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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
______________________________________
FORM 10-Q
______________________________________
(Mark One)
| | | | | |
x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024
OR
| | | | | |
o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-40631
______________________________________
Caribou Biosciences, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
______________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
Delaware | | 45-3728228 |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
| | |
2929 7th Street, Suite 105 Berkeley, California | | 94710 |
(Address of principal executive offices) | | (Zip Code) |
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (510) 982-6030
______________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Title of each class | | Trading Symbol(s) | | Name of each exchange on which registered |
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share | | CRBU | | The Nasdaq Global Select Market |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Large accelerated filer | o | | Accelerated filer | o |
Non-accelerated filer | x | | Smaller reporting company | x |
| | | Emerging growth company | x |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
As of August 1, 2024, the registrant had 90,362,771 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.
Table of Contents
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
CARIBOU BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| June 30, 2024 | | December 31, 2023 |
ASSETS | | | |
CURRENT ASSETS | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 37,866 | | | $ | 51,162 | |
Marketable securities, short-term | 223,783 | | | 277,665 | |
Accounts receivable | 215 | | | 148 | |
Contract assets | 972 | | | 1,425 | |
Other receivables | 1,729 | | | 2,286 | |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 6,317 | | | 6,155 | |
Total current assets | 270,882 | | | 338,841 | |
NON-CURRENT ASSETS | | | |
Investments in equity securities | 9,286 | | | 7,753 | |
Marketable securities, long-term | 50,124 | | | 43,577 | |
Property and equipment, net | 19,876 | | | 18,270 | |
Operating lease, right of use assets | 21,134 | | | 22,182 | |
Other assets | 1,636 | | | 1,586 | |
TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 372,938 | | | $ | 432,209 | |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | | | |
CURRENT LIABILITIES | | | |
Accounts payable | $ | 3,227 | | | $ | 3,120 | |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 23,626 | | | 21,135 | |
Operating lease liabilities, current | 1,262 | | | 1,200 | |
Deferred revenue ($2,487 and $2,487 from related party, respectively) | 2,829 | | | 2,847 | |
Total current liabilities | 30,944 | | | 28,302 | |
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES | | | |
Deferred revenue, net of current portion ($2,487 and $3,730 from related party, respectively) | 4,604 | | | 6,102 | |
MSKCC success payments liability | 841 | | | 2,939 | |
Operating lease liabilities, non-current | 25,528 | | | 25,908 | |
Deferred tax liabilities | 557 | | | 557 | |
Total liabilities | 62,474 | | | 63,808 | |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 9) | | | |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | | | |
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, 300,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively; 90,362,771 and 88,448,948 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively | 9 | | | 8 | |
Additional paid-in-capital | 688,990 | | | 667,648 | |
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income | (319) | | | 30 | |
Accumulated deficit | (378,216) | | | (299,285) | |
Total stockholders’ equity | 310,464 | | | 368,401 | |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | $ | 372,938 | | | $ | 432,209 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
CARIBOU BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2024 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2023 |
Licensing and collaboration revenue (including $2,245 and $2,867 for three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, and $1,150 for each of the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2023, from related parties) | $ | 3,464 | | | $ | 3,755 | | | $ | 5,893 | | | $ | 7,257 | |
Operating expenses: | | | | | | | |
Research and development | 35,480 | | | 26,503 | | | 69,268 | | | 52,212 | |
General and administrative | 11,485 | | | 10,120 | | | 26,128 | | | 19,029 | |
Total operating expenses | 46,965 | | | 36,623 | | | 95,396 | | | 71,241 | |
Loss from operations | (43,501) | | | (32,868) | | | (89,503) | | | (63,984) | |
Other income (expense): | | | | | | | |
Change in fair value of equity securities | (102) | | | 22 | | | (102) | | | 7 | |
Change in fair value of the MSKCC success payments liability | 1,795 | | | 279 | | | 2,098 | | | 534 | |
Other income, net | 4,111 | | | 3,048 | | | 8,576 | | | 5,880 | |
Total other income | 5,804 | | | 3,349 | | | 10,572 | | | 6,421 | |
Net loss | (37,697) | | | (29,519) | | | (78,931) | | | (57,563) | |
Other comprehensive income (loss): | | | | | | | |
Net unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale marketable securities, net of tax | 3 | | | (406) | | | (349) | | | 382 | |
Net comprehensive loss | $ | (37,694) | | | $ | (29,925) | | | $ | (79,280) | | | $ | (57,181) | |
Net loss per share, basic and diluted | $ | (0.42) | | | $ | (0.48) | | | $ | (0.88) | | | $ | (0.94) | |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted | 90,340,932 | | | 61,417,934 | | | 89,821,935 | | | 61,302,863 | |
| | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
CARIBOU BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except share amounts)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Common Stock | | Additional Paid-In Capital | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income | | Accumulated Deficit | | Total Stockholders’ Equity |
| Shares | | Amount | | | | |
BALANCE—December 31, 2023 | 88,448,948 | | $ | 8 | | | $ | 667,648 | | | $ | 30 | | | $ | (299,285) | | | $ | 368,401 | |
Issuance of common stock under ESPP | 122,035 | | — | | | 667 | | | — | | | — | | | 667 | |
Issuance of common stock on exercise of options | 134,347 | | — | | | 489 | | | — | | | — | | | 489 | |
Issuance of common stock in connection with our ATM offering, net of offering expenses | 1,594,171 | | 1 | | | 11,329 | | | — | | | — | | | 11,330 | |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of RSUs | 15,000 | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
Stock-based compensation expense | — | | — | | | 3,988 | | | — | | | — | | | 3,988 | |
Net loss | — | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (41,234) | | | (41,234) | |
Other comprehensive loss | — | | — | | | — | | | (352) | | | — | | | (352) | |
BALANCE—March 31, 2024 | 90,314,501 | | $ | 9 | | | $ | 684,121 | | | $ | (322) | | | $ | (340,519) | | | $ | 343,289 | |
Issuance of common stock under ESPP | 400 | | — | | | 2 | | | — | | | — | | | $ | 2 | |
Issuance of common stock on exercise of options | 47,870 | | — | | | 129 | | | — | | | — | | | $ | 129 | |
Stock-based compensation expense | — | | — | | | 4,738 | | | — | | | — | | | 4,738 | |
Net loss | — | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (37,697) | | | (37,697) | |
Other comprehensive income | — | | — | | | — | | | 3 | | | — | | | 3 | |
BALANCE—June 30, 2024 | 90,362,771 | | $ | 9 | | | $ | 688,990 | | | $ | (319) | | | $ | (378,216) | | | $ | 310,464 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
BALANCE—December 31, 2022 | 61,029,184 | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 499,598 | | | $ | (1,518) | | | $ | (197,215) | | | $ | 300,871 | |
Issuance of common stock under ESPP | 70,271 | | — | | | 404 | | | — | | | — | | | 404 | |
Issuance of common stock on exercise of options | 55,433 | | — | | | 115 | | | — | | | — | | | 115 | |
Issuance of common stock in connection with our ATM offering, net of offering expenses | 168,635 | | — | | | 1,007 | | | — | | | — | | | 1,007 | |
Stock-based compensation expense | — | | — | | | 3,131 | | | — | | | — | | | 3,131 | |
Net loss | — | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (28,044) | | | (28,044) | |
Other comprehensive income | — | | — | | | — | | | 788 | | | — | | | 788 | |
BALANCE—March 31, 2023 | 61,323,523 | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 504,255 | | | $ | (730) | | | $ | (225,259) | | | $ | 278,272 | |
Issuance of common stock on exercise of options | 86,085 | | — | | | 236 | | | — | | | — | | | 236 | |
Issuance of common stock pursuant to private placement with Pfizer | 4,690,431 | | — | | | 17,290 | | | — | | | — | | | 17,290 | |
Stock-based compensation expense | — | | — | | | 3,585 | | | — | | | — | | | 3,585 | |
Net loss | — | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (29,519) | | | (29,519) | |
Other comprehensive loss | — | | — | | | — | | | (406) | | | — | | | (406) | |
BALANCE—June 30, 2023 | 66,100,039 | | $ | 6 | | | $ | 525,366 | | | $ | (1,136) | | | $ | (254,778) | | | $ | 269,458 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
CARIBOU BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2024 | | 2023 |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: | | | |
Net loss | $ | (78,931) | | | $ | (57,563) | |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | | | |
Depreciation and amortization | 1,566 | | | 1,206 | |
Gain on disposal of fixed assets | — | | | (34) | |
Non-cash consideration for licensing and collaboration revenue | (1,634) | | | (61) | |
Change in fair value of equity securities | 102 | | | (7) | |
Stock-based compensation expense | 8,726 | | | 6,716 | |
Change in fair value of MSKCC success payments liability | (2,098) | | | (534) | |
Acquired in-process research and development | 1,625 | | | — | |
Accretion of discounts on investments in marketable securities, net | (2,485) | | | (3,598) | |
Non-cash lease expense | 1,048 | | | 1,024 | |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | | | |
Accounts receivable | (68) | | | (564) | |
Contract assets | 453 | | | 765 | |
Other receivables | 557 | | | 720 | |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (162) | | | 2,356 | |
Other assets | (50) | | | 119 | |
Accounts payable | 352 | | | 2,042 | |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 2,763 | | | (431) | |
Deferred revenue, current and long-term | (1,515) | | | 5,231 | |
Operating lease liabilities | (318) | | | (511) | |
Net cash used in operating activities | (70,069) | | | (43,124) | |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: | | | |
Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities | 204,889 | | | 171,025 | |
Purchases of marketable securities | (155,419) | | | (134,674) | |
Purchases of property and equipment | (3,689) | | | (4,584) | |
Payments to acquire in-process research and development | (1,625) | | | — | |
Net cash provided by investing activities | 44,156 | | | 31,767 | |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | | | |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock pursuant to private placement with Pfizer | — | | | 17,450 | |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 619 | | | 755 | |
Proceeds from purchases of common stock under ESPP | 669 | | | — | |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock related to our ATM, net of offering expenses | 11,329 | | | 1,008 | |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 12,617 | | | 19,213 | |
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH | (13,296) | | | 7,856 | |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH — BEGINNING OF PERIOD | 51,208 | | | 58,384 | |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH — END OF PERIOD | $ | 37,912 | | | $ | 66,240 | |
RECONCILIATION OF CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 37,866 | | | $ | 66,194 | |
Restricted cash | 46 | | | 46 | |
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH ON THE BALANCE SHEET | $ | 37,912 | | | $ | 66,240 | |
| | | |
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION: | | | |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | — | | | $ | 170 | |
| | | |
SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | | | |
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 175 | | | $ | 2,562 | |
Offering costs included in accrued expenses | $ | — | | | $ | 160 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
CARIBOU BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
1. Description of the Business, Organization, and Liquidity
Business and Organization
Caribou Biosciences, Inc. (“Company” or “we”) is a clinical-stage Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (“CRISPR”) genome-editing biopharmaceutical company dedicated to developing transformative therapies for patients with devastating diseases. Our genome-editing platform, including our novel chRDNA (CRISPR hybrid RNA-DNA, or “chRDNA,” pronounced “chardonnay”) technology, enables more precise genome editing to develop cell therapies that are armored to improve activity against diseases. We are advancing a pipeline of allogeneic, or off-the-shelf, cell therapies from our chimeric antigen receptor (“CAR”) T (“CAR-T”) cell platform as readily available therapeutic treatments for patients.
We incorporated in October 2011 as a Delaware corporation and are headquartered in Berkeley, California. We have four wholly owned subsidiaries: Antler Holdco, LLC, incorporated in Delaware in April 2019; Microbe Holdco, LLC, incorporated in Delaware in June 2020; Arboreal Holdco, LLC, incorporated in Delaware in November 2020; and Biloba Holdco, LLC, incorporated in Delaware in April 2021. Our wholly owned subsidiaries hold interests in our equity investments and do not have operating activities.
Liquidity
We have incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception and we had an accumulated deficit of $378.2 million as of June 30, 2024. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we incurred a net loss of $78.9 million and used $70.1 million of cash in operating activities. We expect to continue to incur substantial losses, and our ability to achieve and sustain profitability will depend on the successful development, regulatory approval, and commercialization of our product candidates and on our ability to generate sufficient revenue to support our cost structure. We may never achieve profitability and, unless and until we do, we will need to continue to raise additional capital. Our management expects that existing cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of $311.8 million as of June 30, 2024, will be sufficient to fund our current operating plan for at least the next 12 months from the date of issuance of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
There have been no changes to the significant accounting policies disclosed in Note 2 to the annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”).
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and include our accounts and the accounts of our wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities; the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements; and the reported amounts of revenue, income, and expenses during the applicable reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, including those related to revenue recognition, stock-based compensation expense, accrued expenses related to research and development activities, valuation of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (“MSKCC”) success payments liability, operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, and income taxes. Our management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that they believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates.
Segments
We operate and manage our business as one reportable operating segment, which is the business of developing a pipeline of allogeneic CAR-T cell therapies. Our president and chief executive officer, who is the chief operating decision maker, reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. All long-lived assets are maintained in the United States.
Concentrations of Credit Risk and Other Uncertainties
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, contract assets, other receivables, and investments in marketable securities and equity securities. Substantially all our cash and cash equivalents are deposited in accounts at four financial institutions, and our account balances exceed federally insured limits. We mitigate the risks by investing in high-grade instruments, limiting our exposure to one issuer, and we monitor the ongoing creditworthiness of these financial institutions and issuers.
Licensees that represent 10% or more of our revenue and accounts receivable and contract assets were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Revenue | | Revenue | | Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets |
| Three Months Ended | | Six Months Ended | | As of June 30, 2024 | | As of December 31, 2023 |
| June 30, 2024 | | June 30, 2023 | | June 30, 2024 | | June 30, 2023 | | |
Licensee A | * | | * | | 10.4 | % | | * | | * | | * |
Licensee B | 18.7 | % | | 17.1 | % | | 20.5 | % | | 19.5 | % | | 59.3 | % | | 47.5 | % |
Licensee C | * | | 36.6 | % | | * | | 41.1 | % | | * | | * |
Licensee D | 17.9 | % | | * | | 21.1 | % | | * | | * | | * |
Licensee E | 46.9 | % | | 30.6 | % | | 27.5 | % | | 15.8 | % | | * | | * |
Total | 83.5 | % | | 84.3 | % | | 79.5 | % | | 76.4 | % | | 59.3 | % | | 47.5 | % |
*Less than 10%
We monitor economic conditions to identify facts or circumstances that may indicate if any of our accounts receivable are not collectible or if contract assets should be impaired. No allowance for credit losses or contract asset impairment was recorded as of June 30, 2024, or December 31, 2023.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In October 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. This ASU aligns the requirements in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) to the removal of certain disclosure requirements set out in Regulation S-X and Regulation S-K, announced by the SEC. The effective date for each amended topic in the ASC is either the date on which the SEC’s removal of the related disclosure requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective or June 30, 2027, if the SEC has not removed the requirements by that date. Early adoption is prohibited. We are currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance and do not expect that the adoption of ASU 2023-06 will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU requires public entities to disclose information about their reportable segments’ significant expenses and other segment items on an interim and annual basis. Public entities with a single reportable segment are required to apply the disclosure requirements in ASU 2023-07, as well as all existing segment disclosures and reconciliation requirements in ASC 280 on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2023-07.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires public entities, on an annual basis, to provide disclosure of specific categories in the rate reconciliation, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal
years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2023-09.
In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-02, Codification Improvements - Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. The amendments in ASU 2024-02 clarify and simplify references to certain concept statements within U.S. GAAP. ASU 2024-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early application permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2024-02.
3. Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows:
Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entireties based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires our management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability.
Our financial instruments consist of Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 financial instruments. We generally classify our marketable securities as Level 1 or Level 2. Instruments are classified as Level 2 when observable market prices for identical securities that are traded in less active markets are used. When observable market prices for identical securities are not available, such instruments are priced using benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, matrix pricing, and valuation models. These valuation models are proprietary to the pricing providers or brokers and incorporate a number of inputs including, in approximate order of priority: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications. For certain security types, additional inputs may be used, or some of the standard inputs may not be applicable. Evaluators may prioritize inputs differently on any given day for any security based on market conditions, and not all inputs listed are available for use in the evaluation process for each security valuation on any given day. Changes in the ability to observe valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels of certain securities within the fair value hierarchy. We recognize transfers into and out of levels within the fair value hierarchy in the period in which the actual event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurs. No such transfers occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023. Level 1 financial instruments are comprised of money market fund investments and U.S. Treasury bills. Level 2 financial instruments are comprised of commercial paper, corporate debt securities, and U.S. government agency bonds. Financial assets and liabilities are considered Level 3 when their fair values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, and at least one significant model assumption or input is unobservable. Level 3 financial instruments consist of the MSKCC success payments liability.
The following table sets forth our financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fair Value Measurements as of June 30, 2024 |
| Total | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 |
Assets: | | | | | | | |
U.S. Treasury bills ($5,786 included in cash and cash equivalents) | $ | 213,184 | | | $ | 213,184 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Commercial paper ($18,210 included in cash and cash equivalents) | 43,931 | | | — | | | 43,931 | | | — | |
U.S. government agency bonds ($2,995 included in cash and cash equivalents) | 33,358 | | | — | | | 33,358 | | | — | |
Money market fund investments (included in cash and cash equivalents) | 10,875 | | | 10,875 | | | — | | | — | |
Corporate debt securities | 10,425 | | | | | 10,425 | | | — | |
Total fair value of assets | $ | 311,773 | | | $ | 224,059 | | | $ | 87,714 | | | $ | — | |
Liabilities: | | | | | | | |
MSKCC success payments liability | $ | 841 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 841 | |
Total fair value of liabilities | $ | 841 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 841 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023 |
| Total | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 |
Assets: | | | | | | | |
U.S. Treasury bills ($23,527 included in cash and cash equivalents) | $ | 262,439 | | | $ | 262,439 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
Commercial paper ($9,759 included in cash and cash equivalents) | 40,373 | | | — | | | 40,373 | | | — | |
U.S. government agency bonds | 40,185 | | | — | | | 40,185 | | | — | |
Money market fund investments (included in cash and cash equivalents) | 17,876 | | | 17,876 | | | — | | | — | |
Corporate debt securities | 11,531 | | | — | | | 11,531 | | | — | |
Total fair value of assets | $ | 372,404 | | | $ | 280,315 | | | $ | 92,089 | | | $ | — | |
Liabilities: | | | | | | | |
MSKCC success payments liability | $ | 2,939 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 2,939 | |
Total fair value of liabilities | $ | 2,939 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 2,939 | |
The fair value and amortized cost of cash equivalents and available-for-sale marketable securities by major security type as of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, are presented in the following tables (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of June 30, 2024 |
| Amortized Cost Basis | | Unrealized Gains | | Unrealized Losses | | Estimated Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury bills ($5,786 included in cash and cash equivalents) | $ | 213,408 | | | $ | 11 | | | $ | (235) | | | $ | 213,184 | |
Commercial paper ($18,210 included in cash and cash equivalents) | 43,961 | | | — | | | (30) | | | 43,931 | |
U.S. government agency bonds ($2,995 included in cash and cash equivalents) | 33,414 | | | — | | | (56) | | | 33,358 | |
Money market fund investments (included in cash equivalents) | 10,875 | | | — | | | — | | | 10,875 | |
Corporate debt securities | 10,435 | | | 5 | | | (15) | | | 10,425 | |
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities | $ | 312,093 | | | $ | 16 | | | $ | (336) | | | $ | 311,773 | |
| | | | | | | |
Classified as: | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | | | | | | $ | 37,866 | |
Marketable securities, short-term | | | | | | | 223,783 | |
Marketable securities, long-term | | | | | | | 50,124 | |
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities | | | | | | | $ | 311,773 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2023 |
| Amortized Cost Basis | | Unrealized Gains | | Unrealized Losses | | Estimated Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury bills ($23,527 included in cash and cash equivalents) | $ | 262,328 | | | $ | 331 | | | $ | (220) | | | $ | 262,439 | |
Commercial paper ($9,759 included in cash and cash equivalents) | 40,386 | | | — | | | (13) | | | 40,373 | |
U.S. government agency bonds | 40,295 | | | 1 | | | (111) | | | 40,185 | |
Money market fund investments (included in cash equivalents) | 17,876 | | | — | | | — | | | 17,876 | |
Corporate debt securities | 11,489 | | | 50 | | | (8) | | | 11,531 | |
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities | $ | 372,374 | | | $ | 382 | | | $ | (352) | | | $ | 372,404 | |
| | | | | | | |
Classified as: | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | | | | | | $ | 51,162 | |
Marketable securities, short-term | | | | | | | 277,665 | |
Marketable securities, long-term | | | | | | | 43,577 | |
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities | | | | | | | $ | 372,404 | |
The following table presents the fair value of available-for-sale marketable securities by contractual maturities (in thousands):
| | | | | |
| June 30, 2024 |
Due in less than one year | $ | 223,783 | |
Due in one to five years | 50,124 | |
Total | $ | 273,907 | |
The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of our Level 3 financial liability (in thousands):
| | | | | |
| MSKCC Success Payments Liability |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 2,939 | |
Change in fair value | (2,098) | |
Balance at June 30, 2024 | $ | 841 | |
Our liability for the MSKCC success payments is carried at fair value and changes are recognized as expense or income as part of other income (expense) until the success payments liability is paid or expires. We recorded a $1.8 million and $0.3 million change in the fair value of the MSKCC success payments liability as a gain in other income (expense) in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively. We recorded a $2.1 million and $0.5 million change in the fair value of the MSKCC success payments liability as a gain in other income (expense) in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
The table below summarizes key assumptions used in the valuation of the MSKCC success payments liability:
| | | | | | | |
| | | As of December 31, 2023 |
Fair value of common stock | | | $ | 5.73 | |
Risk-free interest rate | | | 3.88% |
Expected volatility | | | 79% |
Probability of achieving multiple of Initial Share Price(1) | | | 5.2% to 18.1% |
Expected term (years) | | | 3.7 to 5.2 |
(1)MSKCC is entitled to certain success payments if our common stock fair value increases, during a specified time period, by certain multiples of value based on a comparison of the fair market value of our common stock to $5.1914 per share, adjusted for any future stock splits (“Initial Share Price”). For further information regarding our agreement with MSKCC, see Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K.
The computation of expected volatility was estimated using a combination of available information about the historical volatility of stocks of similar publicly traded companies for a period matching the expected term assumption and the historical and implied volatility of our stock. The risk-free interest rate, expected volatility, and expected term assumptions depend on the time period from the initiation of our AMpLify phase 1 clinical trial for our CB-012 product candidate utilizing the know-how, biological materials, and intellectual property licensed under the Exclusive License Agreement, dated November 13, 2020, with MSKCC (“MSKCC Agreement”) until the estimated timing of marketing approval for this product candidate from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). In addition, we incorporated the estimated number and timing of valuation measurement dates in the calculation of the MSKCC success payments liability.
As of June 30, 2024, we did not note any significant changes to the inputs used in the MSKCC success payments liability fair value calculation, other than a change in the fair value of our common stock to $1.64 per share.
4. Significant Agreements
Since December 31, 2023, there have been no material changes to the key terms of our significant agreements. For further information regarding our significant agreements, see Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K.
During the three months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized $1.4 million in revenue associated with the now-terminated Collaboration and License Agreement, dated February 9, 2021 (as amended, “AbbVie Agreement”) with AbbVie Manufacturing Management Unlimited Company (“AbbVie”). During the six months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized $3.0 million in revenue under the AbbVie Agreement. No revenue was recognized under the AbbVie Agreement during each of the three- or six-month periods ended June 30, 2024, as the AbbVie Agreement was terminated
effective October 25, 2023. As of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, we had no amounts recorded in accounts receivable, contract assets, or deferred revenue in our consolidated balance sheets related to the AbbVie Agreement.
Our significant agreements may include nonrefundable, upfront payments; annual license maintenance fees; sublicensing fees; obligations to reimburse for patent prosecution and maintenance fees; success payments; regulatory clinical and commercial milestones; and royalty payments. Our obligation to make such payments is contingent upon milestones being achieved, licensed products being commercialized, and the agreements remaining in effect.
For the three months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, we recorded $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively, as research and development expense in our unaudited consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss related to our license agreements. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, we recorded $1.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively, as research and development expense in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss related to our significant agreements. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, we recorded $0.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively, as general and administrative expense for patent prosecution and maintenance costs in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, which includes reimbursements of patent prosecution and maintenance costs of $0.4 million and $0.7 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, we recorded $0.4 million and $1.8 million, respectively, as general and administrative expense for patent prosecution and maintenance costs in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, which includes reimbursements of patent prosecution and maintenance costs of $0.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
As of June 30, 2024, certain license and assignment agreements included potential future payments from us for development, regulatory, and sales milestones totaling approximately $159.9 million.
5. Revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue
We disaggregate revenue by geographical market based on the location of research and development activities of our licensees and collaborators. The following table is a summary of revenue by geographic location for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023 (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2024 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2023 |
United States | $ | 3,444 | | | $ | 3,746 | | | $ | 5,713 | | | $ | 7,131 | |
Rest of world | 20 | | | 9 | | | 180 | | | 126 | |
Total | $ | 3,464 | | | $ | 3,755 | | | $ | 5,893 | | | $ | 7,257 | |
During the three months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized $2.8 million of revenue related to performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, and we recognized $0.7 million of revenue related to performance obligations satisfied over time.
During the three months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized $2.4 million of revenue related to performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, and we recognized $1.4 million of revenue related to performance obligations satisfied over time.
During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized $4.6 million of revenue related to performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, and we recognized $1.3 million of revenue related to performance obligations satisfied over time.
During the six months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized $4.3 million of revenue related to performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, and we recognized $3.0 million of revenue related to performance obligations satisfied over time.
Contract Balances
Accounts receivable relate to our right to consideration for performance obligations completed (or partially completed) for which we have an unconditional right to consideration. Our accounts receivable balances represent amounts that we billed to our licensees with invoices outstanding as of the end of a reporting period.
Contract assets are rights to consideration in exchange for a license that we have granted to a licensee when the right is conditional on something other than the passage of time. Our contract asset balances represent royalties and milestone payments from our other license agreements that are unbilled as of the end of a reporting period.
Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue and relate to amounts invoiced to, or advance consideration received from, licensees that precede our satisfaction of the associated performance obligations. As of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, our deferred revenue balance primarily resulted from the upfront payment received relating to our performance obligation to Pfizer Inc. (“Pfizer”). The remaining deferred revenue relates to upfront payments received under license agreements that also include nonrefundable annual license fees, which are accounted for as material rights for license renewals and are recognized at the point in time when annual license fees are paid by the licensees and the renewal periods begin.
The following table presents changes in our contract assets and liabilities during the six months ended June 30, 2024 (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | | Additions | | Deductions | | Balance as of June 30, 2024 |
Accounts receivable | $ | 148 | | | $ | 3,193 | | | $ | (3,126) | | | $ | 215 | |
| | | | | | | |
Contract assets: | | | | | | | |
Unbilled accounts receivable | $ | 1,425 | | | $ | 1,943 | | | $ | (2,396) | | | $ | 972 | |
| | | | | | | |
Contract liabilities: | | | | | | | |
Deferred revenue, current and long-term | $ | 8,949 | | | $ | 767 | | | $ | (2,283) | | | $ | 7,433 | |
Unbilled accounts receivable decreased $0.5 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to the decrease in minimum annual royalties under our license agreements.
Deferred revenue decreased during the six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to the recognition of deferred revenue related to the satisfaction of our performance obligation to Pfizer. See Note 7 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q for additional information.
During the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, we recognized $1.6 million and $2.4 million of revenue, respectively, which was included in the opening contract liabilities balances at the beginning of the respective periods.
Transaction Prices Allocated to Remaining Performance Obligations
Remaining performance obligations represent in aggregate the amount of a transaction price that has been allocated to performance obligations not delivered as of the end of a reporting period. The value of transaction prices allocated to remaining unsatisfied performance obligations as of June 30, 2024, was approximately $7.4 million. We expect to recognize approximately $2.8 million of remaining performance obligations as revenue in the next 12 months and to recognize the remainder thereafter.
Capitalized Contract Acquisition Costs and Fulfillment Costs
We did not incur any expenses to obtain our existing contracts, and costs to fulfill those contracts do not generate or enhance our resources. As such, no costs to obtain or fulfill a contract have been capitalized in any period.
6. Balance Sheet Items
Other receivables consisted of the following (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| June 30, 2024 | | December 31, 2023 |
Patent cost reimbursements | $ | 921 | | | $ | 1,403 | |
Accrued interest on marketable securities | 808 | | | 702 | |
Other | — | | | 181 | |
Total | $ | 1,729 | | | $ | 2,286 | |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| June 30, 2024 | | December 31, 2023 |
Prepaid contract manufacturing and clinical costs | $ | 3,763 | | | $ | 3,942 | |
Prepaid insurance | 170 | | | 993 | |
Other | 2,384 | | | 1,220 | |
Total | $ | 6,317 | | | $ | 6,155 | |
Property and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| June 30, 2024 | | December 31, 2023 |
Lab equipment | $ | 18,334 | | | $ | 15,581 | |
Leasehold improvements | 2,094 | | | 2,235 | |
Computer equipment | 906 | | | 895 | |
Furniture and equipment | 712 | | | 499 | |
Construction in progress | 8,493 | | | 8,204 | |
Total property and equipment, gross | 30,539 | | | 27,414 | |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (10,663) | | | (9,144) | |
Property and equipment, net | $ | 19,876 | | | $ | 18,270 | |
Depreciation and amortization expenses related to property and equipment were $0.9 million and $0.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expenses related to property and equipment were $1.6 million and $1.2 million, for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| June 30, 2024 | | December 31, 2023 |
Accrued employee compensation and related expenses | $ | 6,486 | | | $ | 9,517 | |
Accrued research and development expenses | 9,698 | | | 8,720 | |
Accrued securities litigation settlement | 3,900 | | | — | |
Accrued patent expenses | 872 | | | 613 | |
Accrued expenses related to sublicensing revenues | 550 | | | 802 | |
Credit card liability | 539 | | | 377 | |
Other | 1,581 | | | 1,106 | |
Total | $ | 23,626 | | | $ | 21,135 | |
7. Related Party Transactions
Since December 31, 2023, there have been no new related party transactions, except as set forth below. For further information regarding our related parties, see Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K.
Pfizer Investment
During the three months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized $0.6 million of revenue from our Information Rights Agreement with Pfizer, dated June 29, 2023, pursuant to which we had originally allocated $7.5 million as a contract with a customer under ASC Topic 606. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized $1.2 million of revenue from Pfizer. We did not recognize any revenue from Pfizer during each of the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2023. As of June 30, 2024, there was approximately $5.0 million of related party deferred revenue ($2.5 million included in current liabilities and $2.5 million included in long-term liabilities) related to our performance obligation to Pfizer. As of December 31, 2023, there was approximately $6.2 million of related party deferred revenue ($2.5 million included in current liabilities and $3.7 million included in long-term liabilities) related to our performance obligation to Pfizer.
Edge Animal Health
During the three months ended June 30, 2024, we received additional shares of convertible preferred stock pursuant to anti-dilution rights associated with the Exclusive License Agreement for Veterinary Therapeutics (as amended, the “Edge chRDNA License Agreement”) with Edge Animal Health (“Edge”), a private company and related party. Edge issued to us 1,623,275 shares of convertible preferred stock with an estimated fair value of $1.6 million, based on management’s best estimate and judgment. The Edge chRDNA License Agreement is a contract with a customer under ASC 606. Accordingly, we recognized $1.6 million as revenue during each of the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2024. We did not recognize any revenue in connection with the Edge chRDNA License Agreement in 2023.
On May 16, 2023, we entered into an Exclusive License Agreement for Veterinary Therapeutics (CRISPR-Cas9) (the “Edge Cas9 License Agreement”), under which we granted Edge an exclusive worldwide license to certain CRISPR-Cas9 intellectual property rights in the field of veterinary therapeutics. Previously, on May 15, 2020, we entered into an Option for an Exclusive License under which Edge could exercise its option within three years upon payment of a total of $1.2 million, which option Edge exercised and paid $1.2 million, and we entered into the Edge Cas9 License Agreement. We recognized $1.2 million of revenue in connection with the Edge Cas9 License Agreement for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. We did not recognize any revenue in connection with the Edge Cas9 License Agreement in 2024.
8. Leases
Operating Lease Obligations
As of June 30, 2024, we had operating leases for our laboratory and office space in Berkeley, California, consisting of approximately 75,000 square feet, with remaining lease terms up to 8.1 years. Certain of our laboratory and office space lease agreements include options to extend the terms for a period of five years and also contain provisions for future rent increases. In addition to base rent, we pay our share of operating expenses and taxes.
The components of lease costs, which are included in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, were as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2024 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2023 |
Operating lease cost(1) | $ | 1,919 | | | $ | 1,928 | | | $ | 3,872 | | | $ | 3,812 | |
Short-term lease cost | 62 | | | 62 | | | 125 | | | 125 | |
Total lease cost | $ | 1,981 | | | $ | 1,990 | | | $ | 3,997 | | | $ | 3,937 | |
(1)Includes $0.6 million and $0.6 million of variable lease cost related to operating expenses and taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and June 30, 2023, respectively. Includes $1.3 million and $1.2 million of variable lease cost related to operating expenses and taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.
Supplemental information related to our leases was as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2024 | | 2023 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | | | |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 1,841 | | | $ | 2,058 | |
The following table summarizes the weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate for our corporate laboratory and office leases:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| June 30, 2024 | | December 31, 2023 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) | 6.9 | | 7.4 |
Weighted-average discount rate | 11.3 | % | | 11.3 | % |
The following table summarizes a maturity analysis of our operating lease liabilities showing the aggregate lease payments as of June 30, 2024 (in thousands):
| | | | | |
Remainder of 2024(1) | $ | 1,644 | |
2025 | 4,475 | |
2026 | 5,720 | |
2027 | 5,922 | |
2028 | 6,122 | |
Thereafter | 15,994 | |
Total future undiscounted lease payments | 39,877 | |
Less imputed interest | (13,087) | |
Total discounted lease payments | 26,790 | |
Less current portion of lease liability | (1,262) | |
Noncurrent portion of lease liability | $ | 25,528 | |
(1)Reflects an offset of $0.6 million related to incentives expected to be received in 2024.
9. Commitments and Contingencies
Research, Manufacturing, and License Agreements
We enter into various agreements in the ordinary course of business, such as those with contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”), suppliers, clinical research organizations (“CROs”), clinical trial sites, licensors, assignors, and the like. These agreements provide for termination by either party in certain circumstances, generally with less than one-year notice and are, therefore, cancellable contracts and, if cancelled, are not anticipated to have a material effect on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Some of these agreements also include contingent payments that will become payable if and when certain development, regulatory, clinical, and/or commercial milestones are achieved by us. As of June 30, 2024, satisfaction and timing of such contingent payments is uncertain and thus cannot be reasonably estimated.
Guarantees and Indemnifications
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for certain indemnifications by us. Our exposure under these agreements is unknown because claims may be made against us in the future. As of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, we did not have any material indemnification claims that were probable or reasonably possible, and consequently, we have not recorded related liabilities.
Litigation
From time to time, we may become involved in litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. We record a liability for such litigation when it is probable that future losses will be incurred and if such losses can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment by us is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount.
On April 11, 2023, a putative class action lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California against our company and certain of our officers and current and former members of our board of directors, Bergman v. Caribou Biosciences, Inc., et al., Case Number 4:23-cv-01742-YGR (“Bergman Case”). The Bergman complaint challenges disclosures regarding our company’s business, operations, and prospects, specifically with respect to the alleged durability of CB-010’s therapeutic effect and the product candidate’s clinical and commercial prospects, in alleged violation of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), and Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act. On September 18, 2023, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint adding the IPO underwriters as defendants and making substantially the same allegations as the original complaint. On November 14, 2023, we filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint for failure to state a claim. Motion to dismiss briefing was completed on February 21, 2024. On April 22, 2024, we reached an agreement in principle with plaintiffs to settle the Bergman Case for $3.9 million, which is included in general and administrative expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024, in exchange for a full release of the putative class’s claims against us and all of our current and former officers, current and former members of our board of directors, the IPO underwriters, and the other named defendant. The parties filed a settlement agreement with the court on June 26, 2024, which the court must approve before settlement is final.
On March 22, 2023, a putative class action lawsuit was filed in Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Alameda against our company and certain of our officers and current and former members of our board of directors, Lowry v. Caribou Biosciences, Inc., et al., Case Number T23-1084 (“Lowry Case”). The Lowry Case challenges disclosures regarding our company’s business, operations, and prospects, specifically with respect to the alleged durability of CB-010’s therapeutic effect and the product candidate’s clinical and commercial prospects, in alleged violation of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act. The allegations and claims in the Lowry Case are substantially similar to the Securities Act claims asserted in the Bergman Case. On April 26, 2023, we filed a motion to stay the Lowry Case during the pendency of the parallel federal court litigation in the Bergman Case, and, on July 11, 2023, our motion to stay was denied. On September 11, 2023, plaintiff filed an amended complaint making substantially the same allegations as the original complaint. On November 9, 2023, we filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint on the grounds that our certification of incorporation mandates that Securities Act claims against us be brought in federal court. On February 28, 2024, the court granted our motion to dismiss, and, on April 15, 2024, the court entered an order of dismissal.
10. Common Stock
Common stock reserved for future issuance consisted of the following:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of June 30, 2024 | | As of December 31, 2023 |
Stock options, issued and outstanding | 12,040,717 | | | 9,410,404 | |
Stock options, authorized for future issuance | 6,439,947 | | | 5,952,012 | |
Stock available under our employee stock purchase plan | 2,278,409 | | | 1,516,355 | |
Unvested restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units | 1,312,339 | | | 205,357 | |
Total common stock reserved for future issuance | 22,071,412 | | | 17,084,128 | |
Shelf Registration Statement
On August 9, 2022, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (“Shelf Registration Statement”) with the SEC. The Shelf Registration Statement allows us to sell from time to time up to $400.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, rights, or units comprised of any combination of these securities, for our own account in one or more offerings (including the $100.0 million of common stock reserved for our at-the-market equity offering program). The SEC declared the Shelf Registration Statement effective on August 16, 2022. The terms of any offering under the Shelf Registration Statement will be established at the time of such offering, as described in a prospectus supplement to the Shelf Registration Statement to be filed with the SEC prior to the completion of any such offering.
In July and August 2023, we issued and sold a total of 22,115,384 shares of our common stock in an underwritten follow-on public offering at a price to the public of $6.50 per share, which included the full exercise of the underwriters’
right to purchase 2,884,615 additional shares of our common stock. The total gross proceeds from the offering were approximately $143.7 million ($134.4 million net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses). The shares were issued pursuant to the Shelf Registration Statement.
At-the-market Equity Offering Program
On August 9, 2022, we entered into an at-the-market Open Market Sale AgreementSM (“ATM Sales Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), pursuant to which, through Jefferies as sales agent, we may from time to time, sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million in gross proceeds under the Shelf Registration Statement. As of June 30, 2024, we have sold 1,762,806 shares of our common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement, at an average price per share of $7.32 for aggregate gross proceeds of $12.9 million ($12.3 million net of offering expenses).
11. Stock-Based Compensation
Equity Incentive Plans
In July 2021, our board of directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (“2021 Plan”) that became effective on July 22, 2021. As of June 30, 2024, we had 6,439,947 shares available for issuance under the 2021 Plan.
The following table summarizes stock option activity under our equity incentive plans during the six months ended June 30, 2024:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Stock Options | | Weighted- Average Exercise Price | | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) | | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)(1) |
| | | | | | | |
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 9,410,404 | | $ | 8.03 | | | 8.0 | | $ | 6,432 | |
Options granted | 3,137,177 | | 6.44 | | | | | |
Options exercised | (182,217) | | 3.39 | | | | | |
Options cancelled or forfeited | (324,647) | | 11.38 | | | | | |
Outstanding at June 30, 2024 | 12,040,717 | | $ | 7.59 | | | 7.8 | | $ | 19 | |
Exercisable at June 30, 2024 | 5,262,980 | | $ | 8.01 | | | 6.8 | | $ | 19 | |
Vested and expected to vest at June 30, 2024 | 12,040,717 | | $ | 7.59 | | | 7.8 | | $ | 19 | |
(1)The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the stock option exercise price and the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock at the end of each reporting period referenced above.
Grant Date Fair Value
During the three months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, we granted 223,450 and 486,366 stock options to employees with a weighted average grant date fair value of $2.16 and $2.95, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, we granted 3,137,177 and 3,022,706 stock options to employees with a weighted average grant date fair value of $4.42 and $3.94, respectively.
We estimated the fair value of each employee stock option award on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following assumptions:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2024 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2023 |
Volatility | 75.7% | | 74.7% to 74.8% | | 75.7% to 75.9% | | 74.7% to 75.0% |
Expected term (in years) | 6.0 | | 6.0 | | 5.0 to 6.0 | | 5.0 to 6.0 |
Risk-free interest rate | 4.5% | | 3.6% to 3.9% | | 4.0% to 4.5% | | 3.5% to 4.1% |
Expected dividend yield | 0.0% | | 0.0% | | 0.0% | | 0.0% |
As of June 30, 2024, there was $31.1 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to employee stock options that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years.
Restricted Stock Units
During the six months ended June 30, 2024, we granted 1,143,617 restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and we did not grant any performance-based RSUs (“PSUs”) under the 2021 Plan. A summary of the status of and change in unvested RSUs and PSUs as of June 30, 2024 was as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Number of Shares Underlying Outstanding RSUs and PSUs | | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per RSU and PSU |
Unvested, January 1, 2024 | 205,357 | | $ | 8.49 | |
Granted | 1,143,617 | | 6.33 |
Vested | (15,000) | | 10.64 |
Forfeited | (21,635) | | 7.55 |
Unvested, June 30, 2024 | 1,312,339 | | $ | 6.60 | |
On August 22, 2022, we granted PSUs to our executive officers, which will vest contingent upon the achievement of a clinical milestone for CB-010 during a performance period ending December 31, 2024, and the executive officer’s continued employment during the performance period. As of June 30, 2024, the achievement of this milestone was not considered probable and, therefore, no stock-based compensation was recorded.
As of June 30, 2024, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs was $6.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 3.2 years. As of June 30, 2024, there was approximately $0.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested PSUs.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)
In July 2021, our board of directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the ESPP, which became effective on July 22, 2021. We issued 330,002 shares of common stock under the ESPP as of June 30, 2024. We recorded $0.5 million in accrued liabilities related to contributions withheld as of June 30, 2024.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
We recorded stock-based compensation expense related to employee equity-based awards grants in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2024 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2023 |
Research and development | $ | 1,994 | | | $ | 1,551 | | | $ | 3,610 | | | $ | 2,860 | |
General and administrative | 2,744 | | | 2,034 | | | 5,116 | | | 3,856 | |
Total | $ | 4,738 | | | $ | 3,585 | | | $ | 8,726 | | | $ | 6,716 | |
The above stock-based compensation expense related to the following equity-based awards (in thousands):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2024 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2023 |
Stock options | $ | 3,891 | | | $ | 3,202 | | | $ | 7,379 | | | $ | 6,000 | |
ESPP | 157 | | | 189 | | | 229 | | | 331 | |
RSUs | 690 | | | 194 | | | 1,118 | | | 385 | |
Total | $ | 4,738 | | | $ | 3,585 | | | $ | 8,726 | | | $ | 6,716 | |
12. 401(k) Savings Plan
In 2017, we established a defined-contribution savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Tax Code”). Our 401(k) plan is available to all employees and allows participants to defer a portion of their annual compensation on a pretax basis subject to applicable laws. We also provide a 4% match for employee contributions up to a certain limit. During the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, we contributed $0.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively, to our 401(k) plan.
13. Income Taxes
No income tax expense was recorded during each of the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2024, and 2023 due to our operating losses.
14. Net Loss Per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2024 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2023 |
Numerator: | | | | | | | |
Net loss | $ | (37,697) | | | $ | (29,519) | | | $ | (78,931) | | | $ | (57,563) | |
Denominator: | | | | | | | |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted | 90,340,932 | | | 61,417,934 | | | 89,821,935 | | | 61,302,863 | |
Net loss per share, basic and diluted | $ | (0.42) | | | $ | (0.48) | | | $ | (0.88) | | | $ | (0.94) | |
Because we were in a net loss position for all periods presented, basic net loss per share is the same as diluted net loss per share for all periods, as the inclusion of all common stock equivalents outstanding would have been anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of June 30, 2024 | | As of June 30, 2023 |
Stock options outstanding | 12,040,717 | | 9,253,848 |
RSUs issued and outstanding | 1,259,982 | | 233,035 |
Shares committed under ESPP | 108,788 | | 149,350 |
| 13,409,487 | | 9,636,233 |
15. Subsequent Events
On July 16, 2024, we announced that we had discontinued preclinical research activities associated with our allogeneic CAR-NK platform and reduced our workforce by 21 positions, or approximately 12%. In connection with the workforce reduction, we will incur approximately $0.5 million to $1.0 million in costs, consisting primarily of cash severance costs, benefits, and transition support services for impacted employees, which we expect to recognize in the third quarter of 2024.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in Part I, Item 1, of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2024 (“Form 10-Q”) and with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 11, 2024.
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this Form 10-Q are forward-looking statements, including statements regarding our business strategy, plans, and objectives; expectations regarding our clinical and preclinical development programs, including our expectations about the timing of such programs; the expected timing of disclosure of clinical data from such programs; the safety, efficacy, and potential advantages of our product candidates; future regulatory filings and interactions with regulatory authorities; our results of operations and financial position; and plans and objectives of management for future operations. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words.
As a result of many factors, including but not limited to risks related to our limited operating history, history of net operating losses, financial position and our ability to raise additional capital as needed to fund our operations and product candidate development; risks inherent in the development of cell therapy products; risks associated with the initiation, cost, timing, progress, and results of current and future research and development programs, preclinical studies, and clinical trials; the risk that initial, preliminary, or interim clinical trial data will not ultimately be predictive of the safety and efficacy of our product candidates or that clinical outcomes may differ as patient enrollment continues and as more clinical data becomes available or different conclusions or considerations are reached once additional data have been received and fully evaluated; the risk that preclinical study results will not be borne out in human patients; risks related to our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval for our product candidates; risks that our product candidates, if approved, may not gain market acceptance due to negative public opinion and increased regulatory scrutiny of cell therapies involving genome editing; risks related to our ability to meet future regulatory standards with respect to our products; risks related to our ability to establish and/or maintain intellectual property rights covering our product candidates and genome-editing technology; risks of third parties asserting that our product candidates infringe their patents; risks related to developments of our competitors and our industry; risks related to our reliance on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and manufacture our product candidates; risks caused by public health crises or geopolitical events on our business and operations; and other risks described in greater detail in the section of our Form 10-K titled “Risk Factors,” and in other filings we make with the SEC. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or may not occur, and actual results could differ materially from those described in or implied by the forward-looking statements. As a result of these risks, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.
Overview
We are a clinical-stage Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (“CRISPR”) genome-editing biopharmaceutical company dedicated to developing transformative therapies for patients with devastating diseases. Our genome-editing platform, including our novel chRDNA (CRISPR hybrid RNA-DNA, or “chRDNA,” pronounced “chardonnay”) technology, enables more precise genome editing to develop cell therapies that are armored to improve activity against diseases. We are advancing a pipeline of allogeneic, or off-the-shelf, cell therapies from our chimeric antigen receptor (“CAR”) T (“CAR-T”) cell platform as readily available therapeutic treatments for patients.
We are currently focused on advancing our allogeneic cell therapies for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Our therapies are directed at established cell surface targets for which autologous CAR-T cell therapeutics have already demonstrated clinical proof of concept, including CD19 and B cell maturation antigen (“BCMA”), as well as other targets such as C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (“CLL-1,” also known as CD371). We use our
chRDNA technologies to armor our cell therapies through multiple genome-editing strategies, such as checkpoint disruption, immune cloaking, or a combination of these two strategies to enhance activity against devastating diseases.
Our lead product candidate, CB-010, is an allogeneic anti-CD19 CAR-T cell therapy that is being evaluated in patients with relapsed or refractory large B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (“r/r B-NHL”) in our ongoing ANTLER phase 1 clinical trial. To our knowledge, CB-010 is the first clinical-stage allogeneic anti-CD19 CAR-T cell therapy with programmed cell death protein 1 (“PD-1”) removed from the CAR-T cell surface by a genome-edited knockout of the PDCD1 gene.
In our ANTLER phase 1 clinical trial, 16 patients with multiple subtypes of aggressive r/r B-NHL were enrolled in the dose escalation portion of the clinical trial, and three dose levels of CB-010 were evaluated: dose level 1 (40x106 viable CAR-T cells, n=8), dose level 2 (80x106 viable CAR-T cells, n=5), and dose level 3 (120x106 viable CAR-T cells, n=3). Following the conclusion of the dose escalation portion of our ANTLER clinical trial, we began enrolling second-line (“2L”) large B cell lymphoma (“LBCL”) patients in the dose expansion phase of our ANTLER clinical trial, which is still ongoing. Dose level 2 (80x106 viable CAR-T cells) was selected as the recommended phase 2 dose (“RP2D”). In early June 2024, we presented safety, efficacy, and translational data for the first 46 patients evaluated in our ANTLER phase 1 clinical trial during a poster presentation at the 2024 American Society of Clinical Oncology (“ASCO”) Annual Meeting. CB-010 was generally well-tolerated with adverse events as expected for anti-CD19 cell therapies. A retrospective analysis of the ANTLER clinical trial data showed that patients who received a dose of CB-010 manufactured from a healthy donor who shared four or more matching human leukocyte antigen (“HLA”) alleles with the patient (referred to as “partial HLA matching”) demonstrated the potential for improved efficacy. Based on these data, we have begun dosing a cohort of approximately 20 2L LBCL patients to prospectively evaluate whether partial HLA matching improves patient outcomes. In addition, we are enrolling approximately 10 patients who have relapsed following any prior CD19-targeted therapy in a proof-of-concept cohort, which will also incorporate partial HLA matching. We plan to report initial data from both cohorts in the first half of 2025. Upon confirmation of improved outcomes in 2L LBCL patients receiving a partially HLA matched dose of CB-010, we plan to initiate a pivotal phase 3 clinical trial in the second half of 2025, following agreement with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) on a pivotal trial design. CB-010 has received regenerative medicine advanced therapy (“RMAT”) designation for relapsed or refractory LBCL, fast track designation for r/r B-NHL, and orphan drug designation for follicular lymphoma (“FL”) from the FDA.
We are expanding our clinical development of CB-010 to include autoimmune diseases, and we plan to evaluate CB-010 in a multicenter, open label, phase 1 clinical trial (“GALLOP”) in adult patients with lupus nephritis (“LN”) and extrarenal lupus (“ERL”), which will incorporate partial HLA matching. We expect to initiate our GALLOP clinical trial by year-end 2024.
Our second product candidate, CB-011, is an allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy that is, to our knowledge, the first anti-BCMA CAR-T cell therapy incorporating an immune cloaking approach that includes both the removal of the endogenous beta-2 microglobulin (“B2M”) protein and insertion of a beta-2-microglobulin–human-leukocyte-antigen-E–peptide transgene (“B2M–HLA-E”). This strategy is designed to reduce CAR-T cell rejection by both patient T cells and natural killer (“NK”) cells to potentially enable more durable antitumor activity. CB-011 is being evaluated in our CaMMouflage phase 1 clinical trial in adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (“r/r MM”), and we are currently enrolling patients in the dose escalation portion of the CaMMouflage trial. We plan to report initial dose escalation data by year-end 2024. CB-011 was granted fast track and orphan drug designations for r/r MM from the FDA.
The third product candidate from our CAR-T cell platform is CB-012, an allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy targeting CLL-1 (also known as CD371). CB-012 is, to our knowledge, the first allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy with both checkpoint disruption and immune cloaking strategies. We believe that CLL-1 is an attractive target for acute myeloid leukemia (“AML”) due to its expression on myeloid cancer cells, its enrichment on leukemic stem cells, and its absence on hematopoietic stem cells (“HSCs”). CB-012 is being evaluated in our AMpLify phase 1 clinical trial in adult patients with relapsed or refractory AML (“r/r AML”), and we are currently enrolling patients in the dose escalation portion of the AMpLify trial. We plan to provide updates on dose escalation as the AMpLify phase 1 clinical trial in r/r AML advances.
Since our founding in 2011, we have devoted substantially all our resources to organizing and staffing, business planning, raising capital, expanding our genome-editing platform technologies, developing our product candidates and building our pipeline, creating and maintaining our intellectual property portfolio, and establishing arrangements with third parties for the manufacture, testing, and clinical trial evaluations of our product candidates. We do not have any products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. We have incurred operating losses since commencement of our operations.
To date, we have primarily funded our operations through proceeds from the sales of our capital stock, revenue from our license and collaboration agreements, and proceeds from the sale of shares of Intellia Therapeutics, Inc. (“Intellia”) common stock.
Our net losses for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, were $37.7 million and $29.5 million, respectively. Our net losses for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, were $78.9 million and $57.6 million, respectively. We had an accumulated deficit of $378.2 million as of June 30, 2024. Our net losses and operating losses may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year depending primarily on the timing of expenses associated with our clinical trials and nonclinical studies and our other research and development expenses. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially as we:
•advance clinical trials for our CAR-T cell therapy product candidates;
•continue our current research programs and our preclinical and clinical development of our current product candidates and any other product candidates we identify and choose to develop;
•further develop our genome-editing technologies;
•acquire or in-license new technologies;
•expand, maintain, enforce, and defend our intellectual property portfolio;
•seek regulatory and marketing approvals for any of our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials, if any;
•establish and expand manufacturing capabilities and supply chain capacity for our product candidates;
•add operational, legal, financial, and management information systems to support growth initiatives;
•hire additional personnel as we advance our product candidates;
•experience any delays, challenges, or other issues associated with any of the above, including the failure of clinical trials meeting endpoints, the generation of unanticipated preclinical results or clinical trial data subject to differing interpretations, or the occurrence of potential safety issues or other development or regulatory challenges;
•make royalty, milestone, or other payments under current, and any future, in-license or assignment agreements;
•establish a sales, marketing, and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any product candidates for which we obtain regulatory approval; and
•continue to operate as a public company.
We do not own or operate any manufacturing facilities. We use multiple contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) to individually manufacture, under current good manufacturing processes, our chRDNA guides, Cas9 and Cas12a proteins, plasmids, and adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (“AAV6”) vectors used in the manufacture of our cell therapy product candidates as well as the CAR-T cell therapy product candidates themselves. We expect to continue to rely on our CMOs for the manufacturing of our preclinical study and clinical trial materials, and most of these CMOs have capabilities for commercial manufacturing. Additionally, we may decide to bring certain manufacturing functions in house and/or build our own manufacturing facility in the future to provide greater flexibility and control over our clinical and commercial manufacturing needs.
Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with therapeutic product development, we may never achieve profitability and, unless and until we are able to develop and commercialize our product candidates, we will need to continue to raise additional capital. Until we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through equity offerings (including our at-the-market equity offering program), debt financings, collaborations and strategic alliances, licensing arrangements, or other sources. There are no assurances that we will be successful in obtaining an adequate level of financing to support our business plans as needed on acceptable terms, or at all. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our intellectual property, future revenue streams, research programs, or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise capital as and when needed or on attractive terms, we may have to significantly delay, reduce, or discontinue the development and commercialization of our product candidates or scale back or terminate our pursuit of new in-licenses and acquisitions.
On July 16, 2024, we announced that we had discontinued preclinical research activities associated with our allogeneic CAR-NK platform and had reduced our workforce by 21 positions, or approximately 12%. This workforce reduction, together with other cost containment measures, is expected to extend our cash runway by at least six months into the second half of 2026, which will enable us to focus resources on our allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy platform and on
rapidly advancing our four oncology and autoimmune disease clinical programs through certain milestones expected in 2024 and 2025. In connection with the workforce reduction, we will incur approximately $0.5 million to $1.0 million in costs, consisting primarily of cash severance costs, benefits, and transition support services for impacted employees, which we expect to recognize in the third quarter of 2024.
Components of Results of Operations
Licensing and Collaboration Revenue
We have not generated any revenue from product sales to date and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the foreseeable future. If our development efforts for our product candidates are successful and result in regulatory approval and commercialization, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales. We cannot predict if, when, or to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of our product candidates if we succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for these product candidates.
To date, all our revenue consists of licensing and collaboration revenue earned from collaboration and/or licensing agreements entered into with third parties, including related parties. Under these agreements, we license rights to certain intellectual property controlled by us. The terms of these arrangements typically include payments to us of one or more of the following: nonrefundable, upfront license fees or exclusivity fees; annual maintenance fees; regulatory and/or commercial milestone payments; research and development payments; and royalties on the net sales of products and/or services. Each of these payments results in licensing and collaboration revenue. Revenue under such licensing and collaboration agreements was $3.5 million and $3.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively, and $5.9 million and $7.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively. See Notes 4, 5, and 7 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q for additional information.
For additional information about our revenue recognition policy related to our licensing and collaboration agreements, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K.
For the foreseeable future, we expect substantially all of our revenue will be generated from licensing and collaboration agreements.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development Expenses
Our research and development expenses consist of internal and external expenses incurred in connection with the development of our product candidates and our platform technologies, and our in-licensing, assignment, and other third-party agreements.
External costs include:
•costs associated with acquiring technology and intellectual property licenses that have no alternative future uses, sublicensing revenues, and milestones;
•costs incurred in connection with the preclinical and clinical development and manufacturing of our product candidates, including under agreements with CMOs, suppliers, clinical research organizations (“CROs”), and clinical sites; and
•other research and development costs, including laboratory materials and supplies, and consulting services.
Internal costs include:
•personnel-related costs, including salaries, benefits, and share-based compensation expense, for our research and development personnel; and
•allocated facilities and other overhead expenses, including expenses for rent, facilities maintenance, and depreciation.
We expense research and development costs as incurred. Costs of certain activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks. However, payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are deferred and capitalized as prepaid expenses and other current assets on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The capitalized amounts are
recognized as expenses as the goods are delivered or as related services are performed. We separately track certain external costs on a program-by-program basis; however, we do not track costs that are deployed across multiple programs.
Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we continue to implement our business strategy; advance our product candidates through clinical trials and later stages of development; conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials for our other product candidates; seek regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; and seek to identify, in-license, acquire, and/or develop additional product candidates.
The successful development of our CAR-T cell therapy product candidates, as well as other potential future product candidates, is highly uncertain. Accordingly, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing, and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of our product candidates. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, we will generate revenue and material net cash inflows from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates for which we may obtain regulatory approval. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. The duration, costs, and timing of preclinical studies, clinical trials, and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including:
•sufficiency of our financial and other resources;
•acceptance of our CRISPR chRDNA genome-editing technology and other new technologies we may develop or in-license;
•the ability to develop differentiating features so that our products have a competitive edge;
•establishment, maintenance, enforcement, and defense of our patents and other intellectual property rights;
•the ability to not infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate third-party intellectual property rights;
•clearance of IND applications to initiate clinical trials on new product candidates;
•successful enrollment in, and completion of, our clinical trials on our product candidates;
•generation of data from our clinical trials that support an acceptable risk-benefit profile of our product candidates for the intended patient populations and that demonstrate safety and efficacy;
•entry into collaborations to further the development of our product candidates or for the development of new product candidates;
•maintenance of, and compliance with, our agreements with CMOs and suppliers for clinical and commercial supplies and scaling up manufacturing processes and capabilities to support our clinical trials;
•receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;
•grant of regulatory exclusivity for our product candidates;
•establishment of sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities necessary for commercialization of our product candidates if and when approved by the applicable regulatory authorities, whether by us or in collaboration with third parties;
•maintenance of a continued acceptable safety profile of our products post-approval;
•acceptance of our product candidates, if and when approved by the applicable regulatory authorities, by patients, the medical community, and third-party payors;
•ability of our products to compete with other therapies and treatment options;
•establishment and maintenance of healthcare coverage and adequate reimbursement; and
•expanded indications and patient populations for our products.
The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the periods indicated:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Three Months Ended June 30, | | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2024 | | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2023 |
| (in thousands) | | (in thousands) |
External costs: | | | | | | | |
Expenses related to licenses, sublicensing revenue, and milestones | $ | 395 | | | $ | 743 | | | $ | 4,054 | | | $ | 1,173 | |
Services provided by CROs, CMOs, and other third parties that conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials on our behalf | $ | 12,059 | | | $ | 10,138 | | | 24,155 | | | 20,417 | |
Other research and development expenses | $ | 9,202 | | | $ | 4,110 | | | 14,410 | | | 8,829 | |
Total external costs | $ | 21,656 | | | $ | 14,991 | | | 42,619 | | | 30,419 | |
Internal costs: | | | | | | | |
|