TIDM40VY
RNS Number : 5766X
Scottish Widows Limited
30 April 2019
30 April 2019
SCOTTISH WIDOWS LIMITED
PUBLICATION OF THE ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEARED 31
DECEMBER 2018
Scottish Widows Limited has published its Annual Report and
Accounts for the year ended 31 December 2018 (the "Accounts") which
will shortly be available on the Scottish Widows website at
www.scottishwidows.co.uk Copies of the Accounts have also been
submitted to the National Storage Mechanism and will shortly be
available for inspection at www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/NSM
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REQUIRED BY THE DISCLOSURE AND
TRANSPARENCY RULES ("DTR")
The information below is extracted from the Accounts and
constitutes the material required by DTR 6.3.5 to be communicated
to the media in unedited full text through a Regulatory Information
Service. This material is not a substitute for reading the full
Accounts and is provided solely for the purposes of complying with
DTR 6.3.5. Page numbers and cross-references in the extracted
information below refer to page numbers and cross-references in the
Accounts.
STATEMENT OF DIRECTORS' RESPONSIBILITIES
The Directors are responsible for preparing the Annual Report
and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and
regulation.
Company law requires the Directors to prepare financial
statements for each financial year. Under that law the Directors
have prepared the Group financial statements in accordance with
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as adopted by
the European Union and Company financial statements in accordance
with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as adopted
by the European Union. Under Company law the Directors must not
approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that
they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Group
and Company and of the profit or loss of the Group and Company for
that period. In preparing the financial statements, the Directors
are required to:
-- select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;
-- state whether applicable IFRSs as adopted by the European
Union have been followed for the Group financial statements and
IFRSs as adopted by the European Union have been followed for the
Company financial statements, subject to any material departures
disclosed and explained in the financial statements;
-- make judgments and accounting estimates that are reasonable and prudent; and
-- prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis
unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Group and Company
will continue in business.
The Directors are also responsible for safeguarding the assets
of the Group and Company and hence for taking reasonable steps for
the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.
The Directors are responsible for keeping adequate accounting
records that are sufficient to show and explain the Group and
Company's transactions and disclose with reasonable accuracy at any
time the financial position of the Group and Company and enable
them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the
Companies Act 2006 and, as regards the Group financial statements,
Article 4 of the IAS Regulation.
The Directors are responsible for the maintenance and integrity
of the Company's website. Legislation in the United Kingdom
governing the preparation and dissemination of financial statements
may differ from legislation in other jurisdictions. A copy of the
financial statements is placed on our website
www.scottishwidows.co.uk.
Each of the Directors whose names are listed on page 3 confirms
that, to the best of their knowledge:
- the Group and Company financial statements, which have been
prepared in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the European Union,
give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial
position and profit of the Group and Company; and
- the Group strategic report on pages 4 to 7, and the Directors'
Report on pages 8 to 10 include a fair review of the development
and performance of the business and the position of the Group and
Company, together with a description of the principal risks and
uncertainties that it faces.
PRINCIPAL RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES
Details of key risks are set out in note 38.
In addition, as described in note 28, during the ordinary course
of business the Group is subject to complaints and threatened or
actual legal proceedings (including class or Group action claims)
brought by or on behalf of current or former employees, customers,
investors or other third parties, as well as legal and regulatory
reviews, challenges, investigations and enforcement actions, both
in the United Kingdom and overseas.
All such material matters are periodically reassessed, with the
assistance of external professional advisors where appropriate, to
determine the likelihood of the Group incurring a liability. In
those instances where it is concluded that it is more likely than
not that a payment will be made, a provision is established to
management's best estimate of the amount required at the relevant
balance sheet date. In some cases it will not be possible to form a
view, for example because the facts are unclear or because further
time is needed to properly assess the situation, and no provisions
are held in relation to such matters. However the Group does not
currently expect the final outcome of any such case to have a
material adverse effect on its financial position, operations or
cash flows.
38. Risk management
The principal activity of the Group is the undertaking of
ordinary long-term insurance and savings business and associated
investment activities in the United Kingdom. The Group offers a
wide range of life insurance products such as annuities, pensions,
whole life, term life and investment type products through
independent financial advisors, the LBG network and direct sales.
The Company also reinsures business with insurance entities
external to the Group.
The Group assesses the relative costs and concentrations of each
type of risk and material issues are escalated to the appropriate
Insurance executive committees and onto the Board if required.
This note summarises these risks and the way in which the Group
manages them.
(a) Governance framework
The Group is part of LBG, which has established a risk
management function with responsibility for implementing the LBG
risk management framework (with appropriate Insurance focus) within
the Group.
This enterprise-wide risk management framework for the
identification, assessment, measurement and management of risk
covers the full spectrum of risks that the Group and Company are
exposed to, with risks categorised according to an approved LBG
risk language. This covers the principal risks faced by the Group,
including the exposures to market, insurance underwriting, model
risk, credit, capital, liquidity, regulatory & legal, conduct,
people, governance, operational and financial reporting risks. The
performance of the Group, its continuing ability to write business
and the strategic management of the business depend on its ability
to manage these risks.
Responsibility for setting and managing risk appetite and risk
policy resides with the Board. Risks are managed in line with LBG
and Insurance risk policies. The Board has delegated certain risk
matters to the Insurance Risk Oversight Committee ("ROC") with
operational implementation assigned to the Insurance and Wealth
Risk Committee ("IWRC").
The risk management approach aims to ensure effective
independent checking or "oversight" of key decisions by operating a
"three lines of defence" model. The first line of defence is line
management, who have direct accountability for risk decisions. The
Risk function provides oversight and challenge and is the second
line of defence. Internal Audit, the third line of defence, provide
independent assurance to the Insurance Audit Committee and the
Board that risks are recognised, monitored and managed within
acceptable parameters.
Policy owners, identified from appropriate areas of the LBG and
Insurance business, are responsible for drafting risk policies, for
ensuring that they remain up-to-date and for facilitating any
changes. Policies are subject to at least an annual review. Limits
are prescribed within which those responsible for the day to day
management of each Group company can take decisions. Line
management are required to follow prescribed reporting procedures
to the bodies responsible for monitoring compliance with policy and
controlling the risks.
(b) Risk appetite
Risk appetite is the amount and type of risk that the Board
prefers, accepts or wishes to avoid and is aligned to group and LBG
strategy. The Board has defined a framework for the management of
risk and approved a set of risk appetite statements that cover
financial risks (capital, insurance underwriting, credit, market
and liquidity), operational risks, people, conduct risks,
regulatory & legal risks, financial reporting, model risk and
governance risks. The risk appetite statements set limits for
exposures to the key risks faced by the business. Risk appetite is
reviewed at least annually by the Board. Executive owned Tier 2 and
Tier 3 limits sit beneath Board owned risk appetite (Tier 1) and
are managed and governed within the Insurance business.
Experience against Risk Appetite is reported monthly (by
exception) to each meeting of IWRC and ROC. Copies are also
supplied regularly to the Group's regulators as part of the close
and continuous relationship. Reporting focuses on ensuring, and
demonstrating to the Board, and their delegate the ROC that the
Group is run in line with approved risk appetite. Any breaches of
risk appetite require clear plans and timescales for
resolution.
(c) Financial risks
The Group writes a variety of insurance and investment contracts
which are subject to a variety of financial risks, as set out
below. Contracts can be either single or regular premium and
conventional (non-profit), With Profits or unit-linked in
nature.
The Group is exposed to a range of financial risks through its
financial assets, financial liabilities, assets arising from
reinsurance contracts and liabilities arising from insurance and
investment contracts. In particular, the key financial risk is that
long-term investment proceeds are not sufficient to fund the
obligations arising from its insurance and investment contracts.
The most important components of financial risk are market,
insurance underwriting, credit, capital and liquidity risk.
The Group manages these risks in a numbers of ways, including
risk appetite assessment and monitoring of capital resource
requirements. In addition, the Principles and Practices of
Financial Management ("PPFMs") set out the way in which the With
Profits business is managed. The Group also uses financial
instruments (including derivatives) as part of its business
activities and to reduce its own exposure to market risk and credit
risk.
For With Profits business, subject to minimum guarantees,
policyholders' benefits are influenced by the smoothed investment
returns on assets held in the With Profits Funds. The smoothing
cushions policyholders from daily fluctuations in investment
markets. This process is managed in accordance with the published
PPFMs.
The financial risks arising from providing minimum guaranteed
benefits are borne in the With Profits Funds, but the Group bears
financial risk in relation to the possibility that in extreme
market conditions the With Profits Funds might be unable to bear
the full costs of the guarantees. The amount of the guaranteed
benefits increases as additional benefits are declared and
allocated to policies.
For unit-linked business, policyholders' benefits are closely
linked to the investment returns on the underlying funds. In the
short term, profit and equity are therefore largely unaffected by
investment returns on assets in internal unit-linked funds as any
gains or losses will be largely offset by changes in the
corresponding insurance and investment contract liabilities,
provided that there is appropriate matching of assets and
liabilities within these funds. However, any change in the market
value of these funds will have an indirect impact on the Group and
Company through the collection of annual management and other fund
related charges. As markets rise or fall, the value of these
charges rises or falls correspondingly.
For non-participating business, the principal market risk is
interest rate risk, which arises because assets and liabilities may
exhibit differing changes in market value as a result of changes in
interest rates. Asset and liability matching is used to mitigate
the impact of changes in interest rates where the difference is
material.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are measured on an
ongoing basis either at fair value or at amortised cost. The
summary of significant accounting policies (note 1) describes how
the classes of financial instruments are measured and how income
and expenses, including fair value gains and losses, are
recognised.
The timing of the unwind of the deferred tax assets and
liabilities is dependent on the timing of the unwind of the
temporary timing differences, arising between the tax bases of the
assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial
reporting purposes, to which these balances relate.
The sensitivity analyses given throughout this note are based on
a change in an assumption while holding all other assumptions
constant. In practice, this is unlikely to occur as changes in some
of the assumptions may be correlated, for example changes in
interest rates and changes in market values. The sensitivity
analysis presented also represents management's assessment of a
reasonably possible alternative in respect of each sensitivity,
rather than worst case scenario positions.
(1) Market risk
Market risk is defined as the risk that unfavourable market
moves (including changes in and increased volatility of interest
rates, market-implied inflation rates, credit spreads and prices
for bonds, foreign exchange rates, equity, property and commodity
prices and other instruments) lead to reductions in earnings and/or
value.
Investment holdings within the Group are diversified across
markets and, within markets, across sectors. Holdings of individual
assets are diversified to minimise specific risk and large
individual exposures are monitored closely. For assets held with
unit-linked funds, investments are only permitted in countries and
markets which are sufficiently regulated and liquid.
Market risk policy is dependent on the nature of the funds in
question, and can be broadly summarised as follows:
-- Assets held in shareholder funds are invested in money market
funds, gilts, loans and investment grade bonds to match regulatory
capital requirements. The balance of the shareholder fund assets is
managed in line with the policies of LBG to optimise shareholder
risk and return. This includes suitable use of derivatives to
minimise shareholder risk.
-- Unit-linked assets are invested in accordance with the nature of the fund mandates.
-- Conventional non-profit liabilities are "close matched" as
far as possible in relation to currency, nature and duration.
-- With Profits Funds are managed in line with the published
PPFMs. Benchmarks and minimum and maximum holdings in asset classes
are specified to allow limited investment management discretion
whilst ensuring adequate diversification. Swaps and swaptions
provide significant protection to the With Profits Funds from the
effects of interest rate falls in respect of the cost of guaranteed
annuity rates.
Below is an analysis of assets and liabilities at fair value
through profit or loss and assets and liabilities for which a fair
value is required to be disclosed, according to their fair value
hierarchy (as defined in note 1 (e)).
Group As at 31 December 2018
Fair value hierarchy
Level Level Level Total
1 2 3 GBPm
GBPm GBPm GBPm
================================================ ====== ====== ====== =======
Investment properties - - 3,729 3,729
Assets arising from reinsurance contracts
held at fair value through profit or loss - 7,132 - 7,132
Shares and other variable yield securities 74,718 - 666 75,384
Debt and other fixed/variable income securities 10,819 19,962 252 31,033
Loans and advances to customers - - 7,845 7,845
Loans and advances to banks - 2,518 1 2,519
Derivative financial assets 90 3,028 39 3,157
Total assets 85,627 32,640 12,532 130,799
------------------------------------------------ ------ ------ ------ -------
Derivative financial liabilities 132 2,587 - 2,719
Liabilities arising from non-participating
investment contracts - 13,855 - 13,855
Subordinated debt - 1,769 - 1,769
Total liabilities 132 18,211 - 18,343
------------------------------------------------ ------ ------ ------ -------
For all financial instruments held at amortised cost by the
Group and Company, carrying value is a reasonable approximation of
fair value.
Company As at 31 December 2018
Fair value hierarchy
Level Level Level Total
1 2 3 GBPm
GBPm GBPm GBPm
================================================ ======= ====== ===== =======
Investment properties - - 184 184
Assets arising from reinsurance contracts
held at fair value through profit or loss - 7,132 - 7,132
Shares and other variable yield securities 84,876 84 681 85,641
Debt and other fixed/variable income securities 5,345 6,511 882 12,738
Loans and advances to customers - - 7,259 7,259
Loans and advances to banks - 1,470 - 1,470
Derivative financial assets 76 3,013 40 3,129
Transfer of Assets held for sale (2,051) - (114) (2,165)
Total assets 88,246 18,210 8,932 115,388
Derivative financial liabilities 103 2,578 - 2,681
Liabilities arising from non-participating
investment contracts - 13,825 - 13,825
Subordinated debt - 1,799 - 1,799
Total liabilities 103 18,202 - 18,305
------------------------------------------------ ------- ------ ----- -------
For all financial instruments held at amortised cost by the
Group and Company, carrying value is a reasonable approximation of
fair value.
Group As at 31 December 2017
Fair value hierarchy
Level Level Level Total
1 2 3 GBPm
GBPm GBPm GBPm
================================================ ====== ====== ====== =======
Investment properties - - 3,640 3,640
Assets arising from reinsurance contracts
held at fair value through profit or loss - 7,812 - 7,812
Shares and other variable yield securities 83,661 - 872 84,533
Debt and other fixed/variable income securities 10,675 20,507 7,662 38,844
Derivative financial assets 244 3,160 61 3,465
Total assets 94,580 31,479 12,235 138,294
------------------------------------------------ ------ ------ ------ -------
Derivative financial liabilities 585 2,562 - 3,147
Liabilities arising from non-participating
investment contracts - 15,447 - 15,447
Subordinated debt - 1,795 - 1,795
Total liabilities 585 19,804 - 20,389
------------------------------------------------ ------ ------ ------ -------
Company As at 31 December 2017
Fair value hierarchy
Level Level Level Total
1 2 3 GBPm
GBPm GBPm GBPm
================================================ ====== ====== ===== =======
Investment properties - - 189 189
Assets arising from reinsurance contracts
held at fair value through profit or loss - 7,812 - 7,812
Shares and other variable yield securities 92,908 142 823 93,873
Debt and other fixed/variable income securities 4,917 6,968 7,683 19,568
Derivative financial assets 214 3,149 61 3,424
Total assets 98,039 18,071 8,756 124,866
------------------------------------------------ ------ ------ ----- -------
Derivative financial liabilities 530 2,528 - 3,058
Liabilities arising from non-participating
investment contracts - 15,447 - 15,447
Subordinated debt - 1,836 - 1,836
Total liabilities 530 19,811 - 20,341
------------------------------------------------ ------ ------ ----- -------
Assets arising from reinsurance contracts held at fair value
through profit and loss are valued using the published price for
the funds invested in. Participating investment contracts are not
included above, on the basis that fair value and carrying value
would not be materially different.
The derivative securities classified as Level 2 above have been
valued using a tri-party pricing model as determined by the Pricing
Source Agreement between Aberdeen Standard Investments and State
Street. Prices are sourced from external sources, counterparties,
and the Investment Manager (Aberdeen Standard Investments). Further
detail on valuation is given in note 1(p).
Assets classified as Level 3 comprise private equity investments
and property investment vehicles within equity securities,
investment properties, certain loans assets, certain asset backed
securities and equity release mortgages within debt securities and
a prepayment hedge within derivative financial assets.
Private equity investments are valued using the financial
statements of the underlying companies prepared by the general
partners, adjusted for known cash flows since valuation and subject
to a fair value review to take account of other relevant
information. Property investment vehicles are valued based on the
net asset value of the relevant Company which incorporates
surveyors' valuations of property. Investment property is
independently valued as described in note 17. Valuations are based
on observable market prices for similar properties. Adjustments are
applied, if necessary, for specific characteristics of the
property, such as the nature, location, or condition of the
specific asset. If such information is not available alternative
valuation methods such as discounted cash flow analysis or recent
prices in less active markets are used. Where any significant
adjustments to observable market prices are required, the property
would be classified as Level 3. Whilst such valuations are
sensitive to estimates, it is believed that changing one or more of
the assumptions to reasonably possible alternative assumptions
would not change the fair value significantly.
The following valuation methods and sensitivity of valuation
assumptions are applied to both the Group and the Company.
Loan assets
Loans classified as Level 3 within debt securities are valued
using a discounted cash flow model. The discount rate comprises
market observable interest rates, a risk margin that reflect loan
credit ratings and calibrated to weighted average life on borrower
level using sector bond spread curves for each rating, and an
incremental illiquidity premium that is estimated by reference to
historical spreads at origination on similar loans where available
and established measures of market liquidity. Libor tenor and base
rate options are valued stochastically using expected value
approach, where simulated market data is based on historical market
information. Prepayment options are valued using a monthly time
step binomial tree approach.
Unobservable inputs in the valuation model include an
Illiquidity premium (2018 loan to bond spreads: 18.5bps to 51.5bps)
and Inferred spreads (2018 credit spreads: 129.97bps to 53.98bps).
The effect of applying reasonably possible alternative assumptions
to the value of these loans would be to decrease the fair value by
GBP304m (2017: GBP235m) or increase it by GBP326m (2017: GBP276m).
There are no material interdependencies between the above
assumptions.
Equity release mortgages - ERM SPV
A portfolio of Equity Released Mortgages is securitised through
a Special Purpose Vehicle into a Senior Note (A Note) and a Junior
Note (B Note). These notes are classified as Level 3 within debt
securities.
The equity release mortgages are valued using a discounted cash
flow approach. Decrements (mortality, voluntary early repayment,
entry into long-term care) are used to determine the incidence of
cash flows. The discount rate is based on a risk free rate plus a
spread to compensate for the risks associated with the loans which
is determined on a portfolio level. There is a No Negative Equity
Guarantee on the mortgages which is valued with a time-dependent
Black-Scholes model (GBP16.7m) (2017: GBP18.2m)
Unobservable inputs in the valuation model include gross
interest rate on mortgages 4.26% to 5.58% (Dec 2017: 5.75% to
7.25%), spread over risk-free (over swap) 2.43% to 2.95% (Dec 2017:
3.44% to 3.78%), residential property volatility and value 4.7% to
21.3% (Dec 2017: 3.6% to 16.4%), voluntary early repayment rate
5.29% to 11.14% (Dec 2017: 6.26% to 9.08%), delay in settlement of
loan 3 months to 26 months (Dec2017: 3 months to 26 months),
property valuation haircut -5% to -10% (Dec 2017: -5% to -10%), and
expected equity return 8% to 12% (Dec 2017: 8% to 12%). For
December 2018 Valuation Uncertainty calculations, the Pricing
Adjustment was excluded which resulted in more conservative figures
and skewed valuation uncertainty figures with the favourable more
aligned towards the base and a greater downside. The effect of
applying the aforementioned reasonably possible alternative
assumptions in line with the ranges disclosed above would decrease
the fair value by GBP16.5m (Dec. 2017: GBP4.9m) or increase it by
GBP0.6m (Dec. 2017: GBP14.2m). There are no material
interdependencies between the above assumptions.
Prepayment hedge
Level 3 derivatives include a bespoke prepayment hedge executed
to mitigate prepayment risk within debt securities. An expected
value approach based on a Monte Carlo simulation is applied to
value the derivative. Calculation of the downside valuation
uncertainty is taken as the difference between the 99th percentile
value of the Monte Carlo simulation and the mean valuation. The
effect of applying a reasonably possible alternative assumption to
the value of this asset would be to decrease the fair value by
GBP30m (2017: GBP14m) or increase it by GBP0m (2017: GBP16m).
AgFe RESDF
The AgFe UK Real Estate Senior Debt Fund (known as AgFe RESDF)
is a limited partnership set up and managed by AgFe. The asset is
classified as a Level 3 asset and is included within equity
securities. The fund holds a portfolio of underlying commercial
real estate loans and is administered by Langham Hall. The AgFe
RESDF fund consists of 10 senior loans which are marked-to-model
valued using a discounted cash flow approach. The single source of
valuation uncertainty for these loans is concerned with property
values 7.5% to 12.5% (Dec. 2017 stresses: 7.5% to 12.5%). The
effect of applying reasonably possible alternative assumptions to
the value of these loans would be to decrease the fair value by
GBP6.0m (Dec. 2017: GBP8.2m) or increase it by GBP2.3m (Dec. 2017:
GBP0.8m).
Agricultural Loans - AMC SPV
A portfolio of agricultural loans is securitised through a
Special Purpose Vehicle into a Senior Note (A Note) and a Junior
Note (E Note). These notes are classified as Level 3 within debt
securities. The underlying agricultural loans are valued using a
discounted cash flow approach. The discount rate comprises market
observable interest rates, a risk margin that reflect underlying
loan credit ratings, a spread to represent the risks associated
with the Agricultural sector (Via CMBS bonds as a proxy) and an
incremental illiquidity premium as well as a prepayment cost of
capital premium. The discount rate is based on a risk free rate
plus a spread to compensate for the risks associated with the
loans, which is determined on a portfolio level.
Unobservable inputs in the Agriculture valuation model include:
Generic spreads based of Merrill Lynch pool of bonds (change of
+12,8bps and 0bps to base), Illiquidity premium (2018 loan to bond
spreads: 18.5bps to 51.5bps), and Commercial Mortgage Backed
Securities (CMBS) inferred spreads (2018 spreads: -10bps to 67bps)
and prepayment rates (2018 rates: 0.11% to 0.22% for 1-5yrs and
0.13% to 0.38% for 5+ yrs.).
The effect of applying reasonably possible alternative
assumptions to the valuation of the loans and senior note would be
to decrease the fair value of the SPV by GBP15.4m or increase it by
GBP17.6m. There are no material interdependencies between the above
assumptions.
The table below shows movements in the assets and liabilities
measured at fair value based on valuation techniques for which any
significant input is not based on observable market data (Level 3
only).
Group
2018 2017
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
============================================ ====== ============= ======= =============
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Balance at 1 January 12,235 - 11,535 -
Transfers in 703 - 103 19
Transfers out (664) - (195) (19)
Purchases 1,125 - 1,268 -
Disposals (950) - (1,013) -
Net gains recognised within net gains
on assets and liabilities at fair value
through profit or loss in the statement
of comprehensive income 83 - 537 -
Balance at 31 December 12,532 - 12,235 -
-------------------------------------------- ------ ------------- ------- -------------
Total unrealised gains for the period
included in the statement of comprehensive
income for assets and liabilities held
at 31 December 32 - 209 -
-------------------------------------------- ------ ------------- ------- -------------
Company
2018 2017
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
========================================= ====== ============= ====== =============
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Balance at 1 January 8,756 - 8,059 -
Transfers in 21 - 4 -
Transfers out (85) - (52) -
Purchases 953 - 1,026 -
Disposals (521) - (512) -
Assets held for sale (114) - - -
Net gains recognised within net gains
on assets and liabilities at fair value
through profit or loss in the statement
of comprehensive income (78) - 231 -
Balance at 31 December 8,932 - 8,756 -
----------------------------------------- ------ ------------- ------ -------------
Total unrealised gains for the period
included in the statement
of comprehensive income for assets
and liabilities held at 31 December 20 - 192 -
----------------------------------------- ------ ------------- ------ -------------
Total gains or losses for the period included in the statement
of comprehensive income, as well as total gains or losses relating
to assets and liabilities held at the reporting date, are presented
in the statement of comprehensive income, through net gains/losses
on assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.
(i) Equity and property risk
The exposure of the Group's insurance and investment contract
business to equity risk relates to financial assets and financial
liabilities whose values will fluctuate as a result of changes in
market prices other than from interest and foreign exchange
fluctuations. This is due to factors specific to individual
instruments, their issuers or factors affecting all instruments
traded in the market. Accordingly, the Group monitors exposure
limits both to any one counterparty and any one market.
During 2018, exposure to market risk was managed by the
implementation of unit matching and equity hedging to reduce the
sensitivity of future dividend payments to market movements. Unit
matching involves more effectively matching unit linked liabilities
on a best-estimate view (as defined by Solvency regulations). This
best-estimate view incorporates an allowance for expected future
income and expenses, which are not fully allowed for under IFRS. As
a result, this leads to a mismatch between IFRS statutory assets
and liabilities in respect of market movements. For example, in the
event of rising markets, a loss would now be recognised in the
accounts as a result of this mismatch, which would be offset in the
future due to higher income as fees are received.
The sensitivity analysis below illustrates how the fair value of
future cash flows in respect of equities and properties, net of
offsetting movements in insurance and investment contract
liabilities, will fluctuate because of changes in market prices at
the reporting date. The equity sensitivity includes the impact of
unit matching and equity hedging which leads to a statutory profit,
mainly due to the hedge payoff under falling markets.
Impact on profit
after tax and
equity for the
year
2018 2017
GBPm GBPm
============================================= ======== =========
10% (2017: 10%) decrease in equity prices 140 (100)
10% (2017: 10%) decrease in property prices (5) (6)
Following an update to the methodology the sensitivities now
allow for the impact on charges to funds for policyholder tax. This
has significantly changed the size of the impacts.
(ii) Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of future cash
flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes
in interest rates and the shape of the yield curve. Interest rate
risk in respect of the Group's insurance and investment contracts
arises when there is a mismatch in duration or yield between
liabilities and the assets backing those liabilities.
The Group's interest rate risk policy requires that the maturity
profile of interest-bearing financial assets is appropriately
matched to the guaranteed elements of the financial
liabilities.
A fall in market interest rates will result in a lower yield on
the assets supporting guaranteed investment returns payable to
policyholders. This investment return guarantee risk is managed by
matching assets to liabilities as closely as possible. An increase
in market interest rates will result in a reduction in the value of
assets subject to fixed rates of interest which may result in
losses, as a result of an increase in the level of surrenders, the
corresponding fixed income securities have to be sold.
The effect of changes in interest rates in respect of financial
assets which back insurance contract liabilities is given in note
37. The effect on the Group of changes in the value of investments
held in respect of investment contract liabilities due to
fluctuations in market interest rates is negligible as any changes
will be offset by movements in the corresponding liability.
The sensitivity analysis below illustrates how the fair value of
future cash flows in respect of interest-bearing financial assets,
net of offsetting movements in insurance and investment contract
liabilities, will fluctuate because of changes in market interest
rates at the reporting date.
Impact on profit
after tax and
equity for the
year
2018 2017
GBPm GBPm
=================================================== ========= ========
25 basis points (2017: 25 basis points ) increase
in yield curves 18 11
25 basis points (2017: 25 basis points ) decrease
in yield curves (24) (16)
(iii) Foreign exchange risk
Foreign exchange risk relates to the effects of movements in
exchange markets including changes in exchange rates.
US corporate bonds are held within the annuity portfolio, the
cash flows of which are hedged to ensure close matching of the
annuity liabilities is maintained. Foreign exchange risk arises on
these investments as there may be a mismatch in fair values of the
bonds and derivatives resulting from movements in US dollar -
sterling exchange rates.
With the exception of these holdings, the overall risk to the
Group is minimal due to the following:
-- The Group's principal transactions are carried out in pounds sterling;
-- The Group's financial assets are primarily denominated in the
same currencies as its insurance and investment contract
liabilities; and
-- Other than shareholder funds, all non-linked investments of
the non-profit funds are in sterling or are currency matched. The
effect on the Group of changes in the value of investments held in
respect of investment contract liabilities due to fluctuations in
foreign exchange rates is negligible as any changes will be offset
by movements in the corresponding liability.
The fair value of US dollar assets and liabilities, net of
offsetting movements in insurance and investment contract
liabilities, will fluctuate because of changes in exchange rates at
the reporting date. Sensitivity analysis for the impact of a 10%
depreciation of sterling against the US dollar shows a GBPnil
impact for 2018 on profit after tax and equity (2017: GBPnil).
(2) Insurance underwriting risk
Insurance underwriting risk is defined as the risk of adverse
developments in longevity, mortality, persistency, General
Insurance underwriting and policyholder behaviour, leading to
reductions in earnings and/or value.
The principal risk the Group faces under insurance contracts is
that the actual claims and benefit payments exceed the amounts
expected at the time of determining the insurance liabilities.
The nature of the Group's business involves the accepting of
insurance underwriting risks which primarily relate to mortality,
longevity, morbidity, persistency and expenses. When transacting
new business, the Group underwrites policies to ensure an
appropriate premium is charged for the risk or that the risk is
declined.
The Group principally writes the following types of life
insurance contracts:
- Life assurance - where the life of the policyholder is insured
against death or permanent disability, usually for pre-determined
amounts;
- Annuity products - where typically the policyholder is
entitled to payments which cease upon death; and
- Morbidity products - where the policyholder is insured against
the risk of contracting a defined illness.
For contracts where death is the insured risk, the most
significant factors that could increase the overall level of claims
are epidemics or widespread changes in lifestyle, such as eating,
smoking and exercise habits, resulting in earlier or more claims
than expected. The possibility of a pandemic, for example one
arising from influenza, is regarded as a potentially significant
mortality risk. For contracts where survival is the insured risk,
the most significant factor is continued improvement in medical
science and social conditions that would increase longevity.
For contracts with fixed and guaranteed benefits and fixed
future premiums, there are no mitigating terms and conditions that
significantly reduce the insurance underwriting risk accepted. For
participating investment contracts, the participating nature of
these contracts results in a significant portion of the insurance
underwriting risk being shared with the policyholder.
Insurance underwriting risk is also affected by the
policyholders' right to pay reduced or no future premiums, to
terminate the contract completely, to exercise a guaranteed annuity
option or, for bulk annuity business, for pensioners to exercise
options following retirement. As a result, the amount of insurance
underwriting risk is also subject to policyholder behaviour. On the
assumption that policyholders will make decisions that are in their
best interests, overall insurance underwriting risk will generally
be aggravated by policyholder behaviour. For example, it is likely
that policyholders whose
health has deteriorated significantly will be less inclined to
terminate contracts insuring death benefits than those
policyholders who remain in good health.
The Group has taken account of the expected impact of
policyholder behaviour in setting the assumptions used to measure
insurance and investment contract liabilities.
The principal methods available to the Group to control or
mitigate longevity, mortality and morbidity risk are through the
following processes:
-- Underwriting (the process to ensure that new insurance proposals are properly assessed);
-- Pricing-to-risk (new insurance proposals would usually be
priced in accordance with the underwriting assessment);
-- Demographics to accurately assess mortality risk;
-- Claims management;
-- Product design;
-- Policy wording; and
-- The use of reinsurance and other risk mitigation techniques.
Rates of mortality and morbidity are investigated annually based
on the Group's recent experience. Future mortality improvement
assumptions are set using the latest population data available. In
addition, bulk annuity business pricing and valuation assumptions
also consider underlying experience of the scheme where available.
Where they exist, the reinsurance arrangements of each company in
the Group are reviewed at least annually.
Persistency risk is the risk associated with the ability to
retain long-term business and the ability to renew short-term
business. The Group aims to reduce its exposure to persistency risk
by undertaking various initiatives to promote customer loyalty.
These initiatives are aimed both at the point of sale and through
direct contact with existing policyholders, for example through
annual statement information packs.
Further information on assumptions, changes in assumptions and
sensitivities in respect of insurance and participating investment
contracts is given in note 37.
(3) Credit risk
The risk that parties with whom we have contracted, fail to meet
their financial obligations, resulting in loss to the Group.
The Group accepts credit risk with a variety of counterparties
through invested assets which are primarily used to back annuity
business, cash in liquidity funds and bank accounts, derivatives
and reinsurance. These are managed through a credit control
framework which uses a tiered approach to set credit limits:
-- Tier 1: Credit limits are set by the Insurance Board as part
of the overall Insurance Risk Appetite.
-- Tier 2: Insurance and Wealth Investment Strategy Committee
('IWISC') assists the IWISC Chair to set additional controls, sub
limits and guidelines. These operate within the boundaries of the
Board's Tier 1 Risk Appetite statements and are designed to assist
the business with more efficient utilisation of higher level Board
Risk Appetite statements in delivery of Insurance's investment
strategy.
-- Tier 3: Insurance Credit approvers have individual personal
delegated authorities from the Insurance Board to approve exposures
to individual counterparties. Amounts above these delegated
authorities require approval by the Insurance Board.
Group exposure limits are set for the maximum single name
concentration, industry sector, country of risk and portfolio
quality. In addition, each individual counterparty exposure
requires a counterparty limit or is within the criteria of an
approved sanction matrix.
Group exposures are reported on a monthly basis to the Insurance
Shareholder Investment Management Committee ('ISIM') and
semi-annually to IWISC, and other senior committees. Any exceptions
to limits must be approved in advance by the relevant authority
that owns that limit, and any unapproved excesses notified to that
authority as a breach.
A core part of the invested asset portfolio which backs the
annuity business is invested in loan assets. These have
predominately been purchased from LBG although the Group has also
started originating new business. All loan assets are assessed and
monitored using established robust processes and controls.
Reinsurance is primarily used to reduce insurance risk. However,
it is also sought for other reasons such as improving
profitability, reducing capital requirements and obtaining
technical support. In addition, reinsurance is also used to offer
policyholders access to third party funds via Investment Fund Links
which we are unable to provide through other means. The Group's
reinsurance strategy is to reduce the volatility of profits through
the use of reinsurance whilst managing the insurance and credit
risk within the constraints of the risk appetite limits.
The Group has reinsurance on all significant lines of business
where mortality, morbidity or property risks exceed set retention
limits. This does not, however, discharge the Group's liability as
primary insurer. If a reinsurer fails to pay a claim for any
reason, the Group remains liable for the payment to the
policyholder. All new material reinsurance treaties are subject to
Board approval and reinsurance arrangements are reviewed annually
to ensure that the reinsurance strategy is being achieved.
Reinsurance for Investment Fund Links is not assessed as a
counterparty exposure for the Group since with invested assets
matching liabilities, any loss to the Group would only be the
result of operational failures of internal controls and as such it
is outside of the credit control framework described above.
Shareholder funds are managed in line with the Insurance Credit
Risk Policy and the wider LBG Credit Risk Policy which set out the
principles of the credit control framework outlined above.
Credit risk in respect of unit-linked funds and With Profits
Funds is largely borne by the policyholders. Consequently, the
Group has no significant exposure to credit risk for those
funds.
The tables below analyse financial assets and reinsurance assets
subject to credit risk exposure using Standard & Poor's rating
or equivalent. For certain classes of assets, internally generated
ratings have been used where external ratings are not available.
This includes credit assets held in both shareholder and
policyholder funds. No account is taken of any collateral held to
mitigate the risk.
Group As at 31 December 2018
BBB
or Not
Total AAA AA A lower rated
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
=============================== ====================== ==================== ================== ================== ===================== =====================
Stage 1 assets
Cash and cash
equivalents 174 1 24 122 18 9
Loans and
receivables
at amortised
cost 2,312 - - 1,789 - 523
Loss allowance - - - - - -
------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------------------ --------------------- ---------------------
Exposure to
credit
risk 2,486 1 24 1,911 18 532
Simplified
approach
assets
Loans and
receivables
at amortised
cost 362 - - 72 - 290
Loss allowance (6) - - (3) - (3)
------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------------------ --------------------- ---------------------
Exposure to
credit
risk 356 - - 69 - 287
Assets at FVTPL
Assets arising
from
reinsurance
contracts
held
classified at
fair value
through
profit and
loss 7,132 - - 7,111 21 -
Debt and other
fixed/variable
income
securities 31,033 2,423 13,261 7,034 8,156 159
Derivative
financial
instruments 3,157 - 322 2,413 333 89
Loans and
advances
to customers 7,845 72 945 4,774 1,418 636
Loans and
advances
to banks 2,519 - 540 448 110 1,421
Other
Reinsurance
contracts 728 - 555 172 1 -
Total 55,256 2,496 15,647 23,932 10,057 3,124
------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------------------ --------------------- ---------------------
Cash at bank, included with Stage 1 assets, is considered to
have low credit risk.
Group As at 31 December 2017
BBB
or Not
Total AAA AA A lower rated
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
============================ ====================== ==================== ================== ================== ===================== =====================
Assets
arising
from
reinsurance
contracts
held 8,377 - 202 363 7,812 -
Debt
securities 38,844 2,632 13,305 12,903 9,639 365
Derivative
financial
instruments 3,465 - 79 2,823 319 244
Loans and
receivables 4,037 - 24 2,585 (25) 1,453
Cash at bank 1,932 14 286 1,594 8 30
---------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------------------ --------------------- ---------------------
Total 56,655 2,646 13,896 20,268 17,753 2,092
---------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------------------ --------------------- ---------------------
Company As at 31 December 2018
BBB or
Total AAA AA A lower Not rated
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
=============================== ======== ====== ====== ======= ======= ==========
Stage 1 assets
Cash and cash equivalents 41 - 7 21 13 -
Loans and receivables
at amortised cost 1,838 - - 1,797 - 41
Loss allowance - - - - - -
------------------------------- -------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ----------
Exposure to credit
risk 1,879 - 7 1,818 13 41
Simplified approach
assets
Loans and receivables
at amortised cost 358 - - 72 - 286
Loss allowance (2) - - (2) - -
------------------------------- -------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ----------
Exposure to credit
risk 356 - - 70 - 286
Assets at FVTPL
Assets arising from
reinsurance contracts
held classified at
fair value through
profit and loss 7,132 - - 7,111 21 -
Debt and other fixed/variable
income securities 12,738 652 7,059 2,552 2,237 238
Derivative financial
instruments 3,129 - 311 2,409 333 76
Loans and advances
to customers 7,259 72 945 4,774 1,417 51
Loans and advances
to banks 1,470 - 13 38 17 1,402
Transferred to Assets
held for sale (234) - - - - (234)
Other
Reinsurance contracts 728 - 555 172 1 -
Total 34,457 724 8,890 18,944 4,039 1,860
------------------------------- -------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ----------
Cash at bank, included with Stage 1 assets, is considered to
have low credit risk.
As a result of the reclassification of the European business of
the Company to assets and liabilities held for sale there has been
a reduction in investments at fair value through profit or loss for
the Company in 2018. See note 44 for further detail.
Company As at 31 December 2017
BBB or
Total AAA AA A lower Not rated
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
======================== ======== ====== ====== ======= ======= ==========
Assets arising from
reinsurance contracts
held 8,377 - 202 363 7,812 -
Debt securities 19,568 727 6,996 7,657 3,348 840
Derivative financial
instruments 3,424 - 73 2,820 318 213
Loans and receivables 2,868 - - 2,008 - 860
Cash at bank 1,063 - 25 1,037 1 -
Total 35,300 727 7,296 13,885 11,479 1,913
------------------------ -------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ----------
Amounts classified as "not rated" within assets arising from
reinsurance contracts held principally relate to amounts due from
other Group companies which are not rated by Standard & Poor's
or an equivalent rating agency.
Expected credit losses are calculated using three key input
parameters: the probability of default ("PD") (except for lifetime
expected credit losses), the expected loss given default ("LGD")
and the exposure at default ("EAD"). The probability of default and
expected loss given default are determined using internally
generated credit ratings. For lease receivables, the past due
information is used to determine the expected loss given
default.
Expected credit losses are measured on a collective basis for
certain Groups of financial assets, such as control accounts, trade
receivables and intercompany receivables, which are considered to
be homogenous in terms of their risk of default.
Maximum credit exposure
The maximum credit risk exposure of the Group in the event of
other parties failing to perform their obligations is detailed
below. No account is taken of any collateral held and the maximum
exposure to loss, which includes amounts held to cover unit-linked
and With Profits Funds liabilities, is considered to be the balance
sheet carrying amount.
Group 2018 2017
Maximum Offset Net exposure Maximum Offset Net exposure
exposure exposure
=====================================
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
===================================== ========= ====== ============ ========= ====== ============
Loans and receivables at
amortised cost 2,674 - 2,674 4,037 - 4,037
Investments at fair value
through profit or loss:
Assets arising from reinsurance
contracts held classified
at fair value through profit
and loss 7,132 - 7,132 8,377 - 8,377
Debt securities 31,033 - 31,033 38,844 - 38,844
Derivative Financial Instruments 3,157 - 3,157 3,465 - 3,465
Loans and advances to customers 7,845 - 7,845 - - -
Loans and advances to banks 2,519 - 2,519 - - -
Reinsurance contracts 728 - 728 - - -
Cash and cash equivalents 174 - 174 1,932 - 1,932
------------------------------------- --------- ------ ------------ --------- ------ ------------
At 31 December 55,262 - 55,262 56,655 - 56,655
------------------------------------- --------- ------ ------------ --------- ------ ------------
Company 2018 2017
Maximum Offset Net exposure Maximum Offset Net exposure
exposure exposure
=====================================
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
===================================== ========= ====== ============ ========= ====== ============
Loans and receivables at
amortised cost 2,196 - 2,196 2,868 - 2,868
Investments at fair value
through profit or loss:
Assets arising from reinsurance
contracts held classified
at fair value through profit
and loss 7,132 - 7,132 8,377 - 8,377
Debt securities 12,738 - 12,738 19,568 - 19,568
Derivative Financial Instruments 3,129 - 3,129 3,424 - 3,424
Loans and advances to customers 7,259 - 7,259 - - -
Loans and advances to banks 1,470 - 1,470 - - -
Reinsurance contracts 728 - 728 - - -
Cash and cash equivalents 41 - 41 1,063 - 1,063
------------------------------------- --------- ------ ------------ --------- ------ ------------
At 31 December 34,693 - 34,693 35,300 - 35,300
------------------------------------- --------- ------ ------------ --------- ------ ------------
(i) Concentration risk
Credit concentration risk
Credit concentration risk relates to the inadequate
diversification of credit risk.
Credit risk is managed through the setting and regular review of
counterparty credit and concentration limits on asset types which
are considered more likely to lead to a concentration of credit
risk. For other asset types, such as UK government securities or
investments in funds falling under the Undertakings for Collective
Investment in Transferable Securities "UCITS" Directive, no limits
are prescribed as the risk of credit concentration is deemed to be
immaterial. This policy supports the approach mandated by the PRA
for regulatory reporting.
At 31 December 2018 and 31 December 2017, the Group did not have
any significant concentration of credit risk with a single
counterparty or Group of counterparties where limits applied. With
the exception of Government bonds and UCITS funds, the largest
aggregated counterparty exposure is 1.0% (2017: 1.0% of the Group's
total assets).
Total
========================================
GBPm
======================================== =====
Trade and other receivables:
Amounts due from brokers 76
Amounts due from group undertakings 1,822
Other receivables 776
Cash and cash equivalents with
financial institutions 174
Total 2,848
---------------------------------------- -----
For other receivables, the largest single counterparty balance
is with policyholders, which totals GBP265m.
Liquidity concentration risk
Liquidity concentration risk arises where the Group is unable to
meet its obligations as they fall due or do so only at an excessive
cost, due to over-concentration of investments in particular
financial assets or classes of financial asset.
As most of the Group's invested assets are diversified across a
range of marketable equity and debt securities in line with the
investment options offered to policyholders it is unlikely that a
material concentration of liquidity concentration could arise.
This is supplemented by active liquidity management in the
Group, to ensure that even under stress conditions the Group has
sufficient liquidity as required to meet its obligations. This is
delegated by the Board to and monitored through the Insurance and
Wealth Asset and Liability Committee (IWALCO), IWRC, ISIM and
Banking and Liquidity Operating Committee (BLOC).
(ii) Collateral management
Collateral in respect of derivatives
The requirement for collateralisation of OTC derivatives,
including the levels at which collateral is required and the types
of asset that are deemed to be acceptable collateral, are set out
in a Credit Support Annex (CSA), which forms part of the
International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) agreement
between the Company and the counterparty.
The CSA will require collateralisation where any net exposure to
a counterparty exceeds the OTC counterparty limit, which must be
established in accordance with the Derivatives Risk Policy (DRP).
The aggregate uncollateralised exposure to any one counterparty
must not exceed limits specified in the DRP. Where derivative
counterparties are related, the aggregate net exposure is
considered for the purposes of applying these limits.
Acceptable collateral is defined in each instance and must take
into account the quality and appropriateness of the proposed
collateral as well as being acceptable to the entity receiving the
collateral. Collateral may include cash, corporate bonds,
supranational debt and government debt.
Assets with the following carrying amounts have been pledged in
accordance with the terms of the relevant CSAs entered into in
respect of various OTC and other derivative contracts:
2018 2017
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
=================================== ====== ======== ====== ========
Group Company Group Company
Financial assets:
Investments at fair value through
profit or loss 547 547 353 353
Cash and cash equivalents 378 378 314 307
----------------------------------- ------ -------- ------ --------
Total 925 925 667 660
----------------------------------- ------ -------- ------ --------
Collateral pledged in form of financial assets, is continued to
be recognised in the balance sheet as the Group and Company retains
all risks and rewards of the transferred assets. The Group and the
Company has the right to recall any collateral pledged provided
that this is replaced with alternative acceptable assets. The
counterparty has right to repledge or sell the collateral in the
absence of default by the Group and Company.
Cash collateral pledged where the counterparty retains the risks
and rewards is derecognised from the balance sheet and a
corresponding receivable is recognised for its return.
Where the Group and Company receives collateral in form of
financial instruments for which counterparty retains all risks and
rewards, it is not recognised in the balance sheet. The fair value
of financial assets accepted as collateral for OTC derivatives but
not recognised in the balance sheet amounts to GBP811m (2017:
GBP932m) by the Group and GBP811m (2017: GBP932m) by the Company,
all of which is permitted to be sold or repledged in the absence of
default. However the policy of the Group and Company is not to
repledge assets, and hence no collateral was sold or repledged by
the Group or Company during the year or in the prior year.
Where the Group and Company receives collateral in form of cash,
it is recognised in the balance sheet along with a corresponding
liability to repay the amount of collateral received within other
financial liabilities. The amount of cash collateral received by
the Group and Company amounts to GBP259m (2017: GBP271m) and
GBP259m (2017: GBP270m) respectively.
Collateral in respect of Stock Lending
The Group and Company lend financial assets held in its
portfolio to other institutions. The IWISC and its sub-committee
Investment Management Operational Review Committee (IMOR) are
responsible for setting the parameters of stock lending. Stock
lending is permitted in accordance with the Insurance Stock Lending
Policy. All stock lending takes place on an open/call basis,
enabling the loan to be recalled at any time within the standard
settlement terms of the market concerned
The financial assets lent do not qualify for derecognition as
the Group and Company retains all risks and rewards of the
transferred assets except for the voting rights. The aggregate
carrying value of securities on loan by the Group is GBP3,962m
(2017: GBP5,080m) and by the Company is GBP831m (2017:
GBP951m).
It is the Group's and Company's practice to obtain collateral in
stock lending transactions. The accepted collateral can include
cash, equities, certain bonds and money market instruments. On a
daily basis, the fair value of collateral is compared to the fair
value of stock on loan. The value of collateral must always exceed
the value of stock on loan.
Where the Group and Company receives collateral in form of
financial instruments for which counterparty retains all risks and
rewards, it is not recognised in the balance sheet. The fair value
of financial assets accepted as collateral but not recognised in
the balance sheet amounts to GBP4,232m (2017: GBP4,750m) by the
Group and GBP873m (2017: GBP962m) by the Company. The Group and the
Company is not permitted to sell or repledge the collateral in the
absence of default.
Where the Group and Company receives collateral in form of cash,
it is recognised in the balance sheet along with a corresponding
liability to repay the amount of collateral received within other
financial liabilities. The amount of cash collateral received by
the Group and Company amounts to GBP622m (2017: GBP677m) and
GBP109m (2017: GBP34m) respectively.
There were no defaults in respect of stock lending during the
year ended 31 December 2018 (2017: none) which required a call to
be made on collateral.
Collateral in respect of Reverse Repurchase Agreement
The Group and Company entered into Reverse Repurchase Agreements
whereby it purchased financial instruments with an agreement to
resell them back to the counterparty at an agreed price. These
transactions are in effect collateralised loans and are reported
accordingly. The cash on loan is recognised as Loans and
Receivables. The amount of cash on loan in this regard is GBP622m
(2017: GBP677m) for the Group and GBP109m (2017: GBP34m) for
Company.
The financial assets received as collateral are not recognised
on the balance sheet as the counterparty retains all risks and
rewards. The fair value of financial assets accepted as collateral
amounted to is GBP651m (2017: GBP720m) for the Group and GBP116m
(2017: GBP36m) for Company.
Collateral in respect of Repurchase Agreement
Collateral pledged in respect of a repurchase agreement with
Lloyds Bank Corporate Markets PLC continues to be recognised on the
Company's balance sheet, the amount pledged was GBP137m (2017:
GBP594m) for Group and Company.
Collateral in respect of loans to related parties
The Company has made loans to related parties against which
collateral is held. The collateral includes asset backed securities
and covered bonds with a fair value of at least 130% of the cash
lent. The minimum 130% collateral to loan ratio reflects the
illiquid nature of some of the asset backed securities used in the
collateral arrangement. If any of the collateral was not readily
realisable the Company would hold it for investment purposes.
Collateral amounts held are not recognised as assets. At 31
December 2018 collateral with a fair value of GBP1,860m (2017:
GBP1,835m) was held by the Group and GBP1,860m (2017: GBP1,835m)
available to the Group to sell or repledge in the absence of
default by the counterparty. Of this, GBP1,860m (2017: GBP1,835m)
was held by the Company and GBP1,860m (2017: GBP1,835m) available
to the Company to sell or repledge in the absence of default by the
counterparty. No other collateral (2017: GBPnil) was repledged
during the year by the Group or Company. The Group and Company have
an obligation to return these assets to the pledgor.
Collateral in respect of Bulk Annuity Business
Acceptable collateral is defined in each instance and must take
into account the quality and appropriateness of the proposed
collateral as well as being acceptable to the entity receiving the
collateral. Collateral may include cash, corporate bonds,
supranational debt and government debt.
During 2018, the Company purchased Bulk Annuity contracts which
provide buy in and buy out solutions to defined benefit pension
schemes. To enter into the transaction some trustees may seek
collateral to cover the counterparty default scenario. Collateral
pledged in respect of Bulk Annuity business was GBP1,504m (2017:
GBP1,644m) for Group and Company.
(iii) Offsetting
The following tables show financial assets and liabilities which
have been set off in the balance sheet and those which have not
been set off but for which the Group and the Company has
enforceable master netting agreements in place with counterparties.
They include Derivatives, Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase
arrangements.
a) Derivatives
The derivative assets and liabilities in the tables below
consist of OTC and exchange traded (ET) derivatives. The value of
gross/net amounts for derivatives in the table below comprises
those that are subject to master netting arrangements. The right to
set off balances under these master netting agreements or to set
off cash and securities collateral only arises in the event of non
payment or default and, as a result, these arrangements do not
qualify for offsetting under IAS 32. As a result no amount has been
set off in the balance sheet (2017: nil). Total derivatives
presented in the balance sheet are shown in note 20.
The "financial instruments" amounts in the tables below show the
values that can be set off against the relevant derivatives asset
and liabilities in the event of default under master netting
agreements. In addition, the Group and the Company holds and
provides cash and securities collateral in respect of derivative
transactions to mitigate credit risks.
In the tables below, the amounts of derivative assets or
liabilities presented are offset first by financial instruments
that have the right of offset under master netting with any
remaining amount reduced by the amount collateral.
b) Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Arrangements
The Group and the Company participates in repurchase (repo) and
reverse repurchase arrangements (reverse repo). The gross/net
amount in the table shows the relevant assets that the Group and
the Company has transferred to counterparties under these
arrangements. Cash and non cash collateral is received by the Group
and the Company for securities transferred. Cash collateral may be
reinvested by the Group and Company through reverse repo against
non cash collateral.
In the tables below, the amounts that are subject to repo and
reverse repo are set off against the amount of collateral received
according to the relevant legal agreements, showing the potential
net amounts.
The actual fair value of collateral may be greater than amounts
presented in the tables below in the case of over
collateralisation.
Group as at 31 December 2018
Related amounts
where set off
not permitted
in the balance
sheet(2)
Potential
Amounts Net amounts net amounts
Gross set off presented if offset
amounts in the in the of related
of assets balance balance Financial amounts
/ liabilities sheet sheet(1) instruments Collateral permitted
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
========================= =============== ========= ============ ============= =========== =============
Financial assets
OTC Derivatives 3,067 - 3,067 (2,681) (355) 31
ET Derivatives 89 - 89 (28) (61) -
Repo 135 - 135 - (135) -
Reverse Repo 622 - 622 - (622) -
Financial liabilities
OTC Derivatives (2,586) - (2,586) 2,681 (113) (18)
ET Derivatives (132) - (132) 28 104 -
------------------------- --------------- --------- ------------ ------------- ----------- -------------
Group as at 31 December 2017
Related amounts
where set off
not permitted
in the balance
sheet(2)
Potential
Amounts Net amounts net amounts
Gross set off presented if offset
amounts in the in the of related
of assets balance balance Financial amounts
/ liabilities sheet sheet(1) instruments Collateral permitted
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
========================= =============== ========= ============ ============= =========== =============
Financial assets
OTC Derivatives 3,220 - 3,220 (1,906) (1,202) 112
ET Derivatives 245 - 245 (231) (14) -
Repo 592 - 592 - (592) -
Reverse Repo 677 - 677 - (677) -
Financial liabilities
OTC Derivatives (2,561) - (2,561) 1,906 618 (37)
ET Derivatives (586) - (586) 231 355 -
------------------------- --------------- --------- ------------ ------------- ----------- -------------
Company as at 31 December 2018
Related amounts
where set off
not permitted
in the balance
sheet(2)
Amounts Net amounts Potential
Gross set off presented net amounts
amounts in the in the if offset
of assets balance balance Financial of related
/ liabilities sheet sheet(1) instruments Collateral amounts permitted
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
========================= =============== ========= ============ ============= =========== ===================
Financial assets
OTC Derivatives 3,052 - 3,052 (2,681) (355) 16
ET Derivatives 76 - 76 (19) (57) -
Repo 135 - 135 - (135) -
Reverse Repo 109 - 109 - (109) -
Financial liabilities
OTC Derivatives (2,578) - (2,578) 2,682 (114) (10)
ET Derivatives (103) - (103) 19 84 -
------------------------- --------------- --------- ------------ ------------- ----------- -------------------
Company as at 31 December 2017
Related amounts
where set off
not permitted
in the balance
sheet(2)
Amounts Net amounts Potential
Gross set off presented net amounts
amounts in the in the if offset
of assets balance balance Financial of related
/ liabilities sheet sheet(1) instruments Collateral amounts permitted
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
========================= =============== ========= ============ ============= =========== ===================
Financial assets
OTC Derivatives 3,211 - 3,211 (1,906) (1,203) 102
ET Derivatives 213 - 213 (210) (3) -
Repo 592 - 592 - (592) -
Reverse Repo 34 - 34 - (34) -
Financial liabilities
OTC Derivatives (2,528) - (2,528) 1,906 611 (11)
ET Derivatives (530) - (530) 210 320 -
------------------------- --------------- --------- ------------ ------------- ----------- -------------------
The following notes are relevant to the tables on this and the
preceding page:
1. The value of net amounts presented in the balance sheet for
derivatives comprises those derivatives held by the Group and the
Company that are subject to master netting arrangements. Total
derivatives presented in the balance sheet are shown in note
20.
2. The Group and the Company enters into derivative transactions
with various counterparties which are governed by industry standard
master netting agreements. The Group and the Company holds and
provides cash and securities collateral in respective of derivative
transactions covered by these agreements. The right to set off
balances under these master netting agreements or to set off cash
and securities collateral only arises in the event of non--payment
or default and, as a result, these arrangements do not qualify for
offsetting under IAS 32.
(4) Capital Risk
Capital risk is defined as the risk that the Group has a
sub-optimal quantity or quality of capital or that capital is
inefficiently deployed across the Group. The risk that:
- the Group, or one of its separately regulated subsidiaries,
has insufficient capital to meet its regulatory capital
requirements;
- the Group has insufficient capital to provide a stable
resource to absorb all losses up to a confidence level defined in
the risk appetite;
- the Group loses reputational status by having capital that is
regarded as inappropriate, either in quantity, type or
distribution; and/or
- the capital structure is inefficient.
The business of several of the companies within the Group is
regulated by the PRA and the FCA. The PRA rules, which incorporate
all Solvency II requirements, specify the minimum amount of capital
that must be held by the regulated companies within the Group in
addition to their insurance liabilities. Under the Solvency II
rules, each insurance Company within the Group must hold assets in
excess of this minimum amount, which is derived from an economic
capital assessment undertaken by each regulated Company and the
quality of capital held must also satisfy Solvency II tiering
rules. This is reviewed on a quarterly basis by the PRA.
The Solvency II minimum required capital must be maintained at
all times throughout the year. These capital requirements and the
capital available to meet them are regularly estimated in order to
ensure that capital maintenance requirements are being met.
The Group's objectives when managing capital are:
- to have sufficient capital to safeguard the Group's ability to
continue as a going concern so that it can continue to provide
returns for the shareholder and benefits for other
stakeholders;
- to comply with the insurance capital requirements set out by the PRA in the UK;
- when capital is needed, to require an adequate return to the
shareholder by pricing insurance and investment contracts according
to the level of risk associated with the business written; and
- to meet the requirements of the Schemes of Transfer.
The capital management strategy is such that the integrated
insurance business (comprising Scottish Widows Group Limited
("SWG") and its subsidiaries, including the Group) will hold
capital in line with the stated risk appetite for the business,
which is to be able to withstand a one in ten year stress event
without breaching the capital requirements. At SWG level it is
intended that all surplus capital above that required to absorb a
one in ten year stress event will be distributed to LBG.
The Company's capital comprises all components of equity,
movements in which are set out in the statement of changes in
equity and includes subordinated debt (note 31).
The table below sets out the regulatory capital held at 31
December in each year for the Company on a Solvency II basis. The
current year information is an estimate of the final result:
Company
2018 2017
GBPm GBPm
======================== ===== =====
Regulatory Capital held 7,944 8,387
------------------------ ----- -----
All minimum regulatory requirements were met during the
year.
(5) Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is defined as the risk that the Group has
insufficient financial resources to meet its commitments as they
fall due, or can only secure them at excessive cost.
Liquidity risk may result from either the inability to sell
financial assets quickly at their fair values; or from an insurance
liability falling due for payment earlier than expected; or from
the inability to generate cash inflows as anticipated.
Liquidity risk has been analysed as arising from payments to
policyholders (including those where payment is at the discretion
of the policyholder) and non policyholder related activity (such as
investment purchases and the payment of shareholder expenses).
In order to measure liquidity risk exposure the Group's
liquidity is assessed in a stress scenario. Liquidity risk is
actively managed and monitored to ensure that, even under stress
conditions, the Company and Group has sufficient liquidity to meet
its obligations and remains within approved risk appetite.
Liquidity risk appetite considers two time periods; three month
stressed outflows are required to be covered by primary liquid
assets; and one year stressed outflows are required to be covered
by primary and secondary liquid assets, after taking account of
management actions. Primary liquid assets are gilts or cash, and
secondary liquid assets are tradable non-primary assets. The
stressed outflows also make allowance for the increased collateral
that needs to be posted under derivative contracts in stressed
conditions. Liquidity risk is actively managed and monitored to
ensure that, even under stress conditions, the Group has sufficient
liquidity to meet its obligations and remains within approved risk
appetite.
Liquidity risk is managed in line with the Insurance Liquidity
Risk Policy and the wider LBG Funding and Liquidity Policy.
Liquidity risk in respect of each of the major product areas is
primarily mitigated as follows:
Annuity contracts
Assets are held which are specifically chosen to correspond to
the expectation of timing of annuity payments. Gilts, corporate
bonds, loans and, where required, derivatives are selected to
reflect the expected annuity payments as closely as possible and
are regularly rebalanced to ensure that this remains the case in
future.
With Profits contracts
For With Profits business, a portfolio of assets is held in line
with investment mandates which will reflect policyholders'
reasonable expectations.
Liquidity is maintained within the portfolio via the holding of
cash balances and a substantial number of highly liquid assets,
principally gilts, bonds and listed equities. Management also have
the ability to sell less liquid assets at a reduced price if
necessary, with any loss being borne within the With Profits Fund.
Losses are managed and mitigated by anticipating policyholder claim
payments to plan sales of underlying assets within funds.
Non-participating contracts
For unit-linked products, portfolios are invested in accordance
with unit fund mandates. Deferral clauses are included in
policyholder contracts to give time, when necessary, to realise
linked assets without being a forced seller. As at 31 December
2018, there are no funds under management subject to deferral
(2017: none).
For non-linked products other than annuity contracts, backing
investments are mostly held in gilts with minimal liquidity risk.
Investments are arranged to minimise the possibility of being a
distressed seller whilst at the same time investing to meet
policyholder obligations. This is achieved by anticipating
policyholder behaviour and sales of underlying assets within
funds.
Shareholder funds
For shareholder funds, liquidity is maintained within the
portfolio via the holding of cash balances and a substantial number
of highly liquid assets, principally gilts and bonds.
The following tables indicate the timing of the contractual cash
flows arising from the Group and Company's financial liabilities,
as required by IFRS 7. The table is based on the undiscounted cash
flows of financial liabilities based on the earliest date on which
the Group and Company are obliged to pay. The table includes both
interest and principal cash flows.
Liquidity risk in respect of liabilities arising from insurance
contracts and participating investment contracts has been analysed
based on the expected pattern of maturities as permitted by IFRS 4
rather than by contractual maturity. A maturity analysis of
liabilities arising from non-participating investment contracts
based on expected contract maturities is also given as it is
considered that this analysis provides additional useful
information in respect of the liquidity risk relating to contracts
written by the Group and Company.
Group As at 31 December Carrying Contractual cash flows
2018 amount
No stated Less 1-3 3-12 1-5 More
Liabilities maturity than months months years than
1 month 5 years
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
--------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
Liabilities arising
from non-participating
investment contracts 13,855 - 13,855 - - - -
External interests
in collective investment
vehicles 12,944 12,886 - - - - -
Derivatives held
for trading 2,719 - 10 98 128 340 2,823
Subordinated debt 1,769 48 - - 113 1,173 1,505
Borrowings 4 - 4 - - - -
Other financial
liabilities 2,331 260 1,884 28 159 - -
--------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
Total 33,622 13,194 15,753 126 400 1,513 4,328
--------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
Group As at 31 December Carrying Contractual cash flows
2017 amount
No stated Less 1-3 3-12 1-5 More
Liabilities maturity than months months years than
1 month 5 years
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
--------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
Liabilities arising
from non-participating
investment contracts 15,447 - 15,447 - - - -
External interests
in collective investment
vehicles 14,485 14,395 - - - - 90
Derivatives held
for trading 3,147 - 13 123 641 524 2,305
Subordinated debt 1,795 51 - - 113 416 2,345
Borrowings 10 - 10 - - - -
Other financial
liabilities 3,005 226 2,141 8 630 - -
--------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
Total 37,889 14,672 17,611 131 1,384 940 4,740
--------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
The contractual cash flow analysis set out above has been based
on the earliest possible contractual date, regardless of the
surrender penalties that might apply and has not been adjusted to
take account of such penalties.
An analysis of the contractual cash flows in respect of
insurance and investment contract liabilities by expected contract
maturity, on a discounted basis, is shown below:
Group As at 31 December Total Less 1-3 3-12 1-5 More
2018 than months months years than
1 month 5
Maturity Analysis for liabilities GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm years
arising from insurance GBPm GBPm
and investment contracts
==================================== ======= ========= ======== ======== ======= =======
Insurance and participating
investment contracts 98,252 1,147 1,496 5,039 23,678 66,892
Non-participating investment
contracts 13,855 308 258 1,056 4,534 7,699
------------------------------------ ------- --------- -------- -------- ------- -------
Group As at 31 December Total Less 1-3 3-12 1-5 More
2017 than Months months years than
1 month 5
Maturity Analysis for liabilities GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm years
arising from insurance GBPm GBPm
and investment contracts
Insurance and participating
investment contracts 102,916 1,121 1,496 5,076 23,944 71,279
Non-participating investment
contracts 15,447 324 297 1,181 4,923 8,722
------------------------------------ -------- --------- -------- -------- ------- -------
Company As at 31 December Carrying Contractual cash flows
2018 amount
No stated Less 1-3 3-12 1-5 More
Liabilities maturity than months months years than
1 month 5 years
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
----------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
Borrowings - - - - - - -
Liabilities arising
from non-participating
investment contracts 13,825 - 13,825 - - - -
Derivative financial
instruments 2,681 - 9 64 127 338 2,143
Subordinated debt 1,799 48 - - 92 1,194 1,536
Other financial liabilities 1,608 257 1,215 - 136 - -
----------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
Total 19,913 305 15,049 64 355 1,532 3,679
----------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
Company As at 31 December Contractual cash flows
2017
Carrying No stated Less 1-3 3-12 1-5 More
Liabilities amount maturity than months months years than
1 month 5 years
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
----------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
Borrowings 2 - 2 - - - -
Liabilities arising
from non-participating
investment contracts 15,447 - 15,447 - - - -
Derivative financial
instruments 3,058 - 3 79 609 517 2,305
Subordinated debt 1,836 51 - - 92 436 2,386
Other financial liabilities 2,233 196 1,445 - 592 - -
----------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
Total 22,576 247 16,897 79 1,293 953 4,691
----------------------------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
The contractual cash flow analysis set out above has been based
on the earliest possible contractual date, regardless of the
surrender penalties that might apply and has not been adjusted to
take account of such penalties.
An analysis of liabilities arising from insurance and investment
contracts by expected contract maturity, on a discounted basis, is
shown below:
Company As at 31 December Total Less 1-3 3-12 1-5 More
2018 than months months years than
1 month 5
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm years
GBPm GBPm
Maturity Analysis for liabilities
arising from insurance contracts
and investment contracts
Insurance and participating
investment contracts 96,117 1,125 1,464 4,922 23,166 65,440
Non-participating investment
contracts 13,825 308 257 1,052 4,519 7,689
------------------------------------- ------- --------- -------- -------- ------- ---------
Company As at 31 December Total Less 1-3 3-12 1-5 More
2017 than months months years than
1 month 5
Maturity Analysis for liabilities GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm years
arising from insurance GBPm GBPm
and investment contracts
==================================== ======== ========= ======== ======== ======= =======
Insurance and participating
investment contracts 102,916 1,121 1,496 5,076 23,944 71,279
Non-participating investment
contracts 15,447 324 297 1,181 4,923 8,722
------------------------------------ -------- -------- --------- -------- ------- -------
(d) Operational risk
Operational risk is defined as the risk of loss resulting from
inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from
external events. There are a number of secondary categories of
operational risk including the undernoted:
Financial crime and fraud risk
Financial crime concerns activity related to money laundering,
sanctions, terrorist financing and bribery. Fraud covers acts
intended to defraud, misappropriate property or circumvent the law.
These activities could give rise to risk of reduction in earnings
and/or value, through financial or reputational loss. Losses may
include censure, fines or the cost of litigation.
Information security and physical security risk
Information security risk relates to the risk of reductions in
earnings and/or value, through financial or reputational loss,
resulting from theft of or damage to the security of the Group's
information and data. Physical security risk relates to the risk to
the security of people and property.
Operational resilience risk
Operational resilience risk covers the risk or instances of
interruptions to business operations (including critical buildings,
critical and core infrastructure and IT systems, suppliers and
colleagues), as a consequence of external or internal events due to
insufficient resilience, inadequate recovery strategies and/or
continuity systems and controls.
Change risk
Change risk is related to the management of change - designing
and implementing key projects or programme. Potential loss could
arise from failure requirements, budget or timescale; failure to
implement change effectively; or failure to realise desired
benefits.
Sourcing and service provision risk
Sourcing risk covers the risk of reductions in earnings and/or
value through financial or reputational loss from risks associated
with activity related to the agreement and management of services
provided by third parties including outsourcing.
Service provision risk covers the risks associated with
provision of services to a third party and with the management of
internal intra-Group service arrangements.
IT systems and cyber risk
The risk of reductions in earnings and/or value through
financial or reputational loss resulting from the failure to
develop, deliver or maintain a resilient IT solution or protect
against cyber attack and other system disruption. The Directors
have embedded a risk framework and monitor the effective operation
of this across the Group.
People risk
People risk is defined as the risk that the Group fails to
provide an appropriate colleague and customer centric culture,
supported by robust regard and wellbeing policies and processes;
effective leadership to manage colleague resources; effective
talent and succession management; and robust control to ensure all
colleague-related requirements are met.
Regulatory and Legal risk
Regulatory and legal risk is defined as the risk that the Group
is exposed to fines, censure, legal or enforcement action; or to
civil or criminal proceedings in the courts (or equivalent) and/or
the Group is unable to enforce its rights due to failing to comply
with applicable laws (including Codes of Practice which could have
legal implications), regulations, codes of conduct or legal
obligations.
Regulators aim to protect the rights of customers, ensuring
firms satisfactorily manage their affairs for the benefit of
customers and that they retain sufficient capital and liquidity.
The Group has embedded a risk framework to closely monitor and
manage its legal and regulatory risks, and maintains regular
interaction with its regulators.
Conduct risk
Conduct risk is defined as the risk of customer detriment due to
poor design, distribution and execution of products and services or
other activities which could undermine the integrity of the market
or distort competition, leading to unfair customer outcomes,
regulatory censure and financial and reputational loss.
The Group is focused on delivering fair customer outcomes, and
has embedded a risk framework to effectively monitor and manage its
conduct risks.
Financial reporting risk
Financial reporting risk is defined as the risk that the Group
suffers reputational damage, loss of investor confidence and/or
financial loss arising from the adoption of inappropriate
accounting policies, ineffective controls over business or finance
processes impacting financial, prudential regulatory, and tax
reporting, failure to manage the associated risks of changes in
taxation rates, law, corporate ownership or structure and the
failure to disclose timely and appropriate information in
accordance with regulatory requirements.
Governance risk
Governance risk is defined as the risk that the Group's
organisational infrastructure fails to provide robust oversight of
decision making and the control mechanisms to ensure strategies and
management instructions are implemented effectively.
(e) UK political uncertainties including EU exit
The continued lack of clarity over the UK's eventual
relationship with the EU has heightened risks in the Eurozone and
raises uncertainty for the UK economic outlook. Leadership changes
in the EU have contributed to further uncertainty. There is a risk
of a no deal EU exit outcome, which could have a significant impact
given our UK-centric footprint. The Group's response to these risks
and uncertainty is as follows:
-- Internal contingency plans recalibrated and regularly
reviewed for potential strategic, operational and reputational
impacts.
-- As part of the LBG, engagement with politicians, officials,
media, trade and other bodies to reassure our commitment to helping
Britain prosper.
-- Committed investments to establish a new entity in the EU to
ensure continuity of certain business activities, and contingency
planning in relation to wider areas of impact
-- No deal EU exit outcome analysed to identify impacts and
assess robustness of contingency plans.
(f) Economic Risk
UK economic growth remains muted and there are signs of pressure
in business investment and consumer related sectors. High levels of
credit market liquidity have reduced spreads and weakened terms in
some sectors, creating a potential under-pricing of risk and
heightened risk of a market correction. The Group's response to
these risks is as follows:
-- Internal contingency plans recalibrated and regularly
reviewed for potential strategic, operational and reputational
impacts, with a plan specifically for working through the potential
impacts of the EU exit on the Group.
-- Wide array of risks considered in setting strategic plans.
-- Capital and liquidity is reviewed regularly through
committees, ensuring compliance with risk appetite and regulatory
requirements.
-- The Group has a robust through the cycle credit risk
appetite, including individual limit guidelines, specific sector
appetite statements and policies, and affordability and
indebtedness controls at origination. In addition to ongoing
focused monitoring, we conduct portfolio deep dives and larger
exposure reviews. We have enhanced our use of early warning
indicators including sector specific indicators.
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
39. Related party transactions
(a) Ultimate parent and shareholding
The Group's immediate parent undertaking is Scottish Widows
Group Limited, a Company registered in the United Kingdom. Scottish
Widows Group Limited has taken advantage of the provisions of the
Companies Act 2006 and has not produced consolidated financial
statements.
The ultimate parent undertaking and controlling party is Lloyds
Banking Group plc, which is the parent undertaking of the only
group to consolidate these financial statements. Once approved,
copies of the consolidated annual report and financial statements
of Lloyds Banking Group plc may be obtained from Lloyds Banking
Group's head office at 25 Gresham Street, London EC2V 7HN or
downloaded via www.lloydsbankinggroup.com.
(b) Transactions and balances with related parties
Transactions with other LBG companies
In accordance with IAS 24 "Related Party Disclosures",
transactions and balances between Group companies have been
eliminated on consolidation and have not been reported as part of
the consolidated financial statements.
The Group has entered into transactions with related parties in
the normal course of business during the year.
2018
Income Expenses Payable at Receivable
during period during period period end at period
end
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
====================== ============== ============== =========== ==========
Relationship
Parent 15 (1,765) - 348
Other related parties 600 (894) (1,419) 3,213
---------------------- -------------- -------------- ----------- ----------
2017
Income Expenses Payable at Receivable
during period during period period end at period
end
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
====================== ============== ============== =========== ==========
Relationship
Parent 20 (2,563) - 348
Other related parties 508 (826) (2,296) 2,875
---------------------- -------------- -------------- ----------- ----------
The Company has entered into transactions with related parties
in the normal course of business during the year. Holdings by the
Group, including consolidated OEIC investments, give rise to
GBP476m (2017: GBP584m) of shares in the ultimate parent
undertaking on the balance sheet, with associated transactions of
GBP14m (2017: GBP92m) during the year.
2018
Income Expenses Payable at Receivable
during period during period period end at period
end
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
====================== ============== ============== =========== ==========
Relationship
Parent 15 (1,765) - 348
Subsidiary 112 (193) (6) 671
Other related parties 522 (1,037) (2,376) 4,064
---------------------- -------------- -------------- ----------- ----------
2017
Income Expenses Payable at Receivable
during period during period period end at period
end
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
====================== ============== ============== =========== ==========
Relationship
Parent 20 (2,563) - 348
Subsidiary 177 (545) (270) 702
Other related parties 244 (266) (1,864) 2,714
---------------------- -------------- -------------- ----------- ----------
Further, amounts relating to other related parties of GBP2,153m
due from OEICs investments were outstanding at 31 December 2018
(2017: GBP2,328m). The above balances are unsecured in nature and
are expected to be settled in cash.
Included within the consolidated statement of comprehensive
income were net (expense)/income amounts related to other parties
of (GBP139m) (2017: GBP217m) from OEIC investments.
Parent undertaking transactions relate to all reported
transactions and balances with Scottish Widows Group Limited, the
Group's immediate parent. Such transactions with the parent Company
are primarily financing (through capital and sub-ordinated debt),
provision of loans and payment of dividends.
Transactions with other related parties (which includes
Subsidiary and Other categories above) are primarily in relation to
operating and employee expenses.
Transactions between the Group and entity employing key
management
Key management personnel are those persons having authority and
responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the
activities of the Company which, for the Company, are all Directors
and Insurance and Wealth Executive Committee ("IWEC") members. Key
management personnel, as defined by IAS 24, are employed by a
management entity, transactions with this entity are as
follows:
Key management compensation:
2018 2018 2017 2017
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
============================= ===== ======= ===== =======
Group Company Group Company
Short-term employee benefits 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.3
Post-employment benefits 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Share-based payments 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2
----------------------------- ----- ------- ----- -------
Total 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.6
----------------------------- ----- ------- ----- -------
Included in short term employee benefits is the aggregate amount
of emoluments paid to or receivable by Directors in respect of
qualifying services of GBP3.2m (2017: GBP3.0m).
There were no retirement benefits accruing to Directors (2017:
none) under defined benefit pension schemes. Six Directors (2017:
four Directors) are paying into a defined contribution scheme.
There were no contributions paid to a pension scheme for qualifying
services (2017: GBPnil) for Group and Company.
Certain members of key management in the Group, including the
highest paid Director, provide services to other companies within
LBG. In such cases, for the purposes of this note, figures have
been included based on an apportionment to the Group of the total
compensation earned.
The aggregate amount of money receivable and the net value of
assets received/receivable under share based incentive schemes in
respect of Directors qualifying services was GBP0.9m (2017:
GBP1.2m). During the year, one Director exercised share options
(2017: two Directors) and two Directors received qualifying service
shares under long term incentive schemes (2017: six Directors).
Movements in share options are as follows:
2018 2017
GBPm GBPm
Options Options
=============================== ======== ========= ======= =======
Outstanding at 1 January 13 12
Granted 6 9
Exercised (3) (4)
Forfeited (1) (4)
Outstanding at 31 December 15 13
----------------------------------------- ------------------ -------
Detail regarding the highest paid Director is as follows:
2018 2018 2017 2017
GBPm GBPm GBPm GBPm
===================================== ===== ======= ===== =======
Group Company Group Company
Apportioned aggregate emoluments 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6
Apportioned post-employment benefits 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Apportioned share-based payments 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0
The highest paid Director did not exercise share options during
the year. (2017: The highest paid Director did exercise share
options during the year).
Further details of the above can also be obtained by contacting
Secretariat, Insurance, Lloyds Banking Group plc, Level 7 Block E,
Port Hamilton, 69 Morrison Street, Edinburgh EH3 8YF.
LEI NUMBER: 549300ZT0RVWCG8T4L55
This information is provided by RNS, the news service of the
London Stock Exchange. RNS is approved by the Financial Conduct
Authority to act as a Primary Information Provider in the United
Kingdom. Terms and conditions relating to the use and distribution
of this information may apply. For further information, please
contact rns@lseg.com or visit www.rns.com.
END
FR BGGDSXXXBGCG
(END) Dow Jones Newswires
April 30, 2019 06:37 ET (10:37 GMT)
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