Significant Accounting Policies |
Note 3—Significant Accounting Policies The accompanying financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars in conformity with accounting principles, generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. In the opinion of management, the financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the balances and results for the periods presented. Operating results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in future periods. Immaterial Prior Period Error Correction During the year ended December 31, 2023, we identified an immaterial error relating to the period ended December 31, 2022 during which we should have recognized and adjusted the carrying value of Class A Common Stock subject to possible redemption to equal the redemption value at the end of the period, in accordance with ASC Topic 480 “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity”. We assessed the materiality of the error on the financial statements for the prior year individually and in the aggregate, and concluded that it was not material to any previously issued financial statements for the period ended December 31, 2022. We corrected the error by revising the financial statements appearing herein. The impact of the error on the Company’s Balance Sheet and Statement of Changes in Common and Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Deficit as of December 31, 2022 was an understatement of Class A Common Stock subject to redemption of $3,682,399 and an overstatement of Accumulated Deficit of $3,682,399, and on the Statement of Cash Flows within the supplemental schedule of non-cash financing activities for the disclosure of remeasurement of Class A Common Stock subject to possible redemption of $3,682,399. Accounting Standards Adoption Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Making estimates requires management to exercise significant judgment. It is at least reasonably possible that the estimate of the effect of a condition, situation or set of circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements, which management considered in formulating its estimate, could change in the near term due to one or more future confirming events. Such estimates may be subject to change as more current information becomes available and, accordingly, the actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash and cash equivalents. The Company did not have any cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Cash Held in Trust Account At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the assets held in the Trust Account were held in money market funds which invest in U.S. Treasury securities. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash accounts in a financial institution, which, at times, may exceed the Federal Depository Insurance Coverage limit of $250,000. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company has not experienced losses on these accounts. The fair value of the Company’s assets and liabilities, which qualify as financial instruments under ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” are marked to market. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes and ranks the level of observability of inputs used to measure investments at fair value. The observability of inputs is impacted by a number of factors, including the type of investment, characteristics specific to the investment, market conditions and other factors. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). Investments with readily available quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from quoted prices in active markets will typically have a higher degree of input observability and a lesser degree of judgment applied in determining fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under ASC 820 are as follows: Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical investments at the measurement date are used. Level 2—Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the investment, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 pricing inputs include quoted prices for similar investments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar investments in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the investment, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Level 3—Pricing inputs are unobservable and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the investment. The inputs used in determination of fair value require significant judgment and estimation. Derivative Liabilities and Forward Purchase Liabilities The Company evaluated the warrants and Private Placement Warrants (collectively, the “Warrant Securities”) in accordance with ASC 815-40, “Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity” (“ASC 815-40”) and concluded that the Warrant Securities could not be accounted for as components of equity. As the Warrant Securities meet the definition of a derivative in accordance with ASC 815-40, the Warrant Securities are recorded as derivative liabilities on the accompanying balance sheet and measured at fair value at inception (the closing date of the Initial Public Offering) and remeasured at each reporting date in accordance with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” with changes in fair value recognized in the accompanying statement of operations in the period of change. Key ranges of inputs for the valuation models used to calculate the fair value of the Private Placement Warrants were as follows:
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3.2 |
% |
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2 |
% |
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3.84 |
% |
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3.99 |
% |
Exercise price for one share of Class A common stock |
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$ |
11.50 |
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$ |
11.50 |
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5 years |
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5 years |
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Probability of successful Business Combination |
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60 |
% |
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|
60 |
% | As discussed in Note 6 , in December 2023, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement and a Share Forward Transaction. The Company evaluated the Share Purchase Agreement and Share Forward Transaction in accordance with ASC 480 “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815-40 and determined there were features that are recognized as liabilities (collectively, the “Forward Purchase Liabilities”). The Forward Purchase Liabilities were recorded on the accompanying balance sheet and measured at fair value at inception (December 21, 2023) and remeasured at each reporting date in accordance with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” with changes in fair value recognized in the accompanying statement of operations in the period of change. Key ranges of inputs for the valuation models used to calculate the fair value of the Forward Purchase Liabilities were as follows: Probability weighted Black-Scholes method:
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3.2–61.5 |
% |
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3.2–63.8 |
% |
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4.04–5.26 |
% |
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4.10–5.28 |
% |
Exercise price for one share of Class A common stock |
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$ |
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$ |
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0.50–3.50 years |
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0.53–3.53 years |
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Probability of successful Business Combination |
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60 |
% |
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|
60 |
% | Class A Common Stock Subject to Possible Redemption The Company accounts for its shares of common stock subject to possible redemption in accordance with the guidance in ASC Topic 480 “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity.” In accordance with the SEC and its staff’s guidance on redeemable equity instruments , which has been codified in ASC redemption provisions not solely within the Company’s control require common stock subject to redemption to be classified outside of permanent equity. Ordinary liquidation events, which involve the redemption and liquidation of all of the entity’s equity instruments, are excluded from the provisions of ASC 480 “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity.” All of the 27,510,000 shares of Class A common stock sold as part of the Units in the Initial Public Offering contain a redemption feature which allows for the redemption of such public shares in connection with the Company’s liquidation if there is a stockholder vote or tender offer in connection with a Business Combination and in connection with certain amendments to the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation. The Company recognizes changes in redemption value immediately as they occur and adjusts the carrying value of redeemable shares of common stock to equal the redemption value at the end of each reporting period. Increases or decreases in the carrying amount of redeemable common stock are affected by charges against additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit. On March 10, 2023, 2,980,000 Class B common stock were converted into 2,980,000 shares of Class A common stock on a basis, in accordance with the charter of the Company. The converted shares were recorded at the fair value of the Class A common stock on March 10, 2023, or $10.15 per share, totaling $30,247,000. The converted shares have no redemption rights like the Public Shares and are shown separately from the Class A common stock shares subject to redemption in the balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. On March 28, 2023 in connection with the Initial Extension, stockholders holding 24,899,629 Public Shares exercised their right to redeem such shares for a pro rata portion of the funds in the Trust Account. On September 27, 2023 in connection with the Extension, stockholders holding 1,544,903 Public Shares exercised their right to redeem such shares for a pro rata portion of the funds in the Trust Account. Following the redemptions on March 28, 2023 and September 27, 2023, the Company had 1,065,468 shares of Class A common stock subject to possible redemption outstanding as of December 31, 2023. The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under FASB ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes.” Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that included the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The Company recorded an aggregate deferred tax asset and corresponding valuation allowance of approximately $1,371,101 and $570,180 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. FASB ASC Topic 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. There were no unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as general and administrative expenses. The Company included $14,586 and $21,065 in accrued expenses and general and administrative expenses related to underpayment estimated tax penalty as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from its position. The Company may be subject to potential examination by federal, state and city taxing authorities in the areas of income taxes. These potential examinations may include questioning the timing and amount of deductions, the nexus of income among various tax jurisdictions and compliance with federal, state and city tax laws. The Company’s management does not expect that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will materially change over the next twelve months. Th e Compan y is subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities since inception. On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) was signed into federal law. The IRA provides for, among other things, a new U.S. federal 1% excise tax on certain repurchases (including redemptions) of stock by publicly traded U.S. domestic corporations and certain U.S. domestic subsidiaries of publicly traded foreign corporations occurring on or after January 1, 2023. The excise tax is imposed on the repurchasing corporation itself, not its shareholders from which shares are repurchased. The amount of the excise tax is generally 1% of the fair market value of the shares repurchased at the time of the repurchase. However, for purposes of calculating the excise tax, repurchasing corporations are permitted to net the fair market value of certain new stock issuances against the fair market value of stock repurchases during the same taxable year. In addition, certain exceptions apply to the excise tax. The U.S. Department of the Treasury (the “Treasury”) has been given authority to provide regulations and other guidance to carry out and prevent the abuse or avoidance of the excise tax. Any redemption or other repurchase that occurs after December 31, 2022, in connection with a Business Combination, extension vote or otherwise, may be subject to the excise tax. Whether and to what extent the Company would be subject to the excise tax in connection with a Business Combination, extension vote or otherwise would depend on a number of factors, including (i) the fair market value of the redemptions and repurchases in connection with the Business Combination, extension or otherwise, (ii) the structure of a Business Combination, (iii) the nature and amount of any “PIPE” or other equity issuances in connection with a Business Combination (or otherwise issued not in connection with a Business Combination but issued within the same taxable year of a Business Combination) and (iv) the content of regulations and other guidance from the Treasury. As such, the Company has recorded a 1% excise tax liability in the amount of $2,079,276 on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. The liability does not impact the statements of operations and is offset against additional paid-in capital or accumulated deficit if additional paid-in capital is not available. Net (loss) income per Share of Common Stock Net (loss) income per share is computed by dividing net (loss) income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The Company applies the two-class method in calculating net income per share. The contractual formula utilized to calculate the redemption amount approximates fair value. The Class feature to redeem at fair value means that there is effectively only one class of common stock. Changes in fair value are not considered a dividend of the purposes of the numerator in the earnings per share calculation. Net income per share is computed by dividing the pro rata net (loss) income between the Class A common stock and the Class B common stock by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding for each period. The calculation of diluted (loss) income per share does not consider the effect of the warrants issued in connection with the Initial Public Offering since the exercise of the warrants is contingent upon the occurrence of future events and the inclusion of such warrants would be anti-dilutive. The warrants are exercisable for 21,257,000 shares of Class A common stock in the aggregate. The following table reflects the calculation of basic and diluted net (loss) income per share of common stock (in dollars, except per share amounts):
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For the year ended December 31, 2023 |
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For the year ended December 31, 2022 |
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Redeemable Class A Common Stock |
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Numerator: (Deficit) Earnings allocable to Redeemable Class A Common Stock |
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Net (loss) income allocable to Redeemable Class A Common Stock subject to possible redemption |
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$ |
(11,361,866 |
) |
|
$ |
8,738,917 |
|
Denominator: Weighted Average Class A Common Stock subject to possible redemption |
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Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding |
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8,266,992 |
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27,510,000 |
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Basic and diluted net income per share |
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$ |
(1.37 |
) |
|
$ |
0.32 |
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Non-redeemable Class A and B Common Stock |
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Numerator: Net (loss) income allocable to non-redeemable Class A and B Common Stock |
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Net (loss) income allocable to non-redeemable Class A and B Common Stock |
|
$ |
(9,452,198 |
) |
|
$ |
2,184,729 |
|
Denominator: Weighted Average non-redeemable Class A and B Common Stock |
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Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding |
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6,877,500 |
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|
6,877,500 |
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Basic and diluted net (loss) income per share |
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(1.37 |
) |
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$ |
0.32 |
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| Stock-Based Compensation Expense The Company accounts for stock-based compensation expense in accordance with ASC Topic 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation” (“ASC 718”). Under ASC 718, stock-based compensation associated with equity-classified awards is measured at fair value upon the grant date and recognized over the requisite service period. To the extent a stock-based award is subject to a performance condition, the amount of expense recorded in a given period, if any, reflects an assessment of the probability of achieving such performance condition, with compensation recognized once the event is deemed probable to occur. The fair value of equity awards has been estimated using a market approach. Forfeitures are recognized as incurred. Compensation expense related to the Founder Shares (as defined in Note 5 below) is recognized only when the performance condition is probable of occurrence. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company determined that a Business Combination is not considered probable, and, therefore, no stock-based compensation expense has been recognized. Stock-based compensation would be recognized at the date a Business Combination is considered probable (i.e., upon consummation of a Business Combination) in an amount equal to the number of Founder Shares that ultimately vest multiplied times the latest modification date fair value per share (unless subsequently modified) less the amount initially received for the purchase of the Founder Shares.
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