By Asjylyn Loder
The amount of money in fixed-income exchange-traded funds passed
$1 trillion last month, an ascendance that has reshaped the market
in which countries and companies raise money to pay their
bills.
Just 20 years ago, bond ETFs didn't even exist. The bond market
was a largely sleepy enterprise that had long resisted the
high-tech upheaval that transformed the way stocks are bought and
sold. Even today, the biggest bond trades can take hours, or even
days, while billions of dollars in stocks change hands in
seconds.
But from that sleepiness came opportunity.
Firms such as BlackRock Inc., Invesco Ltd. and State Street
Corp. put millions behind building a new class of investment: the
bond ETF. The idea was to straddle two disparate markets by
wrapping slow-to-trade bonds in lightning-fast funds. Like a mutual
fund, ETFs bundle together hundreds of bonds into a single ticker.
Unlike mutual funds, ETFs trade all day on a stock exchange just
like shares of Apple Inc. or Bank of America Corp.
The product has never been more popular than it is today. All
types of investors -- from pension funds to insurers to retirees --
trade them daily.
The biggest proponents of bond ETFs say their growth has added
much-needed speed to the sluggish business of bond trading. This
allows investors to move money swiftly when market sentiment
turns.
Skeptics argue that bond ETFs are a dangerous combination. They
say the product could accelerate a selloff if fleeing investors
flood the debt market with more sell orders than it can handle.
As this debate continues, bond ETFs just get bigger and bigger.
Even the banks and hedge funds that once viewed them as the
competition are now big customers.
"Two or three years ago, a bank wouldn't take our calls about
fixed-income ETFs," said Bill Ahmuty, head of fixed income for
State Street's SPDR ETF business. "Now they're calling us."
One of the biggest hurdles to creating bond ETFs was the
complexity of the fixed-income market. A single company can have
dozens or even hundreds of outstanding notes, each with different
interest rates, due dates and terms. Many transactions are still
handled by phone and instant messages, and some bonds don't trade
for days or even months.
Thin trading in some of these notes makes it particularly hard
to figure out what debt is worth in real time, but ETFs must post
the value of their portfolios every 15 seconds.
To make this work, the creators of the first fixed-income ETFs
estimated the value based on other information, like derivatives
prices, interest rates or transactions in similar bonds.
Since BlackRock bought iShares from Barclays PLC in 2009, the
company has devoted even more resources to developing and trading
bond ETFs.
BlackRock today manages about $6.5 trillion in total assets, up
from $1.3 trillion a decade ago.
In June, The Wall Street Journal sat down with one of the
biggest beneficiaries of the bond ETF boom: Rob Kapito, president
of BlackRock. When asked about the liquidity-crunch criticism bond
ETFs most often get, Mr. Kapito responded with an eye roll.
Mr. Kapito made little effort to conceal his derision for
armchair alarmists.
"A lot of your colleagues have been trying to find a fault with
this thing," Mr. Kapito said. "It's a pent-up desire that hasn't
been fulfilled, because it actually works."
Mr. Kapito spent much of his early career trading bonds, as did
BlackRock Chief Executive Laurence Fink.
BlackRock's iShares ETF business was the first to introduce
fixed-income ETFs in 2002.
Today, roughly half of the assets in fixed-income ETFs are in
iShares funds. Investors in BlackRock's U.S. fixed-income ETFs pay
more than $600 million a year in fees, almost 20% of iShares'
domestic haul, according to Morningstar estimates.
That is a pittance compared with the potential BlackRock is
banking on. Mr. Kapito points out that ETFs own less than 1% of the
world's debt, leaving more than $100 trillion that has yet to be
repackaged into ETFs.
It took 17 years to raise the first $1 trillion, but BlackRock
predicts fixed-income ETFs will double in size within the next five
years.
"We believe that this is going to be a huge growth area for the
firm," Mr. Kapito said.
Even so, critics remain concerned that the growth of
fixed-income ETFs could distort bond pricing.
Caitlin Dannhauser, an assistant professor of finance at
Villanova University, says her research found that bonds that are
more exposed to an ETF exodus take a bigger hit during bouts of
turbulence than those that aren't. Battered bond prices could make
it harder and more expensive for firms to borrow money.
"It could be really disruptive for a company that has a lot of
bonds exposed to ETF outflows," Ms. Dannhauser said.
Those fears haven't slowed the growth of the industry.
Fixed-income ETFs raised $33.7 billion in June for their best month
in history.
The ETFs are especially popular when there is fast-moving market
news and bond trading is too slow to keep up. In June, when the
Federal Reserve hinted that it would lower interest rates later
this year, the oldest iShares corporate-debt ETF had one of its
busiest trading days on record, with more than $3 billion changing
hands.
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Write to Asjylyn Loder at asjylyn.loder@wsj.com
(END) Dow Jones Newswires
July 01, 2019 17:52 ET (21:52 GMT)
Copyright (c) 2019 Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
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