regulatory milestones with an existing Fluorinov compound or development of a future program on the
Fluorinov development platform will be achieved may not be borne out fully or at all. We have made a commitment to use commercially reasonable efforts to monetize the Fluorinov central nervous system assets and, if successful, to share the net
proceeds with the Fluorinov vendors. As this is not a core competency of the Company, our efforts to monetize these assets or any other Fluorinov assets may not be successful. We can make no assurances that toxicology, or other preclinical, studies will yield results that will allow us to proceed with clinical trials in humans.
The early stage of our product development makes it particularly uncertain whether any of our product development efforts will prove to be successful and meet applicable regulatory requirements, and whether any of our product candidates will receive
the requisite regulatory approvals, be capable of being manufactured at a reasonable cost or be successfully marketed. If we are successful in developing our current and future product candidates into approved products, we will still experience many
potential obstacles such as the need to develop or obtain manufacturing, marketing and distribution capabilities. If we are unable to successfully commercialize any of our products, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially
and adversely affected.
7
We rely and will continue to rely on third parties to plan, conduct and monitor our preclinical studies and clinical trials, and their failure to perform as required could cause substantial harm to our business.
We rely and will continue to rely on third parties to conduct a significant portion of our preclinical and clinical development activities. Preclinical activities include in vivo studies providing access to specific disease models, pharmacology and
toxicology studies, and assay development. Clinical development activities include trial design, regulatory submissions, clinical patient recruitment, clinical trial monitoring, clinical data management and analysis, safety monitoring and project
management. If there is any dispute or disruption in our relationship with third parties, or if they are unable to provide quality services in a timely manner and at a feasible cost, our active development programs will face delays. Further, if any
of these third parties fails to perform as we expect or if their work fails to meet regulatory requirements, our testing could be delayed, cancelled or rendered ineffective.
We rely on contract manufacturers over whom we have limited control. If we are subject to quality, cost or delivery issues with the preclinical and clinical grade materials supplied by contract manufacturers, our business operations could
suffer significant harm.
We have limited manufacturing experience and rely on contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs to manufacture our product candidates for larger preclinical studies and clinical trials. We produce small quantities of our product candidates at
bench scale in our laboratory facilities for use in smaller preclinical studies. We rely on CMOs for manufacturing, filling, packaging, storing and
shipping of drug product in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP, regulations applicable to our products. The FDA ensures the quality of drug products by carefully monitoring drug manufacturers’ compliance with cGMP
regulations. The cGMP regulations for drugs contain minimum requirements for the methods, facilities and controls used in manufacturing, processing and packing of a drug product.
We contracted with Catalent for the manufacture of the SIRPαFc protein to supply drug substance for our Phase I clinical trial. The manufacture of recombinant proteins uses well established processes including a protein expression system.
Catalent is producing SIRPαFc using their proprietary GPEx® expression system. We believe that Catalent has the capacity, the systems, and the experience to supply SIRPαFc for our Phase I clinical trial and we may consider using
Catalent for manufacturing for later clinical trials. However, since the Catalent manufacturing facility where SIRPαFc is being produced was only recently established and does not support commercial manufacturing, it has not yet been inspected
by the FDA. Any manufacturing failures or delays or compliance issues could cause delays in the conduct of SIRPαFc preclinical studies and clinical trials.
There can be no assurances that CMOs will be able to meet our timetable and requirements. We have not contracted with alternate suppliers for SIRPαFc drug substance production in the event Catalent is unable to scale up production, or if
Catalent otherwise experiences any other significant problems. If we are unable to arrange for alternative third-party manufacturing sources on commercially reasonable terms or in a timely manner, we may be delayed in the development of our product
candidates. Further, contract manufacturers must operate in compliance with cGMP and failure to do so could result in, among other things, the disruption of product supplies. Our dependence upon third parties for the manufacture of our products may
adversely affect our profit margins and our ability to develop and deliver products on a timely and competitive basis.
If clinical trials of our product candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or do not otherwise produce positive results, we would incur additional costs or experience delays in
completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.
Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct preclinical studies in animals and extensive clinical trials in humans to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product
candidates. Clinical testing is expensive and difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and has uncertain outcomes. The outcome of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not predict the success of later clinical
trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy
or unacceptable safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. We do not know whether the clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate adequate efficacy and safety to result in regulatory approval to market any of our
product candidates in any jurisdiction. A product candidate may fail for safety or efficacy reasons at any stage of the testing process. A major risk we face is the possibility that none of our product candidates under development will successfully
gain market approval from the FDA or other regulatory authorities, resulting in us being unable to derive any commercial revenue from them after investing significant amounts of capital in multiple stages of preclinical and clinical testing.
8
If we experience delays in clinical testing, we will be delayed in commercializing our product candidates, and our business may be substantially harmed.
We cannot predict whether any clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured, or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Our product development costs will increase if we experience delays in clinical testing. Significant
clinical trial delays could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before us, which would impair our ability to successfully
commercialize our product candidates and may harm our financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The commencement and completion of clinical trials for our products may be delayed for a number of reasons, including delays related, but
not limited, to:
-
failure by regulatory authorities to grant permission to proceed or placing the clinical trial on hold;
-
patients failing to enroll or remain in our trials at the rate we expect;
-
suspension or termination of clinical trials by regulators for many reasons, including concerns about patient safety or failure of our contract manufacturers to comply with cGMP requirements;
-
any changes to our manufacturing process that may be necessary or desired;
-
delays or failure to obtain clinical supply from contract manufacturers of our products necessary to conduct clinical trials;
-
product candidates demonstrating a lack of safety or efficacy during clinical trials;
-
patients choosing an alternative treatment for the indications for which we are developing any of our product candidates or participating in competing clinical trials;
-
patients failing to complete clinical trials due to dissatisfaction with the treatment, side effects or other reasons;
-
reports of clinical testing on similar technologies and products raising safety and/or efficacy concerns;
-
competing clinical trials and scheduling conflicts with participating clinicians;
-
clinical investigators not performing our clinical trials on their anticipated schedule, dropping out of a trial, or employing methods not consistent with the clinical trial protocol, regulatory requirements or other third parties not performing
data collection and analysis in a timely or accurate manner;
-
failure of our contract research organizations, or CROs, to satisfy their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines;
-
inspections of clinical trial sites by regulatory authorities or Institutional Review Boards, or IRBs, or ethics committees finding regulatory violations that require us to undertake corrective action, resulting in suspension or termination of one
or more sites or the imposition of a clinical hold on the entire study;
-
one or more IRBs or ethics committees rejecting, suspending or terminating the study at an investigational site, precluding enrollment of additional subjects, or withdrawing its approval of the trial; or
-
failure to reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective clinical trial sites.
Our product development costs will increase if we experience delays in testing or approval or if we need to perform more or larger clinical trials than planned. Additionally, changes in regulatory requirements and policies may occur, and we may need
to amend study protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our study protocols to regulatory authorities or IRBs or ethics committees for re-examination, which may impact the cost, timing or successful completion of
that trial. Delays or increased product development costs may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.
We may not be able to file INDs to commence additional clinical trials on the timelines we expect, and even if we are able to, the FDA may not permit us to proceed in a timely manner, or at all.
Prior to commencing clinical trials in the United States for any of our product candidates, we may be required to have an allowed IND for each product candidate and to file additional INDs prior to initiating any additional clinical trials for
SIRPαFc. We believe that the data from previous preclinical studies will support the filing of additional INDs, to enable us to undertake additional clinical studies as we have planned. However, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA
allowing further clinical trials to begin and, once begun, issues may arise that will require us to suspend or terminate such clinical trials. Additionally, even if relevant regulatory authorities agree with the design and implementation of the
clinical trials set forth in an IND, these regulatory authorities may change their requirements in the future. Failure to submit or have effective INDs and commence clinical programs will significantly limit our opportunity to generate revenue.
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If we have difficulty enrolling patients in clinical trials, the completion of the trials may be delayed or cancelled.
As our product candidates advance from preclinical testing to clinical testing, and then through progressively larger and more complex clinical trials, we will need to enroll an increasing number of patients that meet our eligibility criteria. There
is significant competition for recruiting cancer patients in clinical trials, and we may be unable to enroll the patients we need to complete clinical trials on a timely basis or at all. The factors that affect our ability to enroll patients are
largely uncontrollable and include, but are not limited to, the following:
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size and nature of the patient population;
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eligibility and exclusion criteria for the trial;
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design of the study protocol;
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competition with other companies for clinical sites or patients;
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the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study;
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the patient referral practices of physicians; and
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the number, availability, location and accessibility of clinical trial sites.
If we are unable to successfully develop companion diagnostics for our therapeutic product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, we may not achieve marketing approval or realize the full commercial potential of our
therapeutic product candidates.
We may develop companion diagnostics for our therapeutic product candidates. We expect that, at least in some cases, regulatory authorities may require the development and regulatory approval of a companion diagnostic as a condition to approving our
therapeutic product candidates. We have limited experience and capabilities in developing or commercializing diagnostics and plan to rely in large part on third parties to perform these functions. We have not begun to develop companion diagnostics
for any of our therapeutic product candidates.
Companion diagnostics are subject to regulation by the FDA, HC, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities as medical devices and may require separate regulatory approval or clearance prior to commercialization. If we, or any third parties that
we engage to assist us, are unable to successfully develop companion diagnostics for our therapeutic product candidates, or experience delays in doing so, our business may be substantially harmed.
Regulatory approval processes are lengthy, expensive and inherently unpredictable. Our inability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates would substantially harm our business.
Our development and commercialization activities and product candidates are significantly regulated by a number of governmental entities, including the FDA, HC, and comparable authorities in other countries. Regulatory approvals are required prior
to each clinical trial and we may fail to obtain the necessary approvals to commence or continue clinical testing. We must comply with regulations concerning the manufacture, testing, safety, effectiveness, labeling, documentation, advertising, and
sale of products and product candidates and ultimately must obtain regulatory approval before we can commercialize a product candidate. The time required to obtain approval by such regulatory authorities is unpredictable but typically takes many
years following the commencement of preclinical studies and clinical trials. Any analysis of data from clinical activities we perform is subject to confirmation and interpretation by regulatory authorities, which could delay, limit or prevent
regulatory approval. Even if we believe results from our clinical trials are favorable to support the marketing of our product candidates, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may disagree. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type
and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any product candidate and it is
possible that none of our existing product candidates or any future product candidates will ever obtain regulatory approval.
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We could fail to receive regulatory approval for our product candidates for many reasons, including, but not limited to:
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disagreement with the design or implementation of our clinical trials;
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failure to demonstrate that a product candidate is safe and effective for its proposed indication;
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failure of clinical trials to meet the level of statistical significance required for approval;
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failure to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;
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disagreement with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;
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the insufficiency of data collected from clinical trials of our product
candidates to support the submission and filing of a biologic license
application, or BLA, or other submission to obtain regulatory approval;
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deficiencies in the manufacturing processes or the failure of facilities of CMOs with whom we contract for clinical and commercial supplies to pass a pre-approval inspection; or
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changes in the approval policies or regulations that render our preclinical and clinical data insufficient for approval.
A regulatory authority may require more information, including additional preclinical or clinical data to support approval, which may delay or prevent approval and our commercialization plans, or we may decide to abandon the development program. If
we were to obtain approval, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may
approve a product candidate with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate. Moreover, depending on any safety issues associated with our product candidates
that garner approval, the FDA may impose a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, thereby imposing certain restrictions on the sale and marketability of such products.
We may not achieve our publicly announced milestones according to schedule, or at all.
From time to time, we may announce the timing of certain events we expect to occur, such as the anticipated timing of results from our clinical trials. These statements are forward-looking and are based on the best estimates of management at the
time relating to the occurrence of such events. However, the actual timing of such events may differ from what has been publicly disclosed. The timing of events such as initiation or completion of a clinical trial, filing of an application to obtain
regulatory approval, or announcement of additional clinical trials for a product candidate may ultimately vary from what is publicly disclosed. These variations in timing may occur as a result of different events, including the nature of the results
obtained during a clinical trial or during a research phase, problems with a CMO or a CRO or any other event having the effect of delaying the publicly announced timeline. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking
information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law. Any variation in the timing of previously announced milestones could have a material adverse effect on our business plan, financial
condition or operating results and the trading price of common shares.
We face competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and our financial condition and operations will suffer if we fail to effectively compete.
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. Our competitors include large, well-established pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, and academic and
research institutions developing cancer therapeutics for the same indications we are targeting and competitors with existing marketed therapies. Many other companies are developing or commercializing therapies to treat the same diseases or
indications for which our product candidates may be useful. Although there are no approved therapies that specifically target the CD47 pathway, some competitors use therapeutic approaches that may compete directly with our product candidates. For
example, SIRPαFc is in direct competition with CD47 blocking antibodies from Forty Seven Inc., Celgene Corporation, Novimmune SA and others.
Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and have significantly greater experience than us in conducting preclinical testing and human clinical trials of product candidates, scaling up
manufacturing operations and obtaining regulatory approvals of products. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for products more rapidly than we do. Our ability to compete successfully will largely depend on:
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the efficacy and safety profile of our product candidates relative to marketed products and other product candidates in development;
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our ability to develop and maintain a competitive position in the product categories and technologies on which we focus;
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the time it takes for our product candidates to complete clinical development and receive marketing approval;
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our ability to obtain required regulatory approvals;
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our ability to commercialize any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval;
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our ability to establish, maintain and protect intellectual property rights related to our product candidates; and
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acceptance of any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval by physicians and other healthcare providers and payers.
Competitors have developed and may develop technologies that could be the basis for products that challenge the differentiated nature and potential for best-in-class product development programs and discovery research capabilities of Fluorinov. Some
of those products may have an entirely different approach or means of accomplishing the desired therapeutic effect than our product candidates and may be more effective or less costly than our product candidates. The success of our competitors and
their products and technologies relative to our technological capabilities and competitiveness could have a material adverse effect on the future preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, including our ability to obtain the
necessary regulatory approvals for the conduct of such clinical trials. This may further negatively impact our ability to generate future product development programs with improved pharmacological properties using Fluorinov technology.
If we are not able to compete effectively against our current and future competitors, our business will not grow and our financial condition and operations will substantially suffer.
We heavily rely on the capabilities and experience of our key executives and scientists and the loss of any of them could affect our ability to develop our products.
The loss of Dr. Niclas Stiernholm, our President and Chief Executive Officer, or other key members of our staff, including Dr. Robert Uger, our Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Eric Sievers, our Chief Medical Officer, James Parsons, our Chief Financial
Officer, Dr. Penka Petrova, our Chief Development Officer, or Dr. Malik Slassi, our Senior Vice President, Discovery Research could harm us. We have employment agreements with Drs. Stiernholm, Uger, Sievers, Petrova and Slassi and Mr. Parsons,
although such employment agreements do not guarantee their retention. We also depend on our scientific and clinical collaborators and advisors, all of whom have outside commitments that may limit their availability to us. In addition, we believe
that our future success will depend in large part upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientific, managerial, medical, clinical and regulatory personnel, particularly as we expand our activities and seek regulatory approvals for
clinical trials. We enter into agreements with our scientific and clinical collaborators and advisors, key opinion leaders and academic partners in the ordinary course of our business. We also enter into agreements with physicians and institutions
who will recruit patients into our clinical trials on our behalf in the ordinary course of our business. Notwithstanding these arrangements, we face significant competition for these types of personnel from other companies, research and academic
institutions, government entities and other organizations. We cannot predict our success in hiring or retaining the personnel we require for continued growth. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key personnel could
potentially harm our business, operating results or financial condition.
Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include failures to comply with FDA regulations, provide accurate information to the FDA, comply with manufacturing standards we have established, comply
with federal and state health-care fraud and abuse laws and regulations, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry
are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing, and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales
commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to
our reputation. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a substantial impact on our business and results of operations, including the
imposition of substantial fines or other sanctions.
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The failure to fully realize the benefits of our acquisition of Fluorinov may adversely affect our future results.
In January 2016, we acquired all of the outstanding capital stock of Fluorinov, a small molecule medicinal chemistry company with preclinical oncology assets and a potential discovery platform. The success of our acquisition of Fluorinov will
depend, in part, on our ability to fully realize the anticipated benefits from combining our business with Fluorinov’s business. However, to realize these anticipated benefits, we must continue the research and development activities
previously undertaken by Fluorinov as a stand-alone company. If we are unable to achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits of our acquisition of Fluorinov may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected.
We may expand our business through the acquisition of companies or businesses or by entering into collaborations or by in-licensing product candidates, each of which could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition.
We have in the past and may in the future seek to expand our pipeline and capabilities by acquiring one or more companies or businesses, entering into collaborations, or in-licensing one or more product candidates. Acquisitions, collaborations and
in-licenses involve numerous risks, including, but not limited to:
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substantial cash expenditures;
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technology development risks;
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potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities;
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incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, some of which may be difficult or impossible to identify at the time of acquisition;
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difficulties in assimilating the operations of the acquired companies;
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potential disputes regarding contingent consideration;
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diverting our management’s attention away from other business concerns;
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entering markets in which we have limited or no direct experience; and
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potential loss of our key employees or key employees of the acquired companies or businesses.
We have experience in making acquisitions, entering collaborations, and in-licensing product candidates, however, we cannot provide assurance that any acquisition, collaboration or in-license will result in short-term or long-term benefits to us. We
may incorrectly judge the value or worth of an acquired company or business or in-licensed product candidate. In addition, our future success would depend in part on our ability to manage the rapid growth associated with some of these acquisitions,
collaborations and in-licenses. We cannot provide assurance that we would be able to successfully combine our business with that of acquired businesses, manage a collaboration or integrate in-licensed product candidates. Furthermore, the development
or expansion of our business may require a substantial capital investment by us.
Negative results from clinical trials or studies of others and adverse safety events involving the targets of our products may have an adverse impact on our future commercialization efforts
.
From time to time, studies or clinical trials on various aspects of biopharmaceutical products are conducted by academic researchers, competitors or others. The results of these studies or trials, when published, may have a significant effect on the
market for the biopharmaceutical product that is the subject of the study. The publication of negative results of studies or clinical trials or adverse safety events related to our product candidates, or the therapeutic areas in which our product
candidates compete, could adversely affect our share price and our ability to finance future development of our product candidates, and our business and financial results could be materially and adversely affected.
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We face the risk of product liability claims, which could exceed our insurance coverage and produce recalls, each of which could deplete our cash resources.
We are exposed to the risk of product liability claims alleging that use of our product candidates caused an injury or harm. These claims can arise at any point in the development, testing, manufacture, marketing or sale of our product candidates
and may be made directly by patients involved in clinical trials of our product candidates, by consumers or healthcare providers or by individuals, organizations or companies selling our products. Product liability claims can be expensive to defend,
even if the product or product candidate did not actually cause the alleged injury or harm.
Insurance covering product liability claims becomes increasingly expensive as a product candidate moves through the development pipeline to commercialization. We currently maintain clinical trial liability insurance coverage of $10 million.
However, there can be no assurance that such insurance coverage is or will continue to be adequate or available to us at a cost acceptable to us or at all. We may choose or find it necessary under our collaborative agreements to increase our
insurance coverage in the future. We may not be able to secure greater or broader product liability insurance coverage on acceptable terms or at reasonable costs when needed. Any liability for damages resulting from a product liability claim could
exceed the amount of our coverage, require us to pay a substantial monetary award from our own cash resources and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, a product recall, if required,
could generate substantial negative publicity about our products and business, inhibit or prevent commercialization of other products and product candidates or negatively impact existing or future collaborations.
If we are unable to maintain product liability insurance required by our third parties, the corresponding agreements would be subject to termination, which could have a material adverse impact on our operations.
Some of our licensing and other agreements with third parties require or might require us to maintain product liability insurance. If we cannot maintain acceptable amounts of coverage on commercially reasonable terms in accordance with the terms set
forth in these agreements, the corresponding agreements would be subject to termination, which could have a material adverse impact on our operations.
Risks Related to Intellectual Property
If we are unable to adequately protect and enforce our intellectual property, our competitors may take advantage of our development efforts or acquired technology and compromise our prospects of marketing and selling our key
products.
We control two patent families relating to SIRPα. One family relates to the use of SIRPα to treat cancer. The other family relates
to our drug as a composition of matter, SIRPαFc. We have also recently filed for patent protection
covering eight additional inventions relating to SIRPα, including anti-cancer drug combination therapies that utilize SIRPαFc.
More recently, we acquired the patent portfolio of Fluorinov, which embraces patent filings that cover twelve different inventions. With the exception of one process scheme, these patent filings each claim a family of small molecule drugs as
compositions of matter, together with claims for their production and their medical uses. These drugs target cancer for the most part, and some related medical end-uses.
Our success will depend in part upon our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies and upon the nature and scope of the intellectual property protection we receive. For example, some of our patent portfolio covers
primarily methods of medical use but not compositions of matter. The ability to compete effectively and to achieve partnerships will depend on our ability to develop and maintain proprietary aspects of our technology and to operate without
infringing on the proprietary rights of others. The presence of such proprietary rights of others could severely limit our ability to develop and commercialize our products, to conduct our existing research and could require financial resources to
defend litigation, which may be in excess of our ability to raise such funds.
There is no assurance that our pending patent applications or those that we intend to acquire will be approved in a form that will be sufficient to protect our proprietary
technology and gain or keep any competitive advantage that we may have or, once approved, will be upheld in any post-grant proceedings brought by any third parties. The European patent granted to
the University Health Network, or UHN, and licensed exclusively to us has been opposed
by two groups. Our rights are enforceable during these proceedings. A negative outcome could have an impact on our patent position in Europe.
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The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. Patents issued to us or our respective licensors may be
challenged, invalidated or circumvented. To the extent our intellectual property, including licensed intellectual property, offers inadequate protection, or is found to be invalid or unenforceable, we are exposed to a greater risk of direct
competition. If our intellectual property does not provide adequate protection against our competitors’ products, our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business, financial condition and results of operations. Both
the patent application process and the process of managing patent disputes can be time consuming and expensive, and the laws of some foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of Canada and
the United States.
We will be able to protect our intellectual property from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies, key products, and any future products are covered by valid and enforceable intellectual property rights
including patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets, and provided we have the funds to enforce our rights, if necessary.
If we lose our licenses from third-party owners we may be unable to continue a substantial part of our business.
We are party to licenses that give us rights to intellectual property that is necessary or useful for a substantial part of our business. Pursuant to our exclusive license agreement with UHN and the Hospital for Sick Children, or HSC, under which we
license certain patent rights for our key products and their uses, we are required to use commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize products based on the licensed rights and pay certain royalties and sublicensing revenue to UHN and HSC. These
licenses require that we pay development milestone payments, regulatory milestone payments, royalties on net sales, and sublicensing revenues, as well as annual maintenance fees.
We have also entered into agreements allowing us to manufacture SIRPαFc using Catalent’s proprietary GPEx® expression system. The consideration includes payments at the time we successfully reach a series of development and sales
milestones. We may also enter into licenses in the future to access additional third-party intellectual property.
If we fail to pay annual maintenance fees, development and sales milestones, or it is determined that we did not use commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize licensed products, we could lose our licenses which could have a material adverse
effect on our business and financial condition.
We may require additional third-party licenses to effectively develop and manufacture our key products and are currently unable to predict the availability or cost of such licenses.
A substantial number of patents have already been issued to other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. To the extent that valid third-party patent rights cover our products or services, we or our strategic collaborators would be required to
seek licenses from the holders of these patents in order to manufacture, use or sell these products and services, and payments under them would reduce our profits from these products and services. We are currently unable to predict the extent to
which we may wish or be required to acquire rights under such patents, the availability and cost of acquiring such rights, and whether a license to such patents will be
available on acceptable terms or at all. There may be patents in the U.S. or in foreign countries or patents issued in the future that are unavailable to license on acceptable terms. Our inability to obtain such licenses may hinder or eliminate our
ability to manufacture and market our products.
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Changes in patent law and its interpretation could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates.
As is the case with other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property rights, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involves technological
and legal complexity, and obtaining and enforcing biopharmaceutical patents is costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection
available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our and our licensors’ or collaborators’ ability to obtain patents in the future,
this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, the laws and regulations
governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our and our licensors’ or collaborators’ ability to obtain new patents or to enforce existing patents and patents we and our licensors or collaborators may obtain in
the future.
Recent patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our and our licensors’ or collaborators’ patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our or our licensors’ or
collaborators’ issued patents. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions
that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. The USPTO recently developed new regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent
law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions, only became effective on March 16, 2013. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business.
However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our or our licensors’ or collaborators’ patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our or our
licensors’ or collaborators’ issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
Litigation regarding patents, patent applications, and other proprietary rights may be expensive, time consuming and cause delays in the development and manufacturing of our key products.
Our success will depend in part on our ability to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by extensive patent litigation. Other parties may have, or obtain in the future,
patents and allege that the use of our technologies infringes these patent claims or that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization.
In addition, third parties may challenge or infringe upon our existing or future patents. Proceedings involving our patents or patent applications or those of others could result in adverse decisions regarding:
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the patentability of our inventions relating to our key products; and/or
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the enforceability, validity, or scope of protection offered by our patents relating to our key products.
If we are unable to avoid infringing the patent rights of others, we may be required to seek a license, defend an infringement action, or challenge the validity of the patents in court. Regardless of the outcome, patent litigation is costly and time
consuming. In some cases, we may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion. In addition, if we do not obtain a license, develop or obtain non-infringing technology, fail to defend an infringement action
successfully or have infringed patents declared invalid, we may:
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incur substantial monetary damages;
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encounter significant delays in bringing our key products to market; and/or
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be precluded from participating in the manufacture, use or sale of our key products or methods of treatment requiring licenses.
Even if we are successful in these proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and divert management time and attention in pursuing these proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us.
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Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them.
Because we rely on third parties to develop our products, we must share trade secrets with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements,
collaborative research agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants prior to
beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically restrict the ability of our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets. Our academic collaborators
typically have rights to publish data, provided that we are notified in advance and may delay publication for a specified time in order to secure our intellectual property rights arising from the collaboration. In other cases, publication rights are
controlled exclusively by us, although in some cases we may share these rights with other parties. We also conduct joint research and development programs which may require us to share trade secrets under the terms of research and development
collaboration or similar agreements. Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either through breach of these agreements, independent development or publication of information including our
trade secrets in cases where we do not have proprietary or otherwise protected rights at the time of publication. A competitor’s discovery of our trade secrets may impair our competitive position and could have a material adverse effect on our
business and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Common Shares
Our common share price has been volatile in recent years, and may continue to be volatile.
The market prices for securities of biopharmaceutical companies, including ours, have historically been volatile. In the year ended December 31, 2016, our common shares traded on the TSX at a high of $23.48 and a low of $7.12 per share. In
the year ended December 31, 2015, our common shares traded on the TSX at a high of $37.27 and a low of $10.50 per share. A number of factors could influence the volatility in the trading price of our common shares, including changes in the
economy or in the financial markets, industry related developments, the results of product development and commercialization, changes in government regulations, and developments concerning proprietary rights, litigation and cash flow. Our quarterly
losses may vary because of the timing of costs for manufacturing, preclinical studies and clinical trials. Also, the reporting of adverse safety events involving our products and public rumors about such events could cause our share price to decline
or experience periods of volatility. Each of these factors could lead to increased volatility in the market price of our common shares. In addition, changes in the market prices of the securities of our competitors may also lead to fluctuations in
the trading price of our common shares.
We have never paid dividends and do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future.
We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common or preferred shares to date. The payment of dividends in the future will be dependent on our earnings and financial condition in addition to such other factors as our board of directors
considers appropriate. Unless and until we pay dividends, shareholders may not receive a return on their shares. There is no present intention by our board of directors to pay dividends on our shares.
We may issue additional common shares to the former shareholders of Fluorinov as a result of our satisfaction of certain milestones, resulting in share ownership dilution.
Under the terms of our agreements with Fluorinov and its former shareholders, at our discretion up to 50% of any future contingent payments can be satisfied through the issuance of our common shares, provided that the aggregate number of common
shares issuable under such payments will not exceed 1,558,447 common shares, which amount represented 19.99% of the outstanding common shares at the time of execution of the acquisition, unless shareholder approval has first been obtained.
Issuing additional common shares to the former shareholders of Fluorinov in satisfaction of contingent consideration dilutes the ownership interests of holders of our common shares on the dates of such issuances. If we are unable to realize the
strategic, operational and financial benefits anticipated from our acquisition of Fluorinov, our shareholders may experience dilution of their ownership interests in our company upon any such future issuances of our common shares without receiving
any commensurate benefit.
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Future sales or issuances of equity securities and the conversion of outstanding securities to common shares could decrease the value of the common shares, dilute investors’ voting power, and reduce our earnings per share.
We may sell additional equity securities in future offerings, including through
the sale of securities convertible into equity securities, to finance
operations, acquisitions or projects, and issue additional common shares if
outstanding warrants or stock options are exercised, or preferred shares are
converted to common shares, which may result in dilution. See the information in
the section of this annual report under the heading Item 5.B. Liquidity and
Capital Resources for details of our outstanding securities convertible into
common shares. We filed a base shelf prospectus with securities commissions in
Canada and a Form F-10 registration statement with the SEC on May 29, 2015 that
provides that we may sell under the prospectus from time to time over the
following 25 months up to U.S. $100 million, in one or more offerings, of common
shares, First Preferred shares, warrants to purchase common shares, or units
comprising a combination of common shares, First Preferred shares and/or
warrants. Subject to receipt of any required regulatory approvals, subscribers
of the December 2013 private placement who purchased a minimum of 10% of the
securities sold under the offering received rights to purchase our securities in
future financings to enable each such shareholder to maintain their percentage
holding in our common shares for so long as the subscriber holds at least 10% of
the outstanding common shares on a fully-diluted basis. Shareholders who do not
have this future financing participation right may be disadvantaged in
participating in such financings.
Our board of directors has the authority to authorize certain offers and sales
of additional securities without the vote of, or prior notice to, shareholders.
Based on the need for additional capital to fund expected expenditures and
growth, it is likely that we will issue additional securities to provide such
capital. Such additional issuances may involve the issuance of a significant
number of common shares at prices less than the current market price for our
common shares.
Sales of substantial amounts of our securities, or the availability of such
securities for sale, as well as the issuance of substantial amounts of our
common shares upon conversion of outstanding convertible equity securities,
could adversely affect the prevailing market prices for our securities and
dilute investors earnings per share. A decline in the market prices of our
securities could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale
of securities should we desire to do so.
We are likely a passive foreign investment company,” which may have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for U.S. shareholders
.
U.S. investors should be aware that we believe we were classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, during the tax years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, and based on current business plans and financial expectations, we expect that
we will be a PFIC for the current tax year and may be a PFIC in future tax years. If we are a PFIC for any year during a U.S. shareholder’s holding period of our common shares, then such U.S. shareholder generally will be required to treat any
gain realized upon a disposition of our common shares, or any so-called excess distribution” received on our common shares, as ordinary income, and to pay an interest charge on a portion of such gain or distributions, unless the
shareholder makes a timely and effective qualified electing fund” election, or QEF
Election, or a mark-to-market” election with respect to our shares. A U.S. shareholder who makes a QEF Election generally must report
on a current basis its share of our net capital gain and ordinary earnings for any year in which we are a PFIC, whether or not we distribute any amounts to our shareholders. A U.S. shareholder who makes the mark-to-market election generally must
include as ordinary income each year the excess of the fair market value of the common shares over the shareholder’s adjusted tax basis therein. Each U.S. shareholder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the PFIC rules and the U.S.
federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares.
It may be difficult for non-Canadian investors to obtain and enforce judgments against us because of our Canadian incorporation and presence.
We are a corporation existing under the laws of the Province of Ontario, Canada. Several of our directors and officers, and several of the experts are residents of Canada, and all or a substantial portion of their assets, and a substantial portion
of our assets, are located outside the United States. Consequently, although we have appointed an agent for service of process in the United States, it may be difficult for holders of our securities who reside in the United States to effect service
within the United States upon those directors and officers, and the experts who are not residents of the United States. It may also be difficult for holders of our securities who reside in the United States to realize in the United States upon
judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon our civil liability and the civil liability of our directors, officers and experts under the United States federal securities laws. Investors should not assume that Canadian courts (i) would
enforce judgments of United States courts obtained in actions against us or such directors, officers or experts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws or the securities or blue sky”
laws of any state or jurisdiction of the United States or (ii) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us or such directors, officers or experts predicated upon the United States federal securities laws or any securities or
blue sky” laws of any state or jurisdiction of the United States. In addition, the protections afforded by Canadian securities laws may not be available to investors in the United States.
18
If there are substantial sales of our common shares, the market price of our common shares could decline.
Sales of substantial numbers of our common shares could cause a decline in the market price of our common shares. Any sales by existing shareholders or holders who exercise their warrants or stock options may have an adverse effect on our ability to
raise capital and may adversely affect the market price of our common shares.
We are an emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common shares less attractive to investors.
We are an emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public
companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our
periodic reports and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to
five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier. We cannot predict if investors will find our common shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common shares less
attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common shares and our share price may be more volatile.
Any failure to maintain an effective system of internal controls may result in material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or fail to prevent fraud; and in that case,
our shareholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would
harm our business and could negatively impact the price of our common shares.
Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide
reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. If we fail to maintain an
effective system of internal controls, we might not be able to report our
financial results accurately or prevent fraud; and in that case, our
shareholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm
our business and could negatively impact the price of our common shares. While
we believe that we have sufficient personnel and review procedures to allow us
to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we cannot provide
assurance that we will not experience potential material weaknesses in our
internal control. Even if we conclude that our internal control over financial
reporting provides reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial
reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external
purposes in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, because of its inherent
limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect
fraud or misstatements. Failure to implement required new or improved controls,
or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could harm our results of
operations or cause us to fail to meet our future reporting obligations.
If we fail to timely achieve and maintain the adequacy of our
internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to produce
reliable financial reports or help prevent fraud. Our failure to achieve and
maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could prevent us
from complying with our reporting obligations on a timely basis, which could
result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our consolidated
financial statements, harm our business and negatively impact the trading price
of our common shares.
19
As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to
certain United States securities law disclosure requirements that apply to a
domestic United States issuer, which may limit the information which would be
publicly available to our shareholders.
As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with
all the periodic disclosure requirements of the Exchange Act, and therefore,
there may be less publicly available information about us than if we were a
United States domestic issuer. For example, we are not subject to the proxy
rules in the United States and disclosure with respect to our annual meetings
will be governed by Canadian requirements.
Our charter documents and certain Canadian legislation
could delay or deter a change of control, limit attempts by our shareholders to
replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our
common shares.
Our authorized preferred shares are available for issuance from
time to time at the discretion of our board of directors, without shareholder
approval. Our articles grant our board of directors the authority to determine
the special rights and restrictions granted to or imposed on any unissued series
of preferred shares, and those rights may be superior to those of our common
shares. Further, the Investment Canada Act subjects any acquisition of control
of a company by a non-Canadian to government review if the value of the assets
as calculated pursuant to the legislation exceeds a threshold amount or in other
circumstances determined at the discretion of the Canadian government. A
reviewable acquisition may not proceed unless the relevant minister is satisfied
that the investment is likely to be of net benefit to Canada and the Canadian
government is satisfied that no other important concerns arise from the
acquisition of control. Any of the foregoing could prevent or delay a change of
control and may deprive or limit strategic opportunities to our shareholders to
sell their shares.
ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE
COMPANY
A
. History and Development of the Company
Name, Address and Incorporation
We were incorporated under the
Business Corporations Act
(Alberta) on March 31, 2004 as Neurogenesis Biotech Corp. On October 19, 2004,
we amended our articles of incorporation to change our name from Neurogenesis
Biotech Corp. to Stem Cell Therapeutics Corp., or SCT. On November 7, 2013 SCT
was continued under the
Business Corporations Act
(Ontario), or OBCA. On
June 1, 2014 we filed articles of amalgamation to amalgamate SCT with our
wholly-owned subsidiary, which was named Trillium Therapeutics Inc., and renamed
the combined company Trillium Therapeutics Inc. On January 1, 2017 we filed
articles of amalgamation to amalgamate with our wholly-owned subsidiary
Fluorinov Pharma Inc., or Fluorinov. We are a company domiciled in Ontario,
Canada. Our head office and registered office is located at 2488 Dunwin Drive,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1J9. Our telephone number is (416)
595-0627.
Intercorporate Relationships
As of December 31, 2016 we had two wholly-owned subsidiaries,
Trillium Therapeutics USA Inc., which was incorporated March 26, 2015 in the
State of Delaware and Fluorinov which was acquired on January 26, 2016. On
January 1, 2017 we filed articles of amalgamation to amalgamate with our wholly-owned subsidiary
Fluorinov.
General Development of the Business
Acquisition of Fluorinov
On January 26, 2016, we acquired all the outstanding shares
of Fluorinov, a privately-held oncology company that has developed a proprietary
medicinal chemistry platform using unique fluorine chemistry, which permits the
creation of new chemical entities from validated drugs and drug candidates with
improved pharmacological properties, potentially leading to increased safety and
efficacy. We expect Fluorinovs fluorine-based chemistry platform will provide
us with an internal drug discovery engine. Fluorinov also has a preclinical
pipeline of oncology assets including potent, orally-available, bromodomain and
proteasome inhibitors, as well as epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists
with increased uptake in the brain, all of which have potential for
best-in-class status.
We anticipate that future cancer treatments will be dominated
by combination therapies that may often involve combining biologics and small
molecules. The acquisition of our own small molecule platform with opportunity
for oral drug delivery may provide us with new drug candidates that we may
either develop in-house or out-license. According to Wang et al. Chem Rev. 2014,
114 (4), approximately 25% of all marketed drugs contain fluorine. The benefits
of fluorine include blocking sites of metabolism to increase drug half-life and
reduce toxicity, lipophilicity that improves oral absorption and blood brain
barrier penetration, and electronegativity that alters chemical properties to
improve binding and potency. We believe that the Fluorinov acquisition reduces
the risks to which we are subject and diversifies us for the longer term.
20
The acquisition date fair value of consideration transferred
and the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are
as follows:
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair value of consideration paid:
|
|
|
|
Cash
|
|
10,000,000
|
|
Working capital deficiency
|
|
(134,089
|
)
|
Contingent consideration
|
|
1,750,000
|
|
|
|
11,615,911
|
|
|
|
|
|
Assets acquired:
|
|
|
|
Cash
|
|
291,078
|
|
Amount due from Fluorinov
shareholders
|
|
36,886
|
|
Acquired technology
|
|
15,439,759
|
|
|
|
15,767,723
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities assumed:
|
|
|
|
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
|
|
462,138
|
|
Deferred tax liabilities
|
|
3,689,674
|
|
|
|
4,151,812
|
|
Net identifiable assets acquired
|
|
11,615,911
|
|
The upfront consideration for Fluorinov was $10,000,000 less
the working capital deficiency of $134,089. We may also incur up to $35 million
of future payments contingent on us achieving certain clinical and regulatory
milestones with an existing Fluorinov compound. The amount of contingent
consideration recognized by us as of the acquisition date was $1,750,000 and has
been classified as other liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial
position. The fair value of the contingent consideration was calculated using a
discounted cash flow approach, where a risk-adjusted discount rate was applied
to future cash flows. We also have an obligation to pay royalty payments on
future sales of such compounds.
At our discretion, up to 50% of the future contingent
payments can be satisfied through the issuance of our common shares, provided
that the aggregate number of common shares issuable under such payments will not
exceed 1,558,447 common shares unless shareholder approval has first been
obtained. In addition, any such future share issuance remains subject to final
approval from our board of directors and receipt of any requisite approvals
under the applicable rules of the TSX and NASDAQ. We have also committed to use
commercially reasonable efforts to monetize Fluorinovs central nervous system
assets and share 50% of the net proceeds with Fluorinov shareholders.
21
Cash used in the acquisition was determined as follows:
|
|
$
|
|
Cash consideration
|
|
9,865,911
|
|
Less
cash acquired
|
|
291,078
|
|
|
|
9,574,833
|
|
Acquisition costs incurred by us and included in general and
administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, were
$106,887 and $174,671, respectively. From the date of the acquisition to
December 31, 2016, Fluorinov contributed revenue of nil and a loss of
$7,334,368. If the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2016, our combined
loss for the year ended December 31, 2016, would be $31,789,540.
In connection with the acquisition, we established deferred tax
liabilities related to the acquired identifiable intangible assets and
determined that these deferred tax liabilities exceeded the acquired deferred
tax assets. This allowed us to realize a deferred tax benefit of $3,689,674 by
releasing the valuation allowance associated with our overall deferred tax
assets.
The acquisition of Fluorinov was considered a related party
transaction as two of our directors were determined to be related parties of
Fluorinov. One director was a director of Fluorinov and had an ownership
position in Fluorinov at the time of acquisition of less than 2%, and the second
director was a director of an entity that was a beneficiary of a trust that was
a shareholder and debenture holder of Fluorinov. The two directors declared
their conflict of interest and abstained from all discussions and decisions
concerning the Fluorinov acquisition. Accordingly, we determined that the
consideration paid on the acquisition was made on terms equivalent to those that
prevail in arms length transactions.
Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures for the last three fiscal years are set
out in the following table.
|
Year ended
December 31, 2016
|
Year ended
December 31, 2015
|
Year ended
December 31, 2014
|
Capital expenditures
|
$2,966,317
|
$780,382
|
$173,603
|
Capital expenditures for 2015 and 2014 were mainly for new
laboratory equipment. In 2015 we entered into a lease for new laboratory and
office space also incurring some leasehold improvements. In 2016, the majority
of the capital expenditures related to leasehold improvements, laboratory
equipment, office furniture and computer equipment.
B. Business Overview
Overview
We are a clinical stage immuno-oncology company developing
innovative therapies for the treatment of cancer. Our lead program, TTI-621, is
a SIRPαFc fusion protein that consists of the extracellular CD47-binding domain
of human SIRPα linked to the Fc region of a human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). It
is designed to act as a soluble decoy receptor, preventing CD47 from delivering
its inhibitory (do not eat) signal. Neutralization of the inhibitory CD47
signal enables the activation of macrophage anti-tumor effects by pro-phagocytic
(eat) signals. The IgG1 Fc region of TTI-621 may also assist in the activation
of macrophages by engaging Fc receptors. Two Phase I clinical trials evaluating
TTI-621 are ongoing. A second SIRPαFc fusion protein, TTI-622, is also in
preclinical development. TTI-622 consists of the extracellular CD47-binding
domain of human SIRPα linked to an IgG4 Fc region, which has a decreased ability
to engage Fc receptors than an IgG1 Fc. We plan to submit an IND for TTI-622 in
the second half of 2017 and begin recruiting patients into a Phase I clinical
trial in early 2018. Both SIRPαFc fusion proteins enable CD47 blockade with
different levels of Fc receptor engagement on macrophages and thus may find
unique applications.
We also have a proprietary medicinal chemistry platform, using
unique fluorine chemistry, which permits the creation of new chemical entities
with improved pharmacological properties from validated drugs and drug
candidates. Stemming from this platform, our most advanced preclinical program
is an orally-available bromodomain inhibitor, followed by an epidermal growth
factor receptor antagonist. In addition, a number of compounds directed at
undisclosed immuno-oncology targets are currently in the discovery phase.
22
Our Strategy
Our goal is to become a leading innovator in the field of
oncology by targeting immune-regulatory pathways that tumor cells exploit to
evade the host immune system.
-
Rapidly advance the clinical development of TTI-621
. We
completed the Phase Ia dose escalation phase of our first-in- human clinical
trial of TTI-621 in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma. We are now
enrolling patients with advanced hematologic malignancies in a Phase Ib
expansion phase of the trial with 10 cohorts, including a rituximab
combination cohort. We have initiated a second Phase I clinical trial with
intratumoral injection of TTI-621 in percutaneously accessible solid tumors
and mycosis fungoides.
-
Expand our TTI-621 clinical program to include additional cancer
indications
. Because CD47 is highly expressed by multiple liquid and
solid tumors, and high expression is correlated with worse clinical outcomes,
we believe SIRPαFc has potential to be effective in a wide variety of cancers.
Our clinical development plans include a broad approach for the treatment of
hematological malignancies, a more targeted approach with solid tumors, and
includes strategies to expand our trials to include combination treatment
cohorts. We continue our preclinical work to select additional, high potential
cancer indications and identify promising combinations.
-
Maximize value of SIRP
α
Fc through
advancement of TTI-622
. We plan to file an IND in the second half of
2017 to advance our second SIRPαFc protein into clinical studies. TTI-622 will
be developed for combination therapy treatment and is expected to have an
advantage over competitive IgG4-based antibodies due to its expected lack of
erythrocyte binding.
-
Build a pipeline of novel oncology products using our proprietary
medicinal chemistry platform.
We have several preclinical and
discovery stage assets developed using our proprietary fluorine chemistry
platform. We plan to advance these novel oncology products for internal
development or out-license.
23
Our Product Candidates
SIRP
α
Fc
Blocking the CD47 do not eat signal using a
SIRP
α
Fc decoy receptor
The immune system is the bodys mechanism to identify and
eliminate pathogens, and can be divided into the innate immune system and the
adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the bodys first line of
defense to identify and eliminate pathogens and consists of proteins and cells,
such as macrophages, that identify and provide an immediate response to
pathogens. The adaptive immune system is activated by, and adapts to, pathogens,
creating a targeted and durable response. Cancer cells often have the ability to
reduce the immune systems ability to recognize and destroy them.
Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that can ingest and
destroy (phagocytose) other cells. Macrophage activity is controlled by both
positive eat and negative do not eat signals. Recently, a role for
macrophages in the control of tumors has been described. Tumor cells may express eat signals (e.g., calreticulin) that
make themselves visible to macrophages. To counterbalance this increased
visibility the tumor cells often express high levels of CD47, which transmits a
do not eat signal by binding signal regulatory protein alpha, or SIRPα, on the
surface of macrophages. We believe that the higher expression of CD47 on the
tumor cell helps it evade destruction by the macrophage by overwhelming any
activating eat signals.
Our lead program, TTI-621, is a novel SIRPαFc fusion protein
that harnesses the innate immune system by blocking the activity of CD47.
TTI-621 is a protein that consists of the CD47-binding domain of human SIRPα
linked to the Fc region of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). It is designed to act
as a soluble decoy receptor, preventing CD47 from delivering its inhibitory
signal. Neutralization of the inhibitory CD47 signal enables the activation of
macrophage anti-tumor effects by the pro-phagocytic eat signals. The IgG1 Fc
region of TTI-621 may also assist in the activation of macrophages by engaging
Fc receptors. A second SIRPαFc fusion protein, TTI-622, is also in
preclinical development.
TTI-622 consists of the same CD47-binding domain of human SIRPα and is linked to
the Fc region of human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4). The IgG4 Fc region of TTI-622
is expected to have a decreased ability to engage activating Fc receptors
compared to an IgG1 Fc.
24
In addition to their direct anti-tumor activity, macrophages
can also function as antigen-presenting cells and stimulate antigen-specific T
cells. Thus it is possible that increasing tumor cell phagocytosis after SIRPαFc
exposure may result in enhanced adaptive immunity. In support of this, CD47
antibody blockade has been recently shown to augment antigen presentation and
prime an anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell response in immune-competent mice. In 2016,
we presented data demonstrating that TTI-621 can augment antigen-specific T cell
responses in vitro. CD47 blockade has also been reported to promote
tumor-specific T cell responses through a dendritic cell-based mechanism,
although the effect of SIRPαFc on dendritic cells is currently unknown.
The figure below illustrates how SIRPαFc blocks the CD47 do
not eat signal and engages activating Fc receptors on macrophages, leading to
tumor cell phagocytosis, increased antigen presentation and enhanced T cell
responses.
By inhibiting the CD47 do not eat signal, we believe SIRPαFc
has the ability to promote the macrophage-mediated killing of tumor cells in a
broad variety of cancers both as a monotherapy and in combination with other
immune therapies. Both SIRPαFc fusion proteins enable CD47 blockade with
different levels of Fc receptor engagement on macrophages and thus may find
unique applications.
We believe that SIRPαFc has broad clinical potential in both
hematological and solid tumors. High expression of the CD47 do not eat signal
on tumor cells has been observed in AML, MDS, chronic myeloid leukemia, or CML,
acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or ALL, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, or DLBCL,
chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or CLL, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma,
marginal zone lymphoma, multiple myeloma and in solid tumors including: bladder,
brain, breast, colon, leiomyosarcoma, liver, melanoma, ovarian and prostate. In
a number of these cancers high CD47 expression was shown to have negative
clinical consequences, correlating with more aggressive disease and poor
survival. In normal karyotype AML patients, for example, high CD47 expression
was correlated with worse event-free survival (6.8 vs. 17.1 months) and worse
overall survival (9.1 vs. 22.1 months) compared to low CD47 expression. These
data are consistent with CD47 providing a survival advantage to tumor cells.
25
In vitro studies with primary tumor samples obtained from AML,
MDS, multiple myeloma, B cell-ALL and T-cell ALL demonstrated that SIRPαFc
frequently triggered significantly macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis
compared to control treatment. Similar results were observed with tumor cell
lines established from patients with B lymphoma and CML.
In vivo studies have demonstrated that TTI-621 exhibits
anti-tumor activity in xenograft models of AML, Burkitt lymphoma and DLBCL.
These results are supported by numerous studies demonstrating that antibody
blockade of CD47 has activity against a range of tumor xenografts.
SIRP
α
Fc Key Attributes
-
Potential efficacy in a broad range of cancers.
SIRPαFc
blocks the tumors ability to transmit a do not eat signal allowing
macrophages to destroy tumor cells; a mechanism that we believe could have
broad applicability.
-
Potential for use as monotherapy and in
combination with other therapies.
We intend to develop our products as
monotherapies as well as potentially for use in combination with other cancer
immuno-therapies.
-
May enhance both innate and adaptive immune
response.
SIRPαFc may enhance stimulation of tumor attacking T cells
since macrophages, in addition to their role in phagocytosis, can also prime T
cells through antigen presentation.
26
SIRP
α
Fc Clinical Development
TTI-621
We are enrolling patients with advanced hematologic
malignancies in a Phase Ib clinical trial. This two-part clinical trial was
designed as a multi-center, open-label Phase Ia/Ib trial, evaluating TTI-621 as
a single-agent in patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies.
During the dose escalation phase the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics were characterized
to determine the optimal dose for subsequent enrollment in the expansion phase. To characterize potential changes in hematologic parameters that might occur with blockade of CD47, the dose-escalation portion of the Phase I trial included lymphoma
patients with relatively normal hematologic parameters and acceptable marrow function. In November 2016, a reasonably well-tolerated dose and schedule of SIRPαFc was established in the dose escalation phase, and now, safety and antitumor
activity is being examined in expansion cohorts with advanced hematologic malignancies including indolent B-cell lymphoma, aggressive B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid
leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasms. In a separate expansion cohort, patients with CD20-positive lymphomas are being treated with TTI-621 in combination with rituximab.
In the dose-escalation phase of the trial, we observed preliminary evidence of anti-tumor activity and achieved a well-tolerated dose of 0.2 mg/kg/week that was associated with predictable, transient thrombocytopenia - consistent with augmented
systemic phagocytosis. At this dose level, we believe we obtained both CD47 receptor occupancy in circulating leukocytes and elevations in macrophage-associated cytokines that are both associated with high phagocytosis of tumor targets in vitro. We
also observed decreasing tumor volume and/or reduced metabolic activity over extended intervals of continued dosing in several patients and one patient achieved a partial response.
Recent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from patients having received multiple weekly infusions of TTI-621 suggest that repeat dosing of TTI-621 is able to overcome the CD47 antigen sink and achieve circulating drug concentrations that are
associated with biological activity in preclinical studies. After 6 weeks of treatment, the terminal serum half-life of TTI-621 is significantly increased compared to the first infusion and is accompanied by an increase in circulating drug levels
and target receptor occupancy, including occupancy of CD47 on circulating leukemic blast cells. The transient decrease in platelets observed immediately following TTI-621 exposure was attenuated in most patients receiving multiple infusions.
Overall, these latest results suggest that we overcome the platelet antigen sink and achieve meaningful TTI-621 exposure while maintaining acceptable platelet counts.
In our second multi-center, open-label Phase I trial, TTI-621 is being delivered by intratumoral injection in patients with relapsed and refractory, percutaneously-accessible cancers. Patients will be enrolled in sequential dose cohorts to receive
intratumoral injections of TTI-621 that increase in dose and dosing frequency to characterize safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and preliminary evidence of antitumor activity. In addition, detailed evaluation of serial, on-treatment tumor
biopsies of both injected and non-injected cancer lesions will help characterize tumor microenvironment changes anticipated with CD47 blockade. We believe the study of TTI-621 delivered by intratumoral injections could lead to a more thorough
understanding of its mechanism of action and could provide insight into the tumor micro-environment before, during and after treatment with TTI-621.
SIRP
α
Fc Clinical Development – TTI-622
A second SIRPαFc fusion protein, TTI-622, is also in preclinical development.
TTI-622 consists of the same extracellular CD47-binding domain of human SIRPα as
TTI-621 but a different Fc region (IgG4 Fc instead of IgG1 Fc). The IgG4 Fc
region of TTI-622 is expected to have a lower level of macrophage activation and
therefore may allow for greater drug exposure in patients and for unique
combination opportunities. We plan to submit an IND for TTI-622 in the second
half of 2017 and begin recruiting patients into a Phase I clinical trial in
early 2018.
SIRP
α
Fc Competition
There are a number of companies developing blocking agents to the CD47-SIRPa axis, which can be broadly classified into four groups:
-
CD47-specific antibodies
: Forty-Seven Inc. (Phase I), Celgene Corporation (Phase I), Surface Oncology (preclinical) and Tioma Therapeutics (preclinical)
-
CD47 bispecific antibodies
: Novimmune SA (CD47/CD19 bispecific antibody, preclinical)
27
-
Mutated high affinity SIRPα
: Alexo Therapeutics (Phase I)
-
SIRP
α
-specific antibody
: OSE
Immunotherapeutics (preclinical)
We believe that our SIRPαFc fusion proteins have several
advantages over competitor products, which are summarized in the table
below.
Competitor Class
|
Potential SIRP
α
Fc Advantages
|
CD47-specific antibody
|
SIRPαFc does not bind red blood cells (RBCs).
IgG1 isotype of TTI-621 may confer greater potency than IgG4-based
antibodies.
|
CD47 bispecific antibody
|
Bispecific is limited to tumors that express both target
antigens.
SIRPαFc may have more broad applicability.
|
Mutated high affinity SIRPα
|
SIRPαFc does not bind red blood cells (RBCs).
SIRPαFc fusion proteins, which are based on wild type sequences,
are less likely to be immunogenic than mutated SIRPα.
|
SIRPα-specific antibody
|
SIRPα-specific antibodies bind macrophages and generally
do not bind tumors. We believe that targeting the tumor cell directly
using SIRPαFc is more likely to generate effective anti-tumor responses.
|
We have demonstrated that our SIRPαFc fusion proteins exhibit
minimal binding to human red blood cells, or RBCs, in contrast to CD47-specific
antibodies and a mutated high affinity SIRPα. We believe that this property
confers several possible advantages including avoidance of drug-induced anemia,
avoidance of the antigen sink effect (i.e., removal of drug from circulation
by RBCs) and non-interference with laboratory blood typing tests. It should be
noted that TTI-622 shares the same CD47-binding domain as TTI-621 and
preclinical studies have shown that it also exhibits minimal binding to human
RBCs. Thus, we anticipate that TTI-622, like TTI-621, will not induce anemia in
patients.
Combination Therapy
We believe that SIRPαFc enhancement of macrophage activity, and
possibly T cell responses, could be synergistic with other immune-mediated
therapies. Published studies conducted by third parties provide evidence that
SIRPαFc may be useful in combination with approved anti-cancer antibodies (e.g.
Rituxan®, Herceptin®, Campath®, and Erbitux®). Since many cancer antibodies work
at least in part by activating cells of the innate immune system, it may be
possible to enhance the potency of these agents by blocking the negative do not
eat CD47 signal that tumor cells deliver to macrophages. We hypothesize that
SIRPαFc may act synergistically with other immunological agents, including T
cell checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. pembrolizumab and nivolumab), cancer vaccines,
oncolytic viruses or chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR T cells.
Fluorine Chemistry Platform
Our medicinal chemistry platform uses proprietary
fluorine-based chemistry to modify specific properties of validated drug
candidates to yield new chemical entities. We believe the potency and/or safety
of both existing pharmacophores and historically inaccessible chemical
structures may be enhanced using our technology. This chemistry platform has
been utilized to establish two preclinical programs, a BET bromodomain inhibitor
and an EGFR inhibitor, and a number of compounds directed at undisclosed immuno-oncology
targets are currently in the discovery phase.
28
BET Bromodomain Inhibitor (TTI-281)
Bromodomains recognize and bind to DNA-associated proteins that
have been epigenetically modified. These epigenetic readers act as scaffolds
for the recruitment of proteins involved in the initiation of gene expression.
Bromodomain-containing proteins regulate genes that play roles in proliferation,
cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Members of the BET (bromodomain and
extra-terminal) subfamily have been implicated in controlling the transcription
of c-Myc, a proto-oncogene that contributes to the pathogenesis of many cancers
but has proven to be difficult to target pharmacologically.
TTI-281 selectively binds the BET proteins BRD2, BRD3 and BRD4
and is 2-6 fold more potent than a leading bromodomain inhibitor. It is strongly
cytotoxic to AML cells but not to normal hematopoietic cells, and reversibly
suppresses the expression of c-Myc. TTI-281 has demonstrated oral efficacy in
xenograft models of human leukemia and myeloma. TTI-281 is in preclinical
development.
EGFR Inhibitor
The epidermal growth factor receptor, or EGFR, is a validated
drug target in oncology but the use of EGFR inhibitors has been limited by two
factors. First, toxicities can arise from indiscriminate reactivity with
off-target proteins. Second, the low central nervous system, or CNS, penetration
of existing EGFR inhibitors limits their use for CNS indications such as
glioblastoma multiforme and brain metastasis from lung cancer. The incorporation
of fluorine into small molecules is known to minimize the formation of highly
reactive metabolites and improve blood brain barrier penetration and thus this
strategy has the potential to overcome the major limitations of existing EGFR
inhibitors.
We have a novel class of highly selective and potent orally
available small molecule EGFR inhibitors that exhibit potent in vitro activity
comparable to approved EGFR inhibitors and improved brain penetration in
multiple animal species. Screening of second- and third-generation brain
penetrant EGFR inhibitors is currently in progress as part of our preclinical
development program for this product candidate.
Intellectual Property
In connection specifically with patent applications relating to
SIRPaFc, we control two patent families that comprise nineteen individual
filings. One family has claims that embrace species of SIRPaFc found to have
certain therapeutic properties and their use for the treatment of cancer. These
patent rights are owned outright by us and patent filings have been
arranged in the major pharmaceutical markets. Patents emerging from this family
begin to expire in 2033. A second SIRPa patent family was in-licensed on an
exclusive basis from co-owners UHN and HSC. This family has been filed in the
major markets, including US, Europe, Japan, Canada, Australia, China, and India.
The claims cover the use of various forms of SIRPa to treat CD47-positive
cancers. Patents in this family have so far been granted in Europe and
Australia. Patents in this family begin to expire in the year 2029.
Our small molecule patent portfolio embraces patent filings
that cover twelve different inventions. With the exception of one process
scheme, these patent filings each claim a family of small molecule drugs as
compositions of matter, together with claims for their production and their
medical uses. These drugs target cancer for the most part, and some related
medical end-uses.
We intend to protect additional intellectual property developed
by us through the filing of patent applications within the appropriate
jurisdictions throughout the world.
Regulatory Process
Securing final regulatory approval for the manufacture and sale
of human therapeutic products in the U.S., Europe, Canada and other commercial
territories, is a long and costly process that is controlled by that particular
territorys national regulatory agency. The national regulatory agency in the
United States is the FDA, in Canada it is HC, and in Europe it is the European
Medicines Agency, or EMA. Other national regulatory agencies have similar
regulatory approval processes, but each national regulatory agency has its own
approval processes. Approval in U.S., Canada or Europe does not assure approval
by other national regulatory agencies, although often test results from one
country may be used in applications for regulatory approval in another country.
29
None of our products have been completely developed or tested
and, therefore, we are not yet in a position to seek final regulatory approval
to market any of our products.
U.S. Approval Process
In the U.S., the FDA, a federal government agency, is
responsible for the drug approval process. The FDAs mission is to protect human
health by ensuring that all medications on the market are safe and effective.
The FDAs approval process examines potential drugs and only those that meet
strict requirements are approved.
The U.S. food and drug regulations require licensing of
manufacturing facilities, carefully controlled research and testing of products,
governmental review and approval of test results prior to marketing of
therapeutic products, and adherence to cGMP. The drug approval process begins
with the discovery of a potential drug. Pharmaceutical companies then test the
drug extensively. A description of the different stages in the drug approval
process in the U.S. follows.
Stage 1: Preclinical
Research.
After an experimental drug is discovered, research
is conducted to help determine its potential for treating or curing an illness.
This is called preclinical research. Animal studies are conducted to determine
if there are any harmful effects of the drug and to help understand how the drug
works. Information from these experiments is submitted in an IND application to
the FDA for review, to decide if the drug is safe to proceed for study in
humans.
Stage 2: Clinical
Research.
In Stage 2, the experimental drug is studied in
humans in clinical trials. Clinical trials are carefully designed and controlled
experiments in which the experimental drug is administered to patients to test
its safety and to determine the effectiveness of an experimental drug. The four
general phases of clinical research are described below.
Phase I
. Phase I includes the
initial introduction of an investigational new drug into humans. Phase I studies
are typically conducted in patients or healthy volunteer subjects. These studies
are designed to determine the metabolism and pharmacologic actions of the drug
in humans, the side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible,
to gain early evidence on effectiveness. During phase I, sufficient information
about the drugs pharmacokinetic and pharmacological effects is obtained to
permit the design of well-controlled, scientifically valid, phase II studies.
Phase I studies also include studies of drug metabolism, structure-activity
relationships, and mechanism of action in humans, as well as studies in which
investigational drugs are used as research tools to explore biological phenomena
or disease processes.
Phase II.
Phase II includes the
controlled clinical studies to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug for a
particular indication or indications in patients with the disease or condition
under study and to determine the common short-term side effects and risks
associated with the drug.
Phase III
. Phase III studies
are expanded controlled and uncontrolled trials. They are performed after
preliminary evidence suggesting effectiveness of the drug has been obtained, and
are intended to gather the additional information about effectiveness and safety
that is needed to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and
to provide an adequate basis for physician labeling.
Phase IV
. Phase IV studies are
undertaken after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information
on the drugs effect in various populations and any side effects associated with
long-term use.
30
Stage 3: FDA Review for
Approval.
Following Phase III, the pharmaceutical company
prepares reports of all studies conducted on the drug and a complete dossier on
the manufacturing of the product and submits the reports to the FDA in a New
Drug Application, or NDA or BLA. The FDA reviews the
information in the NDA/BLA to determine if the drug is safe and effective for
its intended use. If the FDA determines that the drug is safe and effective, the
drug will be approved.
Stage 4: Marketing.
After the FDA has approved the drug, the pharmaceutical company can make
it available to physicians and their patients. A company may also continue to
conduct research to discover new uses for the drug. Each time a new use for a
drug is discovered, the drug is once again subject to the entire FDA approval
process before it can be marketed for that purpose.
Manufacturing and Supply
We have limited experience in manufacturing products for
clinical or commercial purposes. We produce small quantities of SIRPaFc and
small molecule compounds in our laboratories for internal use.
We have established a contract manufacturing relationship for
the supply of SIRPaFc and our bromodomain inhibitor that we believe will provide
sufficient material for early clinical trials. In addition, we are establishing
the basis for long-term commercial production capabilities. However, there can
be no assurance that our contract manufacturer will be successful at scaling up
and producing our product with the required quality and in the quantities and
timelines that we will need for clinical and/or commercial purposes.
We expect to similarly rely on contract manufacturing
relationships for any products that we may further develop, or in-license or
acquire in the future. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able
to successfully contract with such manufacturers on terms acceptable to us, or
at all.
Contract manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic and
unannounced inspections by the FDA, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration and
corresponding state agencies to ensure strict compliance with cGMP and other
state and federal regulations. We do not have control over third-party
manufacturers compliance with these regulations and standards, other than
through contractual obligations and periodic auditing. If they are deemed out of
compliance with and such regulations, approvals could be delayed, product
recalls could result, inventory could be destroyed, production could be stopped
and supplies could be delayed or otherwise disrupted.
If we need to change manufacturers after commercialization, the
FDA and corresponding foreign regulatory agencies must approve these new
manufacturers in advance, which will involve testing and additional inspections
to ensure compliance with FDA regulations and standards and may require
significant lead times and delay, and disruption of supply. Furthermore,
switching manufacturers may be difficult because the number of potential manufacturers is
limited. It may be difficult or impossible for us to find a replacement
manufacturer quickly or on terms acceptable to us, or at all.
Seasonality
We have not had revenue in the previous three fiscal years. We
do not expect our business to be affected by seasonality. The amount and timing
of expenditures and therefore liquidity and capital resources vary substantially
from period to period depending on the number of research and development
programs being undertaken at any one time, the stage of the development
programs, the timing of significant expenditures for manufacturing, toxicology
and pharmacology studies and clinical trials, and the availability of funding
from investors and prospective commercial partners.
Raw Materials
We believe that sources of raw materials pertinent to our
laboratory operations and for manufacturing of our SIRPaFc product by our CMO
are generally available.
31
Plan of Operations
Our primary focus is the advancement of our Phase I clinical
trial of SIRPαFc in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies and our
Phase I clinical trial in patients with relapsed and refractory,
percutaneously-accessible cancers. We have incorporated the flexibility to add
combination treatment cohorts within these trials and we have initiated the
first combination treatment cohort with rituximab. We are also considering
further dose intensification with the goal of achieving increased blockade of
CD47.
We continue to advance our small molecule compounds for
assessment of further internal development or out-license.
C. Organizational Structure
We were incorporated under the
Business Corporations Act
(Alberta) on March 31, 2004 as Neurogenesis Biotech Corp. On October 19, 2004,
we amended our articles of incorporation to change our name from Neurogenesis
Biotech Corp. to Stem Cell Therapeutics Corp., or SCT. On November 7, 2013 SCT
was continued under the
Business Corporations Act
(Ontario), or OBCA. On
June 1, 2014 we filed articles of amalgamation to amalgamate SCT with our
wholly-owned subsidiary, which was named Trillium Therapeutics Inc., and renamed
the combined company Trillium Therapeutics Inc. On January 1, 2017 we filed
articles of amalgamation to amalgamate with our wholly-owned subsidiary
Fluorinov. We are a company domiciled in Ontario, Canada. Our head office and
registered office is located at 2488 Dunwin Drive, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada,
L5L 1J9. Our telephone number is (416) 595-0627.
D. Property, Plants and Equipment
We operate from approximately 10,000 square feet of leased
laboratory and office space at 2488 Dunwin Drive, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada,
L5L 1J9. We perform research and development in our facility and use qualified
vendors and collaborators to conduct research and development and manufacturing
on our behalf. We incur capital expenditures mainly for laboratory equipment,
office equipment, computer equipment and leaseholds in the operation of our
business.
ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not Applicable.
ITEM 5. OPERATING AND
FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial
condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and
2015, the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the years ended December
31, 2014 and 2013, should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial
statements and related notes included in this annual report in accordance with
Item 8. Financial Information. Our consolidated financial statements were
prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB.
See Item 17. Financial Statements and the notes to the
financial statements included as part of this annual report for a discussion of
the significant accounting policies and significant estimates and judgments
required to be made by management.
A. Operating Results
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 of $31,733,085
was higher than the loss of $14,733,699 for the year ended December 31, 2015.
The net loss was higher due mainly to higher research and development expenses
of $11,738,704 which included a higher intangible asset amortization amount of
$3,344,400 related mainly to the acquisition of Fluorinov intangible assets, and
a net foreign currency loss in 2016 of $2,026,791 from holding US denominated
cash with a weakening US dollar, compared to a foreign currency gain in the
comparable 2015 period of $6,106,703. This was partially offset by the
recognition of a deferred tax recovery in relation to the acquisition of
Fluorinov of $3,689,674 where we released a portion of our income tax valuation
adjustment to match a net deferred tax liability that was created on the
acquisition of Fluorinov.
32
Research and Development
Components of research and development expenses for the years
ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
Research and development
programs excluding the below items
|
|
16,084,144
|
|
|
12,083,797
|
|
Salaries, fees and short-term benefits
|
|
6,256,371
|
|
|
4,120,109
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
3,192,338
|
|
|
1,942,173
|
|
Amortization of intangible assets
|
|
3,683,748
|
|
|
339,348
|
|
Fair value remeasurement of
contingent consideration
|
|
209,260
|
|
|
-
|
|
Depreciation of property and equipment
|
|
603,694
|
|
|
118,394
|
|
Investment tax credits
|
|
(240,760
|
)
|
|
(553,730
|
)
|
|
|
29,788,795
|
|
|
18,050,091
|
|
Our research and development expenses consist primarily of
personnel-related costs, manufacturing and clinical study services costs for
external service providers, patent fees, share-based compensation and
amortization of intangible assets.
The increase in research and development program expenses for
the year ended December 31, 2016 over the prior year was due mainly to higher
SIRPαFc clinical trial and regulatory costs, preclinical work on the bromodomain
inhibitor and EGFR inhibitor programs, additional SIRPαFc preclinical and
academic collaborations, and higher facility costs, partially offset by lower SIRPαFc preclinical toxicology study and manufacturing costs. Salaries, fees and
short-term benefits increased in the year ended December 31, 2016 due to higher
staffing and salaries compared to the same period in 2015. Share-based
compensation increased due mainly to a higher number of options granted in the
year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. Amortization
of intangible assets increased due mainly to $3,590,164 of expense for the year
ended December 31, 2016 related to the acquired Fluorinov intellectual property.
Depreciation of property and equipment increased due mainly to higher capital
purchases for leasehold improvements and lab equipment for our new leased
facility in 2016. $209,260 of costs were recorded relating to the fair value
measurement of contingent consideration relating to the acquisition of
Fluorinov. Tax credits were lower for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared
to the same period of 2015 as we were ineligible for certain refundable
Ontario tax credits in 2016.
General and Administrative
Components of general and administrative expenses for the years
ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
General and administrative,
excluding the below items
|
|
1,789,396
|
|
|
1,521,639
|
|
Salaries, fees and short-term benefits
|
|
1,284,001
|
|
|
898,381
|
|
Deferred share units for
director compensation
|
|
362,443
|
|
|
540,000
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
497,070
|
|
|
224,327
|
|
|
|
3,932,910
|
|
|
3,184,347
|
|
33
General and administrative expenses consist mainly of
professional fees, personnel costs related to corporate activities including
directors fees, costs for shareholder related activities including investor
relations, stock exchange fees and share-based compensation.
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December
31, 2016 of $1,789,396 were higher than the prior year due mainly to higher
investor relations fees, and professional fees including expenses related to the
acquisition of Fluorinov. Salaries, fees and short-term benefits increased in
the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the prior year due to higher
administrative staffing. The expense for deferred share units, or DSUs, for the year ended
December 31, 2016 was lower than the prior year due to the fair value
measurement of cash-settled deferred share units, or DSUs, granted during 2016.
Share-based compensation increased due mainly to a higher number of options
granted in the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 2015.
Finance Income and Costs
Finance costs for the three months and year ended December 31,
2016 were comparable to the prior year periods.
For the year ended December 31, 2016 a net foreign currency
loss of $2,026,791 was incurred compared to a net foreign currency gain of
$6,106,703 for year ended December 31, 2015 due to the weakening of the US
dollar exchange rate compared to the Canadian dollar.
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2015 of $14,733,699
exceeded the loss of $12,881,820 for the year ended December 31, 2014. Research
and development costs for both 2015 periods were significantly higher than 2014
due mainly to higher costs for our SIRPαFc development program including
increased personnel costs. The loss for the three months ended December 31, 2015
was lower than the comparative period due mainly to a net foreign exchange gain
of $2,163,429.
Research and Development
Components of research and development expenses for the years
ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
Research and development
programs excluding the below items
|
|
12,083,797
|
|
|
5,893,030
|
|
Salaries, fees and short-term benefits
|
|
4,120,109
|
|
|
2,311,755
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
1,942,173
|
|
|
1,626,824
|
|
Amortization of intangible assets
|
|
339,348
|
|
|
610,776
|
|
Impairment of intangible
assets
|
|
-
|
|
|
429,763
|
|
Depreciation of property and equipment
|
|
118,394
|
|
|
47,208
|
|
Tax credits
|
|
(553,730
|
)
|
|
(323,548
|
)
|
|
|
18,050,091
|
|
|
10,595,808
|
|
The increase in research and development program expenses for
the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014
was due mainly to completion of IND-enabling toxicology studies, manufacturing
costs to supply our clinical trial, costs to prepare and submit our IND and
initiation of the Phase I trial in 2015 for SIRPαFc. Salaries, fees, and
short-term benefits increased for the year ended December 31, 2015 due mainly to
additional research and development personnel hired in 2015. Amortization and
impairment of intangible assets was lower in the year ended December 31, 2015
due to the discontinuation of the tigecycline program in 2014. Depreciation
expense was higher in 2015 due to higher purchases of new lab equipment.
34
General and Administrative
Components of general and administrative expenses for the years
ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
General and administrative
expenses excluding the below items
|
|
1,521,639
|
|
|
1,198,181
|
|
Salaries, fees and short-term benefits
|
|
898,381
|
|
|
694,849
|
|
DSU units issued for director
compensation
|
|
540,000
|
|
|
240,000
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
224,327
|
|
|
444,430
|
|
|
|
3,184,347
|
|
|
2,577,460
|
|
General and administrative expenses for the year ended December
31, 2015 were higher than the comparable prior year period due mainly to higher
insurance costs and expenses related to the Fluorinov acquisition, partially
offset by lower stock exchange filing fees. Salaries, fees and short-term
benefits increased in 2015 over 2014 due mainly to higher administrative
staffing. The value of DSUs issued for director compensation increased in 2015,
and share-based compensation expense was lower in 2015 due mainly to fewer stock
options issued to administrative personnel in the year.
Finance Income and Costs
Finance income for the year ended December 31, 2015 was higher than the prior year comparable period due mainly to a net foreign currency gain of $6,106,703, due mainly to holding U.S. dollar denominated cash with a strengthening U.S. dollar.
Interest income in 2015 was also higher due to higher average cash balances.
Finance costs for the year ended December 31, 2015 were comparable to the prior year periods.
B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily from sales of equity, proceeds from the exercise of warrants and stock options, and from interest income on funds available for investment. Our primary capital needs are for funds to support
our scientific research and development activities including staffing, facilities, manufacturing, preclinical studies and clinical trials, administrative costs and for working capital.
We have experienced operating losses and cash outflows from operations since incorporation, will require ongoing financing in order to continue our research and development activities, and we have not earned significant revenue or reached successful
commercialization of our products. Our future operations are dependent upon our ability to finance our cash requirements which will allow us to continue our research and development activities and the commercialization of our products. There can be
no assurance that we will be successful in continuing to finance our operations.
On April 7, 2015, we completed an underwritten public offering of common shares and non-voting convertible preferred shares in the United States. In the offering, we sold 1,750,754 common shares and 1,077,605 Series II Non-Voting Convertible First
Preferred shares at a price of U.S. $19.50 per share. The gross proceeds from this offering were $68,875,067 (U.S. $55,153,000) before deducting offering expenses of $4,913,443.
The Series II Non-Voting Convertible First Preferred shares sold in the offering are non-voting and are convertible into common shares, on a one-for-one basis (subject to adjustment), at any time at the option of the holder, subject to certain
restrictions on conversion. Holders may not convert Series II Non-Voting Convertible First Preferred
shares into common shares if, after giving effect to the exercise of conversion, the holder and its joint actors would have beneficial ownership or
direction or control over common shares in excess of 4.99% of the then outstanding common shares. This limit may be raised at the option of the holder on 61 days’ prior written notice: (i) up to 9.99%, (ii) up to 19.99%, subject to clearance
of a personal information form submitted by the holder to the TSX, and (iii) above 19.99%, subject to approval by the TSX and shareholder approval.
35
On May 29, 2015, we filed a base shelf prospectus with the British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario and Nova Scotia securities commissions in Canada and a Form F-10 registration statement with the United States Securities and Exchange
Commission, or SEC, that provides that we may sell under the prospectus from time to time over the following 25 months up to U.S. $100 million, in one or more offerings, of common shares, First Preferred shares, warrants to purchase common
shares, or units comprising a combination of common shares, First Preferred shares and/or warrants.
December 31, 2016 Compared to December 31, 2015
Our cash and cash equivalents and working capital at December 31, 2016 were
$50.5 million and $45.5 million respectively compared to $86.8 million and $85.4
million, respectively at December 31, 2015. The decrease in both cash and
working capital was due mainly to cash used in operations of approximately $22.9
million, net cash paid on the purchase of Fluorinov of approximately $9.6
million, $3.0 million of capital purchases mainly related to leasehold
improvements, laboratory equipment, and furniture for our new office and
laboratory facility, and a net foreign exchange loss on cash of $1.2 million.
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities as at December 31, 2016 of $5.5 million
were higher than the balance of $3.2 million at December 31, 2015 due mainly to
increased research and development expenditures and slower invoicing for
clinical trial related expenditures and preclinical collaborations, and timing
of payment of manufacturing expenditures. Amounts receivable as at December 31,
2016 of $526,530 was lower than the amount of $974,822 at December 31, 2015 due
to the receipt of federal and Ontario refundable tax credits for the 2015 tax
year.
We are indebted to the Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario,
or FedDev under a non-interest bearing contribution agreement and is making
monthly repayments of $9,586 through November 2019. As at December 31, 2016 and
2015, the balance repayable was $335,489 and $440,935, respectively. The loan
payable was discounted using an estimated market interest rate of 15%. Interest
expense accretes on the discounted loan amount until it reaches its face value
at maturity.
As at December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had a deferred lease inducement of $437,711
and $348,205, respectively, for a new facility lease. The inducement benefit
will be recognized over the expected term of the lease.
As at December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had a long-term liability of $1,959,260 and
nil, respectively, related to contingent consideration on the acquisition of
Fluorinov.
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash used in operating activities increased to $22,850,941 for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $18,298,112 for the year ended December 31, 2015, due mainly to higher research and development expenses and unrealized foreign
exchange losses on cash in the current year, compared to foreign exchange gains on cash in the prior year.
Cash flows from investing activities
Cash used in investing activities totaled $12,541,150 for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $750,382 for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase was due mainly to the purchase of Fluorinov and capital purchases related to
our new laboratory and office facilities.
Cash flows from financing activities
Cash used by financing activities totaled $343,727 for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to cash provided of $73,642,984 for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2016 was due mainly to the
issuance of share capital in 2015.
36
December 31, 2015 Compared to December 31, 2014
Our cash totaled $86,770,542 at December 31, 2015 compared to $26,165,056 at
December 31, 2014. As at December 31, 2015, our working capital increased to
$85,369,945 compared to $23,989,252 at December 31, 2014 due mainly to funds
received in the April 7, 2015 offering, warrant exercises, and foreign exchange
gains, partially offset by cash used in operations. Accounts payable and accrued
liabilities as at December 31, 2015 of $3,233,749 were comparable to the balance
of $3,248,984 at December 31, 2014. Amounts receivable as at December 31, 2015
were $974,822 compared to $344,416 at December 31, 2014. The increase in amounts
receivable was due mainly to the recording of expected refundable tax credits on
research and development activities and refundable withholding taxes in the year
ended December 31, 2015.
We are indebted to FedDev under a noninterest bearing contribution agreement and
are making monthly repayments of $9,586 through November 2019. As at December
31, 2015, the balance repayable was $440,935. The loan payable was discounted
using an estimated market interest rate of 15%. Interest expense accretes on the
discounted loan amount until it reaches its face value at maturity.
As at December 31, 2015, we had a deferred lease inducement of $348,205 for a
new facility lease. The inducement benefit will be recognized over the expected
term of the lease.
We had a long-term liability of $60,109 related to certain discontinued
technologies. This liability was discounted using an estimated market interest
rate of 15% and interest expense is accreting.
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash used in operating activities increased to $18,298,112 for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to $7,448,068 for the year ended December 31, 2014, due mainly to higher research and development expenses in the current year.
Cash flows from investing activities
Cash used in investing activities totaled $750,382 for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to cash provided by investing activities of $352,995 for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was due to higher purchases of property
and equipment compared to the prior year.
Cash flows from financing activities
Cash provided by financing activities totaled $73,642,984 for the year ended
December 31, 2015, compared to $803,623 for the year ended December 31, 2014.
The increase was due mainly to the completion of an underwritten public offering
of common shares and non-voting convertible preferred shares in April 2015.
37
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.
During 2016 and 2015, most of our resources were focused on the
development of our SIRPαFc program. For the year ended December 31, 2016,
SIRPαFc research and development costs were higher than the same period in the
prior year due mainly to costs related to the Phase I clinical trials, higher
staffing, higher facility costs, and share-based compensation costs, and additional
funding for preclinical collaborations partially offset by lower preclinical
toxicology study and manufacturing costs. As Fluorinov was acquired in January
2016 there are no comparable amounts. For the year ended December 31, 2016,
Fluorinov research and development expenses included $3,590,164 for amortization
of the acquired intangible assets, $1,274,007 for personnel related costs and
$2,470,197 for program and other related costs.
Research and development expenditures for the preceding three
years were as follows:
Program
|
Year ended
December 31, 2016
($)
|
Year ended
December 31, 2015
($)
|
Year ended
December 31, 2014
($)
|
SIRPaFc
|
$22,411,393
|
$17,978,930
|
$9,372,467
|
Fluorinov compounds
|
$7,334,368
|
-
|
-
|
Tigecycline
|
-
|
-
|
$1,091,297
|
Other programs
|
$43,034
|
$71,161
|
$132,044
|
Total
|
$29,788,795
|
$18,050,091
|
$10,595,808
|
Notes:
(1)
|
Research and development expenditures in the above table
include all direct and indirect costs for the programs, personnel costs,
intellectual property costs, amortization, share-based compensation, and
research and development overhead, and is net of government assistance.
Research and development overhead costs have been allocated to the
programs based mainly on personnel time spent on the
programs.
|
We rely on patents and licenses to enable the commercialization of our novel technologies. See Item 4. Information on the Company” and Item 4.B. Information on the Company – Intellectual Property”.
38
D. Trend Information
Historical patterns of expenditures cannot be taken as an indication of future expenditures. The amount and timing of expenditures and therefore liquidity and capital resources vary substantially from period to period depending on the number of
research and development programs being undertaken at any one time, the stage of the development programs, the timing of significant expenditures for manufacturing, toxicology and pharmacology studies and clinical trials, and the availability of
funding from investors and prospective commercial partners.
Research and development expenses for 2015 included the costs for IND-enabling toxicology studies, preparing the IND submission and initiating the Phase I clinical trial for TTI-621. Research and development expenses increased in 2016 due to the
costs of initiating two Phase I trials and the addition of Fluorinov product development. General and administrative costs for the second quarter of 2015 were higher than the first quarter of 2015 due mainly to the issuance of DSUs for director
fees. The net loss for the third and fourth quarters of 2015 were lower due mainly to net foreign exchange gains of $4,019,251 and $2,163,429, respectively, that resulted mainly from holding U.S. denominated cash with a strengthening U.S.
dollar exchange rate. The net loss for the first quarter of 2016 was higher due mainly to a net foreign currency loss of $3,554,296 from holding US denominated cash with a weakening US dollar, the addition of intangible asset amortization in the
amount of $693,322 on the acquisition of Fluorinov intangible assets and higher research and development spending. This was partially offset by the recognition of a deferred tax recovery in relation to the acquisition of Fluorinov of
$3,689,674 where we released a portion of our income tax valuation adjustment to match a net deferred tax liability that was created on the acquisition of Fluorinov. The net losses for the third and fourth quarters of 2016 were higher due to
higher personnel costs, SIRPαFc clinical trial costs, preclinical work on the bromodomain inhibitor and EGFR inhibitor programs, and additional SIRPαFc preclinical collaborations.
E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources
that are material to investors.
F. Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations
We enter into research, development and license agreements in the ordinary course of business where we receive research services and rights to proprietary technologies. Milestone and royalty payments that may become due under various agreements are
dependent on, among other factors, clinical trials, regulatory approvals and ultimately the successful development of a new drug, the outcome and timing of which is uncertain.
Under the license agreement for SIRPαFc, we have future contingent milestones payable of $35,000 related to successful patent grants, $200,000 and $300,000 on the first patient dosed in Phase II and III clinical trials
respectively, and regulatory milestones on their first achievement totalling $5,000,000.We are also required to pay 20% of any sublicensing revenues to the licensors on the first $50 million of sublicensing revenues, and pay 15% of any
sublicensing revenues to the licensors after the first $50 million of sublicensing revenue received.
Under two agreements with Catalent pursuant to which we acquired the right to use a proprietary expression system for the manufacture of two SIRPαFc constructs, we have future contingent milestones on pre-marketing approval of up to U.S.
$875,000 and aggregate sales milestone payments of up to U.S. $28.8 million for each agreement.
In connection with our acquisition of all the outstanding shares of Fluorinov, we are obligated to pay up to $35 million of additional future payments that are contingent on us achieving certain clinical and regulatory milestones with an
existing Fluorinov compound. We will also have an obligation to pay royalty payments on future sales of such compounds.
We periodically enter into research and license agreements with third parties that include indemnification provisions customary in the industry. These guarantees generally require us to compensate the other party for certain damages and costs
incurred as a result of claims arising from research and development activities undertaken by or on our behalf. In some cases, the maximum potential amount of future payments that could be required under these indemnification provisions could be
unlimited. These indemnification provisions generally survive termination of the underlying agreement. The nature of the indemnification obligations prevents us from making a reasonable estimate of the maximum potential amount it could be required
to pay. Historically, we have not made any indemnification payments under such agreements and no amount has been accrued in our consolidated financial statements with respect to these indemnification obligations.
39
Other than as disclosed below, we did not have any contractual
obligations relating to long-term debt obligations, capital (finance) lease
obligations, operating lease obligations, purchase obligations or other
long-term liabilities reflected on our balance sheet as at December 31,
2016:
Contractual
Obligations
(1)(2)(7)(8)
|
Payments due by period ($)
|
Total
|
Less than 1
Year
|
1 to 3
Years
|
3 to 5
Years
|
More than
5 Years
|
Long-Term Debt Obligations
(3)
|
$335,489
|
$115,032
|
$220,457
|
-
|
-
|
Capital (Finance) Lease Obligations
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Operating Lease Obligations
(4)
|
$2,075,144
|
$223,224
|
$485,900
|
$507,903
|
$858,117
|
Purchase Obligations
(5)
|
$10,382,146
|
$5,602,146
|
$4,544,000
|
$236,000
|
-
|
Other Long-Term Liabilities Reflected on our Balance
Sheet
(6)
|
$2,279,205
|
$319,945
|
-
|
$1,566,671
|
$392,589
|
Total
|
$15,071,984
|
$6,260,347
|
$5,250,357
|
$2,310,574
|
$1,250,706
|
Notes:
|
(1)
|
Contractual obligations in the above table do not include
amounts in accounts payable and accrued liabilities on our balance sheet
as at December 31, 2016. Annual technology license fees currently
approximating $50,000 are not included in the above table.
|
|
(2)
|
Contingent milestones under the UHN license agreement and
the Catalent expression system agreements are not included in the above
table.
|
|
(3)
|
Amounts due to FedDev repayable in equal monthly
installments of $9,586 through November 2019.
|
|
(4)
|
Includes operating lease obligations for laboratory and
office facilities.
|
|
(5)
|
Purchase obligations include all non-cancellable
contracts, and all cancellable contracts with $100,000 or greater
remaining committed at the period end including agreements related to the
conduct of our TTI-621 Phase I clinical trials, preclinical collaborations
and manufacturing activities.
|
|
(6)
|
Includes $1,959,260 of contingent consideration related
to potential future payments of up to $35 million based on the achievement
of clinical and regulatory milestones with an existing Fluorinov
compound.
|
|
(7)
|
We are party to a license agreement for our SIRPaFc
technology with UHN and HSC that has future milestones where the certainty
and timing of reaching the milestones are unknown. Aggregate milestones
under this agreement, related to major markets on their first achievement,
are $5,660,000 of which management estimates that $360,000 may occur in 1
to 3 years, $300,000 may occur in 3 to 5 years and the balance more than
five years, if the milestones are reached at all.
|
|
(8)
|
We are party to two agreements dated August 12, 2014 with
Catalent Pharma Solutions, LLC related to the sale of their GPEx®-Derived
Cell Line to us. Each agreement includes potential pre-marketing approval
milestones of up to U.S. $875,000 and aggregate sales milestone payments
of up to U.S. $28.8 million.
|
40
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR
MANAGEMENT & EMPLOYEES
A. Directors and Senior Management
The following table and summary of business experience set
forth the name, office held, and functions and areas of experience in the Company, principal business activities and other principal directorships
of each of our Directors and senior management:
Name
Present Office Held
|
Position
Held
Since
|
Principal Business Activities and
Other Principal Directorships
|
Luke Beshar
Director
(1)
|
March 10, 2014
|
Mr. Beshar is an independent biotechnology consultant and
financial expert. He was most recently the Executive/Senior Vice President
and Chief Financial Officer of NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a global
biopharmaceutical company from November 2007 to February 2015. Mr. Beshar
also sits on the boards of REGENXBIO Inc., Entera Bio Ltd. and Sancilio
Pharmaceuticals Company, Inc.
|
Henry Friesen
Director
(1)
(2)
|
June 28, 2011
|
Dr. Friesen is a Distinguished University Professor
Emeritus at University of Manitoba since October 2000.
|
Robert Kirkman
Director
(1)
(3)
|
December 17, 2013
|
Dr. Kirkman was President and Chief Executive Officer and
director of Cascadian Therapeutics (formerly Oncothyreon Inc.), an
oncology-focused biotechnology company from September 2006 to January
2016.
|
Michael Moore
Director
(2)
(3)
|
April 9, 2013
|
Dr. Moore was the Founder Chair of MISSION Therapeutics
Ltd. (2012-2016) and of PsiOxus Therapeutics Ltd. (2011-2015) and
continues as a director of both companies. Dr. Moore is also a director of
Chronos Therapeutics Ltd. from 2009 and was the Chair of Trillium
Therapeutics Inc. (private) from 2004-2013. From 2003 to 2008, Dr. Moore
was the Chief Executive Officer and director of PIramed Ltd, a UK- based
oncology company acquired by Roche.
|
Thomas Reynolds
Director
(2)(3)
|
March 10, 2014
|
Dr. Reynolds is an independent biotechnology consultant
since February 2013, and was Chief Medical Officer of Seattle Genetics,
Inc., a biotechnology company focused on antibody- based therapies for the
treatment of cancer from March 2007 to January 2013. Dr. Reynolds also
sits on the board of MEI Pharma, Inc.
|
Calvin Stiller
Director, Chair of the
Board
|
July 18, 2011
|
Dr. Stiller is the Chair Emeritus of the Ontario
Institute for Cancer Research and Professor Emeritus at Western
University. Dr. Stiller also sits on the board of Revera Corporation and
Smarter Alloys Inc.
|
Niclas Stiernholm
President and Chief
Executive Officer,
Director
|
Director since July 18, 2011; President and CEO
since April 9, 2013
|
Dr. Stiernholm is the President and Chief Executive
Officer of Trillium since April 9, 2013 and was the President and Chief
Executive Officer of Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private) since 2002. He
joined Trillium from YM BioSciences Inc. where he was Executive Vice
President and Chief Scientific Officer. Mr. Stiernholm also sits on the
board of Vasomune Therapeutics Inc.
As President and Chief
Executive Officer, Dr. Stiernholm is responsible for overseeing our
strategic direction, executing business development plans and ensuring
that our scientific programs remain funded and advance on schedule. As a
director, Dr. Stiernholm participates in management oversight and helps to
ensure compliance with our corporate governance policies and standards.
|
Robert Uger
Chief Scientific Officer
|
April 9, 2013
|
Dr. Uger is the Chief Scientific Officer of Trillium
since April 9, 2013 and was the Vice President, Research of Trillium
Therapeutics Inc. (private) since 2003. He joined Trillium from Aventis
Pasteur where he was a Senior Research Scientist involved in cancer
vaccine research.
As Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Uger is
responsible for developing and implementing our scientific direction, and
oversees both internal product development and external research and
development programs.
|
41
James Parsons
Chief Financial Officer
|
August 25, 2011
|
Mr. Parsons is the Chief Financial Officer of Trillium
since August 25, 2011 and was also the Director, Finance of Trillium
Therapeutics Inc. (private). He was previously the Vice President, Finance
of DiaMedica Inc. from October 2010 to May 2014, and Chief Financial
Officer of Amorfix Life Sciences Ltd. from 2006 to 2010. Mr. Parsons sits
on the board of Sernova Corp and DiaMedica Inc.
As Chief Financial
Officer, Mr. Parsons is responsible for financial and risk management,
investor relations, corporate governance and administration.
|
Penka Petrova
Chief Development Officer
|
May 29, 2015
|
Dr. Petrova is the Chief Development Officer of Trillium
since May 29, 2015 and was the Vice President, Drug Development from April
2013 to May 2015. Dr. Petrova joined Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private)
from Prescient Neuropharma in 2003.
As Chief Development Officer,
Dr. Petrova is responsible for managing our formal drug development
efforts, including all outsourced activities to contract manufacturers and
contract research organizations.
|
Eric Sievers
Chief Medical Officer
|
April 1, 2015
|
Dr. Sievers is the Chief Medical Officer of Trillium
since April 1, 2015. He previously held several senior roles at Seattle
Genetics including the Senior Vice President, Clinical Development from
October 2013 to March 2015, the Vice President and Interim Chief Medical
Officer from 2012 to October 2013, and Vice President, Clinical Affairs
from 2011 to 2012, and Executive Medical Director from 2010 to 2011.
As Chief Medical Officer, Dr. Sievers is responsible for the
design and execution of our clinical and regulatory strategy.
|
Notes:
|
(1)
|
Member of our Audit Committee.
|
|
(2)
|
Member of our Corporate Governance and Nominating
Committee.
|
|
(3)
|
Member of our Compensation
Committee.
|
Summary of Business Experience and Functions within the
Company
Luke Beshar, CPA
-
Director, Chair of the
Audit Committee
Mr. Beshar was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial
Officer of NPS Pharmaceuticals until February 2015 when the company was sold to
Shire plc. He joined NPS Pharmaceuticals in 2007 and has been responsible for
financial management, investor relations, information technology, technical
operations, supply-chain management, facilities, project management, contracts
and outsourcing and strategic and alliance management. Prior to joining NPS, Mr.
Beshar served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Cambrex
Corporation, a global life sciences company. Mr. Beshar began his career with
Arthur Andersen & Co. and is a certified public accountant.
He obtained his bachelors degree in Accounting and Finance
from Michigan State University and is a graduate of The Executive Program at the
Darden Graduate School of Business at the University of Virginia.
42
Dr. Henry Friesen
-
Director
Dr. Friesen was the President of the Canadian Governments
Medical Research Council, and the architect and lead champion for the creation
the Canadian Institutes for Health Research, President of the National Cancer
Institute of Canada and President of the Canadian Society for Clinical
Investigation. He is the Past Founding Chair of Genome Canada. A Fellow of the
Royal Society of Canada, Dr. Friesen was named a Companion of the Order of
Canada and was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 2001 and,
later the Order of Manitoba. He was also awarded the Gairdner Foundation
Wightman Award, the McLaughlin Medal of the Royal Society of Canada, and the
Koch Medal, the highest award of the Endocrine Society. He was presented with
the Frederic Newton Gisborne Starr Award by the Canadian Medical Association,
the associations highest award, in 2006. Dr. Friesen also holds eight Honorary
Doctorates from Canadian universities.
Dr. Robert Kirkman
-
Director
Dr. Kirkman served as Cascadian Therapeutics (formerly
Oncothyreon) President and Chief Executive Officer from September 2006 to
January 2016. From 2005 to 2006, he was acting President and Chief Executive
Officer of Xcyte Therapies, which concluded a merger with Cyclacel
Pharmaceuticals, both development-stage biopharmaceutical companies, in March of
2006. From 2004 to 2005, Dr. Kirkman was Chief Business Officer and Vice
President of Xcyte. From 1998 to 2003, Dr. Kirkman was Vice President, Business
Development and Corporate Communications of Protein Design Labs, a
biopharmaceutical company. Dr. Kirkman holds a M.D. degree from Harvard Medical
School and a B.A. in economics from Yale University.
Dr. Michael Moore
-
Director
Dr. Moore was the Founder Chair of MISSION Therapeutics
Limited, a UK drug discovery company targeting deubiquitinating enzymes for
multiple disease indications. He also holds non-executive positions with UK
biopharmaceutical companies including PsiOxus Therapeutics Limited, of which he
was Founding Chairman, and Chronos Therapeutics Limited. From 2004-2013, Dr.
Moore was non-executive Chair of Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private) and from
2003-2008 Chief Executive Officer of Plramed Limited, a UK-based biotechnology
company targeting the PI 3-kinase superfamily, which was acquired by Roche in
2008. Prior to Plramed, Dr. Moore held progressive positions at Xenova Group plc
(1988-2003), including Research Director and Chief Scientific Officer. Dr.
Moores academic career included a tenured appointment at the Paterson Institute
for Cancer Research (1980) and the University of Manchester Medical School where
he was Honorary Reader in immunology and oncology (1986). Dr. Moore received Ph.D.
and D.Sc. degrees from the University of Nottingham (a member of the Russell
Group).
Dr. Thomas Reynolds
-
Director
Dr. Reynolds served as Chief Medical Officer of Seattle
Genetics from March 2007 until his retirement in February, 2013. While at
Seattle Genetics, he was responsible for building and leading an integrated
clinical development, regulatory and medical affairs organization, highlighted
by the development and approval of ADCETRIS. From 2002 to 2007, Dr. Reynolds
served at ZymoGenetics (acquired by Bristol-Myers Squibb in 2010), most recently
as Vice President, Medical Affairs, where he oversaw the clinical development
and regulatory filing of RECOTHROM. Previously, he was Vice President, Clinical
Affairs at Targeted Genetics, and
before that he was at Somatix Therapy (acquired by Cell Genesys in 1997). Dr. Reynolds received his M.D., and Ph.D. in Biophysics, from Stanford University and a B.A. in Chemistry from Dartmouth College. He is currently a director and member of the
compensation committee at MEI Pharma, Inc.
Dr. Calvin Stiller
-
Director,
Chair of the Board of Directors
Dr. Stiller is a Member of the Order of Canada and the Order of Ontario, was the recipient of the Canada Gairdner Wightman Award in 2011 (awarded to a Canadian who has demonstrated outstanding leadership in medicine and medical science) and was
inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 2010. Dr. Stiller is Chair Emeritus of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, the former chair of Genome Canada and is Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Medicine, and Immunology and
Bacteriology at the University of Western Ontario. Dr. Stiller founded the J. Allyn Taylor International Prize in Medicine, co-founded the Medical and Related Sciences Research District, or MaRS, was the Chair of the Ontario Research and Development
Challenge Fund Board and was the co-founder of four venture capital funds of over $500 million. He serves on the boards of a number of private and public companies, was founding Chair of Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private) and was chair of
Verio Therapeutics, a Canadian stem cell company that was acquired in 2010 by Fate Corporation, a California-based regeneration company. Together with Robert Klein (the founder of the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, a state agency
responsible for granting approximately $3 billion in stem cell research funding), he co-founded the Cancer Stem Cell Initiative, a Canada-California consortium that has been productive in the search for and identification of cancer stem cells.
He serves on the board of Revera Corporation, one of the nation’s largest seniors accommodation, health and long-term care and services companies.
43
Dr. Niclas Stiernholm
-
President and
Chief Executive Officer, Director
Dr. Stiernholm became the President and Chief Executive Officer on our merger
with Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private) in April 2013. Previously, as Chief
Executive Officer of Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private) since 2002, Dr.
Stiernholm spearheaded the in-licensing of our development technologies, raised
over $23 million in venture capital financing, and raised non-dilutive funding
from several out-licensing transactions with pharmaceutical partners. Dr.
Stiernholm joined Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private) from YM BioSciences where
he was Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer. While there, he
played a significant role in the success of their Initial Public Offering in
2002. Dr. Stiernholm began his industry career as a member of Allelix
Biopharmaceuticals business development office. He currently serves on the
board of Vasomune Therapeutics. He received his Ph.D. in Immunology from the
University of Toronto, where he also completed his postdoctoral training.
Dr. Robert Uger
-
Chief Scientific Officer
Dr. Uger became the Chief Scientific Officer on our merger with Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private) in April 2013. Dr. Uger is responsible for developing and implementing our scientific direction, and overseeing both internal product development
and external research discovery programs. He also acts as our scientific liaison with respect to global collaborations with academic and hospital research scientists. Dr. Uger joined Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private)in 2003 from Aventis Pasteur
where he was a Senior Research Scientist involved in cancer vaccine research. He received his Ph.D. in Immunology from the University of Toronto.
James Parsons, CPA-CA
-
Chief Financial Officer
Mr. Parsons joined us in August 2011 and Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private) in 2003 on a part-time basis, and became full-time in June 2014. Mr. Parsons has an extensive background in the life sciences industry and over 25 years of financial
management experience. Mr. Parsons was the Vice-President, Finance for DiaMedica Inc. from October 2010 to May 2014, and the Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary for Amorfix Life Sciences Ltd. from 2006 to 2010 where his responsibilities
included finance, administration, commercialization, risk management, and corporate governance. Mr. Parsons has been a CFO and advisor in the life sciences industry since 2000 with early-stage to late-clinical stage biotechnology companies across
many therapeutic, diagnostic and device areas. Mr. Parsons has a Master of Accounting degree from the University of Waterloo and is a Chartered Professional Accountant and Chartered Accountant.
Dr. Penka Petrova
–
Chief Development Officer
Dr. Petrova was appointed Chief Development Officer on May 29, 2015. Previously, Dr. Petrova became the Vice President, Drug Development on our merger with Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private) in April 2013. Dr. Petrova is responsible for managing
our formal drug development efforts, including all outsourced activities to contract research organizations. Dr. Petrova joined Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (private) in 2003 from Prescient Neuropharma where she was a Research Scientist and was
involved in identifying and characterizing novel proteins involved in neuroprotection. Dr. Petrova received her Ph.D. in Microbiology from Saarland University in Saarbruecken, Germany, where she also conducted her postdoctoral studies.
44
Dr. Eric Sievers
Chief Medical Officer
Dr. Sievers joined Trillium as Chief Medical Officer on April
1, 2015. Dr. Sievers is responsible for the design and execution of our clinical and regulatory strategy. From 2006 to 2015, he served in
several senior roles at Seattle Genetics, most recently as Senior Vice
President, Clinical Development. At Seattle Genetics, he helped write and
supervise pivotal trials that ultimately led to the US registration of ADCETRIS
for Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma in 2011, now approved in
over 45 countries worldwide. From 2003 to 2006, Dr. Sievers served as Medical
Director at Zymogenetics. He performed his training in pediatric hematology and
oncology at the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research
Center, and served on the faculty of both institutions for more than a decade.
Dr. Sievers received both a B.A. in Biology and an M.D. from Brown University.
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships among our directors and
senior management.
Other Arrangements
There are no arrangements or understanding with major
shareholders, customers, suppliers or others, pursuant to which any person
referred to above was selected as a director or member of senior management.
B. Compensation
For the year ended December 31, 2016, our directors and members
of our administrative, supervisory or management bodies received compensation
for services, as follows:
Name and Principal
Position
|
Salary/
Fees
earned
(1)
($)
|
Share-
based
awards
($)
(2)
|
Option-
based
awards
(3)
($)
|
Non-equity
incentive plan
compensation
(4)
($)
|
Total
($)
|
Niclas Stiernholm
(5)
President & Chief Executive
Officer and Director
|
463,500
|
Nil
|
1,294,285
|
260,719
|
2,018,504
|
Robert Uger
Chief Scientific
Officer
|
329,600
|
Nil
|
421,853
|
129,780
|
881,233
|
Eric Sievers
(6)
Chief Medical Officer
|
512,001
|
Nil
|
418,356
|
201,600
|
1,131,957
|
James Parsons
Chief Financial
Officer
|
283,250
|
Nil
|
388,217
|
111,530
|
782,997
|
Penka Petrova
Chief Development
Officer
|
283,250
|
Nil
|
469,360
|
111,530
|
864,140
|
Luke Beshar
Director
|
56,000
|
90,000
|
Nil
|
Nil
|
146,000
|
Henry Friesen
Director
|
58,000
|
90,000
|
Nil
|
Nil
|
148,000
|
45
Robert Kirkman
Director
|
55,500
|
90,000
|
Nil
|
Nil
|
145,500
|
Michael Moore
Director
|
52,500
|
90,000
|
Nil
|
Nil
|
142,500
|
Thomas Reynolds
Director
|
50,000
|
90,000
|
Nil
|
Nil
|
140,000
|
Calvin Stiller
Director,
Chair
|
80,000
|
90,000
|
Nil
|
Nil
|
170,000
|
Notes:
|
(1)
|
For the year ended December 31, 2016, we compensated each
director with an annual cash retainer of $40,000 and the chair with an
additional annual cash retainer of $40,000. Directors also received fees
for serving as a chair or member of board committees.
|
|
(2)
|
The amounts in this column represent the grant date fair
value of the DSUs awarded to directors during fiscal year 2016 pursuant to
the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan (as defined below). The grant date fair value is the volume
weighted average price on the TSX for the five trading
days immediately preceding the grant date. This methodology represents
managements best estimate of fair value at the grant date.
|
|
(3)
|
The option-based awards value is the grant date fair
value of stock options granted in the year calculated in accordance with
IFRS using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following
weighted average assumptions for 2016: expected life of 6 years; risk free
rate of 0.7%; dividend yield of 0; and expected volatility of
84%.
|
|
(4)
|
These payments reflect cash bonuses on the achievement of
the annual corporate objectives.
|
|
(5)
|
Dr. Stiernholm was not compensated as a
director.
|
|
(6)
|
Dr. Sievers compensation was paid in U.S. dollars and
has been converted to Canadian dollars using an average exchange rate of
US$1 = Cdn$1.3256 for 2016.
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Employment Agreements
Niclas Stiernholm
Effective February 11, 2016, we entered into a new employment
agreement with Niclas Stiernholm which has an indefinite term and provides for
his employment as Chief Executive Officer. The agreement provides for an annual
base salary of $450,000 and participation in our short-term incentive plan and
stock option plan. Dr. Stiernholms agreement provides for continuation of his
salary and average monthly bonus for the period equal to the greater of 18
months or one month per year of completed service (capped at 24 months) for
termination without cause. If Dr. Stiernholm terminates his employment within
one year of a change of control, he is entitled to severance of 20 months of
base salary, plus a bonus equal to the average annual bonus of the past three
years. In the event of a change in control, all unvested stock options granted
prior to November 20, 2015 will immediately vest. If Dr. Stiernholms employment
is terminated without cause or Dr. Stiernholm resigns in circumstances
constituting constructive dismissal, in each case within 24 months following a
change of control, any stock options granted after November 19, 2015 will vest
immediately prior to the date of such termination or resignation, as applicable.
The estimated additional payment to Dr. Stiernholm in the case of termination
without cause, assuming that a termination took place on December 31, 2016 is
$1,051,735. In the case of termination without cause or resignation in
circumstances constituting constructive dismissal in connection with a change in
control, the incremental severance, plus in the money value of accelerated
vesting of stock options granted prior to November 19, 2015, is $117,638.
Dr. Stiernholms employment agreement contains provisions
relating to: (i) non-disclosure or use of the Corporations confidential
information, (ii) non-competition during, and 12 months after, employment, and
(iii) non-solicitation of the Corporations clients and employees during, and 12
months after, employment.
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Robert Uger
Effective February 11, 2016, we entered into a new employment
agreement with Robert Uger which has an indefinite term and provides for his
employment as Chief Scientific Officer. The agreement provides for an annual
base salary of $320,000 and participation in our short-term incentive plan and
stock option plan. Dr. Ugers agreement provides for continuation of his salary
and average monthly bonus for the period equal to the greater of 12 months or
one month per year of completed service (capped at 24 months) for termination
without cause. In the event of a change in control, all unvested stock options
granted prior to November 20, 2015 will immediately vest. If Dr. Ugers
employment is terminated without cause or Dr. Uger resigns in circumstances
constituting constructive dismissal, in each case within 24 months following a
change of control, any stock options granted after November 19, 2015 will vest
immediately prior to the date of such termination or resignation, as applicable.
The estimated additional payment to Dr. Uger in the case of termination without
cause, assuming that a termination took place on December 31, 2016 is $508,618.
In the case of termination without cause or resignation in circumstances
constituting constructive dismissal in connection with a change in control, the
incremental in the money value of accelerated vesting of stock options granted
prior to November 19, 2015 is $156.
Dr. Ugers employment agreement contains provisions relating
to: (i) non-disclosure or use of the Corporations confidential information,
(ii) non-competition during, and 12 months after, employment, and (iii)
non-solicitation of the Corporations clients and employees during, and 12
months after, employment.
Eric Sievers
Effective April 1, 2015, we entered into an employment agreement with Eric Sievers which has an indefinite term and provides for his employment as Chief Medical Officer. The agreement provides for an annual base salary of U.S.$375,000 and
participation in our short-term incentive plan and stock option plan. Dr. Siever’s agreement provides for continuation of his salary for 12 months for termination without cause. The estimated additional payment to Dr. Sievers in the case of
termination without cause, assuming that a termination took place on December 31, 2016 is U.S.$386,250.
Dr. Sievers’ employment agreement contains provisions relating to: (i) non-disclosure or use of the Corporation’s confidential information, (ii) non-competition during, and 12 months after, employment, and (iii) non-solicitation of the
Corporation’s clients and employees during, and 12 months after, employment.
James Parsons
Effective February 11, 2016, we entered into a new employment agreement with James Parsons which has an indefinite term and provides for his employment as Chief Financial Officer. The agreement provides for an annual base salary of $275,000 and
participation in our short-term incentive plan and stock option plan. Mr. Parsons’ agreement provides for continuation of his salary and average monthly bonus for the period equal to the greater of 12 months or one month per year of completed
service (capped at 24 months) for termination without cause. In the event of a change in control, all unvested stock options granted prior to November 20, 2015 will immediately vest. If Mr. Parsons’ employment is terminated without cause or
Mr. Parsons resigns in circumstances constituting constructive dismissal, in each case within 24 months following a change of control, any stock options granted after November 19, 2015 will vest immediately prior to the date of such termination or
resignation, as applicable. The estimated additional payment to Mr. Parsons in the case of termination without cause, assuming that a termination took place on December 31, 2016 is $377,593. In the case of termination without cause or
resignation in circumstances constituting constructive dismissal in connection with a change in control, the incremental in the money value of accelerated vesting of stock options granted prior to November 19, 2015 is $78.
Mr. Parsons’ employment agreement contains provisions relating to: (i) non-disclosure or use of the Corporation’s confidential information, (ii) non-competition during, and 12 months after, employment, and (iii) non-solicitation of the
Corporation’s clients and employees during, and 12 months after, employment.
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Penka Petrova
Effective February 11, 2016, we entered into a new employment agreement with Penka Petrova which has an indefinite term and provides for her employment as Chief Development Officer. The agreement provides for an annual base salary of $275,000
and participation in our short term incentive plan and stock option plan. Dr. Petrova’s agreement provides for continuation of her salary and average monthly bonus for the period equal to the greater of 12 months or one month per year of
completed service (capped at 24 months) for termination without cause. In the event of a change in control, all unvested stock options granted prior to November 20, 2015 will immediately vest. If Dr. Petrova’s employment is terminated without
cause or Dr. Petrova resigns in circumstances constituting constructive dismissal, in each case within 24 months following a change of control, any stock options granted after November 19, 2015 will vest immediately prior to the date of such
termination or resignation, as applicable. The estimated additional payment to Dr. Petrova in the case of termination without cause, assuming that a termination took place on December 31, 2016 is $414,135. In the case of termination without
cause or resignation in circumstances constituting constructive dismissal in connection with a change in control, the incremental in the money value of accelerated vesting of stock options granted prior to November 19, 2015 is $78.
Dr. Petrova’s employment agreement contains provisions relating to: (i) non-disclosure or use of the Corporation’s confidential information, (ii) non-competition during, and 12 months after, employment, and (iii) non-solicitation of the
Corporation’s clients and employees during, and 12 months after, employment.
Entitlements under Stock Option Plan
Pursuant to the 2016 Stock Option Plan (as defined below), upon retirement,
resignation or termination without cause, the optionholder will have the right,
until the earlier of (i) 120 days (or such other longer period as may be
determined by the Board in its sole discretion or, if longer, the period
specified in the participants employment contract) following the Termination
Date, and (ii) the normal expiry date of the stock option rights of such
participant, to exercise all stock options to the extent they were exercisable
on the Termination Date.
In addition, the 2016 Stock Option Plan provides that any unvested stock options
granted thereunder will be subject to double trigger vesting upon a Change of
Control, as set out in the 2016 Stock Option Plan. Notwithstanding the
foregoing, the Board has determined that the single trigger vesting provisions
of the 2014 Stock Option Plan (as defined below) will continue to apply in
respect of 927,834 stock options granted by us prior to November 18, 2015. See
Item 6.D. Stock Option Plan.
Stock Option Plan
We have adopted a stock option plan, or the 2016 Stock Option Plan, that provides for the granting of stock options to officers, directors, employees and consultants of ours and our affiliates. The purpose of the 2016 Stock Option Plan is to advance
our interests by encouraging our directors, officers and key employees and consultants retained to acquire Common Shares, thereby: (a) increasing the proprietary interests of such persons in us; (b) aligning the interests of such persons with the
interests of our shareholders generally; (c) encouraging such persons to remain associated with us; and (d) furnishing such persons with an additional incentive in their efforts on behalf of us. As at December 31, 2016, pursuant to the 2016 Stock
Option Plan, we were entitled to issue 1,894,501 options.
The following is a summary only, and is qualified in its entirety by the terms and conditions of the 2016 Stock Option Plan, which is attached as an exhibit to this Form 20-F. Capitalized terms used in this summary but not otherwise defined herein
shall have the meanings ascribed thereto in the 2016 Stock Option Plan.
Administration by the Board of Directors
The 2016 Stock Option Plan is administered by our Board, which has final authority and discretion, subject to the express provisions of the 2016 Stock Option Plan, to interpret the 2016 Stock Option Plan, to prescribe, amend and rescind rules and
regulations relating to it and to make all other determinations deemed necessary or advisable for the administration of the 2016 Stock Option Plan, subject to the rules and policies of any exchange or quotation system upon which our Common Shares
are listed or quoted, or the Exchange Rules, including the TSX and NASDAQ. This includes the discretion of our Board to decide who will participate in the 2016 Stock Option Plan, including directors, officers, employees
or consultants, each a Participant. Our Board also has authority to delegate its duties to the compensation committee.
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Expiry
Stock options granted under the 2016 Stock Option Plan are non-transferable, expire not later than ten years from the date of issuance and are exercisable as determined by our Board. In addition, notwithstanding the expiration date applicable to any
stock option, if a stock option would otherwise expire during or immediately after a Blackout Period (as defined in the 2016 Stock Option Plan), then the expiration date of such stock option shall be the 10th business day following the expiration of
the Blackout Period.
Exercise Price
The exercise price payable in respect of each stock option may not be lower than the closing trading price of the Common Shares on the TSX or NASDAQ, as specified by the committee in the option award on the trading day immediately preceding the date
of grant.
Maximum Limit
The 2016 Stock Option Plan is a fixed stock option plan, meaning that the
maximum number of Common Shares reserved for issuance upon the exercise of stock
options granted under the 2016 Stock Option Plan is fixed and cannot be changed
without shareholder approval. The number of authorized but unissued Common
Shares that may be issued upon the exercise of Options granted under the 2016
Stock Option Plan at any time, plus the number of Common Shares reserved for
issuance under outstanding options otherwise granted by us shall not exceed
1,894,501 Common Shares.
Any exercise of stock options will not make new grants available under the 2016
Stock Option Plan. However, if stock options granted to an individual under the
2016 Stock Option Plan in respect of certain Common Shares expire or terminate
for any reason with or without having been exercised, such Common Shares may be
made available for other stock options to be granted under the 2016 Stock Option
Plan.
Insider Participation Limits
The aggregate number of Common Shares issued to reporting insiders” (as such term is defined in National Instrument 55-104 - Insider Reporting Requirements and Exemptions) under the 2016 Stock Option Plan or any other security-based
compensation arrangement of ours and our affiliates (including, without limitation, our 2014 Deferred Share Unit Plan, or the 2014 Equity DSU Plan) within a one-year period, may not at any time exceed 10% of the combined total number of Common
Shares issued and outstanding (on a non-diluted basis) and the total number of Common Shares into which the outstanding preferred shares may be converted.
In no event shall stock options be granted to an individual to purchase in excess of 5% of the total of the number of then issued and outstanding Common Shares and the number of Common Shares issuable upon due conversion of the issued and
outstanding preferred shares in any 12 month period.
In addition, no stock options shall be granted to any Participant that is a non-employee director if such grant could result, at any time, in (i) the aggregate number of Common Shares issuable to non-employee directors under the 2016 Stock Option
Plan, or any other security-based compensation arrangement, exceeding 1% of the issued and outstanding Common Shares and the number of Common Shares issuable upon due conversion of the issued and outstanding preferred shares; or (ii) an annual grant
per non-employee director exceeding $100,000 worth of options.
Amendment Provisions
Our Board has the discretion to make amendments to the 2016 Stock Option Plan and any stock options granted thereunder which it may deem necessary, without having to obtain shareholder approval. Such changes include, without limitation:
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minor changes of a housekeeping” nature;
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amending stock options under the 2016 Stock Option Plan, including with respect to the stock option period (provided that the period during which a stock option is exercisable does not exceed ten years from the date the stock option is granted and
does not deal with an extension of such stock option period), vesting period, exercise method and frequency and method of determining the exercise price, assignability and effect of termination of a Participant’s employment or cessation of the
Participant’s directorship;
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changing the class of Participants eligible to participate under the 2016 Stock Option Plan;
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changing the terms and conditions of any financial assistance which may be provided by us to Participants to facilitate the purchase of Common Shares under the 2016 Stock Option Plan; and
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adding a cashless exercise feature, payable in cash or securities, provided that a cashless exercise will result in a full deduction of the number of underlying Common Shares from the 2016 Stock Option Plan reserve.
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Shareholder approval will be required in the case of: (i) any amendment to the amendment provisions of the 2016 Stock Option Plan; (ii) any increase in the maximum number of Common Shares issuable under the 2016 Stock Option Plan; (iii) amendments
that may permit the introduction or re-introduction of non-employee directors on a discretionary basis or amendments that increase limits previously imposed on non-employee director participation; and (iv) any reduction in the exercise price or
extension of the stock option period (other than as a result of a Blackout Period extension), in addition to such other matters that may require shareholder approval under the Exchange Rules.
Termination, Resignation, Death, etc.
Stock options granted under the 2016 Stock Option Plan are, and will be, evidenced by an option agreement entered between us and the Participant. Stock options granted under the plan terminate immediately if a Participant is dismissed with cause.
If a Participant ceases to hold any position as a Participant, by reason of retirement, resignation or termination without cause, such Participant shall have the right until the earlier of: (i) 120 days (or such other longer period as may be
determined by the Board in its sole discretion or, if longer, the period specified in the Participant’s employment contract) following the Participant’s last day of active employment, or the Termination Date, which shall not include any
period of statutory or reasonable notice or any period of deemed employment or salary continuance; and (ii) the normal expiry date of the stock option rights of such Participant, to exercise the stock options under the 2016 Stock Option Plan with
respect to all optioned Common Shares of such Participant to the extent that they were exercisable on the Termination Date.
If a Participant dies, his options may be exercised by his legal representatives until the earlier of (i) one year after the death of the Participant; and (ii) the normal expiry date of the options of such Participant.
If a Participant ceases to be a director, officer or employee of, or consultant to, the Corporation or of one of our subsidiaries as a result of disability or illness preventing the Participant from performing the duties routinely performed by such
Participant, such Participant shall have the right until the earlier of: (i) 180 days following the Termination Date; and (ii) the normal expiry date of the option rights of such Participant, to exercise such Participant’s options under the
2016 Stock Option Plan with respect to all Common Shares of such Participant to the extent they were exercisable on the Termination Date.
Upon expiry of the prescribed period described above, all unexercised options shall immediately terminate.
Change of Control
In the event of a Change of Control (as such term is defined in the 2016 Stock Option Plan), any surviving, successor or acquiring entity will assume any outstanding stock options or will substitute similar awards for the outstanding stock options.
If the surviving, successor or acquiring entity does not assume the outstanding stock options or substitute similar awards for the outstanding stock options, or if the Board otherwise determines in its sole discretion, we will give written notice to
all Participants advising that the 2016 Stock Option Plan will be terminated effective immediately prior to the Change of Control and all stock options will be deemed to be vested stock options and may make provision for the exercise of stock
options and tender of Common Shares in connection with the Change of Control and may otherwise make provision for the cash out or termination of stock options that are not exercised within a specified period of time.
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Termination without Cause Following a Change of Control
The 2016 Stock Option Plan provides that, notwithstanding anything in the 2016 Stock Option Plan to the contrary, if the employment of a Participant is terminated by us (or our successor, if applicable) without cause or if the Participant resigns in
circumstances constituting constructive dismissal, in each case, within 24 months following a Change of Control (as such term is defined in the 2016 Stock Option Plan), all of the Participant’s stock options will vest immediately prior to the
Termination Date. All vested options may be exercised until the earlier of: (i) 120 days (or such other longer period as may be determined by the Board in its sole discretion) following the Termination Date; or (ii) the normal expiry date of the
option rights of such Participant. Upon the expiration of such period, all unexercised options shall immediately terminate. These are also known as double trigger” vesting provisions.
Options Governed by 2014 Stock Option Plan
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Board has previously determined that the double trigger” vesting provisions of the 2016 Stock Option Plan will not apply in respect of an aggregate of 927,834 stock options granted by us prior to
November 18, 2015. The vesting of all such stock options upon a Change of Control will continue to be governed in accordance with the terms and conditions of the previous stock option plan adopted by us on May 26, 2014, or the 2014 Stock Option
Plan. The 2014 Stock Option Plan provided that any stock options outstanding immediately prior to the occurrence of a Change of Control (as such term is defined in the 2014 Stock Option Plan), but which are not then exercisable, shall immediately
vest and become fully exercisable upon the occurrence of a Change of Control. These are also known as single trigger” provisions.
Other Terms
Any consolidation or subdivision of Common Shares will be reflected in an adjustment to the stock options. Stock options granted under the 2016 Stock Option Plan are non-transferrable and non-assignable (except to certain permitted assigns), and the
Corporation does not provide any financial assistance in connection with option awards.
2014 Equity DSU Plan
Our shareholders approved the 2014 Deferred Share Unit Plan, or the 2014 Equity
DSU Plan on May 27, 2014. The 2014 Equity DSU Plan was intended to promote a
greater alignment of long term interests between non-executive directors and
executive officers and our shareholders through the issuance of DSUs. Since the
value of a DSU increases or decreases with the market price of the Common
Shares, DSUs reflect a philosophy of aligning the interests of directors and
executive officers with those of the shareholders by tying compensation to share
price performance. Our Board used DSUs issued under the 2014 Equity DSU Plan, as
well as DSUs issued under the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan and stock options
issued under the 2016 Stock Option Plan, as part of our overall director and
executive officer compensation program. A total of 51,788 DSUs were issued and
outstanding as at December 31, 2016 under the 2014 Equity DSU Plan.
The 2014 Equity DSU Plan was combined with the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan (as
defined below) and ceased to exist as a stand-alone plan effective as of March
9, 2017. Following such date, all outstanding DSUs under the 2014 Equity DSU
Plan will be settled in cash only in accordance with the terms and conditions of
the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan (as defined below).
Overview of the 2014 Equity DSU Plan
The following is a summary only, and is qualified in its entirety by the terms
and conditions of the 2014 Equity DSU Plan. Capitalized terms used in this
summary but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed
thereto in the 2014 Equity DSU Plan.
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The 2014 Equity DSU Plan provides that, subject to the terms of the 2014 Equity
DSU Plan and such other conditions as our Board (or compensation committee of
our Board after delegation by authority from our Board) may impose, an executive
officer or director of ours, each an Eligible Person, may receive his or her
Total Compensation in the form of DSUs. The term Total Compensation includes
annual and special bonuses payable to directors and executive officers and, in
the case of directors, directors fees (including annual Board retainers, fees
for serving as chair of our Board and/or as a chair or member of any committee
of our Board, for attending meetings of our Board or any committee thereof, and
any other fees payable to directors) in the form of DSUs. Our Board may use DSUs
to pay bonuses and directors fees either alone or in conjunction with cash, or
any combination of DSUs and cash.
The number of DSUs (including fractional DSUs, computed to three digits) to be
credited to an Eligible Person for services will be determined by dividing the
awarded amount by the Fair Market Value. Fair Market Value of the Common
Shares is the volume weighted average trading price of the Common Shares on the
TSX for the five days immediately preceding the date the awarded amount is
declared by our Board.
An Eligible Person who has ceased to be a director or executive officer (other than as a result of death) may elect to receive one Common Share in respect of each whole DSU credited to the Eligible Person’s account by filing with us a notice
of redemption in the form and by the time stipulated in the 2014 Equity DSU Plan. If the Eligible Person does not make the election on a timely basis, the Eligible Person will be deemed to have elected to redeem all of his or her DSUs. The issuance
of the Common Shares will be made by us as soon as reasonably possible following the election to
redeem the DSUs, or being deemed to have been made, by the Eligible Person.
Maximum Number of Shares issuable under the Plan
The Outstanding Issue means the combined total of the number
of Common Shares outstanding and the number of Common Shares into which the
preferred shares outstanding (on a non-diluted basis) may be converted in
accordance with their terms. The maximum number of Common Shares reserved for
issuance under the 2014 Equity DSU Plan is 66,667, which is approximately 0.6%
of the Outstanding Issue as at December 31, 2016, subject to adjustment.
The 2014 Equity DSU Plan provides that the maximum number of
Common Shares that may be reserved for issuance to Insiders (as that term is
defined in the TSX rules) pursuant to the 2014 Equity DSU Plan, together with
any Common Shares issuable pursuant to any other securities-based compensation
arrangement of ours (including the 2016 Stock Option Plan), will not exceed 10%
of the Outstanding Issue.
In addition, the maximum number of Common Shares that may be
issued to Insiders under the 2014 Equity DSU Plan, together with any Common
Shares issued to Insiders pursuant to any other securities-based compensation
arrangement of ours (including the 2016 Stock Option Plan), within any one year
period, will not exceed 10% of the Outstanding Issue. Also, in no event, may the
number of Common Shares reserved for issuance to any one person pursuant to the
2014 Equity DSU Plan and the 2016 Stock Option Plan exceed 5% of the Outstanding
Issue.
Transferability
DSUs and any other rights, benefits or interests in the 2014
Equity DSU Plan are non-transferable, except that if the Eligible Person dies,
the legal representatives of the Eligible Person will be entitled to receive the
amount of any payment otherwise payable to the Eligible Person in accordance
with the provisions 2014 Equity DSU Plan.
Amendments to the 2014 DSU Plan
Our Board has the discretion to make amendments to the 2014
Equity DSU Plan and any DSUs granted thereunder which it may deem necessary,
without having to obtain shareholder approval. Such changes may include, without
limitation:
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minor changes of a housekeeping nature;
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amending the terms of DSUs under the 2014 Equity DSU Plan
and method of determining the awarded amount and the number of DSUs that
may be issued to an Eligible Person, and the assignability and effect of
terminated service of an Eligible Person;
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changing the class of Eligible Persons; and
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changing the method and procedures to be followed with
regard to the issuance of DSUs under the 2014 Equity DSU
Plan.
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Shareholder approval will be required in the case of: (i) any
amendment to the amendment provisions of the 2014 Equity DSU Plan; (ii) any
increase in the maximum number of Common Shares issuable under the 2014 Equity
DSU Plan; and (iii) such other matters that may require shareholder approval
under the rules and policies of the TSX.
Termination of Service
An Eligible Person who has terminated service may elect to
receive one Common Share in respect of each whole DSU credited to the Eligible
Persons account, by filing a notice of redemption in the form prescribed from
time to time by us on or before December 15 of the first calendar year
commencing after the date on which the Eligible Person has terminated service.
If the Eligible Person fails to file such notice on or before that December 15,
the Eligible Person will be deemed to have filed a notice of redemption on that
December 15 and will be deemed to have elected to redeem all of his or her DSUs.
The date on which a notice is filed or deemed to be filed with the Secretary of
the Company is the Filing Date. We may defer the Filing Date to any other date
if such deferral is, in the sole opinion of ours, desirable to ensure compliance
the 2014 Equity DSU Plan. There are no causes of cessation of entitlement under
the 2014 Equity DSU Plan, including termination for or without cause.
In the event of the death of an Eligible Person, we will,
within two months of the Eligible Persons death, pay cash equal to the Fair
Market Value of the shares which would be deliverable to the Eligible Person if
the Eligible Person had terminated service in respect of the DSUs credited to
the deceased Eligible Persons account (net of any applicable withholding tax)
to or for the benefit of the legal representative of the Eligible Person. The
Fair Market Value will be calculated on the date of death of the Eligible
Person.
The foregoing is a summary only, and is qualified in its entirety by the terms and conditions of the 2014 Equity DSU Plan which is attached as an exhibit to this Form 20-F.
2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan
On November 9, 2016, our Board adopted a cash-settled DSU plan, or the 2016
Cash-Settled DSU Plan. The 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan initially supplemented the
2014 Equity DSU Plan and is intended to provide the Board with non-dilutive
compensation tool that further advances our philosophy of aligning the interests
of directors and executive officers with those of the shareholders by tying
compensation to share price performance. A total of 47,614 DSUs were issued and
outstanding as at December 31, 2016 under the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan.
Following the combination of the 2014 Equity DSU Plan and the 2016 Cash-Settled
DSU Plan effective as of March 9, 2017, the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan continues
unamended as our only DSU plan. All DSUs currently issued and outstanding
(including any DSUs formerly granted under the 2014 Equity DSU Plan) will be
settled in cash only and will be governed by the terms and conditions of the
2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan.
Overview of the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan
The following is a summary only, and is qualified in its entirety by the terms and conditions of the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan. Capitalized terms used in this summary but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed thereto in the
2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan.
The 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan provides that, the Board will, in its sole and absolute discretion and subject to the terms and conditions of the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan, decide at the time of declaring any Total Compensation to an Eligible
Person, the amount, or the Awarded Amount, of the Total Compensation that will be satisfied in the form of DSUs. The terms Eligible Person and Total Compensation have the same meaning as under the 2014 Equity DSU Plan.
The number of DSUs (including fractional DSUs, computed to three digits) to be credited to an Eligible Person for services will be determined by dividing the awarded amount by the Fair Market Value as at the last trading day before the date the
Awarded Amount is declared by our Board. The term Fair Market Value has the same meaning as under the 2014 Equity DSU Plan.
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Redemption of DSUs
The 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan provides that a DSU held by an Eligible Person shall be redeemed by us upon such Eligible Person ceasing to be a director and/or executive officer, including through the termination, voluntary resignation, retirement
or death, also known as a Terminated Service event.
An Eligible Person who has Terminated Service may elect the date on which the DSUs held by that Eligible Person shall be redeemed by us by filing with our Chief Financial Officer as redemption notice on or before December 15 of the first calendar
year commencing after the date on which the Eligible Person has Terminated Service. If the Eligible Person fails to file such Redemption Notice on or before that December 15, the Eligible Person shall be deemed to have filed the Redemption Notice on
that December 15. The date on which a redemption notice is filed, or deemed to be filed, shall hereinafter be referred to as the Filing Date”. We may defer the Filing Date to any other date if such deferral is, in the sole opinion of
the Company, desirable to ensure compliance with applicable laws and our insider trading and blackout” policies.
The cash payment to which an Eligible Person is entitled on settlement of DSUs will be determined with reference to the Fair Market Value of a Common Share as of the Filing Date, net of applicable withholding taxes. Such payment will be made as soon
as reasonably possible following the Filing Date, but in any event not later than the date that is 60 days following the Filing Date; provided, however, that in no event will such payment be made later than December 31 of the first calendar year
commencing after the Eligible Person has Terminated Service. Upon payment of such amount, the DSUs shall be cancelled and such Eligible Person shall have no further rights under the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan.
Certain additional requirements are prescribed under the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan for Eligible Participants who are United States taxpayers.
Death of an Eligible Participant
In the event of the death of an Eligible Person prior to the settlement of the DSUs credited to his her own account, (i) all unvested DSUs shall automatically vest in full; and (ii) we will, as soon as reasonably practicable and any event not later
than 60 days following the Eligible Persons death, cause to be delivered to the legal representatives of the Eligible Person, the cash payment such Eligible Person would otherwise have been entitled to if the Eligible Person had Terminated Service.
Change of Control
In the event that an Eligible Person has Terminated Service (other than as a result of termination for cause or death) within 24 months following a Change of Control (as such term is defined in the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan), all DSUs credited to
each Eligible Person’s account shall immediately vest in full.
Transferability
DSUs and any other rights, benefits or interests in the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan are non-transferable, except that if the Eligible Person dies, the legal representatives of the Eligible Person will be entitled to receive the amount of any payment
otherwise payable to the Eligible Person in accordance with the provisions of
the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan.
Adjustments and Reorganizations
In the event of any dividend paid in shares, share subdivision, combination or exchange of shares, merger, consolidation, spin-off or other distribution of our assets to shareholders, or any other change in our capital affecting the Common Shares,
the Board, in its sole and absolute discretion, will make, with respect to the number of DSUs outstanding under the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan, any proportionate adjustments as it considers appropriate to reflect that change.
54
Amendments to the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan
Subject to applicable law and certain tax driven prescribed limitations, the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan may be amended in whole or in part at any time by our Board without the consent of the Eligible Persons provided that such amendment shall not
materially adversely impair the rights of any Eligible Person with respect to DSUs to which the Eligible Person is then entitled under this 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan. Shareholder approval will be required for any amendments required to be approved
by shareholders under applicable law (including any applicable Exchange Rules).
Termination
The Board may terminate the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan at any time, but no termination will, without the consent of the Eligible Person or unless required by law, adversely affect the rights of an Eligible Person with respect to DSUs to which the
Eligible Person is then entitled under the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan. In no event will a termination of the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan accelerate the time at which the Eligible Person would otherwise be entitled to receive a cash payment in respect
of any DSUs.
Pension, Retirement or Similar Benefits
We have not set aside or accrued any amounts to provide pension, retirement or similar benefit for our directors or senior management.
C. Board Practices Term of Office
The term of office of directors expires annually at the time of the annual meeting. The directors were elected at the annual meeting of shareholders on May 27, 2016. The term of office of the officers expires at the discretion of the directors.
Service Contracts
See the disclosure under the heading Item 6.B. Employment Agreements” for particulars of Dr. Stiernholm’s service contract. Other than as disclosed herein, we do not have any service contracts with directors which provide for
benefits upon termination of employment.
Committees
We have an Audit Committee, a Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee and
a Compensation Committee. Each of our committee charters is available on our
website at www.trilliumtherapeutics.com. A copy of the charter of the Audit
Committee is appended as an exhibit to this Form 20-F.
Audit Committee
Our Audit Committee is comprised of a minimum of three members, each of whom, in
the determination of the Board of Directors, satisfies the independence,
financial literacy and experience requirements of applicable U.S. and Canadian
securities laws, rules and guidelines (including, without limitation, National
Instrument 52-110 -
Audit Committees
, or NI 52-110), any applicable stock
exchange requirements or guidelines and any other applicable regulatory rules.
55
In particular:
-
each member shall be (a) an Independent Director, as defined in NASDAQ
Marketplace Rule 5605(a)(2), and (b) independent within the meaning of Rule
10A-3 under the Exchange Act, and the determination of independence will be
affirmatively made by the Board annually, provided that the Board may elect to
take advantage of any exemption from such requirements provided in the rules of
NASDAQ, or the Exchange Act;
-
each member shall meet the independence and financial literacy requirements set
forth in NI 52- 110;
-
each member shall not have participated in the preparation of the financial
statements of ours (or any then current subsidiary of ours) at any time during
the past three years;
-
each member shall be able to read and understand fundamental financial
statements in accordance with the audit committee requirements for companies
listed on NASDAQ in NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(iv); and
-
at least one (1) member shall, in the judgment of the Board, be an audit
committee financial expert within the meaning of such term in Item 407(d) of
Regulation S-K under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
Our Audit Committee members are Mr. Luke Beshar (Chair), Dr. Henry Friesen and
Dr. Robert Kirkman each of whom is a non-executive member of our Board of
Directors. Our Board of Directors has determined that each of the members of the
Audit Committee is financially literate and has sufficient financial expertise,
and is independent within the meaning of such term in the rules of NASDAQ, the
SEC and Canadian provincial securities regulatory authorities. The Board of
Directors has determined that Mr. Luke Beshar is a financial expert in
accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. For a description of the
education and experience of each audit committee member that is relevant in the
performance of his responsibilities as an audit committee member, see Item 6.A.
- Summary of Business Experience and Functions within the Company.
The purpose of the Audit Committee is to assist the Board of Directors in:
-
overseeing the integrity of our financial statements and our accounting and
financial reporting processes and financial statement audits;
-
overseeing our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements;
-
overseeing the qualifications and independence of our registered public
accounting firm (independent auditor);
-
overseeing the performance of our independent auditor; and
-
overseeing the design, implementation and ongoing effectiveness of our systems
of disclosure controls and procedures, risk management systems, internal control
over financial reporting and compliance with ethical standards adopted by us.
Since the commencement of our most recently completed fiscal year and adoption
of the Audit Committee charter, the Board has not failed to adopt a
recommendation of the Audit Committee to nominate or compensate an external
auditor.
Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee
Our Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee shall be composed of at least
two members of our Board, all of whom are independent directors within the
meaning of NASDAQ Rule 5605(a)(2). In affirmatively determining the independence
of any member of our Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee, our Board
must consider all factors specifically relevant to determining whether a
director has a relationship to us that would interfere with the exercise of
independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director.
All members of our Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee shall be
"independent" as contemplated in National Instrument 58-101 Disclosure of
Corporate Governance Practices, or NI 58-101, such that all members of the
Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee will have no direct or indirect
relationship with us that could, in the view of the Board of Directors, be
reasonably expected to interfere with the exercise of his or her independent
judgment.
The purpose of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee is to:
-
Assist our Board in identifying prospective director nominees and recommend to
our Board the director nominees for each annual meeting of shareholders;
-
Recommend members for each Board committee;
-
Ensure that our Board is properly constituted to meet its fiduciary obligations
to the Corporation and its shareholders and that we follow appropriate
governance standards;
-
Develop and recommend to our Board governance principles applicable to us;
-
Oversee the succession planning for senior management; and
-
Oversee the evaluation of our Board and management.
56
Our Corporate Governance and Nomination Committee members are Dr. Henry Friesen
(Chair), Dr. Michael Moore and Dr. Thomas Reynolds. Our Board has determined
that each member of our Corporate Governance and Nomination Committee is
independent within the meaning of such term in the rules of NASDAQ and Canadian
provincial securities regulatory authorities.
Compensation Committee
Our Compensation Committee shall be composed of at least two members of the
Board, all of whom are considered independent of our management in accordance
with the provisions of Rule 10C-1(b)(1) under the Exchange Act and NASDAQ Rule
5605(a)(2) and 5605(d)(2)(A). In affirmatively determining the independence of
any member of our Compensation Committee, our Board must consider all factors
specifically relevant to determining whether a director has a relationship to
the Corporation that is material to that directors ability to be independent
from management in connection with the duties of a Compensation Committee
member, including, but not limited to: (i) the source of compensation of such
director, including any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee paid by
the Corporation to such director; and (ii) whether such director is affiliated
with the Corporation, a subsidiary of the Corporation or an affiliate of a
subsidiary of the Corporation.
Our Compensation Committee is required to ensure that the compensation programs
and values transferred to management through cash pay, share and share-based
awards, whether immediate, deferred, or contingent are fair and appropriate to
attract, retain and motivate management and are reasonable in view of company
economics and of the relevant practices of other similar companies. Our
Compensation Committee also recommends to our Board compensation arrangements
for Board members.
Our Compensation Committee members are Dr. Robert Kirkman (Chair), Dr. Michael
Moore and Dr. Thomas Reynolds. Our Board has determined that each member of our
Compensation Committee is independent within the meaning of such term in the
rules of NASDAQ, the SEC and Canadian provincial securities regulatory
authorities.
D. Employees
As at December 31, 2016, we had forty-seven full-time employees including five
senior management, thirty-six research and development staff and six finance and
administrative staff. Forty-six employees are located at our head office and lab
facilities in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and one employee is located in the United
States.
We also use consultants and outside contractors to carry on many of our
activities, including preclinical testing and validation, formulation, assay
development, manufacturing, clinical and regulatory affairs, toxicology and
clinical trials.
As at December 31, 2015, we had twenty-eight full-time employees including five
senior management, twenty research and development staff and three finance and
administrative staff. Twenty-six employees were located at our head office and
lab facilities in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and two employees were located in the
United States. During 2014, we had sixteen full-time employees including four
senior management, ten research and development staff and two finance and
administrative staff.
57
E. Share Ownership
As at March 8, 2017, our directors and senior management beneficially owned the following common shares of our Company:
Name and Office Held
|
Number of
Common
Shares
|
% of
Class
(1)
|
Niclas Stiernholm
President
& Chief Executive Officer and Director
|
6,000
|
0.08
|
Robert Uger
Chief Scientific
Officer
|
Nil
|
n/a
|
James Parsons
Chief Financial
Officer
|
Nil
|
n/a
|
Penka Petrova
Chief Development
Officer
|
Nil
|
n/a
|
Eric Sievers
Chief Medical
Officer
|
42,244
|
0.54
|
Luke Beshar
Director
|
Nil
|
n/a
|
Henry Friesen
Director
|
Nil
|
n/a
|
Robert Kirkman
Director
|
Nil
|
n/a
|
Michael Moore
Director
|
Nil
|
n/a
|
Thomas Reynolds
Director
|
Nil
|
n/a
|
Calvin Stiller
(2)
Director, Chair
|
40,000
|
0.51
|
Notes:
|
(1)
|
Based on 7,845,184 common shares issued and outstanding
as at March 8, 2017.
|
|
(2)
|
Total of direct, indirect and other holdings where Dr.
Stiller exercises control or direction.
|
Effective as of March 9, 2017, the 2014 Equity DSU Plan was
combined with the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan. Following such date, all
outstanding DSUs under the 2014 Equity DSU Plan will be settled in cash only in
accordance with the terms and conditions of the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan.
58
The following table sets forth the outstanding option-based
awards outstanding for each of our directors and officers as at March 8, 2017:
Name and
Office Held
|
Option-based Awards
|
Number of
securities
underlying
unexercised
options
(#)
|
Option
exercise price
($)
|
Option
expiration date
|
Value of
unexercised in-
the-money
options
(1)
($)
|
Niclas Stiernholm
|
42,505
|
7.50
|
Apr 8, 2023
|
28,478
|
President & Chief Executive Officer
|
159,768
|
10.35
|
Apr 27, 2024
|
Nil
|
and Director
|
134,849
|
8.34
|
May 27, 2024
|
Nil
|
|
94,094
|
19.333
|
Nov 19, 2025
|
Nil
|
|
94,094
|
13.98
|
May 27, 2026
|
Nil
|
|
57,023
|
9.20
|
Nov 9, 2026
|
Nil
|
Robert Uger
|
8,501
|
7.50
|
Apr 8, 2023
|
5,696
|
Chief Scientific Officer
|
42,066
|
10.35
|
Apr 27, 2024
|
Nil
|
|
33,713
|
8.34
|
May 27, 2024
|
Nil
|
|
29,073
|
19.333
|
Nov 19, 2025
|
Nil
|
|
29,073
|
13.98
|
May 27, 2026
|
Nil
|
|
20,911
|
9.20
|
Nov 9, 2026
|
Nil
|
Eric Sievers
|
85,000
|
23.441
|
Apr 1, 2025
|
Nil
|
Chief Medical Officer
|
28,713
|
19.333
|
Nov 19, 2025
|
Nil
|
|
28,713
|
13.98
|
May 27, 2026
|
Nil
|
|
20,911
|
9.20
|
Nov 9, 2026
|
Nil
|
James Parsons
|
4,250
|
7.50
|
Apr 8, 2023
|
2,848
|
Chief Financial Officer
|
36,204
|
10.35
|
Apr 27, 2024
|
Nil
|
|
26,970
|
8.34
|
May 27, 2024
|
Nil
|
|
30,171
|
19.333
|
Nov 19, 2025
|
Nil
|
|
30,171
|
13.98
|
May 27, 2026
|
Nil
|
|
14,266
|
9.20
|
Nov 9, 2026
|
Nil
|
Penka Petrova
|
4,250
|
7.50
|
Apr 8, 2023
|
2,848
|
Chief Development Officer
|
26,089
|
10.35
|
Apr 27, 2024
|
Nil
|
|
20,226
|
8.34
|
May 27, 2024
|
Nil
|
|
38,808
|
19.333
|
Nov 19, 2025
|
Nil
|
|
38,808
|
13.98
|
May 27, 2026
|
Nil
|
|
13,851
|
9.20
|
Nov 9, 2026
|
Nil
|
Luke Beshar
|
6,667
|
18.90
|
Mar 6, 2024
|
Nil
|
Director
|
|
|
|
|
Henry Friesen
|
4,500
|
7.50
|
Apr 8, 2023
|
3,015
|
Director
|
|
|
|
|
Robert Kirkman
|
6,667
|
15.30
|
Jan 29, 2024
|
Nil
|
Director
|
|
|
|
|
Michael Moore
|
4,000
|
7.50
|
Apr 8, 2023
|
2,680
|
Director
|
|
|
|
|
Thomas Reynolds
|
6,667
|
18.90
|
Mar 6, 2024
|
Nil
|
Director
|
|
|
|
|
Calvin Stiller
|
4,000
|
7.50
|
Apr 8, 2023
|
2,680
|
Director, Chair
|
|
|
|
|
Notes:
(1)
|
The value of the unexercised in-the-money options as at
March 8, 2017 has been determined based on the excess of the closing price
of the common shares on the TSX of $8.17 per common share over the exercise
price of such options.
|
59
Our employees are eligible to participate in the 2016 Stock
Option Plan. A summary of the Stock Option Plan is given under the heading Item
6.B. Stock Option Plan.
ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A. Major Shareholders
To our knowledge, there are no persons or companies who
beneficially own, directly or indirectly, or exercise control or direction over,
securities carrying 5% or more of the voting rights attached to any class of
voting securities of ours as at March 8, 2017, except as follows. The
information with respect to ownership of our common shares is given based on
information reported in such shareholders Schedule 13D or Schedule 13G, and if
no Schedule 13D or Schedule 13G was filed, based on information provided to us
by the shareholders:
Shareholders
|
# of Common Shares
|
% of Total Outstanding
Common
Shares
|
Janus Global Life Sciences Fund
|
571,203
|
7.3%
|
Merlin Nexus IV, LP
|
443,631
|
5.7%
|
All shareholders have the same voting rights.
As at March 7, 2017, approximately 66% of common shares and
100% of Series I and Series II First Preferred shares were held by shareholders
in the United States. As at March 7, 2017, there were 80 record holders in
the United States.
B. Related Party Transactions
Other than as disclosed in this annual report, since the
beginning of our preceding three financial years, there have been no
transactions or loans between us and:
|
(a)
|
enterprises that directly or indirectly through one or
more intermediaries, control or are controlled by, or are under common
control with, us;
|
|
(b)
|
associates, meaning unconsolidated enterprises in which
we have a significant influence or which have significant influence over
us;
|
|
(c)
|
individuals owning, directly or indirectly, an interest
in the voting power of us that gives them significant influence over our
us, and close members of any such individuals family;
|
|
(d)
|
key management personnel, that is, those persons having
authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the
activities of ours, including directors and senior management of us and
close members of such individuals families; and
|
|
(e)
|
enterprises in which a substantial interest in the voting
power is owned, directly or indirectly, by any person described in (c) or
(d) or over which such a person is able to exercise significant influence,
including enterprises owned by directors or major shareholders of us and
enterprises that have a member of key management in common with
us.
|
The acquisition of Fluorinov was considered a related party
transaction as two of our directors were determined to be related parties of
Fluorinov. One director was a director of Fluorinov and had an ownership
position in Fluorinov at the time of acquisition of less than 2%, and the second
director was a director of an entity that was a beneficiary of a trust that was
a shareholder and debenture holder of Fluorinov. The two directors declared
their conflict of interest and abstained from all discussions and decisions
concerning the Fluorinov acquisition. Accordingly, we determined that the
consideration paid on the acquisition was made on terms equivalent to those that
prevail in arms length transactions.
60
Compensation
For information regarding compensation for our directors and
senior management, see the information under the heading Item 6.B.
Compensation.
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
Not Applicable.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL
INFORMATION
A. Financial Statements and Other Financial Information
The following financial statements and notes thereto (as
applicable) in Canadian dollars are filed with and incorporated herein as part
of this annual report:
-
audited consolidated financial statements of the Company for the years
ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued
by the IASB, including: consolidated statements of financial position,
consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, consolidated
statements of changes in equity, consolidated statements of cash flows, and
notes to the consolidated financial statements.
-
audited consolidated financial statements of the Company for the years
ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued
by the IASB, including: consolidated statements of financial position,
consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, consolidated
statements of changes in equity, consolidated statements of cash flows, and
notes to the consolidated financial statements.
These financial statements can be found beginning on page F-1
of this annual report.
Export Sales
We have no sales.
Legal Proceedings
To our knowledge, there have not been any legal or arbitration
proceedings, including those relating to bankruptcy, receivership or similar
proceedings, those involving any third party, and governmental proceedings
pending or known to be contemplated, which may have, or have had in the recent
past, significant effect our financial position or profitability.
Also, to our knowledge, there have been no material proceedings
in which any director, any member of senior management, or any of our affiliates
is either a party adverse to us or any of our subsidiaries or has a material
interest adverse to us or any of our subsidiaries.
Policy on Dividend Distributions
We have not declared any dividends since our inception and do
not anticipate that we will do so in the foreseeable future. We currently intend
to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the development of our business.
Any future payment of dividends or distributions will be determined by our Board
of Directors on the basis of our earnings, financial requirements and other
relevant factors.
61
B. Significant Changes
We are not aware of any significant change that has occurred
since December 31, 2016 included in this Form 20-F and that has not been
disclosed elsewhere in this Form 20-F.
ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING
A. Offer and Listing Details
Price History
We were listed on the TSXV until April 22, 2014 when we
delisted from the TSXV and began trading on the TSX. We traded under the symbol
SSS until June 6, 2014 when the symbol was changed to TR. Effective,
February 1, 2017, we began trading under the symbol TRIL on the TSX. We were
also listed on the OTCQX International, or the OTCQX under the symbol SCTPF
until December 18, 2014 when we delisted from the OTCQX and began trading on the
NASDAQ under the symbol TRIL.
Five Most Recent Financial Years
The annual high and low market prices of our common shares for
the five most recent full financial years on the TSXV/ TSX and since May 20,
2013 on the OTCQX/NASDAQ were as follows:
Year ended
|
TSX/TSX in $
(1)(3)
|
OTCQX/NASDAQ in
US$
(2)(3)
|
High
|
Low
|
High
|
Low
|
December 31, 2016
|
23.48
|
7.12
|
17.70
|
5.25
|
December 31, 2015
|
37.27
|
10.50
|
27.989
|
9.05
|
December 31, 2014
|
22.20
|
6.30
|
19.596
|
5.637
|
December 31, 2013
|
18.00
|
4.20
|
14.28
|
4.17
|
December 31, 2012
|
18.00
|
4.50
|
|
|
Notes:
|
(1)
|
Our common shares began trading on the TSX on April 22,
2014.
|
|
(2)
|
Our common shares began trading on the OTCQX on May 20,
2013 and on the NASDAQ on December 19, 2014.
|
|
(3)
|
Common share market prices are restated to reflect the 30
for 1 share consolidation completed in November
2014.
|
62
Full Financial Quarters
The high and low market prices of our common shares for each
full financial quarter for the two most recent full financial years on the
TSXV/TSX and the OTCQX/NASDAQ were as follows:
Quarter ended
|
TSX in $
|
NASDAQ in US$
|
High
|
Low
|
High
|
Low
|
December 31, 2016
|
23.48
|
7.12
|
17.70
|
5.25
|
September 30, 2016
|
21.45
|
10.46
|
16.39
|
8.011
|
June 30, 2016
|
17.48
|
11.00
|
13.52
|
8.38
|
March 31, 2016
|
19.50
|
9.01
|
13.24
|
6.62
|
December 31, 2015
|
21.98
|
16.00
|
16.69
|
11.494
|
September 30, 2015
|
30.01
|
15.95
|
23.30
|
12.00
|
June 30, 2015
|
37.27
|
21.21
|
27.989
|
17.572
|
March 31, 2015
|
26.065
|
10.50
|
20.88
|
9.05
|
Most Recent Six Months
The high and low market prices of our common shares for each
month for the most recent six months on the TSX and the NASDAQ were as follows:
Month ended
|
TSX in $
|
NASDAQ in US$
|
High
|
Low
|
High
|
Low
|
February 28, 2017
|
9.01
|
6.15
|
6.80
|
4.70
|
January 31, 2017
|
8.18
|
5.90
|
6.30
|
4.50
|
December 31, 2016
|
10.27
|
7.12
|
7.945
|
5.25
|
November 30, 2016
|
20.82
|
9.10
|
15.50
|
6.75
|
October 31, 2016
|
23.48
|
18.20
|
17.70
|
13.50
|
September 30, 2016
|
21.45
|
16.09
|
16.39
|
12.32
|
Transfers of Common Shares
Our common shares, with no par value, are in registered form
and the transfer of our common shares is managed by our transfer agent,
Computershare Investor Services Inc., 8th floor, University Avenue, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada (Tel: (800) 564-6253).
B. Plan of Distribution
Not Applicable.
C. Markets
Our common shares are traded on the TSX and the NASDAQ under
the symbol TRIL.
63
D. Selling Shareholders
Not Applicable.
E. Dilution
Not Applicable.
F. Expenses of the Issue
Not Applicable.
ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL
I
NFORMATION
A. Share Capital
Not Applicable.
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
Incorporation
On November 7, 2013 we were continued, and we became a
corporation subsisting, under the
Business Corporations Act
(Ontario), or
OBCA. Our Ontario corporation number is 1916667 and our business number is
864092275. A copy of our articles of incorporation has been filed as an exhibit
to this Form 20-F.
Objects and Purposes of Our Company
Our articles of incorporation do not contain and are not
required to contain a description of our objects and purposes. There is no
restriction contained in our articles of incorporation on the business that we
may carry on.
Voting on Certain Proposal, Arrangement, Contract or
Compensation by Directors
Other than as disclosed below, neither our articles nor our
corporate by-laws restrict our directors power to (a) vote on a proposal,
arrangement or contract in which the directors are materially interested or (b)
to vote with regard to compensation payable to themselves or any other members
of their body in the absence of an independent quorum.
Our corporate by-laws provide that a director or officer who:
(a) is a party to; or (b) is a director or an officer of, or has a material
interest in, any person who is a party to; a material contract or transaction or
proposed material contract or transaction with us shall disclose the nature and
extent of such directors or officers interest at the time and in the manner
provided by the OBCA. Any such contract or transaction or proposed material
contract or transaction shall be referred to our Board of Directors or
shareholders for approval in accordance with the OBCA even if such contract or
proposed material contract or transaction is one that in the ordinary course of
our business would not require approval by our Board of Directors or
shareholders, and a director interested in a contract or transaction so referred
to our Board of Directors shall not attend any part of a meeting of our Board of
Directors during which the contract or transaction is discussed and shall not
vote on any resolution to approve such contract or transaction except as
provided by the OBCA.
Subject to our articles and any unanimous shareholder
agreement, our directors shall be paid such remuneration for their services as
our Board of Directors may from time to time determine. Our directors shall also
be entitled to be reimbursed for travelling and other expenses properly incurred
by them in attending meetings of our Board of Directors or any committee
thereof.
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The OBCA provides that a director who holds a disclosable
interest in a contract or transaction into which we have entered or propose to
enter shall not attend any part of a meeting of directors during which the
contract or transaction is discussed and shall not vote on any resolution to
approve the contract or transaction unless it is a contract or transaction: (i)
relating primarily to such directors remuneration as a director of the company
or one of our affiliates; (ii) for indemnity or insurance for the benefit of
such director in his/her capacity as a director; or (iii) with one of our
affiliates.
A director or officer who holds a disclosable interest in a
contract or transaction into which we have entered or propose to enter is not
accountable to us or our shareholders for any profit or gain realized from the
contract or transaction and the contract or transaction is neither void nor
voidable by reason only of that relationship or by reason only that the director
is present at or is counted to determine the presence of a quorum at the meeting
of directors that authorized the contract or transaction, if the director or
officer disclosed his or her interest in accordance with the OBCA and the
contract or transaction was reasonable and fair to us at the time it was
approved.
The OBCA provides that a director or officer generally holds a
disclosable interest in a contract or transaction if either (a) the director or
officer is a party to the contract or transaction with us and such contract or
transaction is material to us; or (b) the director or officer is a director or
an officer of, or has a material interest in, any person who is a party to a
material contract or transaction or proposed material contract or transaction
with us.
Borrowing Powers of Directors
Our corporate by-laws provide that, if authorized by our directors, we may:
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borrow money upon our credit;
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issue, reissue, sell or pledge debt obligations, including bonds, debentures, notes or other evidences of indebtedness or guarantees, whether secured or unsecured;
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give a guarantee on our behalf to secure performance of an obligation of any person; and
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mortgage, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise create a security interest in all or any currently owned or subsequently acquired real or personal, movable or immovable, property of the Company including book debts, rights, powers, franchises and
undertakings, to secure any such bonds, debentures, notes or other evidences of indebtedness or guarantee or any other present or future indebtedness, liability or obligation of the Company.
Amendment to the borrowing powers described above requires an amendment to our corporate by-laws. Our corporate by-laws do not contain any provisions in connection with amending the by-laws. The OBCA provides that our Board of Directors may by
resolution, make, amend or repeal any by-laws that regulate our business and affairs and that the Board of Directors will submit such by-law, amendment or repeal to our shareholders at the next meeting of shareholders and the shareholders may, by
ordinary resolution, confirm, reject or amend the by-law, amendment or repeal.
Qualifications of Directors
Under our articles and corporate by-laws, a director is not required to hold a share in our capital as qualification for his or her office but must be qualified as required by the OBCA to become, act or continue to act as a director. The OBCA
provides that the following persons are disqualified from being a director of a corporation: (i) a person who is less than 18 years of age; (ii) a person who has been found under the
Substitute Decisions Act, 1992
or under the
Mental
Health Act
to be incapable of managing property or who has been found to be incapable by a court in Canada or elsewhere; (iii) a person who is not an individual; and (iv) a person who has the status of a bankrupt.
Share Rights
Our authorized share capital consists of an unlimited number of common shares,
Class B shares and First Preferred shares, in each case without nominal or par
value.
The holders of common shares are entitled to receive notice of and to attend all
annual and special meetings of our shareholders and to one vote per share held
at each such meeting, and they are entitled to receive dividends as determined
and declared by our Board of Directors.
Subject to the rights of the holders of any other class of our shares entitled
to receive dividends in priority to or concurrently with the holders of the
common shares, our Board of Directors may in its sole discretion declare
dividends on the common shares to the exclusion of any other class of shares of
the Company.
In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up or other distribution
of our assets among our shareholders for the purpose of winding up our affairs,
the holders of the common shares shall, subject to the rights of the holders of
any other class of shares entitled to receive our assets upon such a
distribution in priority to or concurrently with the holders of the common
shares, be entitled to participate in the distribution. Such distribution shall
be made in equal amounts per share on all the common shares at the time
outstanding without preference or distinction.
The holders of the Class B shares are entitled to receive notice of and to
attend any meeting of our shareholders but shall not be entitled to vote any of
their Class B shares at any such meeting. Each issued and fully paid Class B
share may at any time be converted, at the option of the holder, into one common
share.
The First Preferred shares may at any time and from time to time be issued in
one or more series and our the Board of Directors may before the issue thereof
fix the number of shares in, and determine the designation, rights, privileges,
restrictions and conditions attaching to the shares of, each series of First
Preferred shares.
The First Preferred shares shall be entitled to priority over the common shares
and Class B shares and all other shares ranking junior to the First Preferred
shares with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of our
assets in the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up or other
distribution of our assets among our shareholders for the purpose of winding up
our affairs.
The First Preferred shares of each series rank on a parity with the First
Preferred shares of every other series with respect to priority in the payment
of dividends and in the distribution of our assets in the event of our
liquidation, dissolution or winding up or other distribution of our assets among
our shareholders for the purpose of winding up our affairs.
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Procedures to Change the Rights of Shareholders
The rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attaching to our shares are contained in our articles and such rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions may be changed by amending our articles. In order to amend our articles, the OBCA
requires a resolution to be passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the votes cast by the shareholders entitled to vote thereon. In addition, if we resolve to make particular types of amendments to our articles, a holder of our shares
may dissent with regard to such resolution and, if such shareholder so elects, we would have to pay such shareholder the fair value of the shares held by the shareholder in respect of which the shareholder dissents as of the close of business on the
day before the resolution was adopted. The types of amendments that would be subject to dissent rights include without limitation: (i) to add, remove or change restrictions on the issue, transfer or ownership of shares of a class or series of our
shares; and (ii) to add, remove or change any restriction upon the business that we may carry on or upon the powers that we may exercise.
Meetings
Each director holds office until our next annual general meeting or until his office is earlier vacated in accordance with our articles or with the provisions of the OBCA. A director appointed or elected to fill a vacancy on our board also holds
office until our next annual general meeting.
Annual meetings of our shareholders must be held at such time in each year not more than 15 months after the last annual meeting, as the Board of Directors may determine. Notice of the time and place of a meeting of shareholders must be sent not
less than twenty-one days and not more than fifty days, before the meeting.
Meetings of our shareholders shall be held at our registered office or, if our Board of Directors shall so determine, at some other place in Ontario or, at some place outside Ontario if all the shareholders entitled to vote at the meeting so agree.
Our Board of Directors, the Chair of our Board, our Chief
Executive Officer, or our President shall have power to call a special meeting
of our shareholders at any time.
The OBCA provides that our shareholders may requisition a
special meeting in accordance with the OBCA. The OBCA provides that the holders
of not less than five percent of our issued shares that carry the right to vote
at a meeting may requisition our directors to call a special meeting of
shareholders for the purposes stated in the requisition.
Under our by-laws, the quorum for the transaction of business
at a meeting of our shareholders is two or more persons, present in person or by
proxy and holding in aggregate not less than 33 1/3% of our issued shares
entitled to vote at such meeting.
Limitations on Ownership of Securities
Except as provided in the
Investment Canada Act
(Canada), there are no limitations specific to the rights of non-Canadians
to hold or vote our shares under the laws of Canada or Ontario, or in our
charter documents.
Change in Control
There are no provisions in our articles or by-laws that would
have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of our
Company, and that would operate only with respect to a merger, acquisition or
corporate restructuring involving our Company or our subsidiaries. Each of the
2016 Stock Option Plan and the 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan contain provisions
governing the acceleration of vesting upon the occurrence of a termination of
service in connection with a change of control. See 6.B. - Stock Option Plan
and 6.B. - 2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan.
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Ownership Threshold
Neither our by-laws nor our articles contain any provisions
governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be
disclosed. In addition, securities legislation in Canada requires that we
disclose in our proxy information circular for our annual meeting and certain
other disclosure documents filed by us under such legislation, holders who
beneficially own more than 10% of our issued and outstanding shares.
Upon the effectiveness of this annual report on Form 20-F,
United States federal securities laws will require us to disclose, in our annual
reports on Form 20-F, holders who own 5% or more of our issued and outstanding
voting shares.
Differences in Corporate Law
We are governed by the OBCA, which is generally similar to laws
applicable to United States corporations. Significant differences between the
OBCA and the Delaware General Corporate Law, or the DGCL, which governs
companies incorporated in the State of Delaware, include the following:
Number and Election of Directors
Delaware
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Ontario
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Under the DGCL, the board of directors must consist of at
least one member. The number of directors shall be fixed by the bylaws of
the corporation, unless the certificate of incorporation fixes the number
of directors, in which case a change in the number of directors shall only
be made by an amendment of the certificate of incorporation. Under the
DGCL, directors are elected at annual stockholder meetings by plurality
vote of the stockholders, unless a shareholder- adopted bylaw prescribes a
different required vote.
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Under the OBCA, the board of directors must consist of at
least three members so long as Trillium remains an "offering corporation"
for purposes of the OBCA, which includes a corporation whose securities
are listed on a recognized stock exchange such as the NASDAQ or TSX. Under the OBCA, the shareholders of a
corporation elect directors by ordinary resolution at each annual meeting
of shareholders at which such an election is required.
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Removal of Directors
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Delaware
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Ontario
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Under the DGCL, any or all directors may be removed with
or without cause by the holders of a majority of shares entitled to vote
at an election of directors unless the certificate of incorporation
otherwise provides or in certain other circumstances if the corporation
has cumulative voting.
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Under the OBCA, the shareholders of a corporation may, by
resolution passed by a majority of the vote cast thereon at a meeting of
shareholders, remove a director and may elect any qualified person to fill
the resulting vacancy.
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Vacancies on the Board of Directors
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Delaware
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Ontario
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Under the DGCL, vacancies and newly created directorships
resulting from an increase in the authorized number of directors, may be
filled by a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a
quorum, or by a sole remaining director.
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Under the OBCA, vacancies that exist on the board of
directors may generally be filled by the board if the remaining directors
constitute a quorum. In the absence of a quorum, the remaining directors
shall call a meeting of shareholders to fill the vacancy.
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Board of Director Quorum and Vote Requirements
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Delaware
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Ontario
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Under the DGCL, a majority of the total number of
directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business unless
the certificate or bylaws require a greater number. The bylaws may lower
the number required for a quorum to one-third the number of directors,
but no less.
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Under the OBCA, subject to an Ontario corporations
articles or bylaws, a majority of the number of directors or minimum
number of directors required by the articles constitutes a quorum at any
meeting of directors, but in no case shall a quorum be less than
two-fifths of the number of directors or minimum number of directors, as
the case may be. Where a corporation has fewer than three directors, all
directors must directors must be present at any meeting to constitute a
quorum.
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Under the DGCL, the board of directors may take action by
the majority vote of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum
is present unless the certificate of incorporation or bylaws require a
greater vote.
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Under the OBCA, subject to an Ontario corporations
articles or bylaws, where there is a vacancy or vacancies in the board of
directors, the remaining directors may exercise all the powers of the
board so long as a quorum of the board remains in office.
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Transactions with Directors and Officers
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Delaware
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Ontario
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The DGCL generally provides that no transaction between a
corporation and one or more of its directors or officers, or between a
corporation and any other corporation or other organization in which one
or more of its directors or officers, are directors or officers, or have a
financial interest, shall be void or voidable solely for this reason, or
solely because the director or officer is present at or participates in
the meeting of the board or committee which authorizes the transaction, or
solely because any such directors or officers votes are counted for such
purpose, if (i) the material facts as to the directors or officers
interest and as to the transaction are known to the board of directors or
the committee, and the board or committee in good faith authorizes the
transaction by the affirmative votes of a majority of the disinterested
directors, even though the disinterested directors be less than a quorum
(ii) the material facts as to the directors or officers interest and as
to the transaction are disclosed or are known to the stockholders entitled
to vote thereon, and the transaction is specifically approved in good
faith by vote of the stockholders; or (iii) the transaction is fair as to
the corporation as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified, by
the board of directors, a committee or the stockholders.
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The OBCA requires that a director or officer of a
corporation who is: (i) a party to a material contract or transaction or
proposed material contract or transaction with the corporation; or (ii) a
director or an officer of, or has a material interest in, any person who
is a party to a material contract to or transaction or proposed material
contract or transaction with the corporation shall disclose in writing to
the corporation or request to have entered in the minutes of meetings of
directors the nature and extent of his or her interest. An interested
director is prohibited from attending the part of the meeting during which
the contract or transaction is discussed and is prohibited from voting on
a resolution to approve the contract or transaction except in specific
circumstances, such as a contract or transaction relating primarily to his
or her remuneration as a director, a contract or transaction for
indemnification or liability insurance of the director, or a contract or
transaction with an affiliate of the corporation. If a director or officer
has disclosed his or her interest in accordance with the OBCA and the
contract or transaction was reasonable and fair to the corporation at the
time it was approved, the director or officer is not accountable to the
corporation or its shareholders for any profit or gain realized from the
contract or transaction and the contract or transaction is neither void
nor voidable by reason only of the interest of the director or officer or
that the director is present at or is counted to determine the presence of
a quorum at the meeting of directors that authorized the contract or
transaction.
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The OBCA further provides that even if a director or
officer does not disclose his or her interest in accordance with the
OBCA, or (in the case of a director) votes in respect of a resolution on a
contract or transaction in which he or she is interested contrary to the
OBCA, if the director or officer acted honestly and in good faith and the
contract or transaction was reasonable and fair to the corporation at the
time it was approved, the director or officer is not accountable to the
corporation or to its shareholders for any profit or gain realized from
the contract or transaction by reason only of his or her holding the
office of the director or officer and the contract or transaction is not
by reason only of the directors or officers interest therein void or
voidable, if the contract or transaction has been confirmed or approved by
the shareholders by special resolution, on the basis of disclosure in
reasonable detail of the nature and extent of the directors or officers
interest in the notice of meeting or management information circular.
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Limitation on Liability of Directors
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Delaware
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Ontario
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The DGCL permits a corporation to include a provision in
its certificate of incorporation eliminating or limiting the personal
liability of a director to the corporation or its stockholders for
monetary damages for a breach of the directors fiduciary duty as a
director, except for liability:
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The OBCA does not permit the limitation of a directors
liability as the DGCL does.
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for breach of the directors duty of loyalty to the
corporation or its stockholders;
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for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve
intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of the law;
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under Section 174 of the DGCL, which concerns unlawful
payment of dividends, stock purchases or redemptions; or
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for any transaction from which the director derived an
improper personal benefit
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Indemnification of Directors and Officers
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Delaware
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Ontario
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The DGCL permits indemnification for derivative suits
only for expenses (including legal fees) and only if the person is not
found liable, unless a court determines the person is fairly and
reasonably entitled to the indemnification.
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Under the OBCA, an Ontario corporation may also, with the
approval of a court, indemnify or advance moneys to an Indemnified Person
in respect of an action by or on behalf of the corporation to obtain a
judgment in its favour, to which the Indemnified Person is made a party
because of his or her association with the corporation or other entity,
against all costs, charges and expenses reasonably incurred by the
Indemnified Person in connection with such action, if he or she acted
honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the
corporation or, as the case may be, to the best interests of any other
entity for which the Indemnified Person acted as a director or officer or
in a similar capacity at the corporations request. However, any such
Indemnified Person is entitled under the OBCA to indemnity from the
corporation in respect of all costs, charges and expenses reasonably
incurred by the Indemnified Person in connection with the defence of any
civil, criminal, administrative, investigative or other proceeding to
which he or she is subject because of his or her association with the
corporation or other entity, if such Indemnified Person (i) was not judged
by a court or other competent authority to have committed any fault or omitted to do anything that the individual
ought to have done, and (ii) acted honestly and in good faith with a view
to the best interests of the corporation or other entity and had
reasonable grounds for believing that his or her conduct was lawful.
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Call and Notice of Stockholder Meetings
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Delaware
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Ontario
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Under the DGCL, an annual or special stockholder meeting
is held on such date, at such time and at such place as may be designated
by the board of directors or any other person authorized to call such
meeting under the corporations certificate of incorporation or bylaws. If
an annual meeting for election of directors is not held on the date
designated or an action by written consent to elect directors in lieu of
an annual meeting has not been taken within 30 days after the date
designated for the annual meeting, or if no date has been designated, for
a period of 13 months after the later of the last annual meeting or the
last action by written consent to elect directors in lieu of an annual
meeting, the Delaware Court of Chancery may summarily order a meeting to
be held upon the application of any stockholder or director.
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Under the OBCA, the directors of a corporation are
required to call an annual meeting of shareholders no later than fifteen
months after holding the last preceding annual meeting.
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Under the OBCA, the directors of a corporation may call a
special meeting at any time. In addition, holders of not less than five
percent of the issued shares of a corporation that carry the right to vote
at a meeting sought to be held may requisition the directors to call a
meeting of shareholders.
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Stockholder Action by Written Consent
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Delaware
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Ontario
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Under the DGCL, a majority of the stockholders of a
corporation may act by written consent without a meeting unless such
action is prohibited by the corporations certificate of incorporation.
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Under the OBCA, a written resolution signed by all the
shareholders of a corporation who would have been entitled to vote on the
resolution at a meeting is effective to approve the resolution.
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Stockholder Nominations and Proposals
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Delaware
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Ontario
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Not applicable.
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Under the OBCA, a shareholder entitled to vote at a
shareholders meeting may submit a shareholder proposal relating to
matters which the shareholder wishes to propose and discuss at a
shareholders meeting and, subject to such shareholders compliance with
the prescribed time periods and other requirements of the OBCA pertaining
to shareholder proposals, the corporation is required to include such
proposal in the information circular pertaining to any meeting at which it
solicits proxies, subject to certain exceptions. Notice of such a proposal
must be provided to the corporation at least 60 days before the
anniversary date of the last annual shareholders meeting, or at least 60
days before any other meeting at which the matter is proposed to be
raised.
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In addition, the OBCA requires that any shareholder
proposal that includes nominations for the election of directors must be
signed by one or more holders of shares representing in the aggregate not
less than five per cent of the shares or five per cent of the shares of a
class or series of shares of the corporation entitled to vote at the
meeting to which the proposal is to be presented.
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Stockholder Quorum and Vote Requirements
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Delaware
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Ontario
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Under the DGCL, quorum for a stock corporation is a
majority of the shares entitled to vote at the meeting unless the
certificate of incorporation or bylaws specify a different quorum, but in
no event may a quorum be less than one-third of the shares entitled to
vote. Unless the DGCL, certificate of incorporation or bylaws provide for
a greater vote, generally the required vote under the DGCL is a majority
of the shares present in person or represented by proxy, except for the
election of directors which requires a plurality of the votes cast.
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Under the OBCA, unless the bylaws otherwise provide, the
holders of a majority of the shares of an OBCA corporation entitled to
vote at a meeting of shareholders, whether present in person or
represented by proxy, constitute a quorum.
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Amendment of Governing Instrument
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Delaware
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Ontario
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Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation
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Generally, under the DGCL, the affirmative vote of the holders of a
majority of the outstanding stock entitled to vote is required to approve
a proposed amendment to the certificate of incorporation, following the
adoption of the amendment by the board of directors of the corporation,
provided that the certificate of incorporation may provide for a greater
vote. Under the DGCL, holders of outstanding shares of a class or series
are entitled to vote separately on an amendment to the certificate of
incorporation if the amendment would have certain consequences, including
changes that adversely affect the rights and preferences of such class or
series.
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Amendment of Articles
. Under the OBCA, amendments
to the articles of incorporation generally require the approval of not
less than two- thirds of the votes cast by shareholders entitled to vote
on the resolution.
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Amendment of Bylaws
. Under the DGCL, after a
corporation has received any payment for any of its stock, the power to
adopt, amend or repeal bylaws shall be vested in the stockholders entitled
to vote; provided, however, that any corporation nay, in its certificate
of incorporation, provide that bylaws may be adopted, amended or repealed
by the board of directors. The fact that such power has been conferred
upon the board of directors shall not divest the stockholders of the power
nor limit their power to adopt, amend or repeal the bylaws.
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Amendment of Bylaws
. Under the OBCA, the directors
may, by resolution, make, amend or repeal any bylaws that regulate the
business or affairs of a corporation and they must submit the bylaw,
amendment or repeal to the shareholders at the next meeting of
shareholders, and the shareholders may confirm, reject or amend the bylaw,
amendment or repeal.
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Votes on Mergers, Consolidations and Sales of
Assets
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Delaware
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Ontario
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The DGCL provides that, unless otherwise provided in the
certificate of incorporation or bylaws, the adoption of a merger agreement
requires the approval of a majority of the outstanding stock of the
corporation entitled to vote thereon.
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Under the OBCA, the approval of at least two-thirds of
votes cast by shareholders entitled to vote on the resolution is required
for extraordinary corporate actions. Extraordinary corporate actions
include: amalgamations; continuances; sales, leases or exchanges of all or
substantially all of the property of a corporation; liquidations and
dissolutions.
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Dissenters Rights of Appraisal
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Delaware
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Ontario
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Under the DWI, a stockholder of a Delaware corporation
generally has the right to dissent flume, merger or consolidation in which
the Delaware corporation is participating, subject to specified procedural
requirements, including that such dissenting stockholder does not vote in
favor of the merger or consolidation.
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Under the OBCA each of the following matters listed will
entitle shareholders to exorcise rights of dissent and to be paid the fair
value of their shares: (i) any amalgamation with another corporation
(other than with certain affiliated corporations); (ii) an amendment to
the corporations articles to add, change or
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However, the DGCL does not confer appraisal rights, in
certain circumstances, including if the dissenting stockholder owns shares
traded on a national securities exchange and will receive publicly traded
shares in the merger or consolidation. Under the DGCL, a stockholder
asserting appraisal rights does not receive any payment for his or her
shares until the court determines the fair value or the parties otherwise
agree to a value. The costs of the proceeding may be determined by the
court and assessed against the parties as the court deems equitable under
the circumstances.
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remove any provisions restricting the issue, transfer or
ownership of that class of shares; (iii) an amendment to the corporations
articles to add, change or remove any restriction upon the business or
businesses that the corporation may carry on; (iv) a continuance under the
laws of another jurisdiction; (v) a sale, lease or exchange of all or
substantially all the property of the corporation other than in the
ordinary course of business; and (vi) where a court order permits a
shareholder to dissent in connection with an application to the court for
an order approving an arrangement.
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However, a shareholder is not entitled to dissent if an
amendment to the articles is effected by a court order approving a
reorganization or by a court order made in connection with an action for
an oppression remedy, unless otherwise authorized by the court. The OBCA
provides these dissent rights for both listed and unlisted shares.
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Under the OBCA, a stockholder may, in addition to
exercising dissent rights, seek an oppression remedy for any act or
omission of a corporation which is oppressive or unfairly prejudicial to
or that unfairly disregards a stockholders interests.
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Anti-Takeover and Ownership Provisions
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Delaware
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Ontario
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Unless an issuer opts out of the provisions of Section
203 of the DGCL, Section 203 generally prohibits a public Delaware
corporation from engaging in a "business combination" with a holder of 15%
or more of the corporations voting stock (as defined in Section 203),
referred to as an interested stockholder, for a period of three years
after the date of the transaction in which the interested stockholder
became an interested stockholder, except as otherwise provided in Section
203. For these purposes, the term "business combination" includes mergers,
assets sales and other similar transactions with an interested
stockholder.
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While the OBCA does not contain specific anti-takeover
provisions with respect to "business combinations", roles and policies of
certain Canadian securities regulatory authorities, including Multilateral
Instrument 61-101
Protection of
Minority Security Holders in
Special Transactions
, referred to as Multilateral Instrument 61-101,
contain requirements in connection with, among other things, "related
party transactions" and "business combinations", including, among other
things, any transaction by which an issuer directly or indirectly engages
in the following with a related party: acquires, sells, leases or
transfers an asset, acquires the related party, acquires or issues
treasury securities, amends the terms of a security if the security is
owned by the related party or assumes or becomes subject to a liability or
takes certain other actions with respect to debt.
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The term "related party" includes directors, senior
officers and holders of more than 10% of the voting rights attached to all
outstanding voting securities of the issuer or holders of a sufficient
number of any securities of the issuer to materially affect control of the
issuer.
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Multilateral Instrument 61-101 requires, subject to
certain exceptions, the preparation of a formal valuation relating to
certain aspects of the transaction and more detailed disclosure in the
proxy material sent to security holders in connection with a related party
transaction including related to the valuation. Multilateral Instrument
61-101 also requires, subject to certain exceptions, that an issuer not
engage in a related party transaction unless the shareholders of the
issuer, other than the related parties, approve the transaction by a
simple majority of the votes cast.
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C. Material Contracts
There are no other contracts, other than those disclosed in
this annual report and those entered into in the ordinary course of our
business, that are material to us and which were entered into in the last two
completed fiscal years or which were entered into before the two most recently
completed fiscal years but are still in effect as of the date of this annual
report:
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1.
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License Agreement between Trillium Therapeutics Inc.
(private), UHN and The Hospital for Sick Children dated February 1, 2010
pursuant to which we licensed intellectual property relating to methods
and compounds for the modulation of the SIRPa- CD47 interaction for
therapeutic cancer applications. The license agreement requires us to use
commercially reasonable efforts to commercialize the licensed technology.
The license agreement will terminate on a country-by-country basis, in
countries where a valid claim exists, when the last valid claim expires in
such country, or if no valid claim exists, when the last valid claim
expires in the U.S. We paid an up-front license fee of $150,000 and
committed to pay an annual maintenance fee of $25,000, as well as payments
on patent issuances, development milestone payments ranging from $100,000
to $300,000 on the initiation of phase I, II and III clinical trials
respectively, and payments upon the achievement of certain regulatory
milestones as well as royalties of either 3% or 1% of net revenues on
commercial sales. The regulatory milestone payments amount to $1 million
on each of the submission of a first BLA in the U.S. and receipt of first
regulatory approval in the U.S. and proportionate payments in other
territories worldwide. The aggregate milestones payable on their first
achievement under the agreement in the major markets of the U.S., Europe
and Asia combined are $5,660,000. Under the license agreement, Trillium is
required to pay 20% of any sublicensing revenues to the licensors on the
first $50 million of sublicensing revenues, and pay 15% of any
sublicensing revenues to the licensors after the first $50 million of
sublicensing revenue received.
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2.
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GPEx®-Derived Cell Line Sale Agreement between Trillium
Therapeutics Inc. and Catalent Pharma Solutions, LLC dated August 12, 2014
pursuant to which we acquired the right to use the GPEx® expression system
for the manufacture of TTI-621 (SIRPaFc). Consideration for the license
includes potential pre-marketing approval milestones of up to U.S.
$875,000 and aggregate sales milestone payments of up to U.S. $28.8
million.
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3.
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GPEx®-Derived Cell Line Sale Agreement between Trillium
Therapeutics Inc. and Catalent Pharma Solutions, LLC dated August 12, 2014
pursuant to which we acquired the right to use the GPEx® expression system
for the manufacture of TTI-622 (SIRPaFc). Consideration for the license
includes potential pre-marketing approval milestones of up to U.S.
$875,000 and aggregate sales milestone payments of up to U.S. $28.8
million.
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4.
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2014 Stock Option Plan that was approved by our
shareholders on May 27, 2014. See the discussion under the heading Item
6.B. Compensation Stock Option Plan.
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5.
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2016 Stock Option Plan that was approved by our
shareholders on May 27, 2016. See the discussion under the heading Item
6.B. Compensation Stock Option Plan.
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6.
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2016 Cash-Settled DSU Plan that was adopted by our board
of directors on November 9, 2016. See the discussion under the heading
Item 6.B. Compensation Deferred Share Unit Plan.
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7.
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Warrant Indenture between the Company and Computershare
Trust Company of Canada, or Computershare dated March 15, 2013. This
indenture provides that Computershare will act as the trust agent for the
administration of the issued warrants.
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8.
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Warrant Indenture between the Company and Computershare
Trust Company of Canada dated April 8, 2013. This indenture provides that
Computershare will act as the trust agent for the administration of the
issued warrants.
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9.
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Warrant Indenture between the Company and Computershare
Trust Company of Canada dated December 13, 2013. This indenture provides
that Computershare will act as the trust agent for the administration of
the issued warrants.
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10.
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Share purchase agreement among the Company, Fluorinov and
Fluorinov shareholders dated January 26, 2016 pursuant to which we
purchased all the issued and outstanding shares of Fluorinov to access its
proprietary medicinal chemistry platform. Purchase consideration was a
cash payment of $10 million, subject to adjustment for closing working
capital, plus a future milestone payment of $5 million contingent on the
dosing of a first patient in a clinical trial with an existing Fluorinov
compound. At our discretion, up to 50% of the future contingent milestone
payment can be satisfied through the issuance of our common shares provided that the
aggregate number of common shares issuable under such payments will not
exceed 1,558,447 common shares unless shareholder approval has first been
obtained. In addition, any such future share issuance remains subject to
final approval from our board of directors and receipt of any requisite
approvals under the applicable rules of the TSX and NASDAQ. We have also
committed to use commercially reasonable efforts to monetize Fluorinovs
central nervous system assets and share 50% of the net proceeds with
Fluorinov shareholders.
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11.
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Royalty agreement among the Company, Fluorinov and
Fluorinov shareholders dated January 26, 2016 in relation to the purchase
and sale agreement of the same date wherein we acquired all the issued and
outstanding shares of Fluorinov. Consideration under this agreement
includes our obligation to pay a lump sum royalty of $10 million
contingent on the dosing of the first patient with a Fluorinov compound in
a Phase 2b clinical trial, a lump sum royalty of $20 million contingent on
the regulatory approval of the first Fluorinov product by the U.S. FDA or
the European Medicines Agency, and variable royalties on net sales of
Fluorinov products ranging from 2% to 5%. At our discretion, up to 50% of
the future contingent milestone payment can be satisfied through the
issuance of our common shares provided that the aggregate number of common
shares issuable under such payments will not exceed 1,558,447 common
shares unless shareholder approval has first been obtained. In addition,
any such future share issuance remains subject to final approval from our
board of directors and receipt of any requisite approvals under the
applicable rules of the TSX and NASDAQ.
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D. Exchange Controls
There are no government laws, decrees or regulations in Canada
that restrict the export or import of capital or that affect the remittance of
dividends, interest or other payments to non-resident holders of our common
shares. Any remittances of dividends to United States residents and to other
non-residents are, however, subject to withholding tax. See the discussion under
the heading Item 16.E. Taxation United States Federal Income Taxation.
E. Taxation
Canadian Federal Income Taxation
We consider that the following general summary fairly describes
the principal Canadian federal income tax consequences applicable to a holder of
our common shares who is a resident of the United States, who is not, will not
be and will not be deemed to be a resident of Canada for purposes of the
Income Tax Act
(Canada) and any applicable tax treaty and who does not
use or hold, and is not deemed to use or hold, his, her or its common shares in
the capital of our Company in connection with carrying on a business in Canada
(a
non-resident holder
).
This summary is based upon the current provisions of the
Income Tax Act
(Canada), the regulations thereunder (the
Regulations
), the current publicly announced administrative and
assessing policies of the Canada Revenue Agency and the Canada-United States Tax
Convention as amended by the Protocols thereto (the
Treaty
). This
summary also takes into account the amendments to the
Income Tax Act
(Canada) and the Regulations publicly announced by the Minister of Finance
(Canada) prior to the date hereof (the
Tax Proposals
) and assumes that
all such Tax Proposals will be enacted in their present form. However, no
assurances can be given that the Tax Proposals will be enacted in the form
proposed, or at all. This summary is not exhaustive of all possible Canadian
federal income tax consequences applicable to a holder of our common shares and,
except for the foregoing, this summary does not take into account or anticipate
any changes in law, whether by legislative, administrative or judicial decision
or action, nor does it take into account provincial, territorial or foreign
income tax legislation or considerations, which may differ from the Canadian
federal income tax consequences described herein.
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This summary is of a general nature only and is not intended
to be, and should not be construed to be, legal, business or tax advice to any
particular holder or prospective holder of our common shares, and no opinion or
representation with respect to the tax consequences to any holder or prospective
holder of our common shares is made. Accordingly, holders and prospective
holders of our common shares should consult their own tax advisors with respect
to the income tax consequences of purchasing, owning and disposing of our common
shares in their particular circumstances.
Dividends
Dividends paid on our common shares to a non-resident holder
will be subject under the
Income Tax Act
(Canada) to withholding tax at a
rate of 25% subject to a reduction under the provisions of an applicable tax
treaty, which tax is deducted at source by our Company. The Treaty provides that
the
Income Tax Act
(Canada) standard 25% withholding tax rate is reduced
to 15% on dividends paid on shares of a corporation resident in Canada (such as
our Company) to residents of the United States, and also provides for a further
reduction of this rate to 5% where the beneficial owner of the dividends is a
corporation resident in the United States that owns at least 10% of the voting
shares of the corporation paying the dividend.
Capital Gains
A non-resident holder is not subject to tax under the Income Tax Act (Canada) in
respect of a capital gain realized upon the disposition of a common share of our
Company unless such share represents taxable Canadian property, as defined in
the
Income Tax Act
(Canada), to the holder thereof. Our common shares
generally will not be considered taxable Canadian property to a non-resident
holder provided that:
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the non-resident holder;
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persons with whom the non-resident holder did not deal at arm’s length; or
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the non-resident holder and persons with whom such non-resident holder did not deal at arm’s length,
did not own, or have an interest in an option in respect of, 25% or more of the
issued shares of any class of our capital stock at any time during the 60 month
period immediately preceding the disposition of such shares. In the case of a
non-resident holder to whom shares of our Company represent taxable Canadian
property and who is resident in the United States, no Canadian taxes will
generally be payable on a capital gain realized on such shares by reason of the
Treaty unless the value of such shares is derived principally from real property
situated in Canada.
United States Federal Income Taxation
The following is a general summary of material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to a U.S. Holder (as defined below) arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of our common shares.
This summary is for general information purposes only and does not purport to be a complete analysis or listing of all potential U.S. federal income tax considerations that may apply to a U.S. Holder arising from and relating to the acquisition,
ownership, and disposition of common shares. In addition, this summary does not take into account the individual facts and circumstances of any particular U.S. Holder that may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such U.S. Holder,
including specific tax consequences to a U.S. Holder under an applicable tax treaty. Accordingly, this summary is not intended to be, and should not be construed as, legal or U.S. federal income tax advice with respect to any U.S. Holder. This
summary does not address the U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences to U.S. Holders of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of common shares. Except as specifically
set forth below, this summary does not discuss applicable tax reporting requirements. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and
local, and non-U.S. tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of common shares.
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No legal opinion from U.S. legal counsel or ruling from the Internal Revenue Service,
or the IRS, has been requested, or will be obtained, regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership, and
disposition of common shares. This summary is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS is not precluded from taking a position that is different from, and contrary to, the positions taken in this summary. In addition, because the authorities on which
this summary is based are subject to various interpretations, the IRS and the U.S. courts could disagree with one or more of the positions taken in this summary.
Scope of this Summary
Authorities
This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, Treasury Regulations (whether final, temporary, or proposed), published rulings of the IRS, published administrative positions of the IRS, the Convention Between
Canada and the United States of America with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital, signed September 26, 1980, as amended, or the Canada-U.S. Tax Convention, and U.S. court decisions that are applicable and, in each case, as in effect and
available, as of the date of this document. Any of the authorities on which this summary is based could be changed in a material and adverse manner at any time, and any such change could be applied on a retroactive or prospective basis which could
affect the U.S. federal income tax considerations described in this summary. This summary does not discuss the potential effects, whether adverse or beneficial, of any proposed legislation that, if enacted, could be applied on a retroactive or
prospective basis.
U.S. Holders
For purposes of this summary, the term U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of common shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
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an individual who is a citizen or resident of the U.S.;
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a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) organized under the laws of the U.S., any state thereof or the District of Columbia;
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an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or
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a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the U.S. and the control of one or more U.S. persons for all substantial decisions or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as
a U.S. person.
Non-U.S. Holders
For purposes of this summary, a non-U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of common shares that is not a U.S. Holder. This summary does not address the U.S. federal income tax consequences to non-U.S. Holders arising from and relating to
the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of common shares. Accordingly, a non-U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and
non-U.S. tax consequences (including the potential application of and operation of any income tax treaties) relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of common shares.
U.S. Holders Subject to Special U.S. Federal Income Tax Rules Not Addressed
This summary does not address the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to U.S. Holders that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including, but not limited to, the following: (a) U.S. Holders that are tax-exempt
organizations, qualified retirement plans, individual retirement accounts, or other tax-deferred accounts; (b) U.S. Holders that are financial institutions, underwriters, insurance companies, real estate investment trusts, or regulated investment
companies; (c) U.S. Holders that are broker-dealers, dealers, or traders in securities or currencies that elect to apply a mark-to-market accounting method; (d) U.S. Holders that have a functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar;
(e) U.S. Holders that own common shares as part of a straddle, hedging transaction, conversion transaction, constructive sale, or other arrangement involving more than one position; (f) U.S. Holders that acquired common shares in connection with the
exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation for services; (g) U.S. Holders that hold common shares other than as a capital asset within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment purposes);
or (h) U.S. Holders that own or have owned (directly, indirectly, or by attribution) 10% or more of the total combined voting power of our outstanding shares. This summary also does not address the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable
to U.S. Holders who are: (a) U.S. expatriates or former long-term residents of the U.S.; (b) persons that have been, are, or will be a resident or deemed to be a resident in Canada for purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada) (the Tax
Act”); (c) persons that use or hold, will use or hold, or that are or will be deemed to use or hold common shares in connection with carrying on a business in Canada; (d) persons whose common shares constitute taxable Canadian
property” under the Tax Act; or (e) persons that have a permanent establishment in Canada for the purposes of the Canada-U.S. Tax Convention. U.S. Holders that are subject to special provisions under the Code, including, but not limited to,
U.S. Holders described immediately above, should consult their own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal, U.S. federal alternative minimum, U.S. federal estate and gift, U.S. state and local, and non-U.S. tax consequences relating to the
acquisition, ownership and disposition of common shares.
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If an entity or arrangement that is classified as a partnership (or pass-through” entity) for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds common shares, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to such partnership and the partners of such
partnership generally will depend on the activities of the partnership and the status of such partners (or owners). This summary does not address the tax consequences to any such partnership or partners. Partners of entities or arrangements that are
classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences arising from and relating to the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of common shares.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
If we were to constitute a passive foreign investment company” under the meaning of Section 1297 of the Code, or a PFIC, for any year during a U.S. Holder’s holding period, then different and potentially adverse rules will affect
the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder resulting from the acquisition, ownership and disposition of common shares. In addition, in any year in which we are classified as a PFIC, such holder may be required to file an annual report
with the IRS containing such information as Treasury Regulations and/or other IRS guidance may require. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the requirements of filing such information returns under these rules, including the
requirement to file an IRS Form 8621.
PFIC Status of the Company
We generally will be a PFIC if, for a tax year, (a) 75% or more of our gross income is passive income (the income test”) or (b) 50% or more of the value of our assets either produce passive income or are held for the production of
passive income, based on the quarterly average of the fair market value of such assets (the asset test”). Gross income” generally includes all sales revenues less
the cost of goods sold, plus income from investments and from incidental or outside operations or sources, and passive income” generally includes, for example, dividends, interest, rents and royalties, gains from the sale of stock and
securities, and gains from commodities transactions.
For purposes of the PFIC income test and asset test described above, if we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more of the total value of the outstanding shares of another corporation, we will be treated as if it (a) held a proportionate share of
the assets of such other corporation and (b) received directly a proportionate share of the income of such other corporation. In addition, for purposes of the PFIC income test and asset test described above, and assuming certain other requirements
are met, passive income” does not include interest, dividends, rents, or royalties that are received or accrued by us from related persons” (as defined in Section 954(d)(3) of the Code), to the extent such items are
properly allocable to the income of such related person that is not passive income.
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In addition, under attribution rules, if we are a PFIC, U.S. Holders will be deemed to own their proportionate share of the stock of any subsidiary of ours that is also a PFIC, or a Subsidiary PFIC, and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on
their proportionate share of (a) a distribution on the stock of a Subsidiary PFIC and (b) a disposition or deemed disposition of the stock of a Subsidiary PFIC, both as if such U.S. Holders directly held the shares of such Subsidiary PFIC.
We believe that we were classified as a PFIC during the tax year ended December 31, 2016, and may be a PFIC in future tax years. The determination of whether any corporation was, or will be, a PFIC for a tax year depends, in part, on the application
of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to differing interpretations. In addition, whether any corporation will be a PFIC for any tax year depends on the assets and income of such corporation over the course of each such tax year
and, as a result, cannot be predicted with certainty as of the date of this document. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge any determination made by us (or a Subsidiary PFIC) concerning its PFIC status. Each U.S.
Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the PFIC status of the Company and any Subsidiary PFIC.
Default PFIC Rules Under Section 1291 of the Code
If we are a PFIC, the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of common shares will depend on whether such U.S. Holder makes an election to treat us and each Subsidiary PFIC, if any, as a
qualified electing fund” or QEF” under Section 1295 of the Code, or a QEF Election, or a mark-to-market election under Section 1296 of the Code, or a Mark-to-Market Election. A U.S. Holder that does not make either a QEF
Election or a Mark-to-Market Election will be referred to in this summary as a Non-Electing U.S. Holder.” A Non-Electing U.S. Holder will be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code with respect to (a) any gain recognized on the
sale or other taxable disposition of common shares and (b) any excess distribution received on our common shares. A distribution generally will be an excess distribution” to the extent that such distribution (together with all other
distributions received in the current tax year) exceeds 125% of the average distributions received during the three preceding tax years (or during a U.S. Holder’s holding period for our common shares, if shorter).
Under Section 1291 of the Code, any gain recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition of common shares (including an indirect disposition of the stock of any Subsidiary PFIC), and any excess distribution” received on common
shares, must be ratably allocated to each day in a Non-Electing U.S. Holder’s holding period for the respective common shares. The amount of any such gain or excess distribution allocated to the tax year of disposition or distribution of the
excess distribution and to years before the entity became a PFIC, if any, would be taxed as ordinary income. The amounts allocated to any other tax year would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the highest tax rate applicable to ordinary
income in each such year, and an interest charge would be imposed on the tax liability for each such year, calculated as if such tax liability had been due in each such year. A Non-Electing U.S. Holder that is not a corporation must treat any such
interest paid as personal interest,” which is not deductible.
If we are a PFIC for any tax year during which a Non-Electing U.S. Holder holds common shares, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such Non-Electing U.S. Holder, regardless of whether we cease to be a PFIC in one or more
subsequent tax years. A Non-Electing U.S. Holder may terminate this deemed PFIC status by electing to recognize gain (which will be taxed under the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above), but not loss, as if such common shares were sold
on the last day of the last tax year for which we were a PFIC.
QEF Election
A U.S. Holder that makes a timely and effective QEF Election for the first tax year in which its holding period of its common shares begins generally will not be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above with respect to its
common shares. A U.S. Holder that makes a timely and effective QEF Election will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of (a) our net capital gain, which will be taxed as long-term capital gain to such U.S.
Holder, and (b) our ordinary earnings, which will be taxed as ordinary income to such U.S. Holder. Generally, net capital gain” is the excess of (a) net long-term capital gain over (b) net short-term capital loss, and ordinary
earnings” are the excess of (a) earnings and profits” over (b) net capital gain. A U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such amounts for each tax year in which we
are a PFIC, regardless of whether such amounts are actually distributed to such U.S. Holder by us. However, for any tax year in which we are a PFIC and has no net income or gain, U.S. Holders that have made a QEF Election would not have any income
inclusions as a result of the QEF Election. If a U.S. Holder that made a QEF Election has an income inclusion, such a U.S. Holder may elect to defer payment of current U.S. federal income tax on such amounts, subject to an interest charge. If such
U.S. Holder is not a corporation, any such interest paid will be treated as personal interest,” which is not deductible.
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A U.S. Holder that makes a timely and effective QEF Election with respect to us generally (a) may receive a tax-free distribution from us to the extent that such distribution represents earnings and profits” of ours that were previously
included in income by the U.S. Holder because of such QEF Election and (b) will adjust such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in our common shares to reflect the amount included in income or allowed as a tax-free distribution because of such QEF
Election. In addition, a U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election generally will recognize capital gain or loss on the sale or other taxable disposition of common shares.
The procedure for making a QEF Election, and the U.S. federal income tax consequences of making a QEF Election, will depend on whether such QEF Election is timely. A QEF Election will be treated as timely” if such QEF Election is made
for the first year in the U.S. Holder’s holding period for our common shares in which we were a PFIC. A U.S. Holder may make a timely QEF Election by filing the appropriate QEF Election documents at the time such U.S. Holder files a U.S.
federal income tax return for such year. If a U.S. Holder does not make a timely and effective QEF Election for the first year in the U.S. Holder’s holding period for our common shares, the U.S. Holder may still be able to make a timely and
effective QEF Election in a subsequent year if such U.S. Holder also makes a purging” election to recognize gain (which will be taxed under the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above) as if such common shares were sold for
their fair market value on the day the QEF Election is effective.
A QEF Election will apply to the tax year for which such QEF Election is timely made and to all subsequent tax years, unless such QEF Election is invalidated or terminated or the IRS consents to revocation of such QEF Election. If a U.S. Holder
makes a QEF Election and, in a subsequent tax year, we cease to be a PFIC, the QEF Election will remain in effect (although it will not be applicable) during those tax years in which we are not a PFIC. Accordingly, if we become a PFIC in another
subsequent tax year, the QEF Election will be effective and the U.S. Holder will be subject to the QEF rules described above during any subsequent tax year in which we qualify as a PFIC.
U.S. Holders should be aware that there can be no assurance that we will satisfy the record keeping requirements that apply to a QEF Election, or that we will supply U.S. Holders with information that such U.S. Holders require to report under the
QEF Election rules, in event that we are a PFIC and a U.S. Holder wishes to make a QEF Election. Thus, U.S. Holders may not be able to make a QEF Election with respect to their common shares. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor
regarding the availability of, and procedure for making, a QEF Election.
A U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621, including a PFIC Annual Information Statement, to a timely filed United States federal income tax return. However, if we do not provide the required information with regard
to us or any of our Subsidiary PFICs, U.S. Holders will not be able to make a QEF Election for such entity and will continue to be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code, discussed above, that apply to Non-Electing U.S. Holders with
respect to the taxation of gains and excess distributions.
Mark-to-Market Election
A U.S. Holder may make a Mark-to-Market Election only if the common shares are marketable stock. Our common shares generally will be marketable stock” if our common shares are regularly traded on (a) a national securities exchange that
is registered with the Securities Exchange Commission, (b) the national market system established pursuant to section 11A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or (c) a foreign securities exchange that is regulated or supervised by a governmental
authority of the country in which the market is located, provided that (i) such foreign exchange has trading volume, listing, financial disclosure, and meets other requirements and the laws of the country in which such foreign exchange is located,
together with the rules of such foreign exchange, ensure that such requirements are actually enforced and (ii) the rules of such foreign exchange ensure active trading of listed stocks. If such stock is traded on such a qualified exchange or other
market, such stock generally will be regularly traded” for any calendar year during which such stock is traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter.
80
A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to its common shares generally will not be subject to the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above with respect to such common shares. However, if a U.S. Holder does not make a
Mark-to-Market Election beginning in the first tax year of such U.S. Holder’s holding period for our common shares or such U.S. Holder has not made a timely QEF Election, the rules of Section 1291 of the Code discussed above will apply to
dispositions of, and distributions on, our common shares.
A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will include in ordinary income, for each tax year in which we are a PFIC, an amount equal to the excess, if any, of (a) the fair market value of our common shares, as of the close of such tax year
over (b) such
U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such common shares. A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will be allowed a deduction in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of (a) such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our common shares,
over (b) the fair market value of such common shares (but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years).
A U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election generally also will adjust such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in our common shares to reflect the amount included in gross income or allowed as a deduction because of such Mark-to-Market Election.
In addition, upon a sale or other taxable disposition of common shares, a U.S. Holder that makes a Mark-to-Market Election will recognize ordinary income or ordinary loss (not to exceed the excess, if any, of (a) the amount included in ordinary
income because of such Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years over (b) the amount allowed as a deduction because of such Mark-to-Market Election for prior tax years).
A U.S. Holder makes a Mark-to-Market Election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 to a timely filed United States federal income tax return. A Mark-to-Market Election applies to the tax year in which such Mark-to-Market Election is made and to
each subsequent tax year, unless our common shares cease to be marketable stock” or the IRS consents to revocation of such election. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the availability of, and procedure for
making, a Mark-to-Market Election.
Although a U.S. Holder may be eligible to make a Mark-to-Market Election with respect to our common shares, no such election may be made with respect to the stock of any Subsidiary PFIC that a U.S. Holder is treated as owning, because such stock is
not marketable. Hence, the Mark-to-Market Election will not be effective to eliminate the application of the default rules of Section 1291 of the Code described above with respect to deemed dispositions of Subsidiary PFIC stock or distributions from
a Subsidiary PFIC.
Other PFIC Rules
Under Section 1291(f) of the Code, the IRS has issued proposed Treasury Regulations that, subject to exceptions, would cause a U.S. Holder that had not made a timely QEF Election to recognize gain (but not loss) upon transfers of common shares that
would otherwise be tax-deferred (e.g., gifts and exchanges pursuant to corporate reorganizations). However, the specific U.S. federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder may vary based on the manner in which common shares are transferred.
Additional adverse rules will apply with respect to a U.S. Holder if we are a PFIC, regardless of whether such U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election. For example under Section 1298(b)(6) of the Code, a U.S. Holder that uses common shares as security for
a loan will, except as may be provided in future Treasury Regulations, be treated as having made a taxable disposition of such common shares.
Special rules also apply to the amount of foreign tax credit that a U.S. Holder may claim on a distribution from a PFIC. Subject to such special rules, foreign taxes paid with respect to any distribution in respect of stock in a PFIC are generally
eligible for the foreign tax credit. The rules relating to distributions by a PFIC and their eligibility for the foreign tax credit are complicated, and a U.S. Holder should consult with their own tax advisor regarding the availability of the
foreign tax credit with respect to distributions by a PFIC.
81
The PFIC rules are complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the PFIC rules and how the PFIC rules may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of common shares.
Ownership and Disposition of Common Shares
The following discussion is subject in its entirety to the rules described above under the heading Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”.
Distributions on Common Shares
Subject to the PFIC rules discussed above, a U.S. Holder that receives a distribution, including a constructive distribution, with respect to an Offered Share will be required to include the amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend
(without reduction for any Canadian income tax withheld from such distribution) to the extent of the current or accumulated earnings and profits” of ours, as computed for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A dividend generally will be
taxed to a U.S. Holder at ordinary income tax rates if we are a PFIC. To the extent that a distribution exceeds the current and accumulated earnings and profits” of ours, such distribution will be treated first as a tax-free return of
capital to the extent of a U.S. Holders tax basis in our common shares and thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of such common shares. (See Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Shares” below). However, we may not
maintain the calculations of earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles, and each U.S. Holder should therefore assume that any distribution by us with respect to our common shares will constitute ordinary dividend
income. Dividends received on common shares generally will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction”. Provided we are eligible
for the benefits of the Canada-U.S. Tax Convention, dividends paid by us to non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individuals, generally will be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to long-term capital gains for dividends, provided
holding period and other conditions are satisfied, including that we not be classified as a PFIC in the tax year of distribution or in the preceding tax year. The dividend rules are complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor
regarding the application of such rules.
Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Shares
Subject to the PFIC rules discussed above, upon the sale or other taxable disposition of common shares, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount of cash plus the fair market
value of any property received and such U.S. Holders tax basis in such common shares sold or otherwise disposed of. Subject to the PFIC rules discussed above, gain or loss recognized on such sale or other disposition generally will be long-term
capital gain or loss if, at the time of the sale or other disposition, our common shares have been held for more than one year. Preferential tax rates apply to long-term capital gain of a U.S. Holder that is an individual, estate, or trust. There
are currently no preferential tax rates for long-term capital gain of a U.S. Holder that is a corporation. Deductions for capital losses are subject to significant limitations under the Code.
Additional Considerations
Additional Tax on Passive Income
Certain U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates or trusts (other than trusts that are exempt from tax) will be subject to a 3.8% tax on all or a portion of their net investment income,” which includes dividends on our common shares,
and net gains from the disposition of our common shares. Further, excess distributions treated as dividends, gains treated as excess distributions, and mark-to-market inclusions and deductions are all included in the calculation of net investment
income.
82
Treasury Regulations provide, subject to the election described in the following paragraph, that solely for purposes of this additional tax, distributions of previously taxed income will be treated as dividends and included in net investment income
subject to the additional 3.8% tax. Additionally, to determine the amount of any capital gain from the sale or other taxable disposition of our common shares that will be subject to the additional tax on net investment income, a U.S. Holder who has
made a QEF Election will be required to recalculate its basis in our common shares excluding QEF basis adjustments.
Alternatively, a U.S. Holder may make an election which will be effective with respect to all interests in a PFIC for which a QEF Election has been made and which is held in that year or acquired in future years. Under this election, a U.S. Holder
pays the additional 3.8% tax on QEF income inclusions and on gains calculated after giving effect to related tax basis adjustments. U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates or trusts should consult their own tax advisors regarding the
applicability of this tax to any of their income or gains in respect of our common shares.
Receipt of Foreign Currency
The amount of any distribution paid to a U.S. Holder in foreign currency, or on the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of common shares, generally will be equal to the U.S. dollar value of such foreign currency based on the exchange rate
applicable on the date of receipt (regardless of whether such foreign currency is converted into U.S. dollars at that time). A U.S. Holder will have a basis in the foreign currency equal to its U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. Any U.S.
Holder who converts or otherwise disposes of the foreign currency after the date of receipt may have a foreign currency exchange gain or loss that would be treated as ordinary income or loss, and generally will be U.S. source income or loss for
foreign tax credit purposes. Different rules apply to U.S. Holders who use the accrual method of tax accounting. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own U.S. tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of receiving, owning, and
disposing of foreign currency.
Foreign Tax Credit
Subject to the PFIC rules discussed above, a U.S. Holder that pays (whether directly or through withholding) Canadian income tax with respect to dividends paid on the common shares generally will be entitled, at the election of such U.S. Holder, to
receive either a deduction or a credit for such Canadian income tax. Generally, a credit will reduce a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability on a dollar-for-dollar basis, whereas a deduction will reduce a U.S. Holder’s income
subject to U.S. federal income tax. This election is made on a year-by-year basis and applies to all foreign taxes paid (whether directly or through withholding) by a U.S. Holder during a year.
Complex limitations apply to the foreign tax credit, including the general limitation that the credit cannot exceed the proportionate share of a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability that such U.S. Holder’s foreign
source” taxable income bears to such U.S. Holder’s worldwide taxable income. In applying this limitation, a U.S. Holder’s various items of income and deduction must be classified, under complex rules, as either foreign
source” or U.S. source.” Generally, dividends paid by a foreign corporation should be treated as foreign source for this purpose, and gains recognized on the sale of stock of a foreign corporation by a U.S. Holder should be
treated as U.S. source for this purpose, except as otherwise provided in an applicable income tax treaty, and if an election is
properly made under the Code. However, the amount of a distribution with respect to the common shares that is treated as a dividend” may be lower for U.S. federal income tax purposes than it is for Canadian federal income tax purposes,
resulting in a reduced foreign tax credit allowance to a U.S. Holder. In addition, this limitation is calculated separately with respect to specific categories of income. The foreign tax credit rules are complex, and each U.S. Holder should consult
its own U.S. tax advisors regarding the foreign tax credit rules.
Backup Withholding and Information Reporting
Payments made within the U.S. or by a U.S. payor or U.S. middleman, of dividends on, and proceeds arising from the sale or other taxable disposition of, common shares will generally be subject to information reporting and backup withholding tax, at
the rate of 28%, if a U.S. Holder (a) fails to furnish such U.S. Holder’s correct U.S. taxpayer identification number (generally on Form W-9), (b) furnishes an incorrect U.S. taxpayer identification number, (c) is notified by the IRS that such
U.S. Holder has previously failed to properly report items subject to backup withholding tax, or (d) fails to certify, under penalty of perjury, that such U.S. Holder has furnished its correct U.S. taxpayer identification number and that the IRS has
not notified such U.S. Holder that it is subject to backup withholding tax. However, certain exempt persons generally are excluded from these information reporting and backup withholding rules. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any
amounts withheld under the U.S. backup withholding tax rules will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, or will be refunded, if such U.S. Holder furnishes required information to the IRS in a
timely manner.
83
Under U.S. federal income tax law and Treasury Regulations, U.S. Holders must generally file information returns with respect to their investment in, or involvement in, a foreign corporation. For example, U.S. return disclosure obligations (and
related penalties) are imposed on individuals who are U.S. Holders that hold specified foreign financial assets in excess of threshold amounts. The definition of specified foreign financial assets includes not only financial accounts maintained in
foreign financial institutions, but also, unless held in accounts maintained by a financial institution, any stock or security issued by a non-U.S. person, any financial instrument or contract held for investment that has an issuer or counterparty
other than a U.S. person and any interest in a foreign entity. U.S. Holders may be subject to these reporting requirements unless their common shares are held in an account at financial institutions meeting specified requirements. Penalties for
failure to file information returns can be substantial. U.S. Holders should consult with their own tax advisors regarding the requirements of filing information returns, including the requirement to file an IRS Form 8938.
The discussion of reporting requirements set forth above is not intended to constitute an exhaustive description of all reporting requirements that may apply to a U.S. Holder. A failure to satisfy reporting requirements may result in an extension of
the time period during which the IRS can assess a tax, and under certain circumstances, such an extension may apply to assessments of amounts unrelated to any unsatisfied reporting requirement. Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisors
regarding the information reporting and backup withholding rules.
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
Not Applicable.
G. Statement by Experts
Not Applicable.
H. Documents on Display
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and file reports and other information with the SEC. You may read and copy any of our reports and other information at, and obtain copies upon payment of prescribed fees from, the
Public Reference Room maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. In addition, the SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file
electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.
We are required to file reports and other information with the securities commissions in Canada. You are invited to read and copy any reports, statements or other information, other than confidential filings, that we file with the provincial
securities commissions. These filings are also electronically available from the Canadian System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval ("SEDAR") (www.sedar.com), the Canadian equivalent of the SECs electronic document gathering and
retrieval system.
As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements to shareholders.
We will provide without charge to each person, including any
beneficial owner, to whom a copy of this annual report has been delivered, on
the written or oral request of such person, a copy of any or all documents
referred to above which have been or may be incorporated by reference in this
annual report (not including exhibits to such incorporated information that are
not specifically incorporated by reference into such information). Requests for
such copies should be directed to us at the following address: 130 Adelaide St.
West, Suite 1901, Toronto, ON, M5H 3P5. We are required to file
financial statements and other information with the Securities Commission in
each of the Provinces and Territories of Canada, except Quebec, electronically
through SEDAR which can be viewed at www.sedar.com.
84
I. Subsidiary Information
We own 100% of the voting securities of Trillium Therapeutics
USA Inc. which was incorporated March 26, 2015 in the State of Delaware.
ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE
DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Fair value
IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement provides a hierarchy of
valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques
are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs are those that reflect market
data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our
assumptions with respect to how market participants would price an asset or
liability. These two inputs used to measure fair value fall into the following
three different levels of the fair value hierarchy:
Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical
instruments that are observable.
Level 2 Quoted prices in active markets for similar
instruments; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and derived
from or corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3 Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which
one or more significant inputs are unobservable.
The hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when
available.
We have classified cash and cash equivalents as Level 1. The
loan payable has been classified as Level 2. The Fluorinov contingent
consideration in other liabilities has been classified as Level 3. The fair value of
the contingent consideration increases as the time to the expected milestones
decreases assuming the probability of achieving the milestones remains
unchanged.
Cash and cash equivalents, amounts receivable, accounts payable
and accrued liabilities, and other current liabilities, due within one year, are
all short-term in nature and, as such, their carrying values approximate fair
values. The fair value of the non-current loan payable is estimated by
discounting the expected future cash flows at the cost of money to us, which is
equal to its carrying value.
Risks
We have exposure to credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate
risk and currency risk. Our Board has overall responsibility for the
establishment and oversight of our risk management framework. The Audit
Committee of the board of directors is responsible for reviewing our risk
management policies.
Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to us if a
counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual
obligations, and arises principally from our cash and amounts receivable. The
carrying amount of these financial assets represents the maximum credit
exposure. We follow an investment policy to mitigate against the deterioration
of principal and to enhance our ability to meet our liquidity needs. Cash is on
deposit with major Canadian chartered banks and we invest in high grade
short-term instruments. Amounts receivable are primarily comprised of amounts
due from the federal government.
85
Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is the risk that we will not be able to meet our
financial obligations as they fall due. We are a development stage company and
are reliant on external fundraising to support our operations. Once funds have
been raised, we manage our liquidity risk by investing in cash and short-term
instruments to provide regular cash flow for current operations. We also manage
liquidity risk by continuously monitoring actual and projected cash flows. Our
board reviews and approves our operating and capital budgets, as well as any
material transactions not in the ordinary course of business. The majority of
our accounts payable and accrued liabilities have maturities of less than three
months.
Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future
cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market
interest rates. We hold our cash in bank accounts or high interest savings
accounts which have a variable rate of interest. We manage our interest rate
risk by holding highly liquid short-term instruments and by holding our
investments to maturity, where possible. For the years ended December 31, 2016
and 2015, we earned interest income of $417,517 and $488,486, respectively.
Therefore, a 1% change in the average interest rate for the years ended December
31, 2016 and 2015, would have a net impact on finance income of $4,175 and
$4,885, respectively.
Currency risk
We are exposed to currency risk related to the fluctuation of
foreign exchange rates and the degree of volatility of those rates. Currency
risk is limited to the portion of our business transactions denominated in
currencies other than the Canadian dollar, which are primarily expenses in U.S.
dollars. As at December 31, 2016 and 2015, we held U.S. dollar cash and cash
equivalents in the amount of U.S. $30,247,141 and U.S. $44,547,591 and had U.S.
dollar denominated accounts payable and accrued liabilities in the amount of
U.S. $2,418,828 and U.S. $1,033,319, respectively. Therefore, a 1% change in the
foreign exchange rate would have a net impact on finance costs as at December
31, 2016 and 2015 of $368,816 and $435,143, respectively.
U.S. dollar expenses for the years ended December 31, 2016 and
2015 were approximately U.S. $9,674,000 and U.S. $8,700,000, respectively.
Varying the US exchange rate for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 to
reflect a 5% strengthening of the Canadian dollar would have decreased the net
loss by approximately $641,000 and $556,000, respectively, assuming that all
other variables remained constant.
ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER
THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
None.
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
|
|
|
|
|
As at
|
|
|
As at
|
|
|
|
Note
|
|
|
December 31, 2016
|
|
|
December 31, 2015
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ASSETS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
|
|
|
|
50,472,971
|
|
|
86,770,542
|
|
Amounts receivable
|
|
5
|
|
|
526,530
|
|
|
974,822
|
|
Prepaid expenses
|
|
|
|
|
402,650
|
|
|
1,181,481
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total current assets
|
|
|
|
|
51,402,151
|
|
|
88,926,845
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Property and equipment
|
|
6
|
|
|
3,260,013
|
|
|
897,390
|
|
Intangible assets
|
|
4,7
|
|
|
11,849,596
|
|
|
93,585
|
|
Other assets
|
|
|
|
|
110,931
|
|
|
121,648
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total non-current assets
|
|
|
|
|
15,220,540
|
|
|
1,112,623
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
|
|
|
66,622,691
|
|
|
90,039,468
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LIABILITIES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accounts payable and accrued
liabilities
|
|
8
|
|
|
5,512,941
|
|
|
3,233,749
|
|
Other current liabilities
|
|
9
|
|
|
402,687
|
|
|
323,151
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total current liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
5,915,628
|
|
|
3,556,900
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Loan payable
|
|
9
|
|
|
190,573
|
|
|
270,386
|
|
Deferred lease inducement
|
|
9
|
|
|
437,711
|
|
|
348,205
|
|
Other liabilities
|
|
9
|
|
|
1,959,260
|
|
|
60,109
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total non-current liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
2,587,544
|
|
|
678,700
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
8,503,172
|
|
|
4,235,600
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
EQUITY
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common shares
|
|
10
|
|
|
103,819,203
|
|
|
103,340,072
|
|
Series I preferred shares
|
|
10
|
|
|
7,716,243
|
|
|
7,797,773
|
|
Series II preferred shares
|
|
10
|
|
|
24,369,384
|
|
|
24,369,384
|
|
Warrants
|
|
10
|
|
|
6,887,746
|
|
|
6,926,019
|
|
Contributed surplus
|
|
|
|
|
12,349,763
|
|
|
8,660,355
|
|
Deficit
|
|
|
|
|
(97,022,820
|
)
|
|
(65,289,735
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total equity
|
|
|
|
|
58,119,519
|
|
|
85,803,868
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities and equity
|
|
|
|
|
66,622,691
|
|
|
90,039,468
|
|
Commitments and contingencies
[note 15]
Approved by the Board and authorized for issue on March 9,
2017:
(signed) Luke Beshar, Director
|
(signed) Henry Friesen, Director
|
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial
statements
F-2
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive
Loss
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended
|
|
|
Year ended
|
|
|
|
Note
|
|
|
December 31, 2016
|
|
|
December 31, 2015
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
EXPENSES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
|
|
12
|
|
|
29,788,795
|
|
|
18,050,091
|
|
General and administrative
|
|
13
|
|
|
3,932,910
|
|
|
3,184,347
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating expenses
|
|
|
|
|
33,721,705
|
|
|
21,234,438
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Finance income
|
|
14
|
|
|
(417,517
|
)
|
|
(488,486
|
)
|
Finance costs
|
|
14
|
|
|
82,406
|
|
|
84,948
|
|
Net foreign currency loss (gain)
|
|
|
|
|
2,026,791
|
|
|
(6,106,703
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
finance costs (income)
|
|
14
|
|
|
1,691,680
|
|
|
(6,510,241
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss before income
taxes
|
|
|
|
|
35,413,385
|
|
|
14,724,197
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current income tax expense
|
|
11
|
|
|
9,374
|
|
|
9,502
|
|
Deferred income tax recovery
|
|
4
|
|
|
(3,689,674
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss and comprehensive loss for the year
|
|
|
|
|
31,733,085
|
|
|
14,733,699
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic and diluted loss per common share
|
|
10(c)
|
|
|
(4.06
|
)
|
|
(2.22
|
)
|
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial
statements
F-3
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
|
|
Common
shares
|
|
|
Series I
preferred shares
|
|
|
Series II
preferred shares
|
|
|
Warrants
|
|
|
Contributed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
surplus
|
|
|
Deficit
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(note 10
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
(note 10
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
(note 10
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
(note 10
|
)
|
|
(note 10
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2015
|
|
7,796,137
|
|
|
103,340,072
|
|
|
53,788,579
|
|
|
7,797,773
|
|
|
1,077,605
|
|
|
24,369,384
|
|
|
106,096,356
|
|
|
6,926,019
|
|
|
8,660,355
|
|
|
(65,289,735
|
)
|
|
85,803,868
|
|
Net loss and
comprehensive
loss for the year
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(31,733,085
|
)
|
|
(31,733,085
|
)
|
Transactions with
owners
of the Company, recognized
directly in
equity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise of warrants
|
|
30,301
|
|
|
397,601
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(909,059
|
)
|
|
(38,273
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
359,328
|
|
Conversion of preferred
shares
|
|
18,746
|
|
|
81,530
|
|
|
(562,388
|
)
|
|
(81,530
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
3,689,408
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
3,689,408
|
|
Total transactions with
owners of the
Company
|
|
49,047
|
|
|
479,131
|
|
|
(562,388
|
)
|
|
(81,530
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(909,059
|
)
|
|
(38,273
|
)
|
|
3,689,408
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
4,048,736
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2016
|
|
7,845,184
|
|
|
103,819,203
|
|
|
53,226,191
|
|
|
7,716,243
|
|
|
1,077,605
|
|
|
24,369,384
|
|
|
105,187,297
|
|
|
6,887,746
|
|
|
12,349,763
|
|
|
(97,022,820
|
)
|
|
58,119,519
|
|
|
|
Common
shares
|
|
|
Series I
preferred shares
|
|
|
Series II
preferred shares
|
|
|
Warrants
|
|
|
Contributed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
surplus
|
|
|
Deficit
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(note 10
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
(note 10
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
(note 10
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
(note 10
|
)
|
|
(note 10
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2014
|
|
4,427,244
|
|
|
49,505,792
|
|
|
69,504,689
|
|
|
10,076,151
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
138,724,781
|
|
|
9,283,332
|
|
|
5,995,055
|
|
|
(50,556,036
|
)
|
|
24,304,294
|
|
Net loss and comprehensive
loss
for the year
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(14,733,699
|
)
|
|
(14,733,699
|
)
|
Transactions with
owners
of the Company, recognized
directly in
equity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares issued, net of issue costs
|
|
1,750,754
|
|
|
39,592,240
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
1,077,605
|
|
|
24,369,384
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
63,961,624
|
|
Exercise of warrants
|
|
1,087,603
|
|
|
11,872,467
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(32,628,425
|
)
|
|
(2,357,313
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
9,515,154
|
|
Exercise of stock options
|
|
6,666
|
|
|
91,195
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(41,200
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
49,995
|
|
Conversion of preferred
shares
|
|
523,870
|
|
|
2,278,378
|
|
|
(15,716,110
|
)
|
|
(2,278,378
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
2,706,500
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
2,706,500
|
|
Total transactions with
owners of
the Company
|
|
3,368,893
|
|
|
53,834,280
|
|
|
(15,716,110
|
)
|
|
(2,278,378
|
)
|
|
1,077,605
|
|
|
24,369,384
|
|
|
(32,628,425
|
)
|
|
(2,357,313
|
)
|
|
2,665,300
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
76,233,273
|
|
Balance, December 31,
2015
|
|
7,796,137
|
|
|
103,340,072
|
|
|
53,788,579
|
|
|
7,797,773
|
|
|
1,077,605
|
|
|
24,369,384
|
|
|
106,096,356
|
|
|
6,926,019
|
|
|
8,660,355
|
|
|
(65,289,735
|
)
|
|
85,803,868
|
|
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial
statements
F-4
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended
|
|
|
Year ended
|
|
|
|
Note
|
|
|
December 31, 2016
|
|
|
December 31, 2015
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss for the year
|
|
|
|
|
(31,733,085
|
)
|
|
(14,733,699
|
)
|
Adjustments for items not
affecting cash
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Share-based
compensation
|
|
10
|
|
|
3,689,408
|
|
|
2,706,500
|
|
Interest accretion
|
|
9
|
|
|
65,370
|
|
|
73,391
|
|
Amortization of
intangible assets
|
|
7,12
|
|
|
3,683,748
|
|
|
339,348
|
|
Depreciation of property and equipment
|
|
6,12
|
|
|
603,694
|
|
|
118,394
|
|
Non-cash change in
deferred lease inducement
|
|
9
|
|
|
2,581
|
|
|
105,805
|
|
Change in fair value of contingent consideration
|
|
9
|
|
|
209,260
|
|
|
-
|
|
Deferred income
tax recovery
|
|
4
|
|
|
(3,689,674
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
Unrealized foreign exchange
loss (gain)
|
|
|
|
|
1,249,207
|
|
|
(6,010,996
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
(25,919,491
|
)
|
|
(17,401,257
|
)
|
Changes in non-cash working
capital balances
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amounts receivable
|
|
|
|
|
485,178
|
|
|
(630,406
|
)
|
Prepaid expenses
|
|
|
|
|
778,831
|
|
|
(173,256
|
)
|
Accounts payable
and accrued liabilities
|
|
8
|
|
|
1,817,054
|
|
|
(15,235
|
)
|
Other current liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
(23,230
|
)
|
|
43,690
|
|
Decrease (increase) in other assets
|
|
|
|
|
10,717
|
|
|
(121,648
|
)
|
Cash used in operating activities
|
|
|
|
|
(22,850,941
|
)
|
|
(18,298,112
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Purchase of property and equipment
|
|
6
|
|
|
(2,966,317
|
)
|
|
(750,382
|
)
|
Acquisition of Fluorinov, net of cash acquired
|
|
4
|
|
|
(9,574,833
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
Cash used in investing activities
|
|
|
|
|
(12,541,150
|
)
|
|
(750,382
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Repayment of loan payable
|
|
9
|
|
|
(105,446
|
)
|
|
(68,761
|
)
|
Receipt of deferred lease inducement
|
|
9
|
|
|
89,845
|
|
|
212,400
|
|
Change in other liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(27,428
|
)
|
Issue of share capital, net of issuance costs
|
|
10
|
|
|
359,328
|
|
|
73,526,773
|
|
Cash provided by financing activities
|
|
|
|
|
343,727
|
|
|
73,642,984
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Impact of foreign exchange rate on cash and cash
equivalents
|
|
|
|
|
(1,249,207
|
)
|
|
6,010,996
|
|
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash
equivalents during the year
|
|
|
|
|
(36,297,571
|
)
|
|
60,605,486
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
and cash equivalents, beginning of year
|
|
|
|
|
86,770,542
|
|
|
26,165,056
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year
|
|
|
|
|
50,472,971
|
|
|
86,770,542
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Supplemental cash flow information
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Preferred shares converted to common shares (note 10)
|
|
|
|
|
81,530
|
|
|
2,278,378
|
|
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial
statements
F-5
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
1.
|
Corporate information
|
|
|
|
Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (the Company or Trillium)
is a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company developing innovative
therapies for the treatment of cancer. The Company was incorporated under
the laws of the Province of Alberta on March 31, 2004 with nominal share
capital and filed Articles of Continuance to change its jurisdiction to
Ontario on November 7, 2013. On June 1, 2014, the Company amalgamated with
its wholly owned subsidiary and changed its name from Stem Cell
Therapeutics Corp. to Trillium Therapeutics Inc.
|
|
|
|
The Companys head office is located at 2488 Dunwin
Drive, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1J9, and it is listed on the Toronto
Stock Exchange and on the NASDAQ Stock Market.
|
|
|
2.
|
Basis of presentation
|
(a)
|
Statement of compliance
|
|
|
|
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared
in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS),
as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board
(IASB).
|
|
|
|
These consolidated financial statements were approved by
the Companys Board of Directors on March 9, 2017.
|
|
|
(b)
|
Basis of measurement
|
|
|
|
These consolidated financial statements have been
prepared on the historical cost basis, except for held-for-trading
financial assets which are measured at fair value.
|
|
|
(c)
|
Functional and presentation currency
|
|
|
|
These consolidated financial statements are presented in
Canadian dollars, which is the Companys functional currency.
|
|
|
(d)
|
Use of significant estimates and
assumptions
|
|
|
|
The preparation of financial statements in conformity
with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions
that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported
amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related
disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities, and the determination of
the Companys ability to continue as a going concern. Actual results could
differ materially from these estimates and assumptions. The Company
reviews its estimates and underlying assumptions on an ongoing basis.
Revisions are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised
and may impact future periods.
|
|
|
|
Management has applied significant estimates and
assumptions to the following:
|
|
|
|
Valuation of share-based compensation and
warrants
|
|
|
|
Management measures the costs for share-based
compensation and warrants using market-based option valuation techniques.
Assumptions are made and estimates are used in applying the valuation
techniques. These include estimating the future volatility of the share
price, expected dividend yield, expected risk-free interest rate, future
employee turnover rates, future exercise behaviours and corporate
performance. Such estimates and assumptions are inherently uncertain.
Changes in these assumptions affect the fair value estimates of
share-based compensation and warrants.
|
|
|
|
Impairment of long-lived assets
|
|
|
|
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment upon the
occurrence of events or changes in circumstances indicating that the
carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. For the purpose of
measuring recoverable amounts, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for
which there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash-generating
units). The recoverable amount is the higher of an assets fair value less
costs to sell and value in use (being the present value of the expected
future cash flows of the relevant asset or cash-generating unit). An
impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the assets carrying
amount exceeds its recoverable amount. Management evaluates impairment
losses for potential reversals when events or circumstances warrant such
consideration.
|
F-6
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
2.
|
Basis of presentation (continued)
|
|
|
|
Intangible assets
|
|
|
|
The Company estimates the useful lives of intangible
assets from the date they are available for use in the manner intended by
management and periodically reviews the useful lives to reflect
managements intent about developing and commercializing the assets. The
Company is amortizing the intangible assets acquired on the acquisition of
Fluorinov Pharma Inc. (Fluorinov) over four years.
|
|
|
|
Valuation of contingent obligations
|
|
|
|
The fair value of contingent consideration on the
acquisition of Fluorinov was calculated using a discounted cash flow
approach, where a risk-adjusted discount rate was applied to future cash
flows. The discount rates used require significant estimates of
probabilities of future preclinical and clinical success that are
inherently uncertain. The estimate of the potential timing of future
events is also uncertain. Changes in these estimates affect the fair value
estimates of other liabilities.
|
|
|
|
Functional currency
|
|
|
|
Management considers the determination of the functional
currency of the Company a significant judgment. Management has used its
judgment to determine the functional currency that most faithfully
represents the economic effects of the underlying transactions, events and
conditions and considered various factors including the currency of
historical and future expenditures and the currency in which funds from
financing activities are generated. A Companys functional currency is
only changed when there is a material change in the underlying
transactions, events and conditions.
|
3.
|
Significant accounting policies
|
|
|
|
The accounting policies set out below have been applied
consistently to all periods presented in these consolidated financial
statements.
|
(a)
|
Basis of consolidation
|
|
|
|
These consolidated financial statements include the
accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries: Fluorinov from
the date of its acquisition on January 26, 2016, and Trillium Therapeutics
USA Inc. from its date of incorporation on March 26, 2015.
|
|
|
|
Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date at
which control is determined to have occurred and are deconsolidated from
the date that the Company no longer controls the entity. The financial
statements of the subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period
as the Company using consistent accounting policies. Intercompany
transactions, balances and gains and losses on transactions between
subsidiaries are eliminated.
|
|
|
(b)
|
Foreign currency
|
|
|
|
Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to the
functional currency at the rate on the date of the transactions. Monetary
assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated
at the spot rate of exchange as at the reporting date. All differences are
taken to profit or loss. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of
historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange
rate as at the date of the initial transaction. Non-monetary items
measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the
exchange rate at the date when the fair value was
determined.
|
F-7
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
3.
|
Significant accounting policies
(continued)
|
(c)
|
Financial instruments
|
Financial assets
A financial asset is classified as fair
value through profit or loss if it is held for trading or is designated as such
upon initial recognition. Attributable transaction costs are recognized in
profit or loss as incurred. Financial assets at fair value through profit or
loss are measured at fair value and changes therein are recognized in profit or
loss.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash equivalents include guaranteed investment certificates (as at
December 31, 2016 and 2015 of $21,528,539 and nil, respectively) with a maturity
of 90 days or less. The Company has classified its cash and cash equivalents as
fair value through profit or loss.
Loans and receivables
Loans
and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
payments that are not quoted in an active market. Loans and receivables are
initially recognized at fair value plus transaction costs and subsequently
measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method less any
impairment losses. The Company has classified its amounts receivable as loans
and receivables.
Derecognition
A financial
asset is derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the asset have
expired or when the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows
from the asset.
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are recognized
initially at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs, and
subsequently at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. The
Company has classified its accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and loan
payable as financial liabilities.
Derecognition
A financial
liability is derecognized when its contractual obligations are discharged,
cancelled or expired.
Equity
Common shares, preferred shares and
warrants to purchase common shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs
directly attributable to the issue of common shares, preferred shares and
warrants are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.
(d)
|
Property and equipment
|
Recognition and measurement
Items of property and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated
depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes the expenditure
that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. When parts of an
item of property and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted
for as separate items of property and equipment. Gains and losses on disposal of
an item of property and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from
disposal with the carrying amount of property and equipment, and are recognized
in profit or loss.
F-8
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
3.
|
Significant accounting policies
(continued)
|
Depreciation
The estimated
useful lives and the methods of depreciation are as follows:
|
|
|
|
Asset
|
Basis
|
|
|
|
|
Lab equipment
|
20% declining balance
|
|
Computer equipment
|
30% declining balance
|
|
Office equipment
|
20% declining balance
|
|
Leaseholds
|
Straight-line over expected lease term
|
Estimates for depreciation methods,
useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting period-end and
adjusted if appropriate. Depreciation expense is recognized in research and
development expenses.
Research and development
Expenditures on research activities,
undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge
and understanding, are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
Development activities involve a plan
or design for the production of new or substantially improved products and
processes. Development expenditures are capitalized only if development costs
can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially
feasible, future economic benefits are probable, and the Company intends to
complete development and has sufficient resources to complete development and to
use or sell the asset. Other development expenditures are expensed as incurred.
No internal development costs have been capitalized to date.
Research and development expenses
include all direct and indirect operating expenses supporting the products in
development. The costs incurred in establishing and maintaining patents are
expensed as incurred.
Intangible assets
Intangible assets that are acquired
separately and have finite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated
amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Subsequent expenditures are
capitalized only when they increase the future economic benefits embodied in the
specific asset to which it relates. All other expenditures are recognized in
profit or loss as incurred.
Amortization is recognized in profit or
loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible
assets from the date they are available for use in the manner intended by
management.
The amortization method and
amortization period of an intangible asset with a finite life is reviewed at
least annually. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of
consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for
by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated
as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible
assets with finite lives is recognized in research and development expenses.
F-9
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
3.
|
Significant accounting policies
(continued)
|
Financial assets
A financial asset not carried as fair
value through profit or loss is assessed at each reporting date to determine
whether there is objective evidence that it is impaired. A financial asset is
impaired if objective evidence indicates that a loss event has occurred after
the initial recognition of the asset, and that the loss event had a negative
effect on the estimated future cash flows of that asset that can be estimated
reliably.
An impairment test is performed, on an
individual basis, for each material financial asset. Other individually
non-material financial assets are tested as groups of financial assets with
similar risk characteristics. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or
loss.
An impairment loss in respect of a
financial asset measured at amortized cost is calculated as the difference
between its carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash
flows discounted at the assets original effective interest rate. Losses are
recognized in profit or loss and reflected in an allowance account against the
respective financial asset. Interest on the impaired asset continues to be
recognized through the unwinding of the discount. When a subsequent event causes
the amount of impairment loss to decrease, the decrease in impairment loss is
reversed through profit or loss.
Non-financial assets
The carrying amounts of the Companys
non-financial assets are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether
there is any indication of impairment. If such an indication exists, the
recoverable amount is estimated.
The recoverable amount of an asset or a
cash-generating unit is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less
costs to sell. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are
discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects
current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to
the asset or cash-generating unit. For the purpose of impairment testing, assets
that cannot be tested individually are grouped together into the smallest group
of assets that generate cash inflows from continuing use that are largely
independent of cash inflows of other assets or cash-generating units. An
impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or its related
cash-generating unit exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses
for intangible assets are recognized in research and development expenses.
Impairment losses recognized in prior
periods are assessed at each reporting date for any indications that the loss
has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss is reversed if there has
been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An
impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the assets carrying amount
does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of
depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.
A provision is recognized if, as a
result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive
obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of
economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are
assessed by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that
reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks
specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount on provisions is
recognized in finance costs.
A provision for onerous contracts is
recognized when the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the
contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The
provision is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of
terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the
contract.
(h)
|
Government assistance
|
Government assistance relating to
research and development is recorded as a reduction of expenses when the related
expenditures are incurred.
F-10
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
3.
|
Significant accounting policies
(continued)
|
(i)
|
Share-based compensation
|
The grant-date fair value of
share-based payment awards granted to employees is recognized as personnel
costs, with a corresponding increase in contributed surplus, over the period
that the employees unconditionally become entitled to the awards. The amount
recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the number of awards for which
the related service and non-market vesting conditions are expected to be met,
such that the amount ultimately recognized as an expense is based on the number
of awards that met the related service and non-market performance conditions at
the vesting date.
For equity-settled share-based payment
transactions, the Company measures the goods or services received, and the
corresponding increase in contributed surplus, directly, at the fair value of
the goods or services received, unless that fair value cannot be estimated
reliably. If the Company cannot estimate reliably the fair value of the goods or
services received, it measures their value by reference to the fair value of the
equity instruments granted. Transactions measured by reference to the fair value
of the equity instruments granted have their fair values remeasured at each
vesting and reporting date until fully vested.
Deferred tax is recognized in respect
of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities
for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes.
Deferred tax is not recognized for temporary differences on the initial
recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business
combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable income nor loss.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are
offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and
liabilities, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on
the same taxable entity.
Deferred tax is measured at the tax
rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they
reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at
the reporting date. A deferred tax asset is recognized for unused tax losses,
tax credits and deductible temporary differences, to the extent that it is
probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be
utilized.
Investment tax credits earned from
scientific research and development expenditures are recorded when
collectability is reasonably assured.
Basic loss per share is computed by
dividing the net loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average
number of shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted loss per share
is computed similar to basic loss per share except that the weighted average
number of shares outstanding are increased to include additional shares for the
assumed exercise of stock options, deferred share units, warrants, and
conversion of preferred shares, if dilutive. The number of additional shares is
calculated by assuming that outstanding preferred shares would convert to common
shares and that outstanding stock options and warrants were exercised and that
the proceeds from such exercises were used to acquire common stock at the
average market price during the reporting period. The inclusion of the Companys
stock options, deferred share units, warrants and preferred shares in the
computation of diluted loss per share has an antidilutive effect on the loss per
share and have therefore been excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per
share.
(l)
|
Business combinations
|
Business combinations are accounted for
using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the
aggregate of the consideration transferred measured at the acquisition date fair
value. Acquisition costs incurred are expensed and included in general and
administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of loss. When the Company
acquires a business, it assesses the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for
appropriate classification and designation in accordance with the contractual
terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions at the acquisition date.
Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer will be
recognized at fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequent changes to the fair
value of the contingent consideration that is deemed to be an asset or liability
will be recognized in accordance with IAS 39
Financial Instruments:
Recognition and Measurement
, in the consolidated statements of loss.
F-11
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
3.
|
Significant accounting policies
(continued)
|
Goodwill is initially measured at cost,
being the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the
amount recognized for non-controlling interests, and any previous interest held,
over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If the fair
value of the net assets acquired is in excess of the aggregate consideration
transferred, the Company re-assesses whether it has correctly identified all of
the assets acquired and all of the liabilities assumed and reviews the
procedures used to measure the amounts to be recognized at the acquisition date.
If the reassessment still results in an excess of the fair value of net assets
acquired over the aggregate consideration transferred, then the gain is
recognized in the consolidated statements of income (loss).
(m)
|
New standards and interpretations not yet
effective
|
IAS 7
Statement of Cash Flows
In February 2016, the IASB issued
amendments to IAS 7
Statement of Cash Flows
(IAS 7) which requires
entities to provide disclosures that enable investors to evaluate changes in
liabilities arising from financing activities, including changes arising from
cash flows and non-cash changes. The IAS 7 amendments are effective for annual
periods beginning on or after January 1, 2017. The Company does not expect the
adoption of this amendment to have a material impact on its consolidated
financial statements.
IFRS 9
Financial Instruments
In October 2010, the IASB published
amendments to IFRS 9
Financial Instruments
(IFRS 9) which provides
added guidance on the classification and measurement of financial liabilities.
In July 2014, the IASB issued its final version of IFRS 9, which completes the
classification and measurement, impairment and hedge accounting phases of the
IASBs project to replace IAS 39
Financial Instruments: Recognition and
Measurement
. The final standard is mandatorily effective for annual periods
beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with earlier application permitted. The
Company is reviewing the standard to determine the impact that the adoption of
this standard may have on its consolidated financial statements.
IFRS 15
Revenue from Contracts with
Customers
In May 2014, the IASB issued IFRS 15
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
(IFRS 15) which covers principles
for reporting about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and
cash flows arising from contracts with customers. IFRS 15 is effective for
annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. Entities will transition
following either a full or modified retrospective approach. The Company believes
that the adoption of this standard will not have a material impact on the
consolidated financial statements.
IFRS 16
Leases
In January 2016, the IASB has issued
IFRS 16
Leases
(IFRS 16) which requires lessees to recognize assets and
liabilities for most leases on their balance sheets. Lessees applying IFRS 16
will have a single accounting model for all leases, with certain exemptions. The
new standard will be effective for annual periods beginning on or after January
1, 2019 with limited early application permitted. The Company has not yet begun
the process of evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated
financial statements.
Other accounting standards or
amendments to existing accounting standards that have been issued, but have
future effective dates, are either not applicable or are not expected to have a
significant impact on the Companys consolidated financial statements. The
Company assesses the impact of adoption of future standards on its consolidated
financial statements, but does not anticipate significant changes in 2017.
F-12
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
4.
|
Acquisition of Fluorinov
|
On January 26, 2016, Trillium purchased
all the issued and outstanding shares of Fluorinov, a private oncology company,
to access its proprietary medicinal chemistry platform. The acquisition date
fair value of consideration transferred and the fair value of identifiable
assets acquired and liabilities assumed are as follows:
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
Fair value of
consideration paid:
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
|
|
10,000,000
|
|
|
Working capital deficiency
|
|
(134,089
|
)
|
|
Contingent consideration
|
|
1,750,000
|
|
|
|
|
11,615,911
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Assets acquired:
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
|
|
291,078
|
|
|
Amount due from Fluorinov shareholders
|
|
36,886
|
|
|
Acquired
technology
|
|
15,439,759
|
|
|
|
|
15,767,723
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities assumed:
|
|
|
|
|
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
|
|
462,138
|
|
|
Deferred tax liabilities
|
|
3,689,674
|
|
|
|
|
4,151,812
|
|
|
Net identifiable assets acquired
|
|
11,615,911
|
|
The upfront consideration for Fluorinov
was $10,000,000 less the working capital deficiency of $134,089. The Company may
also incur up to $35 million of future payments contingent on Trillium achieving
certain clinical and regulatory milestones with an existing Fluorinov compound.
The amount of contingent consideration recognized by the Company as of the
acquisition date was $1,750,000 and has been classified as other liabilities on
the consolidated statement of financial position. The fair value of the
contingent consideration was calculated using a discounted cash flow approach,
where a risk-adjusted discount rate was applied to future cash flows. Trillium
also has an obligation to pay royalty payments on future sales of such
compounds.
At Trilliums discretion, up to 50% of
the future contingent payments can be satisfied through the issuance of common
shares of Trillium provided that the aggregate number of common shares issuable
under such payments will not exceed 1,558,447 common shares unless shareholder
approval has first been obtained. In addition, any such future share issuance
remains subject to final approval from Trilliums board of directors and receipt
of any requisite approvals under the applicable rules of the Toronto Stock
Exchange and the NASDAQ Stock Market. Trillium has also committed to use
commercially reasonable efforts to monetize Fluorinovs central nervous system
assets and share 50% of the net proceeds with Fluorinov shareholders.
Cash used in the acquisition was
determined as follows:
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash consideration
|
|
9,865,911
|
|
|
Less
cash acquired
|
|
291,078
|
|
|
|
|
9,574,833
|
|
F-13
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
4.
|
Acquisition of Fluorinov
(continued)
|
Acquisition costs incurred by the
Company and included in general and administrative expenses for the years ended
December 31, 2016 and 2015, were $106,887 and $174,671, respectively. From the
date of the acquisition to December 31, 2016, Fluorinov contributed revenue of
nil and a loss of $7,334,368. If the acquisition had occurred on January 1,
2016, the combined loss for the Company for the year ended December 31, 2016,
would be $31,789,540.
In connection with the acquisition, the
Company established deferred tax liabilities related to the acquired
identifiable intangible assets and determined that these deferred tax
liabilities exceeded the acquired deferred tax assets. This allowed the Company
to realize a deferred tax benefit of $3,689,674 by releasing the valuation
allowance associated with the Companys overall deferred tax assets.
The acquisition of Fluorinov was
considered a related party transaction as two Company directors were determined
to be related parties of Fluorinov. One Company director was a director of
Fluorinov and had an ownership position in Fluorinov at the time of acquisition
of less than 2%, and the second director was a director of an entity that was a
beneficiary of a trust that was a shareholder and debenture holder of Fluorinov.
The two directors declared their conflict of interest and abstained from all
discussions and decisions concerning the Fluorinov acquisition. Accordingly, the
Company determined that the consideration paid on the acquisition was made on
terms equivalent to those that prevail in arms-length transactions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Government receivable
|
|
502,515
|
|
|
957,951
|
|
|
Other amounts receivable
|
|
24,015
|
|
|
16,871
|
|
|
|
|
526,530
|
|
|
974,822
|
|
F-14
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
6.
|
Property and equipment
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Office
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lab
|
|
|
Computer
|
|
|
equipment and
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
equipment
|
|
|
equipment
|
|
|
leaseholds
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2014
|
|
252,076
|
|
|
40,028
|
|
|
20,016
|
|
|
312,120
|
|
|
Additions
|
|
457,796
|
|
|
57,180
|
|
|
265,406
|
|
|
780,382
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2015
|
|
709,872
|
|
|
97,208
|
|
|
285,422
|
|
|
1,092,502
|
|
|
Additions
|
|
833,585
|
|
|
147,685
|
|
|
1,985,047
|
|
|
2,966,317
|
|
|
Disposals
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(9,381
|
)
|
|
(9,381
|
)
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2016
|
|
1,543,457
|
|
|
244,893
|
|
|
2,261,088
|
|
|
4,049,438
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accumulated
depreciation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2014
|
|
48,089
|
|
|
23,558
|
|
|
5,071
|
|
|
76,718
|
|
|
Depreciation
|
|
86,577
|
|
|
26,679
|
|
|
5,138
|
|
|
118,394
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2015
|
|
134,666
|
|
|
50,237
|
|
|
10,209
|
|
|
195,112
|
|
|
Depreciation
|
|
198,400
|
|
|
47,099
|
|
|
358,195
|
|
|
603,694
|
|
|
Disposals
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(9,381
|
)
|
|
(9,381
|
)
|
|
Balance December 31, 2016
|
|
333,066
|
|
|
97,336
|
|
|
359,023
|
|
|
789,425
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net carrying amounts
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2015
|
|
575,206
|
|
|
46,971
|
|
|
275,213
|
|
|
897,390
|
|
|
December 31, 2016
|
|
1,210,391
|
|
|
147,557
|
|
|
1,902,065
|
|
|
3,260,013
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2014
and 2015
|
|
1,018,037
|
|
|
Fluorinov acquisition (note 4)
|
|
15,439,759
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2016
|
|
16,457,796
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accumulated
amortization
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2014
|
|
585,104
|
|
|
Amortization
|
|
339,348
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2015
|
|
924,452
|
|
|
Amortization
|
|
3,683,748
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2016
|
|
4,608,200
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net carrying amounts
|
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2015
|
|
93,585
|
|
|
December 31, 2016
|
|
11,849,596
|
|
As at December 31, 2015, intangible
assets were comprised of licensed patent rights related to the SIRPαFc program.
F-15
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
8.
|
Accounts payable and accrued
liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trade and other payables
|
|
1,086,452
|
|
|
1,401,462
|
|
|
Accrued liabilities
|
|
3,977,083
|
|
|
1,728,636
|
|
|
Due to related parties
|
|
449,406
|
|
|
103,651
|
|
|
|
|
5,512,941
|
|
|
3,233,749
|
|
Amounts due to related parties
represent expense reimbursements, and accrued vacation and cash-settled DSU
units.
9.
|
Non-current
liabilities
|
(a)
|
Trillium is indebted to the Federal Economic Development
Agency for Southern Ontario under a non-interest bearing contribution
agreement and is making monthly repayments of $9,586 through November
2019. As at December 31, 2016 and 2015, the balance repayable was $335,489
and $440,935, respectively. The loan payable was discounted using an
estimated market interest rate of 15%. Interest expense accretes on the
discounted loan amount until it reaches its face value at
maturity.
|
|
|
(b)
|
As at December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company has a
deferred lease inducement of $437,711 and $348,205, respectively, for a
facility lease. The inducement benefit is being recognized over the
expected term of the lease.
|
|
|
(c)
|
As at December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had a
long-term liability of $1,959,260 and nil, respectively, related to
contingent consideration on the acquisition of Fluorinov. The
remeasurement of the fair value of the contingent consideration recognized
a reduction in the time estimate to the potential milestones based on
progress of the research in 2016.
|
|
|
|
The current portions of the loan payable, deferred lease
inducement and other liabilities are included in other current liabilities
in the statements of financial position.
|
The authorized share capital of the
Company consists of an unlimited number of common shares, Class B shares and
First Preferred Shares, in each case without nominal or par value. Common shares
are voting and may receive dividends as declared at the discretion of the board
of directors. Class B shares are non-voting and convertible to common shares at
the holders discretion, on a one-for-one basis. Upon dissolution or wind-up of
the Company, Class B shares participate rateably with the common shares in the
distribution of the Companys assets. Preferred shares have voting rights as
decided upon by the board of directors at the time of grant. Upon dissolution or
wind-up of the Company, First Preferred Shares are entitled to priority over
common and Class B shares.
The Company has Series I First
Preferred Shares that are non-voting, may receive dividends as declared at the
discretion of the board of directors, and are convertible to common shares at
the holders discretion, on the basis of 30 Series I First Preferred Shares for
one common share.
The Company has Series II First
Preferred Shares that are non-voting, may receive dividends as declared at the
discretion of the board of directors, and are convertible to common shares at
the holders discretion, on the basis of one Series II First Preferred Share for
one common share.
F-16
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
10.
|
Share capital (continued)
|
Holders may not convert Series I or
Series II First Preferred Shares into common shares if, after giving effect to
the exercise of conversion, the holder would have beneficial ownership or
direction or control over common shares in excess of 4.99% of the then
outstanding common shares. This limit may be raised at the option of the holder
on 61 days prior written notice: (i) up to 9.99%, (ii) up to 19.99%, subject to
clearance of a personal information form submitted by the holder to the Toronto
Stock Exchange, and (iii) above 19.99%, subject to approval by the Toronto Stock
Exchange and shareholder approval.
(b)
|
Share capital issued year ended December 31,
2016
|
During the year ended December 31,
2016, 30,301 common shares were issued on the exercise of 909,059 warrants for
proceeds of $359,328.
During the year ended December 31,
2016, 562,388 Series I First Preferred Shares were converted into 18,746 common
shares.
Share capital issued year ended
December 31, 2015
On April 7, 2015, the Company completed
an underwritten public offering of common shares and non-voting convertible
preferred shares in the United States. In the offering, Trillium sold 1,750,754
common shares and 1,077,605 Series II First Preferred Shares at a price of
US$19.50 per share. The gross proceeds to Trillium from this offering were
$68,875,067 (US$55,153,000) before deducting offering expenses of
$4,913,443.
During the year ended December 31,
2015, 1,087,603 common shares were issued on the exercise of 32,628,425 warrants
for proceeds of $9,515,154 and 6,666 stock options were exercised for proceeds
of $49,995.
During the year ended December 31,
2015, 15,716,110 Series I First Preferred Shares were converted into 523,870
common shares.
(c)
|
Weighted average number of common
shares
|
The weighted average number of common
shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were 7,820,196
and 6,641,161, respectively. The Company has not adjusted its weighted average
number of common shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per
share, as any adjustment would be antidilutive.
The following table shows the number of
warrants outstanding, the exercise prices, and the number of common shares
issuable on exercise of the warrants and the exercise price per common share for
30 warrants as at December 31, 2016:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
Exercise
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
common shares
|
|
|
price per
|
|
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
Exercise
|
|
|
issuable
|
|
|
common share
|
|
|
Expiry dates
|
|
warrants
|
|
|
price
|
|
|
on exercise
|
|
|
(30 warrants
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
March 15, 2018
|
|
8,340,435
|
|
|
$0.40
|
|
|
278,014
|
|
|
$12.00
|
|
|
March 27, 2018
|
|
300,000
|
|
|
$0.40
|
|
|
10,000
|
|
|
$12.00
|
|
|
December 13, 2018
|
|
96,546,862
|
|
|
$0.28
|
|
|
3,218,229
|
|
|
$8.40
|
|
|
|
|
105,187,297
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,506,243
|
|
|
|
|
F-17
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
10.
|
Share capital (continued)
|
Changes in the number of warrants
outstanding during the years ended December 31 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
average
|
|
|
|
|
|
average
|
|
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
exercise
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
exercise
|
|
|
|
|
warrants
|
|
|
price
|
|
|
warrants
|
|
|
price
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, beginning of year
|
|
106,096,356
|
|
|
$ 0.29
|
|
|
138,724,781
|
|
|
$ 0.29
|
|
|
Exercised
|
|
(909,059
|
)
|
|
0.40
|
|
|
(32,628,425
|
)
|
|
0.29
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, end of year
|
|
105,187,297
|
|
|
$ 0.29
|
|
|
106,096,356
|
|
|
$ 0.29
|
|
The 2016 Stock Option Plan was approved
by the Companys shareholders at the annual meeting held on May 27, 2016.
Options granted are equity-settled, have a vesting period of four years and have
a maximum term of ten years. The total number of common shares available for
issuance under the Companys 2016 Stock Option Plan is 1,894,501. As at December
31, 2016, the Company was entitled to issue an additional 462,476 stock options
under the 2016 Stock Option Plan.
Changes in the number of options
outstanding during the years ended December 31 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
average
|
|
|
|
|
|
average
|
|
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
exercise
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
exercise
|
|
|
|
|
options
|
|
|
price
|
|
|
options
|
|
|
price
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, beginning of year
|
|
927,834
|
|
|
$ 14.07
|
|
|
590,141
|
|
|
$ 9.76
|
|
|
Granted
|
|
470,321
|
|
|
12.60
|
|
|
347,359
|
|
|
21.40
|
|
|
Exercised
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(6,666
|
)
|
|
7.50
|
|
|
Expired
|
|
(5,418
|
)
|
|
30.00
|
|
|
(3,000
|
)
|
|
30.00
|
|
|
Forfeited
|
|
(12,500
|
)
|
|
28.52
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, end of year
|
|
1,380,237
|
|
|
$ 13.38
|
|
|
927,834
|
|
|
$ 14.07
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options exercisable, end of year
|
|
509,750
|
|
|
$ 12.18
|
|
|
333,927
|
|
|
$ 10.94
|
|
F-18
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
10.
|
Share capital (continued)
|
The following table reflects stock
options outstanding as at December 31, 2016:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stock options outstanding
|
|
|
Stock options exercisable
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted average
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
remaining
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
contractual life
|
|
|
Weighted average
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Weighted average
|
|
|
Exercise prices
|
|
outstanding
|
|
|
(in years)
|
|
|
exercise price
|
|
|
exercisable
|
|
|
exercise price
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$7.50 - $9.20
|
|
428,461
|
|
|
8.0
|
|
|
$ 8.47
|
|
|
206,206
|
|
|
$ 8.09
|
|
|
$10.35 - $12.01
|
|
283,127
|
|
|
7.4
|
|
|
$ 10.42
|
|
|
176,085
|
|
|
$ 10.35
|
|
|
$13.98 - $15.30
|
|
307,125
|
|
|
9.3
|
|
|
$ 14.01
|
|
|
4,444
|
|
|
$ 15.30
|
|
|
$17.00 - $23.44
|
|
332,191
|
|
|
8.7
|
|
|
$ 20.33
|
|
|
111,203
|
|
|
$ 20.87
|
|
|
$28.05 - $30.00
|
|
29,333
|
|
|
8.3
|
|
|
$ 28.07
|
|
|
11,812
|
|
|
$ 28.10
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,380,237
|
|
|
8.4
|
|
|
$ 13.38
|
|
|
509,750
|
|
|
$ 12.18
|
|
Share-based compensation expense was
determined based on the fair value of the options at the date of measurement
using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the weighted average
assumptions for the years ended December 31 as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
Expected option life
|
|
6 years
|
|
|
6 years
|
|
|
Risk-free interest rate
|
|
0.7%
|
|
|
1.2%
|
|
|
Dividend yield
|
|
0%
|
|
|
0%
|
|
|
Expected volatility
|
|
84%
|
|
|
83%
|
|
The Black-Scholes option pricing model
was developed to estimate the fair value of freely tradable, fully transferable
options without vesting restrictions, which significantly differs from the
Companys stock option awards. This model also requires highly subjective
assumptions, including future stock price volatility and average option life,
which significantly affect the calculated values.
The risk-free interest rate is based on
the implied yield on a Government of Canada zero-coupon issue with a remaining
term equal to the expected term of the option. Expected volatility was
determined using a combination of historical volatilities of a peer group of
biotechnology companies and the Companys own historical volatility. The life of
the options is estimated considering the vesting period at the grant date, the
life of the option and the average length of time similar grants have remained
outstanding in the past. The forfeiture rate is an estimate based on historical
evidence and future expectations. The dividend yield was excluded from the
calculation since it is the present policy of the Company to retain all earnings
to finance operations and future growth.
For the years ended December 31, 2016
and 2015, the Company issued 470,321 and 347,359 stock options with a fair value
of $4,163,107 and $5,227,499 and a weighted average grant date fair value of
$8.85 and $15.05, respectively.
F-19
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
10.
|
Share capital (continued)
|
|
|
(f)
|
Deferred Share Unit
Plan
|
The shareholders of the Company
approved the 2014 Deferred Share Unit Plan (the 2014 DSU Plan) on May 27, 2014
and the reservation for issuance of up to 66,667 common shares under the plan.
DSUs granted under the 2014 DSU Plan are equity-settled. There were no DSUs
issued during the year ended December 31, 2016 and 23,011 DSUs issued during the
year ended December 31, 2015 for payment of directors fees. A total of 51,788
DSUs were outstanding under this plan as at December 31, 2016.
The board of directors approved a new
cash-settled DSU plan (the Cash-Settled DSU Plan) on November 9, 2016 and
granted 47,614 DSUs for the payment of directors fees that will ultimately be
cash-settled. A total of 47,614 DSUs were outstanding under this plan as at
December 31, 2016.
Income taxes have not been recognized
in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, as the Company
has been incurring losses since inception, and it is not probable that future
taxable profits will be available against which the accumulated tax losses can
be utilized.
(a)
|
Unrecognized deferred tax
assets
|
As at December 31, 2016 and 2015,
deferred tax assets have not been recognized with respect to the following
items:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-capital losses carried
forward
|
|
17,603,679
|
|
|
11,750,952
|
|
|
Tax credits carried forward
|
|
4,318,442
|
|
|
3,090,833
|
|
|
Accounting basis of property
and equipment and intangible assets in excess of tax basis
|
|
(1,288,113
|
)
|
|
1,577,156
|
|
|
Scientific research and experimental
development expenditures
|
|
7,352,815
|
|
|
5,524,225
|
|
|
Share issue costs and other
|
|
346,027
|
|
|
493,476
|
|
|
|
|
28,332,850
|
|
|
22,436,642
|
|
|
Less amount recognized on Fluorinov acquisition
|
|
(977,764
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
27,355,086
|
|
|
22,436,642
|
|
(b)
|
As at December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had
available research and development expenditures of approximately
$27,746,000 and $20,846,000, respectively, for income tax purposes which
may be carried forward indefinitely to reduce future years taxable
income. As at December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company also had unclaimed
Canadian scientific research and development tax credits of $5,458,000 and
$3,920,000, respectively, which are available to reduce future taxes
payable with expiries from 2017 through 2036. The benefit of these
expenditures and tax credits has not been recorded in the
accounts.
|
F-20
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
11.
|
Income taxes
(continued)
|
(c)
|
As at December 31, 2016, the Company has accumulated
non-capital losses for federal and provincial income tax purposes in
Canada which are available for application against future taxable income.
The benefit of these losses has not been recorded in the
accounts.
|
The non-capital tax losses expire as
follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Federal
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2025
|
|
3,213,000
|
|
|
2026
|
|
6,457,000
|
|
|
2027
|
|
4,659,000
|
|
|
2028
|
|
4,169,000
|
|
|
2029
|
|
3,784,000
|
|
|
2030
|
|
1,905,000
|
|
|
2031
|
|
1,624,000
|
|
|
2032
|
|
2,883,000
|
|
|
2033
|
|
2,132,000
|
|
|
2034
|
|
5,708,000
|
|
|
2035
|
|
9,172,000
|
|
|
2036
|
|
20,722,000
|
|
|
|
|
66,428,000
|
|
(d)
|
The reconciliation of the Canadian statutory income tax
rate applied to the net loss for the year to the income tax expense is as
follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Statutory income tax rate
|
|
26.5%
|
|
|
26.5%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income tax recovery based on
statutory income tax rate
|
|
(9,388,390
|
)
|
|
(3,901,912
|
)
|
|
Investment tax credits
|
|
(1,203,887
|
)
|
|
(473,156
|
)
|
|
Share-based compensation and
other
|
|
4,705,443
|
|
|
485,009
|
|
|
Change in unrecognized tax assets
|
|
5,896,208
|
|
|
3,899,561
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income tax expense
|
|
9,374
|
|
|
9,502
|
|
F-21
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
12.
|
Research and development
|
Components of research and development
expenses for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
programs, excluding the below items
|
|
16,084,144
|
|
|
12,083,797
|
|
|
Salaries, fees and short-term benefits
|
|
6,256,371
|
|
|
4,120,109
|
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
3,192,338
|
|
|
1,942,173
|
|
|
Amortization of intangible assets
|
|
3,683,748
|
|
|
339,348
|
|
|
Fair value remeasurement of
contingent consideration
|
|
209,260
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
Depreciation of property and equipment
|
|
603,694
|
|
|
118,394
|
|
|
Tax credits
|
|
(240,760
|
)
|
|
(553,730
|
)
|
|
|
|
29,788,795
|
|
|
18,050,091
|
|
13.
|
General and administrative
|
Components of general and
administrative expenses for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
General and administrative
expenses, excluding the below items
|
|
1,789,396
|
|
|
1,521,639
|
|
|
Salaries, fees and short-term benefits
|
|
1,284,001
|
|
|
898,381
|
|
|
DSU units issued for director
compensation
|
|
362,443
|
|
|
540,000
|
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
497,070
|
|
|
224,327
|
|
|
|
|
3,932,910
|
|
|
3,184,347
|
|
14.
|
Finance income and finance
costs
|
Finance income for the years ended
December 31 was as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income
|
|
417,517
|
|
|
488,486
|
|
|
|
|
417,517
|
|
|
488,486
|
|
Finance costs for the years ended
December 31 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bank charges
|
|
17,036
|
|
|
11,557
|
|
|
Accreted interest
|
|
65,370
|
|
|
73,391
|
|
|
|
|
82,406
|
|
|
84,948
|
|
F-22
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
15.
|
Commitments and
contingencies
|
As at December 31, 2016, the Company
had obligations to make future payments, representing significant research and
development contracts and other commitments that are known and committed in the
amount of approximately $10,509,000. These commitments include agreements
related to the conduct of the Phase I clinical trials, sponsored research,
manufacturing and preclinical studies. The Company also has minimum lease
payments relating to operating lease commitments in the amount of $223,000 over
the next 12 months, $994,000 from 12 to 60 months, and $858,000 thereafter. The
facility lease contains options for early termination and for lease extension.
The Company enters into research,
development and license agreements in the ordinary course of business where the
Company receives research services and rights to proprietary technologies.
Milestone and royalty payments that may become due under various agreements are
dependent on, among other factors, clinical trials, regulatory approvals and
ultimately the successful development of a new drug, the outcome and timing of
which is uncertain. Under the license agreement for SIRPαFc, the Company has
future contingent milestones payable of $35,000 related to successful patent
grants, $200,000 and $300,000 on the first patient dosed in phase II and III
trials, respectively, and regulatory milestones on their first achievement
totalling $5,000,000.
In connection with the acquisition of
Fluorinov, the Company is obligated to pay up to $35 million of additional
future payments that are contingent upon achieving certain clinical and
regulatory milestones with an existing Fluorinov compound. The Company also has
an obligation to pay royalty payments on future sales of such compounds.
The Company has two agreements with
Catalent Pharma Solutions pursuant to which Trillium acquired the right to use a
proprietary expression system for the manufacture of two SIRPαFc constructs.
Consideration for each license includes potential pre-marketing approval
milestones of up to US$875,000 and aggregate sales milestone payments of up to
US$28.8 million.
The Company periodically enters into
research and license agreements with third parties that include indemnification
provisions customary in the industry. These guarantees generally require the
Company to compensate the other party for certain damages and costs incurred as
a result of claims arising from research and development activities undertaken
by or on behalf of the Company. In some cases, the maximum potential amount of
future payments that could be required under these indemnification provisions
could be unlimited. These indemnification provisions generally survive
termination of the underlying agreement. The nature of the indemnification
obligations prevents the Company from making a reasonable estimate of the
maximum potential amount it could be required to pay. Historically, the Company
has not made any indemnification payments under such agreements and no amount
has been accrued in the consolidated financial statements with respect to these
indemnification obligations.
For the years ended December 31, 2016
and 2015, the key management personnel of the Company were the Board of
Directors, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Medical Officer, Chief Scientific
Officer, Chief Financial Officer and the Chief Development Officer.
Compensation for key management
personnel of the Company for the years ended December 31 was as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Salaries, fees and short-term
benefits
|
|
3,107,798
|
|
|
2,595,536
|
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
3,512,045
|
|
|
2,433,710
|
|
|
Total
|
|
6,619,843
|
|
|
5,029,246
|
|
Executive officers and directors
participate in the 2014 Stock Option Plan, the 2014 DSU Plan and the
Cash-Settled DSU Plan, and officers participate in the Companys benefit plans.
Directors receive annual fees for their services. As at December 31, 2016, the
key management personnel controlled approximately 1% of the voting shares of the
Company.
F-23
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
16.
|
Related parties
(continued)
|
Under IFRS, the acquisition of
Fluorinov was considered a related party transaction as two Company directors
were determined to be related parties of Fluorinov.
Outstanding balances with related
parties at year-end are unsecured, interest free and settlement occurs in cash.
There have been no guarantees provided or received for any related party
receivables or payables.
The Company has a single operating
segment, the research and development therapies for the treatment of cancer.
Substantially all of the Companys operations, assets and employees are in
Canada.
18.
|
Management of capital
|
The Company defines its capital as
share capital, warrants and contributed surplus. The Companys objectives when
managing capital are to ensure there are sufficient funds available to carry out
its research and development programs. To date, these programs have been funded
primarily through the sale of equity securities and the exercise of common share
purchase warrants. The Company also sources non-dilutive funding by accessing
grants, government assistance and tax incentives, and through partnerships with
corporations and research institutions. The Company uses budgets and purchasing
controls to manage its costs. The Company is not exposed to any externally
imposed capital requirements.
19.
|
Financial instruments
|
Fair value
IFRS 13
Fair Value Measurement
provides a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to
those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs are
those that reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while
unobservable inputs reflect the Companys assumptions with respect to how market
participants would price an asset or liability. These two inputs used to measure
fair value fall into the following three different levels of the fair value
hierarchy:
|
Level 1
|
Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments
that are observable.
|
|
Level 2
|
Quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments;
inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and derived from or
corroborated by observable market data.
|
|
Level 3
|
Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one
or more significant inputs are unobservable.
|
The hierarchy requires the use of
observable market data when available.
The Company has classified cash and
cash equivalents as Level 1. The loan payable has been classified as Level 2.
The Fluorinov contingent consideration in other liabilities has been classified
as Level 3. The fair value of the contingent consideration increases as the time
to the expected milestones decreases assuming the probability of achieving the
milestones remains unchanged.
Cash and cash equivalents, amounts
receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and other current
liabilities, due within one year, are all short-term in nature and, as such,
their carrying values approximate fair values. The fair value of the non-current
loan payable is estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows at the
cost of money to the Company, which is equal to its carrying value.
F-24
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
19.
|
Financial instruments
(continued)
|
Risks
The Company has exposure to credit
risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk and currency risk. The Companys board
of directors has overall responsibility for the establishment and oversight of
the Companys risk management framework. The Audit Committee of the board of
directors is responsible for reviewing the Companys risk management policies.
Credit risk is the risk of financial
loss to the Company if a counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet
its contractual obligations, and arises principally from the Companys cash and
amounts receivable. The carrying amount of these financial assets represents the
maximum credit exposure. The Company follows an investment policy to mitigate
against the deterioration of principal and to enhance the Companys ability to
meet its liquidity needs. Cash is on deposit with major Canadian chartered banks
and the Company invests in high grade short-term instruments. Amounts receivable
are primarily comprised of amounts due from the federal government.
Liquidity risk is the risk that the
Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The
Company is a development stage company and is reliant on external fundraising to
support its operations. Once funds have been raised, the Company manages its
liquidity risk by investing in cash and short-term instruments to provide
regular cash flow for current operations. It also manages liquidity risk by
continuously monitoring actual and projected cash flows. The board of directors
reviews and approves the Companys operating and capital budgets, as well as any
material transactions not in the ordinary course of business. The majority of
the Companys accounts payable and accrued liabilities have maturities of less
than three months.
Interest rate risk is the risk that the
fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because
of changes in market interest rates. The Company holds its cash in bank accounts
or high interest savings accounts which have a variable rate of interest. The
Company manages its interest rate risk by holding highly liquid short-term
instruments and by holding its investments to maturity, where possible. For the
years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company earned interest income of
$417,517 and $488,486, respectively. Therefore, a 1% change in the average
interest rate for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, would have a net
impact on finance income of $4,175 and $4,885, respectively.
The Company is exposed to currency risk
related to the fluctuation of foreign exchange rates and the degree of
volatility of those rates. Currency risk is limited to the portion of the
Companys business transactions denominated in currencies other than the
Canadian dollar which are primarily expenses in US dollars. As at December 31,
2016 and 2015, the Company held US dollar cash and cash equivalents in the amount of US$30,247,141
and US$44,547,591 and had US dollar denominated accounts payable and accrued
liabilities in the amount of US$2,418,828 and US$1,033,319, respectively.
Therefore, a 1% change in the foreign exchange rate would have a net impact on
finance costs as at December 31, 2016 and 2015 of $368,816 and $435,143,
respectively.
US dollar expenses for the years ended
December 31, 2016 and 2015 were approximately US$9,674,000 and US$8,700,000,
respectively. Varying the US exchange rate for the years ended December 31, 2016
and 2015 to reflect a 5% strengthening of the Canadian dollar would have
decreased the net loss by approximately $641,000 and $556,000, respectively,
assuming that all other variables remained constant.
F-25
Trillium Therapeutics Inc.
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
|
F-26
|
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
|
F-27
|
Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss
|
F-28
|
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
|
F-29
|
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
|
F-30
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
F-31
|
(formerly Stem Cell Therapeutics Corp.)
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 2015 AND 2014
96 Skyway Avenue
Toronto, Ontario M9W 4Y9
www.trilliumtherapeutics.com
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS REPORT OF REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING
FIRM
To the Shareholders of
Trillium Therapeutics Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial
statements of
Trillium Therapeutics Inc
. which comprise the consolidated
statements of financial position as at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the
consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, changes in equity and
cash flows for the years then ended, and a summary of significant accounting
policies and other explanatory information.
Managements responsibility for the consolidated financial
statements
Management is responsible for the preparation and fair
presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with
International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International
Accounting Standards Board, and for such internal control as management
determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial
statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or
error.
Auditors responsibility
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these
consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits
in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the
standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).
Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and
perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated
financial statements are free from material misstatement. We were not engaged to
perform an audit of the Companys internal control over financial reporting. Our
audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a
basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances,
but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the
Companys internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no
such opinion.
An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit
evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial
statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditors judgment, including
the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated
financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. An audit also includes, on
a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the
consolidated financial statements, evaluating the appropriateness of accounting
policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management,
as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial
statements.
We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained in our
audits is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit
opinion.
Opinion
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present
fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of
Trillium
Therapeutics Inc.
as at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and its financial
performance and its cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with
International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International
Accounting Standards Board.
|
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
|
Toronto, Canada
|
Chartered Professional Accountants
|
March 9, 2016
|
Licensed Public Accountants
|
F-26
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
|
|
|
|
|
As at
|
|
|
As at
|
|
|
|
Note
|
|
|
December 31, 2015
|
|
|
December 31, 2014
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ASSETS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
|
|
|
|
|
86,770,542
|
|
|
26,165,056
|
|
Amounts receivable
|
|
4
|
|
|
974,822
|
|
|
344,416
|
|
Prepaid expenses
|
|
|
|
|
1,181,481
|
|
|
1,008,225
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total current assets
|
|
|
|
|
88,926,845
|
|
|
27,517,697
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Property and equipment
|
|
5
|
|
|
897,390
|
|
|
235,402
|
|
Intangible assets
|
|
6
|
|
|
93,585
|
|
|
432,933
|
|
Other assets
|
|
|
|
|
121,648
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total non-current assets
|
|
|
|
|
1,112,623
|
|
|
668,335
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
|
|
|
90,039,468
|
|
|
28,186,032
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LIABILITIES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accounts payable and accrued
liabilities
|
|
7
|
|
|
3,233,749
|
|
|
3,248,984
|
|
Other current liabilities
|
|
8
|
|
|
323,151
|
|
|
279,461
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total current liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
3,556,900
|
|
|
3,528,445
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Loan payable
|
|
8
|
|
|
270,386
|
|
|
283,352
|
|
Deferred lease inducement
|
|
8
|
|
|
348,205
|
|
|
-
|
|
Long-term liability
|
|
8
|
|
|
60,109
|
|
|
69,941
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total non-current liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
678,700
|
|
|
353,293
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
4,235,600
|
|
|
3,881,738
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
EQUITY
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common shares
|
|
9
|
|
|
103,340,072
|
|
|
49,505,792
|
|
Series I preferred shares
|
|
9
|
|
|
7,797,773
|
|
|
10,076,151
|
|
Series II preferred shares
|
|
9
|
|
|
24,369,384
|
|
|
-
|
|
Warrants
|
|
9
|
|
|
6,926,019
|
|
|
9,283,332
|
|
Contributed surplus
|
|
9
|
|
|
8,660,355
|
|
|
5,995,055
|
|
Deficit
|
|
|
|
|
(65,289,735
|
)
|
|
(50,556,036
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total equity
|
|
|
|
|
85,803,868
|
|
|
24,304,294
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities and equity
|
|
|
|
|
90,039,468
|
|
|
28,186,032
|
|
Commitments and contingencies
[note 14]
|
|
|
|
Approved by the Board and authorized for issue on March 9,
2016:
|
|
|
|
(signed) Luke Beshar, Director
|
(signed) Henry Friesen, Director
|
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial
statements
F-27
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive
Loss
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended
|
|
|
Year ended
|
|
|
|
Note
|
|
|
December 31, 2015
|
|
|
December 31, 2014
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
EXPENSES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
|
|
11
|
|
|
18,050,091
|
|
|
10,595,808
|
|
General and administrative
|
|
12
|
|
|
3,184,347
|
|
|
2,577,460
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating expenses
|
|
|
|
|
21,234,438
|
|
|
13,173,268
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Finance income
|
|
13
|
|
|
(6,595,189
|
)
|
|
(378,692
|
)
|
Finance costs
|
|
13
|
|
|
84,948
|
|
|
87,244
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
finance income
|
|
|
|
|
(6,510,241
|
)
|
|
(291,448
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss before income taxes
|
|
|
|
|
14,724,197
|
|
|
12,881,820
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current income tax expense
|
|
10
|
|
|
9,502
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss and comprehensive loss for the year
|
|
|
|
|
14,733,699
|
|
|
12,881,820
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic and diluted loss per common share
|
|
9
|
(c)
|
|
(2.22
|
)
|
|
(3.06
|
)
|
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial
statements
F-28
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
|
|
Common
shares
|
|
|
Series I
preferred shares
|
|
|
Series II
preferred shares
|
|
|
Warrants
|
|
|
Contributed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
surplus
|
|
|
Deficit
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(note 9
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
(note 9
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
(note 9
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
(note 9
|
)
|
|
(note 9
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2014
|
|
4,427,244
|
|
|
49,505,792
|
|
|
69,504,689
|
|
|
10,076,151
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
138,724,781
|
|
|
9,283,332
|
|
|
5,995,055
|
|
|
(50,556,036
|
)
|
|
24,304,294
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss and
comprehensive
loss for the period
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(14,733,699
|
)
|
|
(14,733,699
|
)
|
Transactions with owners
of the
Company, recognized
directly in equity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares
issued,
net of issue costs
|
|
1,750,754
|
|
|
39,592,240
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
1,077,605
|
|
|
24,369,384
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
63,961,624
|
|
Exercise of warrants
|
|
1,087,603
|
|
|
11,872,467
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(32,628,425
|
)
|
|
(2,357,313
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
9,515,154
|
|
Exercise of stock
options
|
|
6,666
|
|
|
91,195
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(41,200
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
49,995
|
|
Conversion of preferred shares
|
|
523,870
|
|
|
2,278,378
|
|
|
(15,716,110
|
)
|
|
(2,278,378
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
2,706,500
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
2,706,500
|
|
Total transactions with
owners of the Company
|
|
3,368,893
|
|
|
53,834,280
|
|
|
(15,716,110
|
)
|
|
(2,278,378
|
)
|
|
1,077,605
|
|
|
24,369,384
|
|
|
(32,628,425
|
)
|
|
(2,357,313
|
)
|
|
2,665,300
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
76,233,273
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2015
|
|
7,796,137
|
|
|
103,340,072
|
|
|
53,788,579
|
|
|
7,797,773
|
|
|
1,077,605
|
|
|
24,369,384
|
|
|
106,096,356
|
|
|
6,926,019
|
|
|
8,660,355
|
|
|
(65,289,735
|
)
|
|
85,803,868
|
|
|
|
Common
shares
|
|
|
Series I
preferred shares
|
|
|
Warrants
|
|
|
Contributed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Amount
|
|
|
surplus
|
|
|
Deficit
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2013
|
|
4,058,408
|
|
|
47,191,303
|
|
|
77,895,165
|
|
|
11,292,525
|
|
|
142,230,123
|
|
|
9,818,179
|
|
|
3,280,656
|
|
|
(37,674,216
|
)
|
|
33,908,447
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss and
comprehensive
loss for the period
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(12,881,820
|
)
|
|
(12,881,820
|
)
|
Transactions with owners
of the
Company, recognized
directly in equity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercise of warrants
|
|
86,540
|
|
|
1,065,015
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(2,596,251
|
)
|
|
(118,202
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
946,813
|
|
Exercise of stock options
|
|
2,614
|
|
|
33,100
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(13,500
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
19,600
|
|
Conversion of
preferred shares
|
|
279,682
|
|
|
1,216,374
|
|
|
(8,390,476
|
)
|
|
(1,216,374
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
Expiry of warrants
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(909,091
|
)
|
|
(416,645
|
)
|
|
416,645
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
2,311,254
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
2,311,254
|
|
Total transactions with
owners of the Company
|
|
368,836
|
|
|
2,314,489
|
|
|
(8,390,476
|
)
|
|
(1,216,374
|
)
|
|
(3,505,342
|
)
|
|
(534,847
|
)
|
|
2,714,399
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
3,277,667
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2014
|
|
4,427,244
|
|
|
49,505,792
|
|
|
69,504,689
|
|
|
10,076,151
|
|
|
138,724,781
|
|
|
9,283,332
|
|
|
5,995,055
|
|
|
(50,556,036
|
)
|
|
24,304,294
|
|
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial
statements
F-29
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended
|
|
|
Year ended
|
|
|
|
Note
|
|
|
December 31, 2015
|
|
|
December 31, 2014
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss for the year
|
|
|
|
|
(14,733,699
|
)
|
|
(12,881,820
|
)
|
Adjustments for items not
affecting cash
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Share-based
compensation
|
|
9
|
|
|
2,706,500
|
|
|
2,311,254
|
|
Interest accretion
|
|
8,13
|
|
|
73,391
|
|
|
69,770
|
|
Amortization of
intangible assets
|
|
6,11
|
|
|
339,348
|
|
|
610,776
|
|
Impairment of intangible assets
|
|
6,11
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
429,763
|
|
Depreciation of
property and equipment
|
|
5,11
|
|
|
118,394
|
|
|
47,208
|
|
Non-cash change in deferred lease inducement
|
|
|
|
|
105,805
|
|
|
-
|
|
Unrealized foreign exchange gain
|
|
|
|
|
(6,010,996
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(17,401,257
|
)
|
|
(9,413,049
|
)
|
Changes in non-cash working capital balances
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amounts receivable
|
|
|
|
|
(630,406
|
)
|
|
82,818
|
|
Prepaid expenses
|
|
|
|
|
(173,256
|
)
|
|
(913,656
|
)
|
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
(15,235
|
)
|
|
2,579,124
|
|
Other current
liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
43,690
|
|
|
216,695
|
|
Increase in other assets
|
|
|
|
|
(121,648
|
)
|
|
-
|
|
Cash used in operating activities
|
|
|
|
|
(18,298,112
|
)
|
|
(7,448,068
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Purchase of property and
equipment
|
|
5
|
|
|
(750,382
|
)
|
|
(173,603
|
)
|
Net
change in marketable securities
|
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
526,598
|
|
Cash provided by (used) in investing activities
|
|
|
|
|
(750,382
|
)
|
|
352,995
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Change in loan payable
|
|
8
|
|
|
(68,761
|
)
|
|
(115,031
|
)
|
Receipt of deferred lease
inducement
|
|
8
|
|
|
212,400
|
|
|
-
|
|
Change in long-term liability
|
|
8
|
|
|
(27,428
|
)
|
|
(47,759
|
)
|
Issue of share capital, net of issuance costs
|
|
9
|
|
|
73,526,773
|
|
|
966,413
|
|
Cash provided by financing activities
|
|
|
|
|
73,642,984
|
|
|
803,623
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Impact of foreign exchange rate on cash
|
|
|
|
|
6,010,996
|
|
|
-
|
|
Net increase (decrease) in
cash during the year
|
|
|
|
|
60,605,486
|
|
|
(6,291,450
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash, beginning of year
|
|
|
|
|
26,165,056
|
|
|
32,456,506
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash, end of year
|
|
|
|
|
86,770,542
|
|
|
26,165,056
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Supplemental cash flow
information
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Preferred shares converted to common shares (note 9)
|
|
|
|
|
2,278,378
|
|
|
1,216,374
|
|
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial
statements
F-30
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (the
Company or Trillium) is a Canadian public immuno-oncology company developing
innovative therapies for the treatment of cancer. The Company was incorporated
under the laws of the Province of Alberta on March 31, 2004 with nominal share
capital and filed Articles of Continuance to change its jurisdiction to Ontario
on November 7, 2013. On June 1, 2014, the Company amalgamated with its
wholly-owned subsidiary Trillium Therapeutics Inc. (Trillium Privateco) and
changed its name from Stem Cell Therapeutics Corp. to Trillium Therapeutics Inc.
The Companys head office is located at
96 Skyway Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M9W 4Y9 and is listed on the Toronto Stock
Exchange under the symbol TR and on the NASDAQ Stock Exchange under the symbol
TRIL.
(a)
|
Statement of compliance
|
The consolidated financial statements
have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRS), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board
(IASB).
These consolidated financial statements
were approved by the Companys Board of Directors on March 9, 2016.
These consolidated financial statements
have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except for held-for-trading
financial assets which are measured at fair value.
(c)
|
Functional and presentation
currency
|
These consolidated financial statements
are presented in Canadian dollars, which is the Companys functional
currency.
(d)
|
Use of significant estimates and
assumptions
|
The preparation of financial statements
in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and
assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported
amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses and the related
disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities and the determination of the
Companys ability to continue as a going concern. Actual results could differ
materially from these estimates and assumptions. The Company reviews its
estimates and underlying assumptions on an ongoing basis. Revisions are
recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and may impact
future periods.
Management has applied significant
estimates and assumptions to the following:
Valuation of share-based compensation
and warrants
Management measures the costs for
share-based compensation and warrants using market-based option valuation
techniques. Assumptions are made and estimates are used in applying the
valuation techniques. These include estimating the future volatility of the
share price, expected dividend yield, expected risk-free interest rate, future
employee turnover rates, future exercise behaviours and corporate performance.
Such estimates and assumptions are inherently uncertain. Changes in these
assumptions affect the fair value estimates of share-based payments and
warrants.
F-31
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
2.
|
Basis of presentation
(continued)
|
Impairment of long lived assets
Long-lived assets are reviewed for
impairment upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances indicating
that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. For the purpose of
measuring recoverable amounts, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which
there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash-generating units). The
recoverable amount is the higher of an assets fair value less costs to sell and
value in use (being the present value of the expected future cash flows of the
relevant asset or cash-generating unit). An impairment loss is recognized for
the amount by which the assets carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount.
Management evaluates impairment losses for potential reversals when events or
circumstances warrant such consideration.
Intangible assets
The Company estimates the useful lives
of intangible assets from the date they are available for use in the manner
intended by management and at least annually reviews the useful lives to reflect
managements intent about developing and commercializing the assets.
3.
|
Significant accounting
policies
|
The accounting policies set out below
have been applied consistently to all periods presented in these consolidated
financial statements.
(a)
|
Basis of consolidation
|
These consolidated financial statements
include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Stem Cell
Therapeutics Inc. to the date of its dissolution on September 17, 2014, and
Trillium Privateco from April 9, 2013, the date of acquisition to the date of
its amalgamation with the Company on June 1, 2014.
Investments in entities where the
Company is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with
the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over
the investee, are considered subsidiaries due to the control exercised over the
investee by the Company. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date at
which control is determined to have occurred and are de-consolidated from the
date that the Company no longer controls the entity. The financial statements of
the subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period as the Company,
using consistent accounting policies. Intercompany transactions, balances and
unrealized gains and losses on transactions between subsidiaries are
eliminated.
Transactions in foreign currencies are
translated to the functional currency at the rate on the date of the
transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies
are retranslated at the spot rate of exchange as at the reporting date. All
differences are taken to profit or loss. Non-monetary items that are measured in
terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange
rate as at the date of the initial transaction. Non-monetary items measured at
fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the
date when the fair value was determined.
F-32
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
3.
|
Significant accounting policies
(continued)
|
(c)
|
Financial instruments
|
Financial assets
A financial asset is classified at fair
value through profit or loss if it is held for trading or is designated as such
upon initial recognition. Attributable transaction costs are recognized in
profit or loss as incurred. Financial assets at fair value through profit or
loss are measured at fair value and changes therein are recognized in profit or
loss.
Loans and receivables
Loans
and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable
payments that are not quoted in an active market. Loans and receivables are
initially recognized at fair value plus transaction costs and subsequently
measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method less any
impairment losses. The Company has classified its amounts receivable as loans
and receivables.
Derecognition
A financial
asset is derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the asset have
expired or when the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows
from the asset.
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are recognized
initially at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs, and
subsequently at amortized cost using the effective interest method. The Company
has classified its accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and loan payable as
financial liabilities.
Derecognition
A financial
liability is derecognized when its contractual obligations are discharged,
cancelled or expired.
Equity
Common shares, preferred shares and
warrants to purchase common shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs
directly attributable to the issue of common shares, preferred shares and
warrants are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.
(d)
|
Property and equipment
|
Recognition and measurement
Items of property and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated
depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes the expenditure
that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. When parts of an
item of property and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted
for as separate items (major components) of property and equipment. Gains and
losses on disposal of an item of property and equipment are determined by
comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of property and
equipment, and are recognized in profit or loss.
Subsequent costs
The cost of
replacing a part of an item of property and equipment is recognized in the
carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefits
embodied within the part will flow to the Company, and its cost can be measured
reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is then derecognized. The
costs of the day-to-day servicing of property and equipment are recognized in
profit or loss as incurred.
F-33
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
3.
|
Significant accounting policies
(continued)
|
Depreciation
The estimated
useful lives and the methods of depreciation for the current and comparative
periods are as follows:
|
|
Asset
|
Basis
|
|
|
Lab equipment
|
20% declining balance
|
Computer equipment
|
30% declining balance
|
Office equipment
|
20% declining balance
|
Leaseholds
|
Straight-line over expected lease term
|
Estimates for depreciation methods,
useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting period-end and
adjusted if appropriate. Depreciation expense is recognized in research and
development expenses.
Research and development
Expenditures on research activities,
undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge
and understanding, are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
Development activities involve a plan
or design for the production of new or substantially improved products and
processes. Development expenditures are capitalized only if development costs
can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially
feasible, future economic benefits are probable, and the Company intends to
complete development and has sufficient resources to complete development and to
use or sell the asset. Other development expenditures are expensed as incurred.
No internal development costs have been capitalized to date.
Research and development expenses
include all direct and indirect operating expenses supporting the products in
development. The costs incurred in establishing and maintaining patents are
expensed as incurred.
Intangible assets
Intangible assets that are acquired
separately and have finite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated
amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Subsequent expenditures are
capitalized only when they increase the future economic benefits embodied in the
specific asset to which it relates. All other expenditure is recognized in
profit or loss as incurred.
Amortization is recognized in profit or
loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible
assets from the date they are available for use in the manner intended by
management. The period that the technologies acquired in the Trillium Privateco
acquisition are available for use is estimated at three years, which reflects
managements intent about developing and commercializing the assets.
The amortization method and
amortization period of an intangible asset with a finite life is reviewed at
least annually. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of
consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for
by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated
as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible
assets with finite lives is recognized in research and development expenses.
F-34
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
3.
|
Significant accounting policies
(continued)
|
Financial assets
A financial asset not carried at fair
value through profit or loss is assessed at each reporting date to determine
whether there is objective evidence that it is impaired. A financial asset is
impaired if objective evidence indicates that a loss event has occurred after
the initial recognition of the asset, and that the loss event had a negative
effect on the estimated future cash flows of that asset that can be estimated
reliably.
An impairment test is performed, on an
individual basis, for each material financial asset. Other individually
non-material financial assets are tested as groups of financial assets with
similar risk characteristics. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or
loss.
An impairment loss in respect of a
financial asset measured at amortized cost is calculated as the difference
between its carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash
flows discounted at the assets original effective interest rate. Losses are
recognized in profit or loss and reflected in an allowance account against the
respective financial asset. Interest on the impaired asset continues to be
recognized through the unwinding of the discount. When a subsequent event causes
the amount of impairment loss to decrease, the decrease in impairment loss is
reversed through profit or loss.
Non-financial assets
The carrying amounts of the Companys
non-financial assets are reviewed at each reporting date to determine whether
there is any indication of impairment. If such an indication exists, the
recoverable amount is estimated.
The recoverable amount of an asset or a
cash-generating unit is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less
costs to sell. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are
discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects
current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to
the asset or cash-generating unit. For the purpose of impairment testing, assets
that cannot be tested individually are grouped together into the smallest group
of assets that generate cash inflows from continuing use that are largely
independent of cash inflows of other assets or cash-generating units. An
impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or its related
cash-generating unit exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses
for intangible assets are recognized in research and development expenses.
Impairment losses recognized in prior
periods are assessed at each reporting date for any indications that the loss
has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss is reversed if there has
been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An
impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the assets carrying amount
does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of
depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.
A provision is recognized if, as a
result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive
obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of
economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are
assessed by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that
reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks
specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount on provisions is
recognized in finance costs.
A provision for onerous contracts is
recognized when the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the
contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The
provision is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of
terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the
contract.
(h)
|
Government assistance
|
Government assistance relating to
research and development is recorded as a reduction of expenses when the related
expenditures are incurred.
F-35
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
3.
|
Significant accounting policies
(continued)
|
(i)
|
Share-based compensation
|
The grant-date fair value of
share-based payment awards granted to employees is recognized as personnel
costs, with a corresponding increase in contributed surplus, over the period
that the employees unconditionally become entitled to the awards. The amount
recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the number of awards for which
the related service and non-market vesting conditions are expected to be met,
such that the amount ultimately recognized as an expense is based on the number
of awards that met the related service and non-market performance conditions at
the vesting date.
For equity-settled share-based payment
transactions, the Company measures the goods or services received, and the
corresponding increase in contributed surplus, directly, at the fair value of
the goods or services received, unless that fair value cannot be estimated
reliably. If the Company cannot estimate reliably the fair value of the goods or
services received, it measures their value by reference to the fair value of the
equity instruments granted. Transactions measured by reference to the fair value
of the equity instruments granted have their fair values remeasured at each
vesting and reporting date until fully vested.
Deferred tax is recognized in respect
of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities
for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes.
Deferred tax is not recognized for temporary differences on the initial
recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business
combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable income nor loss.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are
offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and
liabilities, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on
the same taxable entity.
Deferred tax is measured at the tax
rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they
reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at
the reporting date. A deferred tax asset is recognized for unused tax losses,
tax credits and deductible temporary differences, to the extent that it is
probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be
utilized.
Investment tax credits earned from
scientific research and development expenditures are recorded when
collectability is reasonably assured.
Basic loss per share is computed by
dividing the net loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average
number of shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted loss per share
is computed similar to basic loss per share except that the weighted average
number of shares outstanding are increased to include additional shares for the
assumed exercise of stock options, deferred share units, warrants, and
conversion of preferred shares, if dilutive. The number of additional shares is
calculated by assuming that outstanding preferred shares would convert to common
shares and that outstanding stock options and warrants were exercised and that
the proceeds from such exercises were used to acquire common stock at the
average market price during the reporting period. The inclusion of the Companys
stock options, deferred share units, warrants and preferred shares in the
computation of diluted loss per share has an anti-dilutive effect on the loss
per share and therefore, they have been excluded from the calculation of diluted
loss per share.
(l)
|
New standards and interpretations not yet
effective
|
IFRS 9
Financial Instruments
In October 2010, the IASB published
amendments to IFRS 9
Financial Instruments
(IFRS 9), which provides
added guidance on the classification and measurement of financial liabilities.
In July 2014, the IASB issued its final version of IFRS 9, which completes the
classification and measurement, impairment and hedge accounting phases of the
IASBs project to replace IAS 39. The final standard is mandatorily effective
for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with earlier
application permitted. The Company is reviewing the standard to determine the
impact that the adoption of this standard may have on the consolidated financial
statements.
F-36
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
3.
|
Significant accounting policies
(continued)
|
IFRS 15
Revenue from Contracts with
Customers
In May 2014, the IASB issued IFRS 15
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
(IFRS 15), which covers
principles for reporting about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of
revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. IFRS 15 is
effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. Entities
will transition following either a full or modified retrospective approach. The
Company is reviewing the standard to determine the impact that the adoption of
this standard may have on the consolidated financial statements.
IFRS 16
Leases
In January 2016, the IASB has issued
IFRS 16
Leases
(IFRS 16), its new leases standard that requires lessees
to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases on their balance sheets.
Lessees applying IFRS 16 will have a single accounting model for all leases,
with certain exemptions. Lessor accounting is substantially unchanged. The new
standard will be effective from January 1, 2019 with limited early application
permitted. The Company has not yet begun the process of evaluating the impact of
this standard on its consolidated financial statements.
Other accounting standards or
amendments to existing accounting standards that have been issued, but have
future effective dates, are either not applicable or are not expected to have a
significant impact on the Companys consolidated financial statements. The
Company assesses the impact of adoption of future standards on its consolidated
financial statements, but does not anticipate significant changes in 2016.
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Government receivable
|
|
957,951
|
|
|
344,416
|
|
Other amounts receivable
|
|
16,871
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
974,822
|
|
|
344,416
|
|
F-37
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
5.
|
Property and equipment
|
|
|
|
|
|
Computer
|
|
|
Office
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lab
|
|
|
equipment
|
|
|
equipment and
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
equipment
|
|
|
and software
|
|
|
leaseholds
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2013
|
|
111,025
|
|
|
18,111
|
|
|
9,381
|
|
|
138,517
|
|
Additions
|
|
141,051
|
|
|
21,917
|
|
|
10,635
|
|
|
173,603
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2014
|
|
252,076
|
|
|
40,028
|
|
|
20,016
|
|
|
312,120
|
|
Additions
|
|
457,796
|
|
|
57,180
|
|
|
265,406
|
|
|
780,382
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2015
|
|
709,872
|
|
|
97,208
|
|
|
285,422
|
|
|
1,092,502
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accumulated depreciation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2013
|
|
14,723
|
|
|
14,004
|
|
|
783
|
|
|
29,510
|
|
Depreciation
|
|
33,366
|
|
|
9,554
|
|
|
4,288
|
|
|
47,208
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2014
|
|
48,089
|
|
|
23,558
|
|
|
5,071
|
|
|
76,718
|
|
Depreciation
|
|
86,577
|
|
|
26,679
|
|
|
5,138
|
|
|
118,394
|
|
Balance December 31, 2015
|
|
134,666
|
|
|
50,237
|
|
|
10,209
|
|
|
195,112
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net carrying amounts
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2014
|
|
203,987
|
|
|
16,470
|
|
|
14,945
|
|
|
235,402
|
|
December 31, 2015
|
|
575,206
|
|
|
46,971
|
|
|
275,213
|
|
|
897,390
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2013
|
|
2,103,751
|
|
Disposals
|
|
(1,085,714
|
)
|
Balance December 31, 2014 and 2015
|
|
1,018,037
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accumulated amortization
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2013
|
|
630,279
|
|
Amortization
|
|
610,776
|
|
Disposals
|
|
(655,951
|
)
|
Balance, December 31, 2014
|
|
585,104
|
|
Amortization
|
|
339,348
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2015
|
|
924,452
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net carrying amounts
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2014
|
|
432,933
|
|
December 31, 2015
|
|
93,585
|
|
As at December 31, 2015, intangible
assets were comprised of licensed patent rights related to the SIRPαFc program
acquired in 2013 in the amount of $1,018,037.
The Company returned rights related to
tigecycline and recorded an impairment loss of $429,763 in the second quarter of
2014.
F-38
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
7.
|
Accounts payable and accrued
liabilities
|
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trade and other payables
|
|
1,401,462
|
|
|
1,604,533
|
|
Accrued liabilities
|
|
1,728,636
|
|
|
1,585,823
|
|
Due to related parties (note 15)
|
|
103,651
|
|
|
58,628
|
|
|
|
3,233,749
|
|
|
3,248,984
|
|
Amounts due to related parties
represent expense reimbursements, accrued vacation payable and directors fees
payable.
8.
|
Non-current
liabilities
|
(a)
|
Trillium is indebted to the Federal Economic Development
Agency for Southern Ontario under a non-interest bearing contribution
agreement and is making monthly repayments of $9,586 through November
2019. As at December 31, 2015 and 2014, the balance repayable was $440,935
and $555,968, respectively. The loan payable was discounted using an
estimated market interest rate of 15%. Interest expense accretes on the
discounted loan amount until it reaches its face value at
maturity.
|
|
|
(b)
|
As at December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company has a
deferred lease inducement of $348,205 and nil, respectively, for a new
facility lease. The inducement benefit will be recognized over the
expected term of the lease.
|
|
|
(c)
|
As at December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company has a
long-term liability of $60,109 and $69,941, respectively, related to
certain discontinued technologies. This liability has been discounted
using an estimated market interest rate of 15% and interest expense is
accreting.
|
|
|
|
The current portions of the loan payable and long-term
liability are included in other current liabilities in the statements of
financial position.
|
The authorized share capital of the
Company consists of an unlimited number of common shares, Class B shares and
First Preferred Shares, in each case without nominal or par value. Common shares
are voting and may receive dividends as declared at the discretion of the Board
of Directors. Class B shares are non-voting and convertible to common shares at
the holders discretion, on a one-for-one basis. Upon dissolution or wind-up of
the Company, Class B shares participate rateably with the common shares in the
distribution of the Companys assets. Preferred shares have voting rights as
decided upon by the Board of Directors at the time of grant. Upon dissolution or
wind-up of the Company, First Preferred Shares are entitled to priority over
common and Class B shares.
The Company has Series I First
Preferred Shares that are non-voting, may receive dividends as declared at the
discretion of the Board of Directors, and are convertible to common shares at
the holders discretion, on the basis of 30 Series I First Preferred Shares for
one common share.
The Company has Series II First
Preferred Shares that are non-voting, may receive dividends as declared at the
discretion of the Board of Directors, and are convertible to common shares at
the holders discretion, on the basis of one Series II First Preferred Share for
one common share.
Holders may not convert Series I or
Series II Non-Voting Convertible First Preferred Shares into common shares if,
after giving effect to the exercise of conversion, the holder and its joint
actors would have beneficial ownership or direction or control over common
shares in excess of 4.99% of the then outstanding common shares. This limit may
be raised at the option of the holder on 61 days prior written notice: (i) up
to 9.99%, (ii) up to 19.99%, subject to clearance of a personal information form
submitted by the holder to the Toronto Stock Exchange, and (iii) above 19.99%,
subject to approval by the Toronto Stock Exchange and shareholder approval.
F-39
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
9.
|
Share capital
(continued)
|
(b)
|
Share capital issued year ended December 31,
2015
|
On April 7, 2015, the Company completed
an underwritten public offering of common shares and non-voting convertible
preferred shares in the United States. In the offering, Trillium sold 1,750,754
common shares and 1,077,605 Series II Non-Voting Convertible First Preferred
Shares at a price of U.S. $19.50 per share, including 228,359 common shares sold
pursuant to the full exercise of the underwriters option to purchase additional
common shares. The gross proceeds to Trillium from this offering were
$68,875,067 (U.S. $55,153,000) before deducting offering expenses of $4,913,443.
During the year ended December 31,
2015, 1,087,603 common shares were issued on the exercise of 32,628,425 warrants
for proceeds of $9,515,154 and 6,666 stock options were exercised for proceeds
of $49,995.
During the year ended December 31,
2015, 15,716,110 Series I First Preferred Shares were converted into 523,870
common shares.
Share capital issued year ended
December 31, 2014
On November 14, 2014, the Company
consolidated its outstanding common shares issuing one post-consolidated share
for each 30 pre-consolidated shares. All references in these consolidated
financial statements and notes to the number of common shares, deferred share
units and stock options have been adjusted to the post-consolidation amounts.
During the year ended December 31,
2014, 2,596,251 warrants were exercised for 86,540 common shares and for
proceeds of $946,813 and 2,614 stock options were exercised for proceeds of
$19,600. Also, 909,091 warrants issued in March 2011 expired unexercised.
During the year ended December 31,
2014, 8,390,476 Series I First Preferred Shares were converted into 279,682
common shares.
(c)
|
Weighted average number of common
shares
|
The weighted average number of common
shares outstanding for the purposes of calculating earnings per share have been
adjusted for 2015 and 2014 to the post-consolidated number. The
post-consolidated weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the
years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were 6,641,161 and 4,202,900,
respectively. The Company has not adjusted its weighted average number of common
shares outstanding in the calculation of diluted loss per share, as any
adjustment would be antidilutive.
F-40
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
9.
|
Share capital
(continued)
|
All warrants were exercisable on
issuance. As a result of the November 14, 2014 common share consolidation, the
ratio of the number of warrants exercisable for one common share was adjusted
from one warrant for each common share to 30 warrants for each common share.
The number of warrants outstanding was not adjusted.
The following table shows the number of
warrants outstanding, the exercise prices, and the number of common shares
issuable on exercise of the warrants and the exercise price per common share for
30 warrants as at December 31, 2015:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
Exercise
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
common shares
|
|
|
price per
|
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
Exercise
|
|
|
issuable
|
|
|
common share
|
|
Expiry dates
|
|
warrants
|
|
|
price
|
|
|
on exercise
|
|
|
(30 warrants
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
March 15, 2018
|
|
9,213,780
|
|
$
|
0.40
|
|
|
307,126
|
|
$
|
12.00
|
|
March 27, 2018
|
|
300,000
|
|
$
|
0.40
|
|
|
10,000
|
|
$
|
12.00
|
|
December 13, 2018
|
|
96,582,576
|
|
$
|
0.28
|
|
|
3,219,419
|
|
$
|
8.40
|
|
|
|
106,096,356
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,536,545
|
|
|
|
|
Changes in the number of warrants
outstanding during the years ended December 31 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
average
|
|
|
|
|
|
average
|
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
exercise
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
exercise
|
|
|
|
warrants
|
|
|
price
|
|
|
warrants
|
|
|
price
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, beginning of year
|
|
138,724,781
|
|
$
|
0.29
|
|
|
142,230,123
|
|
$
|
0.30
|
|
Exercised
|
|
(32,628,425
|
)
|
|
0.29
|
|
|
(2,596,251
|
)
|
|
0.36
|
|
Expired
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(909,091
|
)
|
|
1.60
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, end of year
|
|
106,096,356
|
|
$
|
0.29
|
|
|
138,724,781
|
|
$
|
0.29
|
|
The Company has a 10% rolling stock
option plan (the 2014 Stock Option Plan) that was approved by the Companys
shareholders at its annual general meeting held on May 27, 2014. Pursuant to the
2014 Stock Option Plan, the Company may grant stock options to purchase up to an
aggregate of 10% of the Companys issued and outstanding common shares plus 10%
of the total number of common shares into which the outstanding Series I First
Preferred Shares may be converted. Options granted under the 2014 Stock Option
plan are equity-settled, have a vesting period of four years and have a maximum
term of ten years. As at December 31, 2015, the Company was entitled to issue an
additional 87,048 stock options under the 2014 Stock Option Plan.
F-41
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
9.
|
Share capital (continued)
|
Changes in the number of options
outstanding during the years ended December 31 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
average
|
|
|
|
|
|
average
|
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
exercise
|
|
|
Number of
|
|
|
exercise
|
|
|
|
options
|
|
|
price
|
|
|
options
|
|
|
price
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, beginning of year
|
|
590,141
|
|
$
|
9.76
|
|
|
97,372
|
|
$
|
9.94
|
|
Granted
|
|
347,359
|
|
|
21.40
|
|
|
499,883
|
|
|
9.78
|
|
Exercised
|
|
(6,666
|
)
|
|
7.50
|
|
|
(2,614
|
)
|
|
7.50
|
|
Cancelled/forfeited
|
|
(3,000
|
)
|
|
30.00
|
|
|
(4,500
|
)
|
|
16.58
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, end of year
|
|
927,834
|
|
$
|
14.07
|
|
|
590,141
|
|
$
|
9.76
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options exercisable, end of year
|
|
333,927
|
|
$
|
10.94
|
|
|
219,470
|
|
$
|
10.13
|
|
The following table reflects stock
options outstanding at December 31, 2015:
|
|
|
|
|
Stock options
outstanding
|
|
|
Stock options
exercisable
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted average
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
remaining
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number
|
|
|
contractual life
|
|
|
Weighted average
|
|
|
Exercisable
|
|
|
Weighted average
|
|
Exercise prices
|
|
outstanding
|
|
|
(in years)
|
|
|
exercise price
|
|
|
number
|
|
|
exercise price
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$7.50
|
|
74,841
|
|
|
7.3
|
|
$
|
7.50
|
|
|
49,903
|
|
$
|
7.50
|
|
$8.34
|
|
215,758
|
|
|
8.4
|
|
$
|
8.34
|
|
|
107,878
|
|
$
|
8.34
|
|
$10.35
|
|
264,127
|
|
|
8.3
|
|
$
|
10.35
|
|
|
132,064
|
|
$
|
10.35
|
|
$15.30
|
|
6,666
|
|
|
8.1
|
|
$
|
15.30
|
|
|
3,333
|
|
$
|
15.30
|
|
$18.90
|
|
13,332
|
|
|
8.2
|
|
$
|
18.90
|
|
|
6,666
|
|
$
|
18.90
|
|
$19.33
|
|
220,859
|
|
|
9.9
|
|
$
|
19.33
|
|
|
-
|
|
$
|
19.33
|
|
$23.44
|
|
85,000
|
|
|
9.3
|
|
$
|
23.44
|
|
|
28,332
|
|
$
|
23.44
|
|
$28.05
|
|
29,000
|
|
|
9.4
|
|
$
|
28.05
|
|
|
-
|
|
$
|
28.05
|
|
$28.52
|
|
12,500
|
|
|
9.4
|
|
$
|
28.52
|
|
|
-
|
|
$
|
28.52
|
|
$30.00
|
|
5,751
|
|
|
0.6
|
|
$
|
30.00
|
|
|
5,751
|
|
$
|
30.00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
927,834
|
|
|
8.7
|
|
$
|
14.07
|
|
|
333,927
|
|
$
|
10.94
|
|
F-42
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
9.
|
Share capital (continued)
|
Share-based compensation expense was
determined based on the fair value of the options at the date of measurement
using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the weighted average
assumptions for the years ended December 31 as follows:
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
Expected option life
|
|
6
years
|
|
|
6 years
|
|
Risk-free interest rate
|
|
1.2%
|
|
|
1.7%
|
|
Dividend yield
|
|
0%
|
|
|
0%
|
|
Expected volatility
|
|
83%
|
|
|
90%
|
|
The Black-Scholes option pricing model
was developed to estimate the fair value of freely tradable, fully transferable
options without vesting restrictions, which significantly differs from the
Companys stock option awards. This model also requires highly subjective
assumptions, including future stock price volatility and average option life,
which significantly affect the calculated values.
The risk-free interest rate is based on
the implied yield on a Government of Canada zero-coupon issue with a remaining
term equal to the expected term of the option. Expected volatility was
determined using a combination of historical volatilities of a peer group of
biotechnology companies and the Companys own historical volatility. The life of
the options is estimated considering the vesting period at the grant date, the
life of the option and the average length of time similar grants have remained
outstanding in the past. The forfeiture rate is an estimate based on historical
evidence and future expectations. The dividend yield was excluded from the
calculation since it is the present policy of the Company to retain all earnings
to finance operations and future growth.
For the years ended December 31, 2015
and 2014, the Company issued 347,359 and 499,883 stock options with a fair value
of $5,227,499 and $3,580,892 and a weighted average grant date fair value of
$15.05 and $7.16, respectively.
(f)
|
Deferred Share Unit Plan
|
The 2014 Deferred Share Unit Plan (the
2014 DSU Plan) promotes greater alignment of long-term interests between
non-executive directors and executive officers of the Company and its
shareholders through the issuance of deferred share units (DSUs). Since the
value of a DSU increases or decreases with the market price of the common
shares, DSUs reflect a philosophy of aligning the interests of directors and
executive officers with those of the shareholders by tying compensation to share
price performance. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, a total of
23,011 and 28,777 DSUs were issued for payment of directors fees, respectively.
The Company has reserved for issuance up to 66,667 common shares under the 2014
DSU Plan and 51,788 DSUs were outstanding as at December 31, 2015.
(g)
|
Shareholder Rights Plan
|
On October 17, 2013 the Companys
shareholders adopted a shareholder rights plan (the 2013 Rights Plan) and
approved certain amendments on May 27, 2014 (the Rights Plan Amendment which
together with the 2013 Rights Plan may be referred to as the Rights Plan). The
Rights Plan is designed to provide adequate time for the Board of Directors and
the shareholders to assess an unsolicited takeover bid for the Company, to
provide the Board of Directors with sufficient time to explore and develop
alternatives for maximizing shareholder value if a takeover bid is made, and to
provide shareholders with an equal opportunity to participate in a takeover bid
and receive full and fair value for their common shares. The Rights Plan will
expire at the close of the Companys annual meeting of shareholders in 2016.
F-43
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
9.
|
Share capital (continued)
|
The rights issued under the Rights Plan
initially attach to and trade with the common shares and no separate
certificates will be issued unless an event triggering these rights occurs. The
rights will become exercisable only when a person, including any party related
to it, acquires or attempts to acquire 20% or more of the outstanding common
shares without complying with the Permitted Bid provisions of the Rights Plan
or without approval of the Board of Directors. Should such an acquisition occur
or be announced, each right would, upon exercise, entitle a rights holder, other
than the acquiring person and related persons, to purchase common shares at an
approximate 50% discount to the market price at the time.
Under the Rights Plan, a Permitted Bid
is a bid made to all holders of the common shares and which is open for
acceptance for not less than 60 days. If at the end of 60 days at least 50% of
the outstanding common shares, other than those owned by the offeror and certain
related parties have been tendered, the offeror may take up and pay for the
common shares but must extend the bid for a further 10 days to allow other
shareholders to tender. The issuance of common shares upon the exercise of the
rights is subject to receipt of certain regulatory approvals.
Income taxes have not been recognized
in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, as the Company
has been incurring losses since inception, and it is not probable that future
taxable profits will be available against which the accumulated tax losses can
be utilized.
(a)
|
Unrecognized deferred tax
assets
|
As at December 31, 2015 and 2014,
deferred tax assets have not been recognized with respect to the following
items:
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-capital losses carried
forward
|
|
11,750,952
|
|
|
9,234,460
|
|
Tax credits carryforward
|
|
3,090,833
|
|
|
2,607,496
|
|
Tax basis of property and
equipment and intangible assets in excess of accounting basis
|
|
1,577,156
|
|
|
1,413,171
|
|
Scientific research and experimental
development expenditures
|
|
5,524,225
|
|
|
4,801,014
|
|
Share issue costs and other
|
|
493,476
|
|
|
436,795
|
|
|
|
22,436,642
|
|
|
18,492,936
|
|
(b)
|
As at December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company has
available research and development expenditures of approximately
$20,846,000 and $18,117,000, respectively, for income tax purposes which
may be carried forward indefinitely to reduce future years taxable
income. As at December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company also has unclaimed
Canadian scientific research and development tax credits of $3,920,000 and
$3,293,000, respectively, which are available to reduce future taxes
payable with expiries from 2017 through 2034. The benefit of these
expenditures and tax credits has not been recorded in the
accounts.
|
|
|
(c)
|
As at December 31, 2015, the Company has accumulated
non-capital losses for federal and provincial income tax purposes in
Canada which are available for application against future taxable income.
The benefit of these losses has not been recorded in the
accounts.
|
F-44
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
10.
|
Income taxes (continued)
|
The non-capital tax losses expire as
follows:
|
|
Federal
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
2025
|
|
3,213,000
|
|
2026
|
|
6,457,000
|
|
2027
|
|
4,659,000
|
|
2028
|
|
4,144,000
|
|
2029
|
|
3,736,000
|
|
2030
|
|
1,819,000
|
|
2031
|
|
1,387,000
|
|
2032
|
|
2,715,000
|
|
2033
|
|
1,971,000
|
|
2034
|
|
5,001,000
|
|
2035
|
|
9,241,000
|
|
|
|
44,343,000
|
|
(d)
|
The reconciliation of the Canadian statutory income tax
rate applied to the net loss for the year to the income tax recovery is as
follows:
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Statutory income tax rate
|
|
26.5%
|
|
|
26.5%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income tax recovery based on
statutory income tax rate
|
|
(3,901,912
|
)
|
|
(3,413,682
|
)
|
Investment tax credits
|
|
(473,156
|
)
|
|
(1,091,870
|
)
|
Share-based compensation and
other
|
|
485,009
|
|
|
657,494
|
|
Change in unrecognized tax assets
|
|
3,899,561
|
|
|
3,848,058
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income tax expense
|
|
9,502
|
|
|
-
|
|
11.
|
Research and development
|
Components of research and development
expenses for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
programs, excluding the below items
|
|
12,083,797
|
|
|
5,893,030
|
|
Salaries, fees and short-term benefits
|
|
4,120,109
|
|
|
2,311,755
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
1,942,173
|
|
|
1,626,824
|
|
Amortization of intangible assets
|
|
339,348
|
|
|
610,776
|
|
Impairment of intangible
assets
|
|
-
|
|
|
429,763
|
|
Depreciation of property and equipment
|
|
118,394
|
|
|
47,208
|
|
Tax credits
|
|
(553,730
|
)
|
|
(323,548
|
)
|
|
|
18,050,091
|
|
|
10,595,808
|
|
F-45
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
12.
|
General and administrative
|
Components of general and
administrative expenses for the years ended December 31 were as follows:
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
General and administrative
expenses, excluding the below items
|
|
1,521,639
|
|
|
1,198,181
|
|
Salaries, fees and short-term benefits
|
|
898,381
|
|
|
694,849
|
|
DSU units issued for director
compensation
|
|
540,000
|
|
|
240,000
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
224,327
|
|
|
444,430
|
|
|
|
3,184,347
|
|
|
2,577,460
|
|
13.
|
Finance income and finance
costs
|
Finance income for the years ended
December 31 was as follows:
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income
|
|
488,486
|
|
|
378,692
|
|
Net
foreign currency gain
|
|
6,106,703
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
6,595,189
|
|
|
378,692
|
|
Finance costs for the years ended
December 31 were as follows:
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bank charges
|
|
11,557
|
|
|
7,212
|
|
Accreted interest
|
|
73,391
|
|
|
69,770
|
|
Net foreign currency loss
|
|
-
|
|
|
10,262
|
|
|
|
84,948
|
|
|
87,244
|
|
14.
|
Commitments and
contingencies
|
As at December 31, 2015, the Company
had capital commitments for the acquisition of property and equipment of
approximately $1,026,000.
As at December 31, 2015, the Company
had obligations to make future payments, representing significant research and
development contracts and other commitments that are known and committed in the
amount of approximately $7,789,000. These contracts include the clinical
research organization agreement for conducting the Phase I trial, and other
preclinical and manufacturing activities. The Company also has minimum lease payments
relating to operating lease commitments in the amount of $266,000 over the next
12 months, $955,000 from 12 to 60 months, and $1,289,000 thereafter.
The Company enters into research,
development and license agreements in the ordinary course of business where the
Company receives research services and rights to proprietary technologies.
Milestone and royalty payments that may become due under various agreements are
dependent on, among other factors, clinical trials, regulatory approvals and
ultimately the successful development of a new drug, the outcome and timing of
which is uncertain. Under the license agreement for SIRPαFc, the Company has
future contingent milestones payable of $35,000 related to successful patent
grants, $100,000, $200,000 and $300,000 on the first patient dosed in phase I,
II and III trials respectively, and regulatory milestones on their first
achievement totalling $5,000,000. The Company is required to pay 20% of any
sublicensing revenues to the licensors on the first $50 million of sublicensing
revenues, and pay 15% of any sublicensing revenues to the licensors after the
first $50 million of sublicensing revenue received.
F-46
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
14.
|
Commitments and contingencies
(continued)
|
The Company entered into two agreements
with Catalent Pharma Solutions in August 2014 pursuant to which Trillium
acquired the right to use a proprietary expression system for the manufacture of
two SIRPαFc constructs. Consideration for each license includes potential
pre-marketing approval milestones of up to U.S. $875,000 and aggregate sales
milestone payments of up to U.S. $28.8 million.
The Company periodically enters into
research and license agreements with third parties that include indemnification
provisions customary in the industry. These guarantees generally require the
Company to compensate the other party for certain damages and costs incurred as
a result of claims arising from research and development activities undertaken
by or on behalf of the Company. In some cases, the maximum potential amount of
future payments that could be required under these indemnification provisions
could be unlimited. These indemnification provisions generally survive
termination of the underlying agreement. The nature of the indemnification
obligations prevents the Company from making a reasonable estimate of the
maximum potential amount it could be required to pay. Historically, the Company
has not made any indemnification payments under such agreements and no amount
has been accrued in the audited consolidated financial statements with respect
to these indemnification obligations.
For the years ended December 31, 2015
and 2014, the key management personnel of the Company were the Board of
Directors, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Medical Officer, Chief Scientific
Officer, Chief Financial Officer and the Chief Development Officer.
Compensation for key management
personnel of the Company for the years ended December 31 was as follows:
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Salaries, fees and short-term
benefits
|
|
2,595,536
|
|
|
1,708,717
|
|
Share-based compensation
|
|
2,433,710
|
|
|
2,281,561
|
|
Total
|
|
5,029,246
|
|
|
3,990,278
|
|
Executive officers and directors
participate in the 2014 Stock Option Plan and the 2014 DSU Plan, and officers
participate in the Companys benefit plans. Directors receive annual fees for
their services. As at December 31, 2015, the key management personnel controlled
approximately 1% of the voting shares of the Company.
Under IFRS, the acquisition of
Fluorinov Pharma Inc. (Fluorinov) was considered a related party transaction
as two Company directors were determined to be related parties of Fluorinov (see
Note 19). One Company director was a director of Fluorinov and had an ownership
position in Fluorinov at the time of acquisition of less than 2%, and the second
director was a director of an entity that was a beneficiary of a trust that was
a shareholder and debenture holder of Fluorinov. The two directors declared
their conflict of interest and abstained from all discussions and decisions
concerning the Fluorinov acquisition. Accordingly, the Company determined that
the consideration paid on the acquisition was made on terms equivalent to those
that prevail in arms length transactions.
Outstanding balances with related
parties at the year-end are unsecured, interest free and settlement occurs in
cash. There have been no guarantees provided or received for any related party
receivables or payables. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, a
former director was paid consulting fees of $0 and $7,916, respectively.
The Company has a single operating
segment, the research and development therapies for the treatment of cancer.
Substantially all of the Companys operations, assets, and employees are in
Canada.
F-47
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
17.
|
Management of capital
|
The Company defines its capital as
share capital, warrants and contributed surplus. The Companys objectives when
managing capital are to ensure there are sufficient funds available to carry out
its research and development programs. To date, these programs have been funded
primarily through the sale of equity securities and the exercise of common share
purchase warrants. The Company also sources non-dilutive funding by accessing
grants, government assistance and tax incentives, and through partnerships with
corporations and research institutions. The Company uses budgets and purchasing
controls to manage its costs. The Company is not exposed to any externally
imposed capital requirements.
18.
|
Financial instruments
|
Fair value
IFRS 13
Fair Value Measurement
provides a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to
those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs are
those which reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while
unobservable inputs reflect the Companys assumptions with respect to how market
participants would price an asset or liability. These two inputs used to measure
fair value fall into the following three different levels of the fair value
hierarchy:
|
Level 1
|
Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments
that are observable.
|
|
Level 2
|
Quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments;
inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and derived from or
corroborated by observable market data.
|
|
Level 3
|
Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one
or more significant inputs are unobservable.
|
The hierarchy requires the use of
observable market data when available.
The Company has classified cash as
Level 1. The loan payable has been classified as Level 2.
Cash, amounts receivable, accounts
payable and accrued liabilities, and other current liabilities, due within one
year, are all short-term in nature and, as such, their carrying values
approximate fair values. The fair value of the non-current loan payable is
estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows at the cost of money to
the Company, which is equal to its carrying value.
Risks
The Company has exposure to credit
risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk and currency risk. The Companys Board
of Directors has overall responsibility for the establishment and oversight of
the Companys risk management framework. The Audit Committee of the Board is
responsible for reviewing the Companys risk management policies.
Credit risk is the risk of financial
loss to the Company if a counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet
its contractual obligations, and arises principally from the Companys cash and
amounts receivable. The carrying amount of these financial assets represents the
maximum credit exposure. The Company follows an investment policy to mitigate
against the deterioration of principal and to enhance the Companys ability to
meet its liquidity needs. Cash is on deposit with major Canadian chartered banks
and the Company invests in high grade short-term instruments. Amounts receivable
are primarily comprised of amounts due from the federal government.
Liquidity risk is the risk that the
Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The
Company is a development stage company and is reliant on external fundraising to
support its operations. Once funds have been raised, the Company manages its
liquidity risk by investing in cash and short-term instruments to provide
regular cash flow for current operations. It also manages liquidity risk by
continuously monitoring actual and projected cash flows. The Board of Directors
reviews and approves the Companys operating and capital budgets, as well as any
material transactions not in the ordinary course of business. The majority of
the Companys accounts payable and accrued liabilities have maturities of less
than three months.
F-48
TRILLIUM THERAPEUTICS INC.
|
|
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
|
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
|
Amounts in
Canadian Dollars
|
18.
|
Financial instruments
(continued)
|
Interest rate risk is the risk that the
fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because
of changes in market interest rates. The Company holds its cash in bank accounts
or high interest savings accounts which have a variable rate of interest. The
Company manages its interest rate risk by holding highly liquid short-term
instruments and by holding its investments to maturity, where possible. For the
years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company earned interest income of
$488,486 and $378,692, respectively. Therefore, a 1% change in the average
interest rate for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, would have a net
impact on finance income of $4,885 and $3,787, respectively.
The Company is exposed to currency risk
related to the fluctuation of foreign exchange rates and the degree of
volatility of those rates. Currency risk is limited to the portion of the
Companys business transactions denominated in currencies other than the
Canadian dollar which are primarily expenses in US dollars. As at December 31,
2015 and 2014, the Company held US dollar cash in the amount of US$44,547,591
and US$142,558 and had US dollar denominated accounts payable and accrued
liabilities in the amount of US$1,033,319 and US$1,910,430, respectively.
Therefore, a 1% change in the foreign exchange rate would have a net impact on
finance costs as at December 31, 2015 and 2014 of $435,143 and $17,679,
respectively.
US dollar expenses for the years ended
December 31, 2015 and 2014 were approximately US$8,700,000 and US$3,260,000,
respectively. Varying the US exchange rate for the years ended December 31, 2015
and 2014 to reflect a 5% strengthening of the Canadian dollar would have
decreased the net loss by approximately $435,000 and $163,000, respectively,
assuming that all other variables remained constant.
19.
|
Events after the balance sheet
date
|
On January 26, 2016, the Company
acquired all of the outstanding shares of Fluorinov, a private oncology company,
for an upfront payment of $10 million plus up to $35 million of additional
future payments that are contingent on Trillium achieving certain clinical and
regulatory milestones with an existing Fluorinov compound. Trillium will also
have an obligation to pay royalty payments on future sales of such compounds.
The upfront payment was subject to adjustment based on the net working capital
of Fluorinov and other adjustments at the time of closing. At Trilliums
discretion, up to 50% of the future contingent payments can be satisfied through
the issuance of common shares of Trillium provided that the aggregate number of
common shares issuable under such payments will not exceed 1,558,447 common
shares unless shareholder approval has first been obtained. In addition, any
such future share issuance remains subject to final approval from Trilliums
board of directors and receipt of any requisite approvals under the applicable
rules of the Toronto Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ Stock Market. Trillium has
also committed to use commercially reasonable efforts to monetize Fluorinovs
CNS assets and share 50% of the net proceeds with Fluorinov shareholders. The
acquisition of Fluorinov will be accounted for as a business combination under
the acquisition method of accounting. The Company will record the assets
acquired and liabilities assumed at their fair values as of the acquisition
date. Due to the limited amount of time since the acquisition date, the
preliminary acquisition valuation for the business combination is incomplete at
this time. As a result, the Company is unable to provide the amounts recognized
as of the acquisition date for the major classes of assets acquired and
liabilities assumed.
F-49
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
|
|
Number
|
Description
|
|
|
1.1
|
Articles of Incorporation dated
March 31, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Registration
Statement on Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on August 12,
2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
1.2
|
Articles of Amendment dated
October 19, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 to the
Registration Statement on Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on
August 12, 2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
1.3
|
Articles of Amendment dated
February 6, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.3 to the
Registration Statement on Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on
August 12, 2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
1.4
|
Articles of Continuance dated
November 7, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.4 to the
Registration Statement on Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on
August 12, 2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
1.5
|
Articles of Amendment dated
December 12, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.5 to the
Registration Statement on Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on
August 12, 2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
1.6
|
Articles of Amalgamation dated
June 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.6 to the Registration
Statement on Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on August 12,
2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
1.7
|
By-law No.1 of Trillium
Therapeutics Inc. amended and restated as of May 27, 2014 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 1.7 to the Registration Statement on Form 20-F of
Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on August 12, 2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
1.8
|
Articles of Amendment dated November 14, 2014
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.8 to Amendment No. 2 to the
Registration Statement on Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed
on November 26, 2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
1.9
|
Articles of Amalgamation dated January 1, 2017
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Report on 6-K of
Trillium Therapeutics Inc., furnished on January 6, 2017 (File No.
1-36596)).
|
|
|
4.1
|
Amended and restated License Agreement between Trillium
Therapeutics Inc. (private), the University Health Network and The
Hospital for Sick Children effective February 1, 2010 and amended June 1,
2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registration
Statement on Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on August 12,
2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
4.2*
|
GPEx -Derived Cell Line Sale Agreement between Trillium
Therapeutics Inc. and Catalent Pharma Solutions, LLC dated August 12, 2014
for TTI-621 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Amendment No. 1
to the Registration Statement on Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc.,
filed on October 3, 2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
4.3*
|
GPEx -Derived Cell Line Sale Agreement between Trillium
Therapeutics Inc. and Catalent Pharma Solutions, LLC dated August 12, 2014
for TTI-622 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Amendment No. 1
to the Registration Statement on Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc.,
filed on October 3, 2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
4.4
|
2014 Stock Option Plan amended and restated as of May 27,
2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Registration
Statement on Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on August 12,
2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
4.5
|
2016 Stock Option Plan amended and restated as of March
22, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Report on 6-K
of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., furnished on April 21, 2016 (File No.
1-36596)).
|
|
|
4.6
|
2014 Equity Deferred Share Unit Plan amended and restated
as of May 27, 2014 and terminated on March 9, 2017 (incorporated by
reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Registration Statement on Form 20-F of
Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on August 12, 2014 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
4.7
|
2016 Cash-Settled Deferred Share Unit Plan dated November
9, 2016
|
|
|
4.8
|
Warrant Indenture between Stem Cell Therapeutics Corp.
and Computershare Trust Company of Canada dated March 15, 2013
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Registration Statement on
Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on August 12, 2014 (File
No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
4.9
|
Warrant Indenture between Stem Cell Therapeutics Corp.
and Computershare Trust Company of Canada dated April 8, 2013
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the Registration Statement on
Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on August 12, 2014 (File
No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
4.10
|
Warrant Indenture between Stem Cell Therapeutics Corp.
and Computershare Trust Company of Canada dated December 13, 2013
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the Registration Statement on
Form 20-F of Trillium Therapeutics Inc., filed on August 12, 2014 (File
No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
4.11
|
Share purchase agreement among Trillium Therapeutics
Inc., Fluorinov and Fluorinov shareholders dated January 26, 2016
(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Report on 6-K of
Trillium Therapeutics Inc., furnished on February 5, 2017 (File No.
1-36596)).
|
|
|
4.12
|
Royalty agreement among the Trillium Therapeutics Inc.,
Fluorinov and Fluorinov shareholders dated January 26, 2016 (incorporated
by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Report on 6-K of Trillium Therapeutics
Inc., furnished on February 5, 2017 (File No. 1-36596)).
|
|
|
12.1
|
Certification of President & Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule
13a-14(a) or 15d-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
|
|
|
12,2
|
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
|
|
|
13.1
|
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
|
|
|
13.2
|
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
|
|
|
15.1
|
Consent of Ernst & Young LLP
|
|
|
15.2
|
Charter of the Audit Committee of
the Board of Directors dated March 9, 2017
|
* Confidential treatment granted as to portions of this
exhibit.
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