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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K


ý

 

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011

OR

o

 

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                         to                        

Commission file number 1-11840

THE ALLSTATE CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware   36-3871531
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
  (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

2775 Sanders Road, Northbrook, Illinois    60062
(Address of principal executive offices)         (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (847) 402-5000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class
 
Name of each exchange
on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share   New York Stock Exchange
Chicago Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

        Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes     X                                No           

        Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes                                        No    X   

        Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes     X                                No           

        Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes     X                                No           

        Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.        X   

        Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer     X      Accelerated filer           

Non-accelerated filer            (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

 

Smaller reporting company           

        Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes                                        No    X   

        The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, June 30, 2011, was approximately $15.68 billion.

        As of February 1, 2012, the registrant had 498,294,074 shares of common stock outstanding.

Documents Incorporated By Reference

        Portions of the following documents are incorporated herein by reference as follows:

        Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference certain information from the registrant's definitive proxy statement for its annual stockholders meeting to be held on May 22, 2012 (the "Proxy Statement") to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

 
   
  Page

PART I

   

Item 1.

 

Business

  1

 

        Priorities

  1

 

        Allstate Protection Segment

  1

 

        Allstate Financial Segment

  3

 

        Other Business Segments

  5

 

        Reserve for Property-Liability Claims and Claims Expense

  5

 

        Regulation

  9

 

        Internet Website

  12

 

        Other Information about Allstate

  12

 

        Executive Officers

  13

Item 1A.

 

Risk Factors

  14

Item 1B.

 

Unresolved Staff Comments

  23

Item 2.

 

Properties

  23

Item 3.

 

Legal Proceedings

  23

Item 4.

 

Mine Safety Disclosures

  23

PART II

   

Item 5.

 

Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholders Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

  24

Item 6.

 

Selected Financial Data

  25

Item 7.

 

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

  26

Item 7A.

 

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

  109

Item 8.

 

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

  109

Item 9.

 

Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

  195

Item 9A.

 

Controls and Procedures

  195

Item 9B.

 

Other Information

  195

PART III

   

Item 10.

 

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

  196

Item 11.

 

Executive Compensation

  196

Item 12.

 

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

  197

Item 13.

 

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

  197

Item 14.

 

Principal Accounting Fees and Services

  197

PART IV

   

Item 15.

 

Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

  198

Signatures

  202

Financial Statement Schedules

  S-1

Table of Contents


Part I

Item 1.  Business

       The Allstate Corporation was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on November 5, 1992 to serve as the holding company for Allstate Insurance Company. Its business is conducted principally through Allstate Insurance Company, Allstate Life Insurance Company and their affiliates (collectively, including The Allstate Corporation, "Allstate"). Allstate is primarily engaged in the personal property and casualty insurance business and the life insurance, retirement and investment products business. It conducts its business primarily in the United States.

       The Allstate Corporation is the largest publicly held personal lines insurer in the United States. Widely known through the "You're In Good Hands With Allstate®" slogan, Allstate is reinventing protection and retirement to help individuals in approximately 16 million households protect what they have today and better prepare for tomorrow. Customers can access Allstate products and services such as auto insurance and homeowners insurance through nearly 12,000 exclusive Allstate agencies and financial representatives in the United States and Canada. Allstate is the 2 nd  largest personal property and casualty insurer in the United States on the basis of 2010 statutory direct premiums earned. In addition, according to A.M. Best, it is the nation's 16 th  largest issuer of life insurance business on the basis of 2010 ordinary life insurance in force and 21 st  largest on the basis of 2010 statutory admitted assets.

      Allstate has four business segments:

Allstate Protection

 

Discontinued Lines and Coverages

Allstate Financial

 

Corporate and Other

       To achieve its goals in 2012, Allstate is focused on the following priorities:

maintain auto profitability;
raise returns in homeowners and annuity businesses;
grow insurance premiums; and
proactively manage investments and capital.

       In this annual report on Form 10-K, we occasionally refer to statutory financial information. All domestic United States insurance companies are required to prepare statutory-basis financial statements. As a result, industry data is available that enables comparisons between insurance companies, including competitors that are not subject to the requirement to prepare financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). We frequently use industry publications containing statutory financial information to assess our competitive position.


ALLSTATE PROTECTION SEGMENT

Products and Distribution

       Our Allstate Protection segment accounted for 92% of Allstate's 2011 consolidated insurance premiums and contract charges. In this segment, we principally sell private passenger auto and homeowners insurance through agencies and directly through call centers and the internet. These products are marketed under the Allstate®, Encompass® and Esurance® brand names. The Allstate Protection segment also includes a separate organization called Emerging Businesses which comprises Business Insurance (commercial products for small business owners), Consumer Household (specialty products including motorcycle, boat, renters and condominium insurance policies), Allstate Dealer Services (insurance and non-insurance products sold primarily to auto dealers), Allstate Roadside Services (retail and wholesale roadside assistance products) and Ivantage (insurance agency). We also participate in the involuntary or shared private passenger auto insurance business in order to maintain our licenses to do business in many states. In some states, Allstate exclusive agencies offer non-proprietary property insurance products.

       Allstate serves four different consumer segments with distinct interaction preferences (advice and assistance versus self-directed) and brand preferences (brand-neutral versus brand-sensitive). Allstate brand auto and homeowners insurance products are sold primarily through Allstate exclusive agencies and serve customers who prefer local personal advice and service and are brand-sensitive. In most states, customers can also purchase certain Allstate brand personal insurance products, and obtain service, directly through call centers and the internet. Beginning in 2012, Allstate Brand direct sales and service will focus on serving customers who prefer personal advice and assistance and work closer with Allstate exclusive agencies. Encompass brand auto and homeowners insurance products are sold through independent agencies and serve customers who prefer personal service and support primarily from an independent agent and are brand-neutral. Esurance brand auto insurance products are sold directly to consumers online, through call centers and through select agents, including Answer Financial, and serve the self-directed, brand-sensitive

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customers. Answer Financial, an independent personal lines insurance agency, serves self-directed, brand-neutral consumers who want a choice between insurance carriers and offers comparison quotes for auto and homeowners insurance from approximately twenty insurance companies through its website and over the phone.

       Allstate is transitioning to a new compensation structure for its Allstate exclusive agencies over the next two years. The plan will better align compensation with customer needs and reward higher performance. The cost neutral change will include a shift to a higher proportion of variable compensation and bonus. In 2012, base commission remains unchanged and the annual bonus will be based on portfolio growth and household bundling.

       Total Allstate Protection premiums written were $25.98 billion in 2011. Our broad-based network of approximately 10,000 Allstate exclusive agencies in approximately 9,700 locations in the U.S. produced approximately 86% of the Allstate Protection segment's written premiums in 2011. 10% of Allstate Protection's written premiums in 2011 were generated by approximately 4,400 independent agencies. To support customer service, we are supporting Allstate exclusive agencies by providing products, tools, education, and resources to help them acquire more business and retain more customers. Our programs provide financing to agents to acquire books of business and award additional resources to better performing agencies, leading to fewer agencies of larger size. Approximately 300 of the decrease in the number of Allstate exclusive agencies from 11,500 in 2010 is due to consolidation of a small number of locations that, for specified reasons, were allowed to operate with two agent numbers. We are among the nine largest providers of personal property and casualty insurance products through independent agencies in the United States, based on statutory written premium information provided by A.M. Best for 2010. The remainder of Allstate Protection's written premiums in 2011 were primarily generated directly through call centers and the internet.

       Additionally, Allstate distribution, through brokering arrangements, offers non-proprietary products to consumers when an Allstate product is not available. As of December 31, 2011, Allstate distribution has approximately $1.0 billion of non-proprietary personal insurance premiums under management, primarily related to property business in hurricane exposed areas, and approximately $130 million of non-proprietary commercial insurance premiums under management. Answer Financial had $400 million of non-proprietary premiums written in 2011.

Competition

       The markets for personal private passenger auto and homeowners insurance are highly competitive. The following charts provide the market shares of our principal competitors in the U.S. by direct written premium for the year ended December 31, 2010 (the most recent date such competitive information is available) according to A.M. Best.

Private Passenger Auto Insurance
  Homeowners Insurance
 
 
   
   
 
Insurer
  Market Share  
Insurer
  Market Share  

State Farm

    18.1 %

State Farm

    20.9 %

Allstate

    10.4 %

Allstate

    9.3 %

GEICO

    8.6 %

Farmers

    6.3 %

Progressive

    7.8 %

Liberty Mutual

    5.2 %

Farmers

    6.1 %

Travelers

    4.7 %

Liberty Mutual

    4.6 %

USAA

    4.3 %

USAA

    4.4 %

Nationwide

    4.2 %

Nationwide

    4.3 %          

       In the personal property and casualty insurance market, we compete principally on the basis of the recognition of our brands, the scope of our distribution system, price, the breadth of our product offerings, product features, customer service, claim handling, and use of technology. In addition, our proprietary database of underwriting and pricing experience enables Allstate to use pricing sophistication to more accurately price risks and to cross sell products within our customer base.

       Pricing sophistication and related underwriting and marketing programs use a number of risk evaluation factors. For auto insurance, these factors can include but are not limited to vehicle make, model and year; driver age and marital status; territory; years licensed; loss history; years insured with prior carrier; prior liability limits; prior lapse in coverage; and insurance scoring based on credit report information. For property insurance, these factors can include but are not limited to amount of insurance purchased; geographic location of the property; loss history; age, condition and construction characteristics of the property; and insurance scoring based on credit report information.

       Our primary focus in using pricing sophistication methods has been on acquiring and retaining profitable business. The aim has been to enhance Allstate's competitive position with respect to "target" market segments while

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maintaining or improving profitability. "Target customers" generally refers to consumers who want to purchase multiple products from one insurance provider including auto, homeowners and financial products, who have better retention and potentially present more favorable prospects for profitability over the course of their relationships with us. We provide and continue to enhance a range of discounts to attract more target customers. For example, we discount auto insurance to attract and retain target customers. In many states, we discount homeowners insurance for customers who insure their automobiles with Allstate.

       Allstate Your Choice Auto® insurance allows qualified customers to choose from a variety of optional auto insurance packages at various prices. We believe that Allstate Your Choice Auto differentiates Allstate from its competitors and allows for increased growth and increased retention. Allstate Your Choice Home® allows qualified customers to choose from options such as a claim-free bonus and greater ability to tailor their own home insurance protection coverage. Allstate Blue® is our non-standard auto insurance product which offers features such as a loyalty bonus and roadside assistance coverage. We have also introduced a claim satisfaction guarantee that promises a return of premium to any Allstate Brand standard auto insurance customer dissatisfied with their claims experience, which differentiates Allstate from the competition.

Geographic Markets

       The principal geographic markets for our auto, homeowners, and other personal property and casualty products are in the United States. Through various subsidiaries, we are authorized to sell various types of personal property and casualty insurance products in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. We also sell personal property and casualty insurance products in Canada through a distribution system similar to that used in the United States.

       The following table reflects, in percentages, the principal geographic distribution of premiums earned for the Allstate Protection segment for the year ended December 31, 2011, based on information contained in statements filed with state insurance departments. No other jurisdiction accounted for more than 5 percent of the premiums earned for the segment.

New York

    10.6 %

California

    10.0 %

Texas

    9.3 %

Florida

    8.4 %

Pennsylvania

    5.4 %

       We continue to take actions to support earning an acceptable return on the risks assumed in our property business and to reduce variability in our earnings. Accordingly, we expect to continue to adjust underwriting practices with respect to our property business in markets with significant catastrophe risk exposure. Our comprehensive strategic review of our homeowners insurance business is ongoing.

Additional Information

       Information regarding the last three years' revenues and income from operations attributable to the Allstate Protection segment is contained in Note 19 of the consolidated financial statements. Note 19 also includes information regarding the last three years' identifiable assets attributable to our property-liability operations, which includes our Allstate Protection segment and our Discontinued Lines and Coverages segment. Note 19 is incorporated in this Part I, Item 1 by reference.

       Information regarding the amount of premium earned for Allstate Protection segment products for the last three years is set forth in Part II, Item 7 – Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, in the table regarding premiums earned by brand. That table is incorporated in this Part I, Item 1 by reference.


ALLSTATE FINANCIAL SEGMENT

Products and Distribution

       Our Allstate Financial segment provides life insurance, retirement and investment products, and voluntary accident and health insurance products. Our principal products are interest-sensitive, traditional and variable life insurance; fixed annuities including deferred and immediate; and voluntary accident and health insurance. Our institutional products, which we most recently offered in 2008, consist of funding agreements sold to unaffiliated trusts that use them to back medium-term notes issued to institutional and individual investors. Banking products and services were offered to customers through the Allstate Bank through September 2011. The table on page 4 lists our major distribution channels for this segment, with the associated products and targeted customers.

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       As the table indicates, we sell Allstate Financial products to individuals through multiple intermediary distribution channels, including Allstate exclusive agencies and exclusive financial specialists, independent agents, specialized structured settlement brokers and directly through call centers and the internet. We sell products through independent agents affiliated with approximately 125 master brokerage agencies. Independent workplace enrolling agents and Allstate exclusive agencies also sell our voluntary accident and health insurance products primarily to employees of unaffiliated businesses.

Allstate Financial Distribution Channels, Products and Target Customers

 
Distribution Channel
  Proprietary Products
  Target Customers
Allstate exclusive
agencies

(Allstate Exclusive
Agents and
Allstate Exclusive
Financial Specialists)
  Term life insurance
Whole life insurance
Interest-sensitive life insurance
Variable life insurance
Deferred fixed annuities (including indexed and market value adjusted "MVA")
Immediate fixed annuities
Workplace life and voluntary accident and health insurance  (4)
  Middle market  (1) ,
emerging affluent  (2) and
mass affluent
consumers  (3) with
retirement and family
financial protection needs
 

Independent agents
(through master
brokerage agencies)

 

Term life insurance
Interest-sensitive life insurance
Variable life insurance
Deferred fixed annuities (including indexed and MVA)
Immediate fixed annuities

 

Emerging affluent and
mass affluent consumers
with retirement and family
financial protection needs
 

Independent agents
(as workplace enrolling agents)

 

Workplace life and voluntary accident and health insurance  (4)

 

Middle market consumers
with family financial
protection needs
employed by small,
medium, and large size
firms
 

Structured settlement
annuity brokers

 

Structured settlement annuities

 

Typically used to fund or
annuitize large claims or
litigation settlements
 

Broker-dealers
(Funding agreements)

 

Funding agreements backing medium-term notes

 

Institutional and individual
investors
 

Direct
(includes call centers
and the internet)  (5)

 

Term life insurance
Whole life insurance

 

Middle market  (1) ,
emerging affluent  (2) and
mass affluent
consumers  (3) with family
financial protection needs
 
(1)
Consumers with $35,000-$75,000 in household income.
(2)
Consumers with $75,000-$150,000 in household income.
(3)
Consumers with greater than $150,000 in household income.
(4)
Interest-sensitive and term life insurance; disability income insurance; cancer, accident, critical illness and heart/stroke insurance; hospital indemnity; limited benefit medical insurance; and dental insurance.
(5)
Internet sales are not available in all states.

       Allstate exclusive agencies and exclusive financial specialists also sell the following non-proprietary products in addition to Allstate Financial products: mutual funds, fixed and variable annuities, disability insurance, and long-term care insurance. As of December 31, 2011, Allstate agencies have approximately $7.5 billion of non-proprietary mutual funds and fixed and variable annuity account balances under management.

       In 2011, after receiving regulatory approval to voluntarily dissolve, Allstate Bank ceased operations. In the first half of 2012, we expect to cancel the bank's charter and deregister The Allstate Corporation as a savings and loan holding company.

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Competition

       We compete on a wide variety of factors, including the scope of our distribution systems, the type of our product offerings, the recognition of our brands, our financial strength and ratings, our differentiated product features and prices, and the level of customer service that we provide. With regard to funding agreements, we compete principally on the basis of our financial strength and ratings.

       The market for life insurance, retirement and investment products continues to be highly fragmented and competitive. As of December 31, 2011, there were approximately 450 groups of life insurance companies in the United States, most of which offered one or more similar products. According to A.M. Best, as of December 31, 2010, the Allstate Financial segment is the nation's 16 th  largest issuer of life insurance and related business on the basis of 2010 ordinary life insurance in force and 21 st  largest on the basis of 2010 statutory admitted assets. In addition, because many of these products include a savings or investment component, our competition includes domestic and foreign securities firms, investment advisors, mutual funds, banks and other financial institutions. Competitive pressure continues to grow due to several factors, including cross marketing alliances between unaffiliated businesses, as well as consolidation activity in the financial services industry.

Geographic Markets

       We sell life insurance, retirement and investment products, and voluntary accident and health insurance throughout the United States. Through subsidiaries, we are authorized to sell various types of these products in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam. We also sell funding agreements in the United States.

       The following table reflects, in percentages, the principal geographic distribution of statutory premiums and annuity considerations for the Allstate Financial segment for the year ended December 31, 2011, based on information contained in statements filed with state insurance departments. No other jurisdiction accounted for more than 5 percent of the statutory premiums and annuity considerations.

California

    11.3 %

Texas

    8.4 %

Florida

    8.1 %

Nebraska

    7.8 %

Additional Information

       Information regarding the last three years' revenues and income from operations attributable to the Allstate Financial segment is contained in Note 19 of the consolidated financial statements. Note 19 also includes information regarding the last three years' identifiable assets attributable to the Allstate Financial segment. Note 19 is incorporated in this Part I, Item 1 by reference.

       Information regarding premiums and contract charges for Allstate Financial segment products for the last three years is set forth in Part II, Item 7 – Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, in the table that summarizes premiums and contract charges by product. That table is incorporated in this Part I, Item 1 by reference.


OTHER BUSINESS SEGMENTS

       Our Corporate and Other segment is comprised of holding company activities and certain non-insurance operations. Note 19 of the consolidated financial statements contains information regarding the revenues, income from operations, and identifiable assets attributable to our Corporate and Other segment over the last three years.

       Our Discontinued Lines and Coverages segment includes results from insurance coverage that we no longer write and results for certain commercial and other businesses in run-off. Our exposure to asbestos, environmental and other discontinued lines claims is presented in this segment. Note 19 of the consolidated financial statements contains information for the last three years regarding revenues, income from operations, and identifiable assets attributable to our property-liability operations, which includes both our Allstate Protection segment and our Discontinued Lines and Coverages segment. Note 19 is incorporated in this Part I, Item 1 by reference.


RESERVE FOR PROPERTY-LIABILITY CLAIMS AND CLAIMS EXPENSE

       The following information regarding reserves applies to all of our property-liability operations, encompassing both the Allstate Protection segment and the Discontinued Lines and Coverages segment.

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Reconciliation of Claims Reserves

       The following tables are summary reconciliations of the beginning and ending property-liability insurance claims and claims expense reserves, displayed individually for each of the last three years. The first table presents reserves on a gross (before reinsurance) basis. The end of year gross reserve balances are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The second table presents reserves on a net (after reinsurance) basis. The total net property-liability insurance claims and claims expense amounts are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Gross
($ in millions)
  Year ended December 31,  
 
  2011   2010   2009  

Gross reserve for property-liability claims and claims expense, beginning of year

  $ 19,468   $ 19,167   $ 19,456  

Esurance acquisition on October 7, 2011

    487          
               

Total gross reserve adjusted

    19,955     19,167     19,456  

Incurred claims and claims expense

                   

Provision attributable to the current year

    20,914     19,327     19,111  

Change in provision attributable to prior years

    174     (105 )   50  
               

Total claims and claims expense

    21,088     19,222     19,161  

Claim payments

                   

Claims and claims expense attributable to current year

    14,105     12,087     12,002  

Claims and claims expense attributable to prior years

    6,563     6,834     7,448  
               

Total payments

    20,668     18,921     19,450  
               

Gross reserve for property-liability claims and claims expense, end of year as shown on the Loss Reserve Reestimates table

 
$

20,375
 
$

19,468
 
$

19,167
 
               

 

Net
  Year ended December 31,  
 
  2011   2010   2009  

Net reserve for property-liability claims and claims expense, beginning of year

  $ 17,396   $ 17,028   $ 17,182  

Esurance acquisition on October 7, 2011

    425          
               

Total net reserve adjusted

    17,821     17,028     17,182  

Incurred claims and claims expense

                   

Provision attributable to the current year

    20,496     19,110     18,858  

Change in provision attributable to prior years

    (335 )   (159 )   (112 )
               

Total claims and claims expense

    20,161     18,951     18,746  

Claim payments

                   

Claims and claims expense attributable to current year

    13,893     12,012     11,905  

Claims and claims expense attributable to prior years

    6,302     6,571     6,995  
               

Total payments

    20,195     18,583     18,900  
               

Net reserve for property-liability claims and claims expense, end of year as shown on the Loss Reserve Reestimates table  (1)

 
$

17,787
 
$

17,396
 
$

17,028
 
               

(1)
Reserves for claims and claims expense are net of reinsurance of $2.59 billion, $2.07 billion and $2.14 billion as of December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.

       The year-end 2011 gross reserves of $20.38 billion for property-liability insurance claims and claims expense, as determined under GAAP, were $3.83 billion more than the net reserve balance of $16.55 billion recorded on the basis of statutory accounting practices for reports provided to state regulatory authorities. The principal differences are reinsurance recoverables from third parties totaling $2.59 billion that reduce reserves for statutory reporting but are recorded as assets for GAAP reporting, and a liability for the reserves of the Canadian subsidiaries for $1.00 billion. Remaining differences are due to variations in requirements between GAAP and statutory reporting.

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       As the tables above illustrate, Allstate's net reserve for property-liability insurance claims and claims expense at the end of 2010 decreased in 2011 by $335 million, compared to reestimates of the gross reserves of an increase of $174 million. Net reserve reestimates in 2011, 2010 and 2009 were more favorable than the gross reserve reestimates due to reinsurance cessions.

Loss Reserve Reestimates

       The following Loss Reserve Reestimates table illustrates the change over time of the net reserves established for property-liability insurance claims and claims expense at the end of the last eleven calendar years. The first section shows the reserves as originally reported at the end of the stated year. The second section, reading down, shows the cumulative amounts paid as of the end of successive years with respect to that reserve liability. The third section, reading down, shows retroactive reestimates of the original recorded reserve as of the end of each successive year which is the result of Allstate's expanded awareness of additional facts and circumstances that pertain to the unsettled claims. The last section compares the latest reestimated reserve to the reserve originally established, and indicates whether the original reserve was adequate to cover the estimated costs of unsettled claims. The table also presents the gross reestimated liability as of the end of the latest reestimation period, with separate disclosure of the related reestimated reinsurance recoverable.

       The Loss Reserve Reestimates table is cumulative and, therefore, ending balances should not be added since the amount at the end of each calendar year includes activity for both the current and prior years. Unfavorable reserve reestimates are shown in this table in parentheses.

($ in millions)
  Loss Reserve Reestimates
December 31,
 
 
  2001
& prior
  2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011  

Gross reserves for unpaid claims and claims Expense

  $ 16,500   $ 16,690   $ 17,714   $ 19,338   $ 22,117   $ 18,866   $ 18,865   $ 19,456   $ 19,167   $ 19,468     20,375  

Reinsurance recoverable

    1,667     1,672     1,734     2,577     3,186     2,256     2,205     2,274     2,139     2,072     2,588  
                                               

Reserve for unpaid claims and claims expense

    14,833     15,018     15,980     16,761     18,931     16,610     16,660     17,182     17,028     17,396     17,787  

Paid (cumulative) as of:

                                                                   

One year later

    6,874     6,275     6,073     6,665     7,952     6,684     6,884     6,995     6,571     6,302        

Two years later

    9,931     9,241     9,098     9,587     11,293     9,957     9,852     10,069     9,491              

Three years later

    11,730     11,165     10,936     11,455     13,431     11,837     11,761     11,915                    

Four years later

    12,949     12,304     12,088     12,678     14,608     12,990     12,902                          

Five years later

    13,648     13,032     12,866     13,374     15,325     13,723                                

Six years later

    14,135     13,583     13,326     13,866     15,839                                      

Seven years later

    14,558     13,928     13,703     14,303                                            

Eight years later

    14,829     14,243     14,082                                                  

Nine years later

    15,099     14,588                                                        

Ten years later

    15,406                                                              

Reserve reestimated as of:

                                                                   

End of year

    14,833     15,018     15,980     16,761     18,931     16,610     16,660     17,182     17,028     17,396     17,787  

One year later

    15,518     15,419     15,750     16,293     17,960     16,438     16,830     17,070     16,869     17,061        

Two years later

    16,175     15,757     15,677     16,033     17,876     16,633     17,174     17,035     16,903              

Three years later

    16,696     15,949     15,721     16,213     18,162     17,135     17,185     17,217                    

Four years later

    16,937     16,051     15,915     16,337     18,805     17,238     17,393                          

Five years later

    17,041     16,234     16,027     16,895     19,014     17,447                                

Six years later

    17,207     16,351     16,496     17,149     19,215                                      

Seven years later

    17,321     16,778     16,763     17,344                                            

Eight years later

    17,701     17,062     16,950                                                  

Nine years later

    17,991     17,224                                                        

Ten years later

    18,137                                                              

Initial reserve in excess of (less than) reestimated reserve:

                                                                   

Amount of reestimate

    (3,304 )   (2,206 )   (970 )   (583 )   (284 )   (837 )   (733 )   (35 )   125     335        

Percent

    (22.3 )%   (14.7 )%   (6.1 )%   (3.5 )%   (1.5 )%   (5.0 )%   (4.4 )%   (0.2 )%   0.7 %   1.9 %      

Gross reestimated liability-latest

   
21,763
   
20,838
   
20,386
   
21,030
   
23,384
   
20,547
   
20,361
   
20,163
   
19,565
   
19,642
       

Reestimated recoverable-latest

    3,626     3,614     3,436     3,686     4,169     3,100     2,968     2,946     2,662     2,581        
                                                 

Net reestimated liability-latest

    18,137     17,224     16,950     17,344     19,215     17,447     17,393     17,217     16,903     17,061        

Gross cumulative reestimate (increase) decrease

  $ (5,263 ) $ (4,148 ) $ (2,672 ) $ (1,692 ) $ (1,267 ) $ (1,681 ) $ (1,496 ) $ (707 ) $ (398 ) $ (174 )      
                                                 

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($ in millions)
 
  Amount of reestimates for each segment
December 31,
 
 
  2001
& prior
  2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010  

Net Discontinued Lines and Coverages reestimate

  $ (1,877 ) $ (1,646 ) $ (1,072 ) $ (437 ) $ (270 ) $ (138 ) $ (91 ) $ (73 ) $ (49 ) $ (21 )

Net Allstate Protection reestimate

    (1,427 )   (560 )   102     (146 )   (14 )   (699 )   (642 )   38     174     356  
                                           

Amount of reestimate (net)

  $ (3,304 ) $ (2,206 ) $ (970 ) $ (583 ) $ (284 ) $ (837 ) $ (733 ) $ (35 ) $ 125   $ 335  
                                           

       As shown in the above table, the subsequent cumulative increase in the net reserves established up to December 31, 2004, in general, reflect additions to reserves in the Discontinued Lines and Coverages Segment, primarily for asbestos and environmental liabilities, which offset the effects of favorable severity trends experienced by Allstate Protection, as discussed more fully below. The cumulative increases in reserves established as of December 31, 2006 and 2007 are due to the shift of reserves to older accident years attributable to a reallocation of reserves related to employee postretirement benefits to more accident years, litigation settlements, reclassification of injury and non-injury reserves to older years along with reserve strengthening as discussed below.

       The following table is derived from the Loss Reserve Reestimates table and summarizes the effect of reserve reestimates, net of reinsurance, on calendar year operations for the ten-year period ended December 31, 2011. The total of each column details the amount of reserve reestimates made in the indicated calendar year and shows the accident years to which the reestimates are applicable. The amounts in the total accident year column on the far right represent the cumulative reserve reestimates for the indicated accident year(s). Favorable reserve reestimates are shown in this table in parentheses. Since December 31, 2003, the changes in total have generally been favorable other than 2008 which was adversely impacted due to litigation filed in conjunction with a Louisiana deadline for filing suits related to Hurricane Katrina, as shown and discussed more fully below.

 
  Effect of net reserve reestimates on calendar year operations  
($ in millions)
  2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011   Total  
BY ACCIDENT YEAR
 

2001 & prior

  $ 685   $ 657   $ 521   $ 241   $ 104   $ 166   $ 113   $ 379   $ 290   $ 146   $ 3,302  

2002

          (256 )   (183 )   (49 )   (2 )   18     3     47     (6 )   16     (412 )

2003

                (568 )   (265 )   (58 )   11     (4 )   43     (17 )   25     (833 )

2004

                      (395 )   (304 )   (14 )   12     90     (13 )   8     (616 )

2005

                            (711 )   (264 )   162     84     (45 )   6     (768 )

2006

                                  (89 )   (91 )   (141 )   (106 )   8     (419 )

2007

                                        (25 )   (158 )   (92 )   (1 )   (276 )

2008

                                              (456 )   (46 )   (26 )   (528 )

2009

                                                    (124 )   (148 )   (272 )

2010

                                                          (369 )   (369 )
                                               

TOTAL

  $ 685   $ 401   $ (230 ) $ (468 ) $ (971 ) $ (172 ) $ 170   $ (112 ) $ (159 ) $ (335 ) $ (1,191 )
                                               

       In 2011, favorable prior year reserve reestimates were primarily due to auto severity development that was less than anticipated in previous estimates and catastrophe losses. The increased reserves in accident years 2001 & prior is due to a reclassification of injury reserves to older years and reserve strengthening.

       In 2010, favorable prior year reserve reestimates were primarily due to Allstate Protection catastrophe losses and auto severity development that was less than anticipated in previous estimates, partially offset by litigation settlements. The increased reserves in accident years 2000 & prior is due to the litigation settlements of $100 million, a reclassification of injury reserves to older years and reserve strengthening.

       In 2009, favorable prior year reserve reestimates were primarily due to Allstate Protection catastrophe losses that were less than anticipated in previous estimates. The shift of reserves to older accident years is attributable to a reallocation of reserves related to employee postretirement benefits to more accident years, and a reclassification of injury and 2008 non-injury reserves to older years.

       In 2008, unfavorable prior year reserve reestimates were primarily due to Allstate Protection catastrophe losses that were more than anticipated in previous estimates.

       In 2007, favorable prior year reserve reestimates were primarily due to Allstate Protection auto severity development that was less than what was anticipated in previous estimates. Decreased reserve reestimates for Allstate

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Protection more than offset increased reestimates of losses primarily related to environmental liabilities reported by the Discontinued Lines and Coverages segment.

       In 2006, 2005 and 2004, favorable prior year reserve reestimates were primarily due to Allstate Protection auto injury severity and late reported loss development that was less than what was anticipated in previous reserve estimates and in 2006, also by catastrophe losses that were less than anticipated in previous estimates. Decreased reserve reestimates for Allstate Protection more than offset increased reestimates of losses primarily related to asbestos liabilities reported by the Discontinued Lines and Coverages segment.

       In 2003, unfavorable prior year reserve reestimates were due to increases primarily related to asbestos and other discontinued lines, partially offset by favorable Allstate Protection auto injury severity and late reported loss development that was better than previous estimates.

       In 2002, unfavorable prior year reserve reestimates were due to claim severity and late reported losses for Allstate Protection that were greater than what was anticipated in previous reserve estimates and to increased estimates of losses primarily related to asbestos and environmental liabilities in the Discontinued Lines and Coverages segment.

       For additional information regarding reserves, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Property-Liability Claims and Claims Expense Reserves."


REGULATION

       Allstate is subject to extensive regulation, primarily at the state level. The method, extent, and substance of such regulation varies by state but generally has its source in statutes that establish standards and requirements for conducting the business of insurance and that delegate regulatory authority to a state agency. In general, such regulation is intended for the protection of those who purchase or use insurance products. These rules have a substantial effect on our business and relate to a wide variety of matters, including insurer solvency, reserve adequacy, insurance company licensing and examination, agent and adjuster licensing, policy forms, price setting, the nature and amount of investments, claims practices, participation in shared markets and guaranty funds, transactions with affiliates, the payment of dividends, underwriting standards, statutory accounting methods, trade practices, and corporate governance. Some of these matters are discussed in more detail below. For a discussion of statutory financial information, see Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements. For a discussion of regulatory contingencies, see Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements. Notes 14 and 16 are incorporated in this Part I, Item 1 by reference.

       In recent years, the state insurance regulatory framework has come under increased federal scrutiny. As part of an effort to strengthen the regulation of the financial services market, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ("Dodd-Frank") was enacted in 2010. Hundreds of regulations must still be promulgated and implemented pursuant to this new law, and we cannot predict what the final regulations will require but do not expect a material impact on Allstate's operations. The new law also created the Federal Insurance Office ("FIO") within the Treasury Department. The FIO will monitor the insurance industry, provide advice to the new Financial Stability Oversight Council, represent the U.S. on international insurance matters and study the current regulatory system and submit a report to Congress in 2012. In addition, state legislators and insurance regulators continue to examine the appropriate nature and scope of state insurance regulation. We cannot predict whether any specific state or federal measures will be adopted to change the nature or scope of the regulation of insurance or what effect any such measures would have on Allstate. We are working for changes in the regulatory environment, including recognizing the need for better catastrophe preparedness, improving appropriate risk based pricing and promoting the creation of government sponsored, privately funded solutions for mega-catastrophes that will make insurance more available and affordable. We have also taken actions to reduce the catastrophe exposure in our property business and also consider their impact on our ability to market our auto lines.

       Agent and Broker Compensation.     In recent years, several states considered new legislation or regulations regarding the compensation of agents and brokers by insurance companies. The proposals ranged in nature from new disclosure requirements to new duties on insurance agents and brokers in dealing with customers. New disclosure requirements have been imposed in certain circumstances upon agents and brokers in New York.

       Limitations on Dividends By Insurance Subsidiaries.     As a holding company with no significant business operations of its own, The Allstate Corporation relies on dividends from Allstate Insurance Company as one of the principal sources of cash to pay dividends and to meet its obligations, including the payment of principal and interest on debt. Allstate Insurance Company is regulated as an insurance company in Illinois and its ability to pay dividends is restricted by Illinois law. For additional information regarding those restrictions, see Part II, Item 5 of this report. The laws of the other

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jurisdictions that generally govern our other insurance subsidiaries contain similar limitations on the payment of dividends and in some jurisdictions the laws may be more restrictive.

       Insurance Holding Company Regulation.     The Allstate Corporation and Allstate Insurance Company are insurance holding companies subject to regulation in the jurisdictions in which their insurance subsidiaries do business. In the U.S., these subsidiaries are organized under the insurance codes of California, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New York, Texas, and Wisconsin, and some of these subsidiaries are considered commercially domiciled in California, Florida, and Utah. Generally, the insurance codes in these states provide that the acquisition or change of "control" of a domestic or commercially domiciled insurer or of any person that controls such an insurer cannot be consummated without the prior approval of the relevant insurance regulator. In general, a presumption of "control" arises from the ownership, control, possession with the power to vote, or possession of proxies with respect to, ten percent or more of the voting securities of an insurer or of a person that controls an insurer. In addition, certain state insurance laws require pre-acquisition notification to state agencies of a change in control with respect to a non-domestic insurance company licensed to do business in that state. While such pre-acquisition notification statutes do not authorize the state agency to disapprove the change of control, such statutes do authorize certain remedies, including the issuance of a cease and desist order with respect to the non-domestic insurer if certain conditions exist, such as undue market concentration. Thus, any transaction involving the acquisition of ten percent or more of The Allstate Corporation's common stock would generally require prior approval by the state insurance departments in California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New York, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin. The prior approval of the Florida insurance department would be necessary for the acquisition of five percent or more. Moreover, notification would be required in those other states that have adopted pre-acquisition notification provisions and where the insurance subsidiaries are admitted to transact business. Such approval requirements may deter, delay, or prevent certain transactions affecting the ownership of The Allstate Corporation's common stock.

       Price Regulation.     Nearly all states have insurance laws requiring personal property and casualty insurers to file price schedules, policy or coverage forms, and other information with the state's regulatory authority. In many cases, such price schedules, policy forms, or both must be approved prior to use. While they vary from state to state, the objectives of the pricing laws are generally the same: a price cannot be excessive, inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory.

       The speed with which an insurer can change prices in response to competition or in response to increasing costs depends, in part, on whether the pricing laws are (i) prior approval, (ii) file-and-use, or (iii) use-and-file laws. In states having prior approval laws, the regulator must approve a price before the insurer may use it. In states having file-and-use laws, the insurer does not have to wait for the regulator's approval to use a price, but the price must be filed with the regulatory authority prior to being used. A use-and-file law requires an insurer to file prices within a certain period of time after the insurer begins using them. Eighteen states, including California and New York, have prior approval laws. Under all three types of pricing laws, the regulator has the authority to disapprove a price subsequent to its filing.

       An insurer's ability to adjust its prices in response to competition or to changing costs is often dependent on an insurer's ability to demonstrate to the regulator that its pricing or proposed pricing meets the requirements of the pricing laws. In those states that significantly restrict an insurer's discretion in selecting the business that it wants to underwrite, an insurer can manage its risk of loss by charging a price that reflects the cost and expense of providing the insurance. In those states that significantly restrict an insurer's ability to charge a price that reflects the cost and expense of providing the insurance, the insurer can manage its risk of loss by being more selective in the type of business it underwrites. When a state significantly restricts both underwriting and pricing, it becomes more difficult for an insurer to maintain its profitability.

       From time to time, the private passenger auto insurance industry comes under pressure from state regulators, legislators, and special interest groups to reduce, freeze, or set prices at levels that do not correspond with our analysis of underlying costs and expenses. Homeowners insurance can come under similar pressure, particularly in states subject to significant increases in loss costs from high levels of catastrophe losses. We expect this kind of pressure to persist. In addition, our use of insurance scoring based on credit report information for underwriting and pricing has been the subject of challenges and investigations by regulators, legislators, and special interest groups. The result could be legislation or regulation that adversely affects the profitability of the Allstate Protection segment. We cannot predict the impact on our business of possible future legislative and regulatory measures regarding pricing.

       Involuntary Markets.     As a condition of maintaining our licenses to write personal property and casualty insurance in various states, we are required to participate in assigned risk plans, reinsurance facilities, and joint underwriting associations that provide various types of insurance coverage to individuals or entities that otherwise are unable to purchase such coverage from private insurers. Underwriting results related to these arrangements, which tend to be adverse, have been immaterial to our results of operations.

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       Guaranty Funds.     Under state insurance guaranty fund laws, insurers doing business in a state can be assessed, up to prescribed limits, in order to cover certain obligations of insolvent insurance companies.

       National Flood Insurance Program.     We voluntarily participate as a Write Your Own carrier in the National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP"). The NFIP is administered and regulated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. We operate in a fiduciary capacity as a fiscal agent of the federal government in the issuing and administering of the Standard Flood Insurance Policy. This involves the collection of premiums belonging to the federal government and the paying of covered claims by directly drawing on funds of the United States Treasury. We receive expense allowances from the NFIP for underwriting administration, claims management, commissions and adjuster fees. The federal government is obligated to pay all claims that fall under the arrangement.

       Investment Regulation.     Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that require investment portfolio diversification and that limit the amount of investment in certain categories. Failure to comply with these rules leads to the treatment of non-conforming investments as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring statutory surplus. Further, in some instances, these rules require divestiture of non-conforming investments.

       Exiting Geographic Markets; Canceling and Non-Renewing Policies.     Most states regulate an insurer's ability to exit a market. For example, states limit, to varying degrees, an insurer's ability to cancel and non-renew policies. Some states prohibit an insurer from withdrawing one or more types of insurance business from the state, except pursuant to a plan that is approved by the state insurance department. Regulations that limit cancellation and non-renewal and that subject withdrawal plans to prior approval requirements may restrict an insurer's ability to exit unprofitable markets.

       Variable Life Insurance and Registered Fixed Annuities.     The sale and administration of variable life insurance and registered fixed annuities with market value adjustment features are subject to extensive regulatory oversight at the federal and state level, including regulation and supervision by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA").

       Broker-Dealers, Investment Advisors, and Investment Companies.     The Allstate entities that operate as broker-dealers, registered investment advisors, and investment companies are subject to regulation and supervision by the SEC, FINRA and/or, in some cases, state securities administrators.

       Banking.     Allstate Bank ceased operations in 2011, and we expect to cancel its charter and deregister The Allstate Corporation as a savings and loan holding company in the first half of 2012. The principal supervisory authority for the diversified unitary savings and loan holding company activities of The Allstate Corporation is the Federal Reserve Board ("FRB"), and the principal supervisory authority for the Bank is the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC"). The Allstate Corporation and the Bank, respectively, are subject to FRB and OCC regulation, examination, supervision and reporting requirements and enforcement authority. The Bank is also subject to the authority of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

       Privacy Regulation.     Federal law and the laws of many states require financial institutions to protect the security and confidentiality of customer information and to notify customers about their policies and practices relating to collection and disclosure of customer information and their policies relating to protecting the security and confidentiality of that information. Federal law and the laws of many states also regulate disclosures and disposal of customer information. Congress, state legislatures, and regulatory authorities are expected to consider additional regulation relating to privacy and other aspects of customer information.

       Asbestos.     Congress has considered legislation to address asbestos claims and litigation in the past, but unified support among various defendant and insurer groups considered essential to any possible reform has been lacking. We cannot predict the impact on our business of possible future legislative measures regarding asbestos.

       Environmental.     Environmental pollution and clean-up of polluted waste sites is the subject of both federal and state regulation. The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 ("Superfund") and comparable state statutes ("mini-Superfund") govern the clean-up and restoration of waste sites by Potentially Responsible Parties ("PRPs"). Superfund and the mini-Superfunds (Environmental Clean-up Laws or "ECLs") establish a mechanism to assign liability to PRPs or to fund the clean-up of waste sites if PRPs fail to do so. The extent of liability to be allocated to a PRP is dependent on a variety of factors. By some estimates, there are thousands of potential waste sites subject to clean-up, but the exact number is unknown. The extent of clean-up necessary and the process of assigning liability remain in dispute. The insurance industry is involved in extensive litigation regarding coverage issues arising out of the clean-up of waste sites by insured PRPs and the insured parties' alleged liability to third parties responsible for the clean-up. The insurance industry, including Allstate, has disputed and is disputing many such claims. Key coverage issues include whether Superfund response, investigation, and clean-up costs are considered damages

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under the policies; trigger of coverage; the applicability of several types of pollution exclusions; proper notice of claims; whether administrative liability triggers the duty to defend; appropriate allocation of liability among triggered insurers; and whether the liability in question falls within the definition of an "occurrence." Identical coverage issues exist for clean-up and waste sites not covered under Superfund. To date, courts have been inconsistent in their rulings on these issues. Allstate's exposure to liability with regard to its insureds that have been, or may be, named as PRPs is uncertain. While comprehensive Superfund reform proposals have been introduced in Congress, only modest reform measures have been enacted.


INTERNET WEBSITE

       Our Internet website address is allstate.com. The Allstate Corporation's annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to such reports that we file or furnish pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available through our Internet website, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed or furnished to the SEC. In addition, our corporate governance guidelines, our code of ethics, and the charters of our Audit Committee, Compensation and Succession Committee, Executive Committee, and Nominating and Governance Committee are available on our website and in print to any stockholder who requests copies by contacting Investor Relations, The Allstate Corporation, 2775 Sanders Road, Northbrook, Illinois 60062-6127, 1-800-416-8803.


OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT ALLSTATE

       As of December 31, 2011, Allstate had approximately 37,000 full-time employees and 600 part-time employees.

       Information regarding revenues generated outside of the United States is incorporated in this Part I, Item 1 by reference to Note 19 of the consolidated financial statements.

       Allstate's four business segments use shared services, including human resources, investment, finance, information technology and legal services, provided by Allstate Insurance Company and other affiliates.

       Although the insurance business generally is not seasonal, claims and claims expense for the Allstate Protection segment tend to be higher for periods of severe or inclement weather.

       "Allstate" is one of the most recognized brand names in the United States. We use the names "Allstate," "Encompass," "Esurance" and "Lincoln Benefit Life®" extensively in our business, along with related service marks, logos, and slogans, such as "Good Hands®." Our rights in the United States to these names, service marks, logos, and slogans continue so long as we continue to use them in commerce. These service marks and many others used by Allstate are the subject of renewable U.S. and/or foreign service mark registrations. We believe that these service marks are important to our business and we intend to maintain our rights to them through continued use.

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Executive Officers

       The following table sets forth the names of our executive officers, their ages as of February 1, 2012, their positions, and the years of their first election as officers. "AIC" refers to Allstate Insurance Company.

Name
  Age  
Position/Offices
 
Year First
Elected
Officer
 
Thomas J. Wilson     54   Chairman of the Board, President, and Chief Executive Officer of The Allstate Corporation; Chairman of the Board, President, and Chief Executive Officer of AIC.     1995  

Donald J. Bailey

 

 

46

 

Executive Vice President of AIC (Emerging Businesses).

 

 

2010

 

Don Civgin

 

 

50

 

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of The Allstate Corporation; Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of AIC.

 

 

2008

 

James D. DeVries

 

 

48

 

Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer of AIC (Human Resources).

 

 

2008

 

Judith P. Greffin

 

 

51

 

Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer of AIC.

 

 

2002

 

Suren Gupta

 

 

50

 

Executive Vice President of AIC (Technology and Operations).

 

 

2011

 

Mark R. LaNeve

 

 

52

 

Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer of AIC.

 

 

2009

 

Michele C. Mayes

 

 

62

 

Executive Vice President and General Counsel of The Allstate Corporation; Executive Vice President and General Counsel of AIC (Chief Legal Officer).

 

 

2007

 

Samuel H. Pilch

 

 

65

 

Senior Group Vice President and Controller of The Allstate Corporation; Senior Group Vice President and Controller of AIC.

 

 

1995

 

Joan H. Walker

 

 

64

 

Executive Vice President of AIC (Corporate Relations).

 

 

2005

 

Matthew E. Winter

 

 

55

 

Senior Executive Vice President of AIC; President and Chief Executive Officer Allstate Financial.

 

 

2009

 

       Each of the officers named above may be removed from office at any time, with or without cause, by the board of directors of the relevant company.

       Mr. Wilson, Ms. Greffin, Mr. Pilch, and Ms. Walker have held the listed positions for at least the last five years or have served Allstate in various executive or administrative capacities for at least five years.

       Prior to joining Allstate in 2010, Mr. Bailey served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Willis North America since 2006.

       Prior to joining Allstate in 2008, Mr. Civgin was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of OfficeMax, Incorporated and served in that position since 2005.

       Prior to joining Allstate in 2008, Mr. DeVries served as Senior Vice President of Human Resources at Principal Financial Group since 2000.

       Prior to joining Allstate in 2011, Mr. Gupta served as Executive Vice President of Wells Fargo since 2003.

       Prior to joining Allstate in 2009, Mr. LaNeve served as Vice President of Sales, Service and Marketing of General Motors Corporation since 2004.

       Prior to joining Allstate in 2007, Ms. Mayes served as Senior Vice President and General Counsel of Pitney Bowes since 2003.

       Prior to joining Allstate in 2009, Mr. Winter served as Vice Chairman of American International Group ("AIG") in 2009 and President and Chief Executive Officer of AIG American General Domestic Life Companies since 2006.

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Item 1A.  Risk Factors

       This document contains "forward-looking statements" that anticipate results based on our estimates, assumptions and plans that are subject to uncertainty. These statements are made subject to the safe-harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements as a result of new information or future events or developments.

       These forward-looking statements do not relate strictly to historical or current facts and may be identified by their use of words like "plans," "seeks," "expects," "will," "should," "anticipates," "estimates," "intends," "believes," "likely," "targets" and other words with similar meanings. These statements may address, among other things, our strategy for growth, catastrophe exposure management, product development, investment results, regulatory approvals, market position, expenses, financial results, litigation and reserves. We believe that these statements are based on reasonable estimates, assumptions and plans. However, if the estimates, assumptions or plans underlying the forward-looking statements prove inaccurate or if other risks or uncertainties arise, actual results could differ materially from those communicated in these forward-looking statements.

       In addition to the normal risks of business, we are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including those listed below, which apply to us as an insurer and a provider of other financial services. These risks constitute our cautionary statements under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and readers should carefully review such cautionary statements as they identify certain important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements and historical trends. These cautionary statements are not exclusive and are in addition to other factors discussed elsewhere in this document, in our filings with the SEC or in materials incorporated therein by reference.

Risks Relating to the Property-Liability business

As a property and casualty insurer, we may face significant losses from catastrophes and severe weather events

       Because of the exposure of our property and casualty business to catastrophic events, our operating results and financial condition may vary significantly from one period to the next. Catastrophes can be caused by various natural and man-made events, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, tornadoes, tsunamis, hurricanes, tropical storms and certain types of terrorism or industrial accidents. We may incur catastrophe losses in our auto and property business in excess of: (1) those experienced in prior years, (2) the average expected level used in pricing, (3) our current reinsurance coverage limits, or (4) estimate of loss from external hurricane and earthquake models at various levels of profitability. Despite our catastrophe management programs, we are exposed to catastrophes that could have a material effect on operating results and financial condition. For example, our historical catastrophe experience includes losses relating to Hurricane Katrina in 2005 totaling $3.6 billion, the Northridge earthquake of 1994 totaling $2.1 billion and Hurricane Andrew in 1992 totaling $2.3 billion. We are also exposed to assessments from the California Earthquake Authority and various state-created insurance facilities, and to losses that could surpass the capitalization of these facilities. Our liquidity could be constrained by a catastrophe, or multiple catastrophes, which result in extraordinary losses or a downgrade of our debt or financial strength ratings.

       In addition, we are subject to claims arising from weather events such as winter storms, rain, hail and high winds. The incidence and severity of weather conditions are largely unpredictable. There is generally an increase in the frequency and severity of auto and property claims when severe weather conditions occur.

The nature and level of catastrophes in any period cannot be predicted and could be material to our operating results and financial condition

       Along with others in the industry, we use models developed by third party vendors in assessing our property insurance exposure to catastrophe losses. These models assume various conditions and probability scenarios. Such models do not necessarily accurately predict future losses or accurately measure losses currently incurred. Catastrophe models, which have been evolving since the early 1990s, use historical information about hurricanes and earthquakes and also utilize detailed information about our in-force business. While we use this information in connection with our pricing and risk management activities, there are limitations with respect to its usefulness in predicting losses in any reporting period. These limitations are evident in significant variations in estimates between models, material increases and decreases in results due to model changes and refinements of the underlying data elements and actual conditions that are not well understood and not properly incorporated into the models including seismic and weather phenomenon, demand surge, loss adjustment expense and impact of non-modeled conditions that compound losses.

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Impacts of catastrophes and our catastrophe management strategy may adversely affect premium growth

       Due to our catastrophe risk management efforts, the size of our homeowners business has been negatively impacted and may continue to be negatively impacted if we take further actions. Homeowners premium growth rates and retention could be more adversely impacted than we expect by adjustments to our business structure, size and underwriting practices in markets with significant catastrophe risk exposure. In addition, due to the diminished potential for cross-selling opportunities that cannot be fully replaced by our brokering arrangement to allow our agents to write property products with other carriers, new business growth in our auto lines could be lower than expected.

A regulatory environment that limits rate increases and requires us to underwrite business and participate in loss sharing arrangements may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition

       From time to time, political events and positions affect the insurance market, including efforts to suppress rates to a level that may not allow us to reach targeted levels of profitability. For example, if Allstate Protection's loss ratio compares favorably to that of the industry, state regulatory authorities may impose rate rollbacks, require us to pay premium refunds to policyholders, or resist or delay our efforts to raise rates even if the property and casualty industry generally is not experiencing regulatory resistance to rate increases. Such resistance affects our ability, in all product lines, to obtain approval for rate changes that may be required to achieve targeted levels of profitability and returns on equity. Our ability to afford reinsurance required to reduce our catastrophe risk in designated areas may be dependent upon the ability to adjust rates for its cost.

       In addition to regulating rates, certain states have enacted laws that require a property-liability insurer conducting business in that state to participate in assigned risk plans, reinsurance facilities and joint underwriting associations or require the insurer to offer coverage to all consumers, often restricting an insurer's ability to charge the price it might otherwise charge. In these markets, we may be compelled to underwrite significant amounts of business at lower than desired rates, possibly leading to an unacceptable return on equity, or as the facilities recognize a financial deficit, they may in turn have the ability to assess participating insurers, adversely affecting our results of operations and financial condition. Laws and regulations of many states also limit an insurer's ability to withdraw from one or more lines of insurance in the state, except pursuant to a plan that is approved by the state insurance department. Additionally, certain states require insurers to participate in guaranty funds for impaired or insolvent insurance companies. These funds periodically assess losses against all insurance companies doing business in the state. Our operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected by any of these factors.

The potential benefits of our sophisticated risk segmentation process may not be fully realized

       We believe that pricing sophistication and underwriting (including Strategic Risk Management which, in some situations, considers information that is obtained from credit reports among other factors) has allowed us to be more competitive and operate more profitably. However, because many of our competitors have adopted underwriting criteria and sophisticated pricing models similar to those we use and because other competitors may follow suit, our competitive advantage could decline or be lost. Further, the use of insurance scoring from information that is obtained from credit reports as a factor in underwriting and pricing has at times been challenged by regulators, legislators, litigants and special interest groups in various states. Competitive pressures could also force us to modify our pricing sophistication models. Furthermore, we cannot be assured that these pricing sophistication models will accurately reflect the level of losses that we will ultimately incur.

Allstate Protection's operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected by the cyclical nature of the property and casualty business

       The property and casualty market is cyclical and has experienced periods characterized by relatively high levels of price competition, less restrictive underwriting standards and relatively low premium rates, followed by periods of relatively lower levels of competition, more selective underwriting standards and relatively high premium rates. A downturn in the profitability cycle of the property and casualty business could have a material effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Unexpected increases in the severity or frequency of claims may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition

       Unexpected changes in the severity or frequency of claims may affect the profitability of our Allstate Protection segment. Changes in bodily injury claim severity are driven primarily by inflation in the medical sector of the economy and litigation. Changes in auto physical damage claim severity are driven primarily by inflation in auto repair costs, auto parts prices and used car prices. Changes in homeowners claim severity are driven by inflation in the construction industry, in building materials and in home furnishings, and by other economic and environmental factors, including

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increased demand for services and supplies in areas affected by catastrophes. However, changes in the level of the severity of claims are not limited to the effects of inflation and demand surge in these various sectors of the economy. Increases in claim severity can arise from unexpected events that are inherently difficult to predict. Examples of such events include a decision in 2001 by the Georgia Supreme Court which held that diminished value coverage was included in auto policies under Georgia law and the emergence of mold-related homeowners losses in the state of Texas during 2002. Although we pursue various loss management initiatives in the Allstate Protection segment in order to mitigate future increases in claim severity, there can be no assurances that these initiatives will successfully identify or reduce the effect of future increases in claim severity.

       Our Allstate Protection segment may experience volatility in claim frequency from time to time, and short-term trends may not continue over the longer term. In recent years gas prices have increased while miles driven have declined to the lowest level since 2008. A significant increase in claim frequency could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Actual claims incurred may exceed current reserves established for claims and may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition

       Recorded claim reserves in the Property-Liability business are based on our best estimates of losses, both reported and incurred but not reported ("IBNR"), after considering known facts and interpretations of circumstances. Internal factors are considered including our experience with similar cases, actual claims paid, historical trends involving claim payment patterns, pending levels of unpaid claims, loss management programs, product mix and contractual terms. External factors are also considered which include, but are not limited to, law changes, court decisions, changes to regulatory requirements and economic conditions. Because reserves are estimates of the unpaid portion of losses that have occurred, including IBNR losses, the establishment of appropriate reserves, including reserves for catastrophes, is an inherently uncertain and complex process. The ultimate cost of losses may vary materially from recorded reserves and such variance may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Predicting claim expense relating to asbestos, environmental and other discontinued lines is inherently uncertain and may have a material effect on our operating results and financial condition

       The process of estimating asbestos, environmental and other discontinued lines liabilities is complicated by complex legal issues concerning, among other things, the interpretation of various insurance policy provisions and whether those losses are covered, or were ever intended to be covered, and whether losses could be recoverable through retrospectively determined premium, reinsurance or other contractual agreements. Asbestos-related bankruptcies and other asbestos litigation are complex, lengthy proceedings that involve substantial uncertainty for insurers. Actuarial techniques and databases used in estimating asbestos, environmental and other discontinued lines net loss reserves may prove to be inadequate indicators of the extent of probable loss. Ultimate net losses from these discontinued lines could materially exceed established loss reserves and expected recoveries and have a material effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Risks Relating to the Allstate Financial Segment

Changes in underwriting and actual experience could materially affect profitability and financial condition

       Our product pricing includes long-term assumptions regarding investment returns, mortality, morbidity, persistency and operating costs and expenses of the business. We establish target returns for each product based upon these factors and the average amount of capital that we must hold to support in-force contracts taking into account rating agencies and regulatory requirements. We monitor and manage our pricing and overall sales mix to achieve target new business returns on a portfolio basis, which could result in the discontinuation or de-emphasis of products or distribution relationships and a decline in sales. Profitability from new business emerges over a period of years depending on the nature and life of the product and is subject to variability as actual results may differ from pricing assumptions. Additionally, many of our products have fixed or guaranteed terms that limit our ability to increase revenues or reduce benefits, including credited interest, once the product has been issued.

       Our profitability in this segment depends on the adequacy of investment spreads, the management of market and credit risks associated with investments, the sufficiency of premiums and contract charges to cover mortality and morbidity benefits, the persistency of policies to ensure recovery of acquisition expenses, and the management of operating costs and expenses within anticipated pricing allowances. Legislation and regulation of the insurance marketplace and products could also affect our profitability and financial condition.

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Changes in reserve estimates may adversely affect our operating results

       The reserve for life-contingent contract benefits is computed on the basis of long-term actuarial assumptions of future investment yields, mortality, morbidity, persistency and expenses. We periodically review the adequacy of these reserves on an aggregate basis and if future experience differs significantly from assumptions, adjustments to reserves and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs ("DAC") may be required which could have a material effect on our operating results.

Changes in market interest rates may lead to a significant decrease in the sales and profitability of spread-based products

       Our ability to manage the Allstate Financial spread-based products, such as fixed annuities and institutional products, is dependent upon maintaining profitable spreads between investment yields and interest crediting rates. When market interest rates decrease or remain at relatively low levels, proceeds from investments that have matured or have been prepaid or sold may be reinvested at lower yields, reducing investment spread. Lowering interest crediting rates on some products in such an environment can partially offset decreases in investment yield. However, these changes could be limited by market conditions, regulatory minimum rates or contractual minimum rate guarantees on many contracts and may not match the timing or magnitude of changes in investment yields. Decreases in the interest crediting rates offered on products in the Allstate Financial segment could make those products less attractive, leading to lower sales and/or changes in the level of policy loans, surrenders and withdrawals. Non-parallel shifts in interest rates, such as increases in short-term rates without accompanying increases in medium- and long-term rates, can influence customer demand for fixed annuities, which could impact the level and profitability of new customer deposits. Increases in market interest rates can also have negative effects on Allstate Financial, for example by increasing the attractiveness of other investments to our customers, which can lead to increased surrenders at a time when the segment's fixed income investment asset values are lower as a result of the increase in interest rates. This could lead to the sale of fixed income securities at a loss. For certain products, principally fixed annuity and interest-sensitive life products, the earned rate on assets could lag behind rising market yields. We may react to market conditions by increasing crediting rates, which could narrow spreads and reduce profitability. Unanticipated surrenders could result in accelerated amortization of DAC or affect the recoverability of DAC and thereby increase expenses and reduce profitability.

Changes in estimates of profitability on interest-sensitive life, fixed annuities and other investment products may adversely affect our profitability and financial condition through the amortization of DAC

       DAC related to interest-sensitive life, fixed annuities and other investment contracts is amortized in proportion to actual historical gross profits and estimated future gross profits ("EGP") over the estimated lives of the contracts. The principal assumptions for determining the amount of EGP are investment returns, including capital gains and losses on assets supporting contract liabilities, interest crediting rates to contractholders, and the effects of persistency, mortality, expenses, and hedges if applicable. Updates to these assumptions (commonly referred to as "DAC unlocking") could adversely affect our profitability and financial condition.

Reducing our concentration in fixed annuities and funding agreements may adversely affect reported results

       We have been reducing our concentration in fixed annuities and funding agreements. Lower new sales of these products could negatively impact investment portfolio levels, complicate settlement of expiring contracts including forced sales of assets with unrealized capital losses, and affect goodwill impairment testing and insurance reserves deficiency testing.

Changes in tax laws may decrease sales and profitability of products and adversely affect our financial condition

       Under current federal and state income tax law, certain products we offer, primarily life insurance and annuities, receive favorable tax treatment. This favorable treatment may give certain of our products a competitive advantage over noninsurance products. Congress and various state legislatures from time to time consider legislation that would reduce or eliminate the favorable policyholder tax treatment currently applicable to life insurance and annuities. Congress and various state legislatures also consider proposals to reduce the taxation of certain products or investments that may compete with life insurance or annuities. Legislation that increases the taxation on insurance products or reduces the taxation on competing products could lessen the advantage or create a disadvantage for certain of our products making them less competitive. Such proposals, if adopted, could have a material effect on our profitability and financial condition or ability to sell such products and could result in the surrender of some existing contracts and policies. In addition, changes in the federal estate tax laws could negatively affect the demand for the types of life insurance used in estate planning.

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Risks Relating to Investments

We are subject to market risk and declines in credit quality which may adversely affect investment income, cause additional realized losses, and cause increased unrealized losses

       Although we continually reevaluate our return optimization and risk mitigation strategies, we remain subject to the risk that we will incur losses due to adverse changes in interest rates, credit spreads, equity prices or currency exchange rates. Adverse changes to these rates, spreads and prices may occur due to changes in fiscal policy and the economic climate, the liquidity of a market or market segment, insolvency or financial distress of key market makers or participants, or changes in market perceptions of credit worthiness and/or risk tolerance.

       We are subject to risks associated with potential declines in credit quality related to specific issuers or specific industries and a general weakening in the economy, which are typically reflected through credit spreads. Credit spread is the additional yield on fixed income securities above the risk-free rate (typically referenced as the yield on U.S. Treasury securities) that market participants require to compensate them for assuming credit, liquidity and/or prepayment risks. Credit spreads vary (i.e. increase or decrease) in response to the market's perception of risk and liquidity in a specific issuer or specific sector and are influenced by the credit ratings, and the reliability of those ratings, published by external rating agencies. Although we use derivative financial instruments to manage these risks, the effectiveness of such instruments is subject to the same risks. A decline in the quality of our investment portfolio as a result of adverse economic conditions or otherwise could cause additional realized and unrealized losses on securities, including realized and unrealized losses relating to equity and derivative strategies.

       A decline in market interest rates or credit spreads could have an adverse effect on our investment income as we invest cash in new investments that may earn less than the portfolio's average yield. In a declining interest rate environment, borrowers may prepay or redeem securities more quickly than expected as they seek to refinance at lower rates. A decline could also lead us to purchase longer-term or riskier assets in order to obtain adequate investment yields resulting in a duration gap when compared to the duration of liabilities. An increase in market interest rates or credit spreads could have an adverse effect on the value of our investment portfolio by decreasing the fair values of the fixed income securities that comprise a substantial majority of our investment portfolio. A declining equity market could also cause the investments in our pension plans to decrease or decreasing interest rates could cause the funding target and the projected benefit obligation of our pension plans or the accumulated benefit obligation of our other postretirement benefit plans to increase, either or both resulting in a decrease in the funded status of the pension plans and a reduction of shareholders' equity, increases in pension and other postretirement benefit expense and increases in required contributions to the pension plans.

Deteriorating financial performance impacting securities collateralized by residential and commercial mortgage loans, collateralized corporate loans, and commercial mortgage loans may lead to write-downs and impact our results of operations and financial condition

       Changes in residential or commercial mortgage delinquencies, loss severities or recovery rates, declining residential or commercial real estate prices, corporate loan delinquencies or recovery rates, changes in credit or bond insurer strength ratings and the quality of service provided by service providers on securities in our portfolios could lead us to determine that write-downs are necessary in the future.

The impact of our investment strategies may be adversely affected by developments in the financial markets

       The impact of our investment portfolio return optimization and risk mitigation strategies may be adversely affected by unexpected developments in the financial markets. For example, derivative contracts may result in coverage that is not as effective as intended thereby leading to the recognition of losses without the recognition of gains expected to mitigate the losses.

Concentration of our investment portfolios in any particular segment of the economy may have adverse effects on our operating results and financial condition

       The concentration of our investment portfolios in any particular industry, collateral type, group of related industries, geographic sector or risk type could have an adverse effect on our investment portfolios and consequently on our results of operations and financial condition. Events or developments that have a negative impact on any particular industry, group of related industries or geographic region may have a greater adverse effect on the investment portfolios to the extent that the portfolios are concentrated rather than diversified.

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The determination of the amount of realized capital losses recorded for impairments of our investments is subjective and could materially impact our operating results and financial condition

       The determination of the amount of realized capital losses recorded for impairments vary by investment type and is based upon our periodic evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. We update our evaluations regularly and reflect changes in other-than-temporary impairments in our results of operations. The assessment of whether other-than-temporary impairments have occurred is based on our case-by-case evaluation of the underlying reasons for the decline in fair value. There can be no assurance that we have accurately assessed the level of or amounts recorded for other-than-temporary impairments taken in our financial statements. Furthermore, historical trends may not be indicative of future impairments and additional impairments may need to be recorded in the future.

The determination of the fair value of our fixed income and equity securities is subjective and could materially impact our operating results and financial condition

       In determining fair values we generally utilize market transaction data for the same or similar instruments. The degree of management judgment involved in determining fair values is inversely related to the availability of market observable information. The fair value of assets may differ from the actual amount received upon sale of an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Moreover, the use of different valuation assumptions may have a material effect on the assets' fair values. The difference between amortized cost or cost and fair value, net of deferred income taxes, certain life and annuity DAC, certain deferred sales inducement costs ("DSI"), and certain reserves for life-contingent contract benefits, is reflected as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders' equity. Changing market conditions could materially affect the determination of the fair value of securities and unrealized net capital gains and losses could vary significantly. Determining fair value is subjective and could materially impact our operating results and financial condition.

Risks Relating to the Insurance Industry

Our future results are dependent in part on our ability to successfully operate in an insurance industry that is highly competitive

       The insurance industry is highly competitive. Our competitors include other insurers and, because some of our products include a savings or investment component, securities firms, investment advisers, mutual funds, banks and other financial institutions. Many of our competitors have well-established national reputations and market similar products. Because of the competitive nature of the insurance industry, including competition for producers such as exclusive and independent agents, there can be no assurance that we will continue to effectively compete with our industry rivals, or that competitive pressures will not have a material effect on our business, operating results or financial condition. Furthermore, certain competitors operate using a mutual insurance company structure and therefore may have dissimilar profitability and return targets. Our ability to successfully operate may also be impaired if we are not effective in filling critical leadership positions, in developing the talent and skills of our human resources, in assimilating new executive talent into our organization, or in deploying human resource talent consistently with our business goals.

Difficult conditions in the global capital markets and the economy generally could adversely affect our business and operating results and these conditions may not improve in the near future

       As with most businesses, we believe difficult conditions in the global capital markets and economy, such as significant negative macroeconomic trends, including relatively high and sustained unemployment, reduced consumer spending, lower home prices, substantial increases in delinquencies on consumer debt, including defaults on home mortgages, and the relatively low availability of credit could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results.

       Stressed conditions, volatility and disruptions in global capital markets, particular markets or financial asset classes could adversely affect our investment portfolio. Disruptions in one market or asset class can also spread to other markets or asset classes. Although the disruption in the global financial markets has moderated, not all global financial markets are functioning normally, and the rate of recovery from the U.S. recession has been below historic averages. Several governments around the world have announced austerity actions to address their budget deficits that may lead to a decline in economic activity. Specifically, the global recession and disruption of the financial markets has led to concerns over capital markets access and the solvency of European Union member states.

       General economic conditions could adversely affect us in the form of consumer behavior and pressure investment results. Consumer behavior changes could include decreased demand for our products. For example, as consumers

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purchase fewer automobiles, our sales of auto insurance may decline. Also, as consumers become more cost conscious, they may choose lower levels of auto and homeowners insurance. In addition, holders of some of our interest-sensitive life insurance and annuity products may engage in an elevated level of discretionary withdrawals of contractholder funds. Our investment results could be adversely affected as deteriorating financial and business conditions affect the issuers of the securities in our investment portfolio.

There can be no assurance that actions of the U.S. federal government, Federal Reserve and other governmental and regulatory bodies for the purpose of stabilizing the financial markets and stimulating the economy will achieve the intended effect

       In response to the financial crises affecting the banking system, the financial markets and the broader economy in recent years, the U.S. federal government, the Federal Reserve and other governmental and regulatory bodies have taken actions such as purchasing mortgage-backed and other securities from financial institutions, investing directly in banks, thrifts and bank and savings and loan holding companies and increasing federal spending to stimulate the economy. There can be no assurance as to the long term impact such actions will have on the financial markets or on economic conditions, including potential inflationary affects. Continued volatility and any further economic deterioration could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Losses from legal and regulatory actions may be material to our operating results, cash flows and financial condition

       As is typical for a large company, we are involved in various legal actions, including class action litigation challenging a range of company practices and coverage provided by our insurance products, some of which involve claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts. We are also involved in various regulatory actions and inquiries, including market conduct exams by state insurance regulatory agencies. In the event of an unfavorable outcome in one or more of these matters, the ultimate liability may be in excess of amounts currently accrued and may be material to our operating results or cash flows for a particular quarter or annual period and to our financial condition. The aggregate estimate of the range of reasonably possible loss in excess of the amount accrued, if any, disclosed in Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements is not an indication of expected loss, if any. Actual results may vary significantly from the current estimate.

We are subject to extensive regulation and potential further restrictive regulation may increase our operating costs and limit our growth

       As insurance companies, broker-dealers, investment advisers, a federal stock savings bank and/or investment companies, many of our subsidiaries are subject to extensive laws and regulations. These laws and regulations are complex and subject to change. Changes may sometimes lead to additional expenses, increased legal exposure, limit our ability to grow or to achieve targeted profitability. Moreover, laws and regulations are administered and enforced by a number of different governmental authorities, each of which exercises a degree of interpretive latitude, including state insurance regulators; state securities administrators; state attorneys general and federal agencies including the SEC, the FINRA, the U.S. Department of Justice, and until such time as Allstate Bank is dissolved and Allstate deregisters as a savings and loan holding company, the OCC, the FRB, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). Consequently, we are subject to the risk that compliance with any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal issue may not result in compliance with another's interpretation of the same issue, particularly when compliance is judged in hindsight. In addition, there is risk that any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal issue may change over time to our detriment, or that changes in the overall legal environment may, even absent any particular regulator's or enforcement authority's interpretation of a legal issue changing, cause us to change our views regarding the actions we need to take from a legal risk management perspective, thus necessitating changes to our practices that may, in some cases, limit our ability to grow or to improve the profitability of our business. Furthermore, in some cases, these laws and regulations are designed to protect or benefit the interests of a specific constituency rather than a range of constituencies. For example, state insurance laws and regulations are generally intended to protect or benefit purchasers or users of insurance products, not holders of securities issued by The Allstate Corporation. In many respects, these laws and regulations limit our ability to grow or to improve the profitability of our business.

Regulatory reforms, and the more stringent application of existing regulations, may make it more expensive for us to conduct our business

       The federal government has enacted comprehensive regulatory reforms for financial services entities. As part of a larger effort to strengthen the regulation of the financial services market, certain reforms are applicable to the insurance industry, including the FIO established within the Treasury Department.

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       We are a diversified unitary savings and loan holding company for Allstate Bank, a federal stock savings bank and a member of the FDIC. The principal supervisory authorities for the diversified unitary savings and loan holding company activities of The Allstate Corporation is the FRB, and the principal supervisory authority for the Bank is the OCC. The Allstate Corporation and the Bank, respectively, are subject to FRB and OCC regulation, examination, supervision and reporting requirements and enforcement authority. The Bank is also subject to the authority of the FDIC.

       Among other things, this permits one or more of these governmental entities to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness and stability of Allstate Bank. In 2011, after receiving regulatory approval to voluntarily dissolve, Allstate Bank ceased operations. In the first half of 2012, we expect to cancel the bank's charter and deregister The Allstate Corporation as a savings and loan holding company.

       In recent years, the state insurance regulatory framework has come under public scrutiny, members of Congress have discussed proposals to provide for federal chartering of insurance companies, and FIO and the Federal Stability Oversight Council ("FSOC") were established. In the future, if the FSOC were to determine that Allstate is a "systemically important" nonbank financial company, Allstate would again be subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve Board. We can make no assurances regarding the potential impact of state or federal measures that may change the nature or scope of insurance and financial regulation.

       These regulatory reforms and any additional legislative change or regulatory requirements imposed upon us in connection with the federal government's regulatory reform of the financial services industry or arising from reform related to the international regulatory capital framework for banking or financial services firms, and any more stringent enforcement of existing regulations by federal authorities, may make it more expensive for us to conduct our business, or limit our ability to grow or to achieve profitability.

Reinsurance may be unavailable at current levels and prices, which may limit our ability to write new business

       Our personal lines catastrophe reinsurance program was designed, utilizing our risk management methodology, to address our exposure to catastrophes nationwide. Market conditions beyond our control impact the availability and cost of the reinsurance we purchase. No assurances can be made that reinsurance will remain continuously available to us to the same extent and on the same terms and rates as is currently available. For example, our ability to afford reinsurance to reduce our catastrophe risk in designated areas may be dependent upon our ability to adjust premium rates for its cost, and there are no assurances that the terms and rates for our current reinsurance program will continue to be available next year. If we were unable to maintain our current level of reinsurance or purchase new reinsurance protection in amounts that we consider sufficient and at prices that we consider acceptable, we would have to either accept an increase in our exposure risk, reduce our insurance writings, or develop or seek other alternatives.

Reinsurance subjects us to the credit risk of our reinsurers and may not be adequate to protect us against losses arising from ceded insurance, which could have a material effect on our operating results and financial condition

       The collectability of reinsurance recoverables is subject to uncertainty arising from a number of factors, including changes in market conditions, whether insured losses meet the qualifying conditions of the reinsurance contract and whether reinsurers, or their affiliates, have the financial capacity and willingness to make payments under the terms of a reinsurance treaty or contract. Our inability to collect a material recovery from a reinsurer could have a material effect on our operating results and financial condition.

A large scale pandemic, the continued threat of terrorism or ongoing military actions may have an adverse effect on the level of claim losses we incur, the value of our investment portfolio, our competitive position, marketability of product offerings, liquidity and operating results

       A large scale pandemic, the continued threat of terrorism, within the United States and abroad, or ongoing military and other actions, and heightened security measures in response to these types of threats, may cause significant volatility and losses in our investment portfolio from declines in the equity markets and from interest rate changes in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, and result in loss of life, property damage, disruptions to commerce and reduced economic activity. Some of the assets in our investment portfolio may be adversely affected by declines in the equity markets and reduced economic activity caused by a large scale pandemic or the continued threat of terrorism. Additionally, in the Allstate Protection and Allstate Financial segments, a large scale pandemic or terrorist act could have a material effect on the sales, profitability, competitiveness, marketability of product offerings, liquidity, and operating results.

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A downgrade in our financial strength ratings may have an adverse effect on our competitive position, the marketability of our product offerings, and our liquidity, operating results and financial condition

       Financial strength ratings are important factors in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies and generally have an effect on an insurance company's business. On an ongoing basis, rating agencies review the financial performance and condition of insurers and could downgrade or change the outlook on an insurer's ratings due to, for example, a change in an insurer's statutory capital; a change in a rating agency's determination of the amount of risk-adjusted capital required to maintain a particular rating; an increase in the perceived risk of an insurer's investment portfolio; a reduced confidence in management or a host of other considerations that may or may not be under the insurer's control. The insurance financial strength ratings of Allstate Insurance Company and Allstate Life Insurance Company and The Allstate Corporation's senior debt ratings from A.M. Best, Standard & Poor's and Moody's are subject to continuous review, and the retention of current ratings cannot be assured. A downgrade in any of these ratings could have a material effect on our sales, our competitiveness, the marketability of our product offerings, and our liquidity, operating results and financial condition.

Adverse capital and credit market conditions may significantly affect our ability to meet liquidity needs or our ability to obtain credit on acceptable terms

       In periods of extreme volatility and disruption in the capital and credit markets, liquidity and credit capacity may be severely restricted. In such circumstances, our ability to obtain capital to fund operating expenses, financing costs, capital expenditures or acquisitions may be limited, and the cost of any such capital may be significant. Our access to additional financing will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to our industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as lenders' perception of our long- or short-term financial prospects. Similarly, our access to funds may be impaired if regulatory authorities or rating agencies take negative actions against us. If a combination of these factors were to occur, our internal sources of liquidity may prove to be insufficient and in such case, we may not be able to successfully obtain additional financing on favorable terms.

We may be required to recognize impairments in the value of our goodwill, which may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition

       Goodwill represents the excess of amounts paid for acquiring businesses over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually, or more frequently if conditions warrant, by comparing the carrying value (attributed equity) of a reporting unit to its estimated fair value. Market declines or other events impacting the fair value of a reporting unit could result in a goodwill impairment, resulting in a charge to income. Such a charge could have an adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") or other standard-setting bodies may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition

       Our financial statements are subject to the application of generally accepted accounting principles, which are periodically revised, interpreted and/or expanded. Accordingly, we are required to adopt new guidance or interpretations, or could be subject to existing guidance as we enter into new transactions, which may have a material effect on our results of operations and financial condition that is either unexpected or has a greater impact than expected. For a description of changes in accounting standards that are currently pending and, if known, our estimates of their expected impact, see Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements.

The change in our unrecognized tax benefit during the next 12 months is subject to uncertainty

       We have disclosed our estimate of net unrecognized tax benefits and the reasonably possible increase or decrease in its balance during the next 12 months in Note 15 of the consolidated financial statements. However, actual results may differ from our estimate for reasons such as changes in our position on specific issues, developments with respect to the governments' interpretations of income tax laws or changes in judgment resulting from new information obtained in audits or the appeals process.

The realization of deferred tax assets is subject to uncertainty

       The realization of our deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance, is based on our assumption that we will be able to fully utilize the deductions that are ultimately recognized for tax purposes. However, actual results may differ from our assumptions if adequate levels of taxable income are not attained.

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The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends may affect our liquidity and ability to meet our obligations

       The Allstate Corporation is a holding company with no significant operations. The principal asset is the stock of its subsidiaries. State insurance regulatory authorities limit the payment of dividends by insurance subsidiaries, as described in Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements. In addition, competitive pressures generally require the subsidiaries to maintain insurance financial strength ratings. These restrictions and other regulatory requirements affect the ability of the subsidiaries to make dividend payments. Limits on the ability of the subsidiaries to pay dividends could adversely affect holding company liquidity, including our ability to pay dividends to shareholders, service our debt, or complete share repurchase programs in the timeframe expected.

The occurrence of events unanticipated in our disaster recovery systems and management continuity planning or a support failure from external providers during a disaster could impair our ability to conduct business effectively

       The occurrence of a disaster such as a natural catastrophe, an industrial accident, a terrorist attack or war, cyber attack, events unanticipated in our disaster recovery systems, or a support failure from external providers, could have an adverse effect on our ability to conduct business and on our results of operations and financial condition, particularly if those events affect our computer-based data processing, transmission, storage, and retrieval systems. In the event that a significant number of our managers could be unavailable in the event of a disaster, our ability to effectively conduct our business could be severely compromised.

Changing climate conditions may adversely affect our financial condition, profitability or cash flows

       Climate change, to the extent it produces rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns, could impact the frequency or severity of weather events and wildfires, the affordability and availability of homeowners insurance, and the results for our Allstate Protection segment.

Loss of key vendor relationships or failure of a vendor to protect personal information of our customers, claimants or employees could affect our operations

       We rely on services and products provided by many vendors in the United States and abroad. These include, for example, vendors of computer hardware and software and vendors of services such as claim adjustment services and human resource benefits management services. In the event that one or more of our vendors suffers a bankruptcy or otherwise becomes unable to continue to provide products or services, or fails to protect personal information of our customers, claimants or employees, we may suffer operational impairments and financial losses.

Item 1B.  Unresolved Staff Comments

       None.

Item 2.  Properties

       Our home office complex is located in Northbrook, Illinois. As of December 31, 2011, the Home Office complex consists of several buildings totaling 2.3 million square feet of office space on a 278-acre site.

       We also operate from approximately 1,300 administrative, data processing, claims handling and other support facilities in North America. In addition to our home office facilities, 2.3 million square feet are owned and 6.3 million square feet are leased. Outside North America, we lease three properties in Northern Ireland comprising 139,400 square feet. We also have one lease in London for 3,650 square feet. Generally, only major Allstate facilities are owned. In a majority of cases, new lease terms and renewals are for five years or less.

       The locations out of which the Allstate exclusive agencies operate in the U.S. are normally leased by the agencies as lessees.

Item 3.  Legal Proceedings

       Information required for Item 3 is incorporated by reference to the discussion under the heading "Regulation and Compliance" and under the heading "Legal and regulatory proceedings and inquiries" in Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements.

Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures

       Not applicable.

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Part II

Item 5.  Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

       As of February 1, 2012, there were 103,193 record holders of The Allstate Corporation's common stock. The principal market for the common stock is the New York Stock Exchange but it is also listed on the Chicago Stock Exchange. Set forth below are the high and low New York Stock Exchange Composite listing prices of, and cash dividends declared for, the common stock during 2011 and 2010.

 
  High   Low   Close   Dividends
Declared
 

2011

                         

First quarter

    32.61     30.43     31.78     .21  

Second quarter

    34.40     29.27     30.53     .21  

Third quarter

    31.01     22.27     23.69     .21  

Fourth quarter

    27.98     22.34     27.41     .21  

2010

                         

First quarter

    32.48     28.13     32.31     .20  

Second quarter

    35.51     28.41     28.73     .20  

Third quarter

    32.36     26.86     31.55     .20  

Fourth quarter

    33.29     29.00     31.88     .20  

       The payment of dividends by Allstate Insurance Company ("AIC") to The Allstate Corporation is limited by Illinois insurance law to formula amounts based on statutory net income and statutory surplus, as well as the timing and amount of dividends paid in the preceding twelve months. In the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2011, AIC paid dividends of $838 million. Based on the greater of 2011 statutory net income or 10% of statutory surplus, the maximum amount of dividends that AIC will be able to pay without prior Illinois Department of Insurance approval at a given point in time in 2012 is $1.51 billion, less dividends paid during the preceding twelve months measured at that point in time. Notification and approval of intercompany lending activities is also required by the Illinois Department of Insurance for those transactions that exceed formula amounts based on statutory admitted assets and statutory surplus.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period
  Total number
of shares
(or units)
purchased 
(1)
  Average price
paid per share
(or unit)
  Total number of
shares (or units)
purchased as part
of publicly
announced plans
or programs 
(2)
  Maximum number
(or approximate
dollar value) of
shares (or units)
that may yet be
purchased under
the plans or
programs 
(3)
 

October 1, 2011 -
October 31, 2011

    24   $ 23.5200       $  

November 1, 2011 -
November 30, 2011

    1,208,075   $ 25.1579     1,206,200   $ 970 million  

December 1, 2011 -
December 31, 2011

    2,815,655   $ 26.8696     2,815,655   $ 894 million  

Total

    4,023,754   $ 26.3557     4,021,855        

(1)
In accordance with the terms of its equity compensation plans, Allstate acquired the following shares in connection with stock option exercises by employees and/or directors. The stock was received in payment of the exercise price of the options and in satisfaction of withholding taxes due upon exercise or vesting.

         October:   24
         November:   1,875
         December:   none
(2)
Repurchases under our programs are, from time to time, executed under the terms of a pre-set trading plan meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

(3)
On November 8, 2011, we announced the approval of a new share repurchase program for $1.00 billion. This program is expected to be completed by March 31, 2013.

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Item 6.  Selected Financial Data

5-YEAR SUMMARY OF SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

   
($ in millions, except per share data and ratios)
  2011   2010   2009   2008   2007  

Consolidated Operating Results

                               

Insurance premiums and contract charges

  $ 28,180   $ 28,125   $ 28,152   $ 28,862   $ 29,099  

Net investment income

    3,971     4,102     4,444     5,622     6,435  

Realized capital gains and losses

    503     (827 )   (583 )   (5,090 )   1,235  

Total revenues

    32,654     31,400     32,013     29,394     36,769  

Net income (loss)

    788     928     854     (1,679 )   4,636  

Net income (loss) per share:

                               

Net income (loss) per share – basic

    1.51     1.72     1.58     (3.06 )   7.80  

Net income (loss) per share – diluted

    1.51     1.71     1.58     (3.06 )   7.76  

Cash dividends declared per share

    0.84     0.80     0.80     1.64     1.52  

 

 

Consolidated Financial Position

                               

Investments

  $ 95,618   $ 100,483   $ 99,833   $ 95,998   $ 118,980  

Total assets

    125,563     130,874     132,652     134,798     156,408  

Reserves for claims and claims expense, life-contingent contract benefits and contractholder funds

    77,156     81,145     84,659     90,750     94,052  

Long-term debt

    5,908     5,908     5,910     5,659     5,640  

Shareholders' equity

    18,674     19,016     16,692     12,641     21,851  

Shareholders' equity per diluted share

    36.92     35.32     30.84     23.47     38.54  

Equity

    18,702     19,044     16,721     12,673     21,902  

 

 

Property-Liability Operations

                               

Premiums earned

  $ 25,942   $ 25,957   $ 26,194   $ 26,967   $ 27,233  

Net investment income

    1,201     1,189     1,328     1,674     1,972  

Net income

    408     1,054     1,543     228     4,258  

Operating ratios  (1)

                               

Claims and claims expense ("loss") ratio

    77.7     73.0     71.6     74.4     64.9  

Expense ratio

    25.7     25.1     24.6     25.0     24.9  

Combined ratio

    103.4     98.1     96.2     99.4     89.8  

 

 

Allstate Financial Operations

                               

Premiums and contract charges

  $ 2,238   $ 2,168   $ 1,958   $ 1,895   $ 1,866  

Net investment income

    2,716     2,853     3,064     3,811     4,297  

Net income (loss)

    586     58     (483 )   (1,721 )   465  

Investments

    57,373     61,582     62,216     61,449     74,256  

(1)
We use operating ratios to measure the profitability of our Property-Liability results. We believe that they enhance an investor's understanding of our profitability. They are calculated as follows: Claims and claims expense ("loss") ratio is the ratio of claims and claims expense to premiums earned. Loss ratios include the impact of catastrophe losses. Expense ratio is the ratio of amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, operating costs and expenses and restructuring and related charges to premiums earned. Combined ratio is the ratio of claims and claims expense, amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, operating costs and expenses and restructuring and related charges to premiums earned. The combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. The difference between 100% and the combined ratio represents underwriting income (loss) as a percentage of premiums earned, or underwriting margin.

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Item 7.  Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 
  Page

Overview

  27

2011 Highlights

  27

Consolidated Net Income

  28

Application of Critical Accounting Estimates

  29

Property-Liability 2011 Highlights

  41

Property-Liability Operations

  42

Allstate Protection Segment

  44

Discontinued Lines and Coverages Segment

  57

Property-Liability Investment Results

  57

Property-Liability Claims and Claims Expense Reserves

  58

Allstate Financial 2011 Highlights

  69

Allstate Financial Segment

  69

Investments 2011 Highlights

  79

Investments

  79

Market Risk

  95

Pension Plans

  99

Goodwill

  100

Deferred Taxes

  101

Capital Resources and Liquidity 2011 Highlights

  101

Capital Resources and Liquidity

  102

Enterprise Risk and Return Management

  108

Regulation and Legal Proceedings

  109

Pending Accounting Standards

  109

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Table of Contents


OVERVIEW

       The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the consolidated financial position and results of operations of The Allstate Corporation (referred to in this document as "we," "our," "us," the "Company" or "Allstate"). It should be read in conjunction with the 5-year summary of selected financial data, consolidated financial statements and related notes found under Part II, Item 6 and Item 8 contained herein. Further analysis of our insurance segments is provided in the Property-Liability Operations (which includes the Allstate Protection and the Discontinued Lines and Coverages segments) and in the Allstate Financial Segment sections of Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A"). The segments are consistent with the way in which we use financial information to evaluate business performance and to determine the allocation of resources.

       Allstate is focused on the following priorities in 2012:

    maintain auto profitability;
    raise returns in homeowners and annuity businesses;
    grow insurance premiums; and
    proactively manage investments and capital.

       The most important factors we monitor to evaluate the financial condition and performance of our company include:

    For Allstate Protection: premium written, the number of policies in force ("PIF"), retention, price changes, claim frequency (rate of claim occurrence per policy in force) and severity (average cost per claim), catastrophes, loss ratio, expenses, underwriting results, and sales of all products and services;
    For Allstate Financial: benefit and investment spread, amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs ("DAC"), expenses, operating income, net income, invested assets, and premiums and contract charges;
    For Investments: credit quality/experience, total return, investment income, cash flows, realized capital gains and losses, unrealized capital gains and losses, stability of long-term returns, and asset and liability duration; and
    For financial condition: liquidity, parent holding company level of deployable invested assets, financial strength ratings, operating leverage, debt leverage, book value per share, and return on equity.

    Summary of Results:

    Consolidated net income was $788 million in 2011, a decrease of 15.1% compared to $928 million in 2010, following an 8.7% increase in 2010 from $854 million in 2009. The decrease in 2011 compared to 2010 was primarily due to lower net income from Property-Liability, partially offset by higher net income from Allstate Financial. The increase in 2010 compared to 2009 was primarily due to higher net income from Allstate Financial, partially offset by lower net income from Property-Liability. Net income per diluted share was $1.51, $1.71 and $1.58 in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
    Allstate Protection had an underwriting loss of $849 million in 2011 compared to underwriting income of $526 million in 2010 and underwriting income of $1.03 billion in 2009. The decrease in 2011 compared to 2010 was primarily due to increases in homeowners underwriting losses and decreases in other personal lines and standard auto underwriting income. The decrease in 2010 compared to 2009 was primarily due to decreases in standard auto underwriting income and increases in homeowners underwriting losses, partially offset by increases in other personal lines underwriting income. The Allstate Protection combined ratio was 103.3, 98.0 and 96.1 in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Underwriting income (loss), as measure not based on GAAP, is defined in the Property-Liability Operations section of the MD&A.
    Allstate Financial net income was $586 million in 2011 compared to net income of $58 million in 2010 and a net loss of $483 million in 2009. The increase in 2011 compared to 2010 was primarily due to net realized capital gains in the current year compared to net realized capital losses in the prior year and decreased interest credited to contractholder funds, partially offset by higher amortization of DAC and lower net investment income. The favorable change of $541 million in 2010 compared to 2009 was primarily due to lower amortization of DAC, decreased interest credited to contractholder funds and higher premiums and contract charges, partially offset by lower net investment income.


2011 HIGHLIGHTS

Consolidated net income was $788 million in 2011 compared to $928 million in 2010. Net income per diluted share was $1.51 in 2011 compared to $1.71 in 2010.
Property-Liability net income was $408 million in 2011 compared to $1.05 billion in 2010.

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The Property-Liability combined ratio was 103.4 in 2011 compared to 98.1 in 2010.
Allstate Financial net income was $586 million in 2011 compared to $58 million in 2010.
Total revenues were $32.65 billion in 2011 compared to $31.40 billion in 2010.
Property-Liability premiums earned totaled $25.94 billion in 2011 compared to $25.96 billion in 2010.
Net realized capital gains were $503 million in 2011 compared to net realized capital losses of $827 million in 2010.
Investments totaled $95.62 billion as of December 31, 2011, a decrease of 4.8% from $100.48 billion as of December 31, 2010. Net investment income was $3.97 billion in 2011, a decrease of 3.2% from $4.10 billion in 2010.
Book value per diluted share (ratio of shareholders' equity to total shares outstanding and dilutive potential shares outstanding) was $36.92 as of December 31, 2011, an increase of 4.5% from $35.32 as of December 31, 2010.
For the twelve months ended December 31, 2011, return on the average of beginning and ending period shareholders' equity was 4.2%, a decrease of 1.0 points from 5.2% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2010.
As of December 31, 2011, we had $18.67 billion in shareholders' equity. This total included $2.24 billion in deployable invested assets at the parent holding company level.
On October 7, 2011, we obtained all required regulatory approvals and closed our acquisition of certain entities making up the Esurance and Answer Financial groups of companies from White Mountains Holdings for a total price of $1.01 billion.


CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME

($ in millions)
  For the years ended December 31,  
 
  2011   2010   2009  

Revenues

                   

Property-liability insurance premiums

  $ 25,942   $ 25,957   $ 26,194  

Life and annuity premiums and contract charges

    2,238     2,168     1,958  

Net investment income

    3,971     4,102     4,444  

Realized capital gains and losses:

                   

Total other-than-temporary impairment losses

    (563 )   (937 )   (2,376 )

Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income

    (33 )   (64 )   457  
               

Net other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in earnings

    (596 )   (1,001 )   (1,919 )

Sales and other realized capital gains and losses

    1,099     174     1,336  
               

Total realized capital gains and losses

    503     (827 )   (583 )
               

Total revenues

    32,654     31,400     32,013  

Costs and expenses

                   

Property-liability insurance claims and claims expense

    (20,161 )   (18,951 )   (18,746 )

Life and annuity contract benefits

    (1,761 )   (1,815 )   (1,617 )

Interest credited to contractholder funds

    (1,645 )   (1,807 )   (2,126 )

Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs

    (4,233 )   (4,034 )   (4,754 )

Operating costs and expenses

    (3,468 )   (3,281 )   (3,007 )

Restructuring and related charges

    (44 )   (30 )   (130 )

Interest expense

    (367 )   (367 )   (392 )
               

Total costs and expenses

    (31,679 )   (30,285 )   (30,772 )

(Loss) gain on disposition of operations

    (15 )   11     7  

Income tax expense

    (172 )   (198 )   (394 )
               

Net income

  $ 788   $ 928   $ 854  
               

Property-Liability

 
$

408
 
$

1,054
 
$

1,543
 

Allstate Financial

    586     58     (483 )

Corporate and Other

    (206 )   (184 )   (206 )
               

Net income

  $ 788   $ 928   $ 854  
               

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APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

       The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires management to adopt accounting policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. The most critical estimates include those used in determining:

    Fair value of financial assets
    Impairment of fixed income and equity securities
    Deferred policy acquisition costs amortization
    Reserve for property-liability insurance claims and claims expense estimation
    Reserve for life-contingent contract benefits estimation

       In making these determinations, management makes subjective and complex judgments that frequently require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Many of these policies, estimates and related judgments are common in the insurance and financial services industries; others are specific to our businesses and operations. It is reasonably likely that changes in these estimates could occur from period to period and result in a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

       A brief summary of each of these critical accounting estimates follows. For a more detailed discussion of the effect of these estimates on our consolidated financial statements, and the judgments and assumptions related to these estimates, see the referenced sections of this document. For a complete summary of our significant accounting policies, see the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

       Fair value of financial assets     Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We categorize our financial assets measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy based on the observability of inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1:   Financial asset values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in an active market that we can access.

Level 2:

 

Financial asset values are based on the following:
    (a)   Quoted prices for similar assets in active markets;
    (b)   Quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active; or
    (c)   Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset.

Level 3:

 

Financial asset values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect our estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the financial assets.

       Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in valuing financial assets that are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources. In the absence of sufficient observable inputs, unobservable inputs reflect our estimates of the assumptions market participants would use in valuing financial assets and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The degree of management judgment involved in determining fair values is inversely related to the availability of market observable information.

       We are responsible for the determination of fair value of financial assets and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. We gain assurance on the overall reasonableness and consistent application of valuation input assumptions, valuation methodologies and compliance with accounting standards for fair value determination through the execution of various processes and controls designed to ensure that our financial assets are appropriately valued. We monitor fair values received from third parties and those derived internally on an ongoing basis.

       We employ independent third-party valuation service providers, broker quotes and internal pricing methods to determine fair values. We obtain or calculate only one single quote or price for each financial instrument.

       Valuation service providers typically obtain data about market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources and, through the use of proprietary models, produce valuation information in the form of a single fair value for individual securities for which a fair value has been requested under the terms of our agreements. For certain equity securities, valuation service providers provide market quotations for completed transactions on the measurement date. For other security types, fair values are derived from the valuation service providers' proprietary valuation models. The inputs used by the valuation service providers include, but are not limited to, market prices from recently completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities, interest rate yield curves, credit spreads,

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liquidity spreads, currency rates, and other information, as applicable. Credit and liquidity spreads are typically implied from completed transactions and transactions of comparable securities. Valuation service providers also use proprietary discounted cash flow models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry and similar to those used by other market participants to value the same financial instruments. The valuation models take into account, among other things, market observable information as of the measurement date, as described above, as well as the specific attributes of the security being valued including its term, interest rate, credit rating, industry sector, and where applicable, collateral quality and other issue or issuer specific information. Executing valuation models effectively requires seasoned professional judgment and experience. In cases where market transactions or other market observable data is limited, the extent to which judgment is applied varies inversely with the availability of market observable information.

       For certain of our financial assets measured at fair value, where our valuation service providers cannot provide fair value determinations, we obtain a single non-binding price quote from a broker familiar with the security who, similar to our valuation service providers, may consider transactions or activity in similar securities among other information. The brokers providing price quotes are generally from the brokerage divisions of leading financial institutions with market making, underwriting and distribution expertise regarding the security subject to valuation.

       The fair value of certain financial assets, including privately placed corporate fixed income securities, auction rate securities ("ARS") backed by student loans, equity-indexed notes, and certain free-standing derivatives, for which our valuation service providers or brokers do not provide fair value determinations, is determined using valuation methods and models widely accepted in the financial services industry. Internally developed valuation models, which include inputs that may not be market observable and as such involve some degree of judgment, are considered appropriate for each class of security to which they are applied.

       Our internal pricing methods are primarily based on models using discounted cash flow methodologies that develop a single best estimate of fair value. Our models generally incorporate inputs that we believe are representative of inputs other market participants would use to determine fair value of the same instruments, including yield curves, quoted market prices of comparable securities, published credit spreads, and other applicable market data. Additional inputs that are used include internally-derived assumptions such as liquidity premiums and credit ratings, as well as instrument-specific characteristics that include, but are not limited to, coupon rates, expected cash flows, sector of the issuer, and call provisions. Our internally assigned credit ratings are developed at a more detailed level than externally published ratings and allow for a more precise match of these ratings to other market observable valuation inputs, such as credit and sector spreads, when performing these valuations. Due to the existence of non-market observable inputs, such as liquidity premiums, judgment is required in developing these fair values. As a result, the fair value of these financial assets may differ from the amount actually received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Moreover, the use of different valuation assumptions may have a material effect on the financial assets' fair values.

       For the majority of our financial assets measured at fair value, all significant inputs are based on market observable data and significant management judgment does not affect the periodic determination of fair value. The determination of fair value using discounted cash flow models involves management judgment when significant model inputs are not based on market observable data. However, where market observable data is available, it takes precedence, and as a result, no range of reasonably likely inputs exists from which the basis of a sensitivity analysis could be constructed.

       There is one primary situation where a discounted cash flow model utilizes a significant input that is not market observable, and it relates to the determination of fair value for our ARS backed by student loans. The significant input utilized is the anticipated date liquidity will return to this market (that is, when auction failures will cease). Determination of this assumption allows for matching to market observable inputs when performing these valuations.

       The following table displays the sensitivity of reasonably likely changes in the anticipated date liquidity will return to the student loan ARS market as of December 31, 2011. The selection of these hypothetical scenarios represents an illustration of the estimated potential proportional effect of alternate assumptions and should not be construed as either a prediction of future events or an indication that it would be reasonably likely that all securities would be similarly affected.

($ in millions)
   
 

ARS backed by student loans at fair value

  $ 710  

Percentage change in fair value resulting from:

       

Decrease in the anticipated date liquidity will return to this market by six months

    1.4 %

Increase in the anticipated date liquidity will return to this market by six months

    (1.4 )%

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       We believe our most significant exposure to changes in fair value is due to market risk. Our exposure to changes in market conditions is discussed fully in the Market Risk section of the MD&A.

       We employ specific control processes to determine the reasonableness of the fair value of our financial assets. Our processes are designed to ensure that the values received or internally estimated are accurately recorded and that the data inputs and the valuation techniques utilized are appropriate, consistently applied, and that the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value. For example, on a continuing basis, we assess the reasonableness of individual security values that have stale prices or that exceed certain thresholds as compared to previous values received from those valuation service providers or derived from internal models. We perform procedures to understand and assess the methodologies, processes and controls of our valuation service providers. In addition, we may validate the reasonableness of fair value by comparing information obtained from our valuation service providers to other third party valuation sources for selected securities. We perform ongoing price validation procedures such as back-testing of actual sales, which corroborate the various inputs used in internal pricing models to market observable data. When fair value determinations are expected to be more variable, we validate them through reviews by members of management who have relevant expertise and who are independent of those charged with executing investment transactions.

       We also perform an analysis to determine whether there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset when compared to normal market activity, and if so, whether transactions may not be orderly. Among the indicators we consider in determining whether a significant decrease in the volume and level of market activity for a specific asset has occurred include the level of new issuances in the primary market, trading volume in the secondary market, level of credit spreads over historical levels, bid-ask spread, and price consensuses among market participants and sources. If evidence indicates that prices are based on transactions that are not orderly, we place little, if any, weight on the transaction price and will estimate fair value using an internal pricing model. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, we did not alter fair values provided by our valuation service providers or brokers or substitute them with an internal pricing model for such securities.

       The following table identifies fixed income and equity securities and short-term investments as of December 31, 2011 by source of fair value determination:

($ in millions)
  Fair
value
  Percent
to total
 

Fair value based on internal sources

  $ 7,047     8.6 %

Fair value based on external sources  (1)

    74,720     91.4  
           

Total

  $ 81,767     100.0 %
           

(1)
Includes $3.87 billion that are valued using broker quotes.

       For more detailed information on our accounting policy for the fair value of financial assets and the financial assets by level in the fair value hierarchy, see Note 6 of the consolidated financial statements.

       Impairment of fixed income and equity securities     For investments classified as available for sale, the difference between fair value and amortized cost for fixed income securities and cost for equity securities, net of certain other items and deferred income taxes (as disclosed in Note 5), is reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and is not reflected in the operating results of any period until reclassified to net income upon the consummation of a transaction with an unrelated third party or when a write-down is recorded due to an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. We have a comprehensive portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed income and equity security whose carrying value may be other-than-temporarily impaired.

       For each fixed income security in an unrealized loss position, we assess whether management with the appropriate authority has made the decision to sell or whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity, contractual or regulatory purposes. If a security meets either of these criteria, the security's decline in fair value is considered other than temporary and is recorded in earnings.

       If we have not made the decision to sell the fixed income security and it is not more likely than not we will be required to sell the fixed income security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, we evaluate whether we expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. We use our best estimate of future cash flows expected to be collected from the fixed income security, discounted at the security's original or current effective rate, as appropriate, to calculate a recovery value and determine whether a credit loss exists. The

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determination of cash flow estimates is inherently subjective and methodologies may vary depending on facts and circumstances specific to the security. All reasonably available information relevant to the collectability of the security, including past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable assumptions and forecasts, are considered when developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. That information generally includes, but is not limited to, the remaining payment terms of the security, prepayment speeds, foreign exchange rates, the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer, expected defaults, expected recoveries, the value of underlying collateral, vintage, geographic concentration, available reserves or escrows, current subordination levels, third party guarantees and other credit enhancements. Other information, such as industry analyst reports and forecasts, sector credit ratings, financial condition of the bond insurer for insured fixed income securities, and other market data relevant to the realizability of contractual cash flows, may also be considered. The estimated fair value of collateral will be used to estimate recovery value if we determine that the security is dependent on the liquidation of collateral for ultimate settlement. If the estimated recovery value is less than the amortized cost of the security, a credit loss exists and an other-than-temporary impairment for the difference between the estimated recovery value and amortized cost is recorded in earnings. The portion of the unrealized loss related to factors other than credit remains classified in accumulated other comprehensive income. If we determine that the fixed income security does not have sufficient cash flow or other information to estimate a recovery value for the security, we may conclude that the entire decline in fair value is deemed to be credit related and the loss is recorded in earnings.

       There are a number of assumptions and estimates inherent in evaluating impairments of equity securities and determining if they are other than temporary, including: 1) our ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery in value; 2) the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than cost; 3) the financial condition, near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer, including relevant industry specific market conditions and trends, geographic location and implications of rating agency actions and offering prices; and 4) the specific reasons that a security is in an unrealized loss position, including overall market conditions which could affect liquidity.

       Once assumptions and estimates are made, any number of changes in facts and circumstances could cause us to subsequently determine that a fixed income or equity security is other-than-temporarily impaired, including: 1) general economic conditions that are worse than previously forecasted or that have a greater adverse effect on a particular issuer or industry sector than originally estimated; 2) changes in the facts and circumstances related to a particular issue or issuer's ability to meet all of its contractual obligations; and 3) changes in facts and circumstances that result in changes to management's intent to sell or result in our assessment that it is more likely than not we will be required to sell before recovery of the amortized cost basis of a fixed income security or causes a change in our ability or intent to hold an equity security until it recovers in value. Changes in assumptions, facts and circumstances could result in additional charges to earnings in future periods to the extent that losses are realized. The charge to earnings, while potentially significant to net income, would not have a significant effect on shareholders' equity, since our securities are designated as available for sale and carried at fair value and as a result, any related unrealized loss, net of deferred income taxes and related DAC, deferred sales inducement costs ("DSI") and reserves for life-contingent contract benefits, would already be reflected as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders' equity.

       The determination of the amount of other-than-temporary impairment is an inherently subjective process based on periodic evaluation of the factors described above. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. We update our evaluations regularly and reflect changes in other-than-temporary impairments in results of operations as such evaluations are revised. The use of different methodologies and assumptions in the determination of the amount of other-than-temporary impairments may have a material effect on the amounts presented within the consolidated financial statements.

       For additional detail on investment impairments, see Note 5 of the consolidated financial statements.

       Deferred policy acquisition costs amortization     We incur significant costs in connection with acquiring insurance policies and investment contracts. In accordance with GAAP, costs that vary with and are primarily related to acquiring insurance policies and investment contracts are deferred and recorded as an asset on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

       DAC related to property-liability contracts is amortized into income as premiums are earned, typically over periods of six or twelve months. The amortization methodology for DAC related to Allstate Financial policies and contracts includes significant assumptions and estimates.

       DAC related to traditional life insurance is amortized over the premium paying period of the related policies in proportion to the estimated revenues on such business. Significant assumptions relating to estimated premiums, investment returns, as well as mortality, persistency and expenses to administer the business are established at the time

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the policy is issued and are generally not revised during the life of the policy. The assumptions for determining the timing and amount of DAC amortization are consistent with the assumptions used to calculate the reserve for life-contingent contract benefits. Any deviations from projected business in force resulting from actual policy terminations differing from expected levels and any estimated premium deficiencies may result in a change to the rate of amortization in the period such events occur. Generally, the amortization periods for these policies approximates the estimated lives of the policies. The recovery of DAC is dependent upon the future profitability of the business. We periodically review the adequacy of reserves and recoverability of DAC for these policies on an aggregate basis using actual experience. We aggregate all traditional life insurance products and immediate annuities with life contingencies in the analysis. In the event actual experience is significantly adverse compared to the original assumptions and a premium deficiency is determined to exist, any remaining unamortized DAC balance must be expensed to the extent not recoverable and a premium deficiency reserve may be required if the remaining DAC balance is insufficient to absorb the deficiency. In 2011, 2010 and 2009, our reviews concluded that no premium deficiency adjustments were necessary, primarily due to projected profit from traditional life insurance more than offsetting the projected losses in immediate annuities with life contingencies.

       DAC related to interest-sensitive life, fixed annuities and other investment contracts is amortized in proportion to the incidence of the total present value of gross profits, which includes both actual historical gross profits ("AGP") and estimated future gross profits ("EGP") expected to be earned over the estimated lives of the contracts. The amortization is net of interest on the prior period DAC balance using rates established at the inception of the contracts. Actual amortization periods generally range from 15-30 years; however, incorporating estimates of the rate of customer surrenders, partial withdrawals and deaths generally results in the majority of the DAC being amortized during the surrender charge period, which is typically 10-20 years for interest-sensitive life and 5-10 years for fixed annuities. The cumulative DAC amortization is reestimated and adjusted by a cumulative charge or credit to income when there is a difference between the incidence of actual versus expected gross profits in a reporting period or when there is a change in total EGP.

       AGP and EGP primarily consist of the following components: contract charges for the cost of insurance less mortality costs and other benefits (benefit margin); investment income and realized capital gains and losses less interest credited (investment margin); and surrender and other contract charges less maintenance expenses (expense margin). The principal assumptions for determining the amount of EGP are investment returns, including capital gains and losses on assets supporting contract liabilities, interest crediting rates to contractholders, and the effects of persistency, mortality, expenses, and hedges if applicable, and these assumptions are reasonably likely to have the greatest impact on the amount of DAC amortization. Changes in these assumptions can be offsetting and we are unable to reasonably predict their future movements or offsetting impacts over time.

       Each reporting period, DAC amortization is recognized in proportion to AGP for that period adjusted for interest on the prior period DAC balance. This amortization process includes an assessment of AGP compared to EGP, the actual amount of business remaining in force and realized capital gains and losses on investments supporting the product liability. The impact of realized capital gains and losses on amortization of DAC depends upon which product liability is supported by the assets that give rise to the gain or loss. If the AGP is greater than EGP in the period, but the total EGP is unchanged, the amount of DAC amortization will generally increase, resulting in a current period decrease to earnings. The opposite result generally occurs when the AGP is less than the EGP in the period, but the total EGP is unchanged. However, when DAC amortization or a component of gross profits for a quarterly period is potentially negative (which would result in an increase of the DAC balance) as a result of negative AGP, the specific facts and circumstances surrounding the potential negative amortization are considered to determine whether it is appropriate for recognition in the consolidated financial statements. Negative amortization is only recorded when the increased DAC balance is determined to be recoverable based on facts and circumstances. Negative amortization was not recorded for certain fixed annuities during 2011, 2010 and 2009 periods in which significant capital losses were realized on their related investment portfolio. For products whose supporting investments are exposed to capital losses in excess of our expectations which may cause periodic AGP to become temporarily negative, EGP and AGP utilized in DAC amortization may be modified to exclude the excess capital losses.

       Annually, we review and update all assumptions underlying the projections of EGP, including investment returns, comprising investment income and realized capital gains and losses, interest crediting rates, persistency, mortality, expenses and the effect of any hedges. At each reporting period, we assess whether any revisions to assumptions used to determine DAC amortization are required. These reviews and updates may result in amortization acceleration or deceleration, which are commonly referred to as "DAC unlocking". If the update of assumptions causes total EGP to increase, the rate of DAC amortization will generally decrease, resulting in a current period increase to earnings. A decrease to earnings generally occurs when the assumption update causes the total EGP to decrease.

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       Over the past three years, our most significant DAC assumption updates that resulted in a change to EGP and the amortization of DAC have been revisions to expected future investment returns, primarily realized capital losses, mortality, expenses and the number of contracts in force or persistency. The following table provides the effect on DAC amortization of changes in assumptions relating to the gross profit components of investment margin, benefit margin and expense margin during the years ended December 31.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Investment margin

  $ 2   $ 15   $ (399 )

Benefit margin

    7     (45 )   129  

Expense margin

    (21 )   42     (7 )
               

Net (acceleration) deceleration

  $ (12 ) $ 12   $ (277 )
               

       In 2011, DAC amortization deceleration related to changes in the investment margin component of EGP primarily related to equity-indexed annuities and was due to an increase in projected investment margins. The deceleration related to benefit margin was primarily due to increased projected persistency on interest-sensitive life insurance. The acceleration related to expense margin primarily related to interest-sensitive life insurance and was due to an increase in projected expenses. In 2010, DAC amortization deceleration related to changes in the investment margin component of EGP primarily related to interest-sensitive life insurance and was due to higher than previously projected investment income and lower interest credited, partially offset by higher projected realized capital losses. The acceleration related to benefit margin was primarily due to lower projected renewal premium (which is also expected to reduce persistency) on interest-sensitive life insurance, partially offset by higher than previously projected revenues associated with variable life insurance due to appreciation in the underlying separate account valuations. The deceleration related to expense margin resulted from current and expected expense levels lower than previously projected. DAC amortization acceleration related to changes in the investment margin component of EGP in the first quarter of 2009 was primarily due to an increase in the level of expected realized capital losses in 2009 and 2010. The deceleration related to benefit margin was due to more favorable projected life insurance mortality. The acceleration related to expense margin resulted from current and expected expense levels higher than previously projected.

       The following table displays the sensitivity of reasonably likely changes in assumptions included in the gross profit components of investment margin or benefit margin to amortization of the DAC balance as of December 31, 2011.

($ in millions)
  Increase/(reduction) in DAC  

Increase in future investment margins of 25 basis points

  $ 73  

Decrease in future investment margins of 25 basis points

  $ (81 )

Decrease in future life mortality by 1%

 
$

21
 

Increase in future life mortality by 1%

  $ (22 )

       Any potential changes in assumptions discussed above are measured without consideration of correlation among assumptions. Therefore, it would be inappropriate to add them together in an attempt to estimate overall variability in amortization.

       For additional detail related to DAC, see the Allstate Financial Segment section of this document.

       Reserve for property-liability insurance claims and claims expense estimation     Reserves are established to provide for the estimated costs of paying claims and claims expenses under insurance policies we have issued. Property-Liability underwriting results are significantly influenced by estimates of property-liability insurance claims and claims expense reserves. These reserves are an estimate of amounts necessary to settle all outstanding claims, including claims that have been incurred but not reported ("IBNR"), as of the financial statement date.

       Characteristics of reserves     Reserves are established independently of business segment management for each business segment and line of business based on estimates of the ultimate cost to settle claims, less losses that have been paid. The significant lines of business are auto, homeowners, and other lines for Allstate Protection, and asbestos, environmental, and other discontinued lines for Discontinued Lines and Coverages. Allstate Protection's claims are typically reported promptly with relatively little reporting lag between the date of occurrence and the date the loss is reported. Auto and homeowners liability losses generally take an average of about two years to settle, while auto physical damage, homeowners property and other personal lines have an average settlement time of less than one year. Discontinued Lines and Coverages involve long-tail losses, such as those related to asbestos and environmental claims, which often involve substantial reporting lags and extended times to settle.

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       Reserves are the difference between the estimated ultimate cost of losses incurred and the amount of paid losses as of the reporting date. Reserves are estimated for both reported and unreported claims, and include estimates of all expenses associated with processing and settling all incurred claims. We update most of our reserve estimates quarterly and as new information becomes available or as events emerge that may affect the resolution of unsettled claims. Changes in prior year reserve estimates (reserve reestimates), which may be material, are determined by comparing updated estimates of ultimate losses to prior estimates, and the differences are recorded as property-liability insurance claims and claims expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period such changes are determined. Estimating the ultimate cost of claims and claims expenses is an inherently uncertain and complex process involving a high degree of judgment and is subject to the evaluation of numerous variables.

       The actuarial methods used to develop reserve estimates     Reserve estimates are derived by using several different actuarial estimation methods that are variations on one primary actuarial technique. The actuarial technique is known as a "chain ladder" estimation process in which historical loss patterns are applied to actual paid losses and reported losses (paid losses plus individual case reserves established by claim adjusters) for an accident year or a report year to create an estimate of how losses are likely to develop over time. An accident year refers to classifying claims based on the year in which the claims occurred. A report year refers to classifying claims based on the year in which the claims are reported. Both classifications are used to prepare estimates of required reserves for payments to be made in the future. The key assumptions affecting our reserve estimates comprise data elements including claim counts, paid losses, case reserves, and development factors calculated with this data.

       In the chain ladder estimation technique, a ratio (development factor) is calculated which compares current period results to results in the prior period for each accident year. A three-year or two-year average development factor, based on historical results, is usually multiplied by the current period experience to estimate the development of losses of each accident year into the next time period. The development factors for the future time periods for each accident year are compounded over the remaining future periods to calculate an estimate of ultimate losses for each accident year. The implicit assumption of this technique is that an average of historical development factors is predictive of future loss development, as the significant size of our experience data base achieves a high degree of statistical credibility in actuarial projections of this type. The effects of inflation are implicitly considered in the reserving process, the implicit assumption being that a multi-year average development factor includes an adequate provision. Occasionally, unusual aberrations in loss patterns are caused by external and internal factors such as changes in claim reporting, settlement patterns, unusually large losses, process changes, legal or regulatory changes, and other influences. In these instances, analyses of alternate development factor selections are performed to evaluate the effect of these factors and actuarial judgment is applied to make appropriate development factor assumptions needed to develop a best estimate of ultimate losses.

       How reserve estimates are established and updated     Reserve estimates are developed at a very detailed level, and the results of these numerous micro-level best estimates are aggregated to form a consolidated reserve estimate. For example, over one thousand actuarial estimates of the types described above are prepared each quarter to estimate losses for each line of insurance, major components of losses (such as coverages and perils), major states or groups of states and for reported losses and IBNR. The actuarial methods described above are used to analyze the settlement patterns of claims by determining the development factors for specific data elements that are necessary components of a reserve estimation process. Development factors are calculated quarterly and periodically throughout the year for data elements such as claim counts reported and settled, paid losses, and paid losses combined with case reserves. The calculation of development factors from changes in these data elements also impacts claim severity trends, which is a common industry reference used to explain changes in reserve estimates. The historical development patterns for these data elements are used as the assumptions to calculate reserve estimates.

       Often, several different estimates are prepared for each detailed component, incorporating alternative analyses of changing claim settlement patterns and other influences on losses, from which we select our best estimate for each component, occasionally incorporating additional analyses and actuarial judgment, as described above. These micro-level estimates are not based on a single set of assumptions. Actuarial judgments that may be applied to these components of certain micro-level estimates generally do not have a material impact on the consolidated level of reserves. Moreover, this detailed micro-level process does not permit or result in a compilation of a company-wide roll up to generate a range of needed loss reserves that would be meaningful. Based on our review of these estimates, our best estimate of required reserves for each state/line/coverage component is recorded for each accident year, and the required reserves for each component are summed to create the reserve balance carried on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

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       Reserves are reestimated quarterly and periodically throughout the year, by combining historical results with current actual results to calculate new development factors. This process incorporates the historic and latest actual trends, and other underlying changes in the data elements used to calculate reserve estimates. New development factors are likely to differ from previous development factors used in prior reserve estimates because actual results (claims reported or settled, losses paid, or changes to case reserves) occur differently than the implied assumptions contained in the previous development factor calculations. If claims reported, paid losses, or case reserve changes are greater or less than the levels estimated by previous development factors, reserve reestimates increase or decrease. When actual development of these data elements is different than the historical development pattern used in a prior period reserve estimate, a new reserve is determined. The difference between indicated reserves based on new reserve estimates and recorded reserves (the previous estimate) is the amount of reserve reestimate and is recognized as an increase or decrease in property-liability insurance claims and claims expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Total Property-liability reserve reestimates, after-tax, as a percent of net income in 2011, 2010 and 2009 were 27.7%, 11.1%, and 8.5%, respectively. For Property-Liability, the 3-year average of reserve reestimates as a percentage of total reserves was a favorable 1.2%, for Allstate Protection, the 3-year average of reserve estimates was a favorable 1.5% and for Discontinued Lines and Coverages, the 3-year average of reserve reestimates was an unfavorable 1.3%, each of these results being consistent within a reasonable actuarial tolerance for our respective businesses. A more detailed discussion of reserve reestimates is presented in the Property-Liability Claims and Claims Expense Reserves section of this document.

       The following table shows net claims and claims expense reserves by segment and line of business as of December 31:

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Allstate Protection

                   

Auto

  $ 11,404   $ 11,034   $ 10,606  

Homeowners

    2,439     2,442     2,399  

Other lines

    2,237     2,141     2,145  
               

Total Allstate Protection

    16,080     15,617     15,150  

Discontinued Lines and Coverages

                   

Asbestos

    1,078     1,100     1,180  

Environmental

    185     201     198  

Other discontinued lines

    444     478     500  
               

Total Discontinued Lines and Coverages

    1,707     1,779     1,878  
               

Total Property-Liability

  $ 17,787   $ 17,396   $ 17,028  
               

Allstate Protection reserve estimates

       Factors affecting reserve estimates     Reserve estimates are developed based on the processes and historical development trends as previously described. These estimates are considered in conjunction with known facts and interpretations of circumstances and factors including our experience with similar cases, actual claims paid, historical trends involving claim payment patterns and pending levels of unpaid claims, loss management programs, product mix and contractual terms, changes in law and regulation, judicial decisions, and economic conditions. When we experience changes of the type previously mentioned, we may need to apply actuarial judgment in the determination and selection of development factors considered more reflective of the new trends, such as combining shorter or longer periods of historical results with current actual results to produce development factors based on two-year, three-year, or longer development periods to reestimate our reserves. For example, if a legal change is expected to have a significant impact on the development of claim severity for a coverage which is part of a particular line of insurance in a specific state, actuarial judgment is applied to determine appropriate development factors that will most accurately reflect the expected impact on that specific estimate. Another example would be when a change in economic conditions is expected to affect the cost of repairs to damaged autos or property for a particular line, coverage, or state, actuarial judgment is applied to determine appropriate development factors to use in the reserve estimate that will most accurately reflect the expected impacts on severity development.

       As claims are reported, for certain liability claims of sufficient size and complexity, the field adjusting staff establishes case reserve estimates of ultimate cost, based on their assessment of facts and circumstances related to each individual claim. For other claims which occur in large volumes and settle in a relatively short time frame, it is not practical or efficient to set case reserves for each claim, and a statistical case reserve is set for these claims based on

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estimation techniques previously described. In the normal course of business, we may also supplement our claims processes by utilizing third party adjusters, appraisers, engineers, inspectors, and other professionals and information sources to assess and settle catastrophe and non-catastrophe related claims.

       Historically, the case reserves set by the field adjusting staff have not proven to be an entirely accurate estimate of the ultimate cost of claims. To provide for this, a development reserve is estimated using previously described processes, and allocated to pending claims as a supplement to case reserves. Typically, the case and supplemental development reserves comprise about 90% of total reserves.

       Another major component of reserves is IBNR. Typically, IBNR comprises about 10% of total reserves.

       Generally, the initial reserves for a new accident year are established based on severity assumptions for different business segments, lines and coverages based on historical relationships to relevant inflation indicators, and reserves for prior accident years are statistically determined using processes previously described. Changes in auto current year claim severity are generally influenced by inflation in the medical and auto repair sectors of the economy. We mitigate these effects through various loss management programs. Injury claims are affected largely by medical cost inflation while physical damage claims are affected largely by auto repair cost inflation and used car prices. For auto physical damage coverages, we monitor our rate of increase in average cost per claim against a weighted average of the Maintenance and Repair price index and the Parts and Equipment price index. We believe our claim settlement initiatives, such as improvements to the claim review and settlement process, the use of special investigative units to detect fraud and handle suspect claims, litigation management and defense strategies, as well as various other loss management initiatives underway, contribute to the mitigation of injury and physical damage severity trends.

       Changes in homeowners current year claim severity are generally influenced by inflation in the cost of building materials, the cost of construction and property repair services, the cost of replacing home furnishings and other contents, the types of claims that qualify for coverage, deductibles and other economic and environmental factors. We employ various loss management programs to mitigate the effect of these factors.

       As loss experience for the current year develops for each type of loss, it is monitored relative to initial assumptions until it is judged to have sufficient statistical credibility. From that point in time and forward, reserves are reestimated using statistical actuarial processes to reflect the impact actual loss trends have on development factors incorporated into the actuarial estimation processes. Statistical credibility is usually achieved by the end of the first calendar year; however, when trends for the current accident year exceed initial assumptions sooner, they are usually determined to be credible, and reserves are increased accordingly.

       The very detailed processes for developing reserve estimates, and the lack of a need and existence of a common set of assumptions or development factors, limits aggregate reserve level testing for variability of data elements. However, by applying standard actuarial methods to consolidated historic accident year loss data for major loss types, comprising auto injury losses, auto physical damage losses and homeowner losses, we develop variability analyses consistent with the way we develop reserves by measuring the potential variability of development factors, as described in the section titled "Potential Reserve Estimate Variability" below.

       Causes of reserve estimate uncertainty     Since reserves are estimates of unpaid portions of claims and claims expenses that have occurred, including IBNR losses, the establishment of appropriate reserves, including reserves for catastrophes, requires regular reevaluation and refinement of estimates to determine our ultimate loss estimate.

       At each reporting date, the highest degree of uncertainty in estimates of losses arises from claims remaining to be settled for the current accident year and the most recent preceding accident year. The greatest degree of uncertainty exists in the current accident year because the current accident year contains the greatest proportion of losses that have not been reported or settled but must be estimated as of the current reporting date. Most of these losses relate to damaged property such as automobiles and homes, and medical care for injuries from accidents. During the first year after the end of an accident year, a large portion of the total losses for that accident year are settled. When accident year losses paid through the end of the first year following the initial accident year are incorporated into updated actuarial estimates, the trends inherent in the settlement of claims emerge more clearly. Consequently, this is the point in time at which we tend to make our largest reestimates of losses for an accident year. After the second year, the losses that we pay for an accident year typically relate to claims that are more difficult to settle, such as those involving serious injuries or litigation. Private passenger auto insurance provides a good illustration of the uncertainty of future loss estimates: our typical annual percentage payout of reserves for an accident year is approximately 45% in the first year after the end of the accident year, 20% in the second year, 15% in the third year, 10% in the fourth year, and the remaining 10% thereafter.

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       Reserves for catastrophe losses     Property-Liability claims and claims expense reserves also include reserves for catastrophe losses. Catastrophe losses are an inherent risk of the property-liability insurance industry that have contributed, and will continue to contribute, to potentially material year-to-year fluctuations in our results of operations and financial position. We define a "catastrophe" as an event that produces pre-tax losses before reinsurance in excess of $1 million and involves multiple first party policyholders, or an event that produces a number of claims in excess of a preset, per-event threshold of average claims in a specific area, occurring within a certain amount of time following the event. Catastrophes are caused by various natural events including high winds, winter storms, tornadoes, hailstorms, wildfires, tropical storms, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcanoes. We are also exposed to man-made catastrophic events, such as certain types of terrorism or industrial accidents. The nature and level of catastrophes in any period cannot be predicted.

       The estimation of claims and claims expense reserves for catastrophes also comprises estimates of losses from reported claims and IBNR, primarily for damage to property. In general, our estimates for catastrophe reserves are based on claim adjuster inspections and the application of historical loss development factors as described previously. However, depending on the nature of the catastrophe, as noted above, the estimation process can be further complicated. For example, for hurricanes, complications could include the inability of insureds to promptly report losses, limitations placed on claims adjusting staff affecting their ability to inspect losses, determining whether losses are covered by our homeowners policy (generally for damage caused by wind or wind driven rain) or specifically excluded coverage caused by flood, estimating additional living expenses, and assessing the impact of demand surge, exposure to mold damage, and the effects of numerous other considerations, including the timing of a catastrophe in relation to other events, such as at or near the end of a financial reporting period, which can affect the availability of information needed to estimate reserves for that reporting period. In these situations, we may need to adapt our practices to accommodate these circumstances in order to determine a best estimate of our losses from a catastrophe. As an example, in 2005 to complete an estimate for certain areas affected by Hurricane Katrina and not yet inspected by our claims adjusting staff, or where we believed our historical loss development factors were not predictive, we relied on analysis of actual claim notices received compared to total PIF, as well as visual, governmental and third party information, including aerial photos, area observations, and data on wind speed and flood depth to the extent available.

       Potential reserve estimate variability     The aggregation of numerous micro-level estimates for each business segment, line of insurance, major components of losses (such as coverages and perils), and major states or groups of states for reported losses and IBNR forms the reserve liability recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Because of this detailed approach to developing our reserve estimates, there is not a single set of assumptions that determine our reserve estimates at the consolidated level. Given the numerous micro-level estimates for reported losses and IBNR, management does not believe the processes that we follow will produce a statistically credible or reliable actuarial reserve range that would be meaningful. Reserve estimates, by their very nature, are very complex to determine and subject to significant judgment, and do not represent an exact determination for each outstanding claim. Accordingly, as actual claims, and/or paid losses, and/or case reserve results emerge, our estimate of the ultimate cost to settle will be different than previously estimated.

       To develop a statistical indication of potential reserve variability within reasonably likely possible outcomes, an actuarial technique (stochastic modeling) is applied to the countrywide consolidated data elements for paid losses and paid losses combined with case reserves separately for injury losses, auto physical damage losses, and homeowners losses excluding catastrophe losses. Based on the combined historical variability of the development factors calculated for these data elements, an estimate of the standard error or standard deviation around these reserve estimates is calculated within each accident year for the last twenty years for each type of loss. The variability of these reserve estimates within one standard deviation of the mean (a measure of frequency of dispersion often viewed to be an acceptable level of accuracy) is believed by management to represent a reasonable and statistically probable measure of potential variability. Based on our products and coverages, historical experience, the statistical credibility of our extensive data and stochastic modeling of actuarial chain ladder methodologies used to develop reserve estimates, we estimate that the potential variability of our Allstate Protection reserves, excluding reserves for catastrophe losses, within a reasonable probability of other possible outcomes, may be approximately plus or minus 4%, or plus or minus $450 million in net income. A lower level of variability exists for auto injury losses, which comprise approximately 75% of reserves, due to their relatively stable development patterns over a longer duration of time required to settle claims. Other types of losses, such as auto physical damage, homeowners losses and other losses, which comprise about 25% of reserves, tend to have greater variability but are settled in a much shorter period of time. Although this evaluation reflects most reasonably likely outcomes, it is possible the final outcome may fall below or above these amounts. Historical variability of reserve estimates is reported in the Property-Liability Claims and Claims Expense Reserves section of this document.

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       Adequacy of reserve estimates     We believe our net claims and claims expense reserves are appropriately established based on available methodology, facts, technology, laws and regulations. We calculate and record a single best reserve estimate, in conformance with generally accepted actuarial standards, for each line of insurance, its components (coverages and perils) and state, for reported losses and for IBNR losses, and as a result we believe that no other estimate is better than our recorded amount. Due to the uncertainties involved, the ultimate cost of losses may vary materially from recorded amounts, which are based on our best estimates.

Discontinued Lines and Coverages reserve estimates

       Characteristics of Discontinued Lines exposure     We continue to receive asbestos and environmental claims. Asbestos claims relate primarily to bodily injuries asserted by people who were exposed to asbestos or products containing asbestos. Environmental claims relate primarily to pollution and related clean-up costs.

       Our exposure to asbestos, environmental and other discontinued lines claims arises principally from assumed reinsurance coverage written during the 1960s through the mid-1980s, including reinsurance on primary insurance written on large U.S. companies, and from direct excess insurance written from 1972 through 1985, including substantial excess general liability coverages on large U.S. companies. Additional exposure stems from direct primary commercial insurance written during the 1960s through the mid-1980s. Other discontinued lines exposures primarily relate to general liability and product liability mass tort claims, such as those for medical devices and other products.

       In 1986, the general liability policy form used by us and others in the property-liability industry was amended to introduce an "absolute pollution exclusion," which excluded coverage for environmental damage claims, and to add an asbestos exclusion. Most general liability policies issued prior to 1987 contain annual aggregate limits for product liability coverage. General liability policies issued in 1987 and thereafter contain annual aggregate limits for product liability coverage and annual aggregate limits for all coverages. Our experience to date is that these policy form changes have limited the extent of our exposure to environmental and asbestos claim risks.

       Our exposure to liability for asbestos, environmental and other discontinued lines losses manifests differently depending on whether it arises from assumed reinsurance coverage, direct excess insurance or direct primary commercial insurance. The direct insurance coverage we provided that covered asbestos, environmental and other discontinued lines was substantially "excess" in nature.

       Direct excess insurance and reinsurance involve coverage written by us for specific layers of protection above retentions and other insurance plans. The nature of excess coverage and reinsurance provided to other insurers limits our exposure to loss to specific layers of protection in excess of policyholder retention on primary insurance plans. Our exposure is further limited by the significant reinsurance that we had purchased on our direct excess business.

       Our assumed reinsurance business involved writing generally small participations in other insurers' reinsurance programs. The reinsured losses in which we participate may be a proportion of all eligible losses or eligible losses in excess of defined retentions. The majority of our assumed reinsurance exposure, approximately 85%, is for excess of loss coverage, while the remaining 15% is for pro-rata coverage.

       Our direct primary commercial insurance business did not include coverage to large asbestos manufacturers. This business comprises a cross section of policyholders engaged in many diverse business sectors located throughout the country.

       How reserve estimates are established and updated     We conduct an annual review in the third quarter to evaluate and establish asbestos, environmental and other discontinued lines reserves. Changes to reserves are recorded in the reporting period in which they are determined. Using established industry and actuarial best practices and assuming no change in the regulatory or economic environment, this detailed and comprehensive methodology determines asbestos reserves based on assessments of the characteristics of exposure (i.e. claim activity, potential liability, jurisdiction, products versus non-products exposure) presented by individual policyholders, and determines environmental reserves based on assessments of the characteristics of exposure (i.e. environmental damages, respective shares of liability of potentially responsible parties, appropriateness and cost of remediation) to pollution and related clean-up costs. The number and cost of these claims is affected by intense advertising by trial lawyers seeking asbestos plaintiffs, and entities with asbestos exposure seeking bankruptcy protection as a result of asbestos liabilities, initially causing a delay in the reporting of claims, often followed by an acceleration and an increase in claims and claims expenses as settlements occur.

       After evaluating our insureds' probable liabilities for asbestos and/or environmental claims, we evaluate our insureds' coverage programs for such claims. We consider our insureds' total available insurance coverage, including the

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coverage we issued. We also consider relevant judicial interpretations of policy language and applicable coverage defenses or determinations, if any.

       Evaluation of both the insureds' estimated liabilities and our exposure to the insureds depends heavily on an analysis of the relevant legal issues and litigation environment. This analysis is conducted by our specialized claims adjusting staff and legal counsel. Based on these evaluations, case reserves are established by claims adjusting staff and actuarial analysis is employed to develop an IBNR reserve, which includes estimated potential reserve development and claims that have occurred but have not been reported. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, IBNR was 59.0% and 60.1%, respectively, of combined asbestos and environmental reserves.

       For both asbestos and environmental reserves, we also evaluate our historical direct net loss and expense paid and incurred experience to assess any emerging trends, fluctuations or characteristics suggested by the aggregate paid and incurred activity.

       Other Discontinued Lines and Coverages     The following table shows reserves for other discontinued lines which provide for remaining loss and loss expense liabilities related to business no longer written by us, other than asbestos and environmental, as of December 31.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Other mass torts

  $ 169   $ 188   $ 201  

Workers' compensation

    117     116     122  

Commercial and other

    158     174     177  
               

Other discontinued lines

  $ 444   $ 478   $ 500  
               

       Other mass torts describes direct excess and reinsurance general liability coverage provided for cumulative injury losses other than asbestos and environmental. Workers' compensation and commercial and other include run-off from discontinued direct primary, direct excess and reinsurance commercial insurance operations of various coverage exposures other than asbestos and environmental. Reserves are based on considerations similar to those previously described, as they relate to the characteristics of specific individual coverage exposures.

       Potential reserve estimate variability     Establishing Discontinued Lines and Coverages net loss reserves for asbestos, environmental and other discontinued lines claims is subject to uncertainties that are much greater than those presented by other types of claims. Among the complications are lack of historical data, long reporting delays, uncertainty as to the number and identity of insureds with potential exposure and unresolved legal issues regarding policy coverage; unresolved legal issues regarding the determination, availability and timing of exhaustion of policy limits; plaintiffs' evolving and expanding theories of liability; availability and collectability of recoveries from reinsurance; retrospectively determined premiums and other contractual agreements; estimates of the extent and timing of any contractual liability; the impact of bankruptcy protection sought by various asbestos producers and other asbestos defendants; and other uncertainties. There are also complex legal issues concerning the interpretation of various insurance policy provisions and whether those losses are covered, or were ever intended to be covered, and could be recoverable through retrospectively determined premium, reinsurance or other contractual agreements. Courts have reached different and sometimes inconsistent conclusions as to when losses are deemed to have occurred and which policies provide coverage; what types of losses are covered; whether there is an insurer obligation to defend; how policy limits are determined; how policy exclusions and conditions are applied and interpreted; and whether clean-up costs represent insured property damage. Our reserves for asbestos and environmental exposures could be affected by tort reform, class action litigation, and other potential legislation and judicial decisions. Environmental exposures could also be affected by a change in the existing federal Superfund law and similar state statutes. There can be no assurance that any reform legislation will be enacted or that any such legislation will provide for a fair, effective and cost-efficient system for settlement of asbestos or environmental claims. We believe these issues are not likely to be resolved in the near future, and the ultimate costs may vary materially from the amounts currently recorded resulting in material changes in loss reserves. Historical variability of reserve estimates is demonstrated in the Property-Liability Claims and Claims Expense Reserves section of this document.

       Adequacy of reserve estimates     Management believes its net loss reserves for environmental, asbestos and other discontinued lines exposures are appropriately established based on available facts, technology, laws, regulations, and assessments of other pertinent factors and characteristics of exposure (i.e. claim activity, potential liability, jurisdiction, products versus non-products exposure) presented by individual policyholders, assuming no change in the legal, legislative or economic environment. Due to the uncertainties and factors described above, management believes it is not practicable to develop a meaningful range for any such additional net loss reserves that may be required.

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       Further discussion of reserve estimates     For further discussion of these estimates and quantification of the impact of reserve estimates, reserve reestimates and assumptions, see Notes 8 and 14 to the consolidated financial statements and the Property-Liability Claims and Claims Expense Reserves section of this document.

       Reserve for life-contingent contract benefits estimation     Due to the long term nature of traditional life insurance, life-contingent immediate annuities and voluntary accident and health products, benefits are payable over many years; accordingly, the reserves are calculated as the present value of future expected benefits to be paid, reduced by the present value of future expected net premiums. Long-term actuarial assumptions of future investment yields, mortality, morbidity, policy terminations and expenses are used when establishing the reserve for life-contingent contract benefits payable under these insurance policies. These assumptions, which for traditional life insurance are applied using the net level premium method, include provisions for adverse deviation and generally vary by characteristics such as type of coverage, year of issue and policy duration. Future investment yield assumptions are determined based upon prevailing investment yields as well as estimated reinvestment yields. Mortality, morbidity and policy termination assumptions are based on our experience and industry experience. Expense assumptions include the estimated effects of inflation and expenses to be incurred beyond the premium-paying period. These assumptions are established at the time the policy is issued, are consistent with assumptions for determining DAC amortization for these policies, and are generally not changed during the policy coverage period. However, if actual experience emerges in a manner that is significantly adverse relative to the original assumptions, adjustments to DAC or reserves may be required resulting in a charge to earnings which could have a material effect on our operating results and financial condition. We periodically review the adequacy of reserves and recoverability of DAC for these policies on an aggregate basis using actual experience. In the event actual experience is significantly adverse compared to the original assumptions and a premium deficiency is determined to exist, any remaining unamortized DAC balance must be expensed to the extent not recoverable and the establishment of a premium deficiency reserve may be required. In 2011, 2010 and 2009, our reviews concluded that no premium deficiency adjustments were necessary, primarily due to profit from traditional life insurance more than offsetting the projected losses in immediate annuities with life contingencies. We will continue to monitor the experience of our traditional life insurance and immediate annuities. We anticipate that mortality, investment and reinvestment yields, and policy terminations are the factors that would be most likely to require premium deficiency adjustments to these reserves or related DAC.

       For further detail on the reserve for life-contingent contract benefits, see Note 9 of the consolidated financial statements.


PROPERTY-LIABILITY 2011 HIGHLIGHTS

Premiums written, an operating measure that is defined and reconciled to premiums earned in the Property-Liability Operations section of the MD&A, increased 0.3% to $25.98 billion in 2011 from $25.91 billion in 2010.
Allstate brand standard auto premiums written decreased 0.9% to $15.70 billion in 2011 from $15.84 billion in 2010.
Allstate brand homeowners premiums written increased 2.4% to $5.89 billion in 2011 from $5.75 billion in 2010.
Encompass brand premiums written decreased 3.6% to $1.06 billion in 2011 from $1.10 billion 2010.
Esurance brand premiums written were $181 million in 2011 for the period from the October 7, 2011 acquisition date to December 31, 2011.
Premium operating measures and statistics contributing to overall Allstate brand standard auto premiums written decrease were the following:
1.5% decrease in PIF as of December 31, 2011 compared to December 31, 2010
0.2% increase in the six month policy term average gross premium before reinsurance to $444 in 2011 from $443 in 2010
0.3 point increase in the six month renewal ratio to 89.0% in 2011 compared to 88.7% in 2010
5.8% decrease in new issued applications in 2011 compared to 2010
Premium operating measures and statistics contributing to overall Allstate brand homeowners premiums written increase were the following:
4.8% decrease in PIF as of December 31, 2011 compared to December 31, 2010
5.9% increase in the twelve month policy term average gross premium before reinsurance to $999 in 2011 from $943 in 2010
0.1 point decrease in the twelve month renewal ratio to 88.3% in 2011 compared to 88.4% in 2010
14.9% decrease in new issued applications in 2011 compared to 2010
$39 million decrease in catastrophe reinsurance costs to $495 million in 2011 from $534 million in 2010

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Factors comprising the Allstate brand standard auto loss ratio decrease of 0.1 points to 70.6 in 2011 from 70.7 in 2010 were the following:
1.6 point increase in the effect of catastrophe losses to 2.6 points in 2011 compared to 1.0 points in 2010
2.0% decrease in standard auto claim frequency for property damage in 2011 compared to 2010
1.6% decrease in standard auto claim frequency for bodily injury in 2011 compared to 2010
2.2% increase in auto paid claim severities for property damage in 2011 compared to 2010
1.5% increase in auto paid claim severities for bodily injury in 2011 compared to 2010
Factors comprising the Allstate brand homeowners loss ratio, which includes catastrophes, increase of 15.9 points to 98.0 in 2011 from 82.1 in 2010 were the following:
18.7 point increase in the effect of catastrophe losses to 50.0 points in 2011 compared to 31.3 points in 2010
2.9% increase in homeowner claim frequency, excluding catastrophes, in 2011 compared to 2010
2.1% increase in paid claim severity, excluding catastrophes, in 2011 compared to 2010
Factors comprising the $1.61 billion increase in catastrophe losses to $3.82 billion in 2011 compared to $2.21 billion in 2010 were the following:
91 events with losses of $3.95 billion in 2011 compared to 90 events with losses of $2.37 billion in 2010
$130 million favorable prior year reserve reestimates in 2011 compared to $163 million favorable reserve reestimates in 2010
Factors comprising the $335 million of favorable prior year reserve reestimates in 2011 compared to $159 million favorable in 2010 included:
prior year reserve reestimates related to auto, homeowners and other personal lines in 2011 contributed $381 million favorable, $69 million favorable and $94 million unfavorable, respectively, compared to prior year reserve reestimates in 2010 of $179 million favorable, $23 million favorable and $15 million unfavorable, respectively
prior year reserve reestimates in 2011 and 2010 are largely attributable to severity development that was better than expected and catastrophes. Prior year reserve reestimates in 2010 also included a litigation settlement.
Property-Liability underwriting loss was $874 million in 2011 compared to underwriting income of $495 million in 2010. Underwriting income (loss), a measure not based on GAAP, is defined below.
Net realized capital gains were $85 million in 2011 compared to net realized capital losses of $321 million in 2010.
Property-Liability investments were $36.00 billion as of December 31, 2011, an increase of 2.7% from $35.05 billion as of December 31, 2010. Net investment income was $1.20 billion in 2011, an increase of 1.0% from $1.19 billion in 2010.


PROPERTY-LIABILITY OPERATIONS

       Overview     Our Property-Liability operations consist of two reporting segments: Allstate Protection and Discontinued Lines and Coverages. Allstate Protection comprises three brands: Allstate, Encompass and Esurance. Allstate Protection is principally engaged in the sale of personal property and casualty insurance, primarily private passenger auto and homeowners insurance, to individuals in the United States and Canada. Discontinued Lines and Coverages includes results from insurance coverage that we no longer write and results for certain commercial and other businesses in run-off. These segments are consistent with the groupings of financial information that management uses to evaluate performance and to determine the allocation of resources.

       Underwriting income (loss), a measure that is not based on GAAP and is reconciled to net income (loss) below, is calculated as premiums earned, less claims and claims expense ("losses"), amortization of DAC, operating costs and expenses and restructuring and related charges, as determined using GAAP. We use this measure in our evaluation of results of operations to analyze the profitability of the Property-Liability insurance operations separately from investment results. It is also an integral component of incentive compensation. It is useful for investors to evaluate the components of income separately and in the aggregate when reviewing performance. Net income (loss) is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to underwriting income (loss). Underwriting income (loss) should not be considered as a substitute for net income and does not reflect the overall profitability of the business.

       The table below includes GAAP operating ratios we use to measure our profitability. We believe that they enhance an investor's understanding of our profitability. They are calculated as follows:

Claims and claims expense ("loss") ratio – the ratio of claims and claims expense to premiums earned. Loss ratios include the impact of catastrophe losses.
Expense ratio – the ratio of amortization of DAC, operating costs and expenses, and restructuring and related charges to premiums earned.

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Combined ratio – the ratio of claims and claims expense, amortization of DAC, operating costs and expenses, and restructuring and related charges to premiums earned. The combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. The difference between 100% and the combined ratio represents underwriting income (loss) as a percentage of premiums earned, or underwriting margin.

       We have also calculated the following impacts of specific items on the GAAP operating ratios because of the volatility of these items between fiscal periods.

Effect of catastrophe losses on combined ratio – the percentage of catastrophe losses included in claims and claims expense to premiums earned. This ratio includes prior year reserve reestimates of catastrophe losses.
Effect of prior year reserve reestimates on combined ratio – the percentage of prior year reserve reestimates included in claims and claims expense to premiums earned. This ratio includes prior year reserve reestimates of catastrophe losses.
Effect of business combination expenses and the amortization of purchased intangible assets on combined and expense ratio – the percentage of business combination expenses and the amortization of purchased intangible assets to premiums earned.
Effect of restructuring and related charges on combined ratio – the percentage of restructuring and related charges to premiums earned.
Effect of Discontinued Lines and Coverages on combined ratio – the ratio of claims and claims expense and operating costs and expenses in the Discontinued Lines and Coverages segment to Property-Liability premiums earned. The sum of the effect of Discontinued Lines and Coverages on the combined ratio and the Allstate Protection combined ratio is equal to the Property-Liability combined ratio.

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       Summarized financial data, a reconciliation of underwriting (loss) income to net income, and GAAP operating ratios for our Property-Liability operations are presented in the following table.

($ in millions, except ratios)
  2011   2010   2009  

Premiums written

  $ 25,980   $ 25,907   $ 25,971  
               

Revenues

                   

Premiums earned

  $ 25,942   $ 25,957   $ 26,194  

Net investment income

    1,201     1,189     1,328  

Realized capital gains and losses

    85     (321 )   (168 )
               

Total revenues

    27,228     26,825     27,354  

Costs and expenses

                   

Claims and claims expense

    (20,161 )   (18,951 )   (18,746 )

Amortization of DAC

    (3,640 )   (3,678 )   (3,789 )

Operating costs and expenses

    (2,972 )   (2,800 )   (2,559 )

Restructuring and related charges

    (43 )   (33 )   (105 )
               

Total costs and expenses

    (26,816 )   (25,462 )   (25,199 )

Gain on disposition of operations

   
   
5
   
 

Income tax expense

    (4 )   (314 )   (612 )
               

Net income

  $ 408   $ 1,054   $ 1,543  
               

Underwriting (loss) income

 
$

(874

)

$

495
 
$

995
 

Net investment income

    1,201     1,189     1,328  

Income tax benefit (expense) on operations

    27     (426 )   (558 )

Realized capital gains and losses, after-tax

    54     (207 )   (222 )

Gain on disposition of operations, after-tax

        3      
               

Net income

  $ 408   $ 1,054   $ 1,543  
               

Catastrophe losses  (1)

 
$

3,815
 
$

2,207
 
$

2,069
 
               

GAAP operating ratios

                   

Claims and claims expense ratio

    77.7     73.0     71.6  

Expense ratio

    25.7     25.1     24.6  
               

Combined ratio

    103.4     98.1     96.2  
               

Effect of catastrophe losses on combined ratio  (1)

    14.7     8.5     7.9  
               

Effect of prior year reserve reestimates on combined ratio  (1)

    (1.3 )   (0.6 )   (0.4 )
               

Effect of business combination expenses and the amortization of purchased intangible assets on combined ratio

    0.2          
               

Effect of restructuring and related charges on combined ratio

    0.2     0.1     0.4  
               

Effect of Discontinued Lines and Coverages on combined ratio

    0.1     0.1     0.1  
               

(1)
Prior year reserve reestimates included in catastrophe losses totaled $130 million favorable in 2011, $163 million favorable in 2010 and $169 million favorable in 2009.


ALLSTATE PROTECTION SEGMENT

       Overview and strategy     The Allstate Protection segment primarily sells private passenger auto and homeowners insurance to individuals through Allstate exclusive agencies and directly through call centers and the internet under the Allstate brand. We sell auto and homeowners insurance through independent agencies under both the Allstate brand and the Encompass brand. We also sell auto insurance direct to consumers online, through a call center and through select agents, including Answer Financial, under the Esurance brand.

       Our strategy is to position our products and distribution systems to meet the changing needs of the customer in managing the risks they face. This includes customers who want advice and assistance and those who are self-directed. In addition, there are customers who are brand-sensitive and those who are brand-neutral. Our strategy is to serve all

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four of these sectors with unique products and in unique and innovative ways while leveraging our claims, pricing and operational capabilities. When we do not offer a product our customers need, we may offer non-proprietary products that meet their needs.

       Our operating priorities for the Protection segment include achieving profitable market share growth for our auto business as well as earning acceptable returns on our homeowners business. Key goals include:

Improving customer loyalty and retention;

Deepening customer product relationships;

Improving auto competitive position through price optimization;

Improving the profitability of our homeowners business;

Investing in the effectiveness and reach of our multiple distribution channels including self-directed consumers through our newly acquired Esurance brand; and

Maintaining a strong capital foundation through risk management and effective resource allocation.

       Our customer-focused strategy for the Allstate brand aligns targeted marketing, product innovation, distribution effectiveness, and pricing toward acquiring and retaining an increased share of our target customers, which generally refers to consumers who want to purchase multiple products from one insurance provider including auto, homeowners and financial products, who have better retention and potentially present more favorable prospects for profitability over the course of their relationships with us.

       The Allstate brand utilizes marketing delivered to target customers to promote our strategic priorities, with messaging that continues to communicate affordability and ease of doing business with Allstate, as well as the importance of having proper coverage by highlighting our comprehensive product and coverage options.

       At Allstate we differentiate ourselves from competitors by offering a comprehensive range of innovative product options and features as well as product customization, including Allstate Your Choice Auto® with options such as accident forgiveness, safe driving deductible rewards and a safe driving bonus. We will continue to focus on developing and introducing products and services that benefit today's consumers and further differentiate Allstate and enhance the customer experience. We will deepen customer relationships through value-added customer interactions and expanding our presence in households with multiple products by providing financial protection for customer needs. In addition, we introduced a claim satisfaction guarantee that promises a return of premium to any Allstate Brand standard auto insurance customer dissatisfied with their claims experience, which differentiates Allstate from the competition.

       Within our multiple distribution channels we are undergoing a focused effort to enhance our capabilities by implementing uniform processes and standards to elevate the level and consistency of our customer experience. We continue to enhance technology to integrate our distribution channels, improve customer service, facilitate the introduction of new products and services and reduce infrastructure costs related to supporting agencies and handling claims. These actions and others are designed to optimize the effectiveness of our distribution and service channels by increasing the productivity of the Allstate brand's exclusive agencies. Beginning in 2012, Allstate Brand direct sales and service will focus on serving customers who prefer personal advice and assistance and work closer with Allstate exclusive agencies.

       Our pricing and underwriting strategies and decisions, made in conjunction within a program called Strategic Risk Management, are designed to enhance both our competitive position and our profit potential. Pricing sophistication, which underlies our Strategic Risk Management program, uses a number of risk evaluation factors including insurance scoring, to the extent permissible by regulations, based on information that is obtained from credit reports. Our updated auto risk evaluation pricing model was implemented for 25 states in 2011 and these implementations will continue in other states throughout 2012. Our pricing strategy involves marketplace pricing and underwriting decisions that are based on these risk evaluation models and an evaluation of competitors. We will utilize pricing sophistication to increase our price competiveness to a greater share of target customers. We call this price optimization and it includes using underwriting information, pricing and discounts to achieve a higher close rate.

       We will also continue to provide a range of discounts to attract more target customers. For the Allstate brand auto and homeowners business, we continue to improve our mix of customers towards those customers that have better retention and thus potentially present more favorable prospects for profitability over the course of their relationships with us. For homeowners, we will address rate adequacy and improve underwriting and claim effectiveness. Our comprehensive strategic review of our homeowners insurance business is ongoing.

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       The Allstate Protection segment also includes a separate organization called Emerging Businesses which comprises Business Insurance (commercial products for small business owners), Consumer Household (specialty products including motorcycle, boat, renters and condominium insurance policies), Allstate Dealer Services (insurance and non-insurance products sold primarily to auto dealers), Allstate Roadside Services (retail and wholesale roadside assistance products) and Ivantage (insurance agency). Premiums written by Emerging Businesses were $2.49 billion in 2011 compared to $2.43 billion in 2010. We expect we will continue to accelerate profitable growth in Emerging Businesses during 2012.

       Our strategy for the Encompass brand includes enhancing our premier package policy (providing customers with the ability to simplify their insurance needs by consolidating their coverage into one policy, with one bill, one premium and one renewal date) to appeal to customers with broad personal lines coverage needs and that value an independent agent. Additionally, Encompass is focused on increasing distribution effectiveness and improving agency technology interfaces to become the package carrier of choice for aligned agencies to generate stable, consistent earnings growth.

       Our strategy for Esurance brand focuses on self-directed and web-savvy customers. To best serve these customers, Esurance develops its technology and website to continuously improve its hassle-free purchase and claims experience. In 2012, Esurance plans to broaden its product offering and increase its preferred driver mix, while raising its advertising investment and marketing effectiveness to support growth.

       We continue to manage our property catastrophe exposure with the goal of providing shareholders an acceptable return on the risks assumed in our property business and to reduce the variability of our earnings. Our property business includes personal homeowners, commercial property and other property lines. As of December 31, 2011, we continue to be within our goal to have no more than a 1% likelihood of exceeding annual aggregate catastrophe losses by $2 billion, net of reinsurance, from hurricanes and earthquakes, based on modeled assumptions and applications currently available. The use of different assumptions and updates to industry models could materially change the projected loss.

       Property catastrophe exposure management includes purchasing reinsurance to provide coverage for known exposure to hurricanes, earthquakes, wildfires, fires following earthquakes and other catastrophes. We are also working for changes in the regulatory environment, including recognizing the need for better catastrophe preparedness, improving appropriate risk based pricing and promoting the creation of government sponsored, privately funded solutions for mega-catastrophes that will make insurance more available and affordable. While the actions that we take will be primarily focused on reducing the catastrophe exposure in our property business, we also consider their impact on our ability to market our auto lines.

       Pricing of property products is typically intended to establish returns that we deem acceptable over a long-term period. Losses, including losses from catastrophic events and weather-related losses (such as wind, hail, lightning and freeze losses not meeting our criteria to be declared a catastrophe), are accrued on an occurrence basis within the policy period. Therefore, in any reporting period, loss experience from catastrophic events and weather-related losses may contribute to negative or positive underwriting performance relative to the expectations we incorporated into the products' pricing. We pursue rate increases where indicated using a newly re-designed methodology that appropriately addresses the changing costs of losses from catastrophes such as severe weather and the net cost of reinsurance.

Allstate Protection outlook

Allstate Protection will continue to focus on its strategy of offering differentiated products and services to our target customers while maintaining pricing discipline.

We expect that volatility in the level of catastrophes we experience will contribute to variation in our underwriting results; however, this volatility will be mitigated due to our catastrophe management actions, including the purchase of reinsurance.

We will continue to study the efficiencies of our operations and cost structure for additional areas where costs may be reduced.

        Premiums written , an operating measure, is the amount of premiums charged for policies issued during a fiscal period. Premiums earned is a GAAP measure. Premiums are considered earned and are included in the financial results on a pro-rata basis over the policy period. The portion of premiums written applicable to the unexpired terms of the policies is recorded as unearned premiums on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. Since policy periods are typically 6 or 12 months, rate changes will generally be recognized in premiums earned over a period of 6 to 24 months.

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       The following table shows the unearned premium balance as of December 31 and the timeframe in which we expect to recognize these premiums as earned.

($ in millions)
   
   
  % earned after  
 
  2011   2010   90 days   180 days   270 days   360 days  

Allstate brand:

                                     

Standard auto

  $ 4,120   $ 4,103     72.2 %   97.3 %   99.3 %   100.0 %

Non-standard auto

    216     239     67.5 %   93.9 %   98.6 %   100.0 %

Homeowners

    3,314     3,259     43.5 %   75.6 %   94.2 %   100.0 %

Other personal lines  (1)

    1,293     1,276     40.9 %   69.2 %   86.5 %   92.9 %
                                   

Total Allstate brand

    8,943     8,877     57.0 %   85.2 %   95.6 %   99.0 %
                                   

Encompass brand:

                                     

Standard auto

    311     327     43.6 %   75.3 %   94.1 %   100.0 %

Non-standard auto

        1     %   %   %   %

Homeowners

    202     206     43.6 %   75.5 %   94.1 %   100.0 %

Other personal lines  (1)

    47     47     43.8 %   75.6 %   94.2 %   100.0 %
                                   

Total Encompass brand

    560     581     43.6 %   75.4 %   94.1 %   100.0 %
                                   

Esurance brand   (2)

                                     

Standard auto

    208         74.5 %   99.1 %   99.8 %   100.0 %
                                   

Allstate Protection unearned premiums

  $ 9,711   $ 9,458     56.6 %   84.9 %   95.6 %   99.1 %
                                   

(1)
Other personal lines include commercial, condominium, renters, involuntary auto and other personal lines.
(2)
Esurance brand business was acquired on October 7, 2011.

       A reconciliation of premiums written to premiums earned is shown in the following table.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Premiums written:

                   

Allstate Protection

  $ 25,981   $ 25,906   $ 25,972  

Discontinued Lines and Coverages

    (1 )   1     (1 )
               

Property-Liability premiums written

    25,980     25,907     25,971  

(Increase) decrease in unearned premiums

    (33 )   19     200  

Other

    (5 )   31     23  
               

Property-Liability premiums earned

  $ 25,942   $ 25,957   $ 26,194  
               

Premiums earned:

                   

Allstate Protection

  $ 25,942   $ 25,955   $ 26,195  

Discontinued Lines and Coverages

        2     (1 )
               

Property-Liability

  $ 25,942   $ 25,957   $ 26,194  
               

       Premiums written by brand are shown in the following table.

 
  Allstate brand   Encompass brand   Esurance brand   Allstate Protection  
($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009   2011   2010   2009   2011   2011   2010   2009  

Standard auto

  $ 15,703   $ 15,842   $ 15,763   $ 604   $ 644   $ 800   $ 181   $ 16,488   $ 16,486   $ 16,563  

Non-standard auto

    775     883     927     1     6     22         776     889     949  

Homeowners

    5,893     5,753     5,635     362     357     408         6,255     6,110     6,043  

Other personal lines

    2,372     2,331     2,317     90     90     100         2,462     2,421     2,417  
                                           

Total

  $ 24,743   $ 24,809   $ 24,642   $ 1,057   $ 1,097   $ 1,330   $ 181   $ 25,981   $ 25,906   $ 25,972  
                                           

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       Premiums earned by brand are shown in the following table.

 
  Allstate brand   Encompass brand   Esurance brand   Allstate Protection  
($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009   2011   2010   2009   2011   2011   2010   2009  

Standard auto

  $ 15,679   $ 15,814   $ 15,735   $ 620   $ 716   $ 907   $ 201   $ 16,500   $ 16,530   $ 16,642  

Non-standard auto

    797     896     939     2     9     27         799     905     966  

Homeowners

    5,835     5,693     5,633     365     385     444         6,200     6,078     6,077  

Other personal lines

    2,352     2,348     2,402     91     94     108         2,443     2,442     2,510  
                                           

Total

  $ 24,663   $ 24,751   $ 24,709   $ 1,078   $ 1,204   $ 1,486   $ 201   $ 25,942   $ 25,955   $ 26,195  
                                           

       Premium operating measures and statistics that are used to analyze the business are calculated and described below. Measures and statistics presented for Allstate brand exclude Allstate Canada, loan protection and specialty auto.

PIF:    Policy counts are based on items rather than customers. A multi-car customer would generate multiple item (policy) counts, even if all cars were insured under one policy.
Average premium-gross written:    Gross premiums written divided by issued item count. Gross premiums written include the impacts from discounts and surcharges, and exclude the impacts from mid-term premium adjustments, ceded reinsurance premiums, and premium refund accruals. Allstate brand average gross premiums represent the appropriate policy term for each line, which is 6 months for standard and non-standard auto and 12 months for homeowners. Encompass brand average gross premiums represent the appropriate policy term for each line, which is 12 months for standard auto and homeowners and 6 months for non-standard auto. Esurance brand average gross premiums represent the appropriate policy term, which is 6 months for standard auto.
Renewal ratio:    Renewal policies issued during the period, based on contract effective dates, divided by the total policies issued 6 months prior for standard and non-standard auto (12 months prior for Encompass brand standard auto) or 12 months prior for homeowners.
New issued applications:    Item counts of automobiles or homeowners insurance applications for insurance policies that were issued during the period. Does not include automobiles that are added by existing customers.
Net items added to existing policies:    Net increases in insured cars by policy endorsement activity.

        Standard auto premiums written total of $16.49 billion in 2011 was comparable to 2010, following a 0.5% decrease in 2010 from $16.56 billion in 2009.

 
  Allstate brand   Encompass brand   Esurance brand  
Standard Auto
  2011   2010   2009   2011   2010   2009   2011  

PIF (thousands)

    17,213     17,484     17,744     673     689     859     786  

Average premium-gross written  (1)

  $ 444   $ 443   $ 434   $ 935   $ 979   $ 972   $ N/A   (8)

Renewal ratio (%)  (1)

    89.0     88.7     88.9     69.5     69.2     69.6     76.3  

Approved rate changes  (2) :

                                           

# of states

    33     45   (6)   36   (6)   19     24     36     N/A  

Countrywide (%)  (3)

    4.7     1.4     4.6     3.5     1.4     7.3     N/A  

State specific (%)  (4) (5)

    8.1   (7)   2.2     7.2     6.1     2.7     9.3     N/A  

(1)
Policy term is six months for Allstate and Esurance brands and twelve months for Encompass brand.
(2)
Rate changes that are indicated based on loss trend analysis to achieve a targeted return will continue to be pursued. Rate changes do not include rating plan enhancements, including the introduction of discounts and surcharges, that result in no change in the overall rate level in the state. These rate changes do not reflect initial rates filed for insurance subsidiaries initially writing business in a state.
(3)
Represents the impact in the states where rate changes were approved during 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, as a percentage of total countrywide prior year-end premiums written.
(4)
Represents the impact in the states where rate changes were approved during 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, as a percentage of its respective total prior year-end premiums written in those states.
(5)
Based on historical premiums written in those states, rate changes approved for standard auto totaled $731 million, $218 million and $784 million in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
(6)
Includes Washington D.C.
(7)
2011 includes the impact of Florida rate increases averaging 18.5%, and New York rate increases averaging 11.2% taken across multiple companies.
(8)
N/A reflects not available.

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       Allstate brand standard auto premiums written totaled $15.70 billion in 2011, a decrease of 0.9% from $15.84 billion in 2010, following a 0.5% increase in 2010 from $15.76 billion in 2009. Contributing to the Allstate brand standard auto premiums written decrease in 2011 compared to 2010 were the following:

    decrease in PIF of 1.5% as of December 31, 2011 compared to December 31, 2010, due to fewer new issued applications and fewer policies available to renew. Excluding Florida and New York, PIF as of December 31, 2011 were comparable to December 31, 2010.
    5.8% decrease in new issued applications on a countrywide basis to 1,908 thousand in 2011 from 2,025 thousand in 2010. Excluding Florida and New York (impacted by actions to improve profitability), new issued applications on a countrywide basis decreased 0.1% to 1,697 thousand in 2011 from 1,699 thousand in 2010. New issued applications increased in 17 states in 2011 compared to 2010.
    increase in average gross premium in 2011 compared to 2010.
    0.3 point increase in the renewal ratio in 2011 compared to 2010. In 2011, 39 states are showing favorable comparisons to prior year.

       Allstate brand standard auto premiums written increased in 2010 compared to 2009. Contributing to the Allstate brand standard auto premiums written increase in 2010 compared to 2009 were the following:

    decrease in PIF as of December 31, 2010 compared to December 31, 2009, due to fewer policies available to renew and a 0.7% decrease in net items added to existing policies to 1,498 thousand from 1,509 thousand, reflecting industry economic trends for declines in the number of cars per household
    0.2% decrease in new issued applications on a countrywide basis to 2,025 thousand in 2010 from 2,029 thousand in 2009 impacted by decreases in Florida and California, due in part to rate actions that were approved in 2009 in these markets and other actions to improve profitability. Excluding Florida and California, new issued applications on a countrywide basis increased 12.9% to 1,606 thousand in 2010 from 1,423 thousand in 2009. New issued application increased in 40 states in 2010 compared to 2009, most of which offer an auto discount (the Preferred Package Discount) for our target customer.
    increased average gross premium in 2010 compared to 2009, primarily due to rate changes, partially offset by customers electing to lower coverage levels of their policy
    0.2 point decrease in the renewal ratio in 2010 compared to 2009, reflects profit management actions in California, New York and Georgia as well as the effects of the direct channel which has a lower renewal ratio. Excluding these items the renewal ratio had a 0.3 point increase.

       The level of Encompass premiums written continues to be impacted by comprehensive actions designed to reposition Encompass as the package policy carrier of choice for above middle market customers through independent agencies in order to drive stable, consistent earnings growth over time. Some of the actions contributing to the Encompass brand standard auto premiums written decrease in 2011 compared to 2010 were the following:

    Aligned pricing and underwriting with strategic direction
    Terminated relationships with certain independent agencies
    Non-renewal of underperforming business
    Discontinued writing the Special Value product (middle market auto product focused on segment auto) and Deerbrook (non-standard auto) in certain states
    Non-renewal of property in Florida

        Non-standard auto premiums written totaled $776 million in 2011, a decrease of 12.7% from $889 million in 2010, following a 6.3% decrease in 2009 from $949 million in 2009.

 
  Allstate brand  
Non-Standard Auto
  2011   2010   2009  

PIF (thousands)

    571     640     719  

Average premium-gross written (6 months)

  $ 606   $ 624   $ 616  

Renewal ratio (%) (6 months)

    70.4     71.4     72.5  

Approved rate changes:

                   

# of states

    13   (2)   11   (2)   11  

Countrywide (%)

    6.0     4.6     2.6  

State specific (%)  (1)

    12.8     9.6     6.5  

(1)
Based on historical premiums written in those states, rate changes approved for non-standard auto totaled $49 million, $41 million and $25 million in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
(2)
Includes Washington D.C.

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       Allstate brand non-standard auto premiums written totaled $775 million in 2011, a decrease of 12.2% from $883 million in 2010, following a 4.7% decrease in 2010 from $927 million in 2009. Contributing to the Allstate brand non-standard auto premiums written decrease in 2011 compared to 2010 were the following:

    decrease in PIF as of December 31, 2011 compared to December 31, 2010, due to a decline in the number of policies available to renew, a lower retention rate and fewer new issued applications
    17.2% decrease in new issued applications to 256 thousand in 2011 from 309 thousand in 2010, driven in large part by management actions in Florida through October 2011
    decrease in average gross premium in 2011 compared to 2010
    1.0 point decrease in the renewal ratio in 2011 compared to 2010

       Allstate brand non-standard auto premiums written decreased in 2010 compared to 2009. Contributing to the Allstate brand non-standard auto premiums written decrease in 2010 compared to 2009 were the following:

    decrease in PIF as of December 31, 2010 compared to December 31, 2009, due to a decline in the number of policies available to renew and fewer new issued applications
    14.9% decrease in new issued applications to 309 thousand in 2010 from 363 thousand in 2009
    increase in average gross premium in 2010 compared to 2009
    1.1 point decrease in the renewal ratio in 2010 compared to 2009

        Homeowners premiums written totaled $6.26 billion in 2011, an increase of 2.4% from $6.11 billion in 2010, following a 1.1% increase in 2010 from $6.04 billion in 2009. Excluding the cost of catastrophe reinsurance, premiums written increased 1.6% in 2011 compared to 2010. For a more detailed discussion on reinsurance, see the Property-Liability Claims and Claims Expense Reserves section of the MD&A and Note 10 of the consolidated financial statements.

 
  Allstate brand   Encompass brand  
Homeowners
  2011   2010   2009   2011   2010   2009  

PIF (thousands)

    6,369     6,690     6,973     306     314     371  

Average premium-gross written (12 months)

  $ 999   $ 943   $ 883   $ 1,297   $ 1,298   $ 1,265  

Renewal ratio (%) (12 months)

    88.3     88.4     88.1     79.8     78.1     78.9  

Approved rate changes  (1) :

                                     

# of states  (3)

    41     32     40     27     23     36  

Countrywide (%)

    8.6     7.0     8.4     3.1     0.7     4.4  

State specific (%)  (2)

    11.0     10.0     10.7     4.1     1.4     5.9  

(1)
Includes rate changes approved based on our net cost of reinsurance.
(2)
Based on historical premiums written in those states, rate changes approved for homeowners totaled $533 million, $424 million and $534 million in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
(3)
Includes Washington D.C.

       Allstate brand homeowners premiums written totaled $5.89 billion in 2011, an increase of 2.4% from $5.75 billion in 2010, following a 2.1% increase in 2010 from $5.64 billion in 2009. Contributing to the Allstate brand homeowners premiums written increase in 2011 compared to 2010 were the following:

    4.8% decrease in PIF as of December 31, 2011 compared to December 31, 2010, due to fewer policies available to renew and fewer new issued applications
    14.9% decrease in new issued applications to 456 thousand in 2011 from 536 thousand in 2010. During the second quarter of 2011, our Castle Key Indemnity Company subsidiary completed a 2008 regulatory consent decree to sell 50,000 new homeowners policies in Florida by November 2011.
    increase in average gross premium in 2011 compared to 2010, primarily due to rate changes
    0.1 point decrease in the renewal ratio in 2011 compared to 2010
    decrease in the cost of our catastrophe reinsurance program in 2011 compared to 2010

       Actions taken to manage our catastrophe exposure in areas with known exposure to hurricanes, earthquakes, wildfires, fires following earthquakes and other catastrophes have had an impact on our new business writings and retention for homeowners insurance. Homeowners PIF has declined 1.2 million or 16% in the four years ended December 31, 2011. This impact will continue in 2012, although to a lesser degree. For a more detailed discussion on exposure management actions, see the Catastrophe Management section of the MD&A.

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       We have different plans around the country to improve the growth and profitability of our homeowners business. In states where we offer homeowners and other property coverages that do not have severe weather issues and that have acceptable returns, we are seeking to grow. In another group of states where we offer homeowners and other property coverages, we plan to implement pricing and/or underwriting actions that will improve performance to achieve our profitability targets. For two other groups of states, including those with severe weather issues and other risks such as hurricane exposure, we may take more substantial actions including raising prices, offering policies with more limited coverage, or brokering to other carriers. We are currently piloting our Allstate House and Home SM product which provides greater options of coverage for roof damage including depreciated value versus replacement value and uses a number of factors to determine price, some of which relate to auto insurance risks. We expect to roll it out countrywide for new business gradually over the next three years.

       Allstate brand homeowners premiums written increased in 2010 compared to 2009. Contributing to the Allstate brand homeowners premiums written increase in 2010 compared to 2009 were the following:

    4.1% decrease in PIF as of December 31, 2010 compared to December 31, 2009, following a 3.9% decrease as of December 31, 2009 compared to December 31, 2008, due to fewer policies available to renew and fewer new issued applications
    3.6% decrease in new issued applications to 536 thousand in 2010 from 556 thousand in 2009. Excluding Florida, new issued applications on a countrywide basis decreased 12.4% to 487 thousand in 2010 from 556 thousand in 2009.
    increase in average gross premium in 2010 compared to 2009, primarily due to rate changes
    0.3 point increase in the renewal ratio in 2010 compared to 2009
    decrease in the net cost of our catastrophe reinsurance program in 2010 compared to 2009

        Underwriting results are shown in the following table.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Premiums written

  $ 25,981   $ 25,906   $ 25,972  
               

Premiums earned

  $ 25,942   $ 25,955   $ 26,195  

Claims and claims expense

    (20,140 )   (18,923 )   (18,722 )

Amortization of DAC

    (3,640 )   (3,678 )   (3,789 )

Other costs and expenses

    (2,968 )   (2,795 )   (2,552 )

Restructuring and related charges

    (43 )   (33 )   (105 )
               

Underwriting (loss) income

  $ (849 ) $ 526   $ 1,027  
               

Catastrophe losses

  $ 3,815   $ 2,207   $ 2,069  
               

Underwriting income (loss) by line of business

                   

Standard auto

  $ 568   $ 692   $ 987  

Non-standard auto

    101     74     76  

Homeowners

    (1,330 )   (335 )   (125 )

Other personal lines

    (188 )   95     89  
               

Underwriting (loss) income

  $ (849 ) $ 526   $ 1,027  
               

Underwriting income (loss) by brand

                   

Allstate brand

  $ (666 ) $ 569   $ 1,022  

Encompass brand

    (146 )   (43 )   5  

Esurance brand

    (37 )        
               

Underwriting (loss) income

  $ (849 ) $ 526   $ 1,027  
               

       Allstate Protection experienced an underwriting loss of $849 million in 2011 compared to underwriting income of $526 million in 2010, primarily due to an increase in homeowners underwriting loss, an underwriting loss for other personal lines compared to an underwriting gain in the prior year, and a decrease in standard auto underwriting income. Homeowners underwriting loss increased $995 million to $1.33 billion in 2011 from $335 million in 2010, primarily due to increases in catastrophe losses and higher expenses partially offset by average earned premiums increasing faster than loss costs. Other personal lines underwriting income decreased $283 million to an underwriting loss of $188 million in 2011 from underwriting income of $95 million in 2010, primarily due to increases in catastrophe losses, unfavorable reserve reestimates and higher expenses. Standard auto underwriting income decreased $124 million to

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$568 million in 2011 from $692 million in 2010, primarily due to increases in catastrophe losses and higher expenses, partially offset by favorable reserve reestimates. For further discussion and quantification of the impact of reserve estimates and assumptions, see the Application of Critical Accounting Estimates and Property-Liability Claims and Claims Expense Reserves sections of the MD&A.

       Allstate Protection experienced underwriting income of $526 million in 2010 compared to $1.03 billion in 2009, primarily due to decreases in standard auto underwriting income and increases in homeowners underwriting losses, partially offset by increases in other personal lines underwriting income. Standard auto underwriting income decreased 29.9% to an underwriting income of $692 million in 2010 from an underwriting income of $987 million in 2009 primarily due to increases in auto claim frequency and expenses and a $25 million litigation settlement, partially offset by favorable reserve reestimates and decreases in catastrophe losses. Homeowners underwriting loss increased $210 million to an underwriting loss of $335 million in 2010 from an underwriting loss of $125 million in 2009 primarily due to a $75 million unfavorable prior year reserve reestimate related to a litigation settlement and increases in expenses and catastrophe losses, including prior year reestimates for catastrophes, partially offset by average earned premiums increasing faster than loss costs. Other personal lines underwriting income increased 6.7% to an underwriting income of $95 million in 2010 from an underwriting income of $89 million in 2009 primarily due to lower unfavorable reserve reestimates.

        Catastrophe losses were $3.82 billion in 2011 as detailed in the table below. This compares to catastrophe losses of $2.21 billion in 2010.

       We define a "catastrophe" as an event that produces pre-tax losses before reinsurance in excess of $1 million and involves multiple first party policyholders, or an event that produces a number of claims in excess of a preset, per-event threshold of average claims in a specific area, occurring within a certain amount of time following the event. Catastrophes are caused by various natural events including high winds, winter storms, tornadoes, hailstorms, wildfires, tropical storms, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcanoes. We are also exposed to man-made catastrophic events, such as certain types of terrorism or industrial accidents. The nature and level of catastrophes in any period cannot be reliably predicted.

       Catastrophe losses related to events that occurred by the size of the event are shown in the following table.

($ in millions)
  2011  
 
  Number
of events
   
  Claims
and claims
expense
   
  Combined
ratio
impact
  Average
catastrophe
loss per event
 

Size of catastrophe

                                     

Greater than $250 million

    4     4.4 % $ 1,595     41.8 %   6.1   $ 399  

$101 million to $250 million

    4     4.4     563     14.8     2.2     141  

$50 million to $100 million

    12     13.2     877     23.0     3.4     73  

Less than $50 million

    71     78.0     910     23.8     3.5     13  
                             

Total

    91     100.0 %   3,945     103.4     15.2     43  
                                   

Prior year reserve reestimates

                (130 )   (3.4 )   (0.5 )      
                                 

Total catastrophe losses

              $ 3,815     100.0 %   14.7        
                                 

       Catastrophe losses incurred by the type of event are shown in the following table.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  
 
   
  Number
of events
   
  Number
of events
   
  Number
of events
 

Hurricanes/Tropical storms

  $ 619     3   $ 15     1   $ 48     1  

Tornadoes

    1,234     7     174     7     384     4  

Wind/Hail

    1,775     68     1,908     74     1,561     67  

Wildfires

    67     9     15     1     83     5  

Other events

    250     4     258     7     162     5  
                                 

Prior year reserve reestimates

    (130 )         (163 )         (169 )      
                                 

Total catastrophe losses

  $ 3,815     91   $ 2,207     90   $ 2,069     82  
                           

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       Catastrophes excluding hurricanes named or numbered by the National Weather Service, fires following earthquakes and earthquakes totaled $3.30 billion, $2.27 billion and $2.16 billion in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, and are the result of severe weather experienced during these periods.

       Combined ratio     Loss ratios are a measure of profitability. Loss ratios by product, and expense and combined ratios by brand, are shown in the following table. These ratios are defined in the Property-Liability Operations section of the MD&A.

 
  Ratio  (1)   Effect of catastrophe
losses on combined ratio
  Effect of prior year
reserve reestimates on
combined ratio
  Effect of
business
combination
expenses
and the
amortization
of purchased
intangible
assets on
combined
ratio
 
 
  2011   2010   2009   2011   2010   2009   2011   2010   2009   2011  

Allstate brand loss ratio:

                                                             

Standard auto

    70.6     70.7     69.3     2.6     1.0     1.2     (2.3 )   (0.9 )   (0.3 )      

Non-standard auto

    62.8     67.2     67.1     1.1     0.3     0.7     (4.9 )   (3.6 )   (1.6 )      

Homeowners

    98.0     82.1     79.6     50.0     31.3     29.0     (1.2 )   (0.3 )   (2.6 )      

Other personal lines

    76.0     66.4     67.3     13.6     7.2     7.0     4.0     0.7     3.5        

Total Allstate brand loss ratio

   
77.3
   
72.8
   
71.4
   
14.8
   
8.5
   
8.1
   
(1.5

)
 
(0.7

)
 
(0.5

)
     

Allstate brand expense ratio

    25.4     24.9     24.5                              
                                                         

Allstate brand combined ratio

    102.7     97.7     95.9                                            
                                                         

Encompass brand loss ratio:

                                                             

Standard auto

    81.8     75.4     75.4     1.8     0.8     0.3     2.4         0.7        

Non-standard auto

    150.0     100.0     74.1                 (50.0 )       (11.1 )      

Homeowners

    88.5     74.3     66.0     39.7     23.1     14.6     0.3     (1.3 )   (4.3 )      

Other personal lines

    83.5     73.4     75.9     9.9     4.3     1.9         (1.1 )   5.6        

Total Encompass brand loss ratio

   
84.3
   
75.1
   
72.6
   
15.3
   
8.2
   
4.7
   
1.4
   
(0.5

)
 
(0.7

)
     

Encompass brand expense ratio

    29.2     28.5     27.1                              
                                                         

Encompass brand combined ratio

    113.5     103.6     99.7                                            
                                                         

Esurance brand loss ratio:

                                                             

Standard auto

    78.1                                        

Total Esurance brand loss ratio

   
78.1
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
       

Esurance brand expense ratio

    40.3                                     20.9  
                                                         

Esurance brand combined ratio

    118.4                                                    
                                                         

Allstate Protection loss ratio

   
77.6
   
72.9
   
71.5
   
14.7
   
8.5
   
7.9
   
(1.4

)
 
(0.7

)
 
(0.5

)
     

Allstate Protection expense ratio

    25.7     25.1     24.6                             0.2  
                                                         

Allstate Protection combined ratio

    103.3     98.0     96.1                                            
                                                         

(1)
Ratios are calculated using the premiums earned for the respective line of business.

        Standard auto loss ratio for the Allstate brand decreased 0.1 points in 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to favorable reserve reestimates, partially offset by higher catastrophe losses. Excluding the impact of catastrophe losses, the Allstate brand standard auto loss ratio improved 1.7 points in 2011 compared 2010. Florida and New York continued to have loss ratios higher than the countrywide average in 2011 though results in these two key states have improved relative to 2010, reducing the pressure on countrywide results. However, Florida and New York have improved underwriting results in the fourth quarter of 2011. We continue to pursue profitability management actions in Florida and New York, including rate increases, underwriting restrictions, increased claims staffing and review, and continued advocacy for legislative reform. In 2011, claim frequencies in the bodily injury and physical damage coverages have decreased compared to 2010. Bodily injury and physical damage coverages severity results in 2011 increased in line with historical Consumer Price Index ("CPI") trends. Standard auto loss ratio for the Allstate brand increased 1.4 points in 2010 compared to 2009 due to higher claim frequency and a $25 million litigation settlement, partially offset by

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favorable reserve reestimates and lower catastrophe losses. The increase is primarily driven by increases in Florida and New York. In 2010, claim frequencies in the bodily injury and physical damage coverages have increased compared to 2009, but remain within historical norms. Bodily injury and physical damage coverages severity results in 2010 increased in line with historical CPI trends.

        Homeowners loss ratio for the Allstate brand increased 15.9 points to 98.0 in 2011 from 82.1 in 2010 due to higher catastrophe losses. Excluding the impact of catastrophe losses, the Allstate brand homeowners loss ratio improved 2.8 points in 2011 compared to 2010 due to average earned premiums increasing faster than loss costs. Homeowners loss ratio for the Allstate brand increased 2.5 points to 82.1 in 2010 from 79.6 in 2009 due to a $75 million unfavorable prior year reserve reestimate related to a litigation settlement and higher catastrophe losses including prior year reserve reestimates for catastrophes, partially offset by average earned premiums increasing faster than loss costs.

        Expense ratio for Allstate Protection increased 0.6 points in 2011 compared to 2010. Restructuring costs increased 0.1 points in 2011 compared to 2010, driven by technology and operations efficiency efforts and agent pension plan settlement charges. Excluding restructuring, the expense ratio for Allstate Protection increased 0.5 points in 2011 compared to 2010, driven by additional marketing, including $78 million spent on the Grow to Win initiative, and other growth initiative costs, and reduced guaranty fund accrual levels in 2010. We expect advertising costs to increase in 2012 as we focus on growing Esurance. The expense ratio for Allstate Protection increased 0.5 points in 2010 compared to 2009. Restructuring costs decreased 0.3 points in 2010 compared to 2009, driven by prior year costs associated with claim office consolidations, reorganization of Business Insurance and technology prioritization and efficiency efforts. Excluding restructuring, the expense ratio for Allstate Protection increased 0.8 points in 2010 compared to 2009, driven by additional marketing expenses and increases in net costs of employee benefits, partially offset by reduced guaranty fund accrual levels and improved operational efficiencies.

       The impact of specific costs and expenses on the expense ratio are included in the following table.

 
  Allstate brand   Encompass brand   Esurance
brand
  Allstate Protection  
 
  2011   2010   2009   2011   2010   2009   2011   2011   2010   2009  

Amortization of DAC

    13.9     14.0     14.2     18.0     18.3     18.5     2.0     13.9     14.2     14.5  

Other costs and expenses

    11.3     10.8     9.9     11.2     9.7     8.3     17.4     11.4     10.8     9.7  

Business combination expenses and amortization of purchased intangible assets

                            20.9     0.2          

Restructuring and related charges

    0.2     0.1     0.4         0.5     0.3         0.2     0.1     0.4  
                                           

Total expense ratio

    25.4     24.9     24.5     29.2     28.5     27.1     40.3     25.7     25.1     24.6  
                                           

       The expense ratio for the standard auto and homeowners businesses generally approximates the total Allstate Protection expense ratio. The expense ratio for the non-standard auto business generally is lower than the total Allstate Protection expense ratio due to lower agent commission rates and higher average premiums for non-standard auto as compared to standard auto. The Encompass brand DAC amortization is higher on average than Allstate brand DAC amortization due to higher commission rates. The Esurance brand expense ratio is higher than Allstate and Encompass brands due to business combination expenses and amortization of purchased intangible assets. Purchased intangible assets will be amortized on an accelerated basis with over 80% of the amortization taking place by 2016. Since Esurance uses a direct distribution model, its primary acquisition-related costs are advertising as opposed to commissions for the Allstate and Encompass brands. Advertising expense had a 10.9 point impact on the Esurance brand expense ratio in 2011. Advertising costs are not capitalized as DAC while commission costs are capitalized as DAC. As a result the Esurance expense and combined ratios will be higher during periods of growth since the expenses will be recognized prior to the premium earned.

       DAC     We establish a DAC asset for costs that vary with and are primarily related to acquiring business, principally agents' remuneration, premium taxes and inspection costs. For the Allstate Protection business, DAC is amortized to

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income over the period in which premiums are earned. The balance of DAC for each product type as of December 31 is included in the following table.

 
  Allstate brand   Encompass brand   Esurance
brand
  Allstate Protection  
($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2011   2010   2011   2011   2010  

Standard auto

  $ 533   $ 541   $ 52   $ 55   $ 32   (1) $ 617   $ 596  

Non-standard auto

    26     25                 26     25  

Homeowners

    439     437     34     36         473     473  

Other personal lines

    289     276     7     7         296     283  
                               

Total DAC

  $ 1,287   $ 1,279   $ 93   $ 98   $ 32   $ 1,412   $ 1,377  
                               

(1)
Includes $21 million of present value of future profits, which will be fully amortized by March 31, 2012.

       On January 1, 2012, we will adopt new DAC accounting guidance on a retrospective basis (see Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for further details). It is currently estimated that the restated Allstate Protection DAC balance will decline by $63 million when compared to the reported December 31, 2011 balance. We estimate that the new DAC accounting guidance will have an insignificant effect on net income in 2012.

Catastrophe management

       Historical catastrophe experience     Since the beginning of 1992, the average annual impact of catastrophes on our Property-Liability loss ratio was 8.0 points. However, this average does not reflect the impact of some of the more significant actions we have taken to limit our catastrophe exposure. Consequently, it is useful to consider the impact of catastrophes after excluding losses that are now partially or substantially covered by the California Earthquake Authority ("CEA"), the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund ("FHCF") or placed with a third party, such as hurricane coverage in Hawaii. The average annual impact of all catastrophes, excluding losses from Hurricanes Andrew and Iniki and losses from California earthquakes, on our Property-Liability loss ratio was 7.0 points since the beginning of 1992.

       Comparatively, the average annual impact of catastrophes on the homeowners loss ratio for the years 1992 through 2011 is shown in the following table.

 
  Average annual impact of
catastrophes on the
homeowners loss ratio
  Average annual impact of catastrophes on the
homeowners loss ratio excluding losses from
hurricanes Andrew and Iniki, and losses from
California earthquakes
 

Florida

    95.6     46.5  

Other hurricane exposure states

    30.5     30.3  

Total hurricane exposure states

    35.5     31.6  

All other

    25.0     20.6  

Total

    30.6     26.5  

       Over time, we have limited our aggregate insurance exposure to catastrophe losses in certain regions of the country that are subject to high levels of natural catastrophes. Limitations include our participation in various state facilities, such as the CEA, which provides insurance for California earthquake losses; the FHCF, which provides reimbursements to participating insurers for certain qualifying Florida hurricane losses; and other state facilities, such as wind pools. However, the impact of these actions may be diminished by the growth in insured values, and the effect of state insurance laws and regulations. In addition, in various states we are required to participate in assigned risk plans, reinsurance facilities and joint underwriting associations that provide insurance coverage to individuals or entities that otherwise are unable to purchase such coverage from private insurers. Because of our participation in these and other state facilities such as wind pools, we may be exposed to losses that surpass the capitalization of these facilities and to assessments from these facilities.

       We continue to take actions to maintain an appropriate level of exposure to catastrophic events while continuing to meet the needs of our customers, including the following:

Selectively not offering continuing coverage of mono-line homeowners policies in coastal areas of certain states.
Increased capacity in our brokerage platform for customers not offered a renewal.

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Expanded our excess and surplus carrier (North Light Specialty) to eight new states in 2011, bringing the total number of active states to 25.
In Texas we are ceding wind exposure related to insured property located in wind pool eligible areas along the coast including the Galveston Islands.
We have ceased writing new homeowners business in California. We will continue to renew current policyholders and have a renewal ratio of approximately 91% in California.
We have ceased writing new business in Florida beyond a modest stance for existing customers who replace their currently-insured home with an acceptable property. Withdrawal from the property lines was completed for the Encompass companies operating in Florida.

Hurricanes

       We consider the greatest areas of potential catastrophe losses due to hurricanes generally to be major metropolitan centers in counties along the eastern and gulf coasts of the United States. Usually, the average premium on a property policy near these coasts is greater than in other areas. However, average premiums are often not considered commensurate with the inherent risk of loss. In addition and as explained in Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements, in various states Allstate is subject to assessments from assigned risk plans, reinsurance facilities and joint underwriting associations providing insurance for wind related property losses.

       We have addressed our risk of hurricane loss by, among other actions, purchasing reinsurance for specific states and on a countrywide basis for our personal lines property insurance in areas most exposed to hurricanes; limiting personal homeowners new business writings in coastal areas in southern and eastern states; implementing tropical cyclone deductibles where appropriate; and not offering continuing coverage on certain policies in coastal counties in certain states. We continue to seek appropriate returns for the risks we write. This may require further actions, similar to those already taken, in geographies where we are not getting appropriate returns. However, we may maintain or opportunistically increase our presence in areas where we achieve adequate returns and do not materially increase our hurricane risk.

Earthquakes

       Actions taken to reduce our exposure from earthquake coverage are substantially complete. These actions included purchasing reinsurance on a countrywide basis and in the state of Kentucky; no longer offering new optional earthquake coverage in most states; removing optional earthquake coverage upon renewal in most states; and entering into arrangements in many states to make earthquake coverage available through other insurers for new and renewal business.

       We expect to retain approximately 30,000 PIF with earthquake coverage due to regulatory and other reasons. We also will continue to have exposure to earthquake risk on certain policies that do not specifically exclude coverage for earthquake losses, including our auto policies, and to fires following earthquakes. Allstate policyholders in the state of California are offered coverage through the CEA, a privately-financed, publicly-managed state agency created to provide insurance coverage for earthquake damage. Allstate is subject to assessments from the CEA under certain circumstances as explained in Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements.

Fires Following Earthquakes

       Actions taken related to our risk of loss from fires following earthquakes include changing homeowners underwriting requirements in California, purchasing reinsurance for Kentucky personal lines property risks, and purchasing nationwide occurrence reinsurance, excluding Florida and New Jersey.

Wildfires

       Actions we are taking to reduce our risk of loss from wildfires include changing homeowners underwriting requirements in certain states and purchasing nationwide occurrence reinsurance. Catastrophe losses related to the Southern California wildfires occurred during 2009 and totaled $76 million.

Reinsurance

       A description of our current catastrophe reinsurance program appears in Note 10 of the consolidated financial statements and a description of program changes as of June 1, 2012 appears in the Property-Liability Claims and Claims Expense Reserves section of the MD&A.

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DISCONTINUED LINES AND COVERAGES SEGMENT

       Overview     The Discontinued Lines and Coverages segment includes results from insurance coverage that we no longer write and results for certain commercial and other businesses in run-off. Our exposure to asbestos, environmental and other discontinued lines claims is reported in this segment. We have assigned management of this segment to a designated group of professionals with expertise in claims handling, policy coverage interpretation, exposure identification and reinsurance collection. As part of its responsibilities, this group is also regularly engaged in policy buybacks, settlements and reinsurance assumed and ceded commutations.

       Summarized underwriting results for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Premiums written

  $ (1 ) $ 1   $ (1 )
               

Premiums earned

 
$

 
$

2
 
$

(1

)

Claims and claims expense

    (21 )   (28 )   (24 )

Operating costs and expenses

    (4 )   (5 )   (7 )
               

Underwriting loss

  $ (25 ) $ (31 ) $ (32 )
               

       Underwriting losses of $25 million in 2011 related to a $26 million unfavorable reestimate of asbestos reserves and a $5 million unfavorable reestimate of other reserves, primarily as a result of our annual review using established industry and actuarial best practices, partially offset by a $26 million decrease of our allowance for future uncollectible reinsurance and environmental reserves essentially unchanged. The cost of administering claims settlements totaled $11 million in 2011 and $13 million for each of 2010 and 2009.

       Underwriting losses of $31 million in 2010 related to an $18 million unfavorable reestimate of environmental reserves and a $5 million unfavorable reestimate of asbestos reserves, partially offset by a $4 million favorable reestimate of other reserves, primarily as a result of our annual review using established industry and actuarial best practices.

       Underwriting losses of $32 million in 2009 were primarily related to a $13 million unfavorable reestimate of environmental reserves and a $28 million unfavorable reestimate of other reserves, partially offset by an $8 million favorable reestimate of asbestos reserves, primarily as a result of our annual review using established industry and actuarial best practices.

       See the Property-Liability Claims and Claims Expense Reserves section of the MD&A for a more detailed discussion.

Discontinued Lines and Coverages outlook

We may continue to experience asbestos and/or environmental losses in the future. These losses could be due to the potential adverse impact of new information relating to new and additional claims or the impact of resolving unsettled claims based on unanticipated events such as litigation or legislative, judicial and regulatory actions. Environmental losses may also increase as the result of additional funding for environmental site cleanup. Because of our annual review, we believe that our reserves are appropriately established based on available information, technology, laws and regulations.

We continue to be encouraged that the pace of industry asbestos claim activity has slowed, perhaps reflecting various state legislative and judicial actions with respect to medical criteria and increased legal scrutiny of the legitimacy of claims.


PROPERTY-LIABILITY INVESTMENT RESULTS

        Net investment income increased 1.0% or $12 million to $1.20 billion in 2011 from $1.19 billion in 2010, after decreasing 10.5% in 2010 compared to 2009. The 2011 increase was primarily due to higher yields, partially offset by lower average investment balances. The 2010 decrease was primarily due to lower yields and duration shortening actions taken to protect the portfolio from rising interest rates, partially offset by higher average investment balances.

       The following table presents the average pre-tax investment yields for the years ended December 31. Pre-tax yield is calculated as investment income (including dividend income in the case of equity securities) divided by the average of

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the investment balances at the beginning and end of period and interim quarters. Amortized cost is used to calculate the average investment balance for fixed income securities and mortgage loans. Cost is used for equity securities.

 
  2011   2010   2009  

Fixed income securities: tax-exempt

    4.8 %   4.9 %   5.1 %

Fixed income securities: tax-exempt equivalent

    7.0     7.1     7.4  

Fixed income securities: taxable

    3.8     3.5     4.1  

Equity securities

    2.8     2.3     2.1  

Mortgage loans

    4.0     5.7     4.7  

Cost method limited partnership interests

    5.6     3.1     1.5  

Total portfolio

    3.9     3.8     4.2  

        Net realized capital gains and losses are presented in the following table.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Impairment write-downs

  $ (250 ) $ (295 ) $ (534 )

Change in intent write-downs

    (49 )   (62 )   (89 )
               

Net other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in earnings

    (299 )   (357 )   (623 )

Sales

    469     455     611  

Valuation of derivative instruments

    (54 )   (331 )   52  

Settlements of derivative instruments

    (127 )   (143 )   (203 )

EMA limited partnership income

    96     55     (5 )
               

Realized capital gains and losses, pre-tax

    85     (321 )   (168 )

Income tax (expense) benefit

    (31 )   114     (54 )
               

Realized capital gains and losses, after-tax

  $ 54   $ (207 ) $ (222 )
               

       For a further discussion of net realized capital gains and losses, see the Investments section of the MD&A.


PROPERTY-LIABILITY CLAIMS AND CLAIMS EXPENSE RESERVES

       Property-Liability underwriting results are significantly influenced by estimates of property-liability claims and claims expense reserves. For a description of our reserve process, see Note 8 of the consolidated financial statements and for a further description of our reserving policies and the potential variability in our reserve estimates, see the Application of Critical Accounting Estimates section of the MD&A. These reserves are an estimate of amounts necessary to settle all outstanding claims, including IBNR claims, as of the reporting date.

       The facts and circumstances leading to our reestimates of reserves relate to revisions to the development factors used to predict how losses are likely to develop from the end of a reporting period until all claims have been paid. Reestimates occur because actual losses are likely different than those predicted by the estimated development factors used in prior reserve estimates. As of December 31, 2011, the impact of a reserve reestimation corresponding to a one percent increase or decrease in net reserves would be a decrease or increase of approximately $116 million in net income.

       The table below shows total net reserves as of December 31 by line of business.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Allstate brand

  $ 14,792   $ 14,696   $ 14,123  

Encompass brand

    859     921     1,027  

Esurance brand

    429          
               

Total Allstate Protection

    16,080     15,617     15,150  

Discontinued Lines and Coverages

    1,707     1,779     1,878  
               

Total Property-Liability

  $ 17,787   $ 17,396   $ 17,028  
               

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       The tables below show reserves, net of reinsurance, representing the estimated cost of outstanding claims as they were recorded at the beginning of years 2011, 2010 and 2009, and the effect of reestimates in each year.

($ in millions)
  January 1 reserves  
 
  2011   2010   2009  

Allstate brand

  $ 14,696   $ 14,123   $ 14,118  

Encompass brand

    921     1,027     1,133  

Esurance brand

             
               

Total Allstate Protection

    15,617     15,150     15,251  

Discontinued Lines and Coverages

    1,779     1,878     1,931  
               

Total Property-Liability

  $ 17,396   $ 17,028   $ 17,182  
               

 

($ in millions, except ratios)
  2011   2010   2009  
 
  Reserve
reestimate 
(1)
  Effect on
combined
ratio
  Reserve
reestimate 
(1)
  Effect on
combined
ratio
  Reserve
reestimate 
(1)
  Effect on
combined
ratio
 

Allstate brand

  $ (371 )   (1.4 ) $ (181 )   (0.7 ) $ (126 )   (0.5 )

Encompass brand

    15         (6 )       (10 )    

Esurance brand

                         
                           

Total Allstate Protection

    (356 )   (1.4 )   (187 )   (0.7 )   (136 )   (0.5 )

Discontinued Lines and Coverages

    21     0.1     28     0.1     24     0.1  
                           

Total Property-Liability

  $ (335 )   (1.3 ) $ (159 )   (0.6 ) $ (112 )   (0.4 )
                           

Reserve reestimates, after-tax

  $ (218 )       $ (103 )       $ (73 )      
                                 

Net income

  $ 788         $ 928         $ 854        
                                 

Reserve reestimates as a % of net income

    27.7 %         11.1 %         8.5 %      
                                 

(1)
Favorable reserve reestimates are shown in parentheses.

Allstate Protection

       The tables below show Allstate Protection net reserves representing the estimated cost of outstanding claims as they were recorded at the beginning of years 2011, 2010 and 2009, and the effect of reestimates in each year.

 
  January 1 reserves  
($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Auto

  $ 11,034   $ 10,606   $ 10,220  

Homeowners

    2,442     2,399     2,824  

Other personal lines

    2,141     2,145     2,207  
               

Total Allstate Protection

  $ 15,617   $ 15,150   $ 15,251  
               

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($ in millions, except ratios)
  2011   2010   2009  
 
  Reserve
reestimate
  Effect on
combined
ratio
  Reserve
reestimate
  Effect on
combined
ratio
  Reserve
reestimate
  Effect on
combined
ratio
 

Auto

  $ (381 )   (1.5 ) $ (179 )   (0.7 ) $ (57 )   (0.2 )

Homeowners

    (69 )   (0.3 )   (23 )   (0.1 )   (168 )   (0.6 )

Other personal lines

    94     0.4     15     0.1     89     0.3  
                           

Total Allstate Protection

  $ (356 )   (1.4 ) $ (187 )   (0.7 ) $ (136 )   (0.5 )
                           

Underwriting (loss) income

  $ (849 )       $ 526         $ 1,027        
                                 

Reserve reestimates as a % of underwriting (loss) income

    41.9 %         35.6 %         13.2 %      
                                 

       Auto reserve reestimates in 2011, 2010 and 2009 were primarily due to claim severity development that was better than expected. 2010 was also impacted by a litigation settlement.

       Favorable homeowners reserve reestimates in 2011 were primarily due to favorable catastrophe reserve reestimates. Favorable homeowners reserve reestimates in 2010 were primarily due to favorable catastrophe reserve reestimates, partially offset by a litigation settlement. Favorable homeowners reserve reestimates in 2009 were primarily due to favorable reserve reestimates from Hurricanes Ike and Gustav and a catastrophe related subrogation recovery.

       Other personal lines reserve reestimates in 2011, 2010 and 2009 were primarily the result of loss development higher than anticipated in previous estimates.

       Pending, new and closed claims for Allstate Protection are summarized in the following table for the years ended December 31.

Number of claims
  2011  (1)   2010   2009  

Auto

                   

Pending, beginning of year

    490,459     540,424     566,394  

New

    5,656,687     5,571,199     5,482,941  

Total closed

    (5,710,174 )   (5,621,164 )   (5,508,911 )
               

Pending, end of year

    436,972     490,459     540,424  
               

Homeowners

                   

Pending, beginning of year

    51,031     59,685     74,772  

New

    1,214,792     991,962     997,954  

Total closed

    (1,221,689 )   (1,000,616 )   (1,013,041 )
               

Pending, end of year

    44,134     51,031     59,685  
               

Other personal lines

                   

Pending, beginning of year

    33,388     36,537     41,001  

New

    333,209     282,137     278,978  

Total closed

    (334,726 )   (285,286 )   (283,442 )
               

Pending, end of year

    31,871     33,388     36,537  
               

Total Allstate Protection

                   

Pending, beginning of year

    574,878     636,646     682,167  

New

    7,204,688     6,845,298     6,759,873  

Total closed

    (7,266,589 )   (6,907,066 )   (6,805,394 )
               

Pending, end of year

    512,977     574,878     636,646  
               

(1)
Excludes Esurance brand number of claims since not available.

       We believe the net loss reserves for Allstate Protection exposures are appropriately established based on available facts, technology, laws and regulations.

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       The following tables reflect the accident years to which the reestimates shown above are applicable by line of business. Favorable reserve reestimates are shown in parentheses.

2011 Prior year reserve reestimates

($ in millions)
  2001 &
prior
  2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   Total  

Allstate brand

  $ 123   $ 16   $ 26   $ 8   $ 5   $ 7   $   $ (28 ) $ (150 ) $ (378 ) $ (371 )

Encompass brand

    2         (1 )       1     1     (1 )   2     2     9     15  
                                               

Total Allstate Protection

    125     16     25     8     6     8     (1 )   (26 )   (148 )   (369 )   (356 )

Discontinued Lines and Coverages

    21                                         21  
                                               

Total Property- Liability

  $ 146   $ 16   $ 25   $ 8   $ 6   $ 8   $ (1 ) $ (26 ) $ (148 ) $ (369 ) $ (335 )
                                               

2010 Prior year reserve reestimates

($ in millions)
  2000 &
prior
  2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   Total  

Allstate brand

  $ 262   $ (1 ) $ (7 ) $ (18 ) $ (15 ) $ (51 ) $ (106 ) $ (86 ) $ (45 ) $ (114 ) $ (181 )

Encompass brand

    1         1     1     2     6         (6 )   (1 )   (10 )   (6 )
                                               

Total Allstate Protection

    263     (1 )   (6 )   (17 )   (13 )   (45 )   (106 )   (92 )   (46 )   (124 )   (187 )

Discontinued Lines and Coverages

    28                                         28  
                                               

Total Property-Liability

  $ 291   $ (1 ) $ (6 ) $ (17 ) $ (13 ) $ (45 ) $ (106 ) $ (92 ) $ (46 ) $ (124 ) $ (159 )
                                               

2009 Prior year reserve reestimates

($ in millions)
  1999 &
prior
  2000   2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   Total  

Allstate brand

  $ 247   $ 46   $ 58   $ 44   $ 37   $ 85   $ 74   $ (149 ) $ (151 ) $ (417 ) $ (126 )

Encompass brand

        3     1     3     6     5     10     8     (7 )   (39 )   (10 )
                                               

Total Allstate Protection

    247     49     59     47     43     90     84     (141 )   (158 )   (456 )   (136 )

Discontinued Lines and Coverages

    24                                         24  
                                               

Total Property- Liability

  $ 271   $ 49   $ 59   $ 47   $ 43   $ 90   $ 84   $ (141 ) $ (158 ) $ (456 ) $ (112 )
                                               

        Allstate brand prior year reserve reestimates were $371 million favorable in 2011, $181 million favorable in 2010 and $126 million favorable in 2009. In 2011, this was primarily due to severity development that was better than expected and favorable catastrophe reserve reestimates. The increased reserves in accident years 2001 & prior is due to a reclassification of injury reserves to older years and reserve strengthening. In 2010, this was primarily due to favorable catastrophe reserve reestimates and severity development that was better than expected, partially offset by litigation settlements. The increased reserves in accident years 2000 & prior is due to the litigation settlements of $100 million, a reclassification of injury reserves to older years and reserve strengthening. In 2009, this was primarily due to favorable reserve reestimates from Hurricanes Ike and Gustav and a catastrophe related subrogation recovery. The shift of reserves to older accident years is attributable to a reallocation of reserves related to employee postretirement benefits to more accident years, and a reclassification of injury and 2008 non-injury reserves to older years.

       These trends are primarily responsible for revisions to loss development factors, as previously described, used to predict how losses are likely to develop from the end of a reporting period until all claims have been paid. Because these trends cause actual losses to differ from those predicted by the estimated development factors used in prior reserve estimates, reserves are revised as actuarial studies validate new trends based on the indications of updated development factor calculations.

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       The impact of these reestimates on the Allstate brand underwriting (loss) income is shown in the table below.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Reserve reestimates

  $ (371 ) $ (181 ) $ (126 )

Allstate brand underwriting (loss) income

    (666 )   569     1,022  

Reserve reestimates as a % of underwriting (loss) income

    55.7 %   31.8 %   12.3 %

       Encompass brand     Reserve reestimates in 2011 were related to higher than anticipated claim settlement costs. 2010 and 2009 Encompass brand reserve reestimates were related to lower than anticipated claim settlement costs.

       The impact of these reestimates on the Encompass brand underwriting (loss) income is shown in the table below.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Reserve reestimates

  $ 15   $ (6 ) $ (10 )

Encompass brand underwriting (loss) income

    (146 )   (43 )   5  

Reserve reestimates as a % of underwriting (loss) income

    (10.3 )%   14.0 %   200.0 %

       Discontinued Lines and Coverages     We conduct an annual review in the third quarter of each year to evaluate and establish asbestos, environmental and other discontinued lines reserves. Reserves are recorded in the reporting period in which they are determined. Using established industry and actuarial best practices and assuming no change in the regulatory or economic environment, this detailed and comprehensive methodology determines reserves based on assessments of the characteristics of exposure (e.g. claim activity, potential liability, jurisdiction, products versus non-products exposure) presented by policyholders.

       Reserve reestimates for the Discontinued Lines and Coverages, as shown in the table below, were increased primarily for asbestos in 2011, environmental in 2010 and other discontinued lines in 2009.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  
 
  January 1
reserves
  Reserve
reestimate
  January 1
reserves
  Reserve
reestimate
  January 1
reserves
  Reserve
reestimate
 

Asbestos claims

  $ 1,100   $ 26   $ 1,180   $ 5   $ 1,228   $ (8 )

Environmental claims

    201         198     18     195     13  

Other discontinued lines

    478     (5 )   500     5     508     19  
                           

Total Discontinued Lines and Coverages

  $ 1,779   $ 21   $ 1,878   $ 28   $ 1,931   $ 24  
                           

Underwriting loss

        $ (25 )       $ (31 )       $ (32 )
                                 

Reserve reestimates as a % of underwriting loss

          (84.0 )%         (90.3 )%         (75.0 )%
                                 

       Reserve additions for asbestos in 2011 totaling $26 million were primarily for products related coverage due to increases for the assumed reinsurance portion of discontinued lines where we are reliant on our ceding companies to report claims. Reserve additions for asbestos in 2010 totaling $5 million were primarily for products related coverage. Asbestos reserves reestimates in 2009 were $8 million favorable.

       Normal environmental claim activity resulted in essentially no change in estimated reserves for 2011. The reserve additions for environmental in 2010 and 2009 were primarily related to site-specific remediations where the clean-up cost estimates and responsibility for the clean-up were more fully determined. IBNR now represents 64% of total net environmental reserves, 2 points higher than as of December 31, 2010.

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       The table below summarizes reserves and claim activity for asbestos and environmental claims before (Gross) and after (Net) the effects of reinsurance for the past three years.

($ in millions, except ratios)
  2011   2010   2009  
 
  Gross   Net   Gross   Net   Gross   Net  

Asbestos claims

                                     

Beginning reserves

  $ 1,655   $ 1,100   $ 1,780   $ 1,180   $ 1,933   $ 1,228  

Incurred claims and claims expense

    38     26     (7 )   5     (3 )   (8 )

Claims and claims expense paid

    (86 )   (48 )   (118 )   (85 )   (150 )   (40 )
                           

Ending reserves

  $ 1,607   $ 1,078   $ 1,655   $ 1,100   $ 1,780   $ 1,180  
                           

Annual survival ratio

   
18.7
   
22.5
   
14.0
   
12.9
   
11.9
   
11.5
 
                           

3-year survival ratio

    13.6     13.6     12.6     12.2     12.4     12.9  
                           

Environmental claims

                                     

Beginning reserves

  $ 248   $ 201   $ 247   $ 198   $ 250   $ 195  

Incurred claims and claims expense

    (2 )       19     18     16     13  

Claims and claims expense paid

    (21 )   (16 )   (18 )   (15 )   (19 )   (10 )
                           

Ending reserves

  $ 225   $ 185   $ 248   $ 201   $ 247   $ 198  
                           

Annual survival ratio

   
10.7
   
11.6
   
13.8
   
13.4
   
12.7
   
12.1
 
                           

3-year survival ratio

    11.8     11.6     8.0     8.7     7.1     7.5  
                           

Combined environmental and asbestos claims

                                     

Annual survival ratio

    17.1     19.7     14.0     13.0     12.0     11.6  
                           

3-year survival ratio

    13.4     13.3     11.7     11.6     11.4     11.7  
                           

Percentage of IBNR in ending reserves

          59.0 %         60.1 %         62.3 %

       The survival ratio is calculated by taking our ending reserves divided by payments made during the year. This is a commonly used but extremely simplistic and imprecise approach to measuring the adequacy of asbestos and environmental reserve levels. Many factors, such as mix of business, level of coverage provided and settlement procedures have significant impacts on the amount of environmental and asbestos claims and claims expense reserves, claim payments and the resultant ratio. As payments result in corresponding reserve reductions, survival ratios can be expected to vary over time. The 2009 net survival ratios in the table above have been adjusted to remove the claims and claims expense paid of $63 million for asbestos and $7 million for environmental attributable to commutation activity related to three reinsurers.

       In 2011, the asbestos net 3-year survival ratio increased due to lower average annual payments. In 2010, the asbestos net 3-year survival ratio decreased due to lower reserve levels as the result of loss settlements. The environmental net 3-year survival ratio increased in both 2011 and 2010 due to lower average annual payments.

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       Our net asbestos reserves by type of exposure and total reserve additions are shown in the following table.

($ in millions)
  December 31, 2011   December 31, 2010   December 31, 2009  
 
  Active
policy-
holders
  Net
reserves
  % of
reserves
  Active
policy-
holders
  Net
reserves
  % of
reserves
  Active
policy-
holders
  Net
reserves
  % of
reserves
 

Direct policyholders:

                                                       

–Primary

    52   $ 17     2 %   51   $ 17     1 %   51   $ 19     1 %

–Excess

    314     263     24     319     261     24     318     256     22  
                                       

Total

    366     280     26     370     278     25     369     275     23  
                                                   

Assumed reinsurance

          171     16           165     15           176     15  

IBNR

          627     58           657     60           729     62  
                                             

Total net reserves

        $ 1,078     100 %       $ 1,100     100 %       $ 1,180     100 %
                                               

Total reserve additions

        $ 26               $ 5               $ (8 )      
                                                   

       During the last three years, 57 direct primary and excess policyholders reported new claims, and claims of 75 policyholders were closed, decreasing the number of active policyholders by 18 during the period. The 18 decrease comprised (4) from 2011, 1 from 2010 and (15) from 2009. The decrease of 4 from 2011 included 16 new policyholders reporting new claims and the closing of 20 policyholders' claims.

       IBNR net reserves decreased by $30 million. As of December 31, 2011 IBNR represented 58% of total net asbestos reserves, compared to 60% as of December 31, 2010. IBNR provides for reserve development of known claims and future reporting of additional unknown claims from current and new policyholders and ceding companies.

       Pending, new, total closed and closed without payment claims for asbestos and environmental exposures for the years ended December 31, are summarized in the following table.

Number of claims
  2011   2010   2009  

Asbestos

                   

Pending, beginning of year

    8,421     8,252     8,780  

New

    507     788     814  

Total closed

    (856 )   (619 )   (1,342 )
               

Pending, end of year

    8,072     8,421     8,252  
               

Closed without payment

    664     336     469  
               

Environmental

                   

Pending, beginning of year

    4,297     4,114     4,603  

New

    351     498     389  

Total closed

    (472 )   (315 )   (878 )
               

Pending, end of year

    4,176     4,297     4,114  
               

Closed without payment

    334     181     416  
               

       Property-Liability reinsurance ceded     For Allstate Protection, we utilize reinsurance to reduce exposure to catastrophe risk and manage capital, and to support the required statutory surplus and the insurance financial strength ratings of certain subsidiaries such as Castle Key Insurance Company and Allstate New Jersey Insurance Company. We purchase significant reinsurance to manage our aggregate countrywide exposure to an acceptable level. The price and terms of reinsurance and the credit quality of the reinsurer are considered in the purchase process, along with whether the price can be appropriately reflected in the costs that are considered in setting future rates charged to policyholders. We also participate in various reinsurance mechanisms, including industry pools and facilities, which are backed by the financial resources of the property-liability insurance company market participants, and have historically purchased reinsurance to mitigate long-tail liability lines, including environmental, asbestos and other discontinued lines exposures. We retain primary liability as a direct insurer for all risks ceded to reinsurers.

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       The impacts of reinsurance on our reserve for claims and claims expense as of December 31 are summarized in the following table, net of allowances we have established for uncollectible amounts.

 
  Reserve for
property-liability
insurance claims
and claims expense
   
   
 
 
  Reinsurance
recoverables, net
 
($ in millions)
 
 
    

 
  2011   2010   2011   2010  

Industry pools and facilities

  $ 2,491   $ 1,990   $ 1,865   $ 1,419  

Asbestos and environmental

    1,832     1,903     591     628  

Other including allowance for future uncollectible reinsurance recoverables

    16,052     15,575     218     105  
                   

Total Property-Liability

  $ 20,375   $ 19,468   $ 2,674   $ 2,152  
                   

       Reinsurance recoverables include an estimate of the amount of property-liability insurance claims and claims expense reserves that may be ceded under the terms of the reinsurance agreements, including incurred but not reported unpaid losses. We calculate our ceded reinsurance estimate based on the terms of each applicable reinsurance agreement, including an estimate of how IBNR losses will ultimately be ceded under the agreement. We also consider other limitations and coverage exclusions under our reinsurance agreements. Accordingly, our estimate of reinsurance recoverables is subject to similar risks and uncertainties as our estimate of reserve for property-liability claims and claims expense. We believe the recoverables are appropriately established; however, as our underlying reserves continue to develop, the amount ultimately recoverable may vary from amounts currently recorded. We regularly evaluate the reinsurers and the respective amounts recoverable, and a provision for uncollectible reinsurance is recorded if needed. The establishment of reinsurance recoverables and the related allowance for uncollectible reinsurance is also an inherently uncertain process involving estimates. Changes in estimates could result in additional changes to the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

       The allowance for uncollectible reinsurance relates to Discontinued Lines and Coverages reinsurance recoverables and was $103 million and $142 million as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. This amount represents 13.4% and 17.6% of the related reinsurance recoverable balances as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The allowance is based upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, length of collection periods, changes in reinsurer credit standing, and other relevant factors. In addition, in the ordinary course of business, we may become involved in coverage disputes with certain of our reinsurers which may ultimately result in lawsuits and arbitrations brought by or against such reinsurers to determine the parties' rights and obligations under the various reinsurance agreements. We employ dedicated specialists to manage reinsurance collections and disputes. We also consider recent developments in commutation activity between reinsurers and cedants, and recent trends in arbitration and litigation outcomes in disputes between cedants and reinsurers in seeking to maximize our reinsurance recoveries.

       Adverse developments in the insurance industry have led to a decline in the financial strength of some of our reinsurance carriers, causing amounts recoverable from them and future claims ceded to them to be considered a higher risk. There has also been consolidation activity in the industry, which causes reinsurance risk across the industry to be concentrated among fewer companies. In addition, over the last several years the industry has increasingly segregated asbestos, environmental, and other discontinued lines exposures into separate legal entities with dedicated capital. Regulatory bodies in certain cases have supported these actions. We are unable to determine the impact, if any, that these developments will have on the collectability of reinsurance recoverables in the future.

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       The largest reinsurance recoverable balances are shown in the following table as of December 31, net of the allowance we have established for uncollectible amounts.

 
  Standard
& Poor's
financial
strength
rating 
(1)
   
   
 
 
  Reinsurance
recoverable on paid
and unpaid claims, net
 
($ in millions)
  
  
    

 
   
  2011   2010  

Industry pools and facilities

                 

Michigan Catastrophic Claim Association ("MCCA")

  N/A   $ 1,709   $ 1,243  

North Carolina Reinsurance Facility

  N/A     70     65  

New Jersey Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund

  N/A     50     55  

National Flood Insurance Program

  N/A     33     10  

Other

        3     46  
               

Total

        1,865     1,419  
               

Asbestos, Environmental and Other

                 

Lloyd's of London ("Lloyd's")

  A+     193     183  

Westport Insurance Corporation (formerly Employers Reinsurance Corporation)

  AA-     98     56  

New England Reinsurance Corporation

  N/A     36     37  

R&Q Reinsurance Company

  N/A     31     34  

OneBeacon Insurance Company

  A-     30     1  

Clearwater Insurance Company

  BB+     27     30  

Other, including allowance for future uncollectible reinsurance recoverables

        394     392  
               

Total

        809     733  
               

Total Property-Liability

      $ 2,674   $ 2,152  
               

(1)
N/A reflects no rating available.

       The effects of reinsurance ceded on our property-liability premiums earned and claims and claims expense for the years ended December 31 are summarized in the following table.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Ceded property-liability premiums earned

  $ 1,098   $ 1,092   $ 1,056  
               

Ceded property-liability claims and claims expense

                   

Industry pool and facilities

                   

FHCF

  $ 8   $ 10   $ 47  

National Flood Insurance Program

    196     50     111  

MCCA

    509     142     133  

Other

    84     64     59  
               

Subtotal industry pools and facilities

    797     266     350  

Asbestos, Environmental and Other

    130     5     65  
               

Ceded property-liability claims and claims expense

  $ 927   $ 271   $ 415  
               

       For the year ended December 31, 2011, ceded property-liability premiums earned increased $6 million when compared to prior year, primarily due to higher premium rates and an increase in policies written for the National Flood Insurance Program. For the year ended December 31, 2010, ceded property-liability premiums earned increased $36 million when compared to prior year, primarily due to the adoption of accounting guidance related to the consolidation of variable interest entities, which resulted in the consolidation of two insurance company affiliates, Allstate Texas Lloyds and Allstate County Mutual Insurance Company.

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       Ceded property-liability claims and claims expense increased in 2011 primarily due to reserve increases in the MCCA program and an increase in claim activity on the National Flood Insurance Program due to multiple flooding events throughout the year. Ceded property-liability claims and claims expense decreased in 2010 primarily due to amounts ceded to National Flood Insurance Program.

       For a detailed description of the MCCA, FHCF and Lloyd's, see Note 10 of the consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2011, other than the recoverable balances listed in the table above, no other amount due or estimated to be due from any single Property-Liability reinsurer was in excess of $19 million.

       We enter into certain intercompany insurance and reinsurance transactions for the Property-Liability operations in order to maintain underwriting control and manage insurance risk among various legal entities. These reinsurance agreements have been approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Catastrophe reinsurance

       Our catastrophe reinsurance program is designed, utilizing our risk management methodology, to address our exposure to catastrophes nationwide. Our program provides reinsurance protection for catastrophes including storms named or numbered by the National Weather Service, fires following earthquakes, earthquakes and wildfires including California wildfires. These reinsurance agreements are part of our catastrophe management strategy, which is intended to provide our shareholders an acceptable return on the risks assumed in our property business, and to reduce variability of earnings, while providing protection to our customers.

       We anticipate completing the placement of our 2012 catastrophe reinsurance program in February 2012. We expect the program will be substantially similar to our 2011 catastrophe reinsurance program. The information below provides further detail regarding our 2012 catastrophe reinsurance program.

       Our 2012 reinsurance program will continue to support our goal to have no more than a 1% likelihood of exceeding annual aggregate catastrophe losses by $2 billion, net of reinsurance, from hurricanes and earthquakes, based on modeled assumptions and applications currently available. Since the 2006 inception of Allstate's catastrophe reinsurance program, our exposure to wind loss has been materially reduced and we have nearly eliminated our exposure to earthquake loss. Similar to our 2011 program, we have designed our 2012 program to respond to these exposure changes by including coverage for multiple perils, in addition to hurricanes and earthquakes, in all agreements except for the Kentucky agreement, which provides coverage for earthquakes and fires following earthquakes.

       The 2012 program, as described below, is expected to provide $3.25 billion of reinsurance coverage above the retention. Similar to the expiring program, the 2012 program will include a Per Occurrence Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance agreement reinsuring our personal lines property and auto excess catastrophe losses resulting from multiple perils in every state other than New Jersey and Florida. For June 1, 2012 to May 31, 2013, it is anticipated the program will consist of two agreements: a Per Occurrence Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance agreement providing coverage in six layers with the reinstatement of limits available for the First through Fifth Layers, and a Top and Drop Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance agreement which includes Coverage A and Coverage B.

       The Per Occurrence Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance agreement provides an initial $3.25 billion per occurrence limit in excess of a $500 million retention and after the Company has incurred $250 million in losses "otherwise recoverable." The $250 million in losses otherwise recoverable applies once each contract year to the First Layer only and losses from multiple qualifying occurrences can apply to this $250 million threshold in excess of $500 million per occurrence. For June 1, 2012 to May 31, 2013, the program will consist of two existing contracts which expire May 31, 2013 and May 31, 2014 and three new contracts which expire May 31, 2013, May 31, 2014, and May 31, 2015.

       The Top and Drop Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance agreement provides $250 million of reinsurance limits which may be used for Coverage A, Coverage B, or a combination of both. For June 1, 2012 to May 31, 2013, Coverage A reinsures the "Top" of the program and provides 12.66% of $500 million excess of a $3.25 billion retention. For June 1, 2012 to May 31, 2013, Coverage B allows the program limit to "Drop" and provides reinsurance for 25% of $250 million in limits excess of a $750 million retention and after the Company has incurred $500 million in losses "otherwise recoverable" under the agreement. Losses from multiple qualifying occurrences, in excess of $750 million per occurrence, can apply to this $500 million threshold.

       The New Jersey and Florida components of the reinsurance program are designed separately from the other components of the program to address the distinct needs of our separately capitalized legal entities in those states. The New Jersey agreement reinsures personal lines property losses resulting from multiple perils and consists of three contracts which expire on May 31, 2013, May 31, 2014 and May 31, 2015. The Florida component will be placed in May of

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2012. Allstate Protection's separate reinsurance programs in Pennsylvania and Kentucky will continue to address exposures unique to those states. A description of the catastrophe reinsurance treaties that will reinsure Allstate Protection as of June 1, 2012 follows:

       Nationwide excluding Florida and New Jersey

    The Per Occurrence Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance agreement reinsures personal lines property and auto excess catastrophe losses caused by multiple perils under Seven Layers of coverage as follows:

 

First Layer

 

$250 million limit in excess of a $500 million retention and after an initial $250 million in losses "otherwise recoverable" has been satisfied, 1 reinstatement

 

Second Layer

 

$250 million limit in excess of a $750 million retention, 1 reinstatement

 

Third Layer

 

$500 million limit in excess of a $1 billion retention, 1 reinstatement

 

Fourth Layer

 

$750 million limit in excess of a $1.5 billion retention, 1 reinstatement

 

Fifth Layer

 

$1 billion limit in excess of a $2.25 billion retention, 1 reinstatement

 

Sixth Layer

 

$500 million limit in excess of a $3.25 billion retention

      Coverage for the First through the Fifth Layers comprises three contracts, each contract providing one third of 95% of the total limit and expiring as of May 31, 2013, May 31, 2014 and May 31, 2015. Coverage for the Sixth Layer will comprise five contracts and will be 82.34% placed. For June 1, 2012 to May 31, 2013, two existing contracts, expiring May 31, 2013 and May 31, 2014, provide 31.67% of the placed limit; and three newly placed contracts, expiring May 31, 2013, May 31, 2014, and May 31, 2015, in total provide 50.67% of the placed limit. The newly placed contracts, effective June 1, 2012, will not have a prepaid reinstatement limit thus requiring premium for the reinstatement of limits. The Sixth Layer does not have a reinstatement of limits. Reinsurance premium is subject to redetermination for exposure changes at each anniversary.

    The Top and Drop Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance agreement reinsures personal lines property and auto excess catastrophe losses caused by multiple perils under a three year term contract expiring May 31, 2014. The reinsurance limit may be used for Coverage A, Coverage B or a combination of both and is not subject to reinstatement. For June 1, 2012 to May 31, 2013, Coverage A of the Top and Drop provides 12.66% of $500 million in limits in excess of a $3.25 billion retention, which completes the 95% placement of the Sixth Layer of the Per Occurrence Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance agreement. Coverage B provides 25% of $250 million in limits in excess of a $750 million retention. In addition to this retention, the Company must incur $500 million in losses, "otherwise recoverable", under Coverage B during the contract year before Coverage B attaches. Losses from multiple qualifying occurrences can apply to this $500 million threshold. For June 1, 2013 to May 31, 2014, the contract provides 6% of Coverage A's and 12.66% of Coverage B's placement. Reinsurance premium is subject to redetermination for exposure changes.

       New Jersey

    The Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance contract reinsures personal lines property excess catastrophe losses in New Jersey caused by multiple perils. One existing and a newly placed contract each provides 32% of $400 million of limits excess of a $150 million retention and include one reinstatement per contract year. In addition, a separate existing New Jersey contract will remain in place until May 31, 2013 and provides a First Layer of 32% of $300 million of limits in excess of a $184 million retention and a Second Layer of 42% of $200 million in limits excess of a $484 million retention. Each Layer includes one reinstatement per contract year. The reinsurance premium and retention are subject to redetermination for exposure changes at each anniversary.

       Pennsylvania

    The Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance Contract reinsures personal lines property losses in Pennsylvania caused by multiple perils. This agreement will be effective June 1, 2012 for three years and provide 95% of $100 million of limits in excess of a $100 million retention with two limits being available for the remaining term of the contract. The reinsurance premium and retention are not subject to redetermination for exposure changes.

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       Kentucky

    The Earthquake Excess Catastrophe Reinsurance Contract reinsures personal lines property losses in Kentucky caused by earthquakes or fires following earthquakes. The agreement is effective June 1, 2012 for three years and provides 95% of $25 million of limits in excess of a $5 million retention. The agreement provides three limits over its three year term subject to two limits being available in any one contract year. The reinsurance premium and retention are not subject to redetermination for exposure changes.

       See Note 10 for further details of the existing 2011 program.

       We estimate that the total annualized cost of all catastrophe reinsurance programs for the year beginning June 1, 2012 will be approximately $577 million compared to $564 million annualized cost for the year beginning June 1, 2011. The total cost of our catastrophe reinsurance programs in 2011 was $558 million compared to $593 million in 2010. These annual costs reflect premium re-measurements recognized in the year. We continue to attempt to capture our reinsurance cost in premium rates as allowed by state regulatory authorities.


ALLSTATE FINANCIAL 2011 HIGHLIGHTS

Net income was $586 million in 2011 compared to $58 million in 2010.
Premiums and contract charges on underwritten products, including traditional life, interest-sensitive life and accident and health insurance, totaled $2.10 billion in 2011, an increase of 3.3% from $2.03 billion in 2010.
Net realized capital gains totaled $388 million in 2011 compared to net realized capital losses of $517 million in 2010.
Investments totaled $57.37 billion as of December 31, 2011, reflecting a decrease in carrying value of $4.21 billion from $61.58 billion as of December 31, 2010. Net investment income decreased 4.8% to $2.72 billion in 2011 from $2.85 billion in 2010.
Contractholder funds totaled $42.33 billion as of December 31, 2011, reflecting a decrease of $5.86 billion from $48.19 billion as of December 31, 2010.


ALLSTATE FINANCIAL SEGMENT

       Overview and strategy     The Allstate Financial segment is a major provider of life insurance, retirement and investment products, and voluntary accident and health insurance. We serve our customers through Allstate exclusive agencies, workplace distribution and non-proprietary distribution channels. Allstate Financial's strategic vision is to reinvent protection and retirement for the consumer and its purpose is to create financial value and to add strategic value to the organization.

       To fulfill its purpose, Allstate Financial's primary objectives are to deepen relationships with Allstate customers by adding financial services to their suite of products with Allstate, dramatically expand Allstate Benefits (our workplace distribution business) and improve profitability by decreasing earnings volatility and increasing our returns. Allstate Financial brings value to The Allstate Corporation in three principal ways: through profitable growth of Allstate Financial, improving the economics of the Protection business through increased customer loyalty and renewal rates by cross selling Allstate Financial products to existing customers, and by bringing new customers to Allstate. We continue to shift our mix of products in force by decreasing spread based products, principally fixed annuities and institutional products, and through growth of underwritten products having mortality or morbidity risk, principally life insurance and accident and health products. In addition to focusing on higher return markets, products, and distribution channels, Allstate Financial continues to emphasize capital efficiency and enterprise risk and return management strategies and actions.

       Allstate Financial's strategy provides a platform to profitably grow its business. Based upon Allstate's strong financial position and brand, we have a unique opportunity to cross-sell to our customers. We will leverage trusted customer relationships through our Allstate exclusive agencies or direct marketing to serve those who are looking for assistance in meeting their protection and retirement needs by providing them with the information, products and services that they need. Life insurance applications issued through Allstate agencies increased 33% in 2011 compared to 2010. Our employer relationships through Allstate Benefits also afford opportunities to offer additional Allstate products.

       Our products include interest-sensitive, traditional and variable life insurance; fixed annuities such as deferred and immediate annuities; voluntary accident and health insurance; and funding agreements backing medium-term notes, which we most recently offered in 2008. Our products are sold through multiple distribution channels including Allstate exclusive agencies and exclusive financial specialists, independent agents (including master brokerage agencies and workplace enrolling agents), specialized structured settlement brokers and directly through call centers and the internet.

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Our institutional product line consists of funding agreements sold to unaffiliated trusts that use them to back medium-term notes issued to institutional and individual investors. Banking products and services were previously offered to customers through the Allstate Bank. In 2011, after receiving regulatory approval to voluntarily dissolve, Allstate Bank ceased operations. In the first half of 2012, we expect to cancel the bank's charter and deregister The Allstate Corporation as a savings and loan holding company.

Allstate Financial outlook

We plan to continue to increase premiums and contract charges on underwritten insurance products and develop products our customers need for retirement income.
Our growth initiatives will be primarily focused on increasing the number of customers served through our proprietary and Allstate Benefits (workplace distribution) channels.
We will continue to focus on improving returns and reducing our concentration in spread based products resulting in net reductions in contractholder funds obligations.
We expect increases in Allstate Financial's attributed GAAP equity as there may be limitations on the amount of dividends Allstate Financial companies can pay without prior approval by their insurance departments.
We expect lower investment spread due to reduced contractholder funds, the continuing low interest rate environment and changes in asset allocations. The amount by which the low interest rate environment will reduce our investment spread is contingent on our ability to maintain the portfolio yield and lower interest crediting rates on spread based products, which could be limited by market conditions, regulatory minimum rates or contractual minimum rate guarantees, and may not match the timing or magnitude of changes in asset yields. We also anticipate changing our asset allocation for long-term immediate annuities by reducing fixed income securities and increasing investments in limited partnerships, equities and other alternative investments. This shift could result in lower and more volatile investment income; however, we anticipate that this strategy will lead to higher total returns and attributed equity.

       Summary analysis     Summarized financial data for the years ended December 31 is presented in the following table.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Revenues

                   

Life and annuity premiums and contract charges

  $ 2,238   $ 2,168   $ 1,958  

Net investment income

    2,716     2,853     3,064  

Realized capital gains and losses

    388     (517 )   (431 )
               

Total revenues

    5,342     4,504     4,591  

Costs and expenses

                   

Life and annuity contract benefits

    (1,761 )   (1,815 )   (1,617 )

Interest credited to contractholder funds

    (1,645 )   (1,807 )   (2,126 )

Amortization of DAC

    (593 )   (356 )   (965 )

Operating costs and expenses

    (455 )   (469 )   (430 )

Restructuring and related charges

    (1 )   3     (25 )
               

Total costs and expenses

    (4,455 )   (4,444 )   (5,163 )

(Loss) gain on disposition of operations

   
(15

)
 
6
   
7
 

Income tax (expense) benefit

    (286 )   (8 )   82  
               

Net income (loss)

  $ 586   $ 58   $ (483 )
               

Investments as of December 31

 
$

57,373
 
$

61,582
 
$

62,216
 
               

Net income

                   

Life insurance

  $ 289              

Accident and health insurance

    104              

Annuities and institutional and bank products

    193              
                   

Net income

  $ 586              
                   

        Net income in 2011 was $586 million compared to $58 million in 2010. The $528 million increase was primarily due to net realized capital gains in the current year compared to net realized capital losses in the prior year, decreased

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interest credited to contractholder funds, higher life and annuity premiums and contract charges and lower life and annuity contract benefits, partially offset by higher amortization of DAC and lower net investment income.

       Net income in 2010 was $58 million compared to a net loss of $483 million in 2009. The favorable change of $541 million was primarily due to lower amortization of DAC, decreased interest credited to contractholder funds and higher premiums and contract charges, partially offset by lower net investment income, higher life and annuity contract benefits and increased net realized capital losses.

       Analysis of revenues     Total revenues increased 18.6% or $838 million in 2011 compared to 2010 due to net realized capital gains in the current year compared to net realized capital losses in the prior year and higher premiums and contract charges, partially offset by lower net investment income. Total revenues decreased 1.9% or $87 million in 2010 compared to 2009 due to lower net investment income and higher net realized capital losses, partially offset by higher premiums and contract charges.

       Life and annuity premiums and contract charges     Premiums represent revenues generated from traditional life insurance, immediate annuities with life contingencies, and accident and health insurance products that have significant mortality or morbidity risk. Contract charges are revenues generated from interest-sensitive and variable life insurance and fixed annuities for which deposits are classified as contractholder funds or separate account liabilities. Contract charges are assessed against the contractholder account values for maintenance, administration, cost of insurance and surrender prior to contractually specified dates.

       The following table summarizes life and annuity premiums and contract charges by product for the years ended December 31.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Underwritten products

                   

Traditional life insurance premiums

  $ 441   $ 420   $ 407  

Accident and health insurance premiums

    643     621     460  

Interest-sensitive life insurance contract charges

    1,015     991     944  
               

Subtotal

    2,099     2,032     1,811  

Annuities

                   

Immediate annuities with life contingencies premiums

    106     97     102  

Other fixed annuity contract charges

    33     39     45  
               

Subtotal

    139     136     147  
               

Life and annuity premiums and contract charges  (1)

 
$

2,238
 
$

2,168
 
$

1,958
 
               

(1)
Contract charges related to the cost of insurance totaled $659 million, $637 million and $616 million in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.

       Total premiums and contract charges increased 3.2% in 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to higher contract charges on interest-sensitive life insurance products primarily resulting from the aging of our policyholders, growth in Allstate Benefits's accident and health insurance business in force and increased traditional life insurance premiums. Increased traditional life insurance premiums were primarily due to lower reinsurance premiums resulting from higher retention, partially offset by lower renewal premiums.

       Total premiums and contract charges increased 10.7% in 2010 compared to 2009 primarily due to higher sales of accident and health insurance through Allstate Benefits, with a significant portion of the increase resulting from sales to employees of one large company, and higher contract charges on interest-sensitive life insurance products resulting from a shift in the mix of policies in force to contracts with higher cost of insurance rates and policy administration fees. In addition, increased traditional life insurance premiums in 2010 were primarily due to lower reinsurance premiums resulting from higher retention, partially offset by lower renewal premiums and decreased sales.

        Contractholder funds represent interest-bearing liabilities arising from the sale of individual and institutional products, such as interest-sensitive life insurance, fixed annuities, funding agreements and bank deposits. The balance of contractholder funds is equal to the cumulative deposits received and interest credited to the contractholder less

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cumulative contract maturities, benefits, surrenders, withdrawals and contract charges for mortality or administrative expenses. The following table shows the changes in contractholder funds for the years ended December 31.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Contractholder funds, beginning balance

  $ 48,195   $ 52,582   $ 58,413  

Deposits

                   

Fixed annuities

    667     932     1,964  

Interest-sensitive life insurance

    1,288     1,512     1,438  

Bank and other deposits

    363     994     1,178  
               

Total deposits

    2,318     3,438     4,580  

Interest credited

   
1,629
   
1,794
   
2,025
 

Maturities, benefits, withdrawals and other adjustments

                   

Maturities and retirements of institutional products

    (867 )   (1,833 )   (4,773 )

Benefits

    (1,461 )   (1,552 )   (1,588 )

Surrenders and partial withdrawals

    (6,398 )   (5,203 )   (5,172 )

Contract charges

    (1,028 )   (983 )   (918 )

Net transfers from separate accounts

    12     11     11  

Fair value hedge adjustments for institutional products

    (34 )   (196 )   25  

Other adjustments  (1)

    (34 )   137     (21 )
               

Total maturities, benefits, withdrawals and other adjustments

    (9,810 )   (9,619 )   (12,436 )
               

Contractholder funds, ending balance

  $ 42,332   $ 48,195   $ 52,582  
               

(1)
The table above illustrates the changes in contractholder funds, which are presented gross of reinsurance recoverables on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The table above is intended to supplement our discussion and analysis of revenues, which are presented net of reinsurance on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. As a result, the net change in contractholder funds associated with products reinsured to third parties is reflected as a component of the other adjustments line.

       Contractholder funds decreased 12.2%, 8.3% and 10.0% in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, reflecting our continuing actions to reduce our concentration in spread-based products and the return of funds to Allstate Bank account holders in December 2011 in connection with ceasing operations. Average contractholder funds decreased 10.2% in 2011 compared to 2010 and 9.2% in 2010 compared to 2009.

       Contractholder deposits decreased 32.6% in 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to lower deposits on Allstate Bank products and fixed annuities. In September 2011, Allstate Bank stopped opening new customer accounts.

       Contractholder deposits decreased 24.9% in 2010 compared to 2009 primarily due to lower deposits on fixed annuities. Deposits on fixed annuities decreased 52.5% in 2010 compared to 2009 due to our strategic decision to discontinue distributing fixed annuities through banks and broker-dealers and our goal to reduce our concentration in spread-based products and improve returns on new business.

       Maturities and retirements of institutional products decreased $966 million to $867 million in 2011 from $1.83 billion in 2010, reflecting the continuing decline in these obligations over the past four years.

       Maturities and retirements of institutional products decreased 61.6% to $1.83 billion in 2010 from $4.77 billion in 2009. During 2009, we retired all of our remaining outstanding extendible institutional market obligations totaling $1.45 billion. In addition, 2009 included the redemption of $1.39 billion of institutional product liabilities in conjunction with cash tender offers.

       Surrenders and partial withdrawals on deferred fixed annuities, interest-sensitive life insurance products and Allstate Bank products (including maturities of certificates of deposit) increased 23.0% to $6.40 billion in 2011 from $5.20 billion in 2010, and increased 0.6% in 2010 from $5.17 billion in 2009. In 2011, the increase was primarily due to higher surrenders and partial withdrawals on fixed annuities and the return of $1.09 billion of funds to Allstate Bank account holders, partially offset by lower surrenders and partial withdrawals on interest-sensitive life insurance products. The increase for fixed annuities resulted from an increased number of contracts reaching the 30-45 day period (typically at their 5 or 6 year anniversary) during which there is no surrender charge as well as crediting rate actions taken by management. In 2010, the increase was primarily due to higher surrenders and partial withdrawals on fixed annuities, partially offset by lower surrenders and partial withdrawals on Allstate Bank products.

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       The surrender and partial withdrawal rate on deferred fixed annuities, interest-sensitive life insurance products and Allstate Bank products, based on the beginning of year contractholder funds, was 15.9% in 2011 compared to 12.2% in 2010 and 11.8% in 2009. Excluding Allstate Bank products, the surrender and partial withdrawal rate on deferred fixed annuities and interest-sensitive life insurance products, based on the beginning of year contractholder funds, was 12.6% in 2011 compared to 10.1% in 2010 and 9.6% in 2009.

        Net investment income decreased 4.8% or $137 million to $2.72 billion in 2011 from $2.85 billion in 2010 primarily due to lower average investment balances which were partially offset by higher yields. The higher yields are primarily attributable to yield optimization actions including the termination of interest rate swaps during the first quarter of 2011. Net investment income decreased 6.9% or $211 million to $2.85 billion in 2010 from $3.06 billion in 2009 primarily due to lower yields, reduced average investment balances and risk reduction actions.

        Net realized capital gains and losses are presented in the following table for the years ended December 31.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Impairment write-downs

  $ (246 ) $ (501 ) $ (1,021 )

Change in intent write-downs

    (51 )   (142 )   (268 )
               

Net other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in earnings

    (297 )   (643 )   (1,289 )

Sales

    838     219     638  

Valuation of derivative instruments

    (237 )   (94 )   315  

Settlements of derivative instruments

    22     (31 )   41  

EMA limited partnership income

    62     32     (136 )
               

Realized capital gains and losses, pre-tax

    388     (517 )   (431 )

Income tax (expense) benefit

    (138 )   180     14  
               

Realized capital gains and losses, after-tax

  $ 250   $ (337 ) $ (417 )
               

       For further discussion of realized capital gains and losses, see the Investments section of the MD&A.

       Analysis of costs and expenses     Total costs and expenses increased 0.2% or $11 million in 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to higher amortization of DAC, partially offset by lower interest credited to contractholder funds and life and annuity contract benefits. Total costs and expenses decreased 13.9% or $719 million in 2010 compared to 2009 primarily due to lower amortization of DAC and interest credited to contractholder funds, partially offset by higher life and annuity contract benefits.

        Life and annuity contract benefits decreased 3.0% or $54 million in 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to reserve reestimations recorded in second quarter 2010 that did not recur in 2011 and a $38 million reduction in accident and health insurance reserves at Allstate Benefits as of December 31, 2011 related to a contract modification, partially offset by unfavorable mortality experience on life insurance.

       The reserve reestimations in the second quarter of 2010 utilized more refined policy level information and assumptions. The increase in reserves for certain secondary guarantees on universal life insurance policies resulted in a charge to contract benefits of $68 million and a related reduction in amortization of DAC of $50 million. The decrease in reserves for immediate annuities resulted in a credit to contract benefits of $26 million. The net impact was an increase to income of $8 million, pre-tax.

       Life and annuity contract benefits increased 12.2% or $198 million in 2010 compared to 2009 primarily due to higher contract benefits on accident and health insurance and interest-sensitive life insurance products, partially offset by lower contract benefits on immediate annuities with life contingencies. Higher contract benefits on accident and health insurance were proportionate to growth in premiums. The increase in contract benefits on interest-sensitive life insurance was primarily due to the reestimation of reserves for certain secondary guarantees on universal life insurance policies and higher mortality experience resulting from an increase in average claim size and higher incidence of claims. Lower contract benefits on immediate annuities with life contingencies were due to the reestimation of reserves for benefits payable to certain annuitants to reflect current contractholder information.

       We analyze our mortality and morbidity results using the difference between premiums and contract charges earned for the cost of insurance and life and annuity contract benefits excluding the portion related to the implied interest on immediate annuities with life contingencies ("benefit spread"). This implied interest totaled $541 million in 2011, $549 million in 2010 and $558 million in 2009.

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       The benefit spread by product group is disclosed in the following table for the years ended December 31.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Life insurance

  $ 355   $ 282   $ 363  

Accident and health insurance

    329     252     196  

Annuities

    (55 )   (25 )   (33 )
               

Total benefit spread

  $ 629   $ 509   $ 526  
               

       Benefit spread increased 23.6% or $120 million in 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to reestimations of reserves that increased contract benefits for interest-sensitive life insurance and decreased contract benefits for immediate annuities with life contingencies in 2010, a reduction in accident and health insurance reserves at Allstate Benefits as of December 31, 2011 related to a contract modification, and favorable morbidity experience on certain accident and health products and growth at Allstate Benefits.

       Benefit spread decreased 3.2% or $17 million in 2010 compared to 2009. The decrease was primarily due to higher mortality experience on interest-sensitive life insurance and reestimations of reserves that increased contract benefits for interest-sensitive life insurance and decreased contract benefits for immediate annuities, partially offset by growth in accident and health insurance sold through Allstate Benefits.

        Interest credited to contractholder funds decreased 9.0% or $162 million in 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to lower average contractholder funds and lower interest crediting rates on deferred fixed annuities, interest-sensitive life insurance and immediate fixed annuities. Additionally, valuation changes on derivatives embedded in equity-indexed annuity contracts that are not hedged increased interest credited to contractholder funds by $18 million in 2011. Amortization of deferred sales inducement costs was $23 million in 2011 compared to $27 million in 2010.

       Interest credited to contractholder funds decreased 15.0% or $319 million in 2010 compared to 2009 primarily due to lower average contractholder funds and management actions to reduce interest crediting rates on deferred fixed annuities and interest-sensitive life insurance. In addition, the decline in 2010 also reflects lower amortization of DSI. Amortization of DSI declined to $27 million in 2010 compared to $129 million in 2009, primarily due to a $46 million decrease in amortization relating to realized capital gains and losses and a $38 million reduction in amortization acceleration for changes in assumptions.

       In order to analyze the impact of net investment income and interest credited to contractholders on net income, we monitor the difference between net investment income and the sum of interest credited to contractholder funds and the implied interest on immediate annuities with life contingencies, which is included as a component of life and annuity contract benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Operations ("investment spread").

       The investment spread by product group is shown in the following table for the years ended December 31.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Annuities and institutional products

  $ 170   $ 179   $ 126  

Life insurance

    54     35     3  

Allstate Bank products

    22     31     30  

Accident and health insurance

    19     18     16  

Net investment income on investments supporting capital

    265     234     205  
               

Total investment spread

  $ 530   $ 497   $ 380  
               

       Investment spread increased 6.6% or $33 million in 2011 compared to 2010 as actions to improve investment portfolio yields and lower crediting rates more than offset the effect of the continuing decline in our spread-based business in force.

       Investment spread increased 30.8% or $117 million in 2010 compared to 2009 as lower net investment income was more than offset by decreased interest credited to contractholder funds, which includes lower amortization of DSI. Excluding amortization of DSI, investment spread increased 2.9% or $15 million in 2010 compared to 2009.

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       To further analyze investment spreads, the following table summarizes the weighted average investment yield on assets supporting product liabilities and capital, interest crediting rates and investment spreads.

 
  Weighted average
investment yield
  Weighted average
interest crediting rate
  Weighted average
investment spreads
 
 
  2011   2010   2009   2011   2010   2009   2011   2010   2009  

Interest-sensitive life insurance

    5.4 %   5.5 %   5.5 %   4.2 %   4.4 %   4.6 %   1.2 %   1.1 %   0.9 %

Deferred fixed annuities and institutional products

    4.6     4.4     4.5     3.3     3.2     3.4     1.3     1.2     1.1  

Immediate fixed annuities with and without life contingencies

    6.3     6.4     6.3     6.2     6.4     6.5     0.1         (0.2 )

Investments supporting capital, traditional life and other products

    3.9     3.7     3.7     n/a     n/a     n/a     n/a     n/a     n/a  

       The following table summarizes our product liabilities as of December 31 and indicates the account value of those contracts and policies in which an investment spread is generated.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Immediate fixed annuities with life contingencies

  $ 8,831   $ 8,696   $ 8,454  

Other life contingent contracts and other

    5,618     4,786     4,456  
               

Reserve for life-contingent contract benefits

  $ 14,449   $ 13,482   $ 12,910  
               

Interest-sensitive life insurance

  $ 10,826   $ 10,675   $ 10,276  

Deferred fixed annuities

    25,228     29,367     32,194  

Immediate fixed annuities without life contingencies

    3,821     3,799     3,869  

Institutional products

    1,891     2,650     4,370  

Allstate Bank products

        1,091     1,085  

Market value adjustments related to fair value hedges and other

    566     613     788  
               

Contractholder funds

  $ 42,332   $ 48,195   $ 52,582  
               

       The following table summarizes the weighted average guaranteed crediting rates and weighted average current crediting rates as of December 31, 2011 for certain fixed annuities and interest-sensitive life contracts where management has the ability to change the crediting rate, subject to a contractual minimum. Other products, including equity-indexed, variable and immediate annuities, equity-indexed and variable life, and institutional products totaling $11.01 billion of contractholder funds, have been excluded from the analysis because management does not have the ability to change the crediting rate or the minimum crediting rate is not considered meaningful in this context.

($ in millions)
   
   
   
 
 
  Weighted
average
guaranteed
crediting rates
  Weighted
average
current
crediting rates
  Contractholder
funds
 

Annuities with annual crediting rate resets

    3.12 %   3.14 % $ 11,537  

Annuities with multi-year rate guarantees:  (1)

                   

Resetable in next 12 months

    2.16     4.16     2,432  

Resetable after 12 months

    1.61     3.74     6,597  

Interest-sensitive life insurance

    3.95     4.30     10,756  

(1)
These contracts include interest rate guarantee periods which are typically 5 or 6 years.

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Table of Contents

        Amortization of DAC increased 66.6% or $237 million in 2011 compared to 2010 and decreased 63.1% or $609 million in 2010 compared to 2009. The components of amortization of DAC are summarized in the following table for the years ended December 31.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Amortization of DAC before amortization relating to realized capital gains and losses, valuation changes on embedded derivatives that are not hedged and changes in assumptions

  $ 397   $ 326   $ 472  

Amortization relating to realized capital gains and losses  (1) and valuation changes on embedded derivatives that are not hedged

    184     42     216  

Amortization acceleration (deceleration) for changes in assumptions ("DAC unlocking")

    12     (12 )   277  
               

Total amortization of DAC

  $ 593   $ 356   $ 965  
               

(1)
The impact of realized capital gains and losses on amortization of DAC is dependent upon the relationship between the assets that give rise to the gain or loss and the product liability supported by the assets. Fluctuations result from changes in the impact of realized capital gains and losses on actual and expected gross profits.

       The increase of $237 million in 2011 was primarily due to increased amortization relating to realized capital gains, lower amortization in the second quarter of 2010 resulting from decreased benefit spread on interest-sensitive life insurance due to the reestimation of reserves, and an unfavorable change in amortization acceleration/deceleration for changes in assumptions. In 2011, DAC amortization relating to realized capital gains and losses primarily resulted from realized capital gains on sales of fixed income securities.

       The decrease of $609 million in 2010 was primarily due to a favorable change in amortization acceleration/deceleration for changes in assumptions, lower amortization relating to realized capital gains and losses, a decreased amortization rate on fixed annuities and lower amortization from decreased benefit spread on interest-sensitive life insurance due to the reestimation of reserves. In 2010, DAC amortization relating to realized capital gains and losses primarily resulted from realized capital gains on derivatives and sales of fixed income securities.

       During the first quarter of 2011, we completed our annual comprehensive review of the profitability of our products to determine DAC balances for our interest-sensitive life, fixed annuities and other investment contracts which covers assumptions for investment returns, including capital gains and losses, interest crediting rates to policyholders, the effect of any hedges, persistency, mortality and expenses in all product lines. The review resulted in an acceleration of DAC amortization (charge to income) of $12 million in the first quarter of 2011. Amortization acceleration of $17 million related to interest-sensitive life insurance and was primarily due to an increase in projected expenses. Amortization deceleration of $5 million related to equity-indexed annuities and was primarily due to an increase in projected investment margins.

       In 2010, our annual comprehensive review resulted in a deceleration of DAC amortization (credit to income) of $12 million. Amortization deceleration of $45 million related to variable life insurance and was primarily due to appreciation in the underlying separate account valuations. Amortization acceleration of $32 million related to interest-sensitive life insurance and was primarily due to an increase in projected realized capital losses and lower projected renewal premium (which is also expected to reduce persistency), partially offset by lower expenses.

       In 2009, our annual comprehensive review resulted in the acceleration of DAC amortization of $277 million. $289 million related to fixed annuities, of which $210 million was attributable to market value adjusted annuities, and $18 million related to variable life insurance. Partially offsetting these amounts was amortization deceleration for interest-sensitive life insurance of $30 million. The principal assumption impacting fixed annuity amortization acceleration was an increase in the level of expected realized capital losses in 2009 and 2010. For interest-sensitive life insurance, the amortization deceleration was due to a favorable change in our mortality assumptions, partially offset by increased expected capital losses.

76


       The changes in DAC are detailed in the following table.

($ in millions)

 

  Traditional life and
accident and
health
  Interest-sensitive
life insurance
  Fixed annuities   Other   Total  
 
  2011   2010   2011   2010   2011   2010   2011   2010   2011   2010  

Beginning balance

  $ 693   $ 650   $ 2,265   $ 2,246   $ 431   $ 1,159   $ 3   $ 5   $ 3,392   $ 4,060  

Acquisition costs deferred

    178     156     226     275     29     52             433     483  

Amortization of DAC before amortization relating to realized capital gains and losses, valuation changes on embedded derivatives that are not hedged and changes in assumptions  (1)

    (119 )   (113 )   (212 )   (140 )   (65 )   (71 )   (1 )   (2 )   (397 )   (326 )

(Amortization) accretion relating to realized capital gains and losses and valuation changes on embedded derivatives that are not hedged  (1)

            (24 )   15     (160 )   (57 )           (184 )   (42 )

Amortization (acceleration) deceleration for changes in assumptions ("DAC unlocking")  (1)

            (17 )   13     5     (1 )           (12 )   12  

Effect of unrealized capital gains and losses  (2)

            (204 )   (144 )   3     (651 )           (201 )   (795 )
                                           

Ending balance

  $ 752   $ 693   $ 2,034   $ 2,265   $ 243   $ 431   $ 2   $ 3   $ 3,031   $ 3,392  
                                           

(1)
Included as a component of amortization of DAC on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(2)
Represents the change in the DAC adjustment for unrealized capital gains and losses. The DAC adjustment balance was $(126) million and $75 million as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively, and represents the amount by which the amortization of DAC would increase or decrease if the unrealized gains and losses in the respective product portfolios were realized.

       On January 1, 2012, we will adopt new DAC accounting guidance on a retrospective basis (see Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements for further details). It is currently estimated that the restated Allstate Financial DAC balance will decline by $508 million when compared to the reported December 31, 2011 balance. We estimate that the new DAC accounting guidance will reduce net income by approximately $40 million, after-tax, in 2012.

        Operating costs and expenses decreased 3.0% or $14 million in 2011 compared to 2010 and increased 9.1% or $39 million in 2010 compared to 2009. The following table summarizes operating costs and expenses for the years ended December 31.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010   2009  

Non-deferrable acquisition costs

  $ 168   $ 168   $ 156  

Other operating costs and expenses

    287     301     274  
               

Total operating costs and expenses

  $ 455   $ 469   $ 430  
               

Restructuring and related charges

  $ 1   $ (3 ) $ 25  
               

       Non-deferrable acquisition costs in 2011 were comparable to 2010. Other operating costs and expenses decreased 4.7% or $14 million in 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to lower employee and professional service costs, reduced insurance department assessments for 2011 and lower net Allstate agencies distribution channel expenses reflecting increased fees from sales of third party financial products, partially offset by a charge related to the liquidation plan for Executive Life Insurance Company of New York.

       Non-deferrable acquisition costs increased 7.7% or $12 million in 2010 compared to 2009 primarily due to higher non-deferrable commissions related to accident and health insurance business sold through Allstate Benefits. Other operating costs and expenses increased 9.9% or $27 million in 2010 compared to 2009 primarily due to higher product development, marketing and technology costs, increased litigation expenses, lower reinsurance expense allowances resulting from higher retention and increases in the net cost of employee benefits. In 2010, these increased costs were partially offset by our expense reduction actions, which resulted in lower employee, professional services and sales support expenses.

       During 2009, restructuring and related charges of $25 million were recorded in connection with our plan to improve efficiency and narrow our focus of product offerings. In accordance with this plan, among other actions, we eliminated approximately 1,000 workforce positions relative to December 31, 2008 levels through a combination of attrition, position elimination and outsourcing. This reduction reflected approximately 30% of Allstate Financial's work force at the time the plan was initiated.

77


        Loss on disposition of $15 million in 2011 includes $22 million related to the dissolution of Allstate Bank. In 2011, after receiving regulatory approval to voluntarily dissolve, Allstate Bank ceased operations. In the first half of 2012, we expect to cancel the bank's charter and deregister The Allstate Corporation as a savings and loan holding company.

        Income tax expense was $286 million in 2011 compared to income tax expense of $8 million in 2010 and an income tax benefit of $82 million in 2009. The change in 2011 was due to the proportionate change in income on which income tax expense was determined. The income tax benefit for 2009 included expense of $142 million attributable to an increase in the valuation allowance relating to the deferred tax asset on capital losses recorded in the first quarter of 2009. This valuation allowance was released in connection with the adoption of new OTTI accounting guidance on April 1, 2009; however, the release was recorded as an increase to retained income and therefore did not reverse the amount recorded in income tax benefit.

       Reinsurance ceded     We enter into reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurers to limit our risk of mortality and morbidity losses. In addition, Allstate Financial has used reinsurance to effect the acquisition or disposition of certain blocks of business. We retain primary liability as a direct insurer for all risks ceded to reinsurers. As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, 42% and 45%, respectively, of our face amount of life insurance in force was reinsured. Additionally, we ceded substantially all of the risk associated with our variable annuity business and we cede 100% of the morbidity risk on substantially all of our long-term care contracts.

       Our reinsurance recoverables, summarized by reinsurer as of December 31, are shown in the following table.

($ in millions)

 

  Standard & Poor's financial strength rating  (4)   Reinsurance
recoverable on paid
and unpaid benefits
 
 
   
  2011   2010  

Prudential Insurance Company of America

  AA-   $ 1,681   $ 1,633  

Employers Reassurance Corporation

  A+     960     853  

Transamerica Life Group

  AA-     454     402  

RGA Reinsurance Company

  AA-     359     360  

Swiss Re Life and Health America, Inc.  (1)

  AA-     212     210  

Scottish Re Group  (2)

  N/A     134     136  

Paul Revere Life Insurance Company

  A-     132     140  

Munich American Reassurance

  AA-     127     124  

Mutual of Omaha Insurance

  A+     96     98  

Security Life of Denver

  A-     71     79  

Manulife Insurance Company

  AA-     64     68  

Lincoln National Life Insurance

  AA-     63     64  

Triton Insurance Company

  N/A     56     58  

American Health & Life Insurance Co. 

  N/A     48     50  

Other  (3)

        120     125  
               

Total

      $ 4,577   $ 4,400  
               

(1)
The Company has extensive reinsurance contracts directly with Swiss Re and its affiliates and indirectly through Swiss Re's acquisition of other companies with whom we had reinsurance or retrocession contracts.
(2)
The reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid benefits related to the Scottish Re Group as of December 31, 2011 comprised $73 million related to Scottish Re Life Corporation and $61 million related to Scottish Re (U.S.), Inc. The reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid benefits related to the Scottish Re Group as of December 31, 2010 comprised $73 million related to Scottish Re Life Corporation and $63 million related to Scottish Re (U.S.), Inc.
(3)
As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, the other category includes $103 million and $106 million, respectively, of recoverables due from reinsurers with an investment grade credit rating from Standard & Poor's ("S&P").
(4)
N/A reflects no rating available.

       Certain of our reinsurers experienced rating downgrades in 2011 by S&P, including Surety Life of Denver and Mutual of Omaha. We continuously monitor the creditworthiness of reinsurers in order to determine our risk of recoverability on an individual and aggregate basis, and a provision for uncollectible reinsurance is recorded if needed. No amounts have been deemed unrecoverable in the three-years ended December 31, 2011.

       We enter into certain intercompany reinsurance transactions for the Allstate Financial operations in order to maintain underwriting control and manage insurance risk among various legal entities. These reinsurance agreements

78


have been approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.


INVESTMENTS 2011 HIGHLIGHTS

Investments totaled $95.62 billion as of December 31, 2011, a decrease of 4.8% from $100.48 billion as of December 31, 2010.
Unrealized net capital gains totaled $2.88 billion as of December 31, 2011, increasing from $1.39 billion as of December 31, 2010.
As of December 31, 2011, $334 million or 40% of our $825 million below investment grade gross unrealized losses related to Subprime residential mortgage-backed securities compared to $438 million as of December 31, 2010. The fair value of these securities totaled $586 million as of December 31, 2011 compared to $796 million as of December 31, 2010.
Net investment income was $3.97 billion in 2011, a decrease of 3.2% from $4.10 billion in 2010.
Net realized capital gains were $503 million in 2011 compared to net realized capital losses of $827 million in 2010.


INVESTMENTS

       Overview and strategy     The return on our investment portfolios is an important component of our financial results. Investment portfolios are segmented between the Property-Liability, Allstate Financial and Corporate and Other operations. While taking into consideration the investment portfolio in aggregate, we manage the underlying portfolios based upon the nature of each respective business and its corresponding liability structure.

       We employ a strategic asset allocation approach which considers the nature of the liabilities and risk tolerances, as well as the risk and return parameters of the various asset classes in which we invest. This asset allocation is informed by our global economic and market outlook, as well as other inputs and constraints, including diversification effects, duration, liquidity and capital considerations. Within the ranges set by the strategic asset allocation, tactical investment decisions are made in consideration of prevailing market conditions. We manage risks associated with interest rates, credit spreads, equity markets, real estate and currency exchange rates. Our continuing focus is to manage risks and to position our portfolio to take advantage of market opportunities while attempting to mitigate adverse effects.

       The Property-Liability portfolio's investment strategy emphasizes protection of principal and consistent income generation, within a total return framework. This approach, which has produced competitive returns over the long term, is designed to ensure financial strength and stability for paying claims, while maximizing economic value and surplus growth.

       The Allstate Financial portfolio's investment strategy focuses on the total return of assets needed to support the underlying liabilities, asset-liability management and achieving an appropriate return on capital.

       The Corporate and Other portfolio's investment strategy balances the unique liquidity needs of the portfolio in relation to the overall corporate capital structure with the pursuit of returns.

Investments outlook

       We anticipate the financial markets will continue to have periods of high volatility. Invested assets and income are expected to decline in line with reductions in contractholder funds for the Allstate Financial segment. We plan to focus on the following priorities:

    Optimizing return and risk in an uncertain economic climate and volatile investment markets.
    Expanding ownership of real estate and other cash-generating assets, including real assets, through direct and fund investments.
    Managing the alignment of assets with respect to Allstate Financial's changing liability profile.

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       Portfolio composition     The composition of the investment portfolios as of December 31, 2011 is presented in the table below. Also see Notes 2 and 5 of the consolidated financial statements for investment accounting policies and additional information.

 
  Property-
Liability 
(5)
  Allstate
Financial 
(5)
  Corporate and
Other 
(5)
  Total  
($ in millions)
   
  Percent
to total
   
  Percent
to total
   
  Percent
to total
   
  Percent
to total
 

Fixed income securities  (1)

  $ 27,801     77.2 % $ 46,290     80.7 % $ 2,022     90.0 % $ 76,113     79.6 %

Equity securities  (2)

    4,165     11.6     198     0.4             4,363     4.5  

Mortgage loans

    474     1.3     6,665     11.6             7,139     7.5  

Limited partnership interests  (3)

    3,055     8.5     1,612     2.8     30     1.3     4,697     4.9  

Short-term  (4)

    451     1.3     645     1.1     195     8.7     1,291     1.4  

Other

    52     0.1     1,963     3.4             2,015     2.1  
                                   

Total

  $ 35,998     100.0 % $ 57,373     100.0 % $ 2,247     100.0 % $ 95,618     100.0 %
                                   

(1)
Fixed income securities are carried at fair value. Amortized cost basis for these securities was $27.12 billion, $44.30 billion and $1.96 billion for Property-Liability, Allstate Financial and Corporate and Other, respectively.
(2)
Equity securities are carried at fair value. Cost basis for these securities was $4.04 billion and $159 million for Property-Liability and Allstate Financial, respectively.
(3)
We have commitments to invest in additional limited partnership interests totaling $1.22 billion and $797 million for Property-Liability and Allstate Financial, respectively.
(4)
Short-term investments are carried at fair value. Amortized cost basis for these investments was $451 million, $645 million and $195 million for Property-Liability, Allstate Financial and Corporate and Other, respectively.
(5)
Balances reflect the elimination of related party investments between segments.

       Total investments decreased to $95.62 billion as of December 31, 2011, from $100.48 billion as of December 31, 2010, primarily due to net reductions in contractholder funds, partially offset by higher valuations of fixed income securities. Valuations of fixed income securities are typically driven by a combination of changes in relevant risk-free interest rates and credit spreads over the period. Risk-free interest rates are typically referenced as the yield on U.S. Treasury securities, whereas credit spread is the additional yield on fixed income securities above the risk-free rate that market participants require to compensate them for assuming credit, liquidity and/or prepayment risks. U.S. Treasury securities continue to trade in active markets, and the yield curve on U.S. Treasury securities remains an appropriate basis for determining risk-free rates. The increase in valuation of fixed income securities during 2011 was due to declining risk-free interest rates, partially offset by widening credit spreads.

       The Property-Liability investment portfolio increased to $36.00 billion as of December 31, 2011, from $35.05 billion as of December 31, 2010, primarily due to the acquisition of Esurance, higher valuations of fixed income securities, positive operating cash flows and increased collateral from securities lending activities, partially offset by dividends paid by Allstate Insurance Company ("AIC") to its parent, The Allstate Corporation (the "Corporation").

       The Allstate Financial investment portfolio decreased to $57.37 billion as of December 31, 2011, from $61.58 billion as of December 31, 2010, primarily due to net reductions in contractholder funds of $5.86 billion, partially offset by higher valuations of fixed income securities.

       The Corporate and Other investment portfolio decreased to $2.25 billion as of December 31, 2011, from $3.85 billion as of December 31, 2010, primarily due to the acquisition of Esurance and Answer Financial, share repurchases, dividends paid to shareholders and interest paid on debt, partially offset by dividends of $838 million paid by AIC to the Corporation.

80


        Fixed income securities by type are listed in the table below.

($ in millions)
  Fair value as of
December 31, 2011
  Percent to
total
investments
  Fair value as of
December 31,
2010
  Percent to
total
investments
 

U.S. government and agencies

  $ 6,315     6.6 % $ 8,596     8.6 %

Municipal

    14,241     14.9     15,934     15.9  

Corporate

    43,581     45.6     37,655     37.5  

Foreign government

    2,081     2.2     3,158     3.1  

Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS")

    4,121     4.3     7,993     7.9  

Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS")

    1,784     1.9     1,994     2.0  

Asset-backed securities ("ABS")

    3,966     4.1     4,244     4.2  

Redeemable preferred stock

    24         38      
                   

Total fixed income securities

  $ 76,113     79.6 % $ 79,612     79.2 %
                   

       As of December 31, 2011, 92.1% of the consolidated fixed income securities portfolio was rated investment grade, which is defined as a security having a rating of Aaa, Aa, A or Baa from Moody's, a rating of AAA, AA, A or BBB from S&P, Fitch, Dominion, or Realpoint, a rating of aaa, aa, a or bbb from A.M. Best, or a comparable internal rating if an externally provided rating is not available. All of our fixed income securities are rated by third party credit rating agencies, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"), and/or internally rated. Our initial investment decisions and ongoing monitoring procedures for fixed income securities are based on a thorough due diligence process which includes, but is not limited to, an assessment of the credit quality, sector, structure, and liquidity risks of each issue.

81


       The following table summarizes the fair value and unrealized net capital gains and losses for fixed income securities by credit rating as of December 31, 2011.

($ in millions)
  Aaa   Aa   A  
 
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
 

U.S. government and agencies

  $ 6,315   $ 349   $   $   $   $  

Municipal

                                     

Tax exempt

    901     61     4,557     227     2,134     106  

Taxable

    208     23     2,690     289     1,093     79  

ARS

    511     (37 )   91     (13 )   78     (14 )

Corporate

                                     

Public

    1,000     61     2,816     180     11,716     793  

Privately placed

    1,029     48     1,524     90     4,173     274  

Foreign government

   
821
   
124
   
478
   
35
   
486
   
29
 

RMBS

                                     

U.S. government sponsored entities ("U.S. Agency")

    1,897     80                  

Prime residential mortgage-backed securities ("Prime")

    185     2     55         161     2  

Alt-A residential mortgage-backed securities ("Alt-A")

            40     (1 )   68      

Subprime residential mortgage-backed securities ("Subprime")

            52     (18 )   43     (7 )

CMBS

   
941
   
33
   
214
   
(5

)
 
166
   
(31

)

ABS

                                     

Collateralized debt obligations ("CDO")

    117     (2 )   750     (34 )   340     (74 )

Consumer and other asset-backed securities ("Consumer and other ABS")

    1,418     34     306     2     360     2  

Redeemable preferred stock

   
   
   
1
   
   
   
 
                           

Total fixed income securities

  $ 15,343   $ 776   $ 13,574   $ 752   $ 20,818   $ 1,159  
                           

 

 
  Baa   Ba or lower   Total  
 
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
 

U.S. government and agencies

  $   $   $   $   $ 6,315   $ 349  

Municipal

                                     

Tax exempt

    966     9     447     (59 )   9,005     344  

Taxable

    394     (26 )   109     (22 )   4,494     343  

ARS

            62     (16 )   742     (80 )

Corporate

                                     

Public

    11,468     710     2,405     19     29,405     1,763  

Privately placed

    6,385     202     1,065     (13 )   14,176     601  

Foreign government

   
296
   
27
   
   
   
2,081
   
215
 

RMBS

                                     

U.S. Agency

                    1,897     80  

Prime

    36         475     (32 )   912     (28 )

Alt-A

    27         364     (79 )   499     (80 )

Subprime

    61     (30 )   657     (328 )   813     (383 )

CMBS

   
293
   
(83

)
 
170
   
(92

)
 
1,784
   
(178

)

ABS

                                     

CDO

    183     (64 )   234     (79 )   1,624     (253 )

Consumer and other ABS

    241     3     17     (2 )   2,342     39  

Redeemable preferred stock

   
23
   
2
   
   
   
24
   
2
 
                           

Total fixed income securities

  $ 20,373   $ 750   $ 6,005   $ (703 ) $ 76,113   $ 2,734  
                           

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        Municipal bonds , including tax exempt, taxable and ARS securities, totaled $14.24 billion as of December 31, 2011 with an unrealized net capital gain of $607 million. The municipal bond portfolio includes general obligations of state and local issuers, revenue bonds and pre-refunded bonds, which are bonds for which an irrevocable trust has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest.

       The following table summarizes by state the fair value, amortized cost and credit rating of our municipal bonds, excluding $1.39 billion of pre-refunded bonds, as of December 31, 2011.

 
  State
general
obligation
  Local general
obligation
   
   
  Amortized
cost
  Average
credit
rating
($ in millions)
  Revenue  (1)   Fair value
State

California

  $ 76   $ 626   $ 632   $ 1,334   $ 1,316   A

Texas

    24     391     574     989     922   Aa

Florida

    43     163     558     764     728   A

New York

    33     108     535     676     637   Aa

Ohio

    99     197     249     545     530   A

Illinois

        147     347     494     457   A

Missouri

    30     131     286     447     429   A

Delaware

            393     393     428   Aa

Pennsylvania

    94     92     200     386     378   Aa

Michigan

    33     137     211     381     365   Aa

All others

    1,127     1,422     3,898     6,447     6,164   A
                         

Total

  $ 1,559   $ 3,414   $ 7,883   $ 12,856   $ 12,354   A
                         

(1)
The nature of the activities supporting revenue bonds is highly diversified and includes transportation, health care, industrial development, housing, higher education, utilities, recreation/convention centers and other activities.

       Our practice for acquiring and monitoring municipal bonds is predominantly based on the underlying credit quality of the primary obligor. We currently rely on the primary obligor to pay all contractual cash flows and are not relying on bond insurers for payments. As a result of downgrades in the insurers' credit ratings, the ratings of the insured municipal bonds generally reflect the underlying ratings of the primary obligor. As of December 31, 2011, 99.3% of our insured municipal bond portfolio is rated investment grade.

       ARS totaled $742 million with an unrealized net capital loss of $80 million as of December 31, 2011. Our holdings primarily have a credit rating of Aaa. As of December 31, 2011, $710 million of our ARS backed by student loans was 80% to 100% insured by the U.S. Department of Education. All of our ARS holdings are experiencing failed auctions and we receive the failed auction rate or, for those which contain maximum reset rate formulas, we receive the contractual maximum rate. We anticipate that failed auctions may persist and most of our holdings will continue to pay the failed auction rate or, for those that contain maximum rate reset formulas, the maximum rate. Auctions continue to be conducted as scheduled for each of the securities.

        Corporate bonds , including publicly traded and privately placed, totaled $43.58 billion as of December 31, 2011 with an unrealized net capital gain of $2.36 billion. Privately placed securities primarily consist of corporate issued senior debt securities that are directly negotiated with the borrower or are in unregistered form.

       Our portfolio of privately placed securities is broadly diversified by issuer, industry sector and country. The portfolio is made up of 525 issuers. Privately placed corporate obligations contain structural security features such as financial covenants and call protections that provide investors greater protection against credit deterioration, reinvestment risk or fluctuations in interest rates than those typically found in publicly registered debt securities. Additionally, investments in these securities are made after extensive due diligence of the issuer, typically including direct discussions with senior management and on-site visits to company facilities. Ongoing monitoring includes direct periodic dialog with senior management of the issuer and continuous monitoring of operating performance and financial position. Every issue not rated by an independent rating agency is internally rated with a formal rating affirmation at least once a year.

        Foreign government securities totaled $2.08 billion as of December 31, 2011, with 100% rated investment grade and an unrealized net capital gain of $215 million. Of these securities, 18.8% are backed by the U.S. government, 35.1% are in Canadian governmental securities held in our Canadian subsidiary and the remaining 46.1% are highly diversified in other foreign governments.

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        RMBS, CMBS and ABS are structured securities that are primarily collateralized by residential and commercial real estate loans and other consumer or corporate borrowings. The cash flows from the underlying collateral paid to the securitization trust are generally applied in a pre-determined order and are designed so that each security issued by the trust, typically referred to as a "class", qualifies for a specific original rating. For example, the "senior" portion or "top" of the capital structure, or rating class, which would originally qualify for a rating of Aaa typically has priority in receiving principal repayments on the underlying collateral and retains this priority until the class is paid in full. In a sequential structure, underlying collateral principal repayments are directed to the most senior rated Aaa class in the structure until paid in full, after which principal repayments are directed to the next most senior Aaa class in the structure until it is paid in full. Senior Aaa classes generally share any losses from the underlying collateral on a pro-rata basis after losses are absorbed by classes with lower original ratings. The payment priority and class subordination included in these securities serves as credit enhancement for holders of the senior or top portions of the structures. These securities continue to retain the payment priority features that existed at the origination of the securitization trust. Other forms of credit enhancement may include structural features embedded in the securitization trust, such as overcollateralization, excess spread and bond insurance. The underlying collateral can have fixed interest rates, variable interest rates (such as adjustable rate mortgages) or may contain features of both fixed and variable rate mortgages.

        RMBS , including U.S. Agency, Prime, Alt-A and Subprime, totaled $4.12 billion, with 63.7% rated investment grade, as of December 31, 2011. The RMBS portfolio is subject to interest rate risk, but unlike other fixed income securities, is additionally subject to significant prepayment risk from the underlying residential mortgage loans. The credit risk associated with U.S. Agency portfolio is mitigated because they were issued by or have underlying collateral guaranteed by U.S. government agencies. The unrealized net capital loss of $411 million as of December 31, 2011 was the result of wider credit spreads than at initial purchase on the non-U.S. Agency portion of our RMBS portfolio, largely due to higher risk premiums caused by macroeconomic conditions and credit market deterioration, including the impact of lower residential real estate valuations, which show signs of stabilization or recovery in certain geographic areas but remain under stress in other geographic areas. The following table shows our RMBS portfolio as of December 31, 2011 based upon vintage year of the issuance of the securities.

($ in millions)
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
 
  U.S. Agency   Prime   Alt-A   Subprime   Total RMBS  
 
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
 

2011

  $ 23   $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $ 23   $  

2010

    83         167     2     51     1             301     3  

2009

    273     8     58         8                 339     8  

2008

    382     14                             382     14  

2007

    110     4     202     (4 )   56     (24 )   198     (96 )   566     (120 )

2006

    92     5     160     (4 )   138     (29 )   196     (106 )   586     (134 )

2005

    276     12     146     (18 )   107     (18 )   226     (108 )   755     (132 )

Pre-2005

    658     37     179     (4 )   139     (10 )   193     (73 )   1,169     (50 )
                                           

Total

  $ 1,897   $ 80   $ 912   $ (28 ) $ 499   $ (80 ) $ 813   $ (383 ) $ 4,121   $ (411 )
                                           

       Prime are collateralized by residential mortgage loans issued to prime borrowers. As of December 31, 2011, $684 million of the Prime had fixed rate underlying collateral and $228 million had variable rate underlying collateral.

       Alt-A includes securities collateralized by residential mortgage loans issued to borrowers who do not qualify for prime financing terms due to high loan-to-value ratios or limited supporting documentation, but have stronger credit profiles than subprime borrowers. As of December 31, 2011, $386 million of the Alt-A had fixed rate underlying collateral and $113 million had variable rate underlying collateral.

       Subprime includes securities collateralized by residential mortgage loans issued to borrowers that cannot qualify for Prime or Alt-A financing terms due in part to weak or limited credit history. It also includes securities that are collateralized by certain second lien mortgages regardless of the borrower's credit history. The Subprime portfolio consisted of $605 million and $208 million of first lien and second lien securities, respectively. As of December 31, 2011, $444 million of the Subprime had fixed rate underlying collateral and $369 million had variable rate underlying collateral.

        CMBS totaled $1.78 billion, with 90.5% rated investment grade, as of December 31, 2011. The CMBS portfolio is subject to credit risk, but unlike certain other structured securities, is generally not subject to prepayment risk due to protections within the underlying commercial mortgage loans. Of the CMBS investments, 93.0% are traditional conduit transactions collateralized by commercial mortgage loans, broadly diversified across property types and geographical

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area. The remainder consists of non-traditional CMBS such as small balance transactions, large loan pools and single borrower transactions.

       The following table shows our CMBS portfolio as of December 31, 2011 based upon vintage year of the underlying collateral.

($ in millions)
    

  Fair
value
  Unrealized
gain/(loss)
 

2011

  $ 5   $  

2010

    25     2  

2007

    271     (22 )

2006

    523     (120 )

2005

    290     (43 )

Pre-2005

    670     5  
           

Total CMBS

  $ 1,784   $ (178 )
           

       The unrealized net capital loss of $178 million as of December 31, 2011 on our CMBS portfolio was the result of wider credit spreads than at initial purchase, largely due to the macroeconomic conditions and credit market deterioration, including the impact of lower commercial real estate valuations, which show signs of stabilization or recovery in certain geographic areas but remain under stress in other geographic areas. CMBS credit spreads are wider than at initial purchase in our 2005-2007 vintage year CMBS.

        ABS , including CDO and Consumer and other ABS, totaled $3.97 billion, with 93.7% rated investment grade, as of December 31, 2011. Credit risk is managed by monitoring the performance of the underlying collateral. Many of the securities in the ABS portfolio have credit enhancement with features such as overcollateralization, subordinated structures, reserve funds, guarantees and/or insurance. The unrealized net capital loss of $214 million as of December 31, 2011 on our ABS portfolio was the result of wider credit spreads than at initial purchase.

       CDO totaled $1.62 billion, with 85.6% rated investment grade, as of December 31, 2011. CDO consist primarily of obligations collateralized by high yield and investment grade corporate credits including $1.34 billion of cash flow collateralized loan obligations ("CLO") with unrealized losses of $136 million. Cash flow CLO are structures collateralized primarily by below investment grade senior secured corporate loans. The underlying collateral is actively managed by external managers that monitor the collateral's performance and is well diversified across industries and among issuers. The remaining $283 million of securities consisted of synthetic CDO, trust preferred CDO, project finance CDO, market value CDO, collateralized bond obligations and other CLO with unrealized losses of $117 million.

       Consumer and other ABS totaled $2.34 billion, with 99.3% rated investment grade, as of December 31, 2011. Consumer and other ABS consists of $684 million of consumer auto and $1.66 billion of credit card and other ABS with unrealized gains of $1 million and $38 million, respectively.

       Equity securities     Equity securities primarily include common stocks, exchange traded and mutual funds, non-redeemable preferred stocks and real estate investment trust equity investments. The equity securities portfolio was $4.36 billion as of December 31, 2011 compared to $4.81 billion as of December 31, 2010. Net unrealized gains totaled $160 million as of December 31, 2011 compared to $583 million as of December 31, 2010.

       Mortgage loans     Our mortgage loan portfolio, which is primarily held in the Allstate Financial portfolio, totaled $7.14 billion as of December 31, 2011, compared to $6.68 billion as of December 31, 2010, and primarily comprises loans secured by first mortgages on developed commercial real estate. Key considerations used to manage our exposure include property type and geographic diversification.

       We recognized $37 million of realized capital losses related to net increases in the valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans in 2011, primarily due to the risk associated with refinancing near-term maturities, and decreases in occupancy which resulted in deteriorating debt service coverage and declines in property valuations. While property valuations show signs of stabilization or recovery in many larger, primary markets, valuations in many smaller cities remain under stress. We recognized $65 million of realized capital losses related to net increases in the valuation allowance on impaired loans in 2010.

       For further detail on our mortgage loan portfolio, see Note 5 of the consolidated financial statements.

        Limited partnership interests consist of investments in private equity/debt funds, real estate funds, hedge funds and tax credit funds. The limited partnership interests portfolio is well diversified across a number of characteristics

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including fund managers, vintage years, strategies, geography (including international), and company/property types. The following table presents information about our limited partnership interests as of December 31, 2011.

($ in millions)
 
    

  Private
equity/debt
funds
  Real estate
funds
  Hedge
funds
  Tax
credit
funds
  Total  

Cost method of accounting ("Cost")

  $ 1,095   $ 372   $ 95   $ 7   $ 1,569  

Equity method of accounting ("EMA")

    801     727     1,047     553     3,128  
                       

Total

  $ 1,896   $ 1,099   $ 1,142   $ 560   $ 4,697  
                       

Number of managers

   
94
   
45
   
13
   
9
       

Number of individual funds

    154     92     78     17        

Largest exposure to single fund

  $ 42   $ 184   $ 79   $ 58        

       Our aggregate limited partnership exposure represented 4.9% and 3.8% of total invested assets as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

       The following table shows the results from our limited partnership interests by fund type and accounting classification for the years ended December 31.

 
  2011   2010  
($ in millions)
  Cost   EMA   Total
income
  Impairment
write-downs  (1)
  Cost   EMA   Total income   Impairment
write-downs  (1)
 

Private equity/debt funds

  $ 77   $ 72   $ 149   $ (3 ) $ 40   $ 76   $ 116   $ (9 )

Real estate funds

    12     86     98     (3 )   2     (34 )   (32 )   (35 )

Hedge funds

        12     12             47     47     (2 )

Tax credit funds

    (1 )   (11 )   (12 )       (2 )       (2 )    
                                   

Total

  $ 88   $ 159   $ 247   $ (6 ) $ 40   $ 89   $ 129   $ (46 )
                                   

(1)
Impairment write-downs related to Cost limited partnerships were $4 million and $45 million in 2011 and 2010, respectively. Impairment write-downs related to EMA limited partnerships were $2 million and $1 million in 2011 and 2010, respectively.

       Limited partnership interests, excluding impairment write-downs, produced income of $247 million in 2011 compared to income of $129 million in 2010. Income on EMA limited partnerships is recognized on a delay due to the availability of the related financial statements. The recognition of income on hedge funds is primarily on a one-month delay and the income recognition on private equity/debt funds, real estate funds and tax credit funds are generally on a three-month delay. Income on Cost limited partnerships is recognized only upon receipt of amounts distributed by the partnerships.

       Short-term investments     Our short-term investment portfolio was $1.29 billion and $3.28 billion as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

       Other investments     Our other investments as of December 31, 2011 primarily comprise $1.15 billion of policy loans, $339 million of bank loans and $168 million of certain derivatives. Policy loans are carried at unpaid principal balances. Bank loans are primarily senior secured corporate loans and are carried at amortized cost. For further detail on our use of derivatives, see Note 7 of the consolidated financial statements.

        Unrealized net capital gains totaled $2.88 billion as of December 31, 2011 compared to unrealized net capital gains of $1.39 billion as of December 31, 2010. The improvement since December 31, 2010 for fixed income securities was due to declining risk-free interest rates, partially offset by widening credit spreads. The decline since December 31, 2010 for

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equity securities was primarily due to lower equity valuations. The following table presents unrealized net capital gains and losses as of December 31.

($ in millions)
  2011   2010  

U.S. government and agencies

  $ 349   $ 276  

Municipal

    607     (267 )

Corporate

    2,364     1,395  

Foreign government

    215     337  

RMBS

    (411 )   (516 )

CMBS

    (178 )   (219 )

ABS

    (214 )   (181 )

Redeemable preferred stock

    2     1  
           

Fixed income securities  (1)

    2,734     826  

Equity securities

    160     583  

EMA limited partnership interests

    2      

Derivatives

    (17 )   (22 )
           

Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax

  $ 2,879   $ 1,387  
           

(1)
Unrealized net capital gains and losses for fixed income securities as of December 31, 2011 and 2010 comprise $(267) million and $(293) million, respectively, related to unrealized net capital losses on fixed income securities with other-than-temporary impairment and $3.00 billion and $1.12 billion, respectively, related to other unrealized net capital gains and losses.

       The unrealized net capital gains for the fixed income portfolio totaled $2.73 billion and comprised $4.40 billion of gross unrealized gains and $1.67 billion of gross unrealized losses as of December 31, 2011. This is compared to unrealized net capital gains for the fixed income portfolio totaling $826 million, comprised of $3.26 billion of gross unrealized gains and $2.43 billion of gross unrealized losses as of December 31, 2010.

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       Gross unrealized gains and losses as of December 31, 2011 on fixed income securities by type and sector are provided in the table below.

 
   
   
  Gross unrealized    
  Amortized
cost as a
percent of
par value 
(2)
  Fair value
as a
percent of
par value 
(2)
 
($ in millions)
 
 
    

  Par
value 
(1)
  Amortized
cost
  Fair
value
 
  Gains   Losses  

Corporate:

                                           

Banking

  $ 3,649   $ 3,621   $ 96   $ (185 ) $ 3,532     99.2 %   96.8 %

Financial services

    3,695     3,643     169     (54 )   3,758     98.6     101.7  

Capital goods

    4,878     4,915     372     (32 )   5,255     100.8     107.7  

Utilities

    7,204     7,201     711     (32 )   7,880     100.0     109.4  

Consumer goods (cyclical and non-cyclical)

    8,250     8,361     521     (21 )   8,861     101.3     107.4  

Transportation

    1,851     1,858     164     (15 )   2,007     100.4     108.4  

Communications

    2,638     2,647     151     (14 )   2,784     100.3     105.5  

Basic industry

    2,287     2,302     140     (8 )   2,434     100.7     106.4  

Energy

    3,363     3,408     242     (4 )   3,646     101.3     108.4  

Technology

    1,841     1,874     109     (3 )   1,980     101.8     107.6  

Other

    1,491     1,387     68     (11 )   1,444     93.0     96.8  
                                   

Total corporate fixed income portfolio

    41,147     41,217     2,743     (379 )   43,581     100.2     105.9  
                                   

U.S. government and agencies

   
6,310
   
5,966
   
349
   
   
6,315
   
94.5
   
100.1
 

Municipal

    15,543     13,634     863     (256 )   14,241     87.7     91.6  

Foreign government

    1,951     1,866     216     (1 )   2,081     95.6     106.7  

RMBS

    5,292     4,532     110     (521 )   4,121     85.6     77.9  

CMBS

    2,017     1,962     48     (226 )   1,784     97.3     88.4  

ABS

    4,458     4,180     73     (287 )   3,966     93.8     89.0  

Redeemable preferred stock

    22     22     2         24     100.0     109.1  
                                   

Total fixed income securities

  $ 76,740   $ 73,379   $ 4,404   $ (1,670 ) $ 76,113     95.6     99.2  
                                   

(1)
Included in par value are zero-coupon securities that are generally purchased at a deep discount to the par value that is received at maturity. These primarily included corporate, U.S. government and agencies, municipal and foreign government zero-coupon securities with par value of $514 million, $948 million, $3.48 billion and $382 million, respectively.
(2)
Excluding the impact of zero-coupon securities, the percentage of amortized cost to par value would be 100.5% for corporates, 101.4% for U.S. government and agencies, 101.2% for municipals and 103.3% for foreign governments. Similarly, excluding the impact of zero-coupon securities, the percentage of fair value to par value would be 106.2% for corporates, 104.7% for U.S. government and agencies, 106.1% for municipals and 111.3% for foreign governments.

       The banking, financial services, and capital goods sectors had the highest concentration of gross unrealized losses in our corporate fixed income securities portfolio as of December 31, 2011. In general, credit spreads remain wider than at initial purchase for most of the securities with gross unrealized losses in these categories.

       The unrealized net capital gain for the equity portfolio totaled $160 million and comprised $369 million of gross unrealized gains and $209 million of gross unrealized losses as of December 31, 2011. This is compared to an unrealized net capital gain for the equity portfolio totaling $583 million, comprised of $646 million of gross unrealized gains and $63 million of gross unrealized losses as of December 31, 2010.

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       Gross unrealized gains and losses as of December 31, 2011 on equity securities by sector are provided in the table below.

 
   
  Gross unrealized    
 
 
  Amortized
cost
  Fair
value
 
($ in millions)
    

  Gains   Losses  

Financial services

  $ 295   $ 37   $ (39 ) $ 293  

Emerging market equity funds

    458         (35 )   423  

Index-based funds

    419     25     (24 )   420  

Consumer goods (cyclical and non-cyclical)

    715     101     (21 )   795  

Emerging market fixed income funds

    610         (18 )   592  

Technology

    345     49     (12 )   382  

Basic industry

    182     20     (12 )   190  

Banking

    214     19     (11 )   222  

Energy

    272     44     (10 )   306  

Capital goods

    234     22     (9 )   247  

Real estate

    145     8     (7 )   146  

Communications

    165     22     (7 )   180  

Utilities

    92     12     (2 )   102  

Transportation

    57     10     (2 )   65  
                   

Total equity securities

  $ 4,203   $ 369   $ (209 ) $ 4,363  
                   

       Within the equity portfolio, the losses were primarily concentrated in financial services, emerging market equity funds and index-based funds. The unrealized losses were company and sector specific. As of December 31, 2011, we have the intent and ability to hold our equity securities with unrealized losses until recovery.

       As of December 31, 2011, the total fair value of our investments in the European Union ("EU") is $4.03 billion, with net unrealized capital gains of $79 million, comprised of $224 million of gross unrealized gains and $145 million of gross unrealized losses. The following table summarizes our total direct exposure related to Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain (collectively "GIIPS") and the EU.

($ in millions)
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
 
  Banking   Sovereign   Other corporate   Total  
 
  Fair
value
  Gross
unrealized
losses
  Fair
value
  Gross
unrealized
losses
  Fair
value
  Gross
unrealized
losses
  Fair
value
  Gross
unrealized
losses
 

GIIPS

                                                 

Fixed income securities

  $ 23   $ (11 ) $ 2   $   $ 496   $ (37 ) $ 521   $ (48 )

Equity securities

                    6         6      
                                   

Total

    23     (11 )   2         502     (37 )   527     (48 )
                                   

EU non-GIIPS

                                                 

Fixed income securities

    373     (49 )   70     (1 )   2,785     (34 )   3,228     (84 )

Equity securities

    7     (2 )           270     (11 )   277     (13 )
                                   

Total

    380     (51 )   70     (1 )   3,055     (45 )   3,505     (97 )
                                   

Total EU

  $ 403   $ (62 ) $ 72   $ (1 ) $ 3,557   $ (82 ) $ 4,032   $ (145 )
                                   

       We have a comprehensive portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed income and equity security that may be other-than-temporarily impaired. The process includes a quarterly review of all securities to identify instances where the fair value of a security compared to its amortized cost (for fixed income securities) or cost (for equity securities) is below established thresholds. The process also includes the monitoring of other impairment indicators such as ratings, ratings downgrades and payment defaults. The securities identified, in addition to other securities for which we may have a concern, are evaluated based on facts and circumstances for inclusion on our watch-list. All investments in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2011 were included in our portfolio monitoring process for determining whether declines in value were other than temporary.

       The extent and duration of a decline in fair value for fixed income securities have become less indicative of actual credit deterioration with respect to an issue or issuer. While we continue to use declines in fair value and the length of time a security is in an unrealized loss position as indicators of potential credit deterioration, our determination of

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whether a security's decline in fair value is other than temporary has placed greater emphasis on our analysis of the underlying credit and collateral and related estimates of future cash flows.

       The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed income securities by type and investment grade classification as of December 31, 2011.

 
  Investment grade   Below
investment grade
  Total  
($ in millions)
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
losses
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
losses
  Fair
value
  Unrealized
losses
 
U.S. government and agencies   $ 61   $   $   $   $ 61   $  
Municipal     1,536     (155 )   485     (101 )   2,021     (256 )
Corporate     3,625     (305 )   1,087     (74 )   4,712     (379 )
Foreign government     86     (1 )           86     (1 )
RMBS     443     (63 )   1,112     (458 )   1,555     (521 )
CMBS     707     (130 )   160     (96 )   867     (226 )
ABS     1,795     (191 )   185     (96 )   1,980     (287 )
                           
Total   $ 8,253   $ (845 ) $ 3,029   $ (825 ) $ 11,282   $ (1,670 )
                           

       We have experienced declines in the fair values of fixed income securities primarily due to wider credit spreads resulting from higher risk premiums since the time of initial purchase, largely due to macroeconomic conditions and credit market deterioration, including the impact of lower real estate valuations, which show signs of stabilization or recovery in certain geographic areas but remain under stress in other geographic areas. Consistent with their ratings, our portfolio monitoring process indicates that investment grade securities have a low risk of default. Securities rated below investment grade, comprising securities with a rating of Ba, B and Caa or lower, have a higher risk of default. As of December 31, 2011, 40% of our below investment grade gross unrealized losses related to Subprime RMBS.

       Fair values for our structured securities are obtained from third-party valuation service providers and are subject to review as disclosed in our Application of Critical Accounting Estimates. In accordance with GAAP, when fair value is less than the amortized cost of a security and we have not made the decision to sell the security and it is not more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, we evaluate if we expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. We calculate the estimated recovery value by discounting our best estimate of future cash flows at the security's original or current effective rate, as appropriate, and compare this to the amortized cost of the security. If we do not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, the credit loss component of the impairment is recorded in earnings, with the remaining amount of the unrealized loss related to other factors ("non-credit-related") recognized in other comprehensive income.

       The non-credit-related unrealized losses for our structured securities, including our below investment grade Subprime, are heavily influenced by risk factors other than those related to our best estimate of future cash flows. The difference between these securities' original or current effective rates and the yields implied by their fair value indicates that a higher risk premium is included in the valuation of these securities than existed at initial issue or purchase. This risk premium represents the return that a market participant requires as compensation to assume the risk associated with the uncertainties regarding the future performance of the underlying collateral. The risk premium is comprised of: default risk, which reflects the probability of default and the uncertainty related to collection of contractual principal and interest; liquidity risk, which reflects the risk associated with exiting the investment in an illiquid market, both in terms of timeliness and cost; and volatility risk, which reflects the potential valuation volatility during an investor's holding period. Other factors reflected in the risk premium include the costs associated with underwriting, monitoring and holding these types of complex securities. Certain aspects of the default risk are included in the development of our best estimate of future cash flows, as appropriate. Other aspects of the risk premium are considered to be temporary in nature and are expected to reverse over the remaining lives of the securities as future cash flows are received.

Other-than-temporary impairment assessment for below investment grade Subprime RMBS

       As of December 31, 2011, the fair value of our below investment grade Subprime securities with gross unrealized losses totaled $586 million, a decrease of 26.4% compared to $796 million as of December 31, 2010, primarily due to sales. As of December 31, 2011, gross unrealized losses for our below investment grade Subprime portfolio totaled $334 million, an improvement of 23.7% compared to $438 million as of December 31, 2010, due to impairment write-downs, sales and principal collections, partially offset by the downgrade of certain securities to below investment grade

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and lower valuations. For our below investment grade Subprime with gross unrealized gains totaling $5 million, we have recognized cumulative write-downs in earnings totaling $123 million as of December 31, 2011.

       The credit loss evaluation for Subprime securities with gross unrealized losses is performed in two phases. The first phase estimates the future cash flows of the entire securitization trust from which our security was issued. A critical part of this estimate involves forecasting default rates and loss severities of the residential mortgage loans that collateralize the securitization trust. The factors that affect the default rates and loss severities include, but are not limited to, historical collateral performance, collateral type, transaction vintage year, geographic concentrations, borrower credit quality, origination practices of the transaction sponsor, and practices of the mortgage loan servicers. Current loan-to-value ratios of underlying collateral are not consistently available and accordingly they are not a primary factor in our impairment evaluation. While our projections are developed internally and customized to our specific holdings, they are informed by and benchmarked against credit opinions obtained from third parties, such as industry analysts, nationally recognized credit rating agencies and an RMBS loss modeling advisory service. The default rate and loss severity forecasts result in an estimate of trust-level projected additional collateral loss.

       We then analyze the actual cumulative collateral losses incurred to date by the securitization trust, our projected additional collateral losses expected to be incurred and the position of the class of securities we own in the securitization trust relative to the trust's other classes to determine whether any of the collateral losses will be applied to our class. If our class has remaining credit enhancement sufficient to withstand the projected additional collateral losses, no collateral losses will be realized by our class and we expect to collect all contractual principal and interest of the security we own. Remaining credit enhancement is measured in terms of (i) subordination from other classes of securities in the trust that are contractually obligated to absorb losses before the class of security we own and (ii) the expected impact of other structural features embedded in the securitization trust beneficial to our class, such as overcollateralization and excess spread.

       For securities where there is insufficient remaining credit enhancement for the class of securities we own, a recovery value is calculated based on our best estimate of future cash flows specific to that security. This estimate is based on the contractual principal payments and current interest payments of the securities we own, adjusted for actual cumulative collateral losses incurred to date and the projected additional collateral losses expected to be incurred. This estimate also takes into consideration additional secondary sources of credit support, such as reliable bond insurance. For securities without secondary sources of credit support or for which the secondary sources do not fully offset the actual and projected additional collateral losses applied to them, a credit loss is recorded in earnings to the extent amortized cost exceeds recovery value.

       75.3%, 20.9% and 3.8% of the fair value of our below investment grade Subprime securities with gross unrealized losses were issued with Aaa, Aa and A original ratings and capital structure classifications, respectively. As described previously, Subprime securities with higher original ratings typically have priority in receiving the principal repayments on the underlying collateral compared to those with lower original ratings. While the projected cash flow assumptions for our below investment grade Subprime securities with gross unrealized losses have deteriorated since the securities were originated, as reflected by their current credit ratings, these securities continue to retain the payment priority features that existed at the origination of the securitization trust.

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       The following tables show trust-level, class-level and security-specific detailed information for our below investment grade Subprime securities with gross unrealized losses that are not reliably insured, by credit rating.

($ in millions)
  December 31, 2011  
 
  With other-than-temporary
impairments recorded
in earnings
  Without other-than-temporary
impairments recorded
in earnings
   
 
 
  B   Caa or
lower
  Total   Ba   B   Caa or
lower
  Total   Total  

Trust-level

                                                 

Actual cumulative collateral losses incurred to date  (1)

    14.6 %   19.1 %   18.8 %   3.8 %   6.6 %   13.2 %   8.8 %   n/a  

Projected additional collateral losses to be incurred  (2)

    40.0 %   42.9 %   42.8 %   32.6 %   31.6 %   40.2 %   35.7 %   n/a  

Class-level

                                                 

Average remaining credit enhancement  (3)

    28.7 %   19.7 %   20.2 %   46.8 %   43.9 %   46.9 %   46.0 %   n/a  

Security-specific

                                                 

Number of positions

    5     66     71     9     15     24     48     119  

Par value

  $ 41   $ 728   $ 769   $ 84   $ 78   $ 132   $ 294   $ 1,063  

Amortized cost

  $ 34   $ 469   $ 503   $ 84   $ 78   $ 132   $ 294   $ 797  

Fair value

  $ 26   $ 301   $ 327   $ 60   $ 45   $ 67   $ 172   $ 499  

Gross unrealized losses

                                                 

Total

  $ (8 ) $ (168 ) $ (176 ) $ (24 ) $ (33 ) $ (65 ) $ (122 ) $ (298 )

12-24 months

  $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $  

Over 24 months  (4)

  $ (8 ) $ (167 ) $ (175 ) $ (24 ) $ (33 ) $ (65 ) $ (122 ) $ (297 )

Cumulative write-downs recognized

  $ (7 ) $ (249 ) $ (256 ) $   $   $   $   $ (256 )

Principal payments received during the period

                                            $ 67  

 

 
  December 31, 2010  
 
  With other-than-temporary
impairments recorded
in earnings
  Without other-than-temporary
impairments recorded
in earnings
   
 
 
  B   Caa or
lower
  Total   Ba   B   Caa or
lower
  Total   Total  

Trust-level

                                                 

Actual cumulative collateral losses incurred to date

    12.0 %   16.1 %   16.0 %   13.2 %   12.5 %   12.6 %   12.7 %   n/a  

Projected additional collateral losses to be incurred

    38.2 %   43.2 %   43.0 %   46.5 %   42.7 %   40.8 %   42.1 %   n/a  

Class-level

                                                 

Average remaining credit enhancement

    26.0 %   22.6 %   22.8 %   72.7 %   63.6 %   50.5 %   56.7 %   n/a  

Security-specific

                                                 

Number of positions

    5     81     86     11     10     35     56     142  

Par value

  $ 42   $ 952   $ 994   $ 73   $ 69   $ 265   $ 407   $ 1,401  

Amortized cost

  $ 33   $ 650   $ 683   $ 73   $ 69   $ 265   $ 407   $ 1,090  

Fair value

  $ 21   $ 425   $ 446   $ 62   $ 54   $ 158   $ 274   $ 720  

Gross unrealized losses

                                                 

Total

  $ (12 ) $ (225 ) $ (237 ) $ (11 ) $ (15 ) $ (107 ) $ (133 ) $ (370 )

12-24 months

  $   $ (9 ) $ (9 ) $   $   $   $   $ (9 )

Over 24 months  (4)

  $ (12 ) $ (216 ) $ (228 ) $ (11 ) $ (15 ) $ (107 ) $ (133 ) $ (361 )

Cumulative write-downs recognized

  $ (9 ) $ (293 ) $ (302 ) $   $   $   $   $ (302 )

Principal payments received during the period

                                            $ 99  

(1)
Weighted average actual cumulative collateral losses incurred to date as of period end are based on the actual principal losses incurred as a percentage of the remaining principal amount of the loans in the trust. The weighting calculation is based on the par value of each security. Actual losses on the securities we hold are less than the losses on the underlying collateral as presented in this table. Actual cumulative realized principal losses on the below investment grade Subprime securities we own, as reported by the trust servicers, were $16 million as of December 31, 2011.
(2)
Weighted average projected additional collateral losses to be incurred as of period end are based on our projections of future losses to be incurred by the trust, taking into consideration the actual cumulative collateral losses incurred to date, as a percentage of the remaining principal amount of the loans in the trust. Our projections are developed internally and customized to our specific holdings and are informed by and benchmarked

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against credit opinions obtained from third parties, such as industry analysts, nationally recognized credit rating agencies and an RMBS loss modeling advisory service. Projected additional collateral losses to be incurred are compared to average remaining credit enhancement for each security. For securities where the projected additional collateral losses exceed remaining credit enhancement, a recovery value is calculated to determine whether impairment losses should be recorded in earnings. The weighting calculation is based on the par value of each security.

(3)
Weighted average remaining credit enhancement as of period end is based on structural subordination and the expected impact of other structural features existing in the securitization trust beneficial to our class and reflects our projection of future principal losses that can occur as a percentage of the remaining principal amount of the loans in the trust before the class of the security we own will incur its first dollar of principal loss. The weighting calculation is based on the par value of each security.
(4)
As of December 31, 2011, $122 million of unrealized losses on securities with other-than-temporary impairments recognized in earnings and $104 million of unrealized losses on securities without other-than-temporary impairments recognized in earnings have been greater than or equal to 20% of those securities' amortized cost for a period of more than 24 consecutive months. As of December 31, 2010, $188 million of unrealized losses on securities with other-than-temporary impairments recognized in earnings and $108 million of unrealized losses on securities without other-than-temporary impairments recognized in earnings have been greater than or equal to 20% of those securities' amortized cost for a period of more than 24 consecutive months.