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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
______________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File Number: 001-15369
______________________________________________________________________
WILLIS LEASE FINANCE CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware68-0070656
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or
organization)		(IRS Employer Identification No.)
4700 Lyons Technology ParkwayCoconut CreekFlorida33073
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (561) 349-9989
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each ClassTrading SymbolName of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per shareWLFCNasdaq Global Market
______________________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒  No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒  No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer
☐
Accelerated Filer
☒
Non-Accelerated Filer
☐
Smaller Reporting Company
☒
Emerging Growth Company
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of shares of the registrant's Common Stock outstanding as of November 2, 2022 was 6,097,024.

WILLIS LEASE FINANCE CORPORATION
AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements concerning the conditions in our industry, our operations, our economic performance and financial condition, including, in particular, statements relating to our business, operations, growth strategy and service development efforts and potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for certain forward-looking statements so long as such information is identified as forward-looking and is accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in the information. When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the words “may,” “might,” “should,” “estimate,” “project,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “intend,” “outlook,” “believe” and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements and information. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates. These forward-looking statements are based on estimates and assumptions by our management that, although we believe to be reasonable, are inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, those in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 14, 2022, this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, and our other reports filed with the SEC. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law. Reference is also made to such risks and uncertainties detailed from time to time in our other filings with the SEC.
3
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
WILLIS LEASE FINANCE CORPORATION
AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents$11,914 $14,329 
Restricted cash69,473 81,312 
Equipment held for operating lease, less accumulated depreciation of $531,913 and $524,968 at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively
2,078,775 1,991,368 
Maintenance rights21,358 22,511 
Equipment held for sale3,853 6,952 
Receivables, net of allowances of $1,511 and $1,154 at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively
49,544 39,623 
Spare parts inventory41,901 50,959 
Investments54,283 55,927 
Property, equipment & furnishings, less accumulated depreciation of $15,250 and $13,484 at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively
34,525 31,327 
Intangible assets, net1,144 1,188 
Notes receivable82,487 115,456 
Investment in sales-type leases6,735 — 
Other assets85,976 51,975 
Total assets (1)$2,541,968 $2,462,927 
LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE PREFERRED STOCK AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses$29,493 $26,858 
Deferred income taxes130,288 124,332 
Debt obligations1,851,650 1,790,264 
Maintenance reserves58,022 65,976 
Security deposits19,909 19,349 
Unearned revenue13,331 10,458 
Total liabilities (2)2,102,693 2,037,237 
Redeemable preferred stock ($0.01 par value, 2,500 shares authorized; 2,500 shares issued at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)
49,868 49,805 
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock ($0.01 par value, 20,000 shares authorized; 6,619 and 6,531 shares issued at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively)
66 65 
Paid-in capital in excess of par17,810 15,401 
Retained earnings343,990 355,388 
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of income tax expense of $7,990 and $1,469 at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively
27,541 5,031 
Total shareholders’ equity389,407 375,885 
Total liabilities, redeemable preferred stock and shareholders’ equity$2,541,968 $2,462,927 
_____________________________
4
(1)Total assets at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, include the following assets of variable interest entities (“VIEs”) that can only be used to settle the liabilities of the VIEs: Restricted cash $69,473 and $81,312; Equipment $1,187,898 and $1,226,395; Maintenance Rights $5,433 and $5,433; Inventory $0 and $4,367; Notes receivable $80,949 and $90,868; and Other assets $6,364 and $4,775, respectively.
(2)Total liabilities at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, include the following liabilities of VIEs for which the VIEs’ creditors do not have recourse to Willis Lease Finance Corporation: Debt obligations $1,147,889 and $1,197,922, respectively.
See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
5
WILLIS LEASE FINANCE CORPORATION
AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2022202120222021
REVENUE
Lease rent revenue$39,515 $32,908 $114,344 $96,859 
Maintenance reserve revenue20,438 23,659 59,517 60,749 
Spare parts and equipment sales6,966 5,091 20,388 13,226 
Gain on sale of leased equipment920 2,440 3,716 2,440 
Gain on sale of financial assets— — 3,116 — 
Asset transition fee— — — 6,256 
Other revenue9,052 6,693 22,702 18,858 
Total revenue76,891 70,791 223,783 198,388 
EXPENSES
Depreciation and amortization expense22,059 21,274 65,480 68,755 
Cost of spare parts and equipment sales4,204 3,921 16,080 11,008 
Write-down of equipment654 — 21,849 4,113 
General and administrative22,788 18,662 66,820 54,312 
Technical expense2,139 2,524 11,222 6,130 
Net finance costs:
     Interest expense16,304 18,325 49,209 50,331 
Total net finance costs16,304 18,325 49,209 50,331 
Total expenses68,148 64,706 230,660 194,649 
Income (loss) from operations8,743 6,085 (6,877)3,739 
Income (loss) from joint ventures(384)21 (1,531)(1,183)
Income (loss) before income taxes8,359 6,106 (8,408)2,556 
Income tax expense1,970 3,222 496 946 
Net income (loss)6,389 2,884 (8,904)1,610 
Preferred stock dividends819 819 2,431 2,431 
Accretion of preferred stock issuance costs21 21 63 63 
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders$5,549 $2,044 $(11,398)$(884)
Basic weighted average income (loss) per common share$0.91 $0.33 $(1.88)$(0.14)
Diluted weighted average income (loss) per common share$0.89 $0.32 $(1.88)$(0.14)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding6,093 6,189 6,058 6,135 
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding6,270 6,363 6,058 6,135 
See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6
WILLIS LEASE FINANCE CORPORATION
AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2022202120222021
Net income (loss)$6,389 $2,884 $(8,904)$1,610 
Other comprehensive income:
Currency translation adjustment(1,029)(15)(1,877)143 
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments8,049 653 29,145 6,380 
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments at joint venture355 206 1,764 918 
Net gain recognized in other comprehensive income 7,375 844 29,032 7,441 
Tax expense related to items of other comprehensive income 1,662 190 6,522 1,686 
Other comprehensive income5,713 654 22,510 5,755 
Total comprehensive income$12,102 $3,538 $13,606 $7,365 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
7
WILLIS LEASE FINANCE CORPORATION
AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Preferred Stock and Shareholders' Equity
Three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
Shareholders' Equity
RedeemableAccumulated Other
Preferred StockCommon StockPaid in Capital inRetainedComprehensiveTotal Shareholders'
SharesAmountSharesAmountExcess of parEarningsIncomeEquity
Balances at June 30, 2022
2,500 $49,847 6,609 $63 $14,562 $338,441 $21,828 $374,894 
Net income— — — — — 6,389 — 6,389 
Net unrealized loss from currency translation adjustment, net of tax benefit of $232
— — — — — — (797)(797)
Net unrealized gain from derivative instruments, net of tax expense of $1,894
— — — — — — 6,510 6,510 
Shares repurchased— — — — (65)— — (65)
Shares issued under stock compensation plans— — 10 3 167 — — 170 
Stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures— — — — 3,146 — — 3,146 
Accretion of preferred shares issuance costs— 21 — — — (21)— (21)
Preferred stock dividends ($0.33 per share)
— — — — — (819)— (819)
Balances at September 30, 2022
2,500 $49,868 6,619 $66 $17,810 $343,990 $27,541 $389,407 
Shareholders' Equity
RedeemableAccumulated Other
Preferred StockCommon StockPaid in Capital inRetainedComprehensiveTotal Shareholders'
SharesAmountSharesAmountExcess of parEarnings(Loss) IncomeEquity
Balances at June 30, 2021
2,500 $49,764 6,749 $67 $16,196 $352,442 $(16)$368,689 
Net income— — — — — 2,884 — 2,884 
Net unrealized loss from currency translation adjustment, net of tax benefit of $2
— — — — — — (13)(13)
Net unrealized gain from derivative instruments, net of tax benefit of $192
— — — — — — 667 667 
Shares repurchased— — (135)(1)(5,137)— — (5,138)
Shares issued under stock compensation plans— — 10 — 17 — — 17 
Stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures— — — — 4,577 — — 4,577 
Accretion of preferred shares issuance costs— 21 — — — (21)— (21)
Preferred stock dividends ($0.33 per share)
— — — — — (819)— (819)
Balances at September 30, 2021
2,500 $49,785 6,624 $66 $15,653 $354,486 $638 $370,843 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
8
WILLIS LEASE FINANCE CORPORATION
AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Preferred Stock and Shareholders' Equity
Nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
Shareholders' Equity
RedeemableAccumulated Other
Preferred StockCommon StockPaid in Capital inRetainedComprehensiveTotal Shareholders'
SharesAmountSharesAmountExcess of parEarningsIncomeEquity
Balances at December 31, 2021
2,500 $49,805 6,531 $65 $15,401 $355,388 $5,031 $375,885 
Net loss— — — — — (8,904)— (8,904)
Net unrealized loss from currency translation adjustment, net of tax benefit of $423
— — — — — — (1,454)(1,454)
Net unrealized gain from derivative instruments, net of tax expense of $6,945
— — — — — — 23,964 23,964 
Shares repurchased— — (154)(1)(5,244)— — (5,245)
Shares issued under stock compensation plans— — 350 2 333 — — 335 
Cancellation of restricted stock in satisfaction of withholding tax— — (108)— (3,496)— — (3,496)
Stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures— — — — 10,816 — — 10,816 
Accretion of preferred shares issuance costs— 63 — — — (63)— (63)
Preferred stock dividends ($0.97 per share)
— — — — — (2,431)— (2,431)
Balances at September 30, 2022
2,500 $49,868 6,619 $66 $17,810 $343,990 $27,541 $389,407 
Shareholders' Equity
RedeemableAccumulated Other
Preferred StockCommon StockPaid in Capital inRetainedComprehensiveTotal Shareholders'
SharesAmountSharesAmountExcess of parEarningsLossEquity
Balances at December 31, 2020
2,500 $49,722 6,570 $66 $13,696 $355,370 $(5,117)$364,015 
Net income— — — — — 1,610 — 1,610 
Net unrealized gain from currency translation adjustment, net of tax expense of $32
— — — — — — 111 111 
Net unrealized gain from derivative instruments, net of tax expense of $1,654
— — — — — — 5,644 5,644 
Shares repurchased— — (135)(1)(5,137)— — (5,138)
Shares issued under stock compensation plans— — 305 2 184 — — 186 
Cancellation of restricted stock in satisfaction of withholding tax— — (116)(1)(4,965)— — (4,966)
Stock-based compensation expense, net of forfeitures— — — — 11,875 — — 11,875 
Accretion of preferred shares issuance costs— 63 — — — (63)— (63)
Preferred stock dividends ($0.97 per share)
— — — — — (2,431)— (2,431)
Balances at September 30, 2021
2,500 $49,785 6,624 $66 $15,653 $354,486 $638 $370,843 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
9
WILLIS LEASE FINANCE CORPORATION
AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
Nine months ended September 30,
20222021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net (loss) income$(8,904)$1,610 
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization expense65,480 68,755 
Write-down of equipment21,849 4,113 
Stock-based compensation expense10,816 11,875 
Amortization of deferred costs3,940 3,680 
Allowances and provisions620 (60)
Gain on sale of leased equipment(3,716)(2,440)
Gain on sale of financial assets(3,116)— 
Loss from joint ventures1,531 1,183 
Loss on disposal of property, equipment and furnishings— 40 
Deferred income taxes(567)418 
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Receivables(11,170)(14,267)
Inventory10,241 4,449 
Other assets(3,815)(2,250)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses(1,710)11,294 
Maintenance reserves(55)(22,074)
Security deposits1,791 3,393 
Unearned revenue(922)(1,136)
Net cash provided by operating activities82,293 68,583 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from sale of equipment (net of selling expenses)53,353 27,887 
Proceeds from sale of notes receivable (net of selling expenses)40,705 — 
Issuance of notes receivable(15,270)(44,444)
Payments received on notes receivable and sales-type leases3,216 7,006 
Purchase of equipment held for operating lease and for sale(220,708)(170,290)
Purchase of property, equipment and furnishings(5,066)(1,022)
Net cash used in investing activities(143,770)(180,863)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from debt obligations219,000 477,700 
Debt issuance costs— (4,556)
Principal payments on debt obligations(160,940)(355,891)
Proceeds from shares issued under stock compensation plans335 186 
Cancellation of restricted stock units in satisfaction of withholding tax(3,496)(4,966)
Repurchase of common stock(5,245)(5,118)
Preferred stock dividends(2,431)(2,431)
Net cash provided by financing activities47,223 104,924 
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(14,254)(7,356)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period95,641 78,925 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$81,387 $71,569 
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Net cash paid for:
Interest$46,495 $47,160 
Income Taxes$1,898 $1,392 
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activities:
Liabilities assumed in purchase of equipment held for operating lease$— $(2,089)
Transfers from Equipment held for operating lease to Investment in sales-type leases$7,025 $— 
Transfers from Equipment held for operating lease to Spare parts inventory$1,183 $1,065 
Transfers from Equipment held for operating lease to Equipment held for sale$4,974 $12,256 
Transfers from Spare parts inventory to Equipment held for operating lease$— $1,555 
Accrued share repurchases$— $20 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
10
WILLIS LEASE FINANCE CORPORATION 
AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2022
(Unaudited)
Unless the context requires otherwise, references to the “Company,” “WLFC,” “we,” “us” or “our” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q refer to Willis Lease Finance Corporation and its subsidiaries.
1.  Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies of the Company were described in Note 1 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 (the “2021 Form 10-K”). There have been no significant changes in the Company’s significant accounting policies for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

(a)   Basis of Presentation

The accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”), consistent in all material respects with those applied in the 2021 Form 10-K, for interim financial information and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Therefore, they do not include all information and footnotes normally included in annual consolidated financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the 2021 Form 10-K. In the opinion of management, the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contain all adjustments (consisting principally of normal recurring accruals) necessary for a fair presentation of the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Statements of Income, Statements of Comprehensive Income, Statements of Redeemable Preferred Stock and Shareholders’ Equity and Statements of Cash Flows for such interim periods presented. Additionally, operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that can be expected for a full year.

In accordance with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. In preparing these financial statements, management has made its best estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the financial statements, giving due consideration to materiality. These estimates and judgments are based on historical experience and other assumptions that management believes are reasonable and the inputs into management's estimates and judgment consider the economic implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s critical and significant accounting estimates. However, application of these accounting policies involves the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. The significant estimates made in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include certain assumptions related to intangible assets, long-lived assets, equipment held for sale, allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory and estimated income taxes. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Given the uncertainty in the rapidly changing market and economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact to its business, results of operations and financial condition.

(b) Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, including variable interest entities (“VIEs”), where the Company is the primary beneficiary in accordance with consolidation guidance. The Company first evaluates all entities in which it has an economic interest to determine whether for accounting purposes the entity is either a VIE or a voting interest entity. If the entity is a VIE, the Company consolidates the financial statements of that entity if it is the primary beneficiary of such entity's activities.  If the entity is a voting interest entity, the Company consolidates the entity when it has a majority of voting interests in such entity. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

(c)   Risks and Uncertainties

11
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company had temporarily closed its headquarters and other offices, required its employees and contractors to predominately work remotely, and implemented travel restrictions, all of which represented a significant disruption in how the Company operates its business. In January 2022, the Company lifted travel restrictions and has also subsequently opened its corporate headquarters and other offices for employees and contractors to work from offices at their discretion. The Company has also taken various proactive actions in an attempt to mitigate the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The operations of the Company's partners and customers have likewise been disrupted. The worldwide spread of the COVID-19 virus has resulted in a global slowdown of economic activity. While the duration and extent of the COVID-19 pandemic depends on future developments that cannot be accurately predicted at this time, such as the extent and effectiveness of containment actions, it has had an adverse effect on the global economy, and the ultimate societal and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown. In particular, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions to the airline industry and has resulted in a dramatic reduction in demand for air travel domestically and abroad, which is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. Lower demand for air travel in turn presents significant risks to the Company, resulting in impacts which have adversely affected the Company's business, results of operations, and financial condition. Lower demand for spare parts and engine and airframe leasing has negatively impacted collections of accounts receivable, caused the Company's lessee customers to not enter into new leases, resulted in reduced spending by new and existing customers for leases or spare parts or equipment, resulted in lower usage fees, caused some of the Company's customers to go out of business, and limited the ability of the Company's personnel to travel to customers and potential customers. The Company is not able to evaluate or foresee the full extent of these impacts at the current time.

Other than what has been reflected in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstance related to the COVID-19 pandemic that would require it to update its estimates or judgments or adjust the carrying value of its assets or liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and any such differences may be material to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2022, Russia commenced military action with Ukraine. As a result of this action, various nations, including the United States, have instituted economic sanctions against Russia. Further, the full impact of this action and related sanctions on the world economy is not determinable as of the date of these financial statements, and the specific impact on the Company's financial condition, results of operations and cash flows is also not determinable as of the date of these financial statements.

(d)   Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted by the Company

In July 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-05, “Lease (Topic 842): Lessors – Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments” related to accounting for sales-type leases or direct financing leases with variable lease payments. This ASU is effective for interim and annual years beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2022, and the adoption had no impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, “Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance” related to disclosures about transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, with early application permitted. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2022, and the adoption had no impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements To Be Adopted by the Company

12
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 revises the measurement of credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost from an incurred loss methodology to an expected loss methodology. ASU 2016-13 affects trade receivables, debt securities, net investment in leases, and most other financial assets that represent a right to receive cash. Additional disclosures about significant estimates and credit quality are also required. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.” This ASU clarifies receivables from operating leases are accounted for using the lease guidance and not as financial instruments. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments.” This ASU clarifies various scoping and other issues arising from ASU 2016-13. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-03, “Codification Improvements to Financial Instruments.” This ASU improves the Codification and amends the interaction of Topic 842 and Topic 326. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)” which eliminated the accounting guidance for Troubled Debt Restructurings by creditors and enhances disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings. The amendment also requires an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases. The amendments in this ASU are effective for the Company on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt this accounting standard update effective January 1, 2023. The Company is evaluating the potential effects on the consolidated financial statements.
2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The following tables disaggregate revenue by major source for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
Three months ended September 30, 2022Leasing and
Related Operations		Spare Parts SalesEliminationsTotal
Lease rent revenue$39,515 $— $— $39,515 
Maintenance reserve revenue20,438 — — 20,438 
Spare parts and equipment sales520 6,446 — 6,966 
Gain on sale of leased equipment920 — — 920 
Managed services6,400 — — 6,400 
Other revenue2,369 315 (32)2,652 
Total revenue$70,162 $6,761 $(32)$76,891 

Three months ended September 30, 2021Leasing and
Related Operations		Spare Parts SalesEliminationsTotal
Lease rent revenue$32,908 $— $— $32,908 
Maintenance reserve revenue23,659 — — 23,659 
Spare parts and equipment sales85 4,980 26 5,091 
Gain on sale of leased equipment2,440 — — 2,440 
Managed services2,814 — — 2,814 
Other revenue3,607 319 (47)3,879 
Total revenue$65,513 $5,299 $(21)$70,791 
Nine months ended September 30, 2022Leasing and
Related Operations		Spare Parts SalesEliminationsTotal
Lease rent revenue$114,344 $— $— $114,344 
Maintenance reserve revenue59,517 — — 59,517 
Spare parts and equipment sales771 19,617 — 20,388 
Gain on sale of leased equipment3,716 — — 3,716 
Gain on sale of financial assets3,116 — — 3,116 
Managed services15,831 — — 15,831 
Other revenue6,441 549 (119)6,871 
Total revenue$203,736 $20,166 $(119)$223,783 

13
Nine months ended September 30, 2021Leasing and
Related Operations		Spare Parts SalesEliminationsTotal
Lease rent revenue$96,859 $— $— $96,859 
Maintenance reserve revenue60,749 — — 60,749 
Spare parts and equipment sales254 12,946 26 13,226 
Gain on sale of leased equipment2,440 — — 2,440 
Managed services8,329 — — 8,329 
Asset transition fee (1)6,256 — — 6,256 
Other revenue10,214 416 (101)10,529 
Total revenue$185,101 $13,362 $(75)$198,388 
_____________________________
(1)Asset transition fee reflects the settlement received from the close out of an engine transition program.
3. Equipment Held for Operating Lease and Notes Receivable
As of September 30, 2022, the Company had $2,078.8 million equipment held in our operating lease portfolio, $82.5 million notes receivable, $21.4 million of maintenance rights, and $6.7 million investment in sales-type leases, which represented 337 engines, twelve aircraft, one marine vessel and other leased parts and equipment. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $1,991.4 million equipment held in our operating lease portfolio, $115.5 million notes receivable, and $22.5 million of maintenance rights, which represented 304 engines, twelve aircraft, one marine vessel and other leased parts and equipment.
The following table disaggregates equipment held for operating lease by asset class (in thousands):
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Gross ValueAccumulated DepreciationNet Book ValueGross ValueAccumulated DepreciationNet Book Value
Engines and related equipment$2,461,217 $(515,428)$1,945,789 $2,368,496 $(515,442)$1,853,054 
Aircraft and airframes135,893 (14,202)121,691 134,370 (7,790)126,580 
Marine vessel13,578 (2,283)11,295 13,470 (1,736)11,734 
$2,610,688 $(531,913)$2,078,775 $2,516,336 $(524,968)$1,991,368 
Notes Receivable
During the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded interest income related to the notes receivable, recorded in Other revenue, of $1.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively, and $5.8 million and $10.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The effective interest rates on our notes receivable ranged from 7.1% to 12.2% as of September 30, 2022 and 6.3% to 12.2% as of September 30, 2021.
4.  Investments

In 2011, the Company entered into an agreement with Mitsui & Co., Ltd. to participate in a joint venture formed as a Dublin-based Irish limited company, Willis Mitsui & Company Engine Support Limited (“WMES”) for the purpose of acquiring and leasing jet engines. Each partner holds a fifty percent interest in the joint venture, and the Company uses the equity method in recording investment activity. As of September 30, 2022, WMES owned a lease portfolio, inclusive of 36 engines and five aircraft with a net book value of $253.4 million.

In 2014, the Company entered into an agreement with China Aviation Supplies Import & Export Corporation (“CASC”) to participate in a joint venture named CASC Willis Engine Lease Company Limited (“CASC Willis”), a joint venture based in Shanghai, China. Each partner holds a fifty percent interest in the joint venture, and the Company uses the equity method in recording investment activity. CASC Willis acquires and leases jet engines to Chinese airlines and concentrates on the demand for leased commercial aircraft engines and aviation assets in the People’s Republic of China. As of September 30, 2022, CASC Willis owned a lease portfolio of four engines with a net book value of $43.1 million.
14
As of September 30, 2022WMESCASC WillisTotal
(in thousands)
Investment in joint ventures as of December 31, 2021$39,069 $16,858 $55,927 
Loss from joint ventures(1,090)(441)(1,531)
Foreign currency translation adjustment— (1,877)(1,877)
Other comprehensive gain from joint ventures1,764 — 1,764 
Investment in joint ventures as of September 30, 2022$39,743 $14,540 $54,283 

“Other revenue” on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income includes $0.4 million and $0.9 million of management fees earned during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $1.4 million and $1.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the servicing of engines for the WMES lease portfolio.

There were no aircraft or engine sales to WMES or CASC Willis during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company sold two engines to WMES for $25.0 million.

Unaudited summarized financial information for 100% of WMES is presented in the following tables:
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2022202120222021
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Revenue$8,540 $7,269 $39,266 $16,915 
Expenses8,910 7,217 41,601 19,992 
WMES net income (loss)$(370)$52 $(2,335)$(3,077)

September 30,
2022		December 31,
2021
(in thousands)
Total assets$276,753 $310,260 
Total liabilities194,744 225,917 
Total WMES net equity$82,009 $84,343 

The difference between the Company’s investment in WMES and 50% of total WMES net equity is primarily attributable to the recognition of deferred gains, prior to the adoption of ASU 2017-05, related to engines sold by the Company to WMES.
15
5.  Debt Obligations

Debt obligations consisted of the following:
September 30,
2022		December 31,
2021
(in thousands)
Credit facility at a floating rate of interest of one-month LIBOR plus 1.375% at September 30, 2022, secured by engines. The facility has a committed amount of $1.0 billion at September 30, 2022, which revolves until the maturity date of June 2024
$702,000 $590,000 
WEST VI Series A 2021 term notes payable at a fixed rate of interest of 3.10%, maturing in May 2046, secured by engines and one airframe
264,954 273,723 
WEST VI Series B 2021 term notes payable at a fixed rate of interest of 5.44%, maturing in May 2046, secured by engines and one airframe
36,804 38,022 
WEST VI Series C 2021 term notes payable at a fixed rate of interest of 7.39%, maturing in May 2046, secured by engines and one airframe
16,156 18,158 
WEST V Series A 2020 term notes payable at a fixed rate of interest of 3.23%, maturing in March 2045, secured by engines
259,090 272,909 
WEST V Series B 2020 term notes payable at a fixed rate of interest of 4.21%, maturing in March 2045, secured by engines
35,998 38,004 
WEST V Series C 2020 term notes payable at a fixed rate of interest of 6.66%, maturing in March 2045, secured by engines
13,948 16,342 
WEST IV Series A 2018 term notes payable at a fixed rate of interest of 4.75%, maturing in September 2043, secured by engines
248,530 262,260 
WEST IV Series B 2018 term notes payable at a fixed rate of interest of 5.44%, maturing in September 2043, secured by engines
38,885 38,885 
WEST III Series A 2017 term notes payable at a fixed rate of interest of 4.69%, maturing in August 2042, secured by engines
215,309 223,815 
WEST III Series B 2017 term notes payable at a fixed rate of interest of 6.36%, maturing in August 2042, secured by engines
32,195 32,195 
Note payable at a fixed rate of interest of 3.18%, maturing in July 2024, secured by an aircraft
3,811 5,307 
1,867,680 1,809,620 
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs(16,030)(19,356)
Total debt obligations$1,851,650 $1,790,264 

One-month LIBOR was 3.14% and 0.10% as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Principal outstanding at September 30, 2022, is expected to be repayable as follows:
Year(in thousands)
2022$37,599 
202362,286 
2024763,453 
202560,218 
2026282,385 
Thereafter661,739 
Total$1,867,680 
Virtually all of the above debt requires ongoing compliance with certain financial covenants, including debt/equity ratios, minimum tangible net worth and minimum interest coverage ratios, and other eligibility criteria including customer and geographic concentration restrictions. The Company also has certain negative financial covenants such as liens, advances, change in business, sales of assets, dividends and stock repurchases. These covenants are tested either monthly, quarterly or annually, and the Company was in full compliance with all financial covenant requirements at September 30, 2022.
6.  Derivative Instruments

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The Company periodically holds interest rate derivative instruments to mitigate exposure to changes in interest rates, predominantly one-month LIBOR, with $702.0 million and $590.0 million of variable rate borrowings at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. As a matter of policy, management does not use derivatives for speculative purposes. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had five interest rate swap agreements. During the first quarter of 2021, the Company entered into four fixed-rate interest swap agreements, each having notional amounts of $100.0 million, two with remaining terms of 16 months and two with remaining terms of 40 months as of September 30, 2022. One interest rate swap agreement was entered into during 2019 which has a notional outstanding amount of $100.0 million with a remaining term of 21 months as of September 30, 2022. One interest rate swap agreement which the Company entered into in 2016 expired in April 2021. The derivative instruments were each designated as cash flow hedges at inception and recorded at fair value.

The Company evaluated the effectiveness of the swap agreements to hedge the interest rate risk associated with its variable rate debt and concluded at the swap inception dates that each swap was highly effective in hedging that risk. The Company evaluates the effectiveness of the hedging relationships on an ongoing basis and concluded there was no ineffectiveness in the hedges for the period ended September 30, 2022.

The Company estimates the fair value of derivative instruments using a discounted cash flow technique and has used creditworthiness inputs that corroborate observable market data when evaluating the Company’s and counterparty’s risk of non-performance. Valuation of the derivative instruments requires certain assumptions for underlying variables and the use of different assumptions would result in a different valuation. Management believes it has applied assumptions consistently during the period. The Company applies hedge accounting and accounts for the change in fair value of its cash flow hedges through other comprehensive income for all derivative instruments.

The net fair value of the interest rate swaps as of September 30, 2022 was $36.4 million, representing an asset and is reflected within other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The net fair value of the interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2021 was $7.3 million, representing an asset of $8.0 million and a liability of $0.7 million, reflected within other assets and accounts payable and accrued expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. The Company recorded an adjustment to interest expense of $(2.7) million and $0.5 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $(3.3) million and $1.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, from derivative instruments.

Effect of Derivative Instruments on Earnings in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income 

The following tables provide additional information about the financial statement effects related to the cash flow hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging RelationshipsAmount of Gain Recognized in OCI on Derivatives
(Effective Portion)
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2022202120222021
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Interest rate contracts$8,049 $653 $29,145 $6,380 
Total$8,049 $653 $29,145 $6,380 

The effective portion of the change in fair value on a derivative instrument designated as a cash flow hedge is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and is reclassified into earnings in the period during which the transaction being hedged affects earnings or it is probable that the forecasted transaction will not occur. The ineffective portion of the hedges, if any, is recorded in earnings in the current period.

Counterparty Credit Risk

The Company evaluates the creditworthiness of the counterparties under its hedging agreements. The counterparties for the interest rate swaps are large financial institutions that possessed investment grade credit ratings. Based on these ratings, the Company believes that the counterparties were credit-worthy and that their continuing performance under the hedging agreements was probable and did not require the counterparties to provide collateral or other security to the Company.
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7.  Income Taxes

Income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $2.0 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was 23.6% and (5.9)%, respectively. Income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $3.2 million and $0.9 million, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was 52.8% and 37.0%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rates differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to executive compensation exceeding $1.0 million as defined in Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), and a discrete item recorded in a prior quarter associated with a write-down of engines due to the Russia and Ukraine conflict. Refer to Note 8 "Fair Value Measurements" for further detail on the write-downs related to Russia.

The Company records tax expense or benefit for unusual or infrequent items discretely in the period in which they occur. The Company’s tax rate is subject to change based on changes in the mix of assets leased to domestic and foreign lessees, the proportions of revenue generated within and outside of California, the amount of executive compensation exceeding $1.0 million as defined in Section 162(m) of the Code and numerous other factors, including changes in tax law.

The Company qualified for the Employment Retention Credit (“ERC”) and recognized a credit of $0.8 million and $2.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, as a reduction to payroll tax.
8. Fair Value Measurements

The fair value of a financial instrument represents the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties in contrast to a forced sale or liquidation. Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information about the financial instrument. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of judgment, and therefore cannot be determined with precision.

Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Accounting standards establish a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value and also establishes the following three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating fair value disclosures for financial instruments:

•Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, receivables, and accounts payable: The amounts reported in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.

•Notes receivable: The carrying amount of the Company’s outstanding balance on its Notes receivable as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was estimated to have a fair value of approximately $84.6 million and $117.7 million, respectively, based on the fair value of estimated future payments calculated using interest rates that approximate prevailing market rates at each period end (Level 2 inputs).

•Investment in sales-type leases: The carrying amount of the Company's outstanding balance on its Investment in sales-type leases as of September 30, 2022 was estimated to have a fair value of approximately $6.7 million based on the fair value of estimated future payments calculated using interest rates that approximate prevailing market rates at each period end (Level 2 inputs). The Company did not have investment in sales-type leases at December 31, 2021.

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•Debt obligations: The carrying amount of the Company’s outstanding balance on its Debt obligations as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was estimated to have a fair value of approximately $1,554.7 million and $1,827.4 million, respectively, based on the fair value of estimated future payments calculated using interest rates that approximate prevailing market rates at each period end (Level 2 inputs).

Assets Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company measured the fair value of its interest rate swap agreements based on Level 2 inputs, due to the usage of inputs that can be corroborated by observable market data. The Company estimates the fair value of derivative instruments using a discounted cash flow technique and has used creditworthiness inputs that corroborate observable market data evaluating the Company’s and counterparties’ risk of non-performance. The net fair value of the interest rate swaps as of September 30, 2022 was $36.4 million, representing an asset. The net fair value of the interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2021 was $7.3 million, representing an asset of $8.0 million and a liability of $0.7 million. The Company recorded an adjustment to interest expense of $(2.7) million and $0.5 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $(3.3) million and $1.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, from derivative instruments.

Assets Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company determines fair value of long-lived assets held and used, such as Equipment held for operating lease and Equipment held for sale, by reference to independent appraisals, quoted market prices (e.g. an offer to purchase) and other factors. An impairment charge is recorded when the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value. The Company uses Level 2 inputs to measure write-downs of equipment held for lease and equipment held for sale.
Total Losses
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2022202120222021
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Equipment held for lease$654 $— $21,771 $4,113 
Equipment held for sale— — 78 — 
Total$654 $— $21,849 $4,113 

Write-downs of equipment to their estimated fair values totaled $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Write-downs of equipment to their estimated fair values totaled $21.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily reflecting an adjustment of the carrying value of four impaired engines. Of this write-down, $20.4 million reflects the impairment of two engines located in Russia which were determined, due to the Russia and Ukraine conflict, to be unrecoverable. The remaining write-downs were in the ordinary course of business. As of September 30, 2022, included within equipment held for lease and equipment held for sale was $33.3 million in remaining book values of 19 assets which were previously written down.

There were no write-downs of equipment for the three months ended September 30, 2021. Write-downs of equipment to their estimated fair values totaled $4.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, reflecting an adjustment of the carrying value of four impaired engines and one airframe.
9.  Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income, less preferred stock dividends and accretion of preferred stock issuance costs, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Treasury stock is excluded from the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock and dilutive securities outstanding during the period. Dilutive securities are common stock equivalents that are freely exercisable into common stock at less than market prices or otherwise dilute earnings if converted. The net effect of common stock equivalents is based on the incremental common stock that would be issued upon the vesting of restricted stock using the treasury stock method. Common stock equivalents are not included in diluted earnings per share when their inclusion is antidilutive. Additionally, redeemable preferred stock is not convertible and does not affect dilutive shares.

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There were no anti-dilutive shares for the three months ended September 30, 2022. There were 0.2 million anti-dilutive shares excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average earnings per common share for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. There were no anti-dilutive shares for the three months ended September 30, 2021. There were 0.2 million anti-dilutive shares excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average earnings per common share for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS (in thousands, except per share data):
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2022202120222021
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders$5,549 $2,044 $(11,398)$(884)
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding6,093 6,189 6,058 6,135 
Potentially dilutive common shares177 174 — — 
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding6,270 6,363 6,058 6,135 
Basic weighted average income (loss) per common share$0.91 $0.33 $(1.88)$(0.14)
Diluted weighted average income (loss) per common share$0.89 $0.32 $(1.88)$(0.14)
10. Equity

Common Stock Repurchase

Effective December 31, 2020, the Board of Directors approved the renewal of the existing common stock repurchase plan which allows for repurchases of up to $60.0 million of the Company's common stock, extending the plan through December 31, 2022. Repurchased shares are immediately retired. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company repurchased a total of 154,215 shares of common stock for approximately $5.2 million at a weighted average price of $33.98 per share. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company repurchased 135,118 shares of common stock for approximately $5.1 million at a weighted average price of $38.03 per share. At September 30, 2022, approximately $39.6 million is available to purchase shares under the plan.

Redeemable Preferred Stock

Dividends: The Company’s Series A-1 Preferred Stock and Series A-2 Preferred Stock accrue quarterly dividends at the rate per annum of 6.5% per share. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company paid total dividends of $2.4 million, respectively, on the Series A-1 and Series A-2 Preferred Stock.
11.  Stock-Based Compensation Plans

The components of stock-based compensation expense were as follows:
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2022202120222021
(in thousands)(in thousands)
2007 Stock Incentive Plan$— $9 $— $1,651 
2021 Stock Incentive Plan3,098 4,517 10,732 10,023 
Employee Stock Purchase Plan48 51 84 201 
Total Stock Compensation Expense$3,146 $4,577 $10,816 $11,875 

The significant stock compensation plans are described below.

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The 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”) was adopted in May 2007. Under the 2007 Plan, a total of 2,800,000 shares were authorized for stock-based compensation available in the form of either restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) or stock options. The RSAs are subject to service-based vesting, typically between one and four years, where a specific period of continued employment must pass before an award vests. The expense associated with these awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective vesting period, with forfeitures accounted for as they occur. For any vesting tranche of an award, the cumulative amount of compensation cost recognized is equal to the portion of the grant‑date fair value of the award tranche that is actually vested at that date. As of September 30, 2022, there were no stock options outstanding under the 2007 Plan.

The 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) was adopted in May 2018. Under the 2018 Plan, a total of 800,000 shares were authorized for stock-based compensation, plus the number of shares remaining under the 2007 Plan and any future forfeited awards under the 2007 Plan, in the form of RSAs. In November 2021, the 2018 Plan was amended and restated as the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) to increase the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan by 1,000,000 shares. The RSAs are subject to service and performance-based vesting, typically between one and four years, where a specific period of continued employment or service must pass before an award vests. The expense associated with these awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective vesting period, with forfeitures accounted for as they occur. For any vesting tranche of an award, the cumulative amount of compensation cost recognized is equal to the portion of the grant‑date fair value of the award tranche that is actually vested at that date.

As of September 30, 2022, the Company had granted 1,256,700 RSAs under the 2021 Plan and had 637,896 shares available for future issuance. The fair value of the restricted stock awards equaled the stock price at the grant date.

The following table summarizes the restricted stock activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2022:
Shares
Balance of unvested shares as of December 31, 2021560,608 
Shares granted330,400 
Shares forfeited— 
Shares vested(368,810)
Balance of unvested shares as of September 30, 2022522,198 

Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), as amended and restated effective November 10, 2021, 425,000 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance. Eligible employees may designate no more than 10% of their base cash compensation to be deducted each pay period for the purchase of common stock under the ESPP. Participants may purchase no more than 1,000 shares or $25,000 of common stock in any one calendar year. Each January 31 and July 31, shares of common stock are purchased with the employees’ payroll deductions from the immediately preceding six months at a price per share of 85% of the lesser of the market price of the common stock on the purchase date or the market price of the common stock on the date of entry into an offering period. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, 19,789 and 18,211 shares of common stock, respectively, were issued under the ESPP. The Company issues new shares through its transfer agent upon an employee stock purchase.
12. Reportable Segments

The Company has two reportable segments: (i) Leasing and Related Operations which involves acquiring and leasing, primarily pursuant to operating leases, commercial aircraft, aircraft engines and other aircraft equipment and the selective purchase and resale of commercial aircraft engines and other aircraft equipment and other related businesses and (ii) Spare Parts Sales which involves the purchase and resale of after-market engine parts, whole engines, engine modules and portable aircraft components.

The Company evaluates the performance of each of the segments based on profit or loss after general and administrative expenses. While the Company believes there are synergies between the two business segments, the segments are managed separately because each requires different business strategies.

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The following tables present a summary of the reportable segments (in thousands):
Three months ended September 30, 2022Leasing and 
Related Operations		Spare Parts SalesEliminationsTotal
Revenue:
Lease rent revenue$39,515 $— $— $39,515 
Maintenance reserve revenue20,438 — — 20,438 
Spare parts and equipment sales520 6,446 — 6,966 
Gain on sale of leased equipment920 — — 920 
Other revenue8,769 315 (32)9,052 
Total revenue70,162 6,761 (32)76,891 
Expenses:
Depreciation and amortization expense22,032 27 — 22,059 
Cost of spare parts and equipment sales43 4,161 — 4,204 
Write-down of equipment654 — — 654 
General and administrative21,824 964 — 22,788 
Technical expense2,139 — — 2,139 
Net finance costs:
Interest expense16,304 — — 16,304 
Total finance costs16,304 — — 16,304 
Total expenses62,996 5,152 — 68,148 
Income from operations$7,166 $1,609 $(32)$8,743 

Three months ended September 30, 2021Leasing and 
Related Operations		Spare Parts SalesEliminationsTotal
Revenue:
Lease rent revenue$32,908 $— $— $32,908 
Maintenance reserve revenue23,659 — — 23,659 
Spare parts and equipment sales85 4,980 26 5,091 
Gain on sale of leased equipment2,440 — — 2,440 
Other revenue6,421 319 (47)6,693 
Total revenue65,513 5,299 (21)70,791 
Expenses:
Depreciation and amortization expense21,246 28 — 21,274 
Cost of spare parts and equipment sales10 3,911 — 3,921 
General and administrative18,069 619 (26)18,662 
Technical expense2,524 — — 2,524 
Net finance costs:
Interest expense18,325 — — 18,325 
Total finance costs18,325 — — 18,325 
Total expenses60,174 4,558 (26)64,706 
Income from operations$5,339 $741 $5 $6,085 

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Nine months ended September 30, 2022Leasing and 
Related Operations		Spare Parts SalesEliminationsTotal
Revenue:
Lease rent revenue$114,344 $— $— $114,344 
Maintenance reserve revenue59,517 — — 59,517 
Spare parts and equipment sales771 19,617 — 20,388 
Gain on sale of leased equipment3,716 — — 3,716 
Gain on sale of financial assets3,116 — — 3,116 
Other revenue22,272 549 (119)22,702 
Total revenue203,736 20,166 (119)223,783 
Expenses:
Depreciation and amortization expense65,399 81 — 65,480 
Cost of spare parts and equipment sales53 16,027 — 16,080 
Write-down of equipment21,849 — — 21,849 
General and administrative64,212 2,608 — 66,820 
Technical expense11,222 — — 11,222 
Net finance costs:
Interest expense49,209 — — 49,209 
Total finance costs49,209 — — 49,209 
Total expenses211,944 18,716 — 230,660 
(Loss) income from operations$(8,208)$1,450 $(119)$(6,877)
Nine months ended September 30, 2021Leasing and 
Related Operations		Spare Parts SalesEliminationsTotal
Revenue:
Lease rent revenue$96,859 $— $— $96,859 
Maintenance reserve revenue60,749 — — 60,749 
Spare parts and equipment sales254 12,946 26 13,226 
Gain on sale of leased equipment2,440 — — 2,440 
Asset transition fee (1)6,256 — — 6,256 
Other revenue18,543 416 (101)18,858 
Total revenue185,101 13,362 (75)198,388 
Expenses:
Depreciation and amortization expense68,669 86 — 68,755 
Cost of spare parts and equipment sales18 11,004 (14)11,008 
Write-down of equipment4,113 — — 4,113 
General and administrative52,769 1,569 (26)54,312 
Technical expense6,130 — — 6,130 
Net finance costs:
Interest expense50,331 — — 50,331 
Total finance costs50,331 — — 50,331 
Total expenses182,030 12,659 (40)194,649 
Income from operations$3,071 $703 $(35)$3,739 
_____________________________
(1)Asset transition fee reflects the settlement received from the close out of an engine transition program.
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Leasing and 
Related Operations		Spare Parts SalesEliminationsTotal
Total assets as of September 30, 2022$2,490,465 $51,503 $— $2,541,968 
Total assets as of December 31, 2021$2,415,635 $47,292 $— $2,462,927 
13. Related Party Transactions
Joint Ventures

“Other revenue” on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income includes management fees earned of $0.4 million and $0.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $1.4 million and $1.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the servicing of engines for the WMES lease portfolio.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company sold two engines to WMES for $25.0 million.
Other
During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company paid approximately $35 thousand and $27 thousand, respectively, of expenses to Mikchalk Lake, LLC, an entity in which our Executive Chairman retains an ownership interest. These expenses were for lodging and other business-related services. Additionally, during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company paid a third-party vendor approximately $104 thousand under an exclusive use agreement for an aircraft used for business-related purposes. The third-party vendor leased the aircraft from a company which our Executive Chairman owns. These transactions were approved by the Board’s Independent Directors.



















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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included under Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In addition, reference should be made to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto and related “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 (the “2021 Form 10-K”). In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs, including potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. The financial information included in this discussion and in our consolidated financial statements may not be indicative of our consolidated financial position, operating results, changes in equity and cash flows in the future. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included earlier in this report.
Overview

Our core business is acquiring and leasing commercial aircraft and aircraft engines and related aircraft equipment pursuant to operating leases, all of which we sometimes collectively refer to as “equipment.” As of September 30, 2022, the majority of our leases were operating leases, with the exception of certain failed sale-leaseback transactions classified as notes receivable under the guidance provided by Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 842 and an investment in sales-type leases. As of September 30, 2022, we had 79 lessees in 40 countries. Our portfolio is continually changing due to equipment acquisitions and sales. As of September 30, 2022, $2,078.8 million of equipment held in our operating lease portfolio, $82.5 million of notes receivable, $21.4 million of maintenance rights, and $6.7 million of investment in sales-type leases represented 337 engines, twelve aircraft, one marine vessel and other leased parts and equipment. As of September 30, 2022, we also managed 333 engines, aircraft and related equipment on behalf of other parties.

Our wholly owned subsidiary Willis Asset Management Limited (“Willis Asset Management”) is focused on the engine management and consulting business. Willis Aeronautical Services, Inc. (“Willis Aero”) is a wholly owned subsidiary whose primary focus is the sale of aircraft engine parts and materials through the acquisition or consignment of aircraft and engines.

We actively manage our portfolio and structure our leases to maximize the residual values of our leased assets. Our leasing business focuses on popular Stage IV commercial jet engines manufactured by CFMI, General Electric, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls Royce and International Aero Engines. These engines are the most widely used engines in the world, powering Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier and Embraer aircraft.

Risks and Uncertainties

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company had temporarily closed its headquarters and other offices, required its employees and contractors to predominately work remotely, and implemented travel restrictions, all of which represented a significant disruption in how the Company operates its business. In January 2022, the Company lifted travel restrictions and has also subsequently opened its corporate headquarters and other offices for employees and contractors to work from offices at their discretion. The Company has also taken various proactive actions in an attempt to mitigate the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The operations of the Company’s partners and customers have likewise been disrupted. The worldwide spread of the COVID-19 virus has resulted in a global slowdown of economic activity. While the duration and extent of the COVID-19 pandemic depends on future developments that cannot be accurately predicted at this time, such as the extent and effectiveness of containment actions, it has had an adverse effect on the global economy and the ultimate societal and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown. In particular, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions to the airline industry and has resulted in a dramatic reduction in demand for air travel domestically and abroad, which is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. Lower demand for air travel in turn presents significant risks to the Company, resulting in impacts which have adversely affected the Company’s business, results of operation, and financial condition. Lower demand for spare parts and engine and airframe leasing has negatively impacted collections of accounts receivable, caused the Company’s lessee customers to not enter into new leases, resulted in reduced spending by new and existing customers for leases or spare parts or equipment, resulted in lower usage fees, caused some of the Company’s customers to go out of business, and limited the ability of the Company’s personnel to travel to customers and potential customers. The Company is not able to evaluate or foresee the full extent of these impacts at the current time.

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The scope and nature of the impact of COVID-19 on the airline industry, and in turn our business, continue to evolve and the outcomes are uncertain. Given the uncertainty in the rapidly changing market and economic conditions related to COVID-19, we will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact to our business and financial position. The ultimate extent of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our Company will depend on future developments, and such effects could exist for an extended period of time.

In February 2022, Russia commenced a military action with Ukraine. As a result of this action, various nations, including the United States, have instituted economic sanctions against Russia. Further, the full impact of this action and related sanctions on the world economy is not determinable as of the date of these financial statements, and the specific impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows is also not determinable as of the date of these financial statements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from the information provided in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our 2021 Form 10-K.
Results of Operations
Three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021
Revenue is summarized as follows:
Three months ended September 30,
20222021% Change
(dollars in thousands)
Lease rent revenue$39,515 $32,908 20.1 %
Maintenance reserve revenue20,438 23,659 (13.6)%
Spare parts and equipment sales6,966 5,091 36.8 %
Gain on sale of leased equipment920 2,440 (62.3)%
Other revenue9,052 6,693 35.2 %
Total revenue$76,891 $70,791 8.6 %

Lease Rent Revenue. Lease rent revenue consists of rental income from long-term and short-term engine leases, aircraft leases, and other leased parts and equipment. Lease rent revenue increased by $6.6 million, or 20.1%, to $39.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 from $32.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase is due to an increase in the number of engines acquired and placed on lease. This increase is partially offset by a decline in portfolio utilization and a lower lease rent factor due to leases on newer technology engines which tend to have longer term leases and lower rent rates. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we purchased equipment (including capitalized costs) totaling $139.4 million, which consisted of 37 engines and other parts and equipment purchased for our lease portfolio. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, we purchased equipment (including capitalized costs) totaling $106.5 million, which consisted of 25 engines and other parts and equipment purchased for our lease portfolio.
One customer accounted for more than 10% of total lease rent revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
At September 30, 2022, the aggregate net book value of equipment held for lease consisted of $2,078.8 million, $82.5 million notes receivable, $21.4 million of maintenance rights, and $6.7 million investment in sales-type leases. At September 30, 2021, the aggregate net book value of equipment held for lease consisted of $1,971.3 million, $196.1 million notes receivable, and $22.5 million of maintenance rights. Average utilization (based on net book value) was approximately 80% and 82% for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Maintenance Reserve Revenue. Maintenance reserve revenue decreased $3.2 million, or 13.6%, to $20.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 from $23.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. Long-term maintenance revenue is influenced by end of lease compensation and the realization of long-term maintenance reserves associated with engines coming off lease. Long-term maintenance revenue was $4.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $18.6 million in the comparable prior period. “Non-reimbursable” maintenance reserve revenue is directly influenced by on lease engine flight hours and cycles. Engines out on lease with “non-reimbursable” usage fees generated $16.0 million of short-term maintenance revenues compared to $5.0 million in the comparable prior period, resulting from a recovery in global flight traffic subsequent to the most significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Spare Parts and Equipment Sales. Spare parts and equipment sales increased by $1.9 million, or 36.8%, to $7.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $5.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. Spare part sales for the three months ended September 30, 2022 were $6.6 million, compared to $5.1 million in the comparable period of 2021. The increase in spare parts sales for the third quarter of 2022 was driven by an industry-wide increase in engine and aircraft utilization and the demand for parts associated with such increase compared to the prior year period. Equipment sales for the three months ended September 30, 2022 were $0.4 million for the sale of one engine. There were no equipment sales for the three months ended September 30, 2021.
Gain on Sale of Leased Equipment. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we sold two engines from the lease portfolio for a net gain of $0.9 million. During the three months ended September 30, 2021, we sold six engines, one airframe and
other parts and equipment from the lease portfolio for a net gain of $2.4 million.
Other Revenue. Other revenue increased by $2.4 million, or 35.2%, to $9.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 from $6.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. Other revenue consists primarily of management fee income, lease administration fees, third party consignment commissions earned, service fee revenue, interest income on notes receivable related to failed sale-leasebacks where the Company was the buyer-lessor, and other discrete revenue items. Other revenue growth was primarily related to an increase in managed service revenues, offset by a decline in interest income.
Depreciation and Amortization Expense. Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $0.8 million, or 3.7%, to $22.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $21.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase reflects the growth in the portfolio as compared to the prior year period.
Cost of Spare Parts and Equipment Sales. Cost of spare parts and equipment sales increased by $0.3 million, or 7.2%, to $4.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $3.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. Cost of spare parts for the three months ended September 30, 2022 were $4.2 million compared to $3.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. Cost of equipment sales were $43 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2022. There was no equipment or cost of equipment sales for the three months ended September 30, 2021.
Write-down of Equipment. Write-down of equipment was $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, reflecting the write-down of one engine. There was no write-down of equipment for the three months ended September 30, 2021.
General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by $4.1 million, or 22.1%, to $22.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $18.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. Personnel costs increased by $1.4 million as the prior year period included a $0.8 million reduction resulting from the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act employee retention credit. Additionally, with the lifting of travel bans and the opening of various markets, travel and related costs increased by $1.2 million as our sales force reengaged with customers globally.

Technical Expense. Technical expense consists of the non-capitalized cost of engine repairs, engine thrust rental fees, outsourced technical support services, sublease engine rental expense, engine storage and freight costs. Technical expense decreased by $0.4 million to $2.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $2.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021.

Net Finance Costs. Net finance costs decreased $2.0 million, or 11.0%, to $16.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $18.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. The reduction in interest expense is primarily related to assets transitioning in our WEST VI financing, which allowed for restricted cash to pay down credit facility indebtedness.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $3.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021. The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2022 was 23.6% compared to 52.8% in the prior year period. The Company’s effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to executive compensation exceeding $1.0 million as defined in Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”).
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Nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021
Revenue is summarized as follows:
Nine months ended September 30,
20222021% Change
(dollars in thousands)
Lease rent revenue$114,344 $96,859 18.1 %
Maintenance reserve revenue59,517 60,749 (2.0)%
Spare parts and equipment sales20,388 13,226 54.2 %
Gain on sale of leased equipment3,716 2,440 52.3 %
Gain on sale of financial assets3,116 — N/A
Asset transition fee— 6,256 (100.0)%
Other revenue22,702 18,858 20.4 %
Total revenue$223,783 $198,388 12.8 %
 
Lease Rent Revenue. Lease rent revenue increased by $17.5 million, or 18.1%, to $114.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $96.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase is due to an increase in the number of engines acquired and placed on lease, including an increase in utilization compared to the prior year period. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we purchased equipment (including capitalized costs) totaling $220.7 million, which consisted of 37 engines and other parts and equipment purchased for our lease portfolio. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we purchased equipment (including capitalized costs) totaling $170.3 million, which primarily consisted of 32 engines, one aircraft, and other parts and equipment purchased for our lease portfolio.
One customer accounted for more than 10% of total lease rent revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
At September 30, 2022, the aggregate net book value of equipment held for lease consisted of $2,078.8 million, $82.5 million notes receivable, $21.4 million of maintenance rights, and $6.7 million investment in sales-type leases. At September 30, 2021, the aggregate net book value of equipment held for lease consisted of $1,971.3 million, $196.1 million notes receivable, and $22.5 million of maintenance rights. Average utilization (based on net book value) was approximately 82% and 81% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
 
Maintenance Reserve Revenue. Maintenance reserve revenue decreased $1.2 million, or 2.0%, to $59.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 from $60.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Long-term maintenance revenue was $27.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $50.6 million in the prior year period. Engines out on lease with “non-reimbursable” usage fees generated $31.8 million of short-term maintenance revenues compared to $10.2 million in the comparable prior period, resulting from an increase in global flight traffic subsequent to the most significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
 
Spare Parts and Equipment Sales. Spare parts and equipment sales increased by $7.2 million, or 54.2%, to $20.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $13.2 million in the prior year period. Spare part sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $20.0 million, compared to $13.2 million in the comparable period of 2021. The increase in spare parts sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was driven by an industry-wide increase in engine and aircraft utilization and the demand for parts associated with such increase compared to the prior year period. Equipment sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $0.4 million for the sale of one engine. There were no equipment sales during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
 
Gain on Sale of Leased Equipment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we sold fifteen engines and other parts and equipment from the lease portfolio for a net gain of $3.7 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we sold six engines, one airframe and other parts and equipment from the lease portfolio for a net gain of $2.4 million.
Gain on Sale of Financial Assets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we sold four notes receivable for a net gain of $3.1 million. There was no gain on sale of financial assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Asset Transition Fee. There was no asset transition fee in the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Asset transition fee of $6.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021 reflects a settlement received from the close out of an engine transition program.
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Other Revenue. Other revenue increased by $3.8 million, or 20.4%, to $22.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 from $18.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Other revenue consists primarily of management fee income, lease administration fees, third party consignment commissions earned, service fee revenue, interest income on notes receivable related to failed sale-leasebacks where the Company was the buyer-lessor, and other discrete revenue items. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the prior year period primarily reflects increased service revenue. Other revenue growth was primarily related to an increase in managed service revenues, offset by a decline in interest income.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $3.3 million, or 4.8%, to $65.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $68.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The decrease reflects certain assets reaching their residual values as compared to the prior year period.
 
Cost of Spare Parts and Equipment Sales. Cost of spare parts and equipment sales increased by $5.1 million, or 46.1%, to $16.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $11.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Cost of spare parts for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $16.0 million compared to $11.0 million in the prior year period due to higher spare parts sales and aged lot write-downs. Cost of equipment sales were $43 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. There was no equipment or cost of equipment sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
 
Write-down of Equipment. Write-down of equipment was $21.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily reflecting the write-down of four engines. Of this write-down, $20.4 million reflects the impairment of two engines located in Russia which were determined due to the Russia and Ukraine conflict to be unrecoverable. The remaining write-downs were in the ordinary course of business. Write-down of equipment was $4.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, primarily reflecting the write-down of four engines and one airframe.
 
General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by $12.5 million, or 23.0%, to $66.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $54.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase primarily reflects a $5.3 million increase in personnel costs, inclusive of $1.0 million in bonus expense not incurred in the comparable period, as well as a $2.2 million reduction to the prior year period personnel costs resulting from the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act employee retention credit. Additionally, with the lifting of travel bans and the opening of various markets, travel and related costs increased by $3.2 million as our sales force reengaged with customers globally.
 
Technical Expense. Technical expense increased by $5.1 million, or 83.1%, to $11.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $6.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase is primarily due to an increase in engine maintenance due to an industry-wide increase in engine and aircraft utilization and engine hub repairs resulting from a FAA airworthiness directive, as compared to the prior year period.
 
Net Finance Costs. Net finance costs decreased by $1.1 million, or 2.2%, to $49.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $50.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The reduction in interest expense is primarily related to assets transitioning in our WEST VI financing, which allowed for restricted cash to pay down credit facility indebtedness.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was (5.9)% compared to 37.0% in the prior year period. The Company’s effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to executive compensation exceeding $1.0 million as defined in Section 162(m) of the Code and a discrete item recorded in 2022 associated with a write-down of engines due to the Russia and Ukraine conflict.
Financial Position, Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
At September 30, 2022, the Company had $81.4 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, of which $11.9 million was unrestricted. We fund our operations primarily from cash provided by our leasing activities. We finance our growth through borrowings secured primarily by our equipment lease portfolio. Cash of approximately $219.0 million and $477.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, was derived from our borrowing activities. In these same time periods, $160.9 million and $355.9 million, respectively, was used to pay down related debt.

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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global business environment has caused and could result in additional customer bankruptcies, early lease returns, payment defaults, and rental concessions which could reduce rent or result in deferred customer payments, negatively impacting our financial results.

For any interest rate swaps that we enter into, we will be exposed to risk in the event of non-performance of the interest rate hedge counter-parties. We anticipate that we may hedge additional amounts of our floating rate debt in the future.
Cash Flows Discussion
Cash flows provided by operating activities were $82.3 million and $68.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Cash flows from operations are driven significantly by payments made under our lease agreements, which comprise lease revenue, security deposits and maintenance reserves, and are offset by interest expense and general and administrative costs. Cash received as maintenance reserve payments for some of our engines on lease are partially restricted by our debt arrangements. The lease revenue stream, in the short-term, is at fixed rates while a portion of our debt is at variable rates. If interest rates increase, it is unlikely we could increase lease rates in the short term and this would cause a reduction in our earnings and operating cash flows. Revenue and maintenance reserves are also affected by the amount of equipment off lease. Approximately 80% and 82%, by book value, of our assets were on-lease as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The average utilization rate (based on net book value) for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was approximately 82% and 81%, respectively. If there is an increase in off-lease rates or deterioration in lease rates that are not offset by reductions in interest rates, there will be a negative impact on earnings and cash flows from operations.

Cash flows used in investing activities were $143.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and primarily reflected $15.3 million related to leases entered into during 2021 which were classified as notes receivable under ASC 842 and $220.7 million for the purchase of equipment held for operating lease (including capitalized costs and prepaid deposits made in the period), offset by proceeds from sale of equipment (net of selling expenses) and proceeds from sale of notes receivable (net of selling expenses) of $53.4 million and $40.7 million, respectively. Cash flows used in investing activities were $180.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021, and primarily reflected $44.4 million related to leases entered into during the first half of 2021 which were classified as notes receivable under ASC 842 and $170.3 million for the purchase of equipment held for operating lease (including capitalized costs and prepaid deposits made in the period).
Cash flows provided by financing activities were $47.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and primarily reflected $219.0 million in proceeds from debt obligations, partially offset by $160.9 million in principal payments and $5.2 million of share repurchases. Cash flows provided by financing activities were $104.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and primarily reflected $477.7 million in proceeds from debt obligations, partially offset by $355.9 million in principal payments and $5.1 million of share repurchases.
Preferred Stock Dividends
The Company’s Series A-1 Preferred Stock and Series A-2 Preferred Stock accrue quarterly dividends at the rate per annum of 6.5% per share. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company paid total dividends of $2.4 million, respectively, on the Series A-1 and Series A-2 Preferred Stock.
Debt Obligations and Covenant Compliance
At September 30, 2022, debt obligations consisted of loans totaling $1,851.7 million, net of unamortized issuance costs, payable with interest rates varying between approximately 3.1% and 7.4%. Substantially all of our assets are pledged to secure our obligations to creditors. For further information on our debt instruments, see Note 5 “Debt Obligations” in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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Virtually all of our debt requires our ongoing compliance with certain financial covenants including debt/equity ratios, minimum tangible net worth and minimum interest coverage ratios, and other eligibility criteria including customer and geographic concentration restrictions. Under our revolving credit facility, we can borrow no more than 85% of an engine’s net book value and 65% of an airframe’s, spare parts inventory’s or other assets net book value. Therefore, we must have other available funds for the balance of the purchase price of any new equipment to be purchased. Our revolving credit facility, certain indentures and other debt related agreements also contain cross-default provisions. If we do not comply with the covenants or eligibility requirements, we may not be permitted to borrow additional funds and accelerated payments may become necessary. Additionally, much of the debt is secured by engines and aircraft, and to the extent that engines or aircraft are sold, repayment of that portion of the debt could be required.

At September 30, 2022, we were in compliance with the covenants specified in our revolving credit facility, including the Interest Coverage Ratio requirement of at least 2.25 to 1.00, and the Total Leverage Ratio requirement to remain below 4.50 to 1.00. The Interest Coverage Ratio, as defined in the credit facility, is the ratio of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) and other one-time charges to consolidated interest expense. The Total Leverage Ratio, as defined in the credit facility, is the ratio of total indebtedness to tangible net worth. At September 30, 2022, we were in compliance with the covenants specified in the WEST III, WEST IV, WEST V and WEST VI indentures and servicing and other debt related agreements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of September 30, 2022, we had no material off-balance sheet arrangements or obligations that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, change in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources that are material to investors.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Repayments of our gross debt obligations primarily consist of scheduled installments due under term loans and are funded by the use of unrestricted cash reserves and from cash flows from ongoing operations. The table below summarizes our contractual commitments at September 30, 2022:
Payment due by period (in thousands)
TotalLess than
1 Year		1-3 Years3-5 YearsMore than
5 Years
Debt obligations$1,867,680 $84,307 $824,194 $475,016 $484,163 
Interest payments under debt obligations268,516 78,129 108,517 62,794 19,076 
Operating lease obligations5,851 1,390 2,364 1,238 859 
Purchase obligations465,021 66,812 305,439 92,770 — 
Total$2,607,068 $230,638 $1,240,514 $631,818 $504,098 

From time to time we enter into contractual commitments to purchase engines directly from original equipment manufacturers. As of the date of this report we are currently committed to purchasing nineteen additional new LEAP-1A engines for $298.5 million and ten additional new LEAP-1B engines for $166.5 million. Our purchase agreements generally contain terms that allow the Company to defer or cancel purchase commitments in certain situations. These deferrals or conversions would not result in penalties or increased costs other than any potential increase due to the normal year-over-year change in engine list prices, which is akin to ordinary inflation. The Company continues to expect demand for LEAP-1B engines to increase as the 737 Max continues to be re-certified and aircraft (and their installed engines) that have been parked and in storage for more than one year begin the technical process of returning to service.

In May 2021, we entered into a commitment for future maintenance services which are anticipated to cost $24.0 million by 2024.

In December 2020, we entered into definitive agreements for the purchase of 25 modern technology aircraft engines. As part of the purchase, we have committed to certain future overhaul and maintenance services which are anticipated to range between $73.8 million and $112.0 million by 2030.

We have estimated the interest payments due under debt obligations by applying the interest rates applicable at September 30, 2022 to the remaining debt, adjusted for the estimated debt repayments identified in the table above. Actual interest payments made will vary due to changes in the rates for one-month LIBOR.

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We believe our equity base, internally generated funds and existing debt facilities are sufficient to maintain our level of operations for the next twelve months. A decline in the level of internally generated funds could result if the amount of equipment off-lease increases, there is a decrease in availability under our existing debt facilities, or there is a significant step-up in borrowing costs. Such decline would impair our ability to sustain our level of operations. We continue to discuss additions to our capital base with our commercial and investment banks. If we are not able to access additional capital, our ability to continue to grow our asset base consistent with historical trends will be impaired and our future growth limited to that which can be funded from internally generated capital.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The most recent adopted accounting pronouncements and accounting pronouncements to be adopted by the Company are described in Note 1 to our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Our primary market risk exposure is that of interest rate risk. A change in LIBOR rates would affect our cost of borrowing. Increases in interest rates, which may cause us to raise the implicit rates charged to our customers, could result in a reduction in demand for our leases. Alternatively, we may price our leases based on market rates so as to keep the fleet on-lease and suffer a decrease in our operating margin due to interest costs that we are unable to pass on to our customers. As of September 30, 2022, $702.0 million of our outstanding debt is variable rate debt. We estimate that for every one percent increase or decrease in interest rates on our variable rate debt, net of our interest rate swaps, our annual interest expense would increase or decrease by $2.0 million.
We hedge a portion of our borrowings from time to time, effectively fixing the rate of these borrowings. This hedging activity helps protect us against reduced margins on longer term fixed rate leases. Such hedging activities may limit our ability to participate in the benefits of any decrease in interest rates but may also protect us from increases in interest rates. Furthermore, since lease rates tend to vary with interest rate levels, it is possible that we can adjust lease rates for the effect of changes in interest rates at the termination of leases. Other financial assets and liabilities are at fixed rates.
We are also exposed to currency devaluation risk. Substantially all of our leases require payment in U.S. dollars. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, 58% and 54%, respectively, of our lease rent revenues came from non-United States domiciled lessees. If these lessees’ currency devalues against the U.S. dollar, the lessees could potentially encounter difficulty in making their lease payments.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures

(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. In accordance with Rule 13a-15(b) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness and design of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of September 30, 2022, as the material weakness described below has been remediated, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b) Previously reported material weakness in internal control over financial reporting. During the review process related to the three months ended March 31, 2022, management, together with the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, identified a material weakness in one of the Company’s internal controls related to the review of the quarterly income tax provision. Specifically, the Company’s evaluation of the quarterly income tax provision did not include a review process sufficiently precise to evaluate the accuracy of the income tax expense (benefit) calculation during the quarter ended March 31, 2022. Additionally, the review was not sufficiently detailed to identify a material misstatement in the calculation of the income tax expense (benefit).

In connection with the material weakness as it relates the review of the quarterly income tax provision that was identified as of and for the quarter ended March 31, 2022, management re-evaluated the effectiveness of such controls as of September 30, 2022 and concluded that such controls were operating effectively as of September 30, 2022. The remediation of the material weakness included, but was not limited to, improving our existing tax controls relating to the review of the quarterly income tax provision, including an assessment of the accuracy of the income tax expense (benefit) calculation. The Company also allocated additional accounting resources to prepare and review the income tax provision.
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(c) Changes in internal control over financial reporting. Other than as described above, there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during our fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Investors should carefully consider the risks in the “Risk Factors” in Part 1: Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on March 14, 2022, and our other filings with the SEC. These risks are not the only ones facing the Company. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also impair our business operations. Any of these risks could adversely affect our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. The trading price of our common stock could fluctuate due to any of these risks, and investors may lose all or part of their investment. In assessing these risks, investors should also refer to the other information contained or incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
(a) None.
(b) None.
(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Effective December 31, 2020, the Board of Directors approved the renewal of the existing common stock repurchase plan, which allows for repurchases of up to $60.0 million of the Company's common stock, extending the plan through December 31, 2022. No shares were repurchased during the three months ended September 30, 2022.
Item 5. Other Information

On June 27, 2022, the Compensation Committee of the Board approved entering into a new employment agreement with Brian R. Hole, currently the Company’s President since April 2016, to continue to serve as the Company’s President, effective retroactively to April 1, 2022. The agreement, approved by the Board on August 1, 2022 and executed on August 2, 2022, also provides that if the Company establishes a subsidiary to engage in providing long-term debt and/or finance leases (the “LendCo”), Mr. Hole will serve as the leader of that subsidiary. The agreement provides that Mr. Hole is entitled to an initial annual base salary of $520,950, and establishes his target annual bonus opportunity at 85% of his annual base salary. Mr. Hole is also eligible to receive a LendCo incentive bonus at 5% of the net spread earned from growing the Company’s long-term lending activities through finance leases and loan products for aviation assets.

The foregoing description of the employment agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the employment agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 10.1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and is incorporated herein by reference.

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Item 6.
EXHIBITS
Exhibit  NumberDescription
10.1
31.1
31.2
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101.INSXBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101The following financial statements from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Preferred Stock and Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Date: November 4, 2022
Willis Lease Finance Corporation
By:/s/ Scott B. Flaherty
Scott B. Flaherty
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
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