GIGA Giga Tronics Inc (CE)

RISK FACTORS

Risk Related to our Financial Condition

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. The risks described below include all material risks to our company or to investors that are known to our company. You should carefully consider such risks before investing in our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed. As a result, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you might lose all or part of your investment. When determining whether to buy our common stock, you should also refer to the other information in this Prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Prospectus.

We have doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

As of September 30, 2022, we believe that there is doubt about our ability to continue as going concern because we have incurred recurring net losses, our operations have not provided cash flows, and Ault ended its support of our operations with the limited exception of the payment of approximately $1,259,000 by Ault Lending no later than May 31, 2023 in addition to approximately $1,569,000 provided by Ault lending during the three months ended December 31, 2022. The Convertible Notes issued to Ault mature on December 31, 2024. We have doubt about the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our inability to continue as a going concern could have a negative impact on the Company, including our ability to obtain needed financing, and could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

We have historically incurred net losses and negative cash flow and our operating results may significantly vary from quarter to quarter, so we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability.

Both the Company and Gresham have historically experienced net losses, and the Company anticipates continuing to experience some losses in the future. Our operating results are largely determined by the results of operations of Gresham because they are more significant than the Company’s prior to the Business Combination. For the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020, Gresham reported revenue of $25,580,000 and $18,213,000 and net losses of $2,863,000 and $1,851,000, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we reported revenue of $21,530,000 and a total net loss of $3,361,000. We expect to continue to incur substantial expenditures to develop and market our products and services and we could continue to incur losses and negative operating cash flow for the foreseeable future.

In addition, our operating results have in the past been subject to quarter-to-quarter fluctuations, and we expect that these fluctuations will continue, and may increase in magnitude, in future periods. Demand for our products is driven by many factors, including the availability of funding for our products in our customers’ budgets. There is a trend for some of our customers to place large orders near the end of a quarter or fiscal year, in part to spend remaining available budget funds. Seasonal fluctuations in customer demand for our products driven by budgetary and other concerns can create corresponding fluctuations in period-to-period revenue, and we therefore cannot assure you that our results in one period are necessarily indicative of our revenue in any future period. In addition, the number and timing of large individual sales and the ability to obtain acceptances of those sales, where applicable, have been difficult for us to predict, and large individual sales have, in some cases, occurred in quarters subsequent to those we anticipated, or have not occurred at all. The loss or deferral of one or more significant sales in a quarter could harm our operating results for such quarter. It is possible that, in some quarters, our operating results will be below the expectations of public market analysts or investors.

Even if we are successful in integrating two different business, managements and cultures, we may not become profitable. We anticipate that our operating expenses may continue to increase. However, expanding our operations may also impose significant demands on our management, finances and other resources. Our ability to manage the anticipated future growth, should it occur, will depend upon expansion of our accounting and other

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internal management systems and the implementation and subsequent improvement of a variety of systems, procedures and controls. We cannot assure you that significant problems in these areas will not occur. Our failure to expand these areas and implement and improve such systems, procedures and controls in an efficient manner at a pace consistent with our business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our attempts to expand our marketing, sales, manufacturing and customer support efforts may not succeed or generate additional sales or profits in any future period. While cost control measures that we are implementing should reduce our operating expenses, in the near future an increase in our operating expenses, along with the difficulty in forecasting revenue levels, we may experience significant fluctuations in our results of operations.

There is no assurance that we will be able to achieve a level of revenue adequate to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or obtain additional financings necessary to support our working capital requirements.

Because Ault intends to end its support, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, and our inability to generate or obtain such capital on acceptable terms, or at all, could harm our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

On January 11, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with two accredited investors (the “Buyers”) pursuant to which we sold to the Buyers $3.3 million 10% original issue discount Senior Secured Convertible Notes (the “Senior Notes”) and five-year warrants to purchase shares of our common stock for total gross proceeds of $3,000,000. The net proceeds shall be used primarily for working capital. Ault will not support us financially in the future. Other than Ault advancing up $1,259,407 no later than May 31, 2023, even with the proceeds that we recently received from the Buyers, if we do not secure additional financings or begin to generate more cash from operations, we will need to raise additional capital to support our working capital requirements and our planned growth. We presently believe that we must raise additional capital by October 11, 2023, to repay the Senior Notes. Ault currently has over 45,000 stockholders that will receive shares of our common stock in connection with the Distribution. We estimate that the cost of printing and mailing of proxy materials for an annual meeting in compliance with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) rules and regulations will increase by approximately $100,000 on an annual basis. This will further increase our need secure additional financing to fund our operations. Any other future financing may include shares of common stock, shares of preferred stock, warrants to purchase shares of common stock or preferred stock, debt securities, units consisting of the foregoing securities, equity investments from strategic development partners or some combination of the foregoing. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available, or if available, will be on acceptable terms. If we are unable to raise additional capital, we may be required to curtail our operations and take additional measures to reduce costs, including reducing our workforce and eliminating outside consultants in order to conserve cash in amounts sufficient to sustain operations and meet our obligations. This could in its turn have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and future prospects. There can be no assurance that we will be able to generate any further investor interest in our securities or other types of funding, in which case you would likely lose the entirety of the value of our shares that will be distributed to you in the Distribution.

Additionally, any additional financings may be dilutive to our stockholders, and such dilution may be significant based upon the size of such financing.

Because we require Ault’s consent and the Buyers’ consent for certain debt financings and acquisitions, we may not be able to pursue these transactions if Ault and the Buyers do not consent.

We issued Ault Series F and common stock upon the consummation of the Business Combination. The term of the Series F contains negative covenants that apply until Ault completes the Distribution. Until that occurs, we must obtain Ault’s consent before, among other things, incurring indebtedness of $1,000,000 in any individual transaction or $2,500,000 in the aggregate, or acquiring any business in which the aggregate consideration payable by us is $1 million or more. In addition, if we issue further equity, subject to exceptions for certain

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excluded securities, such limited issuances pursuant to equity incentive plans, Ault will have the right to purchase additional equity to maintain its ownership interest. Even when Ault fully converts the Series F into shares of our common stock prior to the Distribution, the Convertible Notes that we issued in connection with the Ault Financing and the transaction documents that we entered into in connection with our recent financing with the Buyers contain substantially similar covenants that are included in the Series F. These provisions could limit our ability to raise capital or make future acquisitions, particularly larger acquisitions. For more information about these negative covenants, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Our Recent Financings.”

Risks Related to the Consummation of the Business Combination and our Company

Gresham may have liabilities that are not known, probable or estimable at this time.

Gresham remains subject to certain past, current, and future liabilities. There could be unasserted claims or assessments against or affecting Gresham, including the failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations. In addition, there may be liabilities of Gresham that are neither probable nor estimable at this time that may become probable or estimable in the future, including indemnification requests received from customers of Gresham relating to claims of infringement or misappropriation of third party intellectual property or other proprietary rights, tax liabilities arising in connection with ongoing or future tax audits and liabilities in connection with other past, current and future legal claims and litigation. Any such liabilities, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. We may learn additional information about Gresham that adversely affects us, such as unknown, unasserted, or contingent liabilities and issues relating to compliance with applicable laws or infringement or misappropriation of third-party intellectual property or other proprietary rights.

The integration of our and Gresham’s business and any future acquisitions may disrupt or have a negative impact on our business.

Achieving the anticipated benefits of the Business Combination will depend in significant part upon whether we are able to integrate Gresham and our business in an efficient and effective manner. The actual integration may result in additional and unforeseen expenses, and the anticipated benefits of the integration plan may not be realized. The companies may not be able to accomplish the integration process smoothly, successfully or on a timely basis. The necessity of coordinating geographically separated organizations, managements, systems of controls, and facilities and addressing possible differences in business backgrounds, corporate cultures and management philosophies may increase the difficulties of integration. The companies operate numerous systems and controls, including those involving management information, purchasing, accounting and finance, sales, billing, employee benefits, payroll and regulatory compliance. The integration of operations following the Business Combination and future acquisitions will continue to require the dedication of significant management and external resources, which may distract management’s attention from the day-to-day business of the Company and be costly. Employee uncertainty and lack of focus during the integration process may also disrupt our business. Any inability of management to successfully and timely integrate the operations of the two companies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. For example, our former Chief Executive Officer elected to retire in January 2023, which may be perceived negatively by our legacy employees.

In addition, we plan to make additional acquisitions as part of our growth strategy. Whenever we make acquisitions, we could have difficulty integrating the acquired companies’ personnel and operations with our own. In addition, the key personnel of the acquired business may not be willing to work for us. We cannot predict the effect any expansion may have on our core business. Regardless of whether we are successful in making an acquisition, the negotiations could disrupt our ongoing business, distract our management and employees and increase our expenses. In addition to the risks described above, acquisitions are accompanied by a number of inherent risks, including, without limitation, the following:

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Our business could be severely impaired if and to the extent that we are unable to succeed in addressing any of these risks or other problems encountered in connection with these acquisitions, many of which cannot be presently identified, these risks and problems could disrupt our ongoing business, distract our management and employees, increase our expenses and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our goodwill or other intangible assets may become impaired, which could result in material non-cash charges to its results of operations.

We have goodwill and other intangible assets resulting from the Business Combination. At least annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate a potential impairment in the carrying value as defined by generally accepted accounting principles or GAAP, we will evaluate this goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment based on the fair value of each reporting unit. Estimated fair values could change if there are changes in our capital structure, cost of debt, interest rates, capital expenditure levels, operating cash flows, or market capitalization. Impairments of goodwill or other intangible assets could require material non-cash charges to our results of operations.

At September 30, 2022, Gresham carried a significant amount of goodwill on our balance sheet. To the extent our acquisition of Gresham or any of Gresham’s acquisitions during 2017-2020 do not perform as anticipated and its underlying assumptions and estimates related to the fair value determination are not met, the value of such assets may be negatively affected and we could be required to record impairment charges.

We will assess goodwill for impairment at least annually during the fourth calendar quarter and whenever facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may be impaired. Impairment analysis involves comparing the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, we will record an impairment charge. Determination of fair value requires considerable judgment and is sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions, estimates and market factors. If we are required to recognize noncash charges related to impairment of goodwill, our results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

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Our utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards may be limited

As of March 26, 2022, we had a pre-tax federal net operating loss carryforward of $10,720,000 and a state net operating loss carryforward of $6,780,000 available to reduce future taxable income, if any, prior to limitations that may be imposed under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) or otherwise. These amounts are net of a Section 382 limitation of $38,345,000 on the federal net operating loss and $19,612,000 on the state net operating loss. The Section 382 limitation was triggered due to an ownership change in 2020 year. The federal and state net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire from fiscal 2022 through 2038 and from 2029 through 2040, respectively. The federal net operating loss amount of $7,435,000 from fiscal year ended 2020 through 2022 will have an indefinite life.

As a result of the Business Combination, we generally continue to carry such NOLs, but we may be unable to fully use such NOLs, if at all. Under Section 382 of the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (very generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in the corporation’s equity ownership by certain stockholders or groups of stockholders over a rolling three-year period), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-ownership change NOLs to offset its post-ownership change income may be limited. In addition, we may experience an ownership change in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in its stock ownership. Future regulatory changes could also limit our ability to utilize its NOLs. To the extent our NOLs are not utilized to offset future taxable income, our net income and cash flows may be adversely affected. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), as modified by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), among other things, includes changes to U.S. federal tax rates and the rules governing NOL carryforwards. For U.S. federal NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, with certain exceptions, the Tax Act as modified by the CARES Act limits a taxpayer’s ability to utilize NOL carryforwards in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020, to 80% of taxable income. In addition, U.S. federal NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, can be carried forward indefinitely. Deferred tax assets for NOLs will need to be measured at the applicable tax rate in effect when the NOLs are expected to be utilized. The new limitation on use of NOLs may significantly impact our ability to utilize our NOLs to offset taxable income in the future. In addition, for state income tax purposes, there may be periods during which the use of net operating loss carryforwards is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.

The effects of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on the capital markets and the economy is uncertain, and we may have to deal with a recessionary economy and economic uncertainty including possible adverse effects upon the capital markets.

While the effects of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the resulting international sanctions are uncertain, they have already had an immediate effect on the global and United States economy by causing, among other things, continued inflation and substantial increases in the prices of oil, gas and other commodities. The conflict has created increased uncertainty in the capital markets with declines in leading market indexes. The duration of this conflict and its impacts are uncertain. We cannot predict the conflict will affect the capital markets, but the impact may be adverse and may delay or prevent us from completing future financings.

If the inflationary pressures in the United States and elsewhere where we operate continue, we could experience reduced margins and lose future business.

The current inflationary pressures are affecting our margins particularly since we have lacked the capital to accumulate material inventory. Most of our contracts (except with Relec) are fixed price, which reduces our margins when inflation occurs. Reducing our selling prices results in further reduction of our margins. This customer pricing pressure may also result in the loss of contracts and/or future business. Finally, we are experiencing rising labor costs which may further tighten margins.

We may be unable to execute our acquisition growth strategy.

We plan to make additional acquisitions as part of our growth strategy. Our acquisition growth strategy will involve a number of risks and uncertainties. We may be unable to successfully identify suitable acquisition

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targets and complete acquisitions. Our ability to execute our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to identify and acquire desirable acquisition candidates as well as our ability to successfully integrate any target’s operations into our business.

Additional factors may negatively impact our growth strategy. Our strategy may require spending significant amounts of capital. If we are unable to obtain additional needed financing on acceptable terms, we may need to reduce the scope of our acquisition growth strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our growth prospects. If any of the aforementioned factors force management to alter our growth strategy, our growth prospects could be adversely affected.

We will have to pay cash, incur debt, or issue equity as consideration in any future acquisitions, each of which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market price of our common stock. The sale of equity or issuance of equity-linked debt to finance any future acquisitions could result in dilution to our stockholders. Incurring indebtedness may result in increased fixed obligations and could limit our flexibility in managing our business due to covenants or other restrictions contained in debt instruments. In addition, Ault, prior to the Distributions and the Buyers of the Senior Notes, will have the right to approve or disapprove of any such indebtedness and certain acquisitions.

Further, we may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits of completed acquisitions. Some acquisition targets may not have a developed business or will be experiencing inefficiencies and incur losses. Additionally, small defense contractors which we consider suitable acquisition targets may be uniquely dependent on their prior owners and the loss of such owners’ services following the completion of acquisitions may adversely affect their business. Therefore, we may lose our investment in the event that the acquired businesses do not develop as planned or that we are unable to achieve the anticipated cost efficiencies or reduction of losses. Even if we are able to do so, we may not realize the full anticipated benefits of such acquisitions, and our business, financial conditions and results of operations may suffer.

Additionally, Gresham’s acquisitions have previously required, and any similar future transactions may also require, significant management efforts and expenditures. Regardless of whether we are successful in making an acquisition, the negotiations could disrupt our ongoing business, divert the attention of our management and key employees and increase our expenses.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business and operating results could be harmed.

Gresham has experienced and following the consummation of the Business Combination we are experiencing, growth in our operations. This growth will place, significant demands on our management, operational and financial infrastructure. If we do not manage our growth effectively, the quality of our products and services could suffer, which could negatively affect our operating results. To effectively manage our growth, we must continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and reporting systems and procedures. These systems improvements may require significant capital expenditures and management resources. Failure to implement these improvements could hurt our ability to effectively manage our growth and would in its turn have a material adverse impact on our business and future operating results.

Our businesses are subject to government procurement laws and regulations.

We must comply with certain laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration and performance of government contracts. These laws and regulations affect how we conduct business with the government, including the business that we do as a subcontractor to large prime contractors that contract directly with the government. In complying with these laws and regulations, we incur additional costs. These costs may increase in the future, thereby reducing our margins, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Failure to comply with these regulations and requirements could lead to fines, penalties, repayments, or compensatory or treble damages, or suspension or debarment from

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government contracting or subcontracting for a period of time. Among the causes for debarment are violations of various laws, including those related to procurement integrity, export control, government security regulations, employment practices, protection of the environment, accuracy of records, proper recording of costs and foreign corruption. The termination of a government contract or relationship as a result of any of these acts would have an adverse impact on our operations and could have an adverse effect on our standing and eligibility for future government contracts.

Some U.S. federal statutes and regulations provide for penalties, including automatic debarment based on actions such as violations of the U.S. False Claims Act or the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The suspension or debarment in any particular case may be limited to a facility, contract or subsidiary involved in the violation or could be applied to our entire Company in severe circumstances. Even a narrow scope suspension or debarment could result in negative publicity that could adversely affect our ability to renew contracts and to secure new contracts, both with governments and private customers, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to comply with anti-bribery, anti-corruption, anti-money laundering laws, and similar laws, or allegations of such failure, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

We are subject to various anti-bribery, anti-corruption, anti-money laundering laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (the “FCPA”), the U.S. Travel Act, and the USA PATRIOT Act. In addition, we are subject to the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010, the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, Chapter 9 (sub-chapter 5) of the Israeli Penal Law, 1977, the Israeli Prohibition on Money Laundering Law–2000, and possibly other similar laws in countries outside of the United States in which we conduct our business or seek to sell our products. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly to generally prohibit companies, their employees, agents, representatives, business partners, and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector.

We, our employees, agents, representatives, business partners and third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities.

These laws also require that we keep accurate records and maintain internal controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions. While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, we cannot assure you that none of our employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries will take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. In addition, we may be held liable for violations committed of the FCPA or similar foreign laws by companies that we acquire.

Any alleged or actual violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, investigations, enforcement actions, fines and other criminal or civil sanctions, adverse media coverage, loss of export privileges, or suspension or termination of government contracts. Responding to any investigation or enforcement action would require significant attention of our management and resources, including significant defense costs and other professional fees. Failure to comply with anti-bribery, anti-corruption, anti-money laundering laws, and similar laws, or allegations of such failure, could therefore have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.

Our sales and profitability may be affected by changes in economic, business and industry conditions.

If the economic climate in the United States or abroad deteriorates, customers or potential customers could reduce or delay their orders. In this environment, our customers may experience financial difficulty, reduce

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operations and fail to budget or reduce budgets for the purchase of our products. This may lead to longer sales cycles, delays in purchase decisions, payment and collection, and can also result in downward price pressures, causing our sales and profitability to decline. In addition, general economic uncertainty and general declines in capital spending in the defense electronics sector make it difficult to predict changes in the purchasing requirements of our customers and the markets we serve. There are many other factors which could affect our business, including:

These trends and factors could adversely affect our business, profitability and financial condition and diminish our ability to achieve our strategic objectives.

Our sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense. As a result, our sales and revenue are difficult to predict and may vary substantially from period to period, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly.

The timing of our revenues is difficult to predict. Factors that may contribute to these fluctuations include our dependence on the defense industry, a limited number of customers, the nature and length of our sales cycles for our products and services, the duration and delivery schedules within our customer contracts and our ability to timely develop, produce and upgrade our products.

Most of our revenues result from a limited number of relatively large orders that we receive from prime defense contractors and government agencies. We spend substantial time and resources on our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce any sales. In addition, purchases of our products are frequently subject to budget constraints (including constraints imposed by governmental agencies), multiple approvals, and unplanned administrative, processing and other delays. Even if we receive a purchase order from a customer, there may be circumstances or terms relating to the purchase that delay our ability to recognize revenue from that purchase, which makes our revenue difficult to forecast. As a result, it is difficult to predict whether a sale will be completed, the particular fiscal period in which a sale will be completed or the fiscal period in which revenue from a sale will be recognized. For these reasons, our operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter. Such unpredictable operating results may adversely impact the trading price of our common stock.

Our sales are substantially dependent on the defense industry and a limited number of customers.

Substantially, all of our current product and service offerings are directed towards the defense marketplace, which has a limited number of customers. If the defense market demand decreases, our sales may be less than projected with a resulting decline in revenues. As a result, our business depends upon continued U.S., Israeli, United Kingdom and other countries’ government expenditures on defense systems for which we provide

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support. These expenditures have not remained constant over time and have been reduced in some periods. Our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and the trading price of our common stock could be materially harmed, among other causes, by the following:

Additionally, the loss of any one customer may have a material adverse effect on future operating results and financial condition. Our product backlog also has a number of risks and uncertainties such as the cancellation or deferral of orders, dispute over performance of our products and our ability to collect amounts due under these orders. If any of these events were to occur, actual shipments could be lower than projected and revenues could decline which would have an adverse effect on our operating results and liquidity.

Because our competitors have greater resources, we may not compete effectively.

Several of our competitors, including, among others, K&L Microwave, Q Microwave, Amplitech, Qorvo, Northrop Grumman, Textron, Keysight, Rohde & Schwarz and National Instruments have substantially greater research and development, manufacturing, marketing, financial, technological personnel and managerial resources than us. These resources also make these competitors better able to withstand difficult market conditions than us. We cannot provide assurance that any products developed by these competitors will not gain greater market acceptance than any developed by us.

Our products compete and will compete with similar, if not identical, products produced by our competitors. These competitive products could be marketed by well-established, successful companies that possess greater financial, marketing, distribution personnel, and other resources than we do. These companies can implement extensive advertising and promotional campaigns. They can introduce new products to new markets more rapidly. In certain instances, competitors with greater financial resources may be able to enter a market in direct competition with us, offering attractive marketing tools to encourage the sale of products that compete with our products or present cost features that customers may find attractive.

The markets for some of our products are also subject to specific competitive risks because these markets are highly price sensitive. Our competitors have competed in the past by lowering prices on certain products. If they do so again, we may be forced to respond by lowering its prices. This would reduce revenue and increase losses. Failure to anticipate and respond to price competition may also further reduce our revenue and increase our losses.

If we lose key personnel, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

Our success will depend on the continued contributions of key officers and employees. The loss of the services of key officers and employees, whether such loss is through resignation or other causes, or the inability to attract additional qualified personnel, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects. Although we expect most of our employees will continue to remain as our employees, it is possible some employees may quit. Depending upon who they are and how many employees quit, we may be adversely affected.

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With the closing of the Business Combination, our management, with the exception of our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Technology Officer, was replaced by Gresham’s management. Our former Chief Executive Officer remained with us in the transition but elected to retire in January 2023 as a full-time employee. If we were to lose Jonathan Read and/or Timothy Long, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer, our business would be materially and adversely affected. Further, Gresham did not have a Chief Financial Officer and relied heavily upon Ault for such services. If we lose Lutz Henckels, we may be materially and adversely affected. The loss of Zvika Avni, who manages our Israeli operations, could also materially harm our business.

The sale of our products is dependent upon our ability to satisfy the proprietary requirements of our customers.

We depend upon a relatively narrow range of products for the majority of our revenue. Our success in marketing our products is dependent upon their continued acceptance by our customers. In some cases, our customers require that our products meet their own proprietary requirements. If we are unable to satisfy such requirements, or forecast and adapt to changes in such requirements, our business could be materially harmed.

Our limited ability to protect our proprietary information and technology may adversely affect our ability to compete, and our products could infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others, resulting in claims against us, the results of which could be costly.

Many of our products consist entirely or partly of proprietary technology owned by us. Although we seek to protect our technology through a combination of copyrights, trade secret laws and contractual obligations, these protections may not be sufficient to prevent the wrongful appropriation of our intellectual property, nor will they prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our proprietary technology. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. In order to defend our proprietary rights in the technology utilized in our products from third party infringement, we may be required to institute legal proceedings, which would be costly and would divert our resources from the development of our business. If we are unable to successfully assert and defend our proprietary rights in the technology utilized in our products, our future results could be adversely affected.

Although we attempt to avoid infringing known proprietary rights of third parties in our product development efforts, we may become subject to legal proceedings and claims for alleged infringement from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Any claims relating to the infringement of third-party proprietary rights, even if not meritorious, could result in costly litigation, divert management’s attention and resources, require us to reengineer or cease sales of our products or require us to enter into royalty or license agreements which are not advantageous to us. In addition, parties making claims may be able to obtain an injunction, which could prevent us from selling our products in the United States or abroad.

We may in the future be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe on our patents, trade secrets or the patents of our licensors. To counter such infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, or we may be required to defend the validity or enforceability of such patents, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that either one or more of our patents or our licensors’ patents is not valid or is unenforceable or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue because our patents do not cover that technology. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.

Interference proceedings filed by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions regarding our patents or patent applications or those of our partners or licensors. An unfavorable

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outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may cause us to incur substantial costs and distract the attention of our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.

Because of the substantial amount of discovery required in intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

If we fail to anticipate and adequately respond to rapid technological changes in our industry, including evolving industry-wide standards, in a timely and cost-effective manner, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Rapid technology changes in our industry require us to anticipate, sometimes years in advance, which technologies and/or distribution platforms our products must take advantage of in order to make them competitive in the market at the time they are released. Therefore, we usually start our product development with a range of technical development goals that we hope to be able to achieve for our customers. We may not be able to achieve these goals, or our competition may be able to achieve them more quickly than we can. In either case, our products may be technologically inferior to competitive products, or less appealing to consumers, or both. If we cannot achieve our technology goals for our customers within the original development schedule of our products, then our customers may opt for competitive offerings or we may delay products until these technology goals can be achieved, which may delay or reduce revenue and increase our development expenses. Alternatively, we can increase the resources employed in research and development in an attempt to accelerate our development of new technologies, either to preserve promised delivery date to our customers or to keep up with our competition, which would increase our development expenses and adversely affect our results of operations.

Performance problems in our products or problems arising from the use of our products together with other vendors’ products may harm our business and reputation.

Products as complex as those we produce may contain unknown and undetected defects or performance problems. For example, it is possible that one of our products might not comply with stipulated specifications under all circumstances. In addition, our customers generally use our products together with their own products and products from other vendors. As a result, when problems occur in a combined equipment environment, it may be difficult to identify the source of the problem. A defect or performance problem could result in lost revenues, increased warranty costs, diversion of engineering and management time and effort, impaired customer relationships and injury to our reputation generally.

Our business could be negatively impacted by cybersecurity threats and other security threats and disruptions.

As a defense contractor, we face certain security threats, including threats to our information technology infrastructure, attempts to gain access to our proprietary or classified information, threats to physical security, and domestic terrorism events. Our information technology networks and related systems are critical to the operation of our business and essential to our ability to successfully perform day-to-day operations. We are also involved with information technology systems for certain customers and other third parties, which generally face similar security threats. Cybersecurity threats in particular, are persistent, evolve quickly and include, but are not limited to, computer viruses, attempts to access information, denial of service and other electronic security

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breaches believe that we have implemented appropriate measures and controls and invested in skilled information technology resources to appropriately identify threats and mitigate potential risks, but there can be no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to prevent disruptions to mission critical systems, the unauthorized release of confidential information or corruption of data. A security breach or other significant disruption involving these types of information and information technology networks and related systems could:

Any or all of the foregoing could have a negative impact on its business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Failure of our information technology infrastructure to operate effectively could adversely affect our business.

We depend heavily on information technology infrastructure to achieve our business objectives. If a problem occurs that impairs this infrastructure, the resulting disruption could impede our ability to record or process orders, manufacture and ship in a timely manner, or otherwise carry on business in the normal course. Any such events could cause us to lose customers or revenue and could require us to incur significant expense to remediate.

If we fail to comply with the rules under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 related to accounting controls and procedures, or if we discover material weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control and accounting procedures, our stock price could decline significantly and raising capital could be more difficult.

If we fail to comply with the rules under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 related to disclosure controls and procedures, or, if we discover material weaknesses and other deficiencies in our internal control and accounting procedures, our stock price could decline significantly and raising capital could be more difficult. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

We have noted the following deficiencies that we believe to be material weaknesses:

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We are focused on remediating these material weaknesses, but our management has been distracted with our liquidity concerns. When we can obtain the cash resources, we expect to increase our accounting staff. With our recent reductions of employees, we did not lay off any accounting personnel. Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to helping prevent financial fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and operating results could be harmed, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and the trading price of our common stock could drop significantly.

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, Gresham had disruptions to its business which caused a material effect on its business and results of operations. The future impacts on us, if any, are uncertain.

Gresham’s business was materially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The disruptions caused by the pandemic included temporary closures of its facilities, including a shutdown of its Microphase facility in Connecticut for three weeks in December 2020 and suspension of production operations for its Gresham Power located in Salisbury, United Kingdom from March 19, 2020, until June 2020 and from November 2020 until the Spring of 2021. This resulted in a significant decrease of revenue in December 2020 and a decrease in January to February 2021. In addition, Gresham Power Electronics Ltd. (“Gresham Power”) experienced substantial revenue decreases while shut down. In January 2022, Israel experienced a fifth wave of COVID-19 with the Omicron variant. Many of the workers of Enertec System 2001 Ltd. (“Enertec”) workers became ill and/or worked from home. Despite this disruption, it did not materially impact Enertec’s operations.

We (both the Company and Gresham) also incurred expenses related to implementing the workplace safety protocols and adjusting for remote working arrangements. Some non-production employees work remotely part of the time. However, not all employees are as efficient working remotely and our business may be adversely affected as the result. Additionally, certain employees at our production facilities must continue to work on site to continue manufacture for essential government programs.

Further, we (the Company and Gresham) experienced an increase in the average length of sales cycles to onboard new customers and delays in new projects, which could materially adversely impact its business, results of operations, and financial condition in future periods.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the American, Israeli and United Kingdom economies sustained material slowdowns during part of the pandemic. While people continue to be infected with COVID-19, serious illnesses and deaths have diminished. As new variants rise, this trend may not continue.

Because of the uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, we cannot be certain whether COVID-19 will adversely affect us in the future.

Supply chain disruptions and our inability to procure necessary component part for our products have materially and adversely affected our results of operations and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations in the future.

We manufacture some components for our products, but we rely on subcontract manufacturers to supply components for our product offerings. Our reliance upon such subcontract manufacturers involves several risks,

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including reduced control over manufacturing costs, delivery times, reliability and quality of components, unfavorable currency exchange fluctuations, and continued inflationary pressures on many of the raw materials used in the manufacturing of our products. If we were to encounter a shortage of key manufacturing components from limited sources of supply, or experience manufacturing delays caused by reduced manufacturing capacity, the inability of our subcontract manufacturers to procure raw materials, the loss of key assembly subcontractors, difficulties associated with the transition to our new subcontract manufacturers or other factors, we could experience lost revenue, increased costs, and delays in, or cancellations or rescheduling of, orders or shipments, any of which would materially harm our business.

Supply chain disruptions have affected us. During our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, we have experienced delays in our receipt of certain components, which temporarily delayed shipments in the U.S., the UK and Israel.

Our Microphase, Enertec, Gresham Power and Relec subsidiaries, also have experienced supply change disruptions, albeit in different ways. Microphase also experienced a 45-week delay in securing certain video component parts for a customer, which adversely impacted Microphase’s revenues and cash flows. While Relec experienced a spike in bookings, it encountered longer delivery lead times for products it distributes. That in turn also delays fulfillment of orders, defers revenue recognition and increases capital requirements to finance the interval between payment for goods and release of goods from inventory to customers for payment. Enertec also experienced problems with component delivery times in 2021. Enertec began purchasing component parts at least nine months in advance in 2021. The current situation has put a lot of pressure on Enertec’s cash flow. All our operating companies have implemented strategies to deal with extended delivery lead times and manage customer expectations on delivery dates for our product offerings. We cannot assure you that these initiatives will succeed and supply chain issues will continue to cause challenges for our operating subsidiaries in the future.

The pandemic had significant impacts on our supply chain throughout 2021 and 2022. Many of our suppliers have indicated similar challenges in keeping their own operations running and management believes there may still be some residual delays in fulfilling orders due to limited availability of parts and services. We expect this situation to improve toward the end of 2023.

Because Enertec relied upon one customer for approximately 65% of its revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, if it loses this customer or orders are materially reduced, it may have a material adverse effect on our revenues and operating results.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, Enertec generated approximately $9 million in revenues with approximately $5.7 million coming from one customer. For the past five years, Enertec has provided precision manufacture for devices to calibrate cardiac catheters to this customer and the customer recently indicated an intention to have Enertec meet all requirements for such devices going forward. However, there is no assurance that this customer, a global healthcare company, will continue placing further orders beyond approximately $1.5 million on hand now. Among the factors that affect future orders are:

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We may not be able to procure necessary key components for our products, or we may purchase too much inventory.

The defense industry, and the electronics industry as a whole, can be subject to business cycles. During periods of growth and high demand for our products, we may not have adequate supplies of inventory on hand to satisfy our customers’ needs. Furthermore, during these periods of growth, our suppliers may also experience high demand and, therefore, may not have adequate levels of the components and other materials that we require to build products so that it can meet our customers’ needs. Our inability to secure sufficient components to build products for our customers could negatively impact our sales and operating results. We may choose to mitigate this risk by increasing the levels of inventory for certain key components assuming we have available cash resources. Increased inventory levels can increase the potential risk for excess and obsolescence should our forecasts fail to materialize or if there are negative factors impacting our customers’ end markets. If we purchase too much inventory, we may have to record additional inventory reserves or write-off the inventory, which could have a material adverse effect on our gross margins and on our results of operations.

Gresham’s limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate its future business prospects and to make decisions based on its historical performance.

Although Gresham’s operating subsidiaries have separately been involved in the defense technology solutions business for several decades, we have limited operating history as a company that combines our original business prior to the consummation of the business combination (“Original Business”) with Gresham’s operations. This makes it difficult to evaluate our business based on historical operations. Consequently, it is difficult, if not impossible, to forecast our future results based upon our historical data. Reliance on our historical results may not be representative of the results we will achieve, and for certain areas in which we operate, it may not be indicative at all. Because of these uncertainties, we may be hindered in our ability to anticipate and timely adapt to increases or decreases in sales, product costs or expenses.

Risks Related to our recently acquired Gresham Operations

If Gresham is unable to successfully expand its production capacity, it could result in material delays, quality issues, increased costs and loss of business opportunities, which may negatively impact our profit margins and operating results.

Part of Gresham’s future growth strategy is to increase its production capacity to meet increasing demand for its products. Assuming we obtain sufficient funding to increase Gresham’s production capacity, any projects to increase such capacity may not be implemented on the anticipated timetable or within budget. We may also experience quality control issues as we implement any production upgrades. Any material delay in completing these projects, or any substantial cost increases or quality issues in connection with these projects could materially delay our ability to bring our products to market and adversely affect our business, reduce our revenue, income and available cash, all of which could harm our financial condition.

Gresham’s strategic focus on its custom electronics solution competencies and concurrent cost reduction plans may be ineffective or may limit its ability to compete.

Gresham devotes significant resources to developing and manufacturing custom electronics solutions for its customers. Each product typically represents a uniquely tailored solution for a specific customer’s requirements. Failure to meet these customer product requirements or a failure to meet production schedules and/or product quality standards may put Gresham at risk with one or more of these customers. Moreover, changes in market conditions and changes in the needs and requirements of Gresham’s customers may affect their purchasing decisions. The loss of one or more of Gresham’s significant custom electronics solution customers could have a material adverse impact on our revenue, business or financial condition.

Gresham has implemented a series of initiatives designed to increase efficiency and reduce costs. While Gresham believes that these actions will reduce costs, they may not be sufficient to achieve the required operational

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efficiencies that will enable it to respond more quickly to changes in the market or result in the improvements in our business that it anticipates. In such event, Gresham may be forced to take additional cost-reducing initiatives, including those involving its personnel, which may negatively impact quarterly earnings and profitability as it accounts for severance and other related costs. In addition, there is the risk that such measures could have long-term adverse effects on Gresham’s business by reducing its pool of talent, decreasing or slowing improvements in its products or services, making it more difficult for it to respond to customers, limiting its ability to increase production quickly if and when the demand for its solutions increases and limiting Gresham’s ability to hire and retain key personnel. These circumstances could adversely affect its operating results.

Gresham faces intense industry competition and product obsolescence, which, in turn, could increase our losses.

Gresham operates in an industry that is generally characterized by intense competition. Gresham believes that the principal bases of competition in its markets are breadth of product line, quality of products, stability, reliability and reputation of the provider, along with cost. Quantity discounts, price erosion, and rapid product obsolescence due to technological improvements are therefore common in Gresham’s industry as competitors strive to retain or expand market share. Product obsolescence can lead to increases in unsaleable inventory that may need to be written off and, therefore, could reduce our profitability.

Gresham depends on a limited number of major customers for a significant portion of its revenue. The loss of any of these customers, or the substantial reduction in the quantity of products that they purchase from Gresham, would materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Gresham depends upon a limited number of major customers for a significant portion of its revenue. As of December 31, 2021, Gresham’s top six customers accounted, in the aggregate, for approximately 64.7% of Gresham’s consolidated revenue. As of September 30, 2022, Gresham’s top six customers accounted, in the aggregate, for approximately 62.7% of Gresham’s consolidated revenue. If one or more of Gresham’s major customers reduce or cancel their orders scaling back some of their activities, its revenue would be significantly reduced. Furthermore, reduction or diversions in defense spending may lead to reduced demand for Gresham’s products, which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on its business and results of operations. To date, Gresham has sustained issues with its Gresham Power subsidiary which is heavily dependent upon the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy. Due first to BREXIT delaying decisions and then to the pandemic shutting down shipyards, Gresham Power experienced delays in the receipt of orders during 2020-21. Because of Gresham Power’s relatively small size, it has not had a material adverse effect upon Gresham’s consolidated results of operations. If the financial condition of one or more of Gresham’s major customers were to deteriorate, or if such customers have difficulty acquiring investment capital due to any of these or other factors, a substantial decrease in our revenue would likely result.

Gresham outsources, and is dependent upon developer partners for, the development of some of its custom design products.

Gresham made an operational decision to outsource some of its custom design products to numerous developer partners. This business structure will remain in place until the custom design volume justifies expanding its in-house capabilities. Incomplete product designs that do not fully comply with the customer specifications and requirements might affect Gresham’s ability to transition to a volume production stage of the custom designed product where the revenue goals are dependent on the high volume of custom product production. Furthermore, Gresham relies on the design partners’ ability to provide high quality prototypes of the designed product for its customer approval as a critical stage to approve production.

Although Gresham depends on sales of its legacy products for a meaningful portion of its revenue, as these products mature, we risk component parts becoming obsolete.

A significant portion of Gresham’s sales have historically been attributable to its legacy products. Gresham expects that these products may continue to account for a meaningful percentage of its revenue for the

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foreseeable future. As products mature, however, component parts may become obsolete and to the extent Gresham requires component parts it may incur significant expenses to find acceptable substitutes for obsolete parts or to retool and/or re-design such component part. If it fails to do so, Gresham will be unable to sell such mature products.

Gresham is subject to certain governmental regulatory restrictions and regulations relating to its international sales.

Some of Gresham’s products are subject to International Traffic in Arms Regulation (“ITAR”), which are interpreted, enforced and administered by the U.S. Department of State. ITAR regulation controls not only the export, import and trade of certain products specifically designed, modified, configured or adapted for military systems, but also the export of related technical data and defense services as well as foreign production. Any delays in obtaining the required export, import or trade licenses for products subject to ITAR regulation and rules could have a material adverse effect on Gresham’s business, financial condition, and/or operating results. In addition, changes in United States export and import laws that require Gresham to obtain additional export and import licenses or delays in obtaining export or import licenses currently being sought could cause significant shipment delays and, if such delays are too great, could result in the cancellation of orders. Any future restrictions or charges imposed by the United States or any other country on Gresham’s international sales or foreign subsidiary could have a materially adverse effect on Gresham’s business, financial condition, and/or operating results. In addition, from time to time, Gresham has entered into contracts with the Israeli Ministry of Defense which were governed by the U.S. Foreign Military Financing program (“FMF”). Any such future sales would be subject to these regulations. Failure to comply with FMF rules could subject Gresham to investigations that could lead to civil, administrative and possible criminal prosecution, which have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, operating results and/or prospects for obtaining future government business. Failure to comply with ITAR or FMF rules could also have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, and/or operating results.

Gresham is also required to obtain export licenses before filling foreign orders for many of its products that have military or other governmental applications. United States Export Administration regulations control technology exports like its products for reasons of national security and compliance with foreign policy, to guarantee domestic reserves of products in short supply and, under certain circumstances, for the security of a destination country. Thus, any foreign sales of its products requiring export licenses must comply with these general policies. Compliance with these regulations is costly, and these regulations are subject to change, and any such change may require Gresham to improve its technologies, incur expenses or both in order to comply with such regulations.

A significant portion of Gresham’s contracts are fixed-price contracts that could subject it to losses in the event of cost overruns or a significant increase in inflation.

Gresham negotiates most of its contracts on a fixed-price basis which allows Gresham to benefit from cost savings but also subject it to the risk of potential cost overruns, particularly for firm fixed-price contracts, because it assumes the entire cost burden. If Gresham’s initial estimates are incorrect, it can lose money on these contracts. Government contracts can expose Gresham to potentially large losses because the government can hold it responsible for completing a project or, in certain circumstances, paying the entire cost of its replacement by another provider regardless of the size or foreseeability of any cost overruns that occur over the life of the contract. Because many of these contracts involve new technologies and applications, unforeseen events such as technological difficulties, fluctuations in the price of raw materials, problems with its suppliers and cost overruns, can result in the contractual price becoming less favorable or even unprofitable to Gresham. The United States, the United Kingdom and Israel are experiencing a significant increase in inflation, which could have a significant adverse impact on the profitability of these contracts. Furthermore, if Gresham fails to meet contract deadlines or specifications, it may need to renegotiate contracts on less favorable terms, be forced to pay penalties or liquidated damages or suffer major losses if the customer exercises its right to terminate. In addition,

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some of Gresham’s contracts have provisions relating to cost controls and audit rights, and if Gresham fails to meet the terms specified in those contracts it may not realize their full benefits. Cost overruns could have an adverse impact on our operating results.

Gresham’s operating companies purchase a significant amount of its components and products outside of the countries in which they operate.

With the exception of Microphase which sources all of its components in the United States, Gresham purchases a majority of its components from foreign manufacturers and has a substantial majority of its commercial products assembled, packaged, and tested by subcontractors located outside the United States. These activities are subject to the uncertainties associated with international business operations, including trade barriers and other restrictions, changes in trade policies, governmental regulations, currency exchange fluctuations, reduced protection for intellectual property, war and other military activities, terrorism, changes in social, political, pandemic, or economic conditions, and other disruptions or delays in production or shipments, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Gresham depends on international sales for a material portion of its revenue.

Sales to customers outside of North America accounted for 76.3% of Gresham’s revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and 73.4% and 63.1% of Gresham’s net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Gresham expects that international sales will continue to represent a material portion of its total revenue. International sales are subject to the risks of international business operations as described above, as well as generally longer payment cycles, greater difficulty collecting accounts receivable, and currency restrictions. These risks include the following:

International sales are also subject to the export laws and regulations of the United States and other countries. Further, Gresham’s subsidiaries in the United Kingdom and Israel are subject to local regulation which may increase its costs.

Any one or more of these factors could increase Gresham’s costs and adversely affect our results of operations.

A material portion of Gresham’s revenue and expenses is denominated in foreign currencies, so fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on its operating results.

Gresham faces foreign exchange risks because a significant portion of its revenue and expenses is denominated in foreign currencies. Further, some suppliers to Enertec and Relec require payment in U.S. dollars, which also

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exposes Gresham to risk. Generally, U.S. dollar strength adversely impacts the translation of the portion of Gresham’s revenue that is generated in foreign currencies into the U.S. dollar. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, a substantial portion of Gresham’s revenue was denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Gresham’s results of operations could also be negatively impacted by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar as a large portion of Gresham’s costs are U.S. dollar denominated. Gresham also has foreign exchange risk exposure with respect to certain of its assets that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of its subsidiaries, and its financial results are affected by the re-measurement and translation of these non-U.S. currencies into U.S. dollars, which is reflected in the effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash on the consolidated statements of cash flows. Strengthening of the U.S. dollar could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we had gains from foreign currency transaction adjustments of $693,000 and $2,300,000, respectively.

If Gresham is unable to satisfy its customers’ specific product quality, certification or network requirements, its business could be disrupted, and its financial condition could be harmed.

Gresham’s customers demand that its products meet stringent quality, performance and reliability standards. Gresham has, from time to time, experienced problems in satisfying such standards. Defects or failures have occurred in the past, and may occur in the future, relating to Gresham’s product quality, performance and reliability. From time to time, Gresham’s customers also require it to implement specific changes to its products to allow these products to operate within their specific network configurations. If Gresham is unable to remedy these failures or defects or if it cannot complete such required product modifications, Gresham could experience lost revenue, increased costs, including inventory write-offs, warranty expense and costs associated with customer support, delays in, or cancellations or rescheduling of, orders or shipments and product returns or discounts, any of which would harm our business.

Microphase has a history of losses and its future profitability on a quarterly or annual basis is uncertain, which could have a harmful effect on our business.

While Microphase was marginally profitable during fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2021, Microphase has historically incurred losses from operations. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, Microphase incurred net losses primarily due to supply chain shortages and a lack of working capital. Since the financial crisis of 2008, Microphase has been significantly short of capital needed to acquire parts for production of its products to complete orders for such products. At times, Microphase has not had the cash available to make advance payments for the purchase of parts, and then, as a consequence, Microphase would not receive the parts from its vendors required to finish a customer order. This would then delay the delivery of products to customers and would also delay recognition of the resulting revenue and the receipt of cash from the customer. There can be no assurance that Microphase will not operate at a loss during the current or future fiscal years.

Microphase’s future profitability depends upon many factors, including several that are beyond its control. These factors include, without limitation:

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A large percentage of Microphase’s current revenue is derived from prime defense contractors to the U.S. government and its allies, and the loss of these relationships, a reduction in U.S. government funding or a change in U.S. government spending priorities or bidding processes could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Microphase is highly dependent on sales to major defense contractors of the U.S. military and its allies, including Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, BAE Systems and SAAB. The percentages of its revenue that were derived from sales to these named major defense contractors and directly to the U.S. Government were approximately 71% and 48% in the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, was approximately 78% and 74% respectively. Therefore, any significant disruption or deterioration of Microphase’s relationship with any such major defense contractors or the U.S. Government could materially reduce its revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2021, there were two customers that accounted for more than 10% of Microphase’s sales: BAE Systems, and Lockheed Martin. During the years ended December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2021, there were two customers that accounted for more than 10% of Microphase’s sales: BAE Systems and Lockheed Martin. Microphase’s competitors continuously engage in efforts to expand their business relationships with the same major defense contractors and the U.S. Government and will continue these efforts in the future, and the U.S. Government may choose to use other contractors.

Microphase expects that a majority of the business that it seeks will be awarded through competitive bidding. Microphase operates in highly competitive markets and its competitors have more extensive or more specialized engineering, manufacturing and marketing capabilities than Microphase does in many areas, and Microphase may not be able to continue to win competitively awarded contracts or to obtain task orders under multi-award contracts. Further, the competitive bidding process involves significant cost and managerial time to prepare bids and proposals for contracts that may not be awarded to Microphase, as well as the risk that Microphase may fail to accurately estimate the resources and costs required to fulfill any contract awarded to us. Following any contract award, Microphase may experience significant expense or delay, contract modification or contract rescission as a result of its competitors protesting or challenging contracts awarded to it in competitive bidding. Major defense contractors to whom Microphase supplies components for systems must compete with other major defense contractors (to which Microphase may not supply components) for military orders from the U.S. Government.

In addition, the programs on which Microphase competes with other policy needs, which may be viewed as more necessary, for limited resources and an ever-changing amount of available funding in the budget and appropriation process. Budget and appropriations decisions made by the U.S. Government are outside of Microphase’s control and have long-term consequences for its business. U.S. Government spending priorities and levels remain uncertain and difficult to predict and are affected by numerous factors, including until recently sequestration (automatic, across-the-board U.S. Government budgetary spending cuts), and the purchase of Microphase’s products could be superseded by alternate arrangements. While the U.S. defense budget was recently increased, there can be no assurance that this increase will be maintained for the foreseeable future. A change in U.S. Government spending priorities or an increase in non-procurement spending at the expense of Microphase’s programs, or a reduction in total U.S. Government spending, could have material adverse consequences on Microphase’s future business.

Microphase’s U.S. government contracts may be terminated by the federal government at any time prior to their completion, which could lead to unexpected loss of sales and reduction in Microphase’s backlog.

Under the terms of Microphase’s contracts with prime defense contractors, the U.S. government may unilaterally:

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The federal government can terminate or modify any of its contracts with Microphase or its prime contractors either for the federal government’s convenience, or if Microphase or its prime contractors default, by failing to perform under the terms of the applicable contract. A termination arising out of Microphase’s default could expose it to liability and have a material adverse effect on its ability to compete for future federal government contracts and subcontracts. If the federal government or its prime contractors terminate and/or materially modify any of Microphase’s contracts or if any applicable options are not exercised, Microphase’s failure to replace sales generated from such contracts would result in lower sales and would adversely affect its earnings, which could have a material adverse effect on Microphase’s business, results of operations and financial condition. Microphase’s backlog as of December 31, 2021, was approximately $9.6 million and at September 30, 2022, was approximately $10.0 million. Microphase’s backlog could be adversely affected if contracts are modified or terminated.

If Gresham is unable to identify, attract, train and retain qualified personnel, especially its design and technical personnel, its business and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected and Gresham may not be able to effectively execute its business strategy.

Gresham’s performance and future success largely depends on its continuing ability to identify, attract, train, retain and motivate qualified personnel, including its management, sales and marketing, finance and in particular its engineering, design and technical personnel. For example, Gresham currently has a limited number of qualified personnel for the assembling and testing processes. Members of Microphase’s technical staff are nearing retirement and it may be difficult to replace them, given their experience and expertise. In addition, Gresham will need additional staff to drive Microphase’s forecasted growth and to allow Enertec to handle any large orders. Gresham does not know whether it will expand its workforce as it continues to pursue its business strategy. Gresham’s engineering, design and technical personnel represent a significant asset. The competition for qualified personnel in the defense industry in the United States, United Kingdom and Israel is intense and constrains Gresham’s ability to attract qualified personnel. The loss of the services of one or more of Gresham’s key employees, especially Gresham’s key engineering, design and technical personnel, or its inability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

Risks Related to Gresham’s Foreign Operations

Gresham’s financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected by potential political, economic and military instability in Israel.

A material portion of Gresham’s business is conducted through Enertec, its Israeli subsidiary. Political, economic and military conditions in Israel directly affect Enertec’s operations. A state of hostility, varying in degree and intensity in Israel, has led to security and economic problems for Israel. Such ongoing hostilities may hinder Israel’s international trade relations and may limit the geographic markets where Enertec can sell its products and solutions. Hostilities involving or threatening Israel, or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners, could materially and adversely affect Gresham’s operations. There also has been more friction between the Biden Administration and the Israeli government, particularly with the recent change in that government. If this were to result in reduced U.S. aid for Israel, it is possible that Enertec’s business could be adversely affected.

In addition, Israel-based companies and companies doing business with Israel have been the subject of an economic boycott by members of the Arab League and certain other predominantly Muslim countries, including Iran, since Israel’s establishment. Although Israel has entered into various agreements with certain Arab

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countries and the Palestinian Authority, and various declarations have been signed in connection with efforts to resolve some of the economic and political problems in the Middle East, we cannot predict whether or in what manner these problems will be resolved. Wars and acts of terrorism have resulted in significant damage to the Israeli economy, including reducing the level of foreign and local investment. Damages to Enertec’s operations or injuries to employees from rockets launched from Gaza, Lebanon or Iran, — or outright war against Israel — may have a material and adverse effect upon our company.

Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with war and terrorism. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or that it will sufficiently cover its potential damages. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Many of Enertec’s employees are obligated to perform military reserve duty in Israel, which could have a disruptive impact on Gresham’s business.

Certain number of Enertec’s officers and employees may be obligated to perform annual reserve duty in the Israel Defense Forces and are subject to being called up for active military duty at any time. All Israeli male citizens who have served in the army are subject to an obligation to perform reserve duty until they are between 40 and 49 years old, depending upon the nature of their military service. These military service obligations could have a disruptive impact on Gresham’s business, if hostilities develop in the future, which may adversely affect our business.

If we are unable to replace Relec’s senior management, it may encounter losses of business and operating losses.

Gresham acquired Relec on November 30, 2020, from its three owners who stayed following the closing. Gresham expects that the two of three principals may resign or take a step back from the business after the three-year earn-out period expires in December 2023 or perhaps earlier. Relec relies upon its former owners’ personal relationships and skills to grow and maintain relationships with customers and suppliers. Once they resign, although management believes that it has a sound succession plan in place, Relec may encounter losses of business and operating losses.

Risks Related to Our Original Business

The following risk factors are related to MicroSource and the Company’s Giga-tronics Division, which we refer to in this Prospectus as our “Original Business” prior to the consummation of the Business Combination.

If we are unable to monetize our EW business, we may be required to discontinue its business.

We initially sold our test solutions in laboratory settings. Competing against market incumbents in this segment exposed greater than expected challenges. Consequently, our EW test sales have fallen short of our expectations due to the longer than expected time required to establish credibility and grow market share in the laboratory segment.

During fiscal 2021, we moved beyond the laboratory environment and pursued opportunities for open-air range applications for our Threat Emulation System (“TEmS”) solution. Market incumbents on these ranges offer single-purpose solutions because the applications being addressed are less data-intensive and narrower in their requirements compared to those in the laboratory environment. We successfully won sales into applications for air-crew training and air-to-ground missile testing.

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Through December 31, 2022, we have spent over $24.0 million towards the development of the TEmS solution, but in calendar year 2022, we only sold $1.8 million of EW test products. Over the last four years the sales of EW test products have averaged $2.6M/year. Our inventory of EW test products was $2.96 million as of December 31, 2022.

If our reputation or relationships with the U.S. Government or the limited number of defense contractors with whom we work were harmed, our future revenues and cash flows would be adversely affected.

Our Original Business derives substantially all our revenue from the U.S. Government, its agencies and several defense contractors that supply them. Our reputation and relationships with various U.S. government entities and agencies, in particular with the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Navy, and the limited number of defense contractors serving these agencies, are key factors in maintaining and growing these revenues and winning bids for new business. Negative press reports or publicity, regardless of accuracy, could harm our reputation. If our reputation or relationships with government agencies were to be negatively affected, or if we are suspended or debarred from contracting with government agencies for any reason, the amount of business with government and other customers would decrease and our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity may be negatively impacted by increased levels of inflation. We are not able to predict the timing and effect of inflation, or its duration and severity. Inflation may cause our costs to purchase inventory to be higher than we planned, and we may not be able to sell our products to our customers at correspondingly increased prices, resulting in decreased profit margins.

Our EW test and training products are complex and could have unknown defects or errors, which may increase our costs, harm our reputation with customers, give rise to costly litigation, or divert our resources from other purposes.

Our EW test and training system products are extremely complex. Despite testing, our initial products contained defects and errors and may in the future contain defects, errors or performance problems following the sale or when new versions or enhancements are released, or even after these products have been used by our customers for a period of time. These problems could result in expensive and time-consuming design modifications or warranty charges, delays in the introduction of new products or enhancements, significant increases in our service and maintenance costs, diversion of our personnel’s attention from our product development and sales efforts, exposure to liability for damages, damaged customer relationships, and harm to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. In addition, increased development and warranty costs could be substantial and could reduce our operating margins.

We face risks related to production delays, delays of customer orders and the relatively high selling price of our RADAR/EW testing platform.

Our EW test and training platform has been the primary product development focus for the Original Business for the last several years. However, delays in completing its initial development, together with early design and manufacturing issues and longer than anticipated sales cycles have contributed to our inability to generate material sales. Additionally, the average selling price of our EW test and training system is considerably higher than our prior general-purpose test and measurement products, which requires additional internal approvals on the part of the customer and generally leads to longer sales cycles. Our financial condition may also cause potential customers to delay, postpone or decide against placing orders for our products. Continued longer than anticipated sales cycles in future fiscal years, or delays in production and shipping volume quantities, could have a material adverse impact on our operating results and liquidity.

Earthquakes and other events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our MicroSource facility is located in the San Francisco Bay Area near known earthquake fault zones and is vulnerable to significant damage from earthquakes. We are also vulnerable to other natural disasters, epidemics,

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such as COVID-19, and other events that could disrupt our operations that may be beyond our control. We do not carry insurance for earthquakes and we may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur. Any losses or damages we incur could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, cash flows and success as an overall business.

Risks Related to the Distribution and Ownership of Our Common Stock

We may not achieve the benefits expected from the Distribution and may be more susceptible to adverse events.

We expect that, as a company independent from Ault, we will be able to grow organically and through acquisitions. Nonetheless, we may not be able to achieve any of these benefits. Further, by separating from Ault, there is a risk that we may be more susceptible to adverse events than we would have otherwise experienced as a subsidiary of Ault. As a subsidiary of Ault, we enjoyed certain benefits, including economies of scope and scale in costs, employees and business relationships. These benefits may not be as readily achievable as a smaller, stand-alone company.

Because the Distribution will significantly increase the number of free trading shares it is likely many Ault stockholders will sell their common stock which may depress our stock price.

Immediately after the Distribution, it is possible that there may be a larger number of sellers than purchasers of the Company’s common stock, as our new stockholders may not be interested in owning our common stock and may sell their shares of our common stock. If such a situation occurs, the price of our common stock would likely be materially reduced. See “Trading and Dividend Information.” Any such decline could hamper our ability to raise capital.

The price of our common stock may have little or no relationship to the historical bid prices of our common stock on the OTCQB.

There has been a relatively illiquid public market for our common stock on the OTCQB. The average daily trading volume of our shares of common stock during 2022 was 1,411 shares as of December 27, 2022. It is difficult to predict the broader market demand for our common stock and thus the price of our common stock after giving effect to the Distribution. As a result, you should not rely on these historical sales prices as they may differ materially from subsequent prices and the trading volume of our common stock following the Distribution.

The rights of the holders of common stock may be impaired by the potential issuance of preferred stock.

Our charter documents give our Board of the right to create new series of preferred stock. As a result, our Board may, without stockholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting, dividend, conversion, liquidation or other rights which could adversely affect the voting power and equity interest of the holders of common stock. Preferred stock, which could be issued with the right to more than one vote per share, could be utilized as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change of control. The possible impact on takeover attempts could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Although we have no present intention to issue any shares of preferred stock, we may issue such shares in the future.

Our stock price may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors and litigation.

In addition to changes to market prices based on our results of operations and the factors discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, the market price of and trading volume for our common stock may change for a variety of other reasons, not necessarily related to our actual operating performance. The capital markets have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the average daily trading volume of the securities of small companies can be very low, which may contribute to future volatility. Factors that could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly include:

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Any of these factors, as well as broader market and industry factors, may result in large and sudden changes in the trading volume of our common stock and could seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. This may prevent you from being able to sell your shares at or above the price you paid for your shares, if at all. In addition, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s shares, stockholders often institute securities class action litigation against that company. Our involvement in any class action suit or other legal proceeding could divert our senior management’s attention and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our common stock, the market price of our common stock will likely decline.

The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts, over whom we have no control, publish about our business and us. We may never obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the market price for our common stock could decline. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, the market price of our common stock could decline if one or more equity analysts downgrade our common stock or if those analysts issue unfavorable commentary, even if it is inaccurate, or cease publishing reports about us or our business.

If our shares of common stock are subject to the penny stock rules, it would become more difficult to trade our shares.

The SEC has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by

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the exchange or system. Unless we are listed on the NYSE American, or the Nasdaq Stock Market or if the price of our common stock is less than $5.00 (as it is now), our common stock will be a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.

We do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.

We have not paid any dividends on our common stock to date, and we do not anticipate paying any such dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that any earnings experienced by us will be retained to finance the implementation of our operational business plan and expected future growth.

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