Form 10-K/A - Annual report [Section 13 and 15(d), not S-K Item 405]: [Amend]

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K/A

(Amendment No. 1)

(Mark One)

ANNUAL REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023

TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to

Commission File No.: 001-11789

ENCISION INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Colorado	84-1162056
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6797 Winchester Circle, Boulder, Colorado 80301

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (303) 444-2600

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, no par value	ECIA	OTC Bulletin Board

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes o No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the past 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o	Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒
	Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☐ No ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ☒

As of September 30, 2022, the aggregate market value of the shares of common stock held by non-affiliates of the issuer on such date was $4,029,059. This figure is based on the average bid and asked price of $0.55 per share of the issuer’s common stock on September 30, 2022 as quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board.

The number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common equity, as of the last practicable date.

Common Stock, no par value	11,769,543
(Class)	(Outstanding at May 31, 2023)

Documents Incorporated by Reference: Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Shareholders' Meeting to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated by reference as described in Part III. The 2023 Proxy Statement will be filed within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

We are filing this Amendment No. 1 to our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, filed on June 28, 2023 (the “Original Filing”), to include (as Exhibit 23.1) the consent of our independent registered public accounting firm, Gries and Associates.

Such consent was unintentionally omitted from the Original Filing.

For the convenience of the reader, this Amendment sets forth our Original Filing in its entirety, as amended by the inclusion of the required consent as Exhibit 23.1.

This Amendment has been signed as of a current date and all certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are given as of a current date.

Table of Contents



Item 1.	Business	2
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	11
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	15
Item 2.	Properties	15
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	15
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	15

PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	16
Item 6.	[Reserved]	16
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	16
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	21
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	22
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	39
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	39
Item 9B.	Other Information	40

PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	41
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	41
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	41
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	41
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	41

PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	41
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	42

Forward-Looking Statements

Statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include forward looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and involve substantial risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward looking statements. All forward looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements about our strategies, expectations about new and existing products, market demand, acceptance of new and existing products, technologies and opportunities, market size and growth, and return on investments in products and market, are based on information available to us on the date of this document, and we assume no obligation to update such forward looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward looking statements by terminology such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “could”, “expects”, “plans”, “intends”, “anticipates”, “believes”, “estimates”, “predicts”, “potential”, or “continue” or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. Readers of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are strongly encouraged to review the section entitled “Risk Factors”.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Company Overview

Encision Inc. (“Encision”, “we”, “us”, “our” or the “Company"), a medical device company based in Boulder, Colorado, has developed and markets innovative technology that provides unprecedented outcomes and patient safety in minimally-invasive surgery. We believe that our patented Active Electrode Monitoring (AEM®) Surgical Instruments are changing the marketplace for electrosurgical devices and laparoscopic instruments by providing a solution to a well-documented hazard unique to laparoscopic surgery.

We address market opportunities created by the increase in minimally-invasive surgery (“MIS”) and surgeons’ use of electrosurgery devices in these procedures. The product opportunity exists in that monopolar electrosurgery instruments used in laparoscopic procedures provide excellent clinical results, but are also susceptible to causing inadvertent collateral tissue damage outside the surgeon’s field of view. The risk of unintended electrosurgical burn injury to the patient in laparoscopic surgery has been well documented. This risk poses a threat to patient safety, including the risk of death, and creates liability exposure for surgeons and hospitals, and increased and preventable readmissions. Our technology helps to reduce hospital risk and liability.

Our patented AEM technology provides surgeons with the desired tissue effects of cutting and coagulating tissue in laparoscopic procedures, while preventing stray electrosurgical energy that can cause complications and even death. AEM Surgical Instruments are equivalent to conventional instruments in size, shape, ergonomics and functionality, but they incorporate a proprietary shield and electrically connect to an Active Electrode Monitor to dynamically and continuously monitor the flow of electrosurgical current, thereby preventing patient injury from stray monopolar energy. With our “shielded and monitored” instruments, surgeons are able to perform electrosurgical procedures more safely, effectively and economically than is possible using conventional instruments.

AEM technology has been recommended and endorsed by sources from many groups involved in MIS. Surgeons, nurses, biomedical engineers, the medicolegal community, malpractice insurance carriers and electrosurgical device manufacturers advocate the use of AEM technology. In May 2020, the Food and Drug Administration issued a Safety Communication that stated that, "In addition to serving as an ignition source, monopolar energy use can directly result in unintended patient burns from capacitive coupling and intra-operative insulation failure.”

Business Highlights

Proprietary, Patented Technology

We have developed and launched patented AEM Surgical Instruments and Monitors that enhance patient safety and patient outcomes in laparoscopic surgical procedures. We have been issued 16 unexpired patents relating to AEM technology from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, each encompassing multiple claims, and which have between one and seventeen years remaining. We also have patents relating to AEM technology issued in Europe, Japan, Canada and Australia.

Technology Solves a Well Documented Risk in Minimally Invasive Surgery

MIS offers significant benefits for patients by reducing trauma, hospital stays, recovery times and medical costs. However, these benefits have not been achieved without the emergence of new risks. The risk of unintended tissue damage from stray electrosurgical energy has been well documented. Such injuries can be especially troubling given that often these injuries are out of the field of view, can go unrecognized at the time of surgery, and can lead to a cascade of adverse events, including death. Our patented AEM technology eliminates the risk of stray electrosurgical burns in MIS while providing surgeons with the tissue effects they desire.

Product Line has been Developed and Launched

Our AEM Surgical Instruments and Monitors have been engineered to provide a seamless transition for surgeons switching from conventional laparoscopic instruments. AEM technology has been integrated into instruments that have the same look, feel and functionality as conventional instruments that surgeons have been using for years. The AEM product line encompasses a full range of instrument sizes, types and styles favored by surgeons. While always quality-centric, we added a new level of customer-centricity with increased marketing focus on our reposable AEM EndoShield® 2 Burn Protection System (“EndoShield 2”). The EndoShield 2 can be used for a number of surgical procedures without reprocessing, can easily be used in any OR room with all prevalent electrosurgical generators, and eliminates a significant barrier to adoption. Thus, hospitals can make a complete and smooth conversion to our product line, thereby advancing patient safety in MIS.

Emerging as a Standard of Care

We believe that AEM technology is following a similar path as previous technological developments in surgery. Throughout the history of electrosurgery, companies that have developed significant technological breakthroughs in patient safety have seen their technologies become widely used. As with “Isolated” electrosurgical generators in the 1970s and with “REM” technology in the 1980s, AEM technology is receiving the broad endorsements that drove these previous new technologies to becoming a standard of care. We believe that it is possible to follow a course similar to that of pulse oximetry in becoming a standard of care. Our proprietary AEM technology enhances patient safety in MIS, especially in light of laparoscopic instruments being in closer proximity with single-port and reduced-port approaches. As a result, knowledgeable clinicians are now advocating AEM technology’s use.

Developing Distribution Network is Advancing Utilization of AEM Technology

Our AEM technology, in the hands of a sales network with broad access to the surgery marketplace, will help to increase utilization and market share. Historically, our sales and marketing efforts have been hindered by our small size and limited distribution channels. While these limitations continue, we improved our sales network which provided new hospital accounts with AEM technology in our fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. Our supplier agreements with Group Purchasing Organizations (“GPOs”) and other key hospitals systems are beginning to expose more hospitals to the benefits of our AEM technology. During the year ended March 31, 2020, our proprietary patient safety technology was recognized by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and provides us with the opportunity to market our instruments and monitors into VA Medical Centers. The VA is the largest medical system in the U.S. providing service to more than nine million veterans across more than 1,200 facilities. Also, during the year ended March 31, 2020, we were awarded a prestigious Vizient Innovative Technology Contract for monopolar surgical instruments and monitors. Vizient represents a diverse membership base that includes academic medical centers, pediatric facilities, community hospitals, integrated health delivery networks and non-acute health care providers and represents approximately $100 billion in annual medical devices and supplies purchasing volume.

Market Overview

We believe that our patented AEM technology provides us with marketing leverage toward gaining an increased share, both in terms of penetrations, as well as increasing our impact per procedure with AEM instrumentation.

In the 1990s, surgeons began widespread use of minimally invasive surgical techniques. The benefits of MIS are substantial and include reduced trauma for the patient, reduced hospital stay, shorter recovery time and lower medical costs. With improvements in the surgical laparoscopic camera and in the variety of available instruments, laparoscopic surgery became popular among general surgeons, gynecologic surgeons and other specialties. Laparoscopy now accounts for a large percentage of all surgical procedures performed in the United States. Approximately 75% of surgeons employ monopolar electrosurgery for laparoscopy according to INTERactive SURVeys. There are over 4.4 million laparoscopic procedures performed annually in the United States, and this number is increasing annually. (Note: except as otherwise stated, market estimates in this section are as reported by Patient Safety & Quality Healthcare).

A component of the endoscopic surgery products market includes laparoscopic hand instruments, including scissors, graspers, dissectors, forceps, suction/irrigation devices, clip appliers and other surgical instruments of various designs, which provide a variety of tissue effects. Among the laparoscopic hand instruments, approximately $500 million in sales annually are derived from instruments designed for "monopolar" electrosurgical utility. This market for laparoscopic monopolar electrosurgical instruments is the market we are targeting with our innovative AEM Surgical Instruments. Our proprietary AEM product line supplants the conventional “non-shielded, non-monitored” electrosurgical instruments commonly used in laparoscopic surgery.

When a hospital decides to use our AEM technology, we make recurring sales to such hospital for replacement instruments. Sales from reusable and disposable AEM products in hospitals represented over 90% of our sales in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, and we expect this sales stream to grow as new hospitals increasingly adopt AEM technology and existing hospitals increase usage of AEM instrumentation. We also expect to increase the value per procedure delivered to our customers and, therefore, expect the dollars per procedure to increase. AEM Instruments are competitively priced compared to conventional laparoscopic instruments.

We aim to further develop the market by continuing to educate healthcare professionals about the benefits of AEM technology to advance patient safety. We are developing new devices that integrate AEM technology, which we believe will have high surgeon appeal. We are also working to improve the reach of our sales network to key decision makers who purchase or recommend the purchase of laparoscopic instruments and electrosurgical devices. We are also pursuing relationships with selected GPOs, hospital systems and integrated delivery networks to assist in promoting the benefits of AEM technology. We are seeking increasing international opportunities for AEM technology sales. We estimate sales outside the U.S. to be at least as large as that of the U.S. market. We are growing our presence in Australia and New Zealand and are seeking a new presence in the Middle East and Europe. As decisions are made at a system level, our intent is to highlight the clinical, economic and safety benefits of using AEM technology.

A number of factors are contributing to a decrease in surgical procedures that take away from top line results. COVID resurgences continued to negatively impact surgical procedure volumes. In addition, MarketWatch announced that, “A record share of U.S. adults said they or a family member delayed medical care last year due to affordability issues. According to a Gallup poll, thirty-eight percent of Americans said they or a family member avoided treatment over cost in 2022, a full 12 percentage points higher than the year prior.” Finally, hospitals are struggling to maintain critical staffing levels to enable them to keep up with even the decreased demand for procedures.

The Technology

Stray Electrosurgical Burn Injury to the Patient

Electrosurgical technology is a valuable and prevalent resource for surgeons. Since its introduction in the 1930s, electrosurgical technology has continually evolved and is estimated to be used in over 75% of all surgeries.

The primary form of electrosurgery, monopolar electrosurgery, is a standard tool for general surgeons throughout the world. In monopolar electrosurgery, the surgeon uses an instrument (typically scissors, grasper/dissectors, spatula blades or suction-irrigation electrodes) to deliver electrical current to patient tissue. This “active electrode” provides the surgeon with the ability to cut, coagulate or ablate tissue as needed during the surgery. With the advent of MIS procedures, surgeons have continued using monopolar electrosurgery as a primary tool for hemostatic incision, coagulation of bleeding tissues, excision and ablation. Unfortunately, conventional laparoscopic electrosurgical instruments from competing manufacturers are susceptible to emitting stray electrical currents during the procedure. This risk is exacerbated by the fact that laparoscopic camera systems limit the surgical field of view. Ninety percent of the instrument may be outside the surgeon's field of view at any given time during the surgery.

The dangers of stray energy are twofold. Not only is there the danger created by the burn injury itself, but there is the compounding danger that the burn will go unnoticed during the surgery and be allowed to manifest post-operatively as fecal peritonitis or other potentially deadly and devastating outcomes. In many cases, the surgeon cannot detect stray electrosurgical burns at the time of the procedure because it is out of their field of visualization. The resulting complication usually presents itself days later in the form of a severe infection or sepsis, which often results in a hospital readmission and a difficult course of remedial surgeries and prolonged hospital recovery for the patient. This situation has even resulted in fatalities.

Stray electrosurgical burn injury can result from two causes – instrument insulation failure and capacitive coupling. Instrument insulation failure can be a common occurrence with laparoscopic instruments. Conventional active electrodes for laparoscopic surgery are designed with the same basic construction – a single conductive element and an outer insulation coating. This insulation can fail during the course of normal use during surgery. One university study found insulation defects in new disposable instruments before they were used or after limited surgical use. It is also possible for instrument insulation to become flawed during the handling, cleaning and sterilization process. This common insulation failure can allow electrical currents to "spark" from the instrument to unintended and unseen tissue with potentially serious consequences for the patient, such as bowel perforations. Four different studies indicate that the insulation failure rate in reusable instruments can be as high as one in five. Capacitive coupling is another way stray electrosurgical energy can cause unintended burns during laparoscopy. Capacitive coupling is an electrical phenomenon that occurs when current is induced from the instrument to nearby tissue or another instrument despite intact insulation. This potential for capacitive coupling is present in all laparoscopic surgeries that utilize monopolar electrosurgery devices and are likely to occur outside the surgeon’s field of view.

Conventional, “non-shielded, non-monitored” laparoscopic instruments are susceptible to causing unintended, unseen burn injuries to the patient in MIS. Instrument insulation failure and capacitive coupling are the primary causes of stray electrosurgical burns in laparoscopy and are the two events over which the surgical team has traditionally had no control. Although alternative forms to monopolar electrosurgery energy exist, these alternative energies tend to be less effective, take longer to achieve the desired surgical effect and are costlier.

Encision’s AEM Surgical Instruments

AEM technology eliminates the risk of stray electrical energy caused by instrument insulation failure and capacitive coupling, and thus prevents unintended burn injuries to patients.

AEM Surgical Instruments are an innovative solution to stray electrosurgical burns in laparoscopic surgery and are designed with the same look, feel and functionality as conventional instruments. They direct electrosurgical energy where the surgeon desires, while continuously monitoring the current flow to prevent stray electrosurgical energy from instrument insulation failure or capacitive coupling.

Whereas conventional instruments are simply a conductive element with a layer of insulation coating, AEM Surgical Instruments have a patented, multi-layered design with a built-in “shield,” a concept much like the third-wire ground in standard electrical cords. The shield in these instruments is electrically connected and referenced back to an AEM Monitor at the electrosurgical generator. In the event of a harmful level of stray electrical energy, the monitor shuts down the power at the source, assuring patient safety. If instrument insulation failure should occur, the AEM system, while continually monitoring the instrument, immediately interrupts monopolar output from the electrosurgical generator and alerts the surgical staff. The AEM system protects against capacitive coupling by providing a neutral return path for “capacitive” electrical energy. Capacitive energy is continually drained away from the instrument and away from the patient through the protective shield built into all AEM instruments and the connected AEM Monitor.

The AEM system consists of shielded 5mm AEM Instruments and an AEM monitor. The AEM Instruments are designed to function identically to the conventional 5mm instruments that surgeons are familiar with, but with the added benefit of enhanced patient safety. Our entire line of laparoscopic instruments has the integrated AEM design and includes the full range of instruments that are common in laparoscopic surgery today. The AEM monitor is compatible with most electrosurgical generators. AEM Surgical Instruments provide enhanced patient safety, require no change in surgeon technique and are cost competitive. Thus, conversion to AEM Surgical Instruments is easy and economical.

Historical Perspective

We were organized as a Colorado corporation in 1991 and spent several years developing the AEM monitoring system and protective sheaths to adapt to conventional electrosurgical instruments. During this period, we conducted product trials and applied for patents with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and with International patent agencies. Our patents relate to the basic shielding and monitoring technologies that we incorporate into our AEM products. As of March 31, 2023, we have 16 unexpired United States patents relating to specific implementations of shielding and monitoring in instruments and continue to add patents as we further develop our proprietary technology and its applications.

As we evolved, it was clear to us that our “active electrode monitoring” technology needed to be integrated into the standard laparoscopic instrument design. As the development program proceeded, it also became apparent that the merging of electrical and mechanical engineering skills in the instrument development process for our patented, integrated electrosurgical instruments was a complex and difficult task. As a result, instruments with integrated AEM technology were not completed for several years. Prior to offering a full range of laparoscopic electrosurgical instrumentation, it was difficult for hospitals to commit to the AEM solution, as we did not have adequate comparable surgical instrument options to match surgeon demand.

With the broad array of AEM instruments now available, the surgeon has a wide choice of instrument options and does not have to change surgical technique to use our AEM products. Since conversion to AEM technology is transparent to the surgeon, hospitals can now universally convert to AEM technology, thus providing all of their laparoscopic surgery patients a higher level of safety. This development coincides with the continued expansion of independent endorsements for AEM technology. Recommendations from the malpractice insurance and medicolegal communities complement the broad clinical endorsements that AEM technology has garnered over the past few years, leading to better awareness for the benefits of the technology.

Products

We produce and market a full line of AEM Instruments, which are “shielded and monitored” to prevent stray electrosurgical burns from insulation failure and capacitive coupling. Our product line includes a broad range of endo-mechanical instruments (scissors, graspers and dissectors), fixed-tip electrodes and suction-irrigation electrodes. These AEM Instruments are available in a wide array of reusable and disposable options. Also, we have a line of handles that are used for advanced laparoscopic procedures that incorporate stiffer shafts and ergonomic features. In addition, we market an AEM monitor product line that is used in conjunction with AEM Instruments. Our AEM EndoShield® 2 Burn Protection System can be used for a number of surgical procedures without reprocessing, reduces the customer’s cost per use significantly, and eliminates a significant barrier to adoption. Thus, hospitals can make a complete and smooth conversion to our product line, thereby advancing patient safety in MIS. The EndoShield 2 integrates our patented AEM technology into a disposable smart cord and eliminates the need for a separate AEM monitor. It is changing the marketplace for electrosurgical devices and laparoscopic instruments by providing a solution to a well-documented hazard unique to laparoscopic surgery.

The 2020 introduction of our AEM 2X enTouch® Scissors (“2X Scissors”) brought new levels of performance and economy to the surgical scissor market by combining the best in class performance of our enTouch Disposable Scissors with the value and economy of a multi-use device. We believe that our 2X Scissors will have a significant impact on the disposable laparoscopic scissor market. Our enTouch Disposable Scissors have long been the surgeon preferred product because of their sharpness and micro-serrations. Our 2X Scissors provide all those benefits at half the cost per use and reduce hospital waste and the impact on the environment as well. The thermochromic technology integrated into 2X Scissors lets the hospital know when to replace the scissors with new ones and makes tracking their use simple and easy. 2X Scissors work with hot AEM dissection and have a price point that makes them suitable for cold dissection as well. 2X Scissors should open new use segments for us and create an opportunity for customers to standardize on our entire portfolio of Active Electrode Monitoring (AEM®) products.

Services

On April 20, 2020, we entered into a Master Services Agreement (“MSA”) with Auris Health, Inc. (“Auris Health”), which is based in Redwood City, CA and a part of Johnson & Johnson Medical Devices Companies. The MSA (and the initial related Statement of Work thereunder) were effective as of March 3, 2020. Under the MSA, we and Auris Health collaborated on the development of equipment designed to enable the compatibility of our AEM technology with monopolar instruments produced by Auris Health. The MSA had a term of up to three years, but either party could terminate the MSA sooner upon 10 business days’ prior written notice. On August 23, 2021, we entered into a Supply Agreement with Auris Health, Inc. On May 5, 2022, the parties mutually agreed to terminate all of our agreements.

In February 2023, we signed a Proof of Concept Services Agreement with Vicarious Surgical Inc. (“Vicarious”). The Vicarious robot design intends to maximize visualization, precision, and control of instruments in robotic-assisted minimally invasive surgery.

Sales and Marketing Overview

We believe that AEM technology can become the standard of care in laparoscopic surgery worldwide. Our marketing efforts are focused on building awareness by providing technical education for Health Care Providers on the dangers of stray electrosurgical energy and in providing clinical and economic evidence to substantiate the value of AEM technology to hospitals, their staff, and their patients. We also leverage relationships with prominent hospitals and surgeons where AEM Technology has increased their level of patient care and improved their overall surgical outcomes.

In addition, there is increasing public interest in the reduction of medical errors and the advancement of patient safety. For example, the National Quality Forum and CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services) recognize “patient death or serious disability associated with a burn incurred from any source while being cared for in a healthcare facility” as a “never-event”. We believe that the credibility and importance of our technology is complemented by this expanding public interest in advancing patient safety in new CMS Hospital Quality Metrics. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services published its Hospital-Acquired Condition Reduction Program, effective October 1, 2014. At that time, the program began to levy as much as a 1% penalty on Medicare reimbursements on hospitals in the lower quadrant of performance for selected quality indicators, including accidental puncture and laceration (“APL”). An example of an APL includes the use of a cautery device (electrosurgery) or scissors to dissect a tissue plane that errantly causes an injury to underlying bowels.

To cost effectively expand market coverage, we focus on optimizing our distribution network comprised of direct and independent sales representatives who are managed and directed by our regional sales managers throughout the United States. In some instances, customers have recognized the patient safety risks inherent in monopolar electrosurgery and have accepted AEM technology as the way to eliminate those risks. In other instances, we have found selling the concept behind AEM technology more difficult. This difficulty is due to several factors, including the necessity to make surgeons, nurses and hospital risk managers aware of the potential for unintended electrosurgical burns (which exists when conventional instruments are used during laparoscopic monopolar electrosurgery) and the resulting increased patient injury and medicolegal liability exposure. Additionally, we must contend with the overall lack of single purchasing points in the industry (surgeons, hospital personnel, and value analysis committees have to be in substantial agreement as to the benefits of new technology), and the resulting need to make multiple sales calls on personnel with the authority to commit to hospital expenditures. Other challenges include the fact that many hospitals have exclusive contractual agreements with manufacturers of competing surgical instruments.

Our goal is to optimize a network that has experience selling into the hospital operating room environment. We believe that improvement in this network offers us the best opportunity to cost effectively broaden acceptance of our product line and generate increased and recurring sales. Additionally, we are pursuing supplier agreements with the major selected GPOs, hospital systems and integrated delivery networks.

In addition to the efforts to broaden market acceptance in the United States, we have contracted with independent distributors in Australia and New Zealand to market our products internationally. We have achieved Conformité Européene (“CE”) marking for our products so that we may sell into the European marketplace. The CE marking indicates that a manufacturer has conformed to all of the obligations imposed by European health, safety and environmental legislation. While CE certification opens up incremental markets in Europe, our distribution options in the European marketplace are developing, and sales in international markets are small.

We believe that the expanding awareness for AEM technology through education and the improved sales network of independent representatives will provide the basis for increased sales and continuing profitable operations. However, these measures, or any others that we may adopt, may not result in increased sales or profitable operations.

Research and Development

We aim to continually expand our AEM Instrument product line to satisfy the evolving needs of surgeons. For AEM technology to fully become a standard of care, we must satisfy surgeons’ preferred instrument shapes, sizes, styles and functionality with integrated AEM technology. This commitment includes expanding the styles of electrosurgical instruments available for MIS applications so that the conversion to AEM technology is transparent to surgeons and does not require significant change in their current surgical techniques. We employ full-time engineers and use independent contractors from time to time in our research and product development efforts. This group continuously explores ways to broaden and enhance the product line. Current research and development efforts are focused primarily on line-extension projects to further expand our AEM Instrument product offering to increase surgeons’ choices and options in laparoscopic surgery. Our research and development expenses were $816,119 in fiscal year 2023 and $918,155 in fiscal year 2022. We expense research and development costs for products and processes as incurred. Costs that are included in research and development expenses include direct salaries, contractor fees, materials, facility costs and administrative expenses that relate to research and development.

Manufacturing, Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance

We engage in various manufacturing and assembly activities at our leased facility in Boulder, Colorado. These operations include disposable scissor inserts manufacturing and assembly of our AEM Instrument system as well as fabrication, assembly and test operations for instruments, monitors and accessories. We also have relationships with a number of outside suppliers. Three vendors accounted for approximately 47% of our inventory purchases.

We believe that the use of both internal and external manufacturing capabilities allows for increased flexibility in meeting our customer delivery requirements and significantly reduces the need for investment in specialized capital equipment. We have developed multiple sources of supply where possible. Our relationship with our suppliers is generally limited to individual purchase order agreements supplemented, as appropriate, by contractual relationships to help ensure the availability and low cost of certain products. All components, materials and sub-assemblies used in our products, whether produced in-house or obtained from others, are inspected to ensure compliance with our specifications. All finished products are subject to our quality assurance and performance testing procedures.

As discussed in the section on Government Regulation, we are subject to the rules and regulations of the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). Our leased facility of 28,696 square feet contains approximately 15,100 square feet of manufacturing, regulatory affairs and quality assurance space. The facility is designed to comply with the Quality System Regulation (“QSR”), as specified in published FDA regulations. Our latest inspection by the FDA occurred in October 2015.

We achieved CE marking in August 2000, which required prior certification of our quality system and product documentation. Maintenance of the CE marking status requires periodic audits of the quality system and technical documentation by our European Notified Body, TUV Rheinland. The most recent audit was completed in February 2022.

Patents, Patent Applications and Intellectual Proprietary Rights

We have invested heavily in an effort to protect our valuable technology, and, as a result of this effort, we have been issued 16 unexpired relevant patents that together form a significant intellectual property position. Our patents relate to the basic shielding and monitoring technologies that we incorporate into our AEM products. As of March 31, 2023, we have 16 unexpired United States patents relating to specific implementations of shielding and monitoring in instruments. As of March 31, 2023, there are between one and seventeen years remaining on our AEM patents. We have five patent applications in process and we have four trademarks.

Our technical progress depends to a significant degree on our ability to maintain patent protection for products and processes, to preserve our trade secrets and to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Our policy is to attempt to protect our technology by, among other things, filing patent applications for technology that we consider important to the development of our business. The validity and breadth of claims covered in medical technology patents involve complex legal and factual questions and, therefore, may be highly uncertain. Even though we hold patented technology, others might copy our technology or otherwise incorporate our technology into their products.

We require our employees to execute non-disclosure agreements upon commencement of employment. These agreements generally provide that all confidential information developed or made known to the individual by us during the course of the individual's employment is our property and is to be kept confidential and not to be disclosed to third parties.

Competition

The electrosurgical device market is intensely competitive and tends to be dominated by a relatively small group of large and well-financed companies. We compete directly for customers with those companies that currently make conventional electrosurgical instruments. Larger competitors include Advanced Surgical Technologies Group (a division of Medtronic plc) and Ethicon Endo-Surgery (a division of Johnson & Johnson). While we know of no competitor (including those referenced above) that can provide a continuous solution to stray electrosurgical burns, the manufacturers of conventional (non-monitored, non-shielded) instruments will resist any loss of market share resulting from the presence of our products in the marketplace. What clearly differentiates us from the competition is that while competitive technologies may somewhat reduce the risk of stray energy burns, only AEM Technology completely eliminates it.

We also believe that manufacturers of products based on alternative technology to monopolar electrosurgery are our competitors. These alternative technologies include other “advanced energy” technologies such as bipolar electrosurgery, laser surgery and ultrasonic dissector sealers. Leading manufacturers in these areas include Advanced Surgical Technologies Group, Gyrus/ACMI (a division of Olympus Corporation and a leader in bi-polar electrosurgery), Lumenis (laser surgery) and Ethicon Endo-Surgery (a division of Johnson and Johnson, manufacturers of the harmonic scalpel). We believe that monopolar electrosurgery offers substantial competitive, functional and financial advantages over these alternative energy technologies and will remain the primary tool for the surgeon, as it has been for decades. However, the risk exists that these alternative technologies may gain greater market share and that new competitive techniques may be developed and introduced.

As mentioned in the Sales and Marketing discussion, the competitive issues involved in selling our AEM product line do not primarily revolve around a comparison of cost or features, but rather involve generating an awareness of the inherent hazards of electrosurgery and the potential for injury to the patient. This involves conceptual selling, rather than just product selling, which results in a longer sales cycle and generally higher sales costs. Independent endorsements of AEM technology have greatly enhanced the credibility of AEM Instruments. However, our efforts to increase market awareness of this technology may not be successful, and our competitors may develop alternative strategies and/or products to counter our marketing efforts.

Many of our competitors and potential competitors have widely-used products and significantly greater financial, technical, product development, marketing and other resources. In addition to our direct sales force, we utilize a network of independent distributor representatives in selected areas. In some cases, our options for independent distribution have conflicting and competing product interests which compromise our ability to make market advances in certain areas. We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors, and competitive pressures faced by us may have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Government Regulation

Government regulation in the United States and other countries is a significant factor in the development and marketing of our products and in our ongoing manufacturing, research and development activities. The FDA regulates us and our products under a number of statutes, including the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (the “FDC Act”). Under the FDC Act, medical devices are classified as Class I, II or III on the basis of the controls deemed necessary to reasonably ensure their safety and effectiveness. Class I devices are subject to the least extensive controls, as their safety and effectiveness can be reasonably assured through general controls (e.g., labeling, pre-market notification and adherence to QSR). For Class II devices, safety and effectiveness can be assured through the use of special controls (e.g., performance standards, post-market surveillance, patient registries and FDA guidelines). Class III devices (e.g., life-sustaining or life-supporting implantable devices or new devices which have been found not to be substantially equivalent to legally marketed devices) require the highest level of control, generally requiring pre-market approval by the FDA to ensure their safety and effectiveness. Our products are Class II devices.

If a manufacturer or distributor of medical devices can establish that a proposed device is "substantially equivalent" to a legally marketed Class I or Class II medical device or to a Class III medical device for which the FDA has not required a pre-market approval application, the manufacturer or distributor may seek FDA marketing clearance for the device by filing a 510(k) pre-market notification. Following submission of the 510(k) notification, the manufacturer or distributor may not place the device into commercial distribution in the United States until an order has been issued by the FDA. The FDA's target for issuing such orders is within 90 days of submission, but the process can take significantly longer. The order may declare the FDA's determination that the device is "substantially equivalent" to another legally marketed device and allow the proposed device to be marketed in the United States. The FDA may, however, determine that the proposed device is not substantially equivalent or may require further information, such as additional test data, before deciding regarding substantial equivalence. Any adverse determination or request for additional information could delay market introduction and have a material adverse effect on our continued operations. We have received a favorable 510(k) notification for our AEM monitors and AEM Instruments, all of which are designated as Class II medical devices.

Labeling and promotional activities are subject to scrutiny by the FDA and, in certain instances, by the Federal Trade Commission. The FDA also imposes post-marketing controls on us and our products, and registration, listing, medical device reporting, post-market surveillance, device tracking and other requirements on medical devices. Failure to meet these pervasive FDA requirements or adverse FDA determinations regarding our clinical and preclinical trials could subject us and/or our employees to injunction, prosecution, civil fines, seizure or recall of products, prohibition of sales or suspension or withdrawal of any previously granted approvals, which could lead to a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations.

The FDA regulates our quality control and manufacturing procedures by requiring us and our contract manufacturers to demonstrate compliance with the QSR as specified in published FDA regulations. The FDA requires manufacturers to register with the FDA, which subjects them to periodic FDA inspections of manufacturing facilities. If violations of applicable regulations are noted during FDA inspections of our manufacturing facilities or the facilities of our contract manufacturers, the continued marketing of our products may be adversely affected. Such regulations are subject to change and depend heavily on administrative interpretations. In October 2015, the FDA conducted a QSR inspection of our facilities. We believe that we have the internal resources and processes in place to be reasonably assured that we are in compliance with all applicable United States regulations regarding the manufacture and sale of medical devices. However, if we were found not to be in compliance with the QSR, in the future, such findings could result in a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Sales of medical devices outside of the United States are subject to United States export requirements and foreign regulatory requirements. Legal restrictions on the sale of imported medical devices vary from country to country. The time required to obtain approval by a foreign country may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval and the requirements may differ. Our Certificate of Export from the United States Department of Health and Human Services has expired and we will seek to renew it. However, a specific foreign country in which we wish to sell our products may not accept or continue to accept the Certificate of Export. Entry into the European Economic Area market also requires prior certification of our quality system and product documentation. We achieved CE marking in August 2000, allowing a launch into the European marketplace. Maintenance of the CE marking status requires annual audits of the quality system and technical documentation by our European Notified Body, TUV Rheinland. The most recent audit was completed in February 2022.

During our March 31, 2020 quarter, we received a letter from the FDA that contained a questionnaire regarding Stray Energy and how to prevent patient injuries from Stray Energy during laparoscopic procedures. We provided the FDA with extensive information on burns and our program for eliminating them. A Safety Communication was released by the FDA on May 29, 2020. It is on the FDA's website at: https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm608637.htm. The Safety Communication states that, "In addition to serving as an ignition source, monopolar energy use can directly result in unintended patient burns from capacitive coupling and intra-operative insulation failure. If a monopolar electrosurgical units (ESU) is used: Do not activate when near or in contact with other instruments.”

Environmental Laws and Regulations

From time to time we receive materials returned from customers, sales representatives and other sources which are potentially biologically hazardous. These materials are segregated, and disposed of in accordance with specific procedures that minimize potential exposure to employees. The costs of compliance with these procedures are not significant. Our operations, in general, do not involve the use of environmentally sensitive materials.

Insurance

We are covered under comprehensive general liability insurance policies, which have per occurrence and aggregate limits of $1 million and $2 million, respectively, and a $10 million umbrella policy. We maintain customary property and casualty, workers’ compensation, employer liability and other commercial insurance policies.

Employees

As of March 31, 2023, we employed 31 full-time and 2 part-time individuals, of which 4 full-time and 2 part-time are engaged directly in research, development and regulatory activities, 14 full-time in manufacturing/operations, 7 full-time in marketing and sales, and 6 full-time time in administrative positions. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Available information

Our internet address is www.encision.com. We are not including the information contained in our website as part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this document. We make available, free of charge, through our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish such materials to, the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risk factors described below. If any of the following risk factors actually occur, our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations would likely suffer. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could fall, resulting in the loss of all or part of your investment. You should look at all these risk factors in total. Some risk factors may stand on their own. Some risk factors may affect (or be affected by) other risk factors. You should not assume we have identified these connections. You should not assume that we will always update these and future risk factors in a timely manner. We are not undertaking any obligation to update these risk factors to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

Among the factors that could cause future results and financial condition to be materially different from expectations are:

Covid-19. We are monitoring the ongoing outbreak of Covid-19, and the related mandated precautions to mitigate the spread of the disease, including various business restrictions and its impact on operations, financial position, cash flow, inventory, supply chains, purchasing trends, customer payments, the industry in general and its impact on our employees. The impact of the disease and related public health measures is highly uncertain, cannot be predicted, and will dependent upon future developments. During the 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, our operations were still significantly negatively impacted by Covid-19. This reduction was primarily due to a significant reduction in elective surgical procedures due to Covid-19, which reduced demand for our products.

Our products may not be accepted by the market. The success of our products and our financial condition depends on the acceptance of AEM products by the medical community in commercially viable quantities during fiscal year 2023 and beyond. We cannot predict how quickly or how broadly AEM products will be accepted by the medical community. We need to continually educate the marketplace about the potential hazards involved in the use of conventional electrosurgical products during MIS procedures and the expected benefits associated with the use of AEM products. If we are unsuccessful in educating the marketplace about our technology and the hazards of conventional instruments, we will not create sufficient demand by hospitals and surgeons for AEM products and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.

We need to continually develop and train our network of direct and independent sales representatives and expand our distribution efforts in order to be successful. Our attempts to develop and train a network of direct and independent sales representatives in the U.S. and to expand our international distribution efforts may take longer than expected and may result in considerable amounts of retraining effort as the direct and independent sales representatives change their product lines, product focus and personnel. We may not be able to obtain full coverage of the U.S. by direct and independent sales representatives as quickly as anticipated. The independent sales representative network has inherent flaws and inefficiencies, which can include conflicts of interest and competing products. Optimizing the quality of the network and the performance of direct and independent sales representatives in the U.S. is an ongoing challenge. We may also encounter difficulties in developing our international presence due to regulatory issues and our ability to successfully develop international distribution options. Our inability to expand our network of direct and independent sales representatives and optimize their performance could adversely affect our financial results.

We may need additional funding to support our operations. We were formed in 1991 and have incurred losses of approximately $22 million since that date. We have primarily financed research, development and operational activities with issuances of our common stock and warrants, the exercise of stock options to purchase our common stock, loans, and, in some years, by operating profits. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, our cash used in operations was $861,000. At March 31, 2023, we had cash and equivalents of $182,000. If we are unable to maintain cash flows sufficient to support ongoing operations, we will need to seek additional financing. There is no assurance that we will be able to raise additional capital on acceptable terms or at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders could be diluted, and these newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing stockholders. If we raise additional funds through debt financing, which may involve restrictive covenants, our ability to operate our business may be restricted. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on acceptable terms, if and when needed, our ability to fund our operations, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to compete successfully against current manufacturers of conventional (“unshielded, unmonitored”) electrosurgical instruments or against competitors who manufacture products that are based on surgical technologies that are alternatives to monopolar electrosurgery. The electrosurgical products market is intensely competitive. We expect that manufacturers of “unshielded, unmonitored” electrosurgical instruments will resist any loss of market share that might result from the presence of our “shielded and monitored” instruments in the marketplace. We also believe that manufacturers of products that are based upon surgical technologies that are alternatives to monopolar electrosurgery are our competitors. These technologies include bipolar electrosurgery, the harmonic scalpel and lasers. The alternative technologies may gain market share and new competitive technologies may be developed and introduced. Most of our competitors and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, product development, marketing and other resources than we do. Most of our competitors also currently have substantial customer bases in the medical products market and have significantly greater market recognition than we have. As a result of these factors, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements or to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products. It is possible that new competitors or new alliances among competitors may emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share. The competitive pressures we face may materially adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows, and this may hinder our ability to respond to competitive threats.

If we do not continually enhance our products and keep pace with rapid technological changes, we may not be able to attract and retain customers. Our future success and financial performance will depend in part on our ability to meet the increasingly sophisticated needs of customers through the timely development and successful introduction of product upgrades, enhancements and new products. These upgrades, enhancements and new products are subject to significant technological risks. The medical device market is subject to rapid technological change, resulting in frequent new product introductions and enhancements of existing products, as well as the risk of product obsolescence. While we are currently developing new products and enhancing our existing product lines, we may not be successful in completing the development of new products or enhancements. In addition, we must respond effectively to technological changes by continuing to enhance our existing products to incorporate emerging or evolving standards. We may not be successful in developing and marketing product enhancements or new products that respond to technological changes or evolving industry standards. We may experience difficulties that could delay or prevent the successful development, introduction and marketing of those products, and our new products and product enhancements may not adequately meet the requirements of the marketplace and achieve commercially viable levels of market acceptance. If any potential new products, upgrades, or enhancements are delayed, or if any potential new products, upgrades, or enhancements experience quality problems or do not achieve market acceptance, or if new products make our existing products obsolete, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows would be materially adversely affected.

If government regulations change or if we fail to comply with existing and/or new regulations, we might miss market opportunities and experience increased costs and limited growth. The research, development, manufacturing, marketing and distribution of our products in the United States and other countries are subject to extensive regulation by numerous governmental authorities including, but not limited to, the Food and Drug Administration. Under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, medical devices must receive clearance from the Food and Drug Administration through the Section 510(k) pre-market notification process or through the lengthier pre-market approval process before they can be sold in the United States. The process of obtaining required regulatory approvals is lengthy and has required the expenditure of substantial resources. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to obtain the necessary approvals. As part of our strategy, we also intend to pursue commercialization of our products in international markets. Our products are subject to regulations that vary from country to country. The process of obtaining foreign regulatory approvals in certain countries can be lengthy and require the expenditure of substantial resources. We may not be able to obtain necessary regulatory approvals or clearances on a timely basis or at all, and delays in receipt of or failure to receive such approvals or clearances, or failure to comply with existing or future regulatory requirements would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Tariffs will increase our material costs and, if they are fully absorbed by us, then they will negatively affect our gross profit margins.

If we fail to comply with the extensive regulatory requirements governing the manufacturing of our products, we could be subject to fines, suspensions or withdrawals of regulatory approvals, product recalls, suspension of manufacturing, operating restrictions and/or criminal prosecution. The manufacturing of our products is subject to extensive regulatory requirements administered by the Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies. Inspection of our manufacturing facilities and processes can be conducted at any time, without prior notice, by the Food and Drug Administration and such regulatory agencies. In addition, future changes in regulations or interpretations made by the Food and Drug Administration or other regulatory agencies, with possible retroactive effect, could adversely affect us. Changes in existing regulations or adoption of new regulations or policies could prevent us from obtaining, or affect the timing of, future regulatory approvals or clearances. We may not be able to obtain necessary regulatory approvals or clearances on a timely basis in the future, or at all. Delays in receipt of, failure to receive such approvals or clearances and/or failure to comply with existing or future regulatory requirements would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Our current patents, trade secrets and know-how may not provide a competitive advantage, the pending applications may not result in patents being issued, and our competitors may design around any patents issued to us. Our success will continue to depend in part on our ability to maintain patent protection for our products and processes, to preserve our trade secrets and to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. We have 16 issued U.S. patents on several technologies embodied in our AEM Monitoring system, AEM instruments and related accessories and we have applied for additional U.S. patents. In addition, we have four issued foreign patents. The validity and breadth of claims coverage in medical technology patents involve complex legal and factual questions and may be highly uncertain. Also, patents may not protect our proprietary information and know-how or provide adequate remedies for us in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of such information, and others may be able to develop competing technology, independent of such information. There has been substantial litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights in the medical device industry. Litigation may be necessary to enforce patents issued to us, to protect trade secrets or know-how owned by us, to defend us against claimed infringement of the rights of others or to determine the ownership, scope or validity of our proprietary rights or those of others. Any such claims may require us to incur substantial litigation expenses and to divert substantial time and effort of management personnel and could substantially decrease the amount of capital available for our operations. An adverse determination in litigation involving the proprietary rights of others could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties, could require us to seek licenses from third parties, and could prevent us from manufacturing, selling or using our products. The occurrence of any such actual or threatened litigation or the effect on our business of such litigation may materially adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, our assessment that a patent is no longer of value could result in a significant charge against our earnings.

We depend on single source suppliers for certain of the key components of our products and sub-contractors to provide much of the materials used in the manufacturing of our products. The loss of a supplier or limitation in supply from existing suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our ability to manufacture our products until a new source of supply is located. Although we believe that there are alternative suppliers, any interruption in the supply of key components could have a material adverse effect on us. A sudden increase in customer demand may create a backorder situation as lead times for some of our critical materials are in excess of 16 weeks. We rely on subcontractors to provide products, either in the form of finished goods or sub-assemblies that we then assemble and test. While these sub-contractors reduce our total cost of manufacturing, they may not be as responsive to increased demand as we would be if we had our manufacturing capacity entirely in-house, which may limit our growth strategy and sales.

The potential fluctuation in future quarterly results may cause our stock price to fluctuate. We expect that our operating results could fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter in the future and will depend upon a number of factors, many of which are outside our control. These factors include the extent to which our AEM technology and related accessories gain market acceptance; our investments in marketing, sales, research and development and administrative personnel necessary to support growth; our ability to expand our market share; actions of competitors; and, general economic conditions. The market value of our common stock has dramatically fluctuated in the past and is likely to fluctuate in the future. Any of these factors, or factors not listed, could have an immediate and significant negative impact on the market price of our stock.

Our common stock is thinly traded, the prices at which it trades are volatile and the buying or selling actions of a few shareholders may adversely affect our stock price. As of May 31, 2023, we had a public float, which is defined as shares outstanding minus shares held by our officers, directors, or beneficial holders, of greater than 10% of our outstanding common stock, of 7,311,381 shares, or 62% of our outstanding common stock. The average number of shares traded in any given day over the past year has been relatively small compared to the public float. Thus, the actions of a few shareholders either buying or selling shares of our common stock may adversely affect the price of the shares. Historically, thinly-traded securities such as our common stock have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that do not necessarily relate to operating performance.

Product liability claims may exceed our current insurance coverage. We face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability claims in the event that the use of our products is alleged to have resulted in adverse effects to a patient. We maintain a general liability insurance policy up to the amount of $10,000,000 that includes coverage for product liability claims. Liability claims may be excluded from the policy, may exceed the coverage limits of the policy, or the insurance may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Consequently, a product liability claim or other claim with respect to uninsured liabilities or in excess of insured liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We depend on certain key personnel. We are highly dependent on a limited number of key management personnel, particularly our President and CEO, Gregory J. Trudel. Our loss of key personnel to death, disability or termination, or our inability to hire and retain qualified personnel, could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flow.

Any cybersecurity-related attack, significant data breach or disruption of the information technology systems or networks on which we rely could negatively affect our business. Our operations rely on information technology systems for the use, storage and transmission of sensitive and confidential information with respect to our customers, suppliers, employees and other parties. A malicious cybersecurity-related attack, intrusion or disruption by either an internal or external source or other breach of the systems on which we and our employees conduct business, could lead to unauthorized access to, use of, loss of or unauthorized disclosure of sensitive and confidential information, disruption of our services, and resulting regulatory enforcement actions, litigation, indemnity obligations and other possible liabilities, as well as negative publicity, which could damage our reputation, impair sales and harm our business. Cyberattacks and other malicious internet-based activity continue to increase. In addition to traditional computer “hackers,” malicious code (such as viruses and worms), phishing, employee theft or misuse and denial-of-service attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors now engage in attacks (including advanced persistent threat intrusions). Despite efforts to create security barriers to such threats, it is not feasible, as a practical matter, for us to entirely mitigate these risks. If our security measures are compromised as a result of third-party action, employee, customer, or user error, malfeasance, stolen or fraudulently obtained log-in credentials or otherwise, our reputation would be damaged, our data, information or intellectual property, or those of our customers, may be destroyed, stolen or otherwise compromised, our business may be harmed and we could incur significant liability.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not required for small reporting companies.

Item 2. Properties

We lease 28,696 square feet of office and manufacturing space under noncancelable lease agreements through October 31, 2024 at 6797 Winchester Circle, Boulder, Colorado. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our current operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are involved in various disputes, claims, suits, investigations, and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe that the resolution of current pending legal matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Nonetheless, we cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings, as legal matters are subject to inherent uncertainties, and there exists the possibility that the ultimate resolution of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

During our fiscal years 2023 and 2022, our common stock has been quoted on the Pink tier, operated by the OTC Markets Group, Inc. The ticker symbol “ECIA” has been assigned to our common stock for over-the-counter quotations.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and have no present plans to do so. We presently intend to retain any cash generated from operations in the future for use in our business. As of March 31, 2023, there were approximately 68 holders of record of our common stock.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the period covered by this Annual Report.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7.

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Certain statements contained in this section are not historical facts, including statements about our strategies and expectations about new and existing products, market demand, acceptance of new and existing products, technologies and opportunities, market and industry segment growth, and return on investments in products and markets. These statements are forward looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and involve substantial risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward looking statements. All forward looking statements in this section are based on information available to us on the date of this document, and we assume no obligation to update such forward looking statements. Readers of this Form 10-K are strongly encouraged to review the section entitled “Risk Factors”.

Outlook

Installed Base of AEM Monitoring Equipment. We believe that we are gaining more awareness in medico-legal circles and publications and from presentations at medical meetings. We believe that improvement in the quality of sales representatives carrying our AEM products line, along with increased marketing efforts and the introduction of new products, may provide the basis for increased sales and continuing profitable operations. However, these measures, or any others that we may adopt, may not result in either increased sales or continuing profitable operations.

Possibility of Operating Losses. We have an accumulated deficit of $21,853,264 at March 31, 2023. We have made significant strides toward improving our operating results. However, due to the ongoing need to develop new products, the need to develop, optimize and train our sales distribution network and the need to increase sustained sales to a level adequate to cover fixed and variable operating costs, we may operate at a net loss in future periods.

Sales Growth. We expect to generate increased sales in the U.S. from sales to new hospital customers and to grow AEM instrumentation sales to existing accounts. In fiscal year 2024, we will focus on growing our AEM franchise through a campaign focused on the clinical, economic and safety benefits of AEM technology, a medico-legal initiative and our new AEM products. In addition, prior years’ efforts in vertical integration have given us three core competencies – electrosurgery, instrument design, and manufacturing – which we expect will allow us to increase sales from our strategic partnership initiatives. Our goal is to offer our customers an AEM disposable counterpart for each AEM reusable instrument.

Gross Margin. We believe that if our fiscal year 2024 revenues increase, then our fiscal year 2024 gross profit and gross margin, as a percentage of revenue, will increase due to a higher gross margin on product revenue as a result of an increase in product produced.

Sales and Marketing Expenses. We continue our efforts to expand domestic and international distribution capability, and we believe that sales and marketing expenses will need to be maintained at a healthy level in order to expand our market visibility and optimize the field sales capability of converting new hospital customers to AEM technology. Sales and marketing expenses are expected to increase as we increase our marketing efforts to support our direct sales representatives. In fiscal year 2024, we expect to have six direct sales managers. Each direct sales manager also manages a separate territory.

Manufacturing. We believe that we will be able to achieve cost reductions, and provide better control over quality and consistency, by producing products on our own. We manufacture our own disposable scissor inserts and are exploring other products that we may manufacture internally.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses are expected to increase to support expansion to our AEM product line, which will further expand the instrument options for the surgeon. New refinements to AEM product lines are planned for introduction in fiscal year 2024.

Results of Operations

Net Product revenue. Net product revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 (“FY 23”) was $6,885,158, and for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 (“FY 22”), net revenue was $6,914,678, or no percentage change. Product revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 decreased primarily as a result of the decrease in non-essential surgical procedures performed during this period due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Net Service revenue. Net service revenue for FY 23 was $463,356, and for FY 22 net service revenue was $753,958. Net service revenue was for engineering services performed under a Master Services Agreement with Auris Health, Inc. (“Auris Health”). Auris Health is a part of the Johnson & Johnson family of companies. Under the agreement, we collaborated on the integration of AEM technology into monopolar instrumentation produced by Auris Health for advanced surgical applications. On August 23, 2021, we entered into a Supply Agreement with Auris Health, Inc. On May 5, 2022, the parties mutually agreed to terminate all of our agreements.

Gross profit. Gross profit in FY 23 was $4,032,533, which represented an increase of $244,115, or 6%, from gross profit in FY 22 of $3,788,418. Gross profit margin was 52% of net product revenue for FY 22 and 49% of net product revenue for FY 21. Gross profit increased in FY 23 from FY 22 due principally to higher selling prices and high margin service revenue. Our product revenue from GPOs in FY 22 was approximately 79% of our total product revenue. In FY 23, we had increased product vendor costs that were not allowed to be passed on to our GPO customers for most of the fiscal year and resulted in a compressed gross profit margin.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing expenses were $2,032,415 in FY 23, a decrease of $51,695, or 2%, from $2,084,110 in FY 22. The decrease was the result of decreased advertising.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses were $1,486,796 in FY 23, an increase of $105,709, or 8%, from $1,381,087 in FY 22. The increase was the result of decreased allocations.

Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses were $816,119 in FY 23, a decrease of $102,036 or 11%, from $918,155 in FY 22. The decrease was the result of decreased patent costs and test materials.

Other (expense), net. Other (expense), net of $21,148 for FY 23 was primarily for interest expense of $19,529.

Net (loss). Net (loss) in FY 23 of $323,945 represented a loss increase of $258,351 compared to FY 22 net loss of $65,594. The net loss increase was principally the result of extinguishment of debt income of $533,118 in FY 22.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

To date, operating funds have been provided primarily by issuances of our common stock and warrants, the exercise of stock options to purchase our common stock, loans and, in some years, by operating profits. To date, common stock and additional paid in capital totaled $24,348,075 from our inception through March 31, 2023. Our operations used $861,485 and $444,432 of cash in FY 23 and FY 22, respectively, on net revenue of $7,348,514 and $7,668,636 in FY 23 and FY 22, respectively. Working capital was $1,993,777 at March 31, 2023 compared to $2,325,331 at March 31, 2022. The decrease in working capital was primarily caused by the FY 23 net loss. Current liabilities were $1,130,826 at March 31, 2023 compared to $1,276,391 at March 31, 2022.

On February 8, 2021, we entered into a second unsecured promissory note under the PPP for a principal amount of $533,118. This was our second PPP loan. During the quarter that ended September 30, 2021, we achieved the requirements for forgiveness of the second note and recognized the forgiveness as extinguishment of debt income of $533,118.

On November 15, 2022, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Pathward, N.A. (formerly Crestmark Bank). The loan is due on demand and has no financial covenants. Under the agreement, we were provided with a line of credit that is not to exceed the lesser of $1,000,000 or 85% of eligible accounts receivable. The interest rate is prime rate plus 0.5%, with a floor of 6.75%, plus a monthly maintenance fee of 0.4%, based on the average monthly loan balance. Interest is charged on a minimum loan balance of $300,000, a loan fee of 0.5% at closing and annually, and an exit fee of 3%, 2% and 1% during years one, two and three, respectively.

We believe that the unique performance of AEM technology and our breadth of independent endorsements provide an opportunity for market share growth. We believe that the market awareness of AEM technology and its endorsements is continually improving and that this will benefit revenue efforts in FY 24. We believe that we enter FY 24 having achieved improvements in the clinical credibility of our technology. Our FY 24 operating plan is focused on growing revenue, increasing gross profits, increasing research and development costs while increasing profits and positive cash flows. We cannot predict with certainty the expected revenue, gross profit, net income or loss and usage of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash for FY 24. We believe that cash resources and borrowing capacity will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months under our current operating plan. If we are unable to manage business operations in line with our budget expectations, it could have a material adverse effect on business viability, financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Further, if we are not successful in sustaining profitability and remaining at least cash flow break-even, additional capital may be required to maintain ongoing operations.

We have explored and are continuing to explore options to provide additional financing to fund future operations as well as other possible courses of action. Such actions include, but are not limited to, securing a larger credit facility, sales of debt or equity securities (which may result in dilution to existing shareholders), licensing of technology, strategic alliances and other similar actions. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional funding (if needed) through a sale of our common stock or loans from financial institutions or other third parties or through any of the actions discussed above on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we cannot sustain profitable operations and additional capital is unavailable, lack of liquidity could have a material adverse effect on our business viability, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Income Taxes

As of March 31, 2023, net operating loss carryforwards totaling approximately $7.3 million were available to reduce taxable income in the future. The net operating loss carryforwards expire, if not previously utilized, at various dates beginning in fiscal year 2023. We have not paid income taxes since our inception. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 and other income tax regulations contain provisions which may limit the net operating loss carryforwards available to be used in any given year if certain events occur, including changes in our ownership. We have established a valuation allowance for the entire amount of our deferred tax asset since inception due to our history of losses. Should we achieve sufficient, sustained income in the future, we may conclude that some or all of the valuation allowance should be reversed.

Off-Balance Sheet Financing Arrangements

We do not utilize variable interest entities or other off-balance sheet financial arrangements.

Contractual Obligations

Effective November 9, 2017, we extended our noncancelable lease agreement through July 31, 2024, and further extended it through October 31, 2024, for our facilities at 6797 Winchester Circle, Boulder, Colorado. Lease expense was $329,255 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 and $357,644 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The minimum future lease payment, by fiscal year, as of March 31, 2023 is as follows:

Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		386,667
2025		232,139
Total	$	618,806

On August 4, 2020, we received $150,000 in loan funding from the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) under the Economic Injury Disaster Loan (“EIDL”) program administered by the SBA, which program was expanded pursuant to the CARES Act. The EIDL is evidenced by a promissory note, dated August 1, 2021 in the original principal amount of $150,000 with the SBA, the lender. Under the terms of the Note, interest accrues on the outstanding principal at the rate of 3.75% per annum. The term of the Note is thirty years, though it may be payable sooner upon an event of default under the Note. Under the Note, we will be obligated to make equal monthly payments of principal and interest of $731 beginning on August 1, 2022 through the maturity date of August 1, 2050. The Note may be prepaid in part or in full, at any time, without penalty.

The minimum future EIDL payment, by fiscal year, as of March 31, 2023 is as follows:

Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		3,091
2025		3,208
2026		3,331
2027		3,457
Thereafter		148,744
Total	$	161,831

During January 2022, we entered into a note agreement with U.S. Bank for $92,000. The note is for five years at a 5% interest rate and the proceeds were used to purchase equipment. The note is secured by the equipment.

The minimum future U.S. Bank payment, by fiscal year, as of March 31, 2023 is as follows:

Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		18,400
2025		18,400
2026		16,867
Total	$	53,667

During September 2022, we entered into a note agreement with U.S. Bank for $115,004. The note is for five years at a 6% interest rate and the proceeds were used to purchase equipment. The note is secured by the equipment.

The minimum future principal U.S. Bank payment, by fiscal year, as of December 31, 2022 is as follows:

Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		23,000
2025		23,000
2026		23,000
Thereafter		36,090
Total	$	105,090

	Payment due by period
Contractual obligations	Totals		Less than 1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than 5 years
Lease obligations	$	618,806	$	386,667	$	232,139	$	—	$	—
EIDL note		161,831		3,091		6,539		6,788		145,413
U.S. Bank note		53,667		18,400		35,267		—		—
U.S. Bank note		105,090		23,000		46,000		36,090		—
Totals	$	939,394	$	431,158	$	319,945	$	42,878	$	145,413

Aside from the operating lease, we do not have any material contractual commitments requiring settlement in the future.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, sales and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to bad debts, inventories, sales returns, warranty, contingencies and litigation. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

We record revenue at a single point in time, when control is transferred to the customer, which is consistent with past practice. We will continue to apply our current business processes, policies, systems and controls to support recognition and disclosure. Our shipping policy is FOB Shipping Point. We recognize revenue from sales to stocking distributors when there is no right of return, other than for normal warranty claims. We have no ongoing obligations related to product sales, except for normal warranty obligations. We evaluated the requirement to disaggregate product revenue, and concluded that substantially all of its revenue comes from multiple products within a line of medical devices. Our engineering service contracts are billed on a time and materials basis and revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed

We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances would be required, which would increase our expenses during the periods in which any such allowances were made. The amount recorded as a provision for bad debts in each period is based upon our assessment of the likelihood that we will be paid on our outstanding receivables, based on customer-specific as well as general considerations. To the extent that our estimates prove to be too high, and we ultimately collect a receivable previously determined to be impaired, we may record a reversal of the provision in the period of such determination.

We provide for the estimated cost of product warranties at the time sales are recognized. While we engage in extensive product quality programs and processes, including actively monitoring and evaluating the quality of our component suppliers, we have experienced some costs related to warranty. The warranty accrual is based upon historical experience and is adjusted based on current experience. Should actual warranty experience differ from our estimates, revisions to the estimated warranty liability would be required.

We reduce inventory for estimated obsolete or unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required. Any write-downs of inventory would reduce our reported net income during the period in which such write-downs were applied.

We recognize deferred income tax assets and liabilities for the expected future income tax consequences, based on enacted tax laws, of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are then reduced, if deemed necessary, by a valuation allowance for the amount of any tax benefits which, more likely than not based on current circumstances, are not expected to be realized. Should we achieve sufficient, sustained income in the future, we may conclude that all or some of the valuation allowance should be reversed.

Property and equipment are stated at cost, with depreciation computed over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally three to seven years. We use the straight-line method of depreciation for property and equipment. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the remaining lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred and major additions, replacements and improvements are capitalized.

We amortize our patent costs over their estimated useful lives, which is typically the remaining statutory life. From time to time, we may be required to adjust these lives based on advances in technology, competitor actions, and the like. We review the recorded amounts of patents at each period end to determine if their carrying amount is still recoverable based on our expectations regarding sales of related products. Such an assessment, in the future, may result in a conclusion that the assets are impaired, with a corresponding charge against earnings.

Stock-based compensation is presented in accordance with the guidance of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). Under the provisions of ASC 718, companies are required to estimate the fair value of share-based payment awards made to employees and directors including employee stock options based on estimated fair values on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service periods in our statements of operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not required.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The following financial statements are included in this Report:

		Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		23

Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023 and 2022		25

Statements of Operations for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022		26

Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022		27

Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022		28

Notes to Financial Statements		29

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Shareholders

Encision Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Encision Inc. (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2023, and the related consolidated statement of operations, statements of stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for each of the year then ended, and the related notes and schedules (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the entity’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Inventories

Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company’s inventories consist of finished goods and raw materials, which are manufactured or purchased for use in the Company’s finished goods. The Company offers several different products to its customers. The cost of the inventory is a combination of raw materials, labor to convert those materials to components of the inventory and finished goods, and an allocation of overhead and related costs. The Company also prepares an obsolescence valuation at year end to properly record inventory at lower of cost or net realizable value.

Significant judgment is exercised by the Company in determining the costs of inventory and includes the following:

Determination of which costs to include at each manufacturing phase, including overhead allocation and materials used for production and finished goods.

Identification of Inventory on hand and any obsolescence reserve or write-offs determined based on usability of inventory on hand.

Given the inherent uncertainty in forecasting product demand, including the impact of product releases, auditing the reasonableness of management’s estimated and assumptions related to inventory reserve required a high degree of auditor judgement and an increased extent of effort.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our principal audit procedures related to the Company's inventory included the following:

We evaluated management’s significant accounting policies related to inventory for reasonableness.

We selected a sample of finished goods and raw materials and performed detailed testing over the items selected, including but not limited to the following:

Agreed the bill of materials source documents for each selection, including invoice, labor and overhead allocations, and any other items relevant to price verification

Tested managements identification and application of inventory costs for components and finished goods

Performed a physical inventory count as of year-end and tested the reconciliation of quantities on hand to the inventory listing, performing both existence and completeness testing.

Assessed the reasonableness of costs and the appropriate application of managements significant accounting policies related to Inventory, including determination of inventory obsolescence reserve.

Emphasis of Matters-Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is not able to predict the ultimate impact that COVID -19 will have on its business. However, if the current economic conditions continue, the pandemic could have an adverse impact on the economies and financial markets of many countries, including the geographical area in which the Company plans to operate.

/s/ Gries & Associates, LLC

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

PCAOB ID: 6778

Denver, CO

June 28, 2023

Encision Inc.

Balance Sheets


	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash	$	188,966		$	949,645
Accounts receivable		920,721			947,623
Inventories, net of reserve for obsolescence of $51,000 at March 31, 2023 and $36,000 at March 31, 2022		1,899,202			1,584,321
Prepaid expenses and other assets		115,714			120,133
Total current assets		3,124,603			3,601,722
Equipment:
Furniture, fixtures and equipment, at cost		2,615,676			2,468,949
Accumulated depreciation		(2,312,400	)		(2,279,652	)
Equipment, net		303,276			189,297
Right of use asset		496,004			786,407
Patents, net of accumulated amortization of $306,946 at March 31, 2023 and $282,081 at March 31, 2022		163,133			180,719
Other assets		46,953			34,240
TOTAL ASSETS	$	4,133,969		$	4,792,385
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	252,957		$	576,381
Line of credit		177,402			—
Secured notes		44,491			21,491
Accrued compensation		217,724			190,853
Other accrued liabilities		84,578			125,179
Accrued lease liability		353,674			362,487
Total current liabilities		1,130,826			1,276,391
Long-term liability:
Secured notes		268,512			205,809
Accrued lease liability		239,820			564,321
Total liabilities		1,639,158			2,046,521
Commitments and contingencies (Note 4)
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, no par value: 10,000,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding		—			—
Common stock and additional paid-in capital, no par value: 100,000,000 shares authorized; 11,769,543 issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and 11,719,543 at March 31, 2022		24,348,075			24,275,183
Accumulated (deficit)		(21,853,264	)		(21,529,319	)
Total shareholders’ equity		2,494,811			2,745,864
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	4,133,969		$	4,792,385

The accompanying notes to financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

Encision Inc.

Statements of Operations


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
NET REVENUE:
Product	$	6,885,158		$	6,914,678
Service		463,356			753,958
Total revenue		7,348,514			7,668,636

COST OF REVENUE:
Product		3,313,620			3,509,158
Service		2,361			371,060
Total cost of revenue		3,315,981			3,880,218
GROSS PROFIT		4,032,533			3,788,418
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Sales and marketing		2,032,415			2,084,110
General and administrative		1,486,796			1,381,087
Research and development		816,119			918,155
Total operating expenses		4,335,330			4,383,352
OPERATING (LOSS)		(302,797	)		(594,934	)
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE):
Interest expense, net		(19,529	)		(7,224	)
Extinguishment of debt income		—			533,118
Other income, (expense) net		(1,619	)		3,446
Interest expense, extinguishment of debt income and other income, expense, net		(21,148	)		529,340
(LOSS) BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES		(323,945	)		(65,594	)
Provision for income taxes		—			—
NET LOSS)	$	(323,945	)	$	(65,594	)
Net (loss) per share—basic and diluted	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.01	)
Weighted average shares—basic		11,762,995			11,625,118
Weighted average shares—diluted		11,762,995			11,625,118

The accompanying notes to financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

Encision Inc.

Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

									s
	Shares of Common Stock		Common Stock and Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Total Shareholders’ Equity
BALANCES AT MARCH 31, 2021		11,582,641	$	24,265,831		$	(21,463,725	)	$	2,802,106
Net loss		—		—			(65,594	)		(65,594	)
Compensation expense related to equities		—		40,853			—			40,863
Options exercised		136,902		(31,501	)					(31,511	)
BALANCES AT MARCH 31, 2022		11,719,543	$	24,275,183		$	(21,529,319	)	$	2,745,864
Net loss		—		—			(323,945	)		(323,945	)
Compensation expense related to equities		—		51,892			—			51,892
Options exercised		50,000		21,000						21,000
BALANCES AT MARCH 31, 2023		11,769,543	$	24,348,075		$	(21,853,264	)	$	2,494,811

The accompanying notes to financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

Encision Inc.

Statements of Cash Flows


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Cash flows (used in) operating activities:
Net (loss)	$	(323,945	)	$	(65,594	)
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash (used in) operating activities:
Extinguishment of debt income		—			(533,118	)
Write-off of tooling		—			31,000
Depreciation and amortization		86,906			113,470
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options		51,892			40,853
(Recovery from) doubtful accounts, net change		—			(35,000	)
Provision for (recovery from) for inventory obsolescence, net change		15,000			(34,000	)
Other income from release of account payable		—			—
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Right of use asset, net		(42,912	)		(28,414	)
Accounts receivable		26,902			163,456
Inventories		(329,881	)		(105,187	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(8,294	)		(31,435	)
Accounts payable		(323,423	)		187,293
Accrued compensation and other accrued liabilities		(13,730	)		(147,756	)
Net cash (used in) operating activities		(861,485	)		(444,432	)
Cash flows (used in) investing activities:
Acquisition of property and equipment		(173,269	)		(17,550	)
Patent costs		(10,030	)		(17,851	)
Net cash (used in) investing activities		(183,299	)		(35,401	)
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities:
Borrowings from credit facility, net change		239,752			—
Borrowings from (paydown of) secured notes		23,353			(13,360	)
Net proceeds (payments) from exercise of stock options		21,000			(31,501	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		284,105			(44,861	)
Net (decrease) in cash		(760,679	)		(524,694	)
Cash, beginning of fiscal year		949,645			1,474,339
Cash, end of fiscal year	$	188,966		$	949,645

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activity information:
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the year for interest	$	19,529		$	7,224

The accompanying notes to financial statements are an integral part of these statements.

ENCISION INC.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Encision Inc. is a medical device company that designs, develops, manufactures and markets patented surgical instruments that provide greater safety to patients undergoing minimally-invasive surgery. We believe that our patented AEM^® surgical instrument technology is changing the marketplace for electrosurgical devices and instruments by providing a solution to a well-documented risk in laparoscopic surgery. Our sales to date have been made primarily in the United States.

We have an accumulated deficit of $21,853,264 at March 31, 2023. Operating funds have been provided primarily by issuances of our common stock and warrants, the exercise of stock options to purchase our common stock, loans, and by operating profits. Our liquidity has diminished because of prior years’ operating losses, and we may be required to seek additional capital in the future.

Our strategic marketing and sales plan is designed to expand the use of our products in surgically active hospitals in the United States.

In February 2023, we signed a Supplier Agreement (“Agreement”) with Human Xtensions (“Human X”). Under the Agreement, we will perform manufacturing services, which includes procuring materials, manufacturing, assembling, and testing products pursuant to detailed written specifications for Human X. Human X develops unmediated surgical systems that combine the capacity of robotics with the benefits of handheld tools and ergonomic bed mounts.

We had (net loss) available to shareholders of $(323,945) and $(65,594) for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At March 31, 2023, we had $188,966 in cash available to fund future operations, and outstanding borrowings of $227,300. In February 2021, we entered into an unsecured promissory note under the PPP for a principal amount of $533,118. The PPP was established under the congressionally approved CARES Act. The term of the PPP loan is for two years with an interest rate of 1.0% per year, which will be deferred for the first six months of the term of the loan. After the initial six-month deferral period, the loan requires monthly payments of principal and interest until maturity with respect to any portion of the PPP loan which is not forgiven. Under the terms of the CARES Act, a PPP loan recipient may apply for, and be granted, forgiveness for all or a portion of loans granted under the PPP. During the quarter ended September 30, 2021 we achieved the requirements for forgiveness of the loan and recognized extinguishment of debt income. We increased our pricing on products to mitigate somewhat our higher material costs. We have a new line of credit for up to $1 million, restricted by eligible receivables. Management concludes that it is probable that our cash resources and line of credit will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements for twelve months from the issuance of the financial statements

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions. Such estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as well as disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of sales and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents For purposes of reporting cash flows, we consider all cash and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Our financial instruments consist of cash, cash equivalents, short-term trade receivables, payables, line of credit, PPP loan, Economic Injury Disaster Loan (“EIDL”) loan and secured notes. The carrying values of cash, cash equivalents, trade receivables, payables, line of credit approximate their fair value due to their short maturities. The fair values of the EIDL Loan approximates the carrying value based on estimated discounted future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made.

Concentration of Credit Risk. Financial instruments, which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk, consist of cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. The carrying value of all financial instruments approximates fair value. The amount of cash on deposit with financial institutions occasionally exceeds the $250,000 federally insured limit at March 31, 2023. However, we believe that cash on deposit that exceeds $250,000 in the financial institutions is financially sound and the risk of loss is minimal.

We have no significant off-balance sheet concentrations of credit risk such as foreign exchange contracts, options contracts or other foreign hedging arrangements. We maintain the majority of our cash balances with one financial institution in the form of demand deposits.

Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and are derived from transactions with and from entities in the healthcare industry primarily located in the United States. Accordingly, we may be exposed to credit risk generally associated with the healthcare industry. We maintain allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. We charge interest on past due accounts on a case-by-case basis.

The net accounts receivable balance at March 31, 2023 of $947,623 included no more than 8% from any one customer. The net accounts receivable balance at March 31, 2022 of $1,024,370 included no more than 14% from any one customer.

Warranty Accrual. We provide for the estimated cost of product warranties at the time sales are recognized. While we engage in extensive product quality programs and processes, including actively monitoring and evaluating the quality of our component suppliers, our warranty obligation is based upon historical experience and is also affected by product failure rates and material usage incurred in correcting a product failure. Should actual product failure rates or material usage costs differ from our estimates, revisions to the estimated warranty liability would be required. There was no warranty accrual at March 31, 2023.

Inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out basis) or net realizable value. We reduce inventory for estimated obsolete or unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the net realizable value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required.

At March 31, 2023 and 2022, inventory consisted of the following:

Schedule of inventory
	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	1,456,473		$	1,083,387
Finished goods		493,729			536,934
Total gross inventories		1,950,202			1,620,321
Less reserve for obsolescence		(51,000	)		(36,000	)
Total net inventories	$	1,899,202		$	1,584,321

A summary of the activity in our inventory reserve for obsolescence is as follows:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Balance, beginning of year	$	36,000		$	70,000
Provision for estimated obsolescence		49,917			17,578
Write-off of obsolete inventory		(34,917	)		(51,578	)
Balance, end of year	$	51,000		$	36,000

Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are stated at cost, with depreciation computed over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally three to seven years. We use the straight-line method of depreciation for property and equipment. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the remaining lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred and major additions, replacements and improvements are capitalized. Depreciation expense for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $59,290 and $62,970, respectively.

Long-Lived Assets. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. A long-lived asset is considered impaired when estimated future cash flows related to the asset, undiscounted and without interest, are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the asset. If deemed impaired, the long-lived asset is reduced to its estimated fair value. Long-lived assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or estimated fair value less cost to sell.

Patents. The costs of applying for patents are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the patent’s economic or legal life (20 years from the date of application in the United States). Capitalized costs are expensed if patents are not issued. We review the carrying value of our patents periodically to determine whether the patents have continuing value and such reviews could result in the conclusion that the recorded amounts have been impaired. A summary of our patents at March 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

Summary of patents
	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Patents issued	$	432,345		$	496,901
Write off of obsolete patents		(2,500	)		(86,239	)

Accumulated amortization		(292,066	)		(265,762	)
Patents issued, net of accumulated amortization		137,779			144,900
Patent applications		37,733			52,138
Accumulated amortization		(12,380	)		(16,319	)
Patent applications, net of accumulated amortization		25,353			35,819
Total net patents and patent applications	$	163,132		$	180,719

The expected annual amortization expense related to patents and patent applications as of March 31, 2023, for the next five fiscal years, is as follows:


Fiscal Year	Amount
2024	$	24,152
2025		22,293
2026		18,558
2027		20,985
Thereafter		77,144
Total	$	163,132

Other Accrued Liabilities. At March 31, 2023 and 2022, other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

Schedule of other accrued liabilities
	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Sales commissions	$	34,668		29,157
Sales and use tax		12,769		13,967
Marketing fees		13,788		15,735
Payroll taxes, payroll		16,883		53,998
Miscellaneous		6,470		12,322
Total other accrued liabilities	$	84,578	$	125,179

Income Taxes. We account for income taxes under the provisions of ASC Topic 740, “Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”). ASC 740 requires recognition of deferred income tax assets and liabilities for the expected future income tax consequences, based on enacted tax laws, of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities. ASC 740 also requires recognition of deferred tax assets for the expected future tax effects of all deductible temporary differences, loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets are then reduced, if deemed necessary, by a valuation allowance for the amount of any tax benefits which, more likely than not based on current circumstances, are not expected to be realized. Should we achieve sufficient, sustained income in the future, we may conclude that some or all of the valuation allowance should be reversed (Note 5).

ASC 740 prescribes a comprehensive model for how companies should recognize, measure, present, and disclose in their financial statements uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return. Under ASC 740, tax positions must initially be recognized in the financial statements when it is more likely than not the position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. Such tax positions must initially and subsequently be measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authority assuming full knowledge of the position and relevant facts.

The cumulative effect of adopting ASC 740 on April 1, 2007 has been recorded net in deferred tax assets, which resulted in no ASC 740 liability on the balance sheet. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of the date of adoption was zero. There are open statutes of limitations for taxing authorities in federal and state jurisdictions to audit the Company’s tax returns from fiscal year ended March 31, 2003 through the current period. Our policy is to account for income tax related interest and penalties in income tax expense in the statements of operations. There have been no income tax related interest or penalties assessed or recorded. Because the Company has provided a full valuation allowance on all of its deferred tax assets, the adoption of ASC 740 had no impact on our effective tax rate.

Revenue Recognition. We record revenue at a single point in time, when control is transferred to the customer, which is consistent with past practice. We will continue to apply our current business processes, policies, systems and controls to support recognition and disclosure. Our shipping policy is FOB Shipping Point. We recognize revenue from sales to stocking distributors when there is no right of return, other than for normal warranty claims. We have no ongoing obligations related to product sales, except for normal warranty obligations. As presented on the Statement of Operations our revenue is disaggregated between product revenue and service revenue. As it relates specifically to product revenue, we do not believe further disaggregation is necessary as substantially all of our product revenue comes from multiple products within a line of medical devices. Our engineering service contracts are billed on a time and materials basis and revenue is recognized over time as the services are performed.

Sales Taxes. We collect sales tax from customers and remit the entire amount to each respective state. We recognize revenue from product sales net of sale taxes.

Research and Development Expenses. We expense research and development costs for products and processes as incurred.

Advertising Costs. We expense advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was minimal.

Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation is presented in accordance with the guidance of ASC Topic 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation” (“ASC 718”). Under the provisions of ASC 718, companies are required to estimate the fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service periods in our statements of operations.

ASC 718 requires companies to estimate the fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense over the requisite service periods in the accompanying statements of operations.

Stock-based compensation expense recognized during the period is based on the value of the portion of share-based payment awards that is ultimately expected to vest during the period. Stock-based compensation expense recognized in our statements of operations for fiscal years 2023 and 2022 included compensation expense for share-based payment awards granted prior to, but not yet vested as of March 31, 2023, based on the grant date fair value. Compensation expense for all share-based payment is recognized using the straight-line, single-option method. As stock-based compensation expense recognized in the accompanying statements of operations for fiscal years 2023 and 2022 is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. ASC 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.

We used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model (“Black-Scholes model”) to determine fair value. Our determination of fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to our expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors. Although the fair value of employee stock options is determined in accordance with ASC 718 using an option-pricing model, that value may not be indicative of the fair value observed in a willing buyer/willing seller market transaction.

Stock-based compensation expense recognized under ASC 718 for fiscal years 2023 and 2022 was $51,892 and $40,853, respectively, which consisted of stock-based compensation expense related to director and employee stock options.

Stock-based compensation expense related to director and employee stock options under ASC 718 for fiscal years 2022 and 2021 was allocated as follows:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Cost of sales	$	631	$	619
Sales and marketing		7,009		6,067
General and administrative		39,630		30,955
Research and development		4,622		3,212
Stock-based compensation expense	$	51,892	$	40,853

Segment Reporting. We have concluded that we have two operating segments, product and service. Product designs, develops, manufactures and markets patented surgical instruments. Service performs electrical engineering activities for external entities.

Schedule of operating segments
	Year Ended March 31, 2023								Year Ended March 31, 2022
	Product			Service		Total			Product			Service		Total
Net revenue	$	6,885,158		$	463,356	$	7,348,514		$	6,914,678		$	753,958	$	7,668,636
Cost of revenue		3,313,620			2,361		3,315,981			3,509,158			371,060		3,880,218
Gross profit		3,571,538			460,995		4,032,533			3,405,520			382,898		3,788,418
Operating income (loss)		(763,792	)		460,995		(302,797	)		(977,832	)		382,898		(594,934	)
Depreciation and amortization		86,906			—		86,906			113,470			—		113,470
Capital expenditures		173,269			—		173,269			17,550			—		17,550
Equipment and patents, net	$	466,409		$	—	$	466,409		$	370,016		$	—	$	370,016

Basic and Diluted Income per Common Share. Net income per share is calculated in accordance with ASC Topic 260, "Earnings Per Share" ("ASC 260"). Under the provisions of ASC 260, basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per common share is computed by dividing the net income for the period by the weighted average number of common and potential common shares outstanding during the period if the effect of the potential common shares is dilutive. Because we had a loss in fiscal years 2023 and 2022, the shares used in the calculation of dilutive potential common shares exclude options to purchase shares.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Net income (loss)	$	(323,945	)	$	(65,594	)
Weighted-average shares — basic		11,762,995			11,625,118
Effect of dilutive potential common shares		—			—
Weighted-average shares — basic and diluted		11,762,995			11,625,118
Net loss per share — basic and diluted	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.01	)
Antidilutive equity units		1,049,000			1,061,000

Recent Accounting Pronouncements. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”. ASU 2016-13 adds a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) impairment model to U.S. GAAP that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Modified retrospective adoption is required with any cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, excluding smaller reporting entities, which will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. We will adopt ASU 2016-13 beginning April 1, 2023 and do not expect the application of the CECL impairment model to have a significant impact on our allowance for uncollectible amounts for accounts receivable.

3. Shareholders’ Equity

Stock Option Plans. We adopted our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan,” as summarized below) to promote our and our shareholders’ interests by helping us to attract, retain and motivate our key employees and associates. Under the terms of the Plan, the Board of Directors may grant incentive and non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units, and other stock-based awards. The purchase price of the shares subject to a stock option will be the fair market value of our common stock on the date the stock option is granted. Generally, vesting of stock options occurs such that 20% becomes exercisable on each anniversary of the date of grant for each of the five years following the grant date of such option. Generally, all stock options must be exercised within five years from the date granted. The number of common shares reserved for issuance under the Plan is 1,100,000 shares of common stock, subject to adjustment for dividend, stock split or other relevant changes in our capitalization.

Under ASC 718, the value of each employee stock option was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes model for the purpose of financial information in accordance with ASC 718. The use of a Black-Scholes model requires the use of actual employee exercise behavior data and the use of a number of assumptions including expected volatility, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. Employee stock options for 155,000 and 270,000 shares of stock were granted during fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of March 31, 2023, $194,000 of total unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested stock is expected to be recognized over a period of five years. The assumptions for employee stock options are summarized as follows:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Risk-free interest rate		3.05% to 4.29%		0.8% to 1.05%
Expected life (in years)		5.0		5.0
Expected volatility		87% to 95%		69% to 76%
Expected dividend		0%		0%

Cumulative compensation cost recognized in net income or loss with respect to options that are forfeited prior to vesting is adjusted as a reduction of compensation expense in the period of forfeiture. The volatility of the stock is based on the historical volatility for the period that approximates the expected lives of the options being valued. Fair value computations are highly sensitive to the volatility factor; the greater the volatility, the higher the computed fair value of options granted.

The total fair value of options granted was computed to be approximately $56,600 and $213,000, for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For disclosure purposes, these amounts are amortized ratably over the vesting periods of the options. Effects of stock-based compensation, net of the effect of forfeitures, totaled $51,892 and $40,853 for fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Black-Scholes model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the use of assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility. Because our employee stock options have characteristics significantly different than those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management’s opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of our employee stock options. A summary of our stock option activity and related information for equity compensation plans approved by security holders for each of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

Summary of stock option activity
	STOCK OPTIONS OUTSTANDING
	Number Outstanding			Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2021		792,000		$	0.40
Granted		270,000			1.36
Exercised		(136,902	)		0.32
Forfeited/expired		(108,098	)		0.27
Reclassified		244,000			0.52
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2022		1,061,000		$	0.65
Granted		155,000			0.51
Exercised		(50,000	)		0.42
Forfeited/expired		(117,000	)		0.47
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2023		1,049,000		$	0.66

The following table summarizes information about employee stock options outstanding and exercisable at March 31, 2023:


	STOCK OPTIONS OUTSTANDING						STOCK OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
Range of Exercise Prices	Number Outstanding		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years)		Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share		Number Exercisable		Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share
$0.32 - $0.35		320,000		0.4	$	0.34		264,634	$	0.34
$0.38 - $0.50		421,000		0.8	$	0.42		225,352	$	0.42
$0.54 - $1.40		446,000		4.3	$	1.03		104,929	$	1.22
		1,049,000		2.0	$	0.66		594,915	$	0.53

The 1,049,000 options outstanding as of March 31, 2023 are nonqualified stock options. The exercise price of all options granted through March 31, 2023 has been equal to or greater than the fair market value, as determined by our Board of Directors or based upon publicly quoted market values of our common stock on the date of the grant.

4. Commitments and Contingencies

We have a noncancelable lease agreement for our facilities at 6797 Winchester Circle, Boulder, Colorado. The lease expires October 31, 2024.

On April 1, 2021, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) ASC 842 “Leases” using the initial date of adoption method, whereby the adoption does not impact any periods prior to April 1, 2019. ASC Topic 842 retains a distinction between finance leases and operating leases. The classification criteria for distinguishing between finance leases and operating leases are substantially similar to the classification criteria for distinguishing between capital leases and operating leases in the previous leases’ guidance. We recorded an operating Right of Use (“ROU”) asset of $1,555,150, and an operating lease liability of $1,619,842 as of April 1, 2019. The difference between the initial operating ROU asset and operating lease liability of $64,692 is accrued rent previously recorded under ASC 840. We elected to adopt the package of practical expedients and, accordingly, did not reassess any previously expired or existing arrangements and related classifications under ASC 840.

If the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, we use our incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate. We use our best judgement when determining the incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate of interest that we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term to the lease payments.

Our operating lease includes the use of real property. We have not identified any material finance leases as of March 31, 2023.

For the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $329,255 and $357,644, respectively, for lease expense.

The following is a maturity analysis of the annual undiscounted cash flows reconciled to the carrying value of the operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2023:

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		386,667
2025		232,139
Total operating lease payments		618,806
Less imputed interest		(25,313	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	593,493
Weighted-average remaining lease term		1.5 years
Weighted-average discount rate		5.0	%

The minimum future EIDL payment, by fiscal year, as of March 31, 2023 is as follows:

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		3,091
2025		3,208
2026		3,331
2027		3,457
Thereafter		148,744
Total	$	161,831

The minimum future U.S. Bank payment, by fiscal year, as of March 31, 2023 is as follows:

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		18,400
2025		18,400
2026		16,867
Total	$	53,667

During September 2022, we entered into a note agreement with U.S. Bank for $115,004. The note is for five 5 years at a 6% interest rate and the proceeds were used to purchase equipment. The note is secured by the equipment.

The minimum future principal U.S. Bank payment, by fiscal year, as of December 31, 2022 is as follows:

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		23,000
2025		23,000
2026		23,000
Thereafter		36,090
Total	$	105,090

We are subject to regulation by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). The FDA provides regulations governing the manufacture and sale of our products and regularly inspects us and other manufacturers to determine our and their compliance with these regulations. As of March 31, 2023, we believe we were in substantial compliance with all known regulations. FDA inspections are conducted periodically at the discretion of the FDA. We were last inspected in October 2019.

Our obligation with respect to employee severance benefits is minimized by the “at will” nature of the employee relationships. Our total obligation with respect to contingent severance benefit obligations was none as of March 31, 2023 and 2022.

5. Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under ASC 740, which requires the use of the liability method. ASC 740 provides that deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on the differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes, referred to as temporary differences. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities at the end of each period are determined using the currently enacted tax rates applied to taxable income in the periods in which the deferred income tax assets and liabilities are expected to be settled or realized.

Income tax provision (benefit) for income taxes is summarized below:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Current:
Federal	$	—		$	—
State		—			—
Total current		—			—

Deferred:
Federal		(12,000	)		(52,000	)
State		(1,000	)		(10,000	)
Total deferred		(13,000	)		(62,000	)
Valuation allowance		13,000			62,000

Total	$	—		$	—

The following is a reconciliation between the effective rate and the federal statutory rate:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Expected income tax rate	$	(68,000	)	$	(14,000	)
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit		(13,000	)		(3,000	)
PPP forgiveness		—			(133,000	)
Other permanent differences		12,000			10,000
Research credits		—			(9,000	)
Change in valuation allowance		69,000			149,000
Income tax expense	$	—		$	—

The components of the net accumulated deferred income tax asset (liability) are as follows:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Other deferred assets	$	42,000		$	58,000
Valuation allowance		(42,000	)		(58,000	)
Current deferred tax assets		—			—

Credits and net operating loss carryforwards		1,829,000			2,303,000
Valuation allowance		(1,829,000	)		(2,303,000	)
Long-term deferred tax assets		—			—

Total deferred tax assets		—			—
Valuation allowance		—			—
Long-term deferred tax liabilities		—			—

Total deferred tax liabilities		—			—

Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—		$	—

The primary components of our deferred tax assets are described below:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Differences in reporting long-term assets	$	42,000		$	58,000
Credits and net operating loss carryforwards		1,829,000			2,303,000
Less valuation allowance		(1,871,000	)		(2,361,000	)
Total deferred tax assets	$	—		$	—

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which net operating losses and reversal of timing differences may offset taxable income. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Due to our lack of earnings history, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance.

As of March 31, 2023, we had approximately $7.3 million of net operating loss carryovers for tax purposes. Additionally, we have approximately $376,000 of research and development tax credits available to offset future federal income taxes. The net operating loss and credit carryovers begin to expire in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024. In fiscal years ended after March 31, 2023, net operating losses expire at various dates through March 31, 2043. Our net operating loss carryovers at March 31, 2023 include $455,000 in income tax deductions related to stock options which will be tax effected and the benefit will be reflected as a credit to additional paid-in capital when realized. As such, these deductions are not reflected in our deferred tax assets. The Internal Revenue Code contains provisions, which may limit the net operating loss carryforwards available to be used in any given year if certain events occur, including significant changes in ownership interests.

6. Major Customers/Suppliers

We depend on sales that are generated from hospitals’ ongoing usage of AEM surgical instruments. In fiscal year 2023, we generated sales from over 300 hospitals that have changed to AEM products. Three vendors accounted for approximately 47% of our inventory purchases.

7. Defined Contribution Employee Benefit Plan

We have adopted a 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan which covers all full-time employees who have completed at least three months of full-time continuous service and are age eighteen or older. Participants may defer up to 20% of their gross pay up to a maximum limit determined by law. Participants are immediately vested in their contributions. We may make discretionary contributions based on corporate financial results for the fiscal year. To date, we have not made contributions to the 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan. Vesting in a contribution account (our contribution) is based on years of service, with a participant fully vested after five years of credited service.

8. Related Party Transaction

We paid consulting fees of $55,715 and $71,908 to an entity owned by one of our directors in fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively.

9. Subsequent Events

Management evaluated all of our activity and concluded that, as of the date the financial statements were issued, no subsequent events have occurred that would require recognition in the financial statements or disclosure in the notes to the financial statements.

Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Management’s Evaluation of Disclosures Controls and Procedures

We carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act")) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Principal Accounting Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of March 31, 2023.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2013.

Based upon our evaluation of internal controls, our CEO and PFAO determined that (i) we have a material weakness over our entity level control environment as of March 31, 2023 and (ii) our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of March 31, 2023. Our preventive and review controls failed to detect errors related to the valuation of inventory and cutoff of service revenue.

Remediation Activities

Management has been actively engaged in remediating the above described material weaknesses. The following remedial actions have been taken:

We have made changes in our policy regarding how contract revenue and related costs are booked. Under the revised policy, such revenue and costs are now booked in the same month as the related work is performed.

We have changed our policy regarding reserves for slow moving inventory. Under our revised, policy we now book additional inventory reserves for all inventory older than 18 months, even if management believes such inventory is still salable.

The Company will design and implement additional procedures in fiscal 2024 and 2025 in order to assure that audit/accounting personnel are more involved with the Company’s inventory activities and service revenue to monitor and earlier identify accounting issues that may be raised by the Company’s ongoing activities.

The process of implementing an effective financial reporting system is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a financial reporting system that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations. As we continue to evaluate and take actions to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may take additional actions to address control deficiencies or modify certain of the remediation measures described above.

While progress has been made to enhance our internal control over financial reporting, we are still in the process of implementing these processes, procedures and controls. Additional time is required to complete implementation and to assess and ensure the sustainability of these procedures. We believe the above actions will be effective in remediating the material weaknesses described above and we will continue to devote significant time and attention to these remedial efforts. However, the material weaknesses cannot be considered remediated until the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded that these controls are operating effectively.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to temporary rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report.

Changes In Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Other than the applicable remediation efforts described above, there were no significant changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the twelve months ended March 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9 B. Other Information

None.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Information in response to this item is incorporated by reference from the registrant's definitive proxy statement for its 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed within 120 days after March 31, 2023.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters.

The following table summarizes certain information regarding our equity compensation plan as of March 31, 2023:

Plan Category

Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding equity units

Weighted-average exercise price of equity units

Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity units plan

Equity compensation plans approved by security holders

1,049,000

$0.66

51,000

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Information in response to this item is incorporated by reference from the registrant's definitive proxy statement for its 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed within 120 days after March 31, 2023.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

(b) Exhibits - The following exhibits are attached to this report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference:

3.1

Articles of Incorporation of the Company, as amended. (Incorporated by reference from Registration Statement #333-4118-D dated June 25, 1996).

3.2

Bylaws of the Company. (Incorporated by reference from Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 30, 2007).

3.3

First Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2017).

4.1

Form of certificate for shares of Common Stock. (Incorporated by reference from Registration Statement #333-4118-D dated June 25, 1996).

4.2

Description of Capital Stock. (Incorporated by reference from Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on June 14, 2019)

10.1

Lease Agreement dated June 3, 2004 between Encision Inc. and DaPuzzo Investment Group, LLC (Incorporated by reference from Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 12, 2004).

10.2

Encision Inc. 2007 Stock Option Plan (Incorporated by reference from Proxy Statement dated June 30, 2007). †

10.3

Encision Inc. First Amended and Restated 2014 Stock Option Plan (Incorporated by reference from Proxy Statement dated July 6, 2020). †

10.4

Employment Agreement, dated December 17, 2013, between Encision Inc. and Gregory J. Trudel (Incorporated by reference from Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2013). †

10.5

Employment Agreement, dated November 14, 2016, between Encision Inc. and Gregory J. Trudel (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10-1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 18, 2016). †

10.6

Fifth Amendment to Office Building Lease dated November 9, 2017 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed February 12, 2018).

10.7

PPP Promissory Note dated as of April 17, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 23, 2020).

10.8

Economic Injury Disaster Loan dated as of August 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2020).

10.9

US Bank Equipment Finance Note dated January 21, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on June 23, 2021)

	10.10	PPP Promissory Note dated as of February 8, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 12, 2021).
	10.11	Supply Agreement dated August 23, 2021 between Auris Health, Inc. and Encision Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 15, 2021).+
	10.12	New Line of Credit and Security Agreement with Pathward, N.A. dated November 15, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2022)
	23.1	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Gries and Associates. **

31.1

Section 302 Certification of Principal Executive Officer **

31.2

Section 302 Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer **

	32.1	Section 906 Certifications **
	101	Inline interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) the Balance Sheets, (ii) the Statements of Operations, (iii) Statements of Stockholders Equity, (iv) Statements of Cash Flows and (v) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements **
	104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).**

†

Denotes management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

Filed herewith.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

None.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: June 29, 2023

	ENCISION INC.

	By:	/s/ Mala Ray
		Mala Ray Controller Principal Accounting Officer & Principal Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature				Date

/s/ Mala Ray				June 29, 2023
Mala Ray Controller Principal Accounting Officer & Principal Financial Officer

/s/ Patrick W. Pace				June 29, 2023
Patrick W. Pace Director

/s/ Robert H. Fries				June 29, 2023
Robert H. Fries Director

/s/ Vern D. Kornelsen				June 29, 2023
Vern D. Kornelsen Director

/s/ Gregory J. Trudel				June 29, 2023
Gregory J. Trudel President and CEO Principal Executive Officer Director

/s/ David W. Newton				June 29, 2023
David W. Newton Vice President - Technology Director

Exhibit 23.1

Gries & Associates, LLC

Certified Public Accountants

501 S. Cherry Street, Suite 1100

Denver, Colorado 80246

CONSENT OF REGISTERED INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS

The balance sheet as of March 31, 2023, and the statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the year ended March 31, 2023, of Encision Inc. (the “financial statements”), included in Part IV of the form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, have been audited by Gries & Associates, LLC, independent auditors registered with the PCAOB, as stated in our report appearing herein.

We hereby consent to the inclusion in the Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 of our report, dated June 28, 2023, on our audit of the financial statements of Encision Inc.

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (File nos. 333-258172, 333-205899, 333-152878) of Encision Inc., of our report, dated June 28, 2023 relating to the financial statements which appear in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Denver, Colorado

PCAOB Firm #6778

June 28, 2023

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Gregory Trudel, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Encision Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this quarterly report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and,

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: June 29, 2023

	/s/ Gregory Trudel
	Gregroy Trudel President and CEO

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Mala Ray, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Encision Inc.;

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: June 29, 2023

	/s/ Mala Ray
	Mala Ray Controller, Principal Accounting Officer and Principal Financial Officer

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATIONS OF PERIODIC REPORT

I, Gregory Trudel, President and Chief Executive Officer of Encision Inc. (the “Company”), certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that, to the best of my knowledge:

•	this to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the annual period ended March 31, 2023 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and

•	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: June 29, 2023

	/s/ Gregory Trudel
	Gregory Trudel President and CEO

I, Mala Ray, Controller, Principal Accounting Officer and Principal Financial Officer of Encision Inc. (the “Company”), certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that, to the best of my knowledge:

•	This to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the annual period ended March 31, 2023 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and

•	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: June 29, 2023

	/s/ Mala Ray
	Mala Ray Controller, Principal Accounting Officer and Principal Financial Officer

Cover - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Cover - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	May 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-K/A
Amendment Flag	true
Amendment Description	We are filing this Amendment No. 1 to our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, filed on June 28, 2023 (the “Original Filing”), to include (as Exhibit 23.1) the consent of our independent registered public accounting firm, Gries and Associates.
Document Annual Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--03-31
Entity File Number	001-11789
Entity Registrant Name	ENCISION INC.
Entity Central Index Key	0000930775
Entity Tax Identification Number	84-1162056
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	CO
Entity Address, Address Line One	6797 Winchester Circle
Entity Address, City or Town	Boulder
Entity Address, State or Province	CO
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	80301
City Area Code	(303)
Local Phone Number	444-2600
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, no par value
Trading Symbol	ECIA
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 4,029,059
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		11,769,543
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Auditor Name	Gries & Associates, LLC
Auditor Firm ID	6778
Auditor Location	Denver, CO

Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash	$ 188,966	$ 949,645
Accounts receivable	920,721	947,623
Inventories, net of reserve for obsolescence of $51,000 at March 31, 2023 and $36,000 at March 31, 2022	1,899,202	1,584,321
Prepaid expenses and other assets	115,714	120,133
Total current assets	3,124,603	3,601,722
Equipment:
Furniture, fixtures and equipment, at cost	2,615,676	2,468,949
Accumulated depreciation	(2,312,400)	(2,279,652)
Equipment, net	303,276	189,297
Right of use asset	496,004	786,407
Patents, net of accumulated amortization of $306,946 at March 31, 2023 and $282,081 at March 31, 2022	163,133	180,719
Other assets	46,953	34,240
TOTAL ASSETS	4,133,969	4,792,385
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	252,957	576,381
Line of credit	177,402	0
Secured notes	44,491	21,491
Accrued compensation	217,724	190,853
Other accrued liabilities	84,578	125,179
Accrued lease liability	353,674	362,487
Total current liabilities	1,130,826	1,276,391
Long-term liability:
Secured notes	268,512	205,809
Accrued lease liability	239,820	564,321
Total liabilities	1,639,158	2,046,521
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, no par value: 10,000,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding	0	0
Common stock and additional paid-in capital, no par value: 100,000,000 shares authorized; 11,769,543 issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and 11,719,543 at March 31, 2022	24,348,075	24,275,183
Accumulated (deficit)	(21,853,264)	(21,529,319)
Total shareholders’ equity	2,494,811	2,745,864
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$ 4,133,969	$ 4,792,385

Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Inventories, reserve for obsolescence	$ 51,000	$ 36,000
Accumulated amortization	$ 306,946	$ 282,081
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0	$ 0
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value	$ 0	$ 0
Common stock and additional paid-in capital, shares authorized	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock and additional paid-in capital, shares issued	11,769,543	11,719,543
Common stock and additional paid-in capital, shares outstanding	11,769,543	11,719,543

Statements of Operations - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Statements of Operations - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
NET REVENUE:
Total revenue	$ 7,348,514	$ 7,668,636
COST OF REVENUE:
Total cost of revenue	3,315,981	3,880,218
GROSS PROFIT	4,032,533	3,788,418
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Sales and marketing	2,032,415	2,084,110
General and administrative	1,486,796	1,381,087
Research and development	816,119	918,155
Total operating expenses	4,335,330	4,383,352
OPERATING (LOSS)	(302,797)	(594,934)
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE):
Interest expense, net	(19,529)	(7,224)
Extinguishment of debt income	0	533,118
Other income, (expense) net	(1,619)	3,446
Interest expense, extinguishment of debt income and other income, expense, net	(21,148)	529,340
(LOSS) BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES	(323,945)	(65,594)
Provision for income taxes	0	0
NET LOSS)	(323,945)	(65,594)
Product [Member]
NET REVENUE:
Total revenue	6,885,158	6,914,678
COST OF REVENUE:
Total cost of revenue	3,313,620	3,509,158
GROSS PROFIT	3,571,538	3,405,520
OPERATING EXPENSES:
OPERATING (LOSS)	(763,792)	(977,832)
Service [Member]
NET REVENUE:
Total revenue	463,356	753,958
COST OF REVENUE:
Total cost of revenue	2,361	371,060
GROSS PROFIT	460,995	382,898
OPERATING EXPENSES:
OPERATING (LOSS)	$ 460,995	$ 382,898

Statements of Operations (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
Statements of Operations (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income Statement [Abstract]
Earnings Per Share, Basic	$ (0.03)	$ (0.01)
Earnings Per Share, Diluted	$ (0.03)	$ (0.01)
Weighted Average Number of Shares Outstanding, Basic	11,762,995	11,625,118
Weighted Average Number of Shares Outstanding, Diluted	11,762,995	11,625,118

Statements of Shareholders' Equity - USD ($)	Common Stock And Additional Paid In Capital [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Total
Beginning balance, value at Mar. 31, 2021	$ 24,265,831	$ (21,463,725)	$ 2,802,106
Beginning balance , shares at Mar. 31, 2021	11,582,641
Net loss		(65,594)	(65,594)
Compensation expense related to equities	40,853		40,863
Options exercised	$ (31,501)		(31,511)
Options exercised, shares	136,902
Ending balance, value at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 24,275,183	(21,529,319)	2,745,864
Ending balance , shares at Mar. 31, 2022	11,719,543
Net loss		(323,945)	(323,945)
Compensation expense related to equities	51,892		51,892
Options exercised	$ 21,000		21,000
Options exercised, shares	50,000
Ending balance, value at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 24,348,075	$ (21,853,264)	$ 2,494,811
Ending balance , shares at Mar. 31, 2023	11,769,543

Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Cash flows (used in) operating activities:
Net (loss)	$ (323,945)	$ (65,594)
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash (used in) operating activities:
Extinguishment of debt income	0	(533,118)
Write-off of tooling	0	31,000
Depreciation and amortization	86,906	113,470
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options	51,892	40,853
(Recovery from) doubtful accounts, net change	0	(35,000)
Provision for (recovery from) for inventory obsolescence, net change	15,000	(34,000)
Other income from release of account payable	0	0
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Right of use asset, net	(42,912)	(28,414)
Accounts receivable	26,902	163,456
Inventories	(329,881)	(105,187)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(8,294)	(31,435)
Accounts payable	(323,423)	187,293
Accrued compensation and other accrued liabilities	(13,730)	(147,756)
Net cash (used in) operating activities	(861,485)	(444,432)
Cash flows (used in) investing activities:
Acquisition of property and equipment	(173,269)	(17,550)
Patent costs	(10,030)	(17,851)
Net cash (used in) investing activities	(183,299)	(35,401)
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities:
Borrowings from credit facility, net change	239,752	0
Borrowings from (paydown of) secured notes	23,353	(13,360)
Net proceeds (payments) from exercise of stock options	21,000	(31,501)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	284,105	(44,861)
Net (decrease) in cash	(760,679)	(524,694)
Cash, beginning of fiscal year	949,645	1,474,339
Cash, end of fiscal year	188,966	949,645
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the year for interest	$ 19,529	$ 7,224

Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

1. Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Our strategic marketing and sales plan is designed to expand the use of our products in surgically active hospitals in the United States.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Cash and Cash Equivalents For purposes of reporting cash flows, we consider all cash and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

At March 31, 2023 and 2022, inventory consisted of the following:

Schedule of inventory
	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	1,456,473		$	1,083,387
Finished goods		493,729			536,934
Total gross inventories		1,950,202			1,620,321
Less reserve for obsolescence		(51,000	)		(36,000	)
Total net inventories	$	1,899,202		$	1,584,321

A summary of the activity in our inventory reserve for obsolescence is as follows:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Balance, beginning of year	$	36,000		$	70,000
Provision for estimated obsolescence		49,917			17,578
Write-off of obsolete inventory		(34,917	)		(51,578	)
Balance, end of year	$	51,000		$	36,000

Summary of patents
	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Patents issued	$	432,345		$	496,901
Write off of obsolete patents		(2,500	)		(86,239	)

Accumulated amortization		(292,066	)		(265,762	)
Patents issued, net of accumulated amortization		137,779			144,900
Patent applications		37,733			52,138
Accumulated amortization		(12,380	)		(16,319	)
Patent applications, net of accumulated amortization		25,353			35,819
Total net patents and patent applications	$	163,132		$	180,719

The expected annual amortization expense related to patents and patent applications as of March 31, 2023, for the next five fiscal years, is as follows:


Fiscal Year	Amount
2024	$	24,152
2025		22,293
2026		18,558
2027		20,985
Thereafter		77,144
Total	$	163,132

Other Accrued Liabilities. At March 31, 2023 and 2022, other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

Schedule of other accrued liabilities
	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Sales commissions	$	34,668		29,157
Sales and use tax		12,769		13,967
Marketing fees		13,788		15,735
Payroll taxes, payroll		16,883		53,998
Miscellaneous		6,470		12,322
Total other accrued liabilities	$	84,578	$	125,179

Sales Taxes. We collect sales tax from customers and remit the entire amount to each respective state. We recognize revenue from product sales net of sale taxes.

Research and Development Expenses. We expense research and development costs for products and processes as incurred.

Advertising Costs. We expense advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was minimal.

Stock-based compensation expense related to director and employee stock options under ASC 718 for fiscal years 2022 and 2021 was allocated as follows:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Cost of sales	$	631	$	619
Sales and marketing		7,009		6,067
General and administrative		39,630		30,955
Research and development		4,622		3,212
Stock-based compensation expense	$	51,892	$	40,853

Schedule of operating segments
	Year Ended March 31, 2023								Year Ended March 31, 2022
	Product			Service		Total			Product			Service		Total
Net revenue	$	6,885,158		$	463,356	$	7,348,514		$	6,914,678		$	753,958	$	7,668,636
Cost of revenue		3,313,620			2,361		3,315,981			3,509,158			371,060		3,880,218
Gross profit		3,571,538			460,995		4,032,533			3,405,520			382,898		3,788,418
Operating income (loss)		(763,792	)		460,995		(302,797	)		(977,832	)		382,898		(594,934	)
Depreciation and amortization		86,906			—		86,906			113,470			—		113,470
Capital expenditures		173,269			—		173,269			17,550			—		17,550
Equipment and patents, net	$	466,409		$	—	$	466,409		$	370,016		$	—	$	370,016

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Net income (loss)	$	(323,945	)	$	(65,594	)
Weighted-average shares — basic		11,762,995			11,625,118
Effect of dilutive potential common shares		—			—
Weighted-average shares — basic and diluted		11,762,995			11,625,118
Net loss per share — basic and diluted	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.01	)
Antidilutive equity units		1,049,000			1,061,000

Shareholders’ Equity

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Shareholders’ Equity

3. Shareholders’ Equity


Years Ended	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Risk-free interest rate		3.05% to 4.29%		0.8% to 1.05%
Expected life (in years)		5.0		5.0
Expected volatility		87% to 95%		69% to 76%
Expected dividend		0%		0%

Summary of stock option activity
	STOCK OPTIONS OUTSTANDING
	Number Outstanding			Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2021		792,000		$	0.40
Granted		270,000			1.36
Exercised		(136,902	)		0.32
Forfeited/expired		(108,098	)		0.27
Reclassified		244,000			0.52
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2022		1,061,000		$	0.65
Granted		155,000			0.51
Exercised		(50,000	)		0.42
Forfeited/expired		(117,000	)		0.47
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2023		1,049,000		$	0.66

The following table summarizes information about employee stock options outstanding and exercisable at March 31, 2023:


	STOCK OPTIONS OUTSTANDING						STOCK OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
Range of Exercise Prices	Number Outstanding		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years)		Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share		Number Exercisable		Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share
$0.32 - $0.35		320,000		0.4	$	0.34		264,634	$	0.34
$0.38 - $0.50		421,000		0.8	$	0.42		225,352	$	0.42
$0.54 - $1.40		446,000		4.3	$	1.03		104,929	$	1.22
		1,049,000		2.0	$	0.66		594,915	$	0.53

Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

4. Commitments and Contingencies

We have a noncancelable lease agreement for our facilities at 6797 Winchester Circle, Boulder, Colorado. The lease expires October 31, 2024.

Our operating lease includes the use of real property. We have not identified any material finance leases as of March 31, 2023.

For the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $329,255 and $357,644, respectively, for lease expense.

The following is a maturity analysis of the annual undiscounted cash flows reconciled to the carrying value of the operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2023:

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		386,667
2025		232,139
Total operating lease payments		618,806
Less imputed interest		(25,313	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	593,493
Weighted-average remaining lease term		1.5 years
Weighted-average discount rate		5.0	%

The minimum future EIDL payment, by fiscal year, as of March 31, 2023 is as follows:

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		3,091
2025		3,208
2026		3,331
2027		3,457
Thereafter		148,744
Total	$	161,831

The minimum future U.S. Bank payment, by fiscal year, as of March 31, 2023 is as follows:

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		18,400
2025		18,400
2026		16,867
Total	$	53,667

The minimum future principal U.S. Bank payment, by fiscal year, as of December 31, 2022 is as follows:

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		23,000
2025		23,000
2026		23,000
Thereafter		36,090
Total	$	105,090

Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

5. Income Taxes

Income tax provision (benefit) for income taxes is summarized below:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Current:
Federal	$	—		$	—
State		—			—
Total current		—			—

Deferred:
Federal		(12,000	)		(52,000	)
State		(1,000	)		(10,000	)
Total deferred		(13,000	)		(62,000	)
Valuation allowance		13,000			62,000

Total	$	—		$	—

The following is a reconciliation between the effective rate and the federal statutory rate:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Expected income tax rate	$	(68,000	)	$	(14,000	)
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit		(13,000	)		(3,000	)
PPP forgiveness		—			(133,000	)
Other permanent differences		12,000			10,000
Research credits		—			(9,000	)
Change in valuation allowance		69,000			149,000
Income tax expense	$	—		$	—

The components of the net accumulated deferred income tax asset (liability) are as follows:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Other deferred assets	$	42,000		$	58,000
Valuation allowance		(42,000	)		(58,000	)
Current deferred tax assets		—			—

Credits and net operating loss carryforwards		1,829,000			2,303,000
Valuation allowance		(1,829,000	)		(2,303,000	)
Long-term deferred tax assets		—			—

Total deferred tax assets		—			—
Valuation allowance		—			—
Long-term deferred tax liabilities		—			—

Total deferred tax liabilities		—			—

Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—		$	—

The primary components of our deferred tax assets are described below:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Differences in reporting long-term assets	$	42,000		$	58,000
Credits and net operating loss carryforwards		1,829,000			2,303,000
Less valuation allowance		(1,871,000	)		(2,361,000	)
Total deferred tax assets	$	—		$	—

Major Customers/Suppliers

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Major Customerssuppliers

Major Customers/Suppliers

6. Major Customers/Suppliers

Defined Contribution Employee Benefit Plan

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Defined Contribution Employee Benefit Plan

7. Defined Contribution Employee Benefit Plan

Related Party Transaction

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Related Party Transaction

8. Related Party Transaction

We paid consulting fees of $55,715 and $71,908 to an entity owned by one of our directors in fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Subsequent Events

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

9. Subsequent Events

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents For purposes of reporting cash flows, we consider all cash and highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Concentration of Credit Risk

Warranty Accrual

Inventories

At March 31, 2023 and 2022, inventory consisted of the following:

Schedule of inventory
	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	1,456,473		$	1,083,387
Finished goods		493,729			536,934
Total gross inventories		1,950,202			1,620,321
Less reserve for obsolescence		(51,000	)		(36,000	)
Total net inventories	$	1,899,202		$	1,584,321

A summary of the activity in our inventory reserve for obsolescence is as follows:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Balance, beginning of year	$	36,000		$	70,000
Provision for estimated obsolescence		49,917			17,578
Write-off of obsolete inventory		(34,917	)		(51,578	)
Balance, end of year	$	51,000		$	36,000

Property and Equipment

Long-Lived Assets

Patents

Summary of patents
	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Patents issued	$	432,345		$	496,901
Write off of obsolete patents		(2,500	)		(86,239	)

Accumulated amortization		(292,066	)		(265,762	)
Patents issued, net of accumulated amortization		137,779			144,900
Patent applications		37,733			52,138
Accumulated amortization		(12,380	)		(16,319	)
Patent applications, net of accumulated amortization		25,353			35,819
Total net patents and patent applications	$	163,132		$	180,719

The expected annual amortization expense related to patents and patent applications as of March 31, 2023, for the next five fiscal years, is as follows:


Fiscal Year	Amount
2024	$	24,152
2025		22,293
2026		18,558
2027		20,985
Thereafter		77,144
Total	$	163,132

Other Accrued Liabilities

Other Accrued Liabilities. At March 31, 2023 and 2022, other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

Schedule of other accrued liabilities
	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Sales commissions	$	34,668		29,157
Sales and use tax		12,769		13,967
Marketing fees		13,788		15,735
Payroll taxes, payroll		16,883		53,998
Miscellaneous		6,470		12,322
Total other accrued liabilities	$	84,578	$	125,179

Income Taxes

Revenue Recognition

Sales Taxes

Sales Taxes. We collect sales tax from customers and remit the entire amount to each respective state. We recognize revenue from product sales net of sale taxes.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and Development Expenses. We expense research and development costs for products and processes as incurred.

Advertising Costs

Advertising Costs. We expense advertising costs as incurred. Advertising expense for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was minimal.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense related to director and employee stock options under ASC 718 for fiscal years 2022 and 2021 was allocated as follows:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Cost of sales	$	631	$	619
Sales and marketing		7,009		6,067
General and administrative		39,630		30,955
Research and development		4,622		3,212
Stock-based compensation expense	$	51,892	$	40,853

Segment Reporting

Schedule of operating segments
	Year Ended March 31, 2023								Year Ended March 31, 2022
	Product			Service		Total			Product			Service		Total
Net revenue	$	6,885,158		$	463,356	$	7,348,514		$	6,914,678		$	753,958	$	7,668,636
Cost of revenue		3,313,620			2,361		3,315,981			3,509,158			371,060		3,880,218
Gross profit		3,571,538			460,995		4,032,533			3,405,520			382,898		3,788,418
Operating income (loss)		(763,792	)		460,995		(302,797	)		(977,832	)		382,898		(594,934	)
Depreciation and amortization		86,906			—		86,906			113,470			—		113,470
Capital expenditures		173,269			—		173,269			17,550			—		17,550
Equipment and patents, net	$	466,409		$	—	$	466,409		$	370,016		$	—	$	370,016

Basic and Diluted Income per Common Share

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Net income (loss)	$	(323,945	)	$	(65,594	)
Weighted-average shares — basic		11,762,995			11,625,118
Effect of dilutive potential common shares		—			—
Weighted-average shares — basic and diluted		11,762,995			11,625,118
Net loss per share — basic and diluted	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.01	)
Antidilutive equity units		1,049,000			1,061,000

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of inventory

Schedule of inventory
	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	1,456,473		$	1,083,387
Finished goods		493,729			536,934
Total gross inventories		1,950,202			1,620,321
Less reserve for obsolescence		(51,000	)		(36,000	)
Total net inventories	$	1,899,202		$	1,584,321

Summary of inventory reserve for obsolescence


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Balance, beginning of year	$	36,000		$	70,000
Provision for estimated obsolescence		49,917			17,578
Write-off of obsolete inventory		(34,917	)		(51,578	)
Balance, end of year	$	51,000		$	36,000

Summary of patents

Summary of patents
	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Patents issued	$	432,345		$	496,901
Write off of obsolete patents		(2,500	)		(86,239	)

Accumulated amortization		(292,066	)		(265,762	)
Patents issued, net of accumulated amortization		137,779			144,900
Patent applications		37,733			52,138
Accumulated amortization		(12,380	)		(16,319	)
Patent applications, net of accumulated amortization		25,353			35,819
Total net patents and patent applications	$	163,132		$	180,719

Schedule of expected annual amortization expense


Fiscal Year	Amount
2024	$	24,152
2025		22,293
2026		18,558
2027		20,985
Thereafter		77,144
Total	$	163,132

Schedule of other accrued liabilities

Schedule of other accrued liabilities
	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Sales commissions	$	34,668		29,157
Sales and use tax		12,769		13,967
Marketing fees		13,788		15,735
Payroll taxes, payroll		16,883		53,998
Miscellaneous		6,470		12,322
Total other accrued liabilities	$	84,578	$	125,179

Schedule of stock-based compensation expense


Years Ended	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Cost of sales	$	631	$	619
Sales and marketing		7,009		6,067
General and administrative		39,630		30,955
Research and development		4,622		3,212
Stock-based compensation expense	$	51,892	$	40,853

Schedule of operating segments

Schedule of operating segments
	Year Ended March 31, 2023								Year Ended March 31, 2022
	Product			Service		Total			Product			Service		Total
Net revenue	$	6,885,158		$	463,356	$	7,348,514		$	6,914,678		$	753,958	$	7,668,636
Cost of revenue		3,313,620			2,361		3,315,981			3,509,158			371,060		3,880,218
Gross profit		3,571,538			460,995		4,032,533			3,405,520			382,898		3,788,418
Operating income (loss)		(763,792	)		460,995		(302,797	)		(977,832	)		382,898		(594,934	)
Depreciation and amortization		86,906			—		86,906			113,470			—		113,470
Capital expenditures		173,269			—		173,269			17,550			—		17,550
Equipment and patents, net	$	466,409		$	—	$	466,409		$	370,016		$	—	$	370,016

Schedule of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Net income (loss)	$	(323,945	)	$	(65,594	)
Weighted-average shares — basic		11,762,995			11,625,118
Effect of dilutive potential common shares		—			—
Weighted-average shares — basic and diluted		11,762,995			11,625,118
Net loss per share — basic and diluted	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.01	)
Antidilutive equity units		1,049,000			1,061,000

Shareholders’ Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Summary of assumptions for employee stock options


Years Ended	March 31, 2023		March 31, 2022
Risk-free interest rate		3.05% to 4.29%		0.8% to 1.05%
Expected life (in years)		5.0		5.0
Expected volatility		87% to 95%		69% to 76%
Expected dividend		0%		0%

Summary of stock option activity

Summary of stock option activity
	STOCK OPTIONS OUTSTANDING
	Number Outstanding			Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2021		792,000		$	0.40
Granted		270,000			1.36
Exercised		(136,902	)		0.32
Forfeited/expired		(108,098	)		0.27
Reclassified		244,000			0.52
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2022		1,061,000		$	0.65
Granted		155,000			0.51
Exercised		(50,000	)		0.42
Forfeited/expired		(117,000	)		0.47
BALANCE AT MARCH 31, 2023		1,049,000		$	0.66

Schedule of employee stock options outstanding and exercisable


	STOCK OPTIONS OUTSTANDING						STOCK OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
Range of Exercise Prices	Number Outstanding		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years)		Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share		Number Exercisable		Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share
$0.32 - $0.35		320,000		0.4	$	0.34		264,634	$	0.34
$0.38 - $0.50		421,000		0.8	$	0.42		225,352	$	0.42
$0.54 - $1.40		446,000		4.3	$	1.03		104,929	$	1.22
		1,049,000		2.0	$	0.66		594,915	$	0.53

Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Lease Payment [Member]

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		386,667
2025		232,139
Total operating lease payments		618,806
Less imputed interest		(25,313	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	593,493
Weighted-average remaining lease term		1.5 years
Weighted-average discount rate		5.0	%

E I D L Payment [Member]

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		3,091
2025		3,208
2026		3,331
2027		3,457
Thereafter		148,744
Total	$	161,831

U S Bank Payment [Member]

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		18,400
2025		18,400
2026		16,867
Total	$	53,667

U S Bank Payment 1 [Member]

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment

Schedule of principal U.S. Bank payment
Fiscal Year	Amount
2024		23,000
2025		23,000
2026		23,000
Thereafter		36,090
Total	$	105,090

Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of income tax expense (benefit)


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Current:
Federal	$	—		$	—
State		—			—
Total current		—			—

Deferred:
Federal		(12,000	)		(52,000	)
State		(1,000	)		(10,000	)
Total deferred		(13,000	)		(62,000	)
Valuation allowance		13,000			62,000

Total	$	—		$	—

Schedule of effective income tax rate reconciliation


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Expected income tax rate	$	(68,000	)	$	(14,000	)
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit		(13,000	)		(3,000	)
PPP forgiveness		—			(133,000	)
Other permanent differences		12,000			10,000
Research credits		—			(9,000	)
Change in valuation allowance		69,000			149,000
Income tax expense	$	—		$	—

Schedule of deferred income tax asset liability


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Other deferred assets	$	42,000		$	58,000
Valuation allowance		(42,000	)		(58,000	)
Current deferred tax assets		—			—

Credits and net operating loss carryforwards		1,829,000			2,303,000
Valuation allowance		(1,829,000	)		(2,303,000	)
Long-term deferred tax assets		—			—

Total deferred tax assets		—			—
Valuation allowance		—			—
Long-term deferred tax liabilities		—			—

Total deferred tax liabilities		—			—

Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—		$	—

The primary components of our deferred tax assets are described below:


Years Ended	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Differences in reporting long-term assets	$	42,000		$	58,000
Credits and net operating loss carryforwards		1,829,000			2,303,000
Less valuation allowance		(1,871,000	)		(2,361,000	)
Total deferred tax assets	$	—		$	—

Description of Business and Basis of Presentation (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2021	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Feb. 08, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Accumulated deficit		$ 21,853,264	$ 21,529,319
Net (loss) income available to shareholders		323,945	$ 65,594
Cash available to fund future operations		188,966
Borrowed		227,300
Line of credit		$ 1,000,000
PPP Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal amount	$ 533,118			$ 533,118
Interest rate	1.00%

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Raw materials	$ 1,456,473	$ 1,083,387
Finished goods	493,729	536,934
Total gross inventories	1,950,202	1,620,321
Less reserve for obsolescence	(51,000)	(36,000)
Total net inventories	$ 1,899,202	$ 1,584,321

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details 1) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Balance, beginning of year	$ 36,000	$ 70,000
Provision for estimated obsolescence	49,917	17,578
Write-off of obsolete inventory	(34,917)	(51,578)
Balance, end of year	$ 51,000	$ 36,000

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details 2) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Patents issued	$ 432,345	$ 496,901
Write off of obsolete patents	(2,500)	(86,239)
Accumulated amortization	(292,066)	(265,762)
Patents issued, net of accumulated amortization	137,779	144,900
Patent applications	37,733	52,138
Accumulated amortization	(12,380)	(16,319)
Patent applications, net of accumulated amortization	25,353	35,819
Total net patents and patent applications	$ 163,132	$ 180,719

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details 3) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
2023	$ 24,152
2024	22,293
2025	18,558
2026	20,985
Thereafter	77,144
Total	$ 163,132	$ 180,719

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details 4) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Sales commissions	$ 34,668	$ 29,157
Sales and use tax	12,769	13,967
Marketing fees	13,788	15,735
Payroll taxes, payroll	16,883	53,998
Miscellaneous	6,470	12,322
Total other accrued liabilities	$ 84,578	$ 125,179

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details 5) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 51,892	$ 40,853
Cost of Sales [Member]
Stock-based compensation expense	631	619
Selling and Marketing Expense [Member]
Stock-based compensation expense	7,009	6,067
General and Administrative Expense [Member]
Stock-based compensation expense	39,630	30,955
Research and Development Expense [Member]
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 4,622	$ 3,212

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details 6) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Product Information [Line Items]
Net revenue	$ 7,348,514	$ 7,668,636
Cost of revenue	3,315,981	3,880,218
Gross profit	4,032,533	3,788,418
Operating income (loss)	(302,797)	(594,934)
Depreciation and amortization	86,906	113,470
Capital expenditures	173,269	17,550
Equipment and patents, net	466,409	370,016
Product [Member]
Product Information [Line Items]
Net revenue	6,885,158	6,914,678
Cost of revenue	3,313,620	3,509,158
Gross profit	3,571,538	3,405,520
Operating income (loss)	(763,792)	(977,832)
Depreciation and amortization	86,906	113,470
Capital expenditures	173,269	17,550
Equipment and patents, net	466,409	370,016
Service [Member]
Product Information [Line Items]
Net revenue	463,356	753,958
Cost of revenue	2,361	371,060
Gross profit	460,995	382,898
Operating income (loss)	460,995	382,898
Depreciation and amortization	0	0
Capital expenditures	0	0
Equipment and patents, net	$ 0	$ 0

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details 7) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Net income (loss)	$ (323,945)	$ (65,594)
Weighted-average shares - basic	11,762,995	11,625,118
Effect of dilutive potential common shares	0	0
Weighted Average Number of Shares Outstanding, Diluted	11,762,995	11,625,118
Earnings Per Share, Basic	$ (0.03)	$ (0.01)
Earnings Per Share, Diluted	$ (0.03)	$ (0.01)
Antidilutive equity units	1,049,000	1,061,000

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Federally insured limit	$ 250,000
Cash on deposit	250,000
Accounts receivable	947,623	$ 1,024,370
Depreciation expense	59,290	62,970
Stock based compensation	$ 51,892	$ 40,853

Shareholders' Equity (Details)	12 Months Ended
Shareholders' Equity (Details)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Equity [Abstract]
Risk-free interest rate, minimum	3.05%	0.80%
Risk-free interest rate, maximum	4.29%	1.05%
Expected life	5 years	5 years
Expected volatility, minimum	87.00%	69.00%
Expected volatility, maximum	95.00%	76.00%
Expected dividend	0.00%	0.00%

Shareholders' Equity (Details 1) - Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member] - Equity Compensation Plans Approved [Member] - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Balance at the beginning of the period	1,061,000	792,000
Balance at the beginning of the period	$ 0.65	$ 0.40
Granted	155,000	270,000
Granted	$ 0.51	$ 1.36
Exercised	(50,000)	(136,902)
Exercised	$ 0.42	$ 0.32
Forfeited/expired	(117,000)	(108,098)
Forfeited/expired	$ 0.47	$ 0.27
Reclassified		244,000
Reclassified		$ 0.52
Balance at the end of the period	1,049,000	1,061,000
Balance at the end of the period	$ 0.66	$ 0.65

Shareholders' Equity (Details 2) - Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 $ / shares shares
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number Outstanding \| shares	1,049,000
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life	2 years
Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share \| $ / shares	$ 0.66
Number Exercisable \| shares	594,915
Exercisable Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share \| $ / shares	$ 0.53
$0.32 - $0.35 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number Outstanding \| shares	320,000
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life	4 months 24 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share \| $ / shares	$ 0.34
Number Exercisable \| shares	264,634
Exercisable Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share \| $ / shares	$ 0.34
$0.38 - $0.50 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number Outstanding \| shares	421,000
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life	9 months 18 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share \| $ / shares	$ 0.42
Number Exercisable \| shares	225,352
Exercisable Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share \| $ / shares	$ 0.42
$0.54 - $1.40 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number Outstanding \| shares	446,000
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life	4 years 3 months 18 days
Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share \| $ / shares	$ 1.03
Number Exercisable \| shares	104,929
Exercisable Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share \| $ / shares	$ 1.22

Shareholders’ Equity (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Shareholders’ Equity (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Employee stock options granted	155,000	270,000
Unrecognized compensation costs	$ 194,000
Fair value of stock options	56,600	$ 213,000
Stock-based compensation	$ 51,892	$ 40,853
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Nonqualified stock options outstanding	1,049,000

Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Apr. 01, 2019
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
2024	$ 386,667
2025	232,139
Total operating lease payments	618,806
Less imputed interest	(25,313)
Total operating lease liabilities	$ 593,493	$ 1,619,842
Weighted-average remaining lease term	1 year 6 months
Weighted-average discount rate	5.00%

Commitments and Contingencies (Details 1)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2024	$ 386,667
2025	232,139
Total	618,806
E I D L Payment [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2024	3,091
2025	3,208
2026	3,331
2027	3,457
Thereafter	148,744
Total	$ 161,831

Commitments and Contingencies (Details 2) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2024	$ 386,667
2025	232,139
Total	618,806
U S Bank Payment [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2024	18,400	$ 23,000
2025	18,400	23,000
2026	16,867	23,000
Total	$ 53,667	$ 105,090

Commitments and Contingencies (Details 3) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2023	$ 386,667
2023	232,139
Total operating lease payments	618,806
U S Bank Payment [Member]
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
2023	18,400	$ 23,000
2023	18,400	23,000
2024	16,867	23,000
Thereafter		36,090
Total operating lease payments	$ 53,667	$ 105,090

Commitments and Contingencies (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended			3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Nov. 15, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Feb. 28, 2021	Sep. 30, 2021	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Feb. 08, 2021	Apr. 01, 2019
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Operating Right of Use asset					$ 496,004	$ 786,407		$ 1,555,150
Operating lease liability					593,493			1,619,842
Accrued rent								$ 64,692
Lease expense					$ 329,255	$ 357,644
Debt instrument description	Under the agreement, we were provided with a line of credit that is not to exceed the lesser of $1,000,000 or 85% of eligible accounts receivable. The interest rate is prime rate plus 0.5%, with a floor of 6.75%, plus a monthly maintenance fee of 0.4%, based on the average monthly loan balance. Interest is charged on a minimum loan balance of $300,000, a loan fee of 0.5% at closing and annually, and an exit fee of 3%, 2% and 1% during years one, two and three, respectively.
Note Agreement [Member] \| U S Bank [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal amount		$ 115,004
Debt term		5 years
Interest rate		6.00%
PPP Loan [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal amount			$ 533,118				$ 533,118
Extinguishment of debt income				$ 533,118
Interest rate			1.00%

Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Current:
Federal	$ 0	$ 0
State	0	0
Total current	0	0
Deferred:
Federal	(12,000)	(52,000)
State	(1,000)	(10,000)
Total deferred	(13,000)	(62,000)
Valuation allowance	13,000	62,000
Total	$ 0	$ 0

Income Taxes (Details 1) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Income Taxes (Details 1) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Expected income tax rate	$ (68,000)	$ (14,000)
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit	(13,000)	(3,000)
PPP forgiveness	0	(133,000)
Other permanent differences	12,000	10,000
Research credits	0	(9,000)
Change in valuation allowance	69,000	149,000
Total	$ 0	$ 0

Income Taxes (Details 2) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Other deferred assets	$ 42,000	$ 58,000
Valuation allowance	(42,000)	(58,000)
Current deferred tax assets	0	0
Credits and net operating loss carryforwards	1,829,000	2,303,000
Valuation allowance	(1,829,000)	(2,303,000)
Long-term deferred tax assets	0	0
Total deferred tax assets	0	0
Valuation allowance	0	0
Long-term deferred tax liabilities	0	0
Total deferred tax liabilities	0	0
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	0	0
Differences in reporting long-term assets	42,000	58,000
Less valuation allowance	(1,871,000)	(2,361,000)
Total deferred tax assets	$ 0	$ 0

Income Taxes (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
Income Taxes (Details Narrative)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Net operating loss carryovers	$ 7,300,000
Research and development tax credits	$ 376,000
Operating loss carryforward expiration	Mar. 31, 2043

Major Customers/Suppliers (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
Major Customers/Suppliers (Details Narrative)	Mar. 31, 2023
Inventory Purchases [Member] \| Customer Concentration Risk [Member] \| Three Vendors [Member]
Product Information [Line Items]
Concentration percentage	47.00%

Related Party Transaction (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Related Party Transaction (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Director [Member]
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Consulting fees paid	$ 55,715	$ 71,908