LIN Linde PLC

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Linde plc ("Linde" or "the company") is an incorporated public limited company formed under the laws of Ireland. Linde’s registered office is located at Ten Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, D02 T380 Ireland. Linde’s principal executive offices are located at Forge, 43 Church Street West, Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT, United Kingdom and 10 Riverview Drive, Danbury, Connecticut, 06810, United States.

Presentation of Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - In the opinion of Linde management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented and such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements of Linde plc and subsidiaries in Linde's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the company’s significant accounting policies during 2024.

Reclassifications – Certain prior periods' amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.

Accounting Standards to be Implemented

Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures - In November 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring enhanced disclosure related to reportable segments. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard will only impact disclosures within the company's consolidated financial statements and the company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on those disclosures. Linde will adopt this guidance in fiscal year 2024.

Receivables

Linde applies loss rates that are lifetime expected credit losses at initial recognition of the receivables. These expected loss rates are based on an analysis of the actual historical default rates for each business, taking regional circumstances into account. If necessary, these historical default rates are adjusted to reflect the impact of current changes in the macroeconomic environment using forward-looking information. The loss rates are also evaluated based on the expectations of the responsible management team regarding the collectability of the receivables. Gross trade receivables aged less than one year were $4,956 million and $4,667 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and gross receivables aged greater than one year were $375 million and $354 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Other receivables were $128 million and $154 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Receivables aged greater than one year are generally fully reserved unless specific circumstances warrant exceptions, such as those backed by federal governments.

Accounts receivable net of reserves were $5,001 million at June 30, 2024 and $4,718 million at December 31, 2023. Allowances for expected credit losses were $458 million at June 30, 2024 and $457 million at December 31, 2023.  Provisions for expected credit losses were $84 million and $83 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The allowance activity in the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 related to write-offs of uncollectible amounts, net of recoveries and currency movements is not material.

Inventories

The following is a summary of Linde's consolidated inventories:

(Millions of dollars)			June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Inventories
Raw materials and supplies			$	593					$	614
Work in process			422						390
Finished goods			1,079						1,111
Total inventories			$	2,094					$	2,115

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The following is a summary of Linde's outstanding debt at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(Millions of dollars)			June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper			$	3,019					$	4,483
Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.)			307						230
Total short-term debt			3,326						4,713
LONG-TERM (a)
(U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted)
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (c)			—						607
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b) (e)			—						332
4.800% Notes due 2024			300						300
4.700% Notes due 2025			599						599
2.65% Notes due 2025			400						399
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025			535						550
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025			535						551
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026			751						774
3.20% Notes due 2026			725						724
3.434% Notes due 2026			199						198
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027			87						90
0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027			803						827
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027			537						553
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b)			762						780
3.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (d)			747						—
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029			800						824
1.10% Notes due 2030			697						697
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030			110						114
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2030 (f)			799						—
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031			805						829
3.20% Euro denominated notes due 2031 (d)			909						—
0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032			799						823
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033			530						546
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034			693						714
3.500% Euro denominated notes due 2034 (f)			795						—
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035			851						876
3.40% Euro denominated notes due 2036 (d)			743						—
3.55% Notes due 2042			665						666
3.75% Euro denominated notes due 2044 (f)			743						—
2.00% Notes due 2050			297						296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051			732						755
Non U.S. borrowings			234						226
Other			10						10
			18,192						14,660
Less: current portion of long-term debt			(1,261)						(1,263)
Total long-term debt			16,931						13,397
Total debt			$	21,518					$	19,373

(a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable.

(b)June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included a cumulative $38 million and $46 million adjustment to carrying value, respectively, related to hedge accounting of interest rate swaps. Refer to Note 4.

(c)In February 2024, Linde repaid €550 million of 1.20% notes that became due.

(d)In February 2024, Linde issued €700 million of 3.00% notes due in 2028, €850 million of 3.20% notes due in 2031 and €700 million of 3.40% notes due in 2036.

(e)In May 2024, Linde repaid €300 million of 1.875% notes that became due.

(f)In June 2024, Linde issued €750 million of 3.375% notes due in 2030, €750 million of 3.500% notes due in 2034 and €700 million of 3.75% notes due in 2044.

The company maintains a $5 billion and a $1.5 billion unsecured revolving credit agreement with a syndicate of banking institutions that expire on December 7, 2027 and December 4, 2024, respectively. There are no financial maintenance covenants contained within the credit agreements. No borrowings were outstanding under the credit agreements as of June 30, 2024.

In its normal operations, Linde is exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, energy and commodity costs. The objective of financial risk management at Linde is to minimize the negative impact of such fluctuations on the company’s earnings and cash flows. To manage these risks, among other strategies, Linde routinely enters into various derivative financial instruments (“derivatives”) including interest-rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements, currency-swap agreements, forward contracts, currency options, and commodity-swap agreements. These instruments are not entered into for trading purposes and Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments.

There are three types of derivatives that the company enters into: (i) those relating to fair-value exposures, (ii) those relating to cash-flow exposures, and (iii) those relating to foreign currency net investment exposures. Fair-value exposures relate to recognized assets or liabilities, and firm commitments; cash-flow exposures relate to the variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions; and net investment exposures relate to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on the carrying value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies.

When a derivative is executed and hedge accounting is appropriate, it is designated as either a fair-value hedge, cash-flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. Currently, Linde designates all interest-rate and treasury-rate locks as hedges for accounting purposes; however, cross-currency contracts are generally not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Certain currency contracts related to forecasted transactions are designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Whether designated as hedges for accounting purposes or not, all derivatives are linked to an appropriate underlying exposure. On an ongoing basis, the company assesses the hedge effectiveness of all derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes to determine if they continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the underlying hedged items. If it is determined that the hedge is not highly effective through the use of a qualitative assessment, then hedge accounting will be discontinued prospectively.

Counterparties to Linde's derivatives are major banking institutions with credit ratings of investment grade or better. The company has Credit Support Annexes ("CSAs") in place for certain entities with their principal counterparties to minimize potential default risk and to mitigate counterparty risk. Under the CSAs, the fair values of derivatives for the purpose of interest rate and currency management are collateralized with cash on a regular basis. As of June 30, 2024, the impact of such collateral posting arrangements on the fair value of derivatives was insignificant. Management believes the risk of incurring losses on derivative contracts related to credit risk is remote and any losses would be immaterial.

The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for consolidated subsidiaries:

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															Fair Value
			Notional Amounts												Assets (a)												Liabilities (a)
(Millions of dollars)			June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023						June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023						June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items			$	7,556					$	4,567					$	39					$	46					$	42					$	26
Forecasted transactions			206						335						2						11						3						6
Total			$	7,762					$	4,902					$	41					$	57					$	45					$	32
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Forecasted transactions			$	562					$	749					$	5					$	20					$	1					$	4
Commodity contracts			N/A						N/A						10						3						20						7
Interest rate swaps			—						1,214						—						1						—						4
Total Hedges			$	562					$	1,963					$	15					$	24					$	21					$	15
Total Derivatives			$	8,324					$	6,865					$	56					$	81					$	66					$	47

(a)Amounts as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included current assets of $53 million and $73 million which are recorded in prepaid and other current assets; long-term assets of $3 million and $8 million which are recorded in other long-term assets; current liabilities of $61 million and $41 million which are recorded in other current liabilities; and long-term liabilities of $5 million and $6 million which are recorded in other long-term liabilities.

Balance Sheet Items

Foreign currency contracts related to balance sheet items consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on recorded balance sheet assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating unit. Certain forward currency contracts are entered into to protect underlying monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies from foreign exchange risk and are not designated as hedging instruments. For balance sheet items that are not designated as hedging instruments, the fair value adjustments on these contracts are offset by the fair value adjustments recorded on the underlying monetary assets and liabilities.

Forecasted Transactions

Foreign currency contracts related to forecasted transactions consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on (1) forecasted purchases of capital-related equipment and services, (2) forecasted sales, or (3) other forecasted cash flows denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating units. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase. For forecasted transactions that do not qualify for cash flow hedging relationships, fair value adjustments are recorded directly to earnings. Linde is hedging forecasted transactions for a maximum period of three years.

Commodity Contracts

Commodity contracts are entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices, which arise in the normal course of business from its procurement transactions. To reduce the extent of this risk, Linde enters into a limited number of electricity, natural gas, and propane gas derivatives. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase. Linde is hedging commodity contracts for a maximum period of three years.

Net Investment Hedges

As of June 30, 2024, Linde has €16.8 billion ($18.2 billion) Euro-denominated notes and intercompany loans and ¥4.7 billion ($0.7 billion) CNY-denominated intercompany loans that are designated as hedges of the net investment positions in certain foreign operations. Since hedge inception, the deferred gain recorded within cumulative translation adjustment component of

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accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet is $453 million (deferred gain of $135 million and $409 million in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively).

As of June 30, 2024, exchange rate movements relating to previously designated hedges that remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is a gain of $56 million. These movements will remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), until appropriate, such as upon sale or liquidation of the related foreign operations at which time amounts will be reclassified to the consolidated statements of income.

Interest Rate Swaps

Linde uses interest rate swaps to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities as a result of interest rate changes. These interest rate swaps effectively convert fixed-rate interest exposures to variable rates; fair value adjustments are recognized in earnings along with an equally offsetting charge/benefit to earnings for the changes in the fair value of the underlying financial asset or financial liability (See Note 3).

In addition, as of December 31, 2023, Linde was using interest rate swaps with a notional value of €1 billion to hedge the variability of future cash flows of forecasted transactions due to interest rate risk and had designated this as a cash flow hedge. The interest rate swaps were terminated during the first quarter of 2024 with the February debt issuance and the settlement values were immaterial.

Derivatives' Impact on Consolidated Statements of Income

The following table summarizes the impact of the company’s derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:

			Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings *
			Quarter Ended June 30,												Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items
Debt-related			$	(2)					$	(44)					$	(17)					$	(83)
Other balance sheet items			2						(1)						(5)						(2)
Total			$	—					$	(45)					$	(22)					$	(85)

* The gains (losses) on balance sheet items are offset by gains (losses) recorded on the underlying hedged assets and liabilities. Accordingly, the gains (losses) for the derivatives and the underlying hedged assets and liabilities related to debt items are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as interest expense-net. Other balance sheet items and anticipated net income gains (losses) are generally recorded in the consolidated statements of income as other income (expenses)-net.

The amounts of gain or loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified to the consolidated statement of income was not material for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net impacts expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months are also not material.

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable

Level 3 – inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions)

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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

			Fair Value Measurements Using
			Level 1												Level 2												Level 3
(Millions of dollars)			June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023						June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023						June 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Assets
Derivative assets			$	—					$	—					$	56					$	81					$	—					$	—
Investments and securities*			17						16						—						—						11						12
Total			$	17					$	16					$	56					$	81					11						$	12
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities			$	—					$	—					$	66					$	47					$	—					$	—

* Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Level 1 investments and securities are marketable securities traded on an exchange. Level 2 investments are based on market prices obtained from independent brokers or determined using quantitative models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters that are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including third-party pricing services, brokers and market transactions. Level 3 investments and securities consist of a venture fund. For the valuation, Linde uses the net asset value received as part of the fund's quarterly reporting, which for the most part is not based on quoted prices in active markets. In order to reflect current market conditions, Linde proportionally adjusts by observable market data (stock exchange prices) or current transaction prices.

Changes in level 3 investments and securities were immaterial.

The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term debt, accounts receivable-net, and accounts payable approximate carrying value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

The fair value of long-term debt is estimated based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues. Long-term debt is categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. At June 30, 2024, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $16,598 million versus a carrying value of $18,192 million. At December 31, 2023, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $13,337 million versus a carrying value of $14,660 million. Differences between the carrying value and the fair value are attributable to fluctuations in interest rates subsequent to when the debt was issued and relative to stated coupon rates.

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Basic and diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:

			Quarter Ended June 30,												Six Months Ended June 30,
			2024						2023						2024						2023
Numerator (Millions of dollars)
Net Income – Linde plc			$	1,663					$	1,575					$	3,290					$	3,091
Denominator (Thousands of shares)
Weighted average shares outstanding			479,130						489,061						480,246						490,201
Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans			843						557						697						526
Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share			479,973						489,618						480,943						490,727
Effect of dilutive securities
Stock options and awards			3,204						3,931						3,423						3,958
Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share			483,177						493,549						484,366						494,685
Basic Earnings Per Share			$	3.46					$	3.22					$	6.84					$	6.30
Diluted Earnings Per Share			$	3.44					$	3.19					$	6.79					$	6.25

The weighted-average of antidilutive securities excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share was 353,145 and 225,739 for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. There were no antidilutive securities in the respective 2023 periods.

The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pensions (“OPEB”) costs for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are shown below:

			Quarter Ended June 30,												Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2024						2023						2024						2023
Amount recognized in Operating Profit
Service cost			$	21					$	21					$	42					$	42
Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost
Interest cost			91						94						182						186
Expected return on plan assets			(137)						(131)						(275)						(260)
Net amortization and deferral			(3)						(8)						(6)						(16)
			(49)						(45)						(99)						(90)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)			$	(28)					$	(24)					$	(57)					$	(48)

Components of net periodic benefit expense for other post-retirement plans for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were not material.

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Contingent Liabilities

Linde is subject to various lawsuits and government investigations that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. These actions are based upon alleged environmental, tax, antitrust and personal injury claims, among others. Linde has strong defenses in these cases and intends to defend itself vigorously. It is possible that the company may incur losses in connection with some of these actions in excess of accrued liabilities. Management does not anticipate that in the aggregate such losses would have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, it is possible that the final outcomes could have a significant impact on the company’s reported results of operations in any given period (see Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements of Linde's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K).

Significant matters are:

•During 2009, the Brazilian government published Law 11941/2009 instituting a new voluntary amnesty program (“Refis Program”) which allowed Brazilian companies to settle certain federal tax disputes at reduced amounts. During 2009, the company decided that it was economically beneficial to settle many of its outstanding federal tax disputes and such disputes were enrolled in the Refis Program, subject to final calculation and review by the Brazilian federal government. The company recorded estimated liabilities based on the terms of the Refis Program. Since 2009, Linde has been unable to reach final agreement on the calculations and initiated litigation against the government in an attempt to resolve certain items. Open issues relate to the following matters: (i) application of cash deposits and net operating loss carryforwards to satisfy obligations and (ii) the amount of tax reductions available under the Refis Program. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of legal matters in Brazil.

•At June 30, 2024, the most significant non-income tax claims in Brazil, after enrollment in the Refis Program, relate to state VAT tax matters. The total estimated exposure relating to such claims, including interest and penalties, as appropriate, is approximately $110 million. Linde has not recorded any liabilities related to such claims based on management judgment and opinions of outside counsel.

During 2023, the Brazilian Supreme Court issued a decision confirming the constitutionality of a specific federal income tax, with retroactive effect. As a result of this decision, the company recorded a reserve based on its best estimate of potential settlement. This decision has not yet been finalized and is subject to ongoing motions for clarification. Because litigation in Brazil historically takes many years to resolve, it is very difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters; however, it is possible that certain of these matters may be resolved within the near term. The company is vigorously defending against the proceedings.

•On and after April 23, 2019 former shareholders of Linde AG filed appraisal proceedings at the District Court (Landgericht) Munich I (Germany), seeking an increase of the cash consideration paid in connection with the previously completed cash merger squeeze-out of all of Linde AG’s minority shareholders for €189.46 per share. Any such increase would apply to all 14,763,113 Linde AG shares that were outstanding on April 8, 2019, when the cash merger squeeze-out was completed. The period for plaintiffs to file claims expired on July 9, 2019. In November 2023, the court issued a decision rejecting the plaintiffs’ claims in their entirety and determining that the cash merger squeeze-out consideration was appropriate. The plaintiffs have appealed this decision.

The company believes the consideration paid was fair and that the claims are not supported by sufficient evidence, and no reserve has been established. We cannot estimate the timing of resolution.

•In December 2022, a Russian court based in St. Petersburg ("St. Petersburg Court") issued an injunction preventing (i) the sale of any shares in Linde’s subsidiaries and joint ventures in Russia, and (ii) the disposal of any of the assets in those entities exceeding 5% of the relevant company’s overall asset value. The injunction was requested by RusChemAlliance (RCA) to secure payment of a possible award under an arbitration proceeding RCA intended to file against Linde Engineering for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a gas processing plant in Russia entered into in July 2021. Performance of the agreement was lawfully suspended by Linde Engineering on May 27, 2022 in compliance with applicable sanctions. In March 2023, RCA filed a claim in St. Petersburg against Linde GmbH for recovery of advance payments under the agreement ("GPP Claim"), and subsequently (i) added Linde and other Linde subsidiaries as defendants, and (ii) is seeking payment of alleged damages from Linde and guarantor banks. In March 2024, RCA filed a similar claim for repayment and damages against Linde for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a liquefied natural gas plant in Russia entered into in September 2021 (“LNG Claim”, and together with the GPP Claim, the “Russian Claims”).

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In accordance with the dispute resolution provisions of the agreements, in 2023, Linde filed a notice of arbitration with the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre ("HKIAC") against RCA to claim that (i) RCA has no entitlement to payment, (ii) RCA’s Russian Claims are in breach of the arbitration agreement which requires HKIAC arbitration, and (iii) RCA must compensate Linde for the losses and damages caused by the injunction. Additionally, Linde filed for and obtained an anti-suit injunction from a Hong Kong court against RCA directing RCA to seek a stay of the claims and ordering it to resolve any disputes in accordance with HKIAC arbitration.

In January, 2024, the Hong Kong court issued a final judgment in Linde’s favor (i) granting a permanent anti-suit injunction against RCA to seek a stay of the GPP claim and not start an LNG claim, (ii) granting a permanent, global anti-enforcement injunction against RCA for the GPP claim, and (iii) ordering that the injunction issued by the St. Petersburg Court be lifted (“HK Court Judgement”).

Despite the judgments of the Hong Kong court and similar orders issued by the HKIAC arbitration tribunals, the St. Petersburg injunction affecting Linde’s shares and assets has not been lifted, the proceeding in St. Petersburg has not been stayed and RCA is continuing to pursue its claims in Russia.

In February 2024, the St. Petersburg Court decided the GPP Claim in favor of RCA. Linde appealed this decision unsuccessfully in March 2024. Linde expects RCA to enforce the decision by seizing assets that were previously frozen by the court. Linde intends to claim all damages related to or rising from RCA's enforcement of the decision in the HKIAC arbitration proceedings.

Linde does not expect a material adverse impact on earnings from this decision given the liability recorded as of June 30, 2024 and the immaterial remaining investment value of its deconsolidated Russia subsidiaries. As of June 30, 2024, Linde has a contingent liability of $1.2 billion recorded in Other long-term liabilities, which represents advance payments previously recorded in contract liabilities related to terminated engineering projects with RCA. As a result of the contract terminations, Linde no longer has future performance obligations for these projects.

It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters. The company intends to vigorously defend its interests in both the Russian Claims and arbitration proceedings.

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For a description of Linde plc's operating segments, refer to Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements on Linde plc's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The table below presents sales and operating profit information about reportable segments and Other for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

			Quarter Ended June 30,												Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2024						2023						2024						2023
SALES(a)
Americas			$	3,655					$	3,541					$	7,215					$	7,092
EMEA			2,091						2,160						4,182						4,337
APAC			1,657						1,683						3,248						3,281
Engineering			544						495						1,083						1,035
Other			320						325						639						652
Total sales			$	8,267					$	8,204					$	16,367					$	16,397

			Quarter Ended June 30,												Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2024						2023						2024						2023
SEGMENT OPERATING PROFIT
Americas			$	1,159					$	1,070					$	2,247					$	2,095
EMEA			704						630						1,391						1,237
APAC			474						472						921						895
Engineering			96						107						196						256
Other			(11)						7						8						9
Segment operating profit			2,422						2,286						4,763						4,492
Other charges			—						(22)						—						(40)
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (b)			(238)						(253)						(484)						(508)
Total operating profit			$	2,184					$	2,011					$	4,279					$	3,944

(a)Sales reflect external sales only. Intersegment sales, primarily from Engineering to the industrial gases segments, were $485 million and $876 million for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, and $335 million and $629 million for the respective 2023 periods.

(b)Represents purchase accounting impacts related to the 2018 merger.

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A summary of the changes in total equity for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is provided below:

			Quarter Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2024																		2023
Activity			Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity						Noncontrolling Interests						Total Equity						Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity						Noncontrolling Interests						Total Equity
Balance, beginning of period			$	38,829					$	1,387					$	40,216					$	39,970					$	1,353					$	41,323
Net income (a)			1,663						37						1,700						1,575						37						1,612
Other comprehensive income (loss)			(266)						(10)						(276)						(89)						(23)						(112)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)			—						—						—						(11)						(7)						(18)
Dividends and other capital changes			—						(55)						(55)						—						(36)						(36)
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($1.39 per share in 2024 and $1.275 per share in 2023)			(665)						—						(665)						(623)						—						(623)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans			(15)						—						(15)						(35)						—						(35)
Purchases of ordinary shares			(1,407)						—						(1,407)						(912)						—						(912)
Share-based compensation			40						—						40						36						—						36
Balance, end of period			$	38,179					$	1,359					$	39,538					$	39,911					$	1,324					$	41,235

			Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2024																		2023
Activity			Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity						Noncontrolling Interests						Total Equity						Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity						Noncontrolling Interests						Total Equity
Balance, beginning of period			$	39,720					$	1,362					$	41,082					$	40,028					$	1,346					$	41,374
Net income (a)			3,290						75						3,365						3,091						73						3,164
Other comprehensive income (loss)			(989)						(25)						(1,014)						(117)						(25)						(142)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)			—						11						11						(11)						(5)						(16)
Dividends and other capital changes			—						(64)						(64)						—						(65)						(65)
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($2.78 per share in 2024 and $2.55 per share in 2023)			(1,334)						—						(1,334)						(1,246)						—						(1,246)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans			(141)						—						(141)						(98)						—						(98)
Purchases of ordinary shares			(2,445)						—						(2,445)						(1,802)						—						(1,802)
Share-based compensation			78						—						78						66						—						66
Balance, end of period			$	38,179					$	1,359					$	39,538					$	39,911					$	1,324					$	41,235

(a) Net income for noncontrolling interests excludes net income related to redeemable noncontrolling interests which is not significant for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 and which is not part of total equity.

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The components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:

			June 30,						December 31,
(Millions of dollars)			2024						2023
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes:
Americas			$	(4,055)					$	(3,618)
EMEA			(1,100)						(737)
APAC			(1,433)						(1,037)
Engineering			(248)						(93)
Other			471						113
			(6,365)						(5,372)
Derivatives - net of taxes			3						7
Pension / OPEB (net of $67 million and $60 million tax benefit at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)			(432)						(440)
			$	(6,794)					$	(5,805)

Revenue is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. Revenue is recognized as control of goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services.

Contracts with Customers

Linde serves a diverse group of industries including healthcare, chemicals and energy, manufacturing, metals and mining, food and beverage, and electronics.

Industrial Gases

Within each of the company’s geographic segments for industrial gases, there are three basic distribution methods: (i) on-site or tonnage; (ii) merchant or bulk liquid; and (iii) packaged or cylinder gases. The distribution method used by Linde to supply a customer is determined by many factors, including the customer’s volume requirements and location. The distribution method generally determines the contract terms with the customer and, accordingly, the revenue recognition accounting practices. Linde's primary products in its industrial gases business are atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, rare gases) and process gases (carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, electronic gases, specialty gases, acetylene). These products are generally sold through one of the three distribution methods.

Following is a description of each of the three industrial gases distribution methods and the respective revenue recognition policies:

On-site. Customers that require the largest volumes of product and that have a relatively constant demand pattern are supplied by cryogenic and process gas on-site plants. Linde constructs plants on or adjacent to these customers’ sites and supplies the product directly to customers by pipeline. Where there are large concentrations of customers, a single pipeline may be connected to several plants and customers. On-site product supply contracts generally are total requirement contracts with terms typically ranging from 10-20 years and contain minimum purchase requirements and price escalation provisions. Many of the cryogenic on-site plants also produce liquid products for the merchant market. Therefore, plants are typically not dedicated to a single customer. Additionally, Linde is responsible for the design, construction, operations and maintenance of the plants and our customers typically have no involvement in these activities. Advanced air separation processes also allow on-site delivery to customers with smaller volume requirements.

The company’s performance obligations related to on-site customers are satisfied over time as customers receive and obtain control of the product. Linde has elected to apply the practical expedient for measuring progress towards the completion of a performance obligation and recognizes revenue as the company has the right to invoice each customer, which generally corresponds with product delivery. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Consideration in these contracts is generally based on pricing which fluctuates with various price indices. Variable components of consideration exist within on-site contracts but are considered constrained.

Merchant. Merchant deliveries generally are made from Linde's plants by tanker trucks to storage containers at the customer's site. Due to the relatively high distribution cost, merchant oxygen and nitrogen generally have a relatively small distribution

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radius from the plants at which they are produced. Merchant argon, hydrogen and helium can be shipped much longer distances. The customer agreements used in the merchant business are usually three-to seven-year supply agreements based on the requirements of the customer. These contracts generally do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments.

The company’s performance obligations related to merchant customers are generally satisfied at a point in time as the customers receive and obtain control of the product. Revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms.

Packaged Gases. Customers requiring small volumes are supplied products in containers called cylinders, under medium to high pressure. Linde distributes merchant gases from its production plants to company-owned cylinder filling plants where cylinders are then filled for distribution to customers. Cylinders may be delivered to the customer’s site or picked up by the customer at a packaging facility or retail store. Linde invoices the customer for the industrial gases and the use of the cylinder container(s). The company also sells hardgoods and welding equipment purchased from independent manufacturers. Packaged gases are generally sold under one to three-year supply contracts and purchase orders and do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments.

The company’s performance obligations related to packaged gases are satisfied at a point in time. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer or when the customer picks up product from a packaged gas facility or retail store and the company has the right to payment from the customer in accordance with the contract terms.

Engineering

The company designs and manufactures equipment for air separation and other industrial gas applications manufactured specifically for end customers. Sale of equipment contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation. Revenue from sale of equipment is generally recognized over time as Linde has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and performance does not create an asset with alternative use. For contracts recognized over time, revenue is recognized primarily using a cost incurred input method. Costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations. Costs incurred include material, labor, and overhead costs and represent work contributing and proportionate to the transfer of control to the customer. Changes to cost estimates and contract modifications are typically accounted for as part of the existing contract and are recognized as cumulative adjustments for the inception-to-date effect of such change.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets and liabilities result from differences in timing of revenue recognition and customer invoicing. Contract assets primarily relate to sale of equipment contracts for which revenue is recognized over time. The balance represents unbilled revenue which occurs when revenue recognized under the measure of progress exceeds amounts invoiced to customers. Customer invoices may be based on the passage of time, the achievement of certain contractual milestones or a combination of both criteria. Contract liabilities include advance payments or right to consideration prior to performance under the contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as performance obligations are satisfied under contract terms. Linde has contract assets of  $226 million and $196 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Total contract liabilities are $2,820 million at June 30, 2024 (current contract liabilities of $1,767 million and $1,053 million within other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets). As of June 30, 2024, Linde has approximately $397 million recorded in contract liabilities related to engineering projects in Russia subject to sanctions. Total contract liabilities were $2,950 million at December 31, 2023 (current contract liabilities of $1,901 million and $1,049 million within other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets). Revenue recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2024 that was included in the contract liability at December 31, 2023 was $674 million. Contract assets and liabilities primarily relate to the Engineering business.

Payment Terms and Other

Linde generally receives payment after performance obligations are satisfied, and customer prepayments are not typical for the industrial gases business. Payment terms vary based on the country where sales originate and local customary payment practices. Linde does not offer extended financing outside of customary payment terms. Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue producing transactions are presented on a net basis and are not included in sales within the consolidated statement of income. Additionally, sales returns and allowances are not a normal practice in the industry and are not significant.

Disaggregated Revenue Information

As described above and in Note 19 to Linde plc's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, the company manages its industrial gases business on a geographic basis, while the Engineering and Other businesses are generally managed on a global basis. Furthermore, the company believes that reporting sales by distribution method by reportable geographic segment best illustrates

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the nature, timing, type of customer, and contract terms for its revenues, including terms and pricing.

The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the quarter and six months ended, June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023.

(Millions of dollars)			Quarter Ended June 30, 2024
Sales			Americas			EMEA			APAC			Engineering			Other			Total			%
Merchant			$	1,178		$	691		$	568		$	—		$	52		$	2,489		30		%
On-Site			807			412			668			—			—			1,887			23		%
Packaged Gas			1,616			969			348			—			7			2,940			36		%
Other			54			19			73			544			261			951			11		%
Total			$	3,655		$	2,091		$	1,657		$	544		$	320		$	8,267		100		%

(Millions of dollars)			Quarter Ended June 30, 2023
Sales			Americas			EMEA			APAC			Engineering			Other			Total			%
Merchant			$	1,094		$	704		$	570		$	—		$	53		$	2,421		30		%
On-Site			756			493			677			—			—			1,926			23		%
Packaged Gas			1,638			946			366			—			12			2,962			36		%
Other			53			17			70			495			260			895			11		%
Total			$	3,541		$	2,160		$	1,683		$	495		$	325		$	8,204		100		%
(Millions of dollars)			Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Sales			Americas			EMEA			APAC			Engineering			Other			Total			%
Merchant			$	2,295		$	1,377		$	1,096		$	—		$	107		$	4,875		30		%
On-Site			1,589			853			1,336			—			—			3,778			23		%
Packaged Gas			3,222			1,920			670			—			14			5,826			36		%
Other			109			32			146			1,083			518			1,888			11		%
Total			$	7,215		$	4,182		$	3,248		$	1,083		$	639		$	16,367		100		%
(Millions of dollars)			Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Sales			Americas			EMEA			APAC			Engineering			Other			Total			%
Merchant			$	2,137		$	1,404		$	1,122		$	—		$	108		$	4,771		29		%
On-Site			1,560			1,031			1,321			—			—			3,912			24		%
Packaged Gas			3,276			1,874			721			—			32			5,903			36		%
Other			119			28			117			1,035			512			1,811			11		%
Total			$	7,092		$	4,337		$	3,281		$	1,035		$	652		$	16,397		100		%

Remaining Performance Obligations

As described above, Linde's contracts with on-site customers are under long-term supply arrangements which generally require the customer to purchase their requirements from Linde and also have minimum purchase requirements. Additionally, plant sales from the Linde Engineering business are primarily contracted on a fixed price basis. The company estimates the consideration related to future minimum purchase requirements and plant sales was approximately $50 billion. This amount excludes all on-site sales above minimum purchase requirements, which can be significant depending on customer needs. In the future, actual amounts will be different due to impacts from several factors, many of which are beyond the company’s control including, but not limited to, timing of newly signed, terminated and renewed contracts, inflationary price escalations, currency exchange rates, and pass-through costs related to natural gas and electricity. The actual duration of long-term supply contracts ranges up to twenty years. The company estimates that approximately half of the revenue related to minimum purchase requirements will be earned in the next five years and the remaining thereafter.

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v3.24.2.u1

Cover	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 shares
Entity Addresses [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-38730
Entity Registrant Name	LINDE PLC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	L2
Entity Tax Identification Number	98-1448883
Entity Address, Address Line One	Forge
Entity Address, Address Line Two	43 Church Street West
Entity Address, City or Town	Woking,
Entity Address, Country	GB
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	GU21 6HT
Country Region	44
City Area Code	14
Local Phone Number	83 242200
Title of 12(b) Security	Ordinary shares (€0.001 nominal value per share)
Trading Symbol	LIN
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	477,502,737
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Entity Central Index Key	0001707925
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Other Address
Entity Addresses [Line Items]
Entity Address, Address Line One	10 Riverview Drive,
Entity Address, City or Town	Danbury
Entity Address, State or Province	CT
Entity Address, Country	US
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	06810

v3.24.2.u1

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Income Statement [Abstract]
Sales	$ 8,267	$ 8,204	$ 16,367	$ 16,397
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	4,251	4,316	8,467	8,747
Selling, general and administrative	840	833	1,700	1,655
Depreciation and amortization	958	960	1,907	1,908
Research and development	36	35	74	71
Other charges	0	22	0	40
Other income (expense) - net	2	(27)	60	(32)
Operating Profit	2,184	2,011	4,279	3,944
Interest expense - net	70	52	135	89
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	(49)	(45)	(99)	(90)
Income Before Income Taxes and Equity Investments	2,163	2,004	4,243	3,945
Income taxes	508	438	971	868
Income Before Equity Investments	1,655	1,566	3,272	3,077
Income from equity investments	45	46	93	87
Net Income (Including Noncontrolling Interests)	1,700	1,612	3,365	3,164
Less: noncontrolling interests	(37)	(37)	(75)	(73)
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 1,663	$ 1,575	$ 3,290	$ 3,091
Per Share Data – Linde plc Shareholders
Basic earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.46	$ 3.22	$ 6.84	$ 6.30
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.44	$ 3.19	$ 6.79	$ 6.25
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (000’s):
Basic shares outstanding (in shares)	479,973	489,618	480,943	490,727
Diluted shares outstanding (in shares)	483,177	493,549	484,366	494,685

v3.24.2.u1

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
NET INCOME (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	$ 1,700	$ 1,612	$ 3,365	$ 3,164
Translation adjustments:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(280)	(96)	(1,024)	133
Income taxes	6	1	6	1
Translation adjustments	(274)	(95)	(1,018)	134
Funded status - retirement obligations (Note 7):
Retirement program remeasurements	11	(5)	7	(254)
Reclassifications to net income	(3)	(8)	(6)	(16)
Income taxes	(5)	2	7	65
Funded status - retirement obligations	3	(11)	8	(205)
Derivative instruments (Note 4):
Current unrealized gain (loss)	(13)	(9)	(11)	(84)
Reclassifications to net income	7	2	7	(4)
Income taxes	1	1	0	17
Derivative instruments	(5)	(6)	(4)	(71)
TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	(276)	(112)	(1,014)	(142)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	1,424	1,500	2,351	3,022
Less: noncontrolling interests	(27)	(14)	(50)	(48)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) - LINDE PLC	$ 1,397	$ 1,486	$ 2,301	$ 2,974

v3.24.2.u1

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 4,626	$ 4,664
Accounts receivable - net	5,001	4,718
Contract assets	226	196
Inventories	2,094	2,115
Prepaid and other current assets	896	927
Total Current Assets	12,843	12,620
Property, plant and equipment - net	24,575	24,552
Goodwill	26,365	26,751
Other intangible assets - net	11,851	12,399
Other long-term assets	4,581	4,489
Total Assets	80,215	80,811
Liabilities and equity
Accounts payable	2,859	3,020
Short-term debt	3,326	4,713
Current portion of long-term debt	1,261	1,263
Contract liabilities	1,767	1,901
Other current liabilities	4,291	4,820
Total Current Liabilities	13,504	15,717
Long-term debt	16,931	13,397
Other long-term liabilities	10,229	10,602
Total Liabilities	40,664	39,716
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	13	13
Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity (Note 10):
Ordinary shares, €0.001 par value, authorized 1,750,000,000 shares, 2024 and 2023 issued: 490,766,972 ordinary shares	1	1
Additional paid-in capital	39,560	39,812
Retained earnings	10,721	8,845
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(6,794)	(5,805)
Less: Treasury shares, at cost (2024 – 13,264,235 shares and 2023 – 8,321,827 shares)	(5,309)	(3,133)
Total Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity	38,179	39,720
Noncontrolling interests	1,359	1,362
Total Equity	39,538	41,082
Total Liabilities and Equity	$ 80,215	$ 80,811

v3.24.2.u1

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - € / shares	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (euro per share)	€ 0.001	€ 0.001
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	1,750,000,000	1,750,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	490,766,972	490,766,972
Treasury stock (in shares)	13,264,235	8,321,827

v3.24.2.u1

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Operations
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 3,290	$ 3,091
Add: Noncontrolling interests	75	73
Net Income (including noncontrolling interests)	3,365	3,164
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Other charges, net of payments	(75)	(61)
Depreciation and amortization	1,907	1,908
Deferred income taxes	(184)	(61)
Share-based compensation	78	66
Working capital:
Accounts receivable	(422)	(175)
Inventory	(23)	(85)
Prepaid and other current assets	(62)	(39)
Payables and accruals	(393)	(458)
Contract assets and liabilities, net	(189)	117
Pension contributions	(24)	(25)
Long-term assets, liabilities and other	(95)	(293)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	3,883	4,058
Investing
Capital expenditures	(2,181)	(1,688)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(152)	(834)
Divestitures, net of cash divested and asset sales	22	24
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(2,311)	(2,498)
Financing
Short-term debt borrowings (repayments) - net	(1,336)	(1,116)
Long-term debt borrowings	4,828	2,115
Long-term debt repayments	(957)	(1,641)
Issuances of ordinary shares	21	21
Purchases of ordinary shares	(2,481)	(1,767)
Cash dividends - Linde plc shareholders	(1,334)	(1,246)
Noncontrolling interest transactions and other	(217)	(22)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(1,476)	(3,656)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(134)	17
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(38)	(2,079)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning-of-period	4,664	5,436
Cash and cash equivalents, end-of-period	$ 4,626	$ 3,357

v3.24.2.u1

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Linde plc ("Linde" or "the company") is an incorporated public limited company formed under the laws of Ireland. Linde’s registered office is located at Ten Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, D02 T380 Ireland. Linde’s principal executive offices are located at Forge, 43 Church Street West, Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT, United Kingdom and 10 Riverview Drive, Danbury, Connecticut, 06810, United States. Presentation of Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - In the opinion of Linde management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented and such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements of Linde plc and subsidiaries in Linde's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the company’s significant accounting policies during 2024. Reclassifications – Certain prior periods' amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. Accounting Standards to be Implemented Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures - In November 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring enhanced disclosure related to reportable segments. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard will only impact disclosures within the company's consolidated financial statements and the company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on those disclosures. Linde will adopt this guidance in fiscal year 2024. Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures - In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring enhanced disclosure related to income taxes. The standard requires additional or modified disclosures related to the income tax rate reconciliation, disaggregation of income taxes paid, and several other disclosures. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard will only impact disclosures within the company's consolidated financial statements and the company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on those disclosures. Linde will adopt this guidance prospectively in fiscal year 2025.

v3.24.2.u1

Supplemental Information	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Supplemental Information [Abstract]
Supplemental Information	Supplemental Information Receivables Linde applies loss rates that are lifetime expected credit losses at initial recognition of the receivables. These expected loss rates are based on an analysis of the actual historical default rates for each business, taking regional circumstances into account. If necessary, these historical default rates are adjusted to reflect the impact of current changes in the macroeconomic environment using forward-looking information. The loss rates are also evaluated based on the expectations of the responsible management team regarding the collectability of the receivables. Gross trade receivables aged less than one year were $4,956 million and $4,667 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and gross receivables aged greater than one year were $375 million and $354 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Other receivables were $128 million and $154 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Receivables aged greater than one year are generally fully reserved unless specific circumstances warrant exceptions, such as those backed by federal governments. Accounts receivable net of reserves were $5,001 million at June 30, 2024 and $4,718 million at December 31, 2023. Allowances for expected credit losses were $458 million at June 30, 2024 and $457 million at December 31, 2023.  Provisions for expected credit losses were $84 million and $83 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The allowance activity in the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 related to write-offs of uncollectible amounts, net of recoveries and currency movements is not material. Inventories The following is a summary of Linde's consolidated inventories: (Millions of dollars) June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Inventories Raw materials and supplies $ 593  $ 614  Work in process 422  390  Finished goods 1,079  1,111  Total inventories $ 2,094  $ 2,115

v3.24.2.u1

Debt	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Debt	Debt The following is a summary of Linde's outstanding debt at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023: (Millions of dollars) June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 SHORT-TERM Commercial paper $ 3,019  $ 4,483  Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.) 307  230  Total short-term debt 3,326  4,713  LONG-TERM (a) (U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted) 1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (c) —  607  1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b) (e) —  332  4.800% Notes due 2024 300  300  4.700% Notes due 2025 599  599  2.65% Notes due 2025 400  399  1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025 535  550  3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025 535  551  0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026 751  774  3.20% Notes due 2026 725  724  3.434% Notes due 2026 199  198  1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027 87  90  0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027 803  827  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027 537  553  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b) 762  780  3.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (d) 747  —  3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029 800  824  1.10% Notes due 2030 697  697  1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030 110  114  3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2030 (f) 799  —  1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031 805  829  3.20% Euro denominated notes due 2031 (d) 909  —  0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032 799  823  0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033 530  546  3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034 693  714  3.500% Euro denominated notes due 2034 (f) 795  —  1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035 851  876  3.40% Euro denominated notes due 2036 (d) 743  —  3.55% Notes due 2042 665  666  3.75% Euro denominated notes due 2044 (f) 743  —  2.00% Notes due 2050 297  296  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051 732  755  Non U.S. borrowings 234  226  Other 10  10  18,192  14,660  Less: current portion of long-term debt (1,261) (1,263) Total long-term debt 16,931  13,397  Total debt $ 21,518  $ 19,373  (a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable. (b)June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included a cumulative $38 million and $46 million adjustment to carrying value, respectively, related to hedge accounting of interest rate swaps. Refer to Note 4. (c)In February 2024, Linde repaid €550 million of 1.20% notes that became due. (d)In February 2024, Linde issued €700 million of 3.00% notes due in 2028, €850 million of 3.20% notes due in 2031 and €700 million of 3.40% notes due in 2036. (e)In May 2024, Linde repaid €300 million of 1.875% notes that became due. (f)In June 2024, Linde issued €750 million of 3.375% notes due in 2030, €750 million of 3.500% notes due in 2034 and €700 million of 3.75% notes due in 2044. The company maintains a $5 billion and a $1.5 billion unsecured revolving credit agreement with a syndicate of banking institutions that expire on December 7, 2027 and December 4, 2024, respectively. There are no financial maintenance covenants contained within the credit agreements. No borrowings were outstanding under the credit agreements as of June 30, 2024. The weighted-average interest rates of short-term borrowings outstanding were 4.2% and 4.8% as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

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Financial Instruments	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Financial Instruments	Financial Instruments In its normal operations, Linde is exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, energy and commodity costs. The objective of financial risk management at Linde is to minimize the negative impact of such fluctuations on the company’s earnings and cash flows. To manage these risks, among other strategies, Linde routinely enters into various derivative financial instruments (“derivatives”) including interest-rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements, currency-swap agreements, forward contracts, currency options, and commodity-swap agreements. These instruments are not entered into for trading purposes and Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments. There are three types of derivatives that the company enters into: (i) those relating to fair-value exposures, (ii) those relating to cash-flow exposures, and (iii) those relating to foreign currency net investment exposures. Fair-value exposures relate to recognized assets or liabilities, and firm commitments; cash-flow exposures relate to the variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions; and net investment exposures relate to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on the carrying value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies. When a derivative is executed and hedge accounting is appropriate, it is designated as either a fair-value hedge, cash-flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. Currently, Linde designates all interest-rate and treasury-rate locks as hedges for accounting purposes; however, cross-currency contracts are generally not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Certain currency contracts related to forecasted transactions are designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Whether designated as hedges for accounting purposes or not, all derivatives are linked to an appropriate underlying exposure. On an ongoing basis, the company assesses the hedge effectiveness of all derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes to determine if they continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the underlying hedged items. If it is determined that the hedge is not highly effective through the use of a qualitative assessment, then hedge accounting will be discontinued prospectively. Counterparties to Linde's derivatives are major banking institutions with credit ratings of investment grade or better. The company has Credit Support Annexes ("CSAs") in place for certain entities with their principal counterparties to minimize potential default risk and to mitigate counterparty risk. Under the CSAs, the fair values of derivatives for the purpose of interest rate and currency management are collateralized with cash on a regular basis. As of June 30, 2024, the impact of such collateral posting arrangements on the fair value of derivatives was insignificant. Management believes the risk of incurring losses on derivative contracts related to credit risk is remote and any losses would be immaterial. The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for consolidated subsidiaries:       Fair Value   Notional Amounts Assets (a) Liabilities (a) (Millions of dollars) June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: Currency contracts: Balance sheet items $ 7,556  $ 4,567  $ 39  $ 46  $ 42  $ 26  Forecasted transactions 206  335  2  11  3  6  Total $ 7,762  $ 4,902  $ 41  $ 57  $ 45  $ 32  Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: Currency contracts:        Forecasted transactions $ 562  $ 749  $ 5  $ 20  $ 1  $ 4  Commodity contracts N/A N/A 10  3  20  7  Interest rate swaps —  1,214  —  1  —  4  Total Hedges $ 562  $ 1,963  $ 15  $ 24  $ 21  $ 15  Total Derivatives $ 8,324  $ 6,865  $ 56  $ 81  $ 66  $ 47  (a)Amounts as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included current assets of $53 million and $73 million which are recorded in prepaid and other current assets; long-term assets of $3 million and $8 million which are recorded in other long-term assets; current liabilities of $61 million and $41 million which are recorded in other current liabilities; and long-term liabilities of $5 million and $6 million which are recorded in other long-term liabilities. Balance Sheet Items Foreign currency contracts related to balance sheet items consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on recorded balance sheet assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating unit. Certain forward currency contracts are entered into to protect underlying monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies from foreign exchange risk and are not designated as hedging instruments. For balance sheet items that are not designated as hedging instruments, the fair value adjustments on these contracts are offset by the fair value adjustments recorded on the underlying monetary assets and liabilities. Forecasted Transactions Foreign currency contracts related to forecasted transactions consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on (1) forecasted purchases of capital-related equipment and services, (2) forecasted sales, or (3) other forecasted cash flows denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating units. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase. For forecasted transactions that do not qualify for cash flow hedging relationships, fair value adjustments are recorded directly to earnings. Linde is hedging forecasted transactions for a maximum period of three years. Commodity Contracts Commodity contracts are entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices, which arise in the normal course of business from its procurement transactions. To reduce the extent of this risk, Linde enters into a limited number of electricity, natural gas, and propane gas derivatives. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase. Linde is hedging commodity contracts for a maximum period of three years. Net Investment Hedges As of June 30, 2024, Linde has €16.8 billion ($18.2 billion) Euro-denominated notes and intercompany loans and ¥4.7 billion ($0.7 billion) CNY-denominated intercompany loans that are designated as hedges of the net investment positions in certain foreign operations. Since hedge inception, the deferred gain recorded within cumulative translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet is $453 million (deferred gain of $135 million and $409 million in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively). As of June 30, 2024, exchange rate movements relating to previously designated hedges that remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is a gain of $56 million. These movements will remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), until appropriate, such as upon sale or liquidation of the related foreign operations at which time amounts will be reclassified to the consolidated statements of income. Interest Rate Swaps Linde uses interest rate swaps to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities as a result of interest rate changes. These interest rate swaps effectively convert fixed-rate interest exposures to variable rates; fair value adjustments are recognized in earnings along with an equally offsetting charge/benefit to earnings for the changes in the fair value of the underlying financial asset or financial liability (See Note 3). In addition, as of December 31, 2023, Linde was using interest rate swaps with a notional value of €1 billion to hedge the variability of future cash flows of forecasted transactions due to interest rate risk and had designated this as a cash flow hedge. The interest rate swaps were terminated during the first quarter of 2024 with the February debt issuance and the settlement values were immaterial. Derivatives' Impact on Consolidated Statements of Income The following table summarizes the impact of the company’s derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:   Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings *   Quarter Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 2024 2023 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Currency contracts: Balance sheet items Debt-related $ (2) $ (44) $ (17) $ (83) Other balance sheet items 2  (1) (5) (2) Total $ —  $ (45) $ (22) $ (85) * The gains (losses) on balance sheet items are offset by gains (losses) recorded on the underlying hedged assets and liabilities. Accordingly, the gains (losses) for the derivatives and the underlying hedged assets and liabilities related to debt items are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as interest expense-net. Other balance sheet items and anticipated net income gains (losses) are generally recorded in the consolidated statements of income as other income (expenses)-net. The amounts of gain or loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified to the consolidated statement of income was not material for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net impacts expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months are also not material.

v3.24.2.u1

Fair Value Disclosures	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Fair Value Disclosures	Fair Value Disclosures The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as follows: Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable Level 3 – inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions) Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:   Fair Value Measurements Using   Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (Millions of dollars) June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Assets Derivative assets $ —  $ —  $ 56  $ 81  $ —  $ —  Investments and securities* 17  16  —  —  11  12                   Total $ 17  $ 16  $ 56  $ 81  11  $ 12  Liabilities Derivative liabilities $ —  $ —  $ 66  $ 47  $ —  $ —  * Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's condensed consolidated balance sheets. Level 1 investments and securities are marketable securities traded on an exchange. Level 2 investments are based on market prices obtained from independent brokers or determined using quantitative models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters that are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including third-party pricing services, brokers and market transactions. Level 3 investments and securities consist of a venture fund. For the valuation, Linde uses the net asset value received as part of the fund's quarterly reporting, which for the most part is not based on quoted prices in active markets. In order to reflect current market conditions, Linde proportionally adjusts by observable market data (stock exchange prices) or current transaction prices. Changes in level 3 investments and securities were immaterial. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term debt, accounts receivable-net, and accounts payable approximate carrying value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments. The fair value of long-term debt is estimated based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues. Long-term debt is categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. At June 30, 2024, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $16,598 million versus a carrying value of $18,192 million. At December 31, 2023, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $13,337 million versus a carrying value of $14,660 million. Differences between the carrying value and the fair value are attributable to fluctuations in interest rates subsequent to when the debt was issued and relative to stated coupon rates.

v3.24.2.u1

Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders	Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders Basic and diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:   Quarter Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,   2024 2023 2024 2023 Numerator (Millions of dollars) Net Income – Linde plc $ 1,663  $ 1,575  $ 3,290  $ 3,091  Denominator (Thousands of shares) Weighted average shares outstanding 479,130  489,061  480,246  490,201  Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans 843  557  697  526  Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share 479,973  489,618  480,943  490,727  Effect of dilutive securities Stock options and awards 3,204  3,931  3,423  3,958  Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share 483,177  493,549  484,366  494,685  Basic Earnings Per Share $ 3.46  $ 3.22  $ 6.84  $ 6.30  Diluted Earnings Per Share $ 3.44  $ 3.19  $ 6.79  $ 6.25  The weighted-average of antidilutive securities excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share was 353,145 and 225,739 for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. There were no antidilutive securities in the respective 2023 periods.

v3.24.2.u1

Retirement Programs	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Retirement Programs	Retirement Programs The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pensions (“OPEB”) costs for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are shown below:   Quarter Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 2024 2023 Amount recognized in Operating Profit Service cost $ 21  $ 21  $ 42  $ 42  Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost Interest cost 91  94  182  186  Expected return on plan assets (137) (131) (275) (260) Net amortization and deferral (3) (8) (6) (16) (49) (45) (99) (90)  Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) $ (28) $ (24) $ (57) $ (48) Components of net periodic benefit expense for other post-retirement plans for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were not material. Linde estimates that 2024 required contributions to its pension plans will be in the range of approximately $30 million to $40 million, of which $24 million have been made through June 30, 2024.

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Commitments and Contingencies	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	Commitments and Contingencies Contingent Liabilities Linde is subject to various lawsuits and government investigations that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. These actions are based upon alleged environmental, tax, antitrust and personal injury claims, among others. Linde has strong defenses in these cases and intends to defend itself vigorously. It is possible that the company may incur losses in connection with some of these actions in excess of accrued liabilities. Management does not anticipate that in the aggregate such losses would have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, it is possible that the final outcomes could have a significant impact on the company’s reported results of operations in any given period (see Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements of Linde's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K). Significant matters are: •During 2009, the Brazilian government published Law 11941/2009 instituting a new voluntary amnesty program (“Refis Program”) which allowed Brazilian companies to settle certain federal tax disputes at reduced amounts. During 2009, the company decided that it was economically beneficial to settle many of its outstanding federal tax disputes and such disputes were enrolled in the Refis Program, subject to final calculation and review by the Brazilian federal government. The company recorded estimated liabilities based on the terms of the Refis Program. Since 2009, Linde has been unable to reach final agreement on the calculations and initiated litigation against the government in an attempt to resolve certain items. Open issues relate to the following matters: (i) application of cash deposits and net operating loss carryforwards to satisfy obligations and (ii) the amount of tax reductions available under the Refis Program. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of legal matters in Brazil. •At June 30, 2024, the most significant non-income tax claims in Brazil, after enrollment in the Refis Program, relate to state VAT tax matters. The total estimated exposure relating to such claims, including interest and penalties, as appropriate, is approximately $110 million. Linde has not recorded any liabilities related to such claims based on management judgment and opinions of outside counsel. During 2023, the Brazilian Supreme Court issued a decision confirming the constitutionality of a specific federal income tax, with retroactive effect. As a result of this decision, the company recorded a reserve based on its best estimate of potential settlement. This decision has not yet been finalized and is subject to ongoing motions for clarification. Because litigation in Brazil historically takes many years to resolve, it is very difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters; however, it is possible that certain of these matters may be resolved within the near term. The company is vigorously defending against the proceedings. •On and after April 23, 2019 former shareholders of Linde AG filed appraisal proceedings at the District Court (Landgericht) Munich I (Germany), seeking an increase of the cash consideration paid in connection with the previously completed cash merger squeeze-out of all of Linde AG’s minority shareholders for €189.46 per share. Any such increase would apply to all 14,763,113 Linde AG shares that were outstanding on April 8, 2019, when the cash merger squeeze-out was completed. The period for plaintiffs to file claims expired on July 9, 2019. In November 2023, the court issued a decision rejecting the plaintiffs’ claims in their entirety and determining that the cash merger squeeze-out consideration was appropriate. The plaintiffs have appealed this decision. The company believes the consideration paid was fair and that the claims are not supported by sufficient evidence, and no reserve has been established. We cannot estimate the timing of resolution. •In December 2022, a Russian court based in St. Petersburg ("St. Petersburg Court") issued an injunction preventing (i) the sale of any shares in Linde’s subsidiaries and joint ventures in Russia, and (ii) the disposal of any of the assets in those entities exceeding 5% of the relevant company’s overall asset value. The injunction was requested by RusChemAlliance (RCA) to secure payment of a possible award under an arbitration proceeding RCA intended to file against Linde Engineering for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a gas processing plant in Russia entered into in July 2021. Performance of the agreement was lawfully suspended by Linde Engineering on May 27, 2022 in compliance with applicable sanctions. In March 2023, RCA filed a claim in St. Petersburg against Linde GmbH for recovery of advance payments under the agreement ("GPP Claim"), and subsequently (i) added Linde and other Linde subsidiaries as defendants, and (ii) is seeking payment of alleged damages from Linde and guarantor banks. In March 2024, RCA filed a similar claim for repayment and damages against Linde for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a liquefied natural gas plant in Russia entered into in September 2021 (“LNG Claim”, and together with the GPP Claim, the “Russian Claims”). In accordance with the dispute resolution provisions of the agreements, in 2023, Linde filed a notice of arbitration with the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre ("HKIAC") against RCA to claim that (i) RCA has no entitlement to payment, (ii) RCA’s Russian Claims are in breach of the arbitration agreement which requires HKIAC arbitration, and (iii) RCA must compensate Linde for the losses and damages caused by the injunction. Additionally, Linde filed for and obtained an anti-suit injunction from a Hong Kong court against RCA directing RCA to seek a stay of the claims and ordering it to resolve any disputes in accordance with HKIAC arbitration. In January, 2024, the Hong Kong court issued a final judgment in Linde’s favor (i) granting a permanent anti-suit injunction against RCA to seek a stay of the GPP claim and not start an LNG claim, (ii) granting a permanent, global anti-enforcement injunction against RCA for the GPP claim, and (iii) ordering that the injunction issued by the St. Petersburg Court be lifted (“HK Court Judgement”). Despite the judgments of the Hong Kong court and similar orders issued by the HKIAC arbitration tribunals, the St. Petersburg injunction affecting Linde’s shares and assets has not been lifted, the proceeding in St. Petersburg has not been stayed and RCA is continuing to pursue its claims in Russia. In February 2024, the St. Petersburg Court decided the GPP Claim in favor of RCA. Linde appealed this decision unsuccessfully in March 2024. Linde expects RCA to enforce the decision by seizing assets that were previously frozen by the court. Linde intends to claim all damages related to or rising from RCA's enforcement of the decision in the HKIAC arbitration proceedings. Linde does not expect a material adverse impact on earnings from this decision given the liability recorded as of June 30, 2024 and the immaterial remaining investment value of its deconsolidated Russia subsidiaries. As of June 30, 2024, Linde has a contingent liability of $1.2 billion recorded in Other long-term liabilities, which represents advance payments previously recorded in contract liabilities related to terminated engineering projects with RCA. As a result of the contract terminations, Linde no longer has future performance obligations for these projects. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters. The company intends to vigorously defend its interests in both the Russian Claims and arbitration proceedings.

v3.24.2.u1

Segments	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Segments	Segments For a description of Linde plc's operating segments, refer to Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements on Linde plc's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The table below presents sales and operating profit information about reportable segments and Other for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.    Quarter Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 2024 2023 SALES(a) Americas $ 3,655  $ 3,541  $ 7,215  $ 7,092  EMEA 2,091  2,160  4,182  4,337  APAC 1,657  1,683  3,248  3,281  Engineering 544  495  1,083  1,035  Other 320  325  639  652  Total sales $ 8,267  $ 8,204  $ 16,367  $ 16,397     Quarter Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 2024 2023 SEGMENT OPERATING PROFIT Americas $ 1,159  $ 1,070  $ 2,247  $ 2,095  EMEA 704  630  1,391  1,237  APAC 474  472  921  895  Engineering 96  107  196  256  Other (11) 7  8  9  Segment operating profit 2,422  2,286  4,763  4,492  Other charges —  (22) —  (40) Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (b) (238) (253) (484) (508) Total operating profit $ 2,184  $ 2,011  $ 4,279  $ 3,944  (a)Sales reflect external sales only. Intersegment sales, primarily from Engineering to the industrial gases segments, were $485 million and $876 million for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, and $335 million and $629 million for the respective 2023 periods. (b)Represents purchase accounting impacts related to the 2018 merger.

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Equity	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Equity [Abstract]
Equity	Equity A summary of the changes in total equity for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is provided below: Quarter Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 Activity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Balance, beginning of period $ 38,829  $ 1,387  $ 40,216  $ 39,970  $ 1,353  $ 41,323  Net income (a) 1,663  37  1,700  1,575  37  1,612  Other comprehensive income (loss) (266) (10) (276) (89) (23) (112) Noncontrolling interests: Additions (reductions) —  —  —  (11) (7) (18) Dividends and other capital changes —  (55) (55) —  (36) (36) Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($1.39 per share in 2024 and $1.275 per share in 2023) (665) —  (665) (623) —  (623) Issuances of ordinary shares: For employee savings and incentive plans (15) —  (15) (35) —  (35) Purchases of ordinary shares (1,407) —  (1,407) (912) —  (912) Share-based compensation 40  —  40  36  —  36  Balance, end of period $ 38,179  $ 1,359  $ 39,538  $ 39,911  $ 1,324  $ 41,235  Six Months Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 Activity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Balance, beginning of period $ 39,720  $ 1,362  $ 41,082  $ 40,028  $ 1,346  $ 41,374  Net income (a) 3,290  75  3,365  3,091  73  3,164  Other comprehensive income (loss) (989) (25) (1,014) (117) (25) (142) Noncontrolling interests: Additions (reductions) —  11  11  (11) (5) (16) Dividends and other capital changes —  (64) (64) —  (65) (65) Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($2.78 per share in 2024 and $2.55 per share in 2023) (1,334) —  (1,334) (1,246) —  (1,246) Issuances of ordinary shares: For employee savings and incentive plans (141) —  (141) (98) —  (98) Purchases of ordinary shares (2,445) —  (2,445) (1,802) —  (1,802) Share-based compensation 78  —  78  66  —  66  Balance, end of period $ 38,179  $ 1,359  $ 39,538  $ 39,911  $ 1,324  $ 41,235  (a) Net income for noncontrolling interests excludes net income related to redeemable noncontrolling interests which is not significant for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 and which is not part of total equity. The components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows: June 30, December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes: Americas $ (4,055) $ (3,618) EMEA (1,100) (737) APAC (1,433) (1,037) Engineering (248) (93) Other 471  113  (6,365) (5,372) Derivatives - net of taxes 3  7  Pension / OPEB (net of $67 million and $60 million tax benefit at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively) (432) (440) $ (6,794) $ (5,805)

v3.24.2.u1

Revenue Recognition	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition Revenue is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. Revenue is recognized as control of goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services. Contracts with Customers Linde serves a diverse group of industries including healthcare, chemicals and energy, manufacturing, metals and mining, food and beverage, and electronics. Industrial Gases Within each of the company’s geographic segments for industrial gases, there are three basic distribution methods: (i) on-site or tonnage; (ii) merchant or bulk liquid; and (iii) packaged or cylinder gases. The distribution method used by Linde to supply a customer is determined by many factors, including the customer’s volume requirements and location. The distribution method generally determines the contract terms with the customer and, accordingly, the revenue recognition accounting practices. Linde's primary products in its industrial gases business are atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, rare gases) and process gases (carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, electronic gases, specialty gases, acetylene). These products are generally sold through one of the three distribution methods. Following is a description of each of the three industrial gases distribution methods and the respective revenue recognition policies: On-site. Customers that require the largest volumes of product and that have a relatively constant demand pattern are supplied by cryogenic and process gas on-site plants. Linde constructs plants on or adjacent to these customers’ sites and supplies the product directly to customers by pipeline. Where there are large concentrations of customers, a single pipeline may be connected to several plants and customers. On-site product supply contracts generally are total requirement contracts with terms typically ranging from 10-20 years and contain minimum purchase requirements and price escalation provisions. Many of the cryogenic on-site plants also produce liquid products for the merchant market. Therefore, plants are typically not dedicated to a single customer. Additionally, Linde is responsible for the design, construction, operations and maintenance of the plants and our customers typically have no involvement in these activities. Advanced air separation processes also allow on-site delivery to customers with smaller volume requirements. The company’s performance obligations related to on-site customers are satisfied over time as customers receive and obtain control of the product. Linde has elected to apply the practical expedient for measuring progress towards the completion of a performance obligation and recognizes revenue as the company has the right to invoice each customer, which generally corresponds with product delivery. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Consideration in these contracts is generally based on pricing which fluctuates with various price indices. Variable components of consideration exist within on-site contracts but are considered constrained. Merchant. Merchant deliveries generally are made from Linde's plants by tanker trucks to storage containers at the customer's site. Due to the relatively high distribution cost, merchant oxygen and nitrogen generally have a relatively small distribution radius from the plants at which they are produced. Merchant argon, hydrogen and helium can be shipped much longer distances. The customer agreements used in the merchant business are usually three-to seven-year supply agreements based on the requirements of the customer. These contracts generally do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments. The company’s performance obligations related to merchant customers are generally satisfied at a point in time as the customers receive and obtain control of the product. Revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Packaged Gases. Customers requiring small volumes are supplied products in containers called cylinders, under medium to high pressure. Linde distributes merchant gases from its production plants to company-owned cylinder filling plants where cylinders are then filled for distribution to customers. Cylinders may be delivered to the customer’s site or picked up by the customer at a packaging facility or retail store. Linde invoices the customer for the industrial gases and the use of the cylinder container(s). The company also sells hardgoods and welding equipment purchased from independent manufacturers. Packaged gases are generally sold under one to three-year supply contracts and purchase orders and do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments. The company’s performance obligations related to packaged gases are satisfied at a point in time. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer or when the customer picks up product from a packaged gas facility or retail store and the company has the right to payment from the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Engineering The company designs and manufactures equipment for air separation and other industrial gas applications manufactured specifically for end customers. Sale of equipment contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation. Revenue from sale of equipment is generally recognized over time as Linde has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and performance does not create an asset with alternative use. For contracts recognized over time, revenue is recognized primarily using a cost incurred input method. Costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations. Costs incurred include material, labor, and overhead costs and represent work contributing and proportionate to the transfer of control to the customer. Changes to cost estimates and contract modifications are typically accounted for as part of the existing contract and are recognized as cumulative adjustments for the inception-to-date effect of such change. Contract Assets and Liabilities Contract assets and liabilities result from differences in timing of revenue recognition and customer invoicing. Contract assets primarily relate to sale of equipment contracts for which revenue is recognized over time. The balance represents unbilled revenue which occurs when revenue recognized under the measure of progress exceeds amounts invoiced to customers. Customer invoices may be based on the passage of time, the achievement of certain contractual milestones or a combination of both criteria. Contract liabilities include advance payments or right to consideration prior to performance under the contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as performance obligations are satisfied under contract terms. Linde has contract assets of  $226 million and $196 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Total contract liabilities are $2,820 million at June 30, 2024 (current contract liabilities of $1,767 million and $1,053 million within other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets). As of June 30, 2024, Linde has approximately $397 million recorded in contract liabilities related to engineering projects in Russia subject to sanctions. Total contract liabilities were $2,950 million at December 31, 2023 (current contract liabilities of $1,901 million and $1,049 million within other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets). Revenue recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2024 that was included in the contract liability at December 31, 2023 was $674 million. Contract assets and liabilities primarily relate to the Engineering business. Payment Terms and Other Linde generally receives payment after performance obligations are satisfied, and customer prepayments are not typical for the industrial gases business. Payment terms vary based on the country where sales originate and local customary payment practices. Linde does not offer extended financing outside of customary payment terms. Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue producing transactions are presented on a net basis and are not included in sales within the consolidated statement of income. Additionally, sales returns and allowances are not a normal practice in the industry and are not significant. Disaggregated Revenue Information As described above and in Note 19 to Linde plc's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, the company manages its industrial gases business on a geographic basis, while the Engineering and Other businesses are generally managed on a global basis. Furthermore, the company believes that reporting sales by distribution method by reportable geographic segment best illustrates the nature, timing, type of customer, and contract terms for its revenues, including terms and pricing. The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the quarter and six months ended, June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023. (Millions of dollars) Quarter Ended June 30, 2024 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 1,178  $ 691  $ 568  $ —  $ 52  $ 2,489  30  % On-Site 807  412  668  —  —  1,887  23  % Packaged Gas 1,616  969  348  —  7  2,940  36  % Other 54  19  73  544  261  951  11  % Total $ 3,655  $ 2,091  $ 1,657  $ 544  $ 320  $ 8,267  100  % (Millions of dollars) Quarter Ended June 30, 2023 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 1,094  $ 704  $ 570  $ —  $ 53  $ 2,421  30  % On-Site 756  493  677  —  —  1,926  23  % Packaged Gas 1,638  946  366  —  12  2,962  36  % Other 53  17  70  495  260  895  11  % Total $ 3,541  $ 2,160  $ 1,683  $ 495  $ 325  $ 8,204  100  % (Millions of dollars) Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 2,295  $ 1,377  $ 1,096  $ —  $ 107  $ 4,875  30  % On-Site 1,589  853  1,336  —  —  3,778  23  % Packaged Gas 3,222  1,920  670  —  14  5,826  36  % Other 109  32  146  1,083  518  1,888  11  % Total $ 7,215  $ 4,182  $ 3,248  $ 1,083  $ 639  $ 16,367  100  % (Millions of dollars) Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 2,137  $ 1,404  $ 1,122  $ —  $ 108  $ 4,771  29  % On-Site 1,560  1,031  1,321  —  —  3,912  24  % Packaged Gas 3,276  1,874  721  —  32  5,903  36  % Other 119  28  117  1,035  512  1,811  11  % Total $ 7,092  $ 4,337  $ 3,281  $ 1,035  $ 652  $ 16,397  100  % Remaining Performance Obligations As described above, Linde's contracts with on-site customers are under long-term supply arrangements which generally require the customer to purchase their requirements from Linde and also have minimum purchase requirements. Additionally, plant sales from the Linde Engineering business are primarily contracted on a fixed price basis. The company estimates the consideration related to future minimum purchase requirements and plant sales was approximately $50 billion. This amount excludes all on-site sales above minimum purchase requirements, which can be significant depending on customer needs. In the future, actual amounts will be different due to impacts from several factors, many of which are beyond the company’s control including, but not limited to, timing of newly signed, terminated and renewed contracts, inflationary price escalations, currency exchange rates, and pass-through costs related to natural gas and electricity. The actual duration of long-term supply contracts ranges up to twenty years. The company estimates that approximately half of the revenue related to minimum purchase requirements will be earned in the next five years and the remaining thereafter.

v3.24.2.u1

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 1,663	$ 1,575	$ 3,290	$ 3,091

v3.24.2.u1

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

v3.24.2.u1

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Reclassifications	Reclassifications – Certain prior periods' amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.
Accounting Standards to be Implemented	Accounting Standards to be Implemented Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures - In November 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring enhanced disclosure related to reportable segments. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard will only impact disclosures within the company's consolidated financial statements and the company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on those disclosures. Linde will adopt this guidance in fiscal year 2024. Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures - In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring enhanced disclosure related to income taxes. The standard requires additional or modified disclosures related to the income tax rate reconciliation, disaggregation of income taxes paid, and several other disclosures. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard will only impact disclosures within the company's consolidated financial statements and the company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on those disclosures. Linde will adopt this guidance prospectively in fiscal year 2025.

v3.24.2.u1

Supplemental Information (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Supplemental Information [Abstract]
Schedule of Inventories	The following is a summary of Linde's consolidated inventories: (Millions of dollars) June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Inventories Raw materials and supplies $ 593  $ 614  Work in process 422  390  Finished goods 1,079  1,111  Total inventories $ 2,094  $ 2,115

v3.24.2.u1

Debt (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Summary of Outstanding Debt	The following is a summary of Linde's outstanding debt at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023: (Millions of dollars) June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 SHORT-TERM Commercial paper $ 3,019  $ 4,483  Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.) 307  230  Total short-term debt 3,326  4,713  LONG-TERM (a) (U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted) 1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (c) —  607  1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b) (e) —  332  4.800% Notes due 2024 300  300  4.700% Notes due 2025 599  599  2.65% Notes due 2025 400  399  1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025 535  550  3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025 535  551  0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026 751  774  3.20% Notes due 2026 725  724  3.434% Notes due 2026 199  198  1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027 87  90  0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027 803  827  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027 537  553  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b) 762  780  3.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (d) 747  —  3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029 800  824  1.10% Notes due 2030 697  697  1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030 110  114  3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2030 (f) 799  —  1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031 805  829  3.20% Euro denominated notes due 2031 (d) 909  —  0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032 799  823  0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033 530  546  3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034 693  714  3.500% Euro denominated notes due 2034 (f) 795  —  1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035 851  876  3.40% Euro denominated notes due 2036 (d) 743  —  3.55% Notes due 2042 665  666  3.75% Euro denominated notes due 2044 (f) 743  —  2.00% Notes due 2050 297  296  1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051 732  755  Non U.S. borrowings 234  226  Other 10  10  18,192  14,660  Less: current portion of long-term debt (1,261) (1,263) Total long-term debt 16,931  13,397  Total debt $ 21,518  $ 19,373  (a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable. (b)June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included a cumulative $38 million and $46 million adjustment to carrying value, respectively, related to hedge accounting of interest rate swaps. Refer to Note 4. (c)In February 2024, Linde repaid €550 million of 1.20% notes that became due. (d)In February 2024, Linde issued €700 million of 3.00% notes due in 2028, €850 million of 3.20% notes due in 2031 and €700 million of 3.40% notes due in 2036. (e)In May 2024, Linde repaid €300 million of 1.875% notes that became due. (f)In June 2024, Linde issued €750 million of 3.375% notes due in 2030, €750 million of 3.500% notes due in 2034 and €700 million of 3.75% notes due in 2044.

v3.24.2.u1

Financial Instruments (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value	The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for consolidated subsidiaries:       Fair Value   Notional Amounts Assets (a) Liabilities (a) (Millions of dollars) June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: Currency contracts: Balance sheet items $ 7,556  $ 4,567  $ 39  $ 46  $ 42  $ 26  Forecasted transactions 206  335  2  11  3  6  Total $ 7,762  $ 4,902  $ 41  $ 57  $ 45  $ 32  Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: Currency contracts:        Forecasted transactions $ 562  $ 749  $ 5  $ 20  $ 1  $ 4  Commodity contracts N/A N/A 10  3  20  7  Interest rate swaps —  1,214  —  1  —  4  Total Hedges $ 562  $ 1,963  $ 15  $ 24  $ 21  $ 15  Total Derivatives $ 8,324  $ 6,865  $ 56  $ 81  $ 66  $ 47  (a)Amounts as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included current assets of $53 million and $73 million which are recorded in prepaid and other current assets; long-term assets of $3 million and $8 million which are recorded in other long-term assets; current liabilities of $61 million and $41 million which are recorded in other current liabilities; and long-term liabilities of $5 million and $6 million which are recorded in other long-term liabilities.
Schedule of Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	The following table summarizes the impact of the company’s derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:   Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings *   Quarter Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 2024 2023 Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Currency contracts: Balance sheet items Debt-related $ (2) $ (44) $ (17) $ (83) Other balance sheet items 2  (1) (5) (2) Total $ —  $ (45) $ (22) $ (85) * The gains (losses) on balance sheet items are offset by gains (losses) recorded on the underlying hedged assets and liabilities. Accordingly, the gains (losses) for the derivatives and the underlying hedged assets and liabilities related to debt items are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as interest expense-net. Other balance sheet items and anticipated net income gains (losses) are generally recorded in the consolidated statements of income as other income (expenses)-net.

v3.24.2.u1

Fair Value Disclosures (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis	The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:   Fair Value Measurements Using   Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 (Millions of dollars) June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 June 30, 2024 December 31, 2023 Assets Derivative assets $ —  $ —  $ 56  $ 81  $ —  $ —  Investments and securities* 17  16  —  —  11  12                   Total $ 17  $ 16  $ 56  $ 81  11  $ 12  Liabilities Derivative liabilities $ —  $ —  $ 66  $ 47  $ —  $ —  * Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.

v3.24.2.u1

Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Schedule of Earnings Per Share	Basic and diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:   Quarter Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30,   2024 2023 2024 2023 Numerator (Millions of dollars) Net Income – Linde plc $ 1,663  $ 1,575  $ 3,290  $ 3,091  Denominator (Thousands of shares) Weighted average shares outstanding 479,130  489,061  480,246  490,201  Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans 843  557  697  526  Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share 479,973  489,618  480,943  490,727  Effect of dilutive securities Stock options and awards 3,204  3,931  3,423  3,958  Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share 483,177  493,549  484,366  494,685  Basic Earnings Per Share $ 3.46  $ 3.22  $ 6.84  $ 6.30  Diluted Earnings Per Share $ 3.44  $ 3.19  $ 6.79  $ 6.25

v3.24.2.u1

Retirement Programs (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Components of Net Pension and Postretirement Benefits	The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pensions (“OPEB”) costs for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are shown below:   Quarter Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 2024 2023 Amount recognized in Operating Profit Service cost $ 21  $ 21  $ 42  $ 42  Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost Interest cost 91  94  182  186  Expected return on plan assets (137) (131) (275) (260) Net amortization and deferral (3) (8) (6) (16) (49) (45) (99) (90)  Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) $ (28) $ (24) $ (57) $ (48)

v3.24.2.u1

Segments (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Schedule of Segment Reporting Information	The table below presents sales and operating profit information about reportable segments and Other for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.    Quarter Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 2024 2023 SALES(a) Americas $ 3,655  $ 3,541  $ 7,215  $ 7,092  EMEA 2,091  2,160  4,182  4,337  APAC 1,657  1,683  3,248  3,281  Engineering 544  495  1,083  1,035  Other 320  325  639  652  Total sales $ 8,267  $ 8,204  $ 16,367  $ 16,397     Quarter Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 2024 2023 SEGMENT OPERATING PROFIT Americas $ 1,159  $ 1,070  $ 2,247  $ 2,095  EMEA 704  630  1,391  1,237  APAC 474  472  921  895  Engineering 96  107  196  256  Other (11) 7  8  9  Segment operating profit 2,422  2,286  4,763  4,492  Other charges —  (22) —  (40) Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (b) (238) (253) (484) (508) Total operating profit $ 2,184  $ 2,011  $ 4,279  $ 3,944  (a)Sales reflect external sales only. Intersegment sales, primarily from Engineering to the industrial gases segments, were $485 million and $876 million for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, and $335 million and $629 million for the respective 2023 periods. (b)Represents purchase accounting impacts related to the 2018 merger.

v3.24.2.u1

Equity (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Equity [Abstract]
Summary of Changes in Total Equity	A summary of the changes in total equity for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is provided below: Quarter Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 Activity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Balance, beginning of period $ 38,829  $ 1,387  $ 40,216  $ 39,970  $ 1,353  $ 41,323  Net income (a) 1,663  37  1,700  1,575  37  1,612  Other comprehensive income (loss) (266) (10) (276) (89) (23) (112) Noncontrolling interests: Additions (reductions) —  —  —  (11) (7) (18) Dividends and other capital changes —  (55) (55) —  (36) (36) Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($1.39 per share in 2024 and $1.275 per share in 2023) (665) —  (665) (623) —  (623) Issuances of ordinary shares: For employee savings and incentive plans (15) —  (15) (35) —  (35) Purchases of ordinary shares (1,407) —  (1,407) (912) —  (912) Share-based compensation 40  —  40  36  —  36  Balance, end of period $ 38,179  $ 1,359  $ 39,538  $ 39,911  $ 1,324  $ 41,235  Six Months Ended June 30, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 Activity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity Balance, beginning of period $ 39,720  $ 1,362  $ 41,082  $ 40,028  $ 1,346  $ 41,374  Net income (a) 3,290  75  3,365  3,091  73  3,164  Other comprehensive income (loss) (989) (25) (1,014) (117) (25) (142) Noncontrolling interests: Additions (reductions) —  11  11  (11) (5) (16) Dividends and other capital changes —  (64) (64) —  (65) (65) Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($2.78 per share in 2024 and $2.55 per share in 2023) (1,334) —  (1,334) (1,246) —  (1,246) Issuances of ordinary shares: For employee savings and incentive plans (141) —  (141) (98) —  (98) Purchases of ordinary shares (2,445) —  (2,445) (1,802) —  (1,802) Share-based compensation 78  —  78  66  —  66  Balance, end of period $ 38,179  $ 1,359  $ 39,538  $ 39,911  $ 1,324  $ 41,235  (a) Net income for noncontrolling interests excludes net income related to redeemable noncontrolling interests which is not significant for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 and which is not part of total equity.
Summary of Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	The components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows: June 30, December 31, (Millions of dollars) 2024 2023 Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes: Americas $ (4,055) $ (3,618) EMEA (1,100) (737) APAC (1,433) (1,037) Engineering (248) (93) Other 471  113  (6,365) (5,372) Derivatives - net of taxes 3  7  Pension / OPEB (net of $67 million and $60 million tax benefit at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively) (432) (440) $ (6,794) $ (5,805)

v3.24.2.u1

Revenue Recognition (Tables)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Schedule of Revenue by Distribution Method	The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the quarter and six months ended, June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023. (Millions of dollars) Quarter Ended June 30, 2024 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 1,178  $ 691  $ 568  $ —  $ 52  $ 2,489  30  % On-Site 807  412  668  —  —  1,887  23  % Packaged Gas 1,616  969  348  —  7  2,940  36  % Other 54  19  73  544  261  951  11  % Total $ 3,655  $ 2,091  $ 1,657  $ 544  $ 320  $ 8,267  100  % (Millions of dollars) Quarter Ended June 30, 2023 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 1,094  $ 704  $ 570  $ —  $ 53  $ 2,421  30  % On-Site 756  493  677  —  —  1,926  23  % Packaged Gas 1,638  946  366  —  12  2,962  36  % Other 53  17  70  495  260  895  11  % Total $ 3,541  $ 2,160  $ 1,683  $ 495  $ 325  $ 8,204  100  % (Millions of dollars) Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 2,295  $ 1,377  $ 1,096  $ —  $ 107  $ 4,875  30  % On-Site 1,589  853  1,336  —  —  3,778  23  % Packaged Gas 3,222  1,920  670  —  14  5,826  36  % Other 109  32  146  1,083  518  1,888  11  % Total $ 7,215  $ 4,182  $ 3,248  $ 1,083  $ 639  $ 16,367  100  % (Millions of dollars) Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total % Merchant $ 2,137  $ 1,404  $ 1,122  $ —  $ 108  $ 4,771  29  % On-Site 1,560  1,031  1,321  —  —  3,912  24  % Packaged Gas 3,276  1,874  721  —  32  5,903  36  % Other 119  28  117  1,035  512  1,811  11  % Total $ 7,092  $ 4,337  $ 3,281  $ 1,035  $ 652  $ 16,397  100  %

v3.24.2.u1

Supplemental Information - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Supplemental Information [Abstract]
Gross trade receivables aged less than one year	$ 4,956		$ 4,667
Gross receivables aged greater than one year	375		354
Other receivables	128		154
Accounts receivable net of reserves	5,001		4,718
Allowances for expected credit losses	458		$ 457
Provisions for expected credit losses	$ 84	$ 83

v3.24.2.u1

Supplemental Information - Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Inventories
Raw materials and supplies	$ 593	$ 614
Work in process	422	390
Finished goods	1,079	1,111
Total inventories	$ 2,094	$ 2,115

v3.24.2.u1

Debt - Summary of Outstanding Debt (Details) € in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2024 EUR (€)	Feb. 29, 2024 EUR (€)	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024 EUR (€)
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper			$ 3,019		$ 4,483
Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.)			307		230
Total short-term debt			3,326		4,713
LONG-TERM
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			18,192		14,660
Less: current portion of long-term debt			(1,261)		(1,263)
Total long-term debt			16,931		13,397
Total debt			21,518		19,373
Repayments of notes			957	$ 1,641
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Fair Value | Interest rate swaps | Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
LONG-TERM
Fair value increase			$ 38		46
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024
LONG-TERM
Interest rate		1.20%	1.20%			1.20%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 0		607
Repayments of notes | €		€ 550
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024
LONG-TERM
Interest rate	1.875%		1.875%			1.875%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 0		332
Repayments of notes | €	€ 300
4.800% Notes due 2024
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			4.80%			4.80%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 300		300
4.700% Notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			4.70%			4.70%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 599		599
2.65% Notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			2.65%			2.65%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 400		399
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.625%			1.625%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 535		550
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.625%			3.625%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 535		551
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			0.00%			0.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 751		774
3.20% Notes due 2026
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.20%			3.20%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 725		724
3.434% Notes due 2026
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.434%			3.434%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 199		198
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.652%			1.652%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 87		90
0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			0.25%			0.25%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 803		827
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.00%			1.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 537		553
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.00%			1.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 762		780
3.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028
LONG-TERM
Interest rate		3.00%	3.00%			3.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 747		0
Face amount of notes issued | €		€ 700
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.375%			3.375%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 800		824
1.10% Notes due 2030
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.10%			1.10%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 697		697
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.90%			1.90%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 110		114
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2030
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.375%			3.375%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 799		0
Face amount of notes issued | €						€ 750
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.375%			1.375%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 805		829
3.20% Euro denominated notes due 2031
LONG-TERM
Interest rate		3.20%	3.20%			3.20%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 909		0
Face amount of notes issued | €		€ 850
0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			0.55%			0.55%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 799		823
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			0.375%			0.375%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 530		546
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.625%			3.625%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 693		714
3.500% Euro denominated notes due 2034
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.50%			3.50%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 795		0
Face amount of notes issued | €						€ 750
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.625%			1.625%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 851		876
3.40% Euro denominated notes due 2036
LONG-TERM
Interest rate		3.40%	3.40%			3.40%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 743		0
Face amount of notes issued | €		€ 700
3.55% Notes due 2042
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.55%			3.55%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 665		666
3.75% Euro denominated notes due 2044
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.75%			3.75%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 743		0
Face amount of notes issued | €						€ 700
2.00% Notes due 2050
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			2.00%			2.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 297		296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.00%			1.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 732		755
Non U.S. borrowings
LONG-TERM
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			234		226
Other
LONG-TERM
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 10		$ 10

v3.24.2.u1

Debt - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Weighted-average interest rates of short-term borrowings outstanding	4.20%	4.80%
Revolving Credit Facility | Five Year Credit Agreement
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Unsecured revolving credit agreements	$ 5,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility | 364-Day Credit Agreement
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Unsecured revolving credit agreements	1,500,000
Revolving Credit Facility | Credit Agreements
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Borrowings outstanding	$ 0

v3.24.2.u1

Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions, € in Billions, ¥ in Billions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) derivative	Jun. 30, 2024 EUR (€)	Jun. 30, 2024 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 EUR (€)
Derivative [Line Items]
Different types of derivatives, number | derivative			3
Gain on exchange rate movements	$ (6,365)		$ (6,365)			$ (5,372)
Notional value	8,324		8,324			6,865
Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional value	562		562			1,963
Net Investment Hedging
Derivative [Line Items]
Cumulative deferred gain			453
Deferred gain during period	135		409
Net Investment Hedging | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain on exchange rate movements	56		56
Net Investment Hedging | Designated as Hedging Instrument | Line of Credit
Derivative [Line Items]
Euro-denominated notes and intercompany loans	18,200		18,200	€ 16.8
CNY-denominated Intercompany loans	700		700		¥ 4.7
Interest Rate Swap
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional value | €							€ 1.0
Settlement values		$ 0
Interest Rate Swap | Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional value	$ 0		$ 0			$ 1,214
Maximum | Forecasted Transactions
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative term			3 years
Maximum | Commodity contracts
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative term			3 years

v3.24.2.u1

Financial Instruments - Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value (Details) $ in Millions, € in Billions	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 EUR (€)
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	$ 8,324	$ 6,865
Fair Value, Assets	56	81
Fair Value, Liabilities	66	47
Prepaid and other current assets
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Assets	53	73
Other long-term assets
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Assets	3	8
Other current liabilities
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Liabilities	61	41
Other long-term liabilities
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Liabilities	5	6
Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts | €			€ 1
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	7,762	4,902
Fair Value, Assets	41	57
Fair Value, Liabilities	45	32
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Balance sheet items
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	7,556	4,567
Fair Value, Assets	39	46
Fair Value, Liabilities	42	26
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Forecasted transactions
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	206	335
Fair Value, Assets	2	11
Fair Value, Liabilities	3	6
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	562	1,963
Fair Value, Assets	15	24
Fair Value, Liabilities	21	15
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Forecasted transactions
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	562	749
Fair Value, Assets	5	20
Fair Value, Liabilities	1	4
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Commodity contracts
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Assets	10	3
Fair Value, Liabilities	20	7
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: | Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	0	1,214
Fair Value, Assets	0	1
Fair Value, Liabilities	$ 0	$ 4

v3.24.2.u1

Financial Instruments - Schedule of Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (Details) - Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of pre-tax gain (loss) recognized in earnings	$ 0	$ (45)	$ (22)	$ (85)
Debt-related
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of pre-tax gain (loss) recognized in earnings	(2)	(44)	(17)	(83)
Other balance sheet items
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of pre-tax gain (loss) recognized in earnings	$ 2	$ (1)	$ (5)	$ (2)

v3.24.2.u1

Fair Value Disclosures - Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Assets
Derivative assets	$ 56	$ 81
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	66	47
Level 1 | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Investments and securities	17	16
Total	17	16
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Level 2 | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	56	81
Investments and securities	0	0
Total	56	81
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	66	47
Level 3 | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Investments and securities	11	12
Total	11	12
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$ 0	$ 0

v3.24.2.u1

Fair Value Disclosures - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying value of long-term debt portfolio	$ 18,192	$ 14,660
Level 2
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Estimated fair value of long-term debt portfolio	$ 16,598	$ 13,337

v3.24.2.u1

Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Numerator (Millions of dollars)
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 1,663	$ 1,575	$ 3,290	$ 3,091
Denominator (Thousands of shares)
Weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	479,130	489,061	480,246	490,201
Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans (in shares)	843	557	697	526
Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share (in shares)	479,973	489,618	480,943	490,727
Effect of dilutive securities
Stock options and awards (in shares)	3,204	3,931	3,423	3,958
Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share (in shares)	483,177	493,549	484,366	494,685
Basic Earnings Per Share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.46	$ 3.22	$ 6.84	$ 6.30
Diluted Earnings Per Share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.44	$ 3.19	$ 6.79	$ 6.25
Antidilutive shares excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	353,145	0	225,739	0

v3.24.2.u1

Retirement Programs - Components of Net Pension and Postretirement Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Amount recognized in Operating Profit
Service cost	$ 21	$ 21	$ 42	$ 42
Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost
Interest cost	91	94	182	186
Expected return on plan assets	(137)	(131)	(275)	(260)
Net amortization and deferral	(3)	(8)	(6)	(16)
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit)	(49)	(45)	(99)	(90)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$ (28)	$ (24)	$ (57)	$ (48)

v3.24.2.u1

Retirement Programs - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Pension contributions	$ 24	$ 25
Minimum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Required contributions to pension plans	30
Maximum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Required contributions to pension plans	$ 40

v3.24.2.u1

Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 30, 2022	Apr. 23, 2019 € / shares	Apr. 08, 2019 shares
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Brazil tax matters estimated exposure	$ 110
Contingent liability	2,820	$ 2,950
RusChemAlliance (RCA)
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Contingent liability	$ 1,200
Russia
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Maximum allowed percent of net assets for asset disposal			5.00%
Linde AG | Squeeze-Out Transaction
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Business acquisition, share price (in euro per share) | € / shares				€ 189.46
Ordinary shares, outstanding (in shares) | shares					14,763,113

v3.24.2.u1

Segments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	$ 8,267	$ 8,204	$ 16,367	$ 16,397
Total operating profit	2,184	2,011	4,279	3,944
Other charges	0	(22)	0	(40)
Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total operating profit	2,422	2,286	4,763	4,492
Segment Reconciling Items
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Other charges	0	(22)	0	(40)
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG	(238)	(253)	(484)	(508)
Americas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	3,655	3,541	7,215	7,092
Americas | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	3,655	3,541	7,215	7,092
Total operating profit	1,159	1,070	2,247	2,095
EMEA
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	2,091	2,160	4,182	4,337
EMEA | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	2,091	2,160	4,182	4,337
Total operating profit	704	630	1,391	1,237
APAC
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	1,657	1,683	3,248	3,281
APAC | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	1,657	1,683	3,248	3,281
Total operating profit	474	472	921	895
Engineering
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	544	495	1,083	1,035
Engineering | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	544	495	1,083	1,035
Total operating profit	96	107	196	256
Engineering | Intersegment Eliminations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	485	335	876	629
Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	320	325	639	652
Other | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	320	325	639	652
Total operating profit	(11)	7	8	9
Total sales | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	$ 8,267	$ 8,204	$ 16,367	$ 16,397

v3.24.2.u1

Equity - Schedule of Stockholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	$ 40,216	$ 41,323	$ 41,082	$ 41,374
Net income	1,700	1,612	3,365	3,164
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(276)	(112)	(1,014)	(142)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	0	(18)	11	(16)
Dividends and other capital changes	(55)	(36)	(64)	(65)
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders	(665)	(623)	(1,334)	(1,246)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans	(15)	(35)	(141)	(98)
Purchases of ordinary shares	(1,407)	(912)	(2,445)	(1,802)
Share-based compensation	40	36	78	66
Balance, end of period	$ 39,538	$ 41,235	$ 39,538	$ 41,235
Dividends paid (in dollars per share)	$ 1.39	$ 1.275	$ 2.78	$ 2.55
Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	$ 38,829	$ 39,970	$ 39,720	$ 40,028
Net income	1,663	1,575	3,290	3,091
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(266)	(89)	(989)	(117)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	0	(11)	0	(11)
Dividends and other capital changes	0	0	0	0
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders	(665)	(623)	(1,334)	(1,246)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans	(15)	(35)	(141)	(98)
Purchases of ordinary shares	(1,407)	(912)	(2,445)	(1,802)
Share-based compensation	40	36	78	66
Balance, end of period	38,179	39,911	38,179	39,911
Noncontrolling Interests
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	1,387	1,353	1,362	1,346
Net income	37	37	75	73
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(10)	(23)	(25)	(25)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	0	(7)	11	(5)
Dividends and other capital changes	(55)	(36)	(64)	(65)
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders	0	0	0	0
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans	0	0	0	0
Purchases of ordinary shares	0	0	0	0
Share-based compensation	0	0	0	0
Balance, end of period	$ 1,359	$ 1,324	$ 1,359	$ 1,324

v3.24.2.u1

Equity - Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	$ (6,365)	$ (5,372)
Derivatives - net of taxes	3	7
Pension / OPEB (net of $67 million and $60 million tax benefit at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	(432)	(440)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(6,794)	(5,805)
Pension / OPEB funded status obligation, tax benefit	67	60
Americas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(4,055)	(3,618)
EMEA
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(1,100)	(737)
APAC
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(1,433)	(1,037)
Engineering
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(248)	(93)
Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	$ 471	$ 113

v3.24.2.u1

Revenue Recognition - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) distributionMethod	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Number of gas distribution methods | distributionMethod	3
Contract assets	$ 226	$ 196
Contract liabilities	2,820	2,950
Contract liabilities, current	1,767	1,901
Contract liabilities in other long-term liabilities	1,053	$ 1,049
Revenue recognized	674
Estimated consideration related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 50,000
Long-term supply contracts (years)	20 years
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2024-07-01
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligation, percentage	50.00%
Remaining performance obligations, period	5 years
Engineering | Russia | Russia-Ukraine Conflict, International Sanctions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Contract liabilities	$ 397
Minimum
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
On-site product supply contract (years)	10 years
Minimum | Merchant
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	3 years
Minimum | Packaged Gas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	1 year
Maximum
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
On-site product supply contract (years)	20 years
Maximum | Merchant
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	7 years
Maximum | Packaged Gas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	3 years

v3.24.2.u1

Revenue Recognition - Schedule of Revenue by Distribution Method (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 8,267	$ 8,204	$ 16,367	$ 16,397
Revenue from Contract with Customer | Sales Channel
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 3,655	$ 3,541	$ 7,215	$ 7,092
EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	2,091	2,160	4,182	4,337
APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	1,657	1,683	3,248	3,281
Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	544	495	1,083	1,035
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	320	325	639	652
Merchant
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 2,489	$ 2,421	$ 4,875	$ 4,771
Merchant | Revenue from Contract with Customer | Sales Channel
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	30.00%	30.00%	30.00%	29.00%
Merchant | Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 1,178	$ 1,094	$ 2,295	$ 2,137
Merchant | EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	691	704	1,377	1,404
Merchant | APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	568	570	1,096	1,122
Merchant | Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0	0
Merchant | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	52	53	107	108
On-Site
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 1,887	$ 1,926	$ 3,778	$ 3,912
On-Site | Revenue from Contract with Customer | Sales Channel
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	23.00%	23.00%	23.00%	24.00%
On-Site | Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 807	$ 756	$ 1,589	$ 1,560
On-Site | EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	412	493	853	1,031
On-Site | APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	668	677	1,336	1,321
On-Site | Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0	0
On-Site | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0	0
Packaged Gas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 2,940	$ 2,962	$ 5,826	$ 5,903
Packaged Gas | Revenue from Contract with Customer | Sales Channel
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	36.00%	36.00%	36.00%	36.00%
Packaged Gas | Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 1,616	$ 1,638	$ 3,222	$ 3,276
Packaged Gas | EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	969	946	1,920	1,874
Packaged Gas | APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	348	366	670	721
Packaged Gas | Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0	0
Packaged Gas | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	7	12	14	32
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 951	$ 895	$ 1,888	$ 1,811
Other | Revenue from Contract with Customer | Sales Channel
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	11.00%	11.00%	11.00%	11.00%
Other | Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 54	$ 53	$ 109	$ 119
Other | EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	19	17	32	28
Other | APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	73	70	146	117
Other | Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	544	495	1,083	1,035
Other | Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 261	$ 260	$ 518	$ 512

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