Form SCHEDULE 13D - General Statement of Acquisition of Beneficial Ownership

EXHIBIT 1

JOINT FILING AGREEMENT
PURSUANT TO RULE 13d-1(k)

The undersigned acknowledge and agree that the foregoing statement on Schedule 13D is filed on behalf of each of the undersigned and that all subsequent amendments to this statement on Schedule 13D shall be filed on behalf of each of the undersigned without the necessity of filing additional joint filing agreements. The undersigned acknowledge that each shall be responsible for the timely filing of such amendments, and for the completeness and accuracy of the information concerning him or it contained herein and therein, but shall not be responsible for the completeness and accuracy of the information concerning the others, except to the extent that he or it knows or has reason to believe that such information is inaccurate.

DATE: January 22, 2025

	SABA CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, L.P. /s/ David Han
	Name: David Han Title: Chief Compliance Officer

	SABA CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GP, LLC /s/ Michael D'Angelo Name: Michael D'Angelo Title: Authorized Signatory

	BOAZ R. WEINSTEIN /s/ Michael D'Angelo
	Name: Michael D'Angelo
	Title: Attorney-in-fact*

	Title: Attorney-in-fact*

EXHIBIT 2

Schedule A

This Schedule sets forth information with respect to each purchase and sale of Common Shares which were effectuated by Saba Capital during the past sixty days. All transactions were effectuated in the open market through a broker.