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__________________________

British Columbia, Canada						N/A
(State or other jurisdiction of						(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)						Identification No.)
111 Peter St., Suite 300
Toronto, Ontario						M5V 2H1
(Address of principal executive offices)						(Zip Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class

Trading Symbol

Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

Common Shares, no par value

CRON

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.                Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.                    Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).                Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

x

Accelerated filer

o

Non-accelerated filer

o

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☒ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes ☐ No x

Certain information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K will either be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference to the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, or will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be filed no later than 120 days after the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Table of Contents

PART I

Item 1.

Business

4

Item 1A.

Risk Factors

18

Item 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments

49

Item 2.

Properties

49

Item 3.

Legal Proceedings

49

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosure

51

PART II

Item 5.

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

52

Item 6.

Reserved

53

Item 7.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

54

Item 7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

71

Item 8.

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

73

Item 9.

Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

123

Item 9A.

Controls and Procedures

123

Item 9B.

Other Information

125

Item 9C.

Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

125

PART III

Item 10.

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

126

Item 11.

Executive Compensation

126

Item 12.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

126

Item 13.

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

126

Item 14.

Principal Accounting Fees and Services

126

PART IV

Item 15.

Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

127

Unless otherwise noted or the context indicates otherwise, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”) to the “Company”, “Cronos”, “we”, “us” and “our” refer to Cronos Group Inc., its direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries and, if applicable, its joint ventures and investments accounted for by the equity method; the term “cannabis” means the plant of any species or subspecies of genus Cannabis and any part of that plant, including all derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers; the term “U.S. hemp” has the meaning given to term “hemp” in the U.S. Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 (the “2018 Farm Bill”), including hemp-derived cannabidiol (“CBD”); and the term “U.S. Schedule I cannabis” means cannabis excluding U.S. hemp.

This report contains references to our trademarks and trade names and to trademarks and trade names belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this report may appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks or trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us or our business by, any other companies.

All currency amounts in this Annual Report are stated in U.S. dollars, which is our reporting currency, unless otherwise noted. All references to “dollars” or “$” are to U.S. dollars; all references to “C$” are to Canadian dollars; all references to “A$” are to Australian dollars; and all references to “ILS” are to New Israeli Shekels.

(Exchange rates are shown as C$ per $)			As of December 31,
			2022						2021						2020
Average rate			1.3017						1.2541						1.3411
Spot rate			1.3554						1.2746						1.2751

All summaries of agreements described herein are qualified by the full text of such agreements (certain of which are filed as exhibits hereto).

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Forward-Looking Statements include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to:

•expectations related to our announced realignment (the “Realignment”) and any progress, challenges and effects related thereto as well as changes in strategy, metrics, investments, reporting structure, costs, operating expenses, employee turnover and other changes with respect thereto;

•the timing of the change in the nature of operations at our facility in Stayner, Ontario (the “Peace Naturals Campus”) and the expected costs and benefits from the wind-down of cultivation and certain production activities at the Peace Naturals Campus;

•our ability to effectively wind-down cultivation and certain production activities at the Peace Naturals Campus in an organized fashion and acquire raw materials from other suppliers, including Cronos Growing Company Inc. (“Cronos GrowCo”), and the costs and timing associated therewith;

•expectations regarding the potential success of, and the costs and benefits associated with, our joint ventures, strategic alliances and equity investments, including the strategic partnership (the “Ginkgo Strategic Partnership”) with Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (“Ginkgo”);

•our ability or plans to identify, develop, commercialize or expand our technology and research and development (“R&D”) initiatives in cannabinoids, or the success thereof;

•expectations regarding revenues, expenses, gross margins and capital expenditures;

•expectations regarding our future production and manufacturing strategy and operations, the costs and timing associated therewith and the receipt of applicable production and sale licenses;

•the ongoing impact of the legalization of additional cannabis product types and forms for adult-use in Canada, including federal, provincial, territorial and municipal regulations pertaining thereto, the related timing and impact thereof and our intentions to participate in such markets;

•the legalization of the use of cannabis for medical or adult-use in jurisdictions outside of Canada, the related timing and impact thereof and our intentions to participate in such markets, if and when such use is legalized;

•the grant, renewal, withdrawal, suspension, delay and impact of any license or supplemental license to conduct activities with cannabis or any amendments thereof;

•our ability to successfully create and launch brands and further create, launch and scale U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoid consumer products and cannabis products;

•the benefits, viability, safety, efficacy, dosing and social acceptance of cannabis, including CBD and other cannabinoids;

•laws and regulations and any amendments thereto applicable to our business and the impact thereof, including uncertainty regarding the application of United States (“U.S.”) state and federal law to U.S. hemp (including CBD and other U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoids) products and the scope of any regulations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”), the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (the “DEA”), the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”), the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (the “PTO”) and any state equivalent regulatory agencies over U.S. hemp (including CBD and other U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoids) products;

•the laws and regulations and any amendments thereto relating to the U.S. hemp industry in the U.S., including the promulgation of regulations for the U.S. hemp industry by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (the “USDA”) and relevant state regulatory authorities;

•the anticipated benefits and impact of Altria Group Inc.’s investment in the Company (the “Altria Investment”), pursuant to a subscription agreement dated December 7, 2018;

•uncertainties as to our ability to exercise our option (the “PharmaCann Option”) in PharmaCann Inc. (“PharmaCann”), in the near term or the future, in full or in part, including the uncertainties as to the status and future development of federal legalization of cannabis in the U.S. and our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the transaction with PharmaCann;

•expectations regarding the implementation and effectiveness of key personnel changes;

•expectations regarding acquisitions and dispositions and the anticipated benefits therefrom;

•our ability to timely and effectively remediate any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting;

•expectations of the amount or frequency of impairment losses, including as a result of the write-down of intangible assets, including goodwill;

•the uncertainties associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, including our ability, and the abilities of our joint ventures and our suppliers and distributors, to effectively deal with the restrictions, limitations and health issues presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, the ability to continue our production, distribution and sale of our products, and demand for and the use of our products by consumers;

•the impact of the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine (and resulting sanctions) on our business, financial condition and results of operations or cash flows;

•our compliance with the terms of the settlement with the SEC (the “SEC Order”) and the settlement with the Ontario Securities Commission (the “OSC Settlement”), including complying with any recommendations made by the independent consultant appointed pursuant to the SEC Order (the “Consultant”); and

•the impact of the loss of our ability to rely on private offering exemptions under Regulation D of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and the loss of our status as a well-known seasoned issuer, each as a result the SEC Order.

Certain of the Forward-Looking Statements contained herein concerning the industries in which we conduct our business are based on estimates prepared by us using data from publicly available governmental sources, market research, industry analysis and on assumptions based on data and knowledge of these industries, which we believe to be reasonable. However, although generally indicative of relative market positions, market shares and performance characteristics, such data is inherently imprecise. The industries in which we conduct our business involve risks and uncertainties that are subject to change based on various factors, which are described further below.

Forward-Looking Statements are provided for the purposes of assisting the reader in understanding our financial performance, financial position and cash flows as of and for periods ended on certain dates and to present information about management’s current expectations and plans relating to the future, and the reader is cautioned not to place undue reliance on these Forward-Looking Statements because of their inherent uncertainty and to appreciate the limited purposes for which they are being used by management. While we believe that the assumptions and expectations reflected in the Forward-Looking Statements are reasonable based on information currently available to management, there is no assurance that such assumptions and expectations will prove to have been correct. Forward-Looking Statements are made as of the date they are made and are based on the beliefs, estimates, expectations and opinions of management on that date. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any Forward-Looking Statements, whether as a result of new information, estimates or opinions, future events or results or otherwise or to explain any material difference between subsequent actual events and such Forward-Looking Statements. The Forward-Looking Statements contained in this Annual Report and other reports we file with, or furnish to, the SEC and other regulatory agencies and made by our directors, officers, other employees and other persons authorized to speak on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

General

Cronos is incorporated under the laws of the Province of British Columbia with principal executive offices located at 111 Peter Street, Suite 300, Toronto, Ontario M5V 2H1. Our telephone number is +1-416-504-0004, our website is https://thecronosgroup.com/ and the investor relations section of our website is https://ir.thecronosgroup.com/. All references to our website are inactive references, are for informational purposes only and are not intended to incorporate any information from or referenced on our website into this Annual Report.

Our common shares are currently listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) and on the NASDAQ Global Market (“Nasdaq”) under the trading symbol “CRON.”

Description of the Business

Overview

Cronos is an innovative global cannabinoid company committed to building disruptive intellectual property by advancing cannabis research, technology and product development. With a passion to responsibly elevate the consumer experience, Cronos is building an iconic brand portfolio. Cronos’ diverse international brand portfolio includes Spinach®, PEACE NATURALS® and Lord Jones®.

Strategy

Cronos seeks to create value for shareholders by focusing on four core strategic priorities:

•growing a portfolio of iconic brands that responsibly elevate the consumer experience;

•developing a diversified global sales and distribution network;

•establishing an efficient global supply chain; and

•creating and monetizing disruptive intellectual property.

Business Segments

Cronos reports through two segments: “United States” and “Rest of World.” These two segments represent the geographic regions in which the Company operates and the different product offerings within each geographic region.

United States

Our U.S. operational subsidiaries (collectively, “Redwood”) manufacture, market and distribute U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoid products through e-commerce, retail and hospitality partner channels in the United States under the Lord Jones® brand.

Strategic Investment in PharmaCann, Inc.

On June 14, 2021, Cronos USA Holdings Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, purchased an option (the “PharmaCann Option”), with an exercise price of $0.0001 per share, to acquire an approximately 10.5% ownership stake in PharmaCann, Inc. (“PharmaCann”) on a fully diluted basis for total consideration of approximately $110.4 million. PharmaCann is a leading vertically integrated U.S. cannabis company that has a broad geographic footprint in the U.S. and has built an efficient, effective and scalable operating model. The PharmaCann Option exercise will be based upon various factors, including the status of U.S. federal cannabis legalization, as well as regulatory approvals, including in the states where PharmaCann operates that may be required upon exercise. Following the exercise of the PharmaCann Option, the Company and PharmaCann will enter into commercial agreements that would permit each party to offer its products through either party’s distribution channels.

On February 28, 2022, PharmaCann closed its merger transaction with LivWell Holdings, Inc. (“LivWell”) pursuant to which PharmaCann acquired LivWell (the “LivWell Transaction”). LivWell is a multi-state cannabis cultivation and retail leader based in Colorado. As a result of the LivWell Transaction, the Company’s ownership percentage in PharmaCann on a fully diluted basis decreased to approximately 6.4%. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s ownership percentage in PharmaCann on a fully diluted basis was approximately 6.3%. Under the terms of the Company’s investment in PharmaCann, the Company’s rights to nominate an observer or a director to the PharmaCann board of directors could be lost if the Company’s ownership drops below 6% on a fully diluted basis and it sells or transfers all or any portion of the option (subject to certain exceptions). As a result, further dilution could adversely affect the Company’s rights under the PharmaCann Option.

No U.S. Schedule I Cannabis-Related Activities

On December 20, 2018, the 2018 Farm Bill was enacted in the U.S., removing U.S. hemp from the list of Schedule I controlled substances under the U.S. Controlled Substances Act (the “CSA”), and on January 19, 2021, the USDA issued a final rule establishing a domestic U.S. hemp production regulatory program, effective March 2021. Though a number of states in the U.S. have authorized the cultivation, distribution or possession of U.S. Schedule I cannabis and U.S. Schedule I cannabis containing products to various degrees and subject to various requirements or conditions, U.S. Schedule I cannabis continues to be a Schedule I controlled substance under the CSA. Therefore, the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and possession of U.S. Schedule I cannabis violates federal law in the U.S. unless a U.S. federal agency, such as the DEA, grants a registration for a specific activity, such as research, with U.S. Schedule I cannabis.

We do not engage in any activities related to U.S. Schedule I cannabis in the U.S. The Ginkgo Strategic Partnership contemplates the performance of licensed R&D activities in the U.S. in order to produce cultured cannabinoids, but such activities are conducted in compliance with all applicable laws regarding controlled substances.

Rest of World

The Rest of World operating segment is involved in the cultivation, manufacturing, and marketing of cannabis-derived products for medical and adult-use markets.

Peace Naturals Campus / Cronos GrowCo

The production facilities at the Peace Naturals Campus and the production facilities of Cronos GrowCo are licensed by Health Canada under the Cannabis Act to engage in the cultivation, processing, distribution and sale of dried cannabis flower, cannabis resin, cannabis seeds, cannabis plants, cannabis extracts, cannabis topicals and cannabis edibles, among other prescribed activities.

Cronos Fermentation

The production facility at Cronos Fermentation is licensed by Health Canada under the Cannabis Act to engage in the processing and distribution and sale of cannabis seeds and cannabis plants, among other prescribed activities, which includes the production of cultured cannabinoids. The facility also holds a license for Analytical Testing under the Cannabis Regulations.

Israel

In Israel, the Company operates under the IMC-GAP, IMC-GMP and IMC-GDP certifications required for the cultivation, production and marketing of dried flower, pre-rolls and oils in the Israeli medical market.

Operations Outside of Canada, Israel, and the U.S.

Cronos anticipates expanding in the geographic markets outside of Canada and the U.S. in which we currently participate and entering new geographic markets. By leveraging operational, manufacturing and regulatory expertise, quality standards and procedures and intellectual property, we believe that we are well-positioned to effectively access these markets. Subject to applicable regulatory approvals, strategic international business opportunities pursued by us could include:

•production, distribution, sales and marketing in jurisdictions that have passed legislation to legalize the production, distribution and possession of cannabis products at all relevant levels of government; and

•the export of cannabis products to markets that permit the import of such products.

We seek to conduct business only in jurisdictions where we believe it is legal to do so and where such operations remain compliant with our listing obligations with the TSX and Nasdaq. Determining whether a business activity is legal in a jurisdiction may require judgment since laws, rules, regulations and licenses may not be clear and legal interpretation and advice of counsel may vary. If a business activity in which we engage in any jurisdiction is determined to be illegal, we could be subject to fines, penalties, reputational harm, delisting from securities exchanges and material civil, criminal and regulatory litigation and proceedings or be enjoined from doing business in the applicable jurisdiction. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Regulation and Compliance - We operate in highly regulated sectors where the regulatory environment is rapidly developing, and we may not always succeed in complying fully with applicable regulatory requirements in all jurisdictions where we carry on business.”

Joint Ventures/Strategic Investments

We have established two strategic joint ventures in Canada and Israel. Additionally, we hold approximately 10% of the issued capital of Vitura, which we account for as equity securities with a readily determinable fair value, and approximately 13.7% of the issued capital of NatuEra S.à.r.l. (“Natuera”), which we account for as equity securities without a readily determinable fair value, as of December 31, 2022.

Our ownership interest in each of our joint ventures is summarized in the table below.

Joint Venture

Jurisdiction

Ownership Interest(i)

Cronos Israel(ii)

Israel

70%/90%

Cronos GrowCo(iii)

Canada

50%

(i)    We define ownership interest as the proportionate share of net income to which we are entitled; equity interest may differ from ownership interest shown above. We consolidate the financial results of Cronos Israel and account for our other joint ventures under the equity method of accounting. See Note 1 “Background, Basis of Presentation, and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 3 “Investments” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

(ii)    A strategic joint venture with Kibbutz Gan Shmuel (“Gan Shmuel”), an Israeli agricultural collective settlement, for the production, manufacturing and global distribution of medical cannabis, consisting of a cultivation company (Cronos Israel G.S. Cultivation Ltd.), a manufacturing company (Cronos Israel G.S. Manufacturing Ltd.), a distribution company (Cronos Israel G.S. Store Ltd.) and a pharmacy company (Cronos Israel G.S. Pharmacy Ltd., collectively, “Cronos Israel”). We hold a 70% equity interest in the cultivation company and a 90% equity interest in each of the manufacturing, distribution and pharmacy companies.

(iii)    A strategic joint venture with a group of investors led by Bert Mucci (the “Greenhouse Partners”), a Canadian large-scale greenhouse operator. Each of Cronos and the Greenhouse Partners owns a 50% equity interest in Cronos GrowCo and has equal representation on its board of directors.

Brand Portfolio

We are committed to building a portfolio of iconic brands that responsibly elevate the consumer experience.

In the U.S., we market and distribute U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoid products through e-commerce, retail and hospitality channels under the Lord Jones® brand.

In Canada, we sell a variety of cannabis products through wholesale channels under both our adult-use brand, Spinach®, and under our wellness platform, PEACE NATURALS®. In addition, PEACE NATURALS® cannabis products are currently available in the Israeli medical market.

Brand Positioning

Mainstream adult-use

Wellness

Prestige adult consumer goods

Product Offering

Dried cannabis, pre-rolls, vaporizers, edibles

Dried cannabis, pre-rolls, cannabis tinctures

U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoid products

Geographic Availability

Canada

Canada and Israel

U.S.

Adult-Use Brand

Spinach® is the Company’s adult-use cannabis brand focused on friends, fun and legendary cannabis. The Spinach® brand portfolio includes cannabinoid products in a wide range of formats including dried flower, pre-rolls, vaporizers and edibles.

The Spinach® brand also has two sub-brands, SOURZ by Spinach® and SPINACH FEELZ™. SOURZ by Spinach® is a line of dual-colored, dual-flavored edibles in a variety of cannabinoid ratios in a distinctive “S” shared gummy, featuring proprietary flavor masking technology. SPINACH FEELZ™ prominently features rare cannabinoids in a range of product formats, designed to deliver unique and enhanced experiences made possible through proprietary blends of rare cannabinoids alongside common cannabinoids, like THC and CBD. Each product is formulated to help adult consumers, “Feelz. The Way You Want.”

Wellness Brand

PEACE NATURALS® is a global wellness platform committed to producing high-quality cannabis products. PEACE NATURALS® is focused on building and shaping the global cannabis wellness market and promoting a holistic approach to wellness. The Company currently distributes products under PEACE NATURALS® for the Canadian and non-U.S. medical cannabis markets.

U.S. Hemp-derived Cannabinoid Brands

The Company operates Lord Jones®, a prestige U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoid brand in the U.S., for the adult consumer goods market.

Happy Dance® and PEACE+® were brands focused on the production and distribution of U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoid products. The Company no longer produces or distributes products under the Happy Dance® and PEACE+® brands.

Cronos Marketing Code

In 2021, Cronos released its Marketing Code, which is designed to responsibly move the emerging cannabis industry forward. Cronos believes that those below the legal age of consumption should not be targeted in an adult-use cannabis market. Cronos recognizes there is a clear need for standards.

The principles in the Cronos Marketing Code apply to all marketing activities of all Cronos brands globally and are communicated to all business partners in any work they do on the Company’s behalf. The Marketing Code represents Cronos’ commitment to responsible marketing standards. The code standards are:

•Our advertising will be targeted to adults.

•We will highlight responsible cannabis consumption and any people depicted in any imagery will be adults.

•Our brand websites and social media will be designed for adults.

•Our marketing events will be targeted to adults and will promote responsible cannabis consumption.

•We will provide our customers with facts and substantiate our claims.

Global Sales and Distribution - Principal Markets

Cronos has developed a diversified global sales and distribution network. We have built a distribution footprint in Canada through the adult-use market, as well as a distribution footprint for U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoid products in the U.S. through e-commerce, retail and hospitality channels. We have also built a distribution channel for the Israeli medical market. Our PEACE NATURALS® medical cannabis products are sold in Canada through the Medical Cannabis by Shoppers Drug Mart platform.

United States Market and Distribution

Through Redwood, the Company manufactures, markets and distributes U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoid products through e-commerce, retail and hospitality partner channels in the U.S. under the Lord Jones® brand. Redwood’s products use high-quality cannabinoids from U.S. hemp extract that retains naturally occurring phytocannabinoids and terpenes found in the plant. We plan to use our resources to capitalize on market demand and to further create and scale U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoid products and brands. We do not engage in any commercial activities related to the cultivation, distribution or possession of U.S. Schedule I cannabis in the U.S.

Rest of World

Canadian Market and Distribution

•Medical Market. Our PEACE NATURALS® medical cannabis products are sold in Canada through the Medical Cannabis by Shoppers Drug Mart platform.

•Adult-Use. We currently sell dried flower, pre-rolls, vaporizers and edibles through our adult-use brand, Spinach®, to cannabis control authorities in all provinces of Canada and the Yukon territory, except Saskatchewan, where we sell to private-sector retailers, subject to the relevant province’s or territory’s product or other restrictions and requirements. As the Company’s supply chain grows, the Company continues to expand its portfolio of cannabis products for the existing markets in Canada.

Markets and Distribution Outside of Canada

•Israel. Cronos Israel holds the IMC-GAP, IMC-GMP and IMC-GDP certifications required for the cultivation, production and marketing of dried flower, pre-rolls and oils in Israel. Cronos Israel distributes PEACE NATURALS® branded cannabis products to the Israeli medical cannabis market through pharmacies. See “- Licenses and Regulatory Framework in Israel.”

•Europe. We have previously distributed PEACE NATURALS® branded cannabis products in Germany.

•Australia and Asia-Pacific. Vitura holds an import license from the Australian Office of Drug Control to import PEACE NATURALS® branded cannabis products for sale in the Australian medical market under the terms of the relevant permits, which Vitura applies for on a case-by-case basis. On November 29, 2022, the shareholders of Cronos Australia approved a proposal to change the name of the company to “Vitura Health Limited” (the “CAU Name Change”), which change became effective on February 6, 2023. On December 2, 2022, in connection with the CAU Name Change, Vitura and the Company mutually agreed to terminate the intellectual property license that granted Vitura the right to use certain intellectual property of the Company, including, but not limited to, the “Cronos” name and the PEACE NATURALS® brand. Vitura has 180 days following the date of termination to cease all usage of the Company’s intellectual property. Vitura did not import PEACE NATURALS® branded cannabis products from the Company during 2022.

We continue to seek new international distribution channels in jurisdictions that have legalized the production, distribution and possession of cannabis products at all relevant levels of government.

Global Supply Chain

United States

In the ordinary course of our business, we enter into contract manufacturing agreements with suppliers of our products. We may supply these third-party manufacturers with U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoids or infused bulk product, and other inputs such as packaging that we source from other third-party suppliers. The contract manufacturers supply any other necessary ingredients to manufacture products using our formulas and fill and package our finished products. Our contract manufacturing and supply agreements generally do not require us to purchase minimum quantities of materials or products.

In producing our supplement products, we source our ingredients from our suppliers on an ongoing as-needed basis. We have not entered into any contracts that obligate us to purchase a minimum quantity or exclusively from any supplier. Our supplements are manufactured according to Good Manufacturing Practices (“GMP”), which we employ at our facility in Los Angeles, California.

Canadian Supply Chain

•Facilities at Cronos Fermentation and Peace Naturals Campus. Cronos Fermentation and the Peace Naturals Campus are licensed for cannabis production and the manufacturing of certain cannabis products. Cronos Fermentation engages in R&D to produce high-quality cultured cannabinoids at commercial scale. In addition to manufacturing cultured cannabinoids, scientists at the facility create cannabinoid product formulations, and engage in product development. The Peace Naturals Campus is engaged in processing, finishing, packaging and shipping activities, as well as R&D activities, including cannabinoid product formulation, product development, tissue culture and micro propagation. The GMP certificate issued under relevant European Economic Area GMP directives by the national competent authority of Germany was retracted in 2022 due to the announcement of the closure of the Peace Naturals Campus.

•Cronos GrowCo. The Cronos GrowCo production facility is licensed for cannabis production and the manufacturing of certain cannabis products. Under its current licenses, Cronos GrowCo is permitted to sell certain cannabis products to other license holders in the wholesale channel, as well as to provincial cannabis control authorities. Cronos GrowCo holds Global GAP and ICANN GAP certifications (equivalent to IMC-GAP) for the export of dried cannabis to Israel.

•Third Party Supply and Manufacturing Agreements. In the ordinary course of our business, we enter into spot market purchase agreements and supply agreements with suppliers of dried cannabis and other cannabis products. Our supply agreements, for the most part, do not obligate us to purchase minimum quantities of products and generally contain provisions permitting cancellation of orders or termination on notice. We also enter into contract manufacturing agreements with other license holders for certain manufacturing and processing services related to our products.

Supply Chain Outside of Canada

•Cronos Israel. Cronos Israel holds the IMC-GAP, IMC-GMP and IMC-GDP certifications required for the cultivation, production, distribution, and marketing of dried flower, pre-rolls and oils in Israel. Cronos Israel distributes PEACE NATURALS® branded cannabis products to the Israeli medical market. See “- Licenses and Regulatory Framework in Israel.”

Major Customers

Major customers are customers for which sales equaled or exceeded 10% of our consolidated net revenues for the year. We had three major customers, Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation, Alberta Gaming, Liquor and Cannabis Commission, and Société Québécoise du Cannabis (the “SQDC”), which accounted for approximately 28%, 17% and 10%, respectively, of our consolidated net revenues, before excises taxes, for the year ended December 31, 2022. We mitigate credit risk through verification of the customers’ liquidity prior to the authorization of material transactions.

In Canada, we sell cannabis products to cannabis control authorities in all provinces of Canada and the Yukon territory, except for Saskatchewan (where we sell to private-sector retailers), where each such cannabis control authority is the sole wholesale distributor and in certain provinces, the sole retailer, of cannabis products. We sell these products to the various cannabis control authorities under supply agreements that are subject to terms that allow for renegotiation of sale prices and termination at the election of the applicable cannabis control authority. In particular, the cannabis control authorities have in the past and may in the future choose to stop purchasing our products, may change the prices at which they purchase our products, may return our products to us and, in certain circumstances, may cancel purchase orders at any time including after products have been shipped. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had approximately $77.6 million in sales to cannabis control authorities in Canada.

Ginkgo

The collaboration and license agreement between Ginkgo and the Company (the “Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement”) has enabled us to produce certain cultured cannabinoids at commercial scale at a fraction of the cost compared to traditional cultivation practices. The Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement was amended in June 2021 to enable accelerated commercialization of such cultured cannabinoids, ultimately resulting in the Company’s launching of its first cultured cannabinoid product containing cannabigerol (“CBG”) in the second half of 2021. These cultured cannabinoid molecules are identical to those produced by plants grown using traditional cultivation but are created by leveraging the power of biological manufacturing via fermentation. These cultured cannabinoids include rare cannabinoids that are difficult to produce at high purity and scale through traditional cultivation.

Cronos is able to produce large volumes of these cultured cannabinoids from custom yeast strains, as they are successfully created through the Ginkgo Strategic Partnership, by leveraging existing fermentation infrastructure at Cronos Fermentation in Winnipeg, Manitoba without incurring significant capital expenditures to build new cultivation and extraction facilities.

The Ginkgo Strategic Partnership contemplates the performance of licensed R&D activities in the U.S. in order to produce cultured cannabinoids, and such activities are to be conducted in compliance with all applicable laws regarding controlled substances. We intend to produce and distribute the target cannabinoids globally, where permitted by applicable law, and have received confirmation from Health Canada that this method of production is permitted under the Cannabis Act.

Ginkgo has filed certain patent applications pertaining to biosynthesis of cannabinoids to protect the intellectual property developed as part of the research progressing under the Ginkgo Strategic Partnership. Under the partnership, Cronos is the exclusive licensee of the intellectual property covered by the patent applications for the target cannabinoids.

Cronos Fermentation

Cronos Fermentation is a GMP-standard fermentation and manufacturing facility in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The state-of-the-art facility includes fully equipped laboratories covering microbiology, organic and analytical chemistry, quality control and method development as well as two large-scale microbial fermentation production areas, chemical manufacturing production areas, three downstream processing plants, and bulk product and packaging capabilities. The facility provides the fermentation and manufacturing capabilities we need in order to capitalize on the progress underway with Ginkgo, by enabling us to produce the target cannabinoids contemplated under the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement at commercial scale with high quality and high purity.

The Company is prioritizing rare cannabinoids, such as CBG, CBC and THCV, over common cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, and has been sequencing commercial production and subsequent product launches based upon this approach. The Company achieved its first two equity milestones in 2021, and an additional three equity milestones in 2022. The achievement of equity milestones for the remaining target cannabinoids generally will occur sequentially based on Ginkgo’s ability to produce such target cannabinoids as contemplated under the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement.

Competitive Conditions

Competitive Conditions in the United States

We face competition in all aspects of our business in the U.S. hemp market. In addition to numerous small companies and brands, we compete with larger, national companies that may have larger distribution capabilities with more developed and efficient supply chain operations. The principal factors on which we compete with other U.S. hemp brands are product quality, innovation, intellectual property, brand recognition and price. In the second quarter of 2022, the Company began a phased exit of the wholesale beauty category in the U.S. business to focus the portfolio on adult-use product formats within the direct-to-consumer channel. We believe the Company’s strong capitalization resulting from the Altria Investment, along with the Lord Jones® brand recognition and differentiation in the U.S. hemp retail channel, will enable us to provide better quality consumer products, grow our U.S. hemp business and strengthen our market position in the U.S. However, rapidly evolving and developing federal and state regulatory frameworks affect all areas of our business and could result in our inability to compete successfully against our current and future competitors. See “U.S. Hemp Regulatory Framework” for further information on regulatory framework on U.S. hemp.

Competitive Conditions in Rest of World

Competitive Conditions in Canada

We face competition in all aspects of our business in the Canadian adult-use and medical markets. As the demand for cannabis increases as a result of the legalization of adult-use cannabis in Canada under the Cannabis Act, we believe that new competitors will continue to enter the market.

The principal factors on which we compete with other Canadian license holders are product quality, innovation, intellectual property, brand recognition and price. We believe the Company’s strong capitalization resulting from the Altria Investment, along with the Spinach® brand recognition and differentiation in the Canadian adult-use market, will enable us to provide better quality consumer products, grow our Canadian business and strengthen our market position in Canada. However, a rapidly evolving and stringent federal regulatory framework affects all areas of our business. See “—Regulatory Framework in Canada” for further information on the regulatory framework applicable to our Canadian business.

We also face competition from illegal market participants that are unlicensed and unregulated. As these illegal market participants do not comply with the regulations governing the cannabis industry, their operations may also have significantly lower costs. Any inability of the Canadian federal or provincial law enforcement authorities to enforce existing laws prohibiting the unlicensed cultivation and sale of cannabis and cannabis-based products could result in the perpetuation of the illegal market for cannabis.

Competitive Conditions in Europe and Israel

We face competition when entering new markets. The principal factors on which we compete are product quality, innovation, intellectual property, brand recognition, price and physician familiarity. We believe we are positioned to enter certain markets in Europe in a meaningful way while continuing to operate and penetrate the markets we currently serve, such as in Israel, due to our strong capitalization resulting from the Altria Investment, extensive experience and expertise in the highly regulated cannabis industry in Canada, which can be leveraged when entering new markets or growing existing operations, and strong partnerships with local distributors. We believe these factors will enable us to develop greater market penetration, provide a greater variety of quality consumer products and enter into new markets and strengthen our existing market position in Europe and Israel. However, a patchwork of regulatory frameworks and federal regulations in these various regions also affects our ability to compete in emerging markets as evolving regulations and federal frameworks have the potential to affect all areas of our business.

Altria Strategic Investment

Altria Investment and Investor Rights Agreement

As of December 31, 2022, Altria beneficially owned 41% of our common shares and had the right to acquire additional common shares under its pre-emptive and top-up rights as discussed under “Pre-Emptive Rights and Top-Up Rights” below.

Prior to December 16, 2022, Altria had the right to acquire up to an additional 84,243,223 of our common shares at a per share exercise price of C$19.00 (the “Warrant”). On December 16, 2022, Altria notified the Company that its wholly owned subsidiary, Altria Summit LLC, irrevocably relinquished the Warrant and all rights that it may have held in the Warrant or any common shares underlying the Warrant for no consideration. The voluntary irrevocable relinquishment of the Warrant does not affect any rights of Altria under the Investor Rights Agreement between the Company and Altria, dated March 8, 2019 (the “Investor Rights Agreement”), and Altria continues to beneficially own 156,573,537 of our common shares.

Investor Rights Agreement

In connection with the Altria Investment, we entered into the Investor Rights Agreement with Altria pursuant to which Altria received certain governance rights that are summarized below.

Board Representation

The Investor Rights Agreement provides that, for so long as Altria and certain of its affiliates (the “Altria Group”) continue to beneficially own at least 40% of our issued and outstanding common shares and the size of our board of directors (the “Board”) is seven directors, we agree to nominate for election as directors to the Board four individuals designated by Altria (the “Altria Nominees”). In addition, for so long as the Altria Group continues to beneficially own greater than 10% but less than 40% of our issued and outstanding common shares, Altria shall be entitled to nominate a number of Altria Nominees that represents its proportionate share of the number of directors comprising the Board (rounded up to the next whole number) based on the percentage of our issued and outstanding common shares beneficially owned by the Altria Group at the relevant time. At least one Altria Nominee must be independent as long as Atria has the right to designate at least three Altria Nominees and the Altria Group’s beneficial ownership of our issued and outstanding common shares does not exceed 50%.

The Investor Rights Agreement also provides that, subject to certain exceptions, for so long as Altria is entitled to designate one or more Altria Nominees, we agree to appoint to each committee established by the Board such number of Altria Nominees that represents Altria’s proportionate share of the number of directors comprising the applicable Board committee (rounded up to the next

whole number) based on the percentage of our issued and outstanding common shares beneficially owned by the Altria Group at the relevant time.

Approval Rights

The Investor Rights Agreement also grants Altria, until the Altria Group beneficially owns less than 10% of our issued and outstanding common shares, approval rights over certain transactions that may be undertaken by us. We have agreed that, among other things, we will not (and will use our commercially reasonable efforts to cause our affiliates not to), without the prior written consent of Altria:

•consolidate or merge into or with another person or enter into any similar business combination;

•acquire any shares or similar equity interests, instruments convertible into or exchangeable for shares or similar equity interests, assets, business or operations with an aggregate value of more than C$100,000,000, in a single transaction or a series of related transactions;

•sell, transfer, cause to be transferred, exclusively license, lease, pledge or otherwise dispose of any of our or any of our significant subsidiaries’ assets, business or operations in the aggregate with a value of more than C$60,000,000;

•except as required by applicable law, make any changes to our policy with respect to the declaration and payment of any dividends on our common shares;

•subject to certain exceptions, enter into any contract or other agreement, arrangement, or understanding with respect to, or consummate, any transaction or series of related transactions between us or any of our subsidiaries, on the one hand, and any related parties, on the other hand, involving consideration or any other transfer of value required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K promulgated pursuant to the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”); or

•engage in the production, cultivation, advertisement, marketing, promotion, sale or distribution of cannabis or any Related Products and Services (as defined in the Investor Rights Agreement) in any jurisdiction, including the U.S., where such activity is prohibited by applicable law as of the date of the Investor Rights Agreement (subject to certain limitations).

Exclusivity Covenant

Pursuant to the terms of the Investor Rights Agreement, until the earlier of:

•the six-month anniversary of the date on which the Altria Group beneficially owns less than 10% of our issued and outstanding common shares; and

•the six-month anniversary of the termination of the Investor Rights Agreement,

Altria has agreed to make us its exclusive partner for pursuing cannabis opportunities throughout the world (subject to certain limited exceptions).

Pre-Emptive Rights and Top-Up Rights

Pursuant to the terms of the Investor Rights Agreement and provided the Altria Group continues to beneficially own at least 20% of our issued and outstanding common shares, Altria has a right to purchase, directly or indirectly by another member of the Altria Group, upon the occurrence of certain issuances of common shares by us (including issuances of common shares to Ginkgo under the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement (each, a “Ginkgo Issuance”)) (each, a “Triggering Event”) and subject to obtaining the necessary approvals, up to such number of our common shares issuable in connection with the Triggering Event which will, when added to our common shares beneficially owned by the Altria Group immediately prior to the Triggering Event, result in the Altria Group beneficially owning the same percentage of our issued and outstanding common shares that the Altria Group beneficially owned immediately prior to the Triggering Event (in each case, calculated on a non-diluted basis). The price per common share to be paid by Altria pursuant to the exercise of these pre-emptive rights will be, subject to certain limited exceptions, the same price per common share at which the common shares are sold in the relevant Triggering Event; provided that if the consideration paid in connection with any such issuance is non-cash, the price per common share that would have been received had such common shares been issued for cash consideration will be determined by an independent committee (acting reasonably and in good faith); provided further that the price per common share to be paid by Altria pursuant to the exercise of its pre-emptive rights in connection with a Ginkgo Issuance will be C$16.25 per common share.

In addition to (and without duplication of) the aforementioned pre-emptive rights, the Investor Rights Agreement provides Altria with top-up rights, exercisable on a quarterly basis, whereby, subject to obtaining the necessary approvals and for so long as the Altria Group beneficially owns at least 20% of our issued and outstanding common shares, Altria has the right to subscribe for such number of common shares in connection with any Top-Up Securities (as defined below) that we may, from time to time, issue after the date of the Investor Rights Agreement, as will, when added to the common shares beneficially owned by the Altria Group prior to such issuance, result in the Altria Group beneficially owning the same percentage of our issued and outstanding common shares that the Altria Group beneficially owned immediately prior to such issuance. “Top-Up Securities” means any of our common shares issued:

•on the exercise, conversion or exchange of our convertible securities issued prior to the date of the Investor Rights Agreement or on the exercise, conversion or exchange of our convertible securities issued after the date of the Investor Rights Agreement in compliance with the terms of the Investor Rights Agreement, in each case, excluding any of our convertible securities owned by any member of the Altria Group;

•pursuant to any share incentive plan of the Company;

•on the exercise of any right granted by us pro rata to all shareholders to purchase additional common shares and/or other securities of the Company (other than a right issued in a rights offering in which Altria had the right to participate);

•in connection with bona fide bank debt, equipment financing or non-equity interim financing transactions with our lenders, in each case, with an equity component; or

•in connection with bona fide acquisitions (including acquisitions of assets or rights under a license or otherwise), mergers or similar business combination transactions or joint ventures undertaken and completed by us,

in each case, other than (A) common shares issued pursuant to Altria’s pre-emptive right and (B) common shares issued pursuant to the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement.

The price per common share to be paid by Altria pursuant to the exercise of its top-up rights will be, subject to certain limited exceptions, the volume-weighted average price of our common shares on the TSX for the 10 full trading days preceding such exercise by Altria; provided that the price per common share to be paid by Altria pursuant to the exercise of its top-up rights in connection with the issuance of common shares pursuant to the exercise of options or warrants that were outstanding on the date of closing of the Altria Investment will be C$16.25 per common share without any set off, counterclaim, deduction or withholding.

Standstill Covenant

Registration Rights

The Investor Rights Agreement provides Altria with the right, subject to certain limitations and to the extent permitted by applicable law, to require us to use reasonable commercial efforts to file a prospectus under applicable securities laws and/or a registration statement, qualifying our common shares held by Altria for distribution in Canada and/or the U.S. In addition, the Investor Rights Agreement provides Altria with the right to require us to include our common shares held by Altria in any proposed distribution of common shares in Canada and/or the U.S. by us for our own account.

Commercial Arrangements

In connection with the Altria Investment, we and Altria have entered into certain commercial arrangements (the “Commercial Arrangements”), pursuant to which Altria provides us with consulting services on matters which may include R&D, marketing, advertising and brand management, government relations and regulatory affairs, finance, tax planning, logistics and other corporate administrative matters. The services under the Commercial Arrangements are provided on customary terms and for a services fee payable by us that is equal to Altria’s reasonably allocated costs plus 5%.

Protection of Intangible Assets

The ownership and protection of our intellectual property rights is a significant aspect of our future success. Currently, we rely on trademarks, patents, copyrights, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information. We seek to protect our intellectual property by strategically seeking and obtaining registered protection where appropriate, developing and implementing standard operating procedures to protect inventions, germplasm, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information and entering into agreements with parties that have access to our inventions, germplasm, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information, such as our partners, collaborators, employees and consultants, to protect confidentiality and ownership. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our inventions, germplasm, trade secrets, trademarks, technical know-how and proprietary information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems.

In addition, we have sought trademark protection in many jurisdictions, including Canada, Australia, the U.S., China, Israel and Europe. Our ability to obtain registered trademark protection for cannabis-related goods and services, in particular for cannabis itself, may be limited in certain countries outside of Canada. For example, in the U.S., registered federal trademark protection is only available for goods and services that can be lawfully used in interstate commerce; the PTO is not currently approving any trademark applications for U.S. Schedule I cannabis, or certain goods containing U.S. hemp-derived CBD (such as dietary supplements and food) until the FDA provides clearer guidance on the regulation of such products. In Europe, trademarks cannot be obtained for products that are “contrary to public policy or accepted principles of morality.” Accordingly, our ability to obtain intellectual property rights and enforce intellectual property rights against third party uses of similar trademarks may be limited in certain jurisdictions.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2022, we had 447 full-time employees. Of our full-time employees, 269 were in Canada, 69 were in the U.S., and 109 were in Israel. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

Compensation and Benefits. Our compensation program is designed to attract, motivate and reward talented individuals who possess the skills necessary to support our business objectives, assist in the achievement of our strategic goals and create long-term value for our shareholders. We believe we offer competitive compensation and benefits in each of our locations, including long-term equity awards to eligible employees under our 2020 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan to reward and retain talented individuals and align employee and shareholder interests.

Safety, Health and Well-being. The safety, health and well-being of our employees are paramount to the Company. We provide our employees and their families with access to a variety of health and welfare programs, including benefits that support their physical and mental health by providing tools and resources to help them improve or maintain their health status. In response to COVID-19, we implemented extensive safety measures throughout the Company to protect our employees from COVID-19, including complying with social distancing and other health and safety standards as required by federal, provincial, state, local and municipal government agencies, taking into consideration guidelines of applicable public health authorities. These measures have included increased frequency of cleaning and sanitizing throughout the workplace, providing hand sanitizer and/or hand washing stations located throughout the workplace, mandatory mask wearing in all office and production areas, social distancing protocols at our production facilities, and travel restrictions.

Currently, we continue to follow safety standards as recommended by applicable public health authorities, which may include isolation after symptoms and optional mask wearing.

Employee Engagement, Development and Training. We are committed to developing our talent and building an agile and resilient organization with a workforce with the skillset to effectively adapt to changing business needs in order to best position the Company for success. We seek to foster a culture of employee learning, innovation and a drive to succeed through a talent development strategy that adapts to changing business needs. Management is an active enabler of our people strategy as we seek to recruit, retain and engage top talent that will maximize our business performance. Employees are enabled to succeed through our communicated behaviors, development training opportunities, our performance management program and pay for performance philosophy, and using their voice in our employee engagement survey.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion and Ethical Business Practices. We believe that a diverse, equitable and inclusive work environment mitigates the risk of groupthink, ensures that the Company has the opportunity to benefit from all available talent and enhances, among other things, our organizational strength, problem-solving ability and opportunity for innovation. We continue to focus on understanding our diversity and inclusion strengths and opportunities and executing on a strategy to support further progress. We are committed to hiring, developing, and promoting employees with diverse backgrounds. We are actively reviewing diversity across our Company to drive greater progress. We welcome, embrace, and celebrate all our employees. We seek to ensure this inclusivity is achieved through regular training and support for our employees. We maintain a whistleblower policy and anonymous hotline for the confidential reporting of any suspected policy violations and provide training and education to our global workforce with respect to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and related policies.

Regulatory Framework in the U.S.

U.S. Hemp Regulatory Framework

We derive a portion of our revenues from the manufacture, marketing and distribution of U.S. hemp-derived supplement and cosmetic consumer products through e-commerce, retail and hospitality channels in certain states in the U.S. All U.S. hemp-derived products produced and sold by us constitute “hemp” (i) under the 2018 Farm Bill and (ii) the applicable state-law equivalent in all states in which we produce and sell such U.S. hemp-derived products. The 2018 Farm Bill was enacted in the U.S. on December 20, 2018. Prior to this enactment, cannabis was scheduled as a controlled substance (marijuana) under the CSA with limited exemptions based on the portion of the cannabis plant. The 2018 Farm Bill, among other things, removed U.S. hemp (which is defined in the 2018 Farm Bill as “the plant Cannabis sativa L. and any part of that plant, including the seeds thereof and all derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers, whether growing or not, with a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis”) and its derivatives, extracts and cannabinoids, including CBD, derived from hemp, from the definition of “marijuana” in the CSA, thereby removing U.S. hemp and its derivatives as controlled substances. The 2018 Farm Bill also amended the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 to allow for production and sale of U.S. hemp and its derivatives in the U.S.

The 2018 Farm Bill tasked the USDA with promulgating regulations in relation to the cultivation and production of U.S. hemp. The 2018 Farm Bill also directed the USDA to promulgate federal regulations that would apply to the production of U.S. hemp in every state that does not put forth a state U.S. hemp plan for approval by the USDA.

The USDA’s final rule establishes a federal licensing plan for regulating U.S. hemp producers in states that do not have their own USDA-approved plans. In the absence of a state plan, U.S. hemp producers will be subject to regulation directly by the USDA unless the state prohibits U.S. hemp production. Additionally, the final rule includes requirements for maintaining information on the land where U.S. hemp is produced, testing U.S. hemp for THC levels, disposing of plants with more than 0.3 percent THC on a dry-weight basis and licensing for U.S. hemp producers. The USDA’s final rule requires hemp producers to use a laboratory that is registered with the DEA, although the USDA is delaying enforcement of this requirement until December 31, 2022. The final rule also includes provisions for producers to dispose or remediate violative hemp plants without the use of a DEA-registered reverse distributor or law enforcement.

States may adopt regulatory schemes that impose more stringent levels of regulation and costs on the production of U.S. hemp. Moreover, the 2018 Farm Bill provides that its provisions do not pre-empt or limit state laws that regulate the production of U.S. hemp. Accordingly, some states may choose to restrict or prohibit some or all U.S. hemp production or sales within the state. Variances in states’ laws and regulations on U.S. hemp are likely to persist.

Further, each state has discretion to develop and implement its own laws and regulations governing the manufacturing, composition, marketing, labeling and sale of U.S. hemp products, which has created a patchwork of different regulatory schemes applicable to such products.

The FDA has consistently taken the position that CBD, whether derived from U.S. hemp or U.S. Schedule I cannabis, is prohibited from use as an ingredient in food and dietary supplements. This stems from its interpretation of the exclusionary clauses in the FFDCA because CBD has been approved as a prescription drug and is the subject of substantial clinical investigations as a drug, which have been made public. The exclusionary clauses under the FFDCA provide that a substance that has been approved or has been subject to substantial clinical investigations as a drug may not be used in a food or dietary supplement, unless the substance was first marketed in a food or dietary supplement prior to the initiation of substantial clinical investigations of the substance as a drug. The exclusionary clause does not apply to cosmetics. Cosmetics containing CBD could be viewed as drug products by the FDA if disease claims are made, or if the FDA determines the use of CBD in the product has a structure or function effect on the body (i.e., a drug effect).

To date, the FDA has not issued regulations that elaborate on the exclusionary clauses and the FDA has not taken any enforcement action in the courts asserting a violation of the exclusionary clauses. To date, the FDA has issued a number of warning letters to companies unlawfully marketing CBD products. In many of these cases, the manufacturers made unsubstantiated claims about the product being able to treat medical conditions (e.g., cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, opioid withdrawal, anxiety and COVID-19) and had not obtained drug approvals. Others were issued to companies marketing CBD products as dietary supplements despite those products which contain CBD not meeting the definition of a dietary supplement, adding CBD to human and animal foods and marketing CBD products for infants and children and other vulnerable populations, selling CBD products that people may confuse for traditional foods or beverages and that may result in unintentional consumption or overconsumption of CBD, and selling unapproved animal drugs containing CBD that are intended for use in food-producing animals. Some of these letters were co-signed with the FTC and cited the companies for making claims about the efficacy of CBD and other ingredients which were not substantiated by competent and reliable scientific evidence. In December 2020, the FTC announced it had entered into settlement agreements with six companies marketing CBD products including oils, gummies, creams, and others with deceptive health claims about serious health conditions. The settlements included monetary penalties ranging from $20,000 to $85,000. The FTC announced another such enforcement action and settlement in May 2021, ordering consumer redress of over $30,000. The FDA has also issued warning letters to dietary supplement manufacturers objecting to CBD supplements on the basis that CBD was not a permissible dietary supplement ingredient.

The FDA has stated that it recognizes the potential opportunities and significant interest in drug and other consumer products containing CBD, is committed to evaluating the agency’s regulatory policies related to CBD and has established a dedicated internal working group, the Cannabis Product Committee, to explore potential pathways for various types of CBD products to be lawfully marketed. The FDA held a public hearing in May 2019 to obtain scientific data and information about the safety, manufacturing, product quality, marketing, labeling and sale of products containing cannabis or cannabis-derived compounds. The rules and

regulations and enforcement in this area continue to evolve and develop. In July 2020, the FDA sent to the White House Office of Management and Budget (the “OMB”) for review a draft guidance, “Cannabidiol Enforcement Policy,” the details of which were not made public. This guidance remained under review at the OMB until January 2021, when it was withdrawn by the FDA as a part of the regulatory moratorium Executive Order issued by President Biden. On January 26, 2023, the FDA stated its views publicly that a new regulatory pathway for CBD is needed and it is prepared to work with Congress to create such a pathway. The timeline for further CBD policy development remains uncertain while the administration and the FDA face competing regulatory priorities.

Furthermore, with respect to Company’s development of CBG and other cannabinoids and additional cannabinoid product lines, the FDA has provided no guidance as to how cannabinoids other than CBD (such as CBG) are to be regulated under the FFDCA, and it is unclear at this time how such potential regulation could affect the results of the operations or prospects of the Company or this product line.

For more information regarding certain risks facing our business in connection with the U.S. hemp regulatory framework in the U.S., see the section below entitled “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Regulation and Compliance - Risks Related to U.S. Regulations and Compliance.”

On December 29, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022, which significantly expands the FDA’s enforcement authorities over cosmetics products and imposes new obligations on the cosmetics industry, including requirements relating to GMP, labeling, safety substantiation, facility registration and product listing with the FDA, adverse event reporting, recordkeeping, among others. Under the new legislation, the FDA is required over the next several years to issue additional regulations and reports to clarify requirements. Most enforcement of requirements under the new legislation will not go into effect until a year or later from the date of enactment; however, we expect that regulation of our cosmetic products in the U.S. will become increasingly complex, and compliance with regulatory requirements may take significant additional resources.

Regulatory Framework in Canada

Licenses and Regulatory Framework

On October 17, 2018, the Cannabis Act and the Cannabis Regulations (the “Cannabis Regulations”) came into force. The Cannabis Regulations establish six classes of licenses:

•cultivation;

•processing;

•sale for medical purposes;

•analytical testing;

•research; and

•cannabis drug.

The Cannabis Regulations also create subclasses for cultivation licenses (standard cultivation, micro-cultivation and nursery) and processing licenses (standard processing and micro-processing). Different licenses and each sub-class therein carry differing rules and requirements that are intended to be proportional to the public health and safety risks posed by each category and sub-class.

Federal Regime

The Cannabis Act provides a licensing and permitting scheme for, among other things, the cultivation, processing, testing, packaging, labeling, distribution, sale, possession and disposal of adult-use cannabis, implemented by regulations promulgated under the Cannabis Act. The Cannabis Act and Cannabis Regulations include, among other things, strict specifications for the plain packaging and labeling and analytical testing of all cannabis products as well as stringent physical and personnel security requirements for all federally licensed cultivation, processing and sales sites.

On October 17, 2019, the Regulations Amending the Cannabis Regulations (New Classes of Cannabis) (the “Further Regulations”) came into effect. The Further Regulations amend the Cannabis Act and Cannabis Regulations to, among other things, permit the production and sale of cannabis extracts (including concentrates), cannabis topicals and cannabis edibles, in addition to dried cannabis, cannabis oil, fresh cannabis, cannabis plants and cannabis seeds for parties holding the appropriate licenses. The Cannabis Regulations set out certain requirements for the sale of cannabis products, including limiting the THC content and serving size of certain product forms.

Health Canada allows license holders to export cannabis products with appropriate export permits. Export permits issued by Health Canada are specific to each shipment and may only be obtained for medical or scientific purposes. To apply for a permit to export cannabis, a license holder must submit significant information to Health Canada including information about the substance to be exported (including description, intended use, quantity) and the importer. As part of the application, applicants are also generally required to provide a copy of the import permit issued by a competent authority in the jurisdiction of final destination and to make a declaration to Health Canada that the shipment does not contravene the laws of the jurisdiction of the final destination or any country of transit or transshipment.

The Cannabis Act requires the federal government to conduct a review of the Cannabis Act after three years, which commenced in September 2022. The scope of this statutory review includes, among other things, consideration of (i) the administration and operation of the Cannabis Act, (ii) the impact of the Cannabis Act on public health, (iii) the health and consumption habits of young persons, (iv) the impact of cannabis on indigenous persons and communities and (v) the impact of the cultivation of cannabis plants in a dwelling-house. The report resulting from the statutory review may recommend and/or lead to the amendment, removal or addition of provisions in or to the Cannabis Act which could adversely affect our business.

In addition to the current medical and adult-use regimes under the Cannabis Act, Health Canada has also been considering the implementation of a cannabis health product regime for products with potential therapeutic uses that would not require practitioner oversight. Between June and September 2019, Health Canada held a public consultation titled “Potential Market for Cannabis Health Products (CHPs) that would not Require Practitioner Oversight”. The consultation sought feedback from Canadians on the kinds of cannabis health products they would be interested in if such products were made available in Canada. A summary report of the consultation results was published by Health Canada in September 2020. Given the results of the consultation, Health Canada has indicated that it intends to obtain external scientific advice on the appropriate evidence standards required to demonstrate safety, efficacy and quality in cannabis health products, with the information it gathers informing the next steps on a potential implementation of a cannabis health product regime.

While the Cannabis Act provides for the regulation by the Canadian federal government of, among other things, the commercial production of cannabis and the sale of medical cannabis, the various provinces and territories of Canada regulate certain aspects of adult-use cannabis, including but not limited to distribution, sale, minimum age requirements and places where cannabis can be consumed.

The governments of each Canadian province and territory have implemented regulatory regimes for the distribution and sale of cannabis for adult-use purposes which continue to evolve over time. Most provinces and territories have announced a minimum age for possession and consumption of 19 years old, except for Québec and Alberta, where the minimum age is 21 and 18, respectively. In addition, provinces and territories may impose additional licensing requirements and restrictions on sales, distribution and promotion which are more stringent than those at the federal level. For example, the SQDC, the exclusive distributor of cannabis in the province and the sole retail and online vendor in Québec, does not permit cannabis vaporizers or other high THC non-edible cannabis products to be sold through its channels. The SQDC has also placed significant restrictions on the types of edibles that may be sold through its channels, prohibiting edibles that are sweet, confectionary, dessert, chocolate or any other product attractive to persons under 21 years of age. Similarly, the Prince Edward Island Cannabis Management Corporation does not allow cannabis vaporizers to be sold through its channels.

Licenses and Regulatory Framework in Israel

In January 2019, the Israeli government approved, in principle, the export from Israel of medical cannabis products that meet applicable quality standards under the strict supervision of the Israeli authorities. Only products that can be directly marketed to patients (including smoking products, oils, and vaporizer products) may be exported, and only to those countries that have signed the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and that have explicitly approved the import of cannabis. The export of plant substances, including seeds and tissue cultures, is not permitted. In October 2020, the Israeli MOH initiated a pilot program in which certain medical cannabis companies were permitted to export their products, and the Yakar issued guidelines relating to the export of medical cannabis products. These guidelines set forth the process and conditions for obtaining an export license, which can only be issued to an applicant already holding a valid Yakar license.

Cronos Israel Licenses

Licenses and Regulatory Framework in Other Jurisdictions

We and our joint venture partners and strategic investments are subject to comprehensive and evolving regulations in each jurisdiction we and they operate. All aspects of the production, manufacture and distribution of cannabis products are regulated and subject to licensing regimes. These regulations and licensing regimes vary by jurisdiction and we, our joint venture partners and strategic investments spend significant time, effort and money to comply with the applicable requirements.

Available Information

We are subject to the informational requirements of the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and, in accordance with the Exchange Act, we also file reports with and furnish other information to the SEC. The public may obtain any document that we file with or furnish to the SEC from the SEC’s Electronic Document Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system, which can be accessed at www.sec.gov, or via the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval, which can be accessed at www.sedar.com, as well as from commercial document retrieval services.

From time to time, we use our website, as well as the following social media sites, as an additional means of disclosing public information to investors, the media and others interested in the Company.

•Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/The-Cronos-Group-419168411987225);

•Twitter (https://twitter.com/cronosgroup); and

•LinkedIn (https://www.linkedin.com/company/cronosgroupcron/).

It is possible that certain information we post on our website or these social media sites could be deemed to be material information, and we encourage investors, the media and others interested in the Company to review the business and financial information we or our officers post on our website or these social media sites. None of the information on our website or disclosed through these social media sites is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

An investment in us involves a number of risks. In addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report and in other filings we make, investors should give careful consideration to the following risk factors. Any of the matters highlighted in these risk factors could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, causing an investor to lose all, or part of, its, his or her investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are those we currently believe to be material, but they are not the only ones we face. If any of the following risks, or any other risks and uncertainties that we have not yet identified or that we currently consider not to be material, actually occur or become material risks, our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and consequently the price of our securities could be materially and adversely affected.

Risk Factor Summary

•Certain of our subsidiaries and joint ventures have limited operating histories and our growth strategy may not be successful.

•We may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability and may continue to incur losses in the future.

•Our products are new; there is limited long-term data with respect to the effects and the safety of our products, which is subject to conflicting medical data; and our products have been and may be in the future subject to recalls.

•The production and distribution of our products is subject to disruption, the risks of an agricultural business and the risk third party suppliers and distributors may not perform their obligations to us.

•Intellectual property is key to our growth strategy, and we may be unable to obtain or enforce our intellectual property rights.

•Our entry into new markets is subject to risks normally associated with the conduct of business in foreign countries.

•We are subject to extensive regulation and licensing and may not successfully comply with all applicable laws and regulations.

•Our businesses face highly competitive conditions.

•Altria has significant influence over us.

•The price of our common shares has been and may continue to be highly volatile.

•We have had two restatements and seven material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting over the last four years, and one material weakness remains unremediated at December 31, 2022.

•We are subject to other risks generally applicable to our industry and the conduct of our businesses.

Risks Relating to Our Growth Strategy.

Certain of our subsidiaries have limited operating histories and therefore we are subject to many of the risks common to early-stage enterprises.

We began carrying on business in 2013; Peace Naturals began operations in 2012 and generated its first revenues in 2013; Redwood began operations in 2017. In addition, many of our joint ventures are in the early stages of their operations and have generated little or no revenue. We are therefore subject to many of the risks common to early-stage enterprises, including limitations with respect to personnel, financial, and other resources and lack of revenues.

We may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability and may continue to incur losses in the future.

We have incurred significant losses in recent periods. We had negative operating cash flow for the last five fiscal years. We may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability and may continue to incur significant losses in the future even in light of our Realignment and the change in the nature of operations at the Peace Naturals Campus and the exit of the wholesale beauty category in the U.S. In addition, we expect to continue to incur significant operating expenses as we implement initiatives to continue to grow our business. If our revenues do not increase to offset these expected costs and operating expenses, we will not be profitable. If our revenue declines or fails to grow at a rate faster than our operating expenses, we will not be able to achieve and maintain profitability in future periods. As a result, we may continue to generate losses. We may not achieve profitability in the future and, even if we do become profitable, we might not be able to sustain that profitability.

We may not be able to successfully manage our growth.

We are currently in an early development stage and may be subject to growth-related risks, including capacity constraints and pressure on our internal systems and controls, which may place significant strain on our operational and managerial resources. While our revenue has generally grown in recent years, our ability to manage and sustain revenue growth will depend on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to, changes in laws and regulations respecting the production of U.S. hemp and cannabis products, competition from other license holders, the size of the illegal market and the adult-use market in Canada, and our ability to produce sufficient volumes of our products to meet customer demand. Our ability to manage growth effectively will require us to continue to implement and improve our operational and financial systems and to expand, train and manage our employee base. There can be no assurances that we will be able to manage growth successfully. Any inability to manage growth successfully could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There can be no assurance of continued growth in Israel and our performance in Israel depends on, among other things, our ability to continue to import cannabis into Israel and our joint venture partners.

Our acquisition strategy may not be successful, and we have in the past, and may in the future, need to write down the goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets recognized upon the acquisitions.

In the second quarter of 2021, we wrote off all of the goodwill and substantially all of the indefinite-lived intangible assets recognized upon the acquisition of Redwood. Acquisitions of companies, or equity interests of companies operating in new markets, such as the U.S. hemp market in the U.S., are risky and speculative and may not produce the anticipated revenues and profits.

Our acquisition of the PharmaCann Option (the “PharmaCann Investment”) presents significant risks. See “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Our Growth Strategy – Our U.S. strategy in part depends on the success of the PharmaCann Investment and there is no guarantee that we will exercise the PharmaCann Option in the near term, or at all, and, even if exercised, that the PharmaCann Investment will achieve the expected benefits of the transaction.”

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) and for evaluating and reporting on the effectiveness of our system of internal control. Effective internal control is necessary for us to provide timely, reliable and accurate financial reports, identify and proactively correct any deficiencies, material weaknesses or fraud and meet our reporting obligations. We had two restatements and seven material weaknesses in the last four years, have one material weakness existing as of December 31, 2022, and have had significant turnover, both voluntary and involuntary, in our accounting and financial reporting functions. Moreover, we had a material weakness in our control environment. Remediation efforts have placed, and will continue to place, a significant burden on management and add increased pressure on our financial reporting resources and processes. The accuracy of our financial reporting and our ability to timely file with the SEC and the applicable securities regulatory authorities in Canada have in the past been, and may in the future be, adversely impacted if we are unable to successfully remediate material weaknesses in a timely manner, or if any additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting are identified. In addition, if our remedial efforts are insufficient, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control occur in the future, we could be required to restate our financial statements again, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, restrict our ability to access the capital markets, require us to expend significant resources to correct the material weaknesses or deficiencies, subject us to regulatory investigations and penalties, harm our reputation, cause a decline in investor confidence or otherwise cause a decline in our stock price.

There can be no assurance that our current and future strategic alliances or expansions of scope of existing relationships will have a beneficial impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently have, and may in the future enter into additional, strategic alliances with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. Our ability to complete strategic alliances is dependent upon, and may be limited by, the availability of suitable candidates and capital. In addition, strategic alliances could present unforeseen integration obstacles or costs, may not enhance our business and may involve risks that could adversely affect us, including significant amounts of management time that may be diverted from operations in order to pursue and complete such transactions or maintain such strategic alliances. Future strategic alliances could result in the incurrence of debt, costs and contingent liabilities, and there can be no assurance that future strategic alliances will achieve, or that our existing strategic alliances will continue to achieve, the expected benefits to our business or that we will be able to consummate future strategic alliances on satisfactory terms, or at all. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, pursuant to the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement, if we undergo a change of control that is approved by the Board, Ginkgo may elect to receive cash payments, which, given the number of Equity Milestone Events (as defined in the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement) that have occurred to date, could total up to $17 million, in lieu of the common shares that would otherwise become issuable in connection with any Equity Milestone Events achieved following such election (the “Milestone Cash Election”). If we undergo a change in control that has not been approved by the Board, then Ginkgo will have the ability to terminate the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement immediately, in which case, among other things: (i) all rights or licenses granted to us by Ginkgo under the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement will terminate; (ii) certain expenses and costs incurred by Ginkgo will be accelerated and become due and payable by us; (iii) the then-outstanding and unpaid portion of all cash payments from us to Ginkgo for the achievement of R&D milestones by Ginkgo shall be due immediately as if all R&D milestones had been achieved; and (iv) a lump sum cash payment equal to the aggregate of all Milestone Cash Election amounts in respect of which the relevant Equity Milestone Events have not yet been achieved will be immediately due and payable by us. In addition, should Ginkgo terminate the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement upon a change of control, we will no longer be able to use or commercialize the key patented intellectual property related to the production of the target cannabinoids, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Description of Business - Research and Development Activities and Intellectual Property.”

As additional equity milestones occur under the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement, we are required by accounting rules to conduct an impairment analysis related to the new Ginkgo exclusive licenses. These analyses have resulted in impairment charges in the past and may do so in the future as additional equity milestones are achieved. For a discussion of our most recent impairments of the Ginkgo exclusive licenses, see Note 6 “Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net” to the consolidated financial statements in the Item 8 of this Annual Report.

We may not successfully execute our production capacity strategy.

We may not be successful in executing our strategy to expand production capacity at certain of our facilities and joint ventures and wind-down of cultivation and certain production activities at the Peace Naturals Campus. Continuing and expanding operations at our facilities and joint ventures will be subject to obtaining and maintaining the appropriate licenses from the relevant regulatory agencies in those jurisdictions. In particular, continuing and expanding operations at Cronos GrowCo’s production facilities will be subject to obtaining and maintaining the appropriate licenses from Health Canada. Construction delays or cost over-runs in respect of such operations, howsoever caused, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, with the change in the nature of operations at the Peace Naturals Campus, the continued operations of the Cronos GrowCo production facilities will be more important to us. Once cultivation and certain production activities at the Peace Naturals Campus have ceased, these production facilities will be our principal source of raw materials.

In addition, we may not be successful in obtaining the necessary approvals required to export or import our products to or from the jurisdictions in which we or our joint ventures operate. If we are unable to secure necessary production licenses in respect of our facilities and those of our joint ventures, the expectations of management with respect to the increased future cultivation and growing capacity may not be borne out, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There can be no assurance that the Realignment and the change in the nature of operations at the Peace Naturals Campus will have a beneficial impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The timing, costs and benefits of the Realignment and the change in the nature of operations at the Peace Naturals Campus cannot be guaranteed.

In the first quarter of 2022, we announced our Realignment to centralize functions under common leadership to increase efficient distribution of resources, improve strategic alignment and eliminate duplication of roles and costs; evaluate our global supply chain and perform product reviews and pricing and distribution optimization in order to reduce fixed expenses and reduce complexity; and implement an operating expense target to optimize cash deployment for activities such as margin accretive innovation and U.S. adult-use cannabis market entry in the future. Additionally, we announced a plan to leverage our strategic partnerships to improve supply chain efficiencies and reduce manufacturing overhead by partially exiting the Peace Naturals Campus.

In the first quarter of 2023, we announced a shift in our strategic plans for the Realignment. Our intent is to retain select components of our operations at the Peace Naturals Campus, namely distribution and warehousing, certain R&D activities and manufacturing of certain of our proprietary innovation products.

There can be no assurance that these initiatives will achieve the expected benefits to our business or reduce costs or grow our revenue as intended and, if achieved at all, the timing thereof. The execution and implementation of these initiatives involve risk, including that significant amounts of management’s time and Company resources could be diverted from our core operations in order to complete such initiatives. In addition, these initiatives could present unforeseen obstacles, lead to operating inefficiencies and negatively disrupt our corporate culture, which could lead to further employee attrition, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have and will continue to incur costs to implement these initiatives, and we could be subject to litigation risks and expenses. Our projected costs and expenses to change the nature of our operations at the Peace Naturals Campus may turn out to be too low by a material amount.

The industries and markets in which we operate are relatively new, and these industries and markets may not continue to exist or grow as anticipated or we may ultimately be unable to succeed in these industries and markets.

The cannabis and U.S. hemp industries and markets in which we operate are relatively new, can be highly speculative, are rapidly expanding and may ultimately not be successful. In addition to being subject to general business risks, we need to continue to build brand awareness in these industries and markets through significant investments in our strategy, our production capacity, quality assurance and compliance with regulations. These activities may not promote our brand and products as effectively as intended, or at all. Competitive conditions and consumer tastes, as applicable, and spending patterns in these new industries and markets are relatively unknown and may have unique circumstances that differ from existing industries and markets. We are subject to all of the business risks associated with a new business in a niche market, including risks of unforeseen capital requirements, failure of widespread market acceptance of our products, failure to establish business relationships and competitive disadvantages against larger and more established competitors.

Accordingly, there are no assurances that these industries and markets will continue to exist or grow as currently estimated or anticipated, or function and evolve in a manner consistent with management’s expectations and assumptions, and a failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to supply the provincial purchasers in various provinces and territories of Canada with our products in the quantities or prices anticipated, or at all.

We have entered into various supply arrangements for cannabis products with various provincial purchasers and have secured listings with various private retailers in those provinces. We have entered into such supply arrangements with all provinces in Canada and the Yukon territory (where the relevant provincial body is the sole wholesale distributor of cannabis products in the province) and with private retailers in Saskatchewan. Our supply arrangements with provincial and territorial purchasers, each of which we understand to be substantially similar in all material respects with the supply arrangements entered into with the other license holders in the Canadian cannabis industry, do not contain any binding minimum purchase obligations on the part of the relevant provincial purchaser.

We expect purchase orders to be primarily driven by end-consumer demand for our products and the relevant provincial or territorial purchaser supply at the relevant time. Accordingly, we cannot predict the quantities of our products that will be purchased by the provincial and territorial purchasers, or if our products will be purchased at all. Provincial and territorial purchasers may change the terms of the supply agreements at any time during the supply relationship including pricing, have broad rights of return of products and are under no obligation to purchase our products or maintain any listings of our products for sale. As a result, provincial and territorial purchasers have a significant amount of control over the terms of the supply arrangements.

The effect of the legalization of adult-use cannabis in Canada on the medical cannabis market in Canada is still uncertain, and it may have a significant negative effect upon our medical cannabis business if consumers decide to purchase products available in the adult-use market instead of purchasing our medical-use products.

The Cannabis Act allows individuals over the age of 18 to legally purchase, process and cultivate limited amounts of cannabis for adult-use in Canada, subject to provincial and territorial age restrictions which may increase the age of purchase in the province or territory. As a result, individuals who rely upon the medical cannabis market to supply their medical cannabis and cannabis-based products may cease this reliance, and instead turn to the adult-use cannabis market to supply their cannabis and cannabis-based products. Factors that will influence this decision include the price of medical cannabis products in relation to similar adult-use cannabis products, the amount of active ingredients in medical cannabis products in relation to similar adult-use cannabis products, the types of cannabis products available to adult users and limitations on access to adult-use cannabis products imposed by the regulations under the Cannabis Act and the legislation governing the distribution and sale of cannabis that has been enacted by the individual provinces and territories of Canada.

The impact of the legalization of adult-use cannabis in Canada on the medical cannabis market is uncertain, and while we cannot predict its impact on our sales and revenue prospects, it may be adverse.

The adult-use cannabis market in Canada has in the past been and may in the future become oversupplied following the implementation of the Cannabis Act and the related legalization of cannabis for adult-use.

We may be unsuccessful in competing in the legal adult-use cannabis market in Canada.

We face competition from existing license holders licensed under the Cannabis Act. Certain of these competitors may have significantly greater financial, production, marketing, R&D and technical and human resources than we do. As a result, our competitors may be more successful than us in gaining market share in the adult-use cannabis industry in Canada. Our commercial opportunity in the adult-use market could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors produce and commercialize products for the adult-use market that, among other things, are safer, more effective, more convenient or less expensive than the products that we may produce, have greater sales, marketing and distribution support than our products, enjoy enhanced timing of market introduction and perceived effectiveness advantages over our products and receive more favorable publicity than our products. If our adult-use products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by the adult-use market, we may not generate sufficient revenue from these products, and our adult-use business may not become profitable.

We are subject to liability arising from any fraudulent or illegal activity by our employees, contractors and consultants.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, independent contractors and consultants may engage in fraudulent or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates: (i) applicable laws and regulations; (ii) manufacturing standards; (iii) federal and provincial healthcare fraud and abuse of federal, state and provincial laws and regulations; or (iv) laws and regulations that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. It is not always possible for us to identify and deter misconduct by our employees and other third parties, and the precautions taken by us to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are brought against us, and we are not successful in defending them, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, loss or suspension of licenses and the curtailment of our operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Some jurisdictions may never develop markets for cannabis and U.S. hemp.

Many jurisdictions place restrictions on or prohibit commercial activities involving cannabis and U.S. hemp. Such restrictions or prohibitions may make it impossible or impractical for us to enter or expand our operations in such jurisdictions unless there is a change in law or regulation. For example, U.S. Schedule I cannabis remains illegal under U.S. federal law and may never become legal under U.S. federal law.

Our U.S. strategy in part depends on the success of the PharmaCann Investment and there is no guarantee that we will exercise the PharmaCann Option in the near term, or at all, and, even if exercised, that the PharmaCann Investment will achieve the expected benefits of the transaction.

Our ability to exercise the PharmaCann Option will depend on the satisfaction of several conditions, including U.S. federal cannabis legalization. In addition, our ability to exercise the PharmaCann Option is subject to the receipt of any required regulatory approvals, including in the states where PharmaCann operates that may be required upon exercise, as well as Altria’s approval under the Investor Rights Agreement. These conditions are outside of our control and therefore there can be no certainty that the PharmaCann Option will be exercised in the near term, or at all. If the PharmaCann Option is not exercised, we will not receive the benefits of the contemplated commercial arrangements between us and PharmaCann.

In addition, the regulatory approval processes in connection with the exercise of any PharmaCann Option may take a prolonged period of time to complete, which could significantly delay our ability to exercise the PharmaCann Option and realize the benefits of the PharmaCann Investment, or result in our not being able to exercise all or part of the PharmaCann Option. Furthermore, in connection with obtaining approvals from or otherwise satisfying the requests of the state regulators or applicable laws, we may be required to divest all or a portion of the PharmaCann Option, or if after the exercise of the PharmaCann Option, our shares of PharmaCann.

Even if we are able to and do exercise the PharmaCann Option, the intended benefits of the PharmaCann Investment may not be realized. We cannot assure you that the PharmaCann Investment will be accretive to us in the near term or at all. For example, if entered into, the commercial arrangements between us and PharmaCann may not be successful or beneficial to us. Furthermore, if we fail to realize the intended benefits of the PharmaCann Investment, our stock price could decline to the extent that the market price anticipates those benefits.

We are entitled to certain limited governance rights with respect to PharmaCann, including limited information rights and board observer rights. Therefore, we will have little to no ability to influence the strategy and material decisions of PharmaCann’s business. Furthermore, until such time as we exercise the PharmaCann Option, we will not have the ability to vote on matters requiring the vote of PharmaCann’s shareholders and, until the exercise of the PharmaCann Option, will not have the right to appoint directors to the PharmaCann board of directors. Even after exercising the PharmaCann Option, we are entitled to appoint a director of PharmaCann’s board only if we own at least 10% of the outstanding capital stock of PharmaCann, and in any event may appoint no more than two directors. In addition, we are subject to certain standstill restrictions, both prior to and after the exercise of the PharmaCann Option, which restrictions further limit our ability to influence decisions of PharmaCann.

We must rely largely on our own market research to forecast sales and market demand and market prices may differ from our forecasts.

We must rely largely on our own market research and internal data to forecast sales as detailed market data is not generally obtainable from other sources at this early stage of the cannabis or U.S. hemp industries. If our sales forecasts and our expectations regarding market conditions, including prices, influence capital expenditure levels, inventory levels, production and supply chain capacity and operating expenses, prove to be inaccurate, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, our forecasts for product demand and market conditions were impacted by a decline in market prices for cannabis products in the Canadian market, which contributed to our inventory write-down in the second and fourth quarters of 2020.

We could have difficulty integrating the operations of businesses that we have acquired and will acquire.

The success of our acquisitions depends upon our ability to integrate any businesses that we acquire. The integration of acquired business operations could disrupt our business by causing unforeseen operating difficulties, diverting management’s attention from day-to-day operations and requiring significant financial resources that would otherwise be used for the ongoing development of our business. The difficulties of integrations could be increased by the necessity of coordinating geographically dispersed organizations, coordinating personnel with disparate business backgrounds, managing different corporate cultures, or discovering previously unknown liabilities. In addition, we could be unable to retain key employees or customers of the acquired businesses. We could face integration issues including those related to operations, internal control and information systems and operational functions of the acquired companies and we also could fail to realize cost efficiencies or synergies that we anticipated when selecting our acquisition candidates or these acquisitions could fail to compete successfully. Any of these items could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For more information on the risks associated with acquisitions, see “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Our Growth Strategy – Our acquisition strategy may not be successful and we have in the past, and may in the future, need to write down the goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets recognized upon the acquisitions.”

We have been and may in the future be required to write down intangible assets, including goodwill, due to impairment, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.

Risks Relating to Our Products

Research in Canada, the U.S. and internationally regarding the benefits, viability, safety, efficacy, dosing and social acceptance of cannabis, U.S. hemp or isolated cannabinoids (such as CBD and THC) in dietary supplements, food, or cosmetic products remains in early stages. There have been relatively few clinical trials on the potential benefits of cannabis, U.S. hemp or isolated cannabinoids and there is limited long-term data with respect to potential benefits, effects and/or interaction of these substances with human or animal biochemistry. As a result, our products could have unexpected side effects or safety concerns, the discovery of which could lead to civil litigation, regulatory actions and even possibly criminal enforcement actions. In addition, if the products we sell do not or are not perceived to have the effects intended by the end user, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The statements made by the Company, including in this Annual Report, concerning the potential benefits of cannabis, U.S. hemp and isolated cannabinoids are based on published articles and reports and therefore are subject to the experimental parameters, qualifications and limitations in such studies that have been completed. Although we believe that the existing public scientific literature generally supports our beliefs regarding the benefits, viability, safety, efficacy, dosing and social acceptance of cannabis, U.S. hemp and cannabinoids, future research and clinical trials may cast doubt or disprove such beliefs, or could raise or heighten concerns regarding, and perceptions relating to, cannabis, U.S. hemp and cannabinoids, which could have a material adverse effect on the demand for our products with the potential to lead to a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Given these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, undue reliance should not be placed on such literature. In particular, the FDA has raised several questions regarding the safety of CBD and other cannabinoids and gaps in the public scientific literature supporting the use of CBD and other cannabinoids by the general population.

Clinical trials are expensive, time consuming and difficult to design and implement. Regulatory authorities may suspend, delay or terminate any clinical trials we commence at any time, may require us, for various reasons, to conduct additional clinical trials, or may require a particular clinical trial to continue for a longer duration than originally planned. Clinical trials face many risks, including, among others:

•lack of effectiveness of any formulation or delivery system during clinical trials;

•discovery of serious or unexpected toxicities or side effects experienced by trial participants or other safety issues;

•slower than expected subject recruitment and enrollment rates in clinical trials;

•delays or inability in manufacturing or in obtaining sufficient quantities of materials for use in clinical trials due to regulatory and manufacturing constraints;

•delays in obtaining regulatory authorization to commence a trial, including licenses required for obtaining and using cannabis, U.S. hemp or isolated cannabinoids for research, either before or after a trial is commenced;

•unfavorable results from ongoing pre-clinical studies and clinical trials;

•trial participants or investigators failing to comply with study protocols;

•trial participants failing to return for post-treatment follow-up at the expected rate;

•sites participating in an ongoing clinical study withdraw, requiring us to engage new sites; and

•third party clinical investigators declining to participate in our clinical studies, not performing the clinical studies on the anticipated schedule, or acting in ways inconsistent with the established investigator agreement, clinical study protocol or good clinical practices.

The controversy surrounding vaporizers and vaporizer products may materially and adversely affect the market for vaporizer products and expose us to litigation and additional regulation.

There have been a number of highly publicized cases involving lung and other illnesses and deaths that appear to be related to vaporizer devices and/or products used in such devices (such as vaporizer liquids). The focus is currently on the vaporizer devices, the manner in which the devices were used and the related vaporizer device products – THC, nicotine, other substances in vaporizer liquids, possibly adulterated products and other illegal unlicensed cannabis vaporizer products. Some states, provinces, territories and municipalities in the U.S. and Canada have already taken steps to prohibit the sale or distribution of vaporizers, restrict the sale and distribution of such products or impose restrictions on flavors, substances and concentration of substances used, or use of such vaporizers. This trend may continue, accelerate and expand.

Cannabis vaporizers in Canada are regulated under the Cannabis Act, Cannabis Regulations and other laws and regulations of general application. Although this legislation sets rules and standards for the manufacture, composition, packaging, and marketing of cannabis vaporizer products, these rules and standards predate the spate of vaporizer-related health issues that have recently arisen in the U.S. These issues and accompanying negative public sentiment may prompt Health Canada or individual provinces/territories or municipalities to decide to further limit or defer the industry’s ability to sell cannabis vaporizer products, and may also diminish consumer demand for such products. Currently, Québec and Prince Edward Island do not allow the sale of cannabis vaporizers in their respective jurisdictions and Health Canada is seeking to limit the flavors of inhaled cannabis extracts. In June 2021, Health Canada opened a consultation into the use of flavors in inhaled cannabis extracts as it claims that the availability of flavors is one of the factors that contributes to the increase in cannabis vaping in youth and young adults. As part of this consultation, Health Canada released proposed regulations that contemplate restricting the production, sale, promotion, packaging and labelling of inhaled cannabis extracts from having a flavor, other than the flavor of cannabis. The proposed amendments would apply equally to inhaled cannabis extracts sold for medical and non-medical purposes. The proposed amendments were pre-published in June 2021 and the consultation period closed in September 2021. No expected in-force date has been publicly announced.

There can be no assurance that the jurisdictions in which we operate will allow the sale of cannabis vaporizers in the future, that other jurisdictions will not prohibit the sale of cannabis vaporizers, that we will be able to meet any additional compliance requirements or regulatory restrictions, or that we will remain competitive in face of unexpected changes in market conditions.

An extension of this controversy to non-nicotine vaporizer devices and other product formats could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance. In February 2020, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control reported that federal and state agencies were investigating an outbreak of over 2,807 lung injury cases associated with the use of vaporizer products, including non-nicotine containing products. Litigation pertaining to vaporizer products is ongoing and that litigation could potentially expand to include our products, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

Future research may lead to findings that vaporizers, electronic cigarettes and related products are not safe for their intended use.

Vaporizers, electronic cigarettes and related products were recently developed and therefore the scientific or medical communities have had a limited period of time to study the long-term health effects of their use. Currently, there is limited scientific or medical data on the safety of such products for their intended use and the medical community is still studying the health effects of the use of such products, including the long-term health effects. If a consensus were to develop among the scientific or medical community that the use of any or all of these products pose long-term health risks, market demand for these products and their use could materially decline. Such a development could also lead to litigation, reputational harm and significant regulation. Loss of demand for our products, product liability claims and increased regulation stemming from unfavorable scientific studies on vaporizer products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

We, or the cannabis and U.S. hemp industries more generally, may receive unfavorable publicity or become subject to negative consumer perception.

We believe the cannabis and U.S. hemp industries are highly dependent upon broad social acceptance and consumer perception regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of the cannabis and U.S. hemp products, as well as consumer views concerning regulatory compliance. Consumer perception of our products can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention, market rumors or speculation and other publicity regarding the consumption or effects thereof of cannabis and U.S. hemp products. There can be no assurance that future scientific research, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other research findings or publicity will be favorable to the cannabis or U.S. hemp markets or any particular product, or consistent with earlier publicity. Future research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favorable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or publicity could have a material adverse effect on the demand for our products and our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our dependence upon consumer perceptions means that adverse scientific research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity, whether or not accurate or with merit, could have a material adverse effect on the demand for products, and our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Further, adverse publicity reports or other media attention regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of U.S. hemp or cannabis in general, or our products specifically, or associating the consumption or use of U.S. hemp or cannabis with illness or other negative effects or events, could have such a material adverse effect. Such adverse publicity reports or other media attention could arise even if the adverse effects associated with such products resulted from consumers’ failure to consume such products legally, appropriately or as directed.

The increased usage of social media and other web-based tools used to generate, publish and discuss user-generated content and to connect with other users has made it increasingly easier for individuals and groups to communicate and share opinions and views, whether or not true, on our operations and activities and the U.S. hemp and cannabis industries in general, whether true or not. Social media permits user-generated content to be distributed to a broad audience which can respond or react, in near real time, with comments that are often not filtered or checked for accuracy. In many cases, we do not have the ability to filter such comments or verify their accuracy. Accordingly, the speed with which negative publicity (whether true or not) can be disseminated has increased dramatically with the expansion of social media. The dissemination of negative or inaccurate posts, comments or other user-generated content about us on social media (including those published by third-parties) could damage our brand, image and reputation or how the U.S. hemp or cannabis industries are perceived generally, which could have a detrimental impact on the market for our products and thus on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Certain businesses may have strong economic opposition to the U.S. hemp or cannabis industries. Lobbying by such groups, and any resulting inroads they might make in halting or rolling back the U.S. hemp and cannabis movements, could affect how the U.S. hemp or cannabis industries are perceived by others and could have a detrimental impact on the market for our products and thus on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The parties with which we do business, may perceive that they are exposed to reputational risk as a result of our cannabis or U.S. hemp business activities. Failure to establish or maintain business relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any third party service provider or supplier could suspend or withdraw its services to us or require increased fees or compensation if it perceives that the potential risks exceed the potential benefits to such services. For example, we face challenges making U.S. dollar wire transfers or engaging any third party service provider or supplier with a substantial presence where cannabis is not federally legal (including the U.S.). In these circumstances, while we believe that such services can be procured from other institutions, we may in the future have difficulty maintaining existing, or securing new, bank accounts or clearing services, service providers or other vendors or we may be forced to pay increased fees or compensation for such services.

Although we take care in protecting our image and reputation, we do not ultimately have control over how we or the U.S. hemp or cannabis industries are perceived by others. Reputation loss may result in decreased investor confidence, increased challenges in developing and maintaining community relations and an impediment to our overall ability to advance our business strategy and realize on our growth prospects, thereby having a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to litigation in the ordinary course of our marketing, distribution and sale of our products.

We are subject to litigation, claims and other legal and regulatory proceedings from time to time in the ordinary course of our manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sale of our products, some of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Several companies in the U.S. hemp-derived CBD industry, including the Company, have become party to an increasing number of purported class actions lawsuits relating to their food and dietary supplement products containing U.S. hemp-derived CBD. While one such case against the Company was dismissed, similar class actions may be filed against us again, and the plaintiffs in such class action lawsuits, as well as in other lawsuits against us, may seek very large or indeterminate amounts, including punitive damages, which may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. Should any litigation in which we become involved be determined against us, such a decision could adversely affect our ability to continue operating, adversely affect the market price for our common shares and require the use of significant resources. Even to the extent we ultimately prevail in litigation, litigation can consume and redirect significant resources. Litigation may also create a negative perception of our brands, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Part I, Item 3, Legal Proceedings, of this Annual Report for a discussion of our legal proceedings.

We may be subject to product liability claims.

As a manufacturer and distributor of products designed to be ingested by humans, we face an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims, regulatory action and litigation if our products are alleged to have caused significant loss or injury. In addition, the manufacture and sale of cannabis and U.S. hemp products involve the risk of injury to consumers due to tampering by unauthorized third parties or product contamination. Previously unknown adverse reactions resulting from human consumption of cannabis or U.S. hemp products alone or in combination with other medications or substances could occur as described above under “— There is limited long-term data with respect to the efficacy and side effects of cannabis, U.S. hemp and cannabinoids and future clinical research studies on the effects of cannabis, U.S. hemp and cannabinoids may lead to conclusions that dispute or conflict with our understanding and belief regarding their benefits, viability, safety, efficacy, dosing and social acceptance.” We have been, and may in the future be, subject to product liability claims that include, among others, our products caused injury or illness, incorrect labeling, inadequate instructions for use or inadequate warnings concerning possible side effects or interactions with other substances. A product liability claim or regulatory action against us could result in increased costs, could adversely affect our reputation with our consumers generally, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Part I, Item 3, Legal Proceedings, of this Annual Report for a discussion on our legal proceedings.

There can be no assurances that we will be able to obtain or maintain product liability insurance on acceptable terms or with adequate coverage against potential liabilities. Such insurance is expensive and may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, or at all. The inability to obtain sufficient insurance coverage on reasonable terms or to otherwise protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products.

Our products have in the past and may in the future be subject to recalls.

If one or more of our products are recalled for any reason, we could be required to incur the unexpected expense of the recall and any legal proceedings that might arise in connection with the recall. We may lose a significant number of sales and may not be able to replace those sales at an acceptable margin, or at all. In addition, product recalls have in the past and may in the future require significant management attention. Although we have detailed procedures in place for testing finished products, there can be no assurance that any quality, potency or contamination problems will be detected in time to avoid unforeseen product recalls, regulatory action or lawsuits. If one or more of our products were subject to recall, the public perception of that product and us could be harmed. A recall of one of our products could lead to decreased demand for that product and our other products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, product recalls may lead to increased scrutiny of our operations by Health Canada, the FDA, the California Department of Public Health (the “CDPH”), the DEA or other regulatory agencies, requiring further management attention and potential legal fees and other expenses. Furthermore, any product recall affecting the cannabis or U.S. hemp industries more broadly could lead consumers to lose confidence in the safety and security of the products sold by participants in these industries generally, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on third party testing and analytical methods which are validated but still being standardized.

For certain of our cannabis and U.S. hemp products, testing for cannabinoid levels, heavy metals and pesticides (among other things) is performed by independent third-party testing laboratories. Testing methods and analytical assays for cannabinoids and levels of detection vary among different testing laboratories in different jurisdictions. There is currently no industry consensus on standards for testing methods or an industry accepted compendium of analytical assays or standard levels of detection. The detected and reported cannabinoid content in our cannabis and U.S. hemp products therefore can differ depending on the laboratory and testing methods (analytical assays) used. Variations in reported cannabinoid content will likely continue until the relevant regulatory agencies and independent certification bodies (e.g., ISO, USP) collaborate to develop, publish and implement standardized analytical assays and levels of detection for cannabis, U.S. hemp, cannabinoids and their derivative products. Until such standardized analytical assays and levels of detection are developed, the existing differences could cause confusion with our consumers which could lead to a negative perception of us and our products, increase the risk of litigation regarding cannabinoid content and regulatory enforcement action and could make it more difficult for us to comply with regulatory requirements regarding contents of ingredients and packaging and labeling. For example, on June 16, 2020, an alleged consumer filed a Statement of Claim, which has since been dismissed as against the Company, on behalf of a class in the Court of King’s Bench of Alberta in Alberta, Canada, against the Company and other Canadian cannabis manufacturers and distributors alleging claims related to the defendants’ advertised content of cannabinoids in cannabis products for medicinal use on or after June 16, 2010 and cannabis products for adult use on or after October 17, 2018. See Part I, Item 3, Legal Proceedings, of this Annual Report.

The presence of trace amounts of THC in our U.S. hemp products may cause adverse consequences to users of such products that will expose us to the risk of litigation, liability and other consequences.

Some of our products that are intended to primarily contain U.S. hemp-derived CBD, or other U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoids, may contain trace amounts of THC. THC is a controlled substance in many jurisdictions, including under the federal laws of the U.S. Whether or not ingestion of THC (at low levels or otherwise) is permitted in a particular jurisdiction, there may be adverse consequences to consumers of our U.S. hemp products who test positive for any amounts of THC because of the presence of trace amounts of THC in our U.S. hemp products. In addition, certain metabolic processes in the body may negatively affect the results of drug tests. Positive tests for THC may expose us to litigation from our consumers, adversely affect our reputation, our ability to obtain or retain customers and individuals’ participation in certain athletic or other activities. A claim or regulatory action against us based on such positive test results could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

We may not be able to successfully develop new products or find a market for their sale.

The legal cannabis and U.S. hemp industries are in their early stages of development and it is likely that we, and our competitors, will seek to introduce new products, including products that contain cannabinoids other than THC and CBD, in the future. In attempting to keep pace with any new market developments, we may need to spend significant amounts of capital in order to successfully develop and generate revenues from new products we introduce. In addition, we may be required to obtain additional regulatory approvals from Health Canada, the FDA and/or any other applicable regulatory authority, which may take significant amounts of time. We may not be successful in developing effective and safe new products, bringing such products to market in time to be effectively commercialized, or obtaining any required regulatory approvals, and, in the event we are successful, it is possible that there may be little or no demand for the products we develop (including products containing cannabinoids other than THC and CBD with which consumers may not be familiar or have significant reservations), which, together with any capital expenditures made in the course of such product development and regulatory approval processes, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Canadian excise duty framework may affect our profitability.

Canada’s excise duty framework imposes an excise duty and various regulatory-like restrictions on certain cannabis products sold in Canada. We currently hold licenses issued by the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) required to comply with this excise framework. Any change in the rates or application of excise duty to cannabis products sold by us in Canada, and any restrictive interpretations by the CRA or the courts of the provisions of the Excise Act, 2001 (which may be different than those contained in the Cannabis Act) may affect our profitability and ability to compete in the market.

Our business may be impacted as a result of increased rates of inflation.

In the past year, the worldwide economy has experienced significant inflation and inflationary pressures, including, in particular, on wages. Increased inflation could reduce our purchasing power and result in negative impacts on our ability to obtain goods and services required for the operation of our business, to hire and retain employees, or to pass on rising costs, including increased employee costs, to our customers. To the extent that we are unable to offset such inflation through higher prices of our products or other cost savings, there could be a negative impact on our operating margins, net income, cash flows and the trading price of our common shares.

A period of sustained inflation across the markets in which we operate could result in higher operating costs. Further rising inflation may negatively impact our business, raise cost and reduce profitability. Despite efforts we may take to reduce the impact of inflation on our business across the markets in which we operate, it could become increasingly difficult to effectively mitigate the increases to our costs. In addition, the effects of inflation on consumers’ budgets could result in the reduction of our customers’ spending habits. If we are unable to take actions to effectively mitigate the effect of the resulting higher costs, our operating margins could be negatively impacted.

Risks Relating to Production and Distribution of Products

Our production facilities and those of our strategic joint ventures, are integral to our operations, and any adverse changes or developments affecting such facilities may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our activities and resources are focused on various production and manufacturing facilities including in the U.S. (for U.S. hemp products), Canada and Israel. Some licenses are specific to those facilities. Adverse changes or developments affecting our facilities and the facilities of our joint venture partners, including but not limited to a breach of security, an inability to successfully grow cannabis plants or produce finished goods, unanticipated cost overruns in growing or producing products, an outbreak of a communicable illness (such as COVID-19) or a force majeure event, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As we proceed to wind-down cultivation and certain production activities at the Peace Naturals Campus, the production and manufacturing facilities that we continue to use will become increasingly important to our business. Any breach of the security measures and other facility requirements, including any failure to comply with recommendations or requirements arising from inspections by regulatory agencies, could also have an impact on our ability to continue operating under our licenses or the prospect of renewing our licenses or could result in a revocation of our licenses.

We bear the responsibility for all of the costs of maintenance and upkeep at our facilities and our operations and financial performance may be adversely affected if our facilities are unable to keep up with maintenance requirements.

We may experience breaches of security at our facilities or fraudulent or unpermitted data access or other cybersecurity breaches, which may cause our customers to lose confidence in our security or data protection measures and may expose us to risks related to breaches of applicable privacy and security laws and regulations.

Given the nature of our products and the concentration of inventory in our facilities, we are subject to a risk of theft. A security breach at one of our facilities could expose us to additional liability and to potentially costly litigation, increase expenses and business disruptions relating to the resolution and future prevention of these breaches and may deter potential customers from choosing our products.

In addition, we collect and store personal information about our customers and are responsible for protecting that information from cybersecurity breaches. A cybersecurity breach may occur in a variety of ways, including, without limitation, a procedural or process failure, information technology malfunction, deliberate unauthorized intrusion, computer virus, and direct or indirect cyberattack or other electronic security breach. Theft of data for competitive or fraudulent purposes, such as customer lists and preferences and other consumer and employee personal information, is an ongoing and growing risk. Any such theft or cybersecurity breach may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are dependent upon information technology systems in the conduct of our operations, and we collect, store and use certain data, intellectual property, proprietary business information and certain personal information of our employees and customers on our computer systems. We have been, and expect to continue to be, subject to various cyberattacks and phishing schemes. Additionally, we are undertaking an effort to modernize our information technology systems, which could expose us to additional risks relating to our collection, storage and use of certain data on our systems.

There have been many highly publicized attacks over the last several years and we expect those to continue. Any fraudulent, malicious or accidental breach of our systems could result in unintended disclosure of, or unauthorized access to, third party, customer, vendor, employee or other confidential information, which could potentially result in additional costs and business disruption to us, including without limitation, to repair or replace damaged systems, enhance security or respond to occurrences, lost sales, violations of data privacy, security or other laws and regulations and subsequent penalties, fines, regulatory action or litigation. We also rely on third party-service providers for certain information technology systems, such as payment processing, and any data security breach at a third-party service provider could have similar effects. In addition, media or other reports of perceived security vulnerabilities to our systems or those of our third-party suppliers, even if no breach has been attempted or occurred, could adversely impact our brand and reputation, and customers could lose confidence in our security measures and reliability, which would harm our ability to retain customers and gain new ones. If any of these were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

We are responsible for protecting employee and client health information. In the U.S., for example, we must comply with Americans with Disability Act requirements for confidential employee medical records, including that they must be stored separately from other personal records and access must be restricted to those who need access. With respect to customer health information, there are a number of federal, state and provincial laws and regulations protecting the confidentiality of certain customer health information, including customer records, and restricting the use and disclosure of that protected information. The privacy rules under the Personal Information Protection and Electronics Documents Act (Canada) (“PIPEDA”) protect medical records and other personal health information by limiting their use and disclosure of health information to the minimum level reasonably necessary to accomplish the intended purpose and apply to our operations globally. If we were to be found to be in violation of the privacy or security rules under PIPEDA or other applicable laws and regulations protecting the confidentiality of client health information in jurisdictions we operate in, we could be subject to sanctions and civil or criminal penalties, which could increase our liabilities, harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The jurisdictions in which we operate or which we may enter also have data privacy and security laws and regulations that govern the collection, use, disclosure, transfer, storage, disposal, and protection of personal information (such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”) in California). In Canada, we may be required to retain certain customer personal information for prescribed periods of time pursuant to the Cannabis Act.

Additionally, several states, including California, Colorado, and Virginia, have passed laws and regulations, modeled on the E.U. GDPR, that will significantly impact data privacy and security requirements in the U.S. The California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) imposes broad new requirements on companies covered by the legislation. Under the CPRA, California consumers (i.e., California residents) will have new and expanded rights, and businesses covered by the CPRA must disclose these rights to them. These new rights include, but are not limited to, a right of correction (i.e., the right to request that a business correct any inaccurate personal information about them), a right to limit the use and disclosure of “Sensitive Information” (a new category of personal information defined by the CPRA), a right to access information about automatic decision making used by the business, and a right to data portability (i.e., that a business transfer their personal information to another entity to the extent technically feasible). Enhanced rights for California consumers under the CPRA include, but are not limited to, expanded rights to know and access their personal information, expanded rights to delete their personal information, and an explicit requirement that California consumers have the right to opt-out of the sharing, in addition to the selling, of their personal information. Separately, the CPRA will codify the following GDPR-inspired requirements: (i) data minimization or the requirement that personal information collected by businesses be reasonably necessary and proportionate to achieve the purpose for which the personal information was collected, (ii) purpose limitation or the requirement that businesses only collect personal information for specific, explicit, and legitimate disclosed purposes that are disclosed in advance to California consumers, (iii) data retention limitations for personal information predicated on the length of time the business intends to retain each category of personal information, and (iv) reasonable data security requirements. Lastly, the CPRA provides for an expanded private right of action in the context of cybersecurity breaches and creates a designated privacy agency, the California Privacy Protection Agency (“CPPA”), with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and CPRA.

While uncertain, the effects of the CCPA, the CPRA and other new state laws and regulations, as well as analogous laws and regulations in Canada (e.g., Bill 64 in Quebec), are potentially significant and may require us to modify our data collection or

processing practices and policies, incur substantial costs and expenses to comply with these laws and regulations, and increase our potential exposure to regulatory enforcement and/or litigation. The interpretation and enforcement of such laws and regulations are uncertain and subject to change and may require substantial costs to monitor and implement compliance. Failure to comply with data privacy and protection laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include substantial civil and/or criminal penalties), litigation, business disruption, the diversion of management’s attention and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our cannabis cultivation and U.S. hemp operations are subject to risks inherent in an agricultural business.

Our business and that of our joint venture partners involves the growing of cannabis, an agricultural product, in certain jurisdictions where that activity is permitted. As such, the business is subject to the risks inherent in the agricultural business, such as insects, plant diseases and similar agricultural risks that may create crop failures and supply interruptions for our customers. Although our current operational production facilities, and those of our joint venture partners, grow products indoors (including in greenhouses) under climate-controlled conditions and we and our joint venture partners carefully monitor the growing conditions with trained personnel, there can be no assurance that natural elements will not have a material adverse effect on the production of our products. To the extent we rely on third parties or our joint venture partners to grow cannabis that we intend to commercialize, we are exposed to similar risks and there can be no assurance that such risks will not have a similarly material adverse effect on the production of our products.

Our business also involves products containing U.S. hemp. U.S. hemp is typically harvested in or around the month of October. U.S. hemp plants can be vulnerable to various pathogens including bacteria, fungi, viruses and other miscellaneous pathogens. Such instances often lead to reduced crop quality, stunted growth and/or death of the plant. Moreover, U.S. hemp is “phytoremediative” (meaning that it may extract toxins or other undesirable chemicals or compounds from the ground in which it is planted). Various regulatory agencies have established maximum limits for pathogens, toxins, chemicals and other compounds that may be present in agricultural materials. If U.S. hemp used in our products is found to have levels of pathogens, toxins, chemicals or other undesirable compounds that exceed limits permitted by applicable law, it may have to be destroyed. Should the U.S. hemp used in our products be lost due to pathogens, toxins, chemicals or other undesirable compounds, or if we or our suppliers are otherwise unable to obtain U.S. hemp for use in our products on an ongoing basis, it may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

The inability of our suppliers to meet their financial or contractual obligations to us may result in disruption to our supply chain and could result in financial losses.

We face exposure to our third party U.S. hemp and cannabis suppliers that may face financial difficulties which would impact our supply of U.S. hemp and cannabis products. For example, supply chains throughout the world have been negatively impacted by COVID-19 and this has increased the costs of products and shipping. We have in the past, and may in the future, have disruptions in our supply chain.

We rely on third party distributors to distribute our products, and those distributors may not perform their obligations.

We rely on third party distributors and other courier services, and may in the future rely on other third parties, to distribute our products. If these distributors do not successfully carry out their contractual obligations or terminate or suspend their contractual arrangements with us, if there is a delay or interruption in the distribution of our products or if these third parties damage our products, it could negatively impact our revenue and may require significant management attention. In addition, any damage to our products due to acts or omissions of our third party distributors, such as product spoilage or improper storage or handling, could expose us to potential product liability, damage our reputation and the reputation of our products or brands or otherwise harm our business.

Risks Relating to Intellectual Property

We are subject to risks related to the protection and enforcement of our intellectual property rights, and we may be unable to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights.

The ownership and protection of our intellectual property rights is a significant aspect of our future success. Currently we rely on trade secrets, technical know-how, proprietary information, trademarks, copyrights, designs and certain patent filings to maintain our competitive position. We try to protect our intellectual property by strategically seeking and obtaining registered protection where appropriate, developing and implementing standard operating procedures to protect trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information, and entering into agreements with parties that have access to our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information, such as our partners, collaborators, employees and consultants, to protect confidentiality and ownership. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems, and we seek to protect our trademarks and the goodwill associated therewith by monitoring and enforcing against unauthorized use of our trademarks.

It is possible that we will inadvertently disclose or otherwise fail or be unable to protect our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how or proprietary information, or will fail to identify our inventions or trademarks as patentable or registrable intellectual property, or fail to obtain patent or registered trademark protection therefor. Any such disclosure or failure could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be unable to protect our inventions, trade secrets, and other intellectual property from discovery or unauthorized use.

In relation to our agreements with parties that have access to our intellectual property, any of these parties may breach their obligations to us, and we may not have adequate remedies for such breach. In relation to our security measures, such security measures may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for such breach. In addition, our intellectual property that has not yet been applied for or registered may otherwise become known to, or be independently developed by, competitors, or may already be the subject of applications for intellectual property registrations filed by our competitors, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We cannot provide any assurances that our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how and other proprietary information will not be disclosed in violation of agreements, or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our intellectual property or independently develop and file applications for intellectual property rights in a manner that adversely impacts our intellectual property rights. Unauthorized parties may attempt to replicate or otherwise obtain and use our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information. Policing the unauthorized use of our current or future intellectual property rights is difficult, expensive, time-consuming and unpredictable, as is enforcing these rights against unauthorized use by others. Identifying unauthorized use of intellectual property rights is difficult. For example, we may be unable to effectively monitor and evaluate the products being distributed by our competitors, including parties such as unlicensed dispensaries, and the processes used to produce such products. If the steps taken to identify and protect our trade secrets are inadequate, we may be unable to enforce our rights in them against third parties.

Our intellectual property rights may be invalid or unenforceable under applicable laws, and we may be unable to have issued or registered, and unable to enforce, our intellectual property rights.

The laws regarding intellectual property rights relating to cannabis and cannabis-related products, and the positions of intellectual property offices administering such laws, are constantly evolving, and there is uncertainty regarding which countries will permit the filing, prosecution, issuance, registration and enforcement of intellectual property rights relating to cannabis and cannabis-related products.

Specifically, we have sought trademark protection in many countries, including Canada, the U.S. and others. Our ability to obtain registered trademark protection for cannabis and cannabis-related goods and services (including U.S. hemp and U.S. hemp-related goods and services) may be limited in certain countries outside of Canada, including the U.S., where registered federal trademark protection is currently unavailable for trademarks covering the sale of U.S. Schedule I cannabis products or certain goods containing U.S. hemp-derived CBD (such as dietary supplements and foods) until the FDA provides clearer guidance on the regulation of such products, and including Europe, where laws on the legality of cannabis use are not uniform, and trademarks cannot be obtained for products that are “contrary to public policy or accepted principles of morality.” Accordingly, our ability to obtain intellectual property rights or enforce intellectual property rights against third party uses of similar trademarks may be limited in certain countries.

Moreover, in any infringement proceeding, some or all of our current or future trademarks, patents or other intellectual property rights or other proprietary know-how, or arrangements or agreements seeking to protect the same for our benefit, may be found invalid, unenforceable, anti-competitive or not infringed. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our current or future trademarks, patents or other intellectual property rights at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put existing intellectual property applications at risk of not being issued. Any or all of these events could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There is no guarantee that any patent or other intellectual property applications that we file will result in registration or any enforceable intellectual property rights or the breadth of any such protection. Further, with respect to any patent applications that we file, there is no assurance that we will find all potentially relevant prior art relating to such applications, which may prevent a patent from issuing from such application or invalidate any patent that issues from such application. Even if patents do successfully issue, and cover our products and processes, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, found unenforceable or invalidated. Even if they are unchallenged, any patent applications and future patents may not adequately protect our intellectual property rights, provide exclusivity for our products or processes or prevent others from designing around any issued patent claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to allegations that we are in violation of third-party intellectual property rights, and we may be found to infringe third-party intellectual property rights, possibly without the ability to obtain licenses necessary to use such third party intellectual property rights.

Other parties may claim that our products infringe on their intellectual property rights, including with respect to patents, and our operation of our business, including our development, manufacture and sale of our goods and services, may be found to infringe third party intellectual property rights. There may be third party patents or patent applications with claims to products or processes related to the manufacture, use or sale of our products and processes. There may be currently pending patent applications, some of which may still be confidential, that may later result in issued patents that our products or processes may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information, or the manufacture, use or sale of our products, infringes upon those patents. Third parties may also claim that our use of our trademarks infringes upon their trademark rights. Such claims, whether or not meritorious, may result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources, legal fees, injunctions, temporary restraining orders, other equitable relief, and/or require the payment of damages, any or all of which may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may need to obtain licenses from third parties who allege that we have infringed on their purported rights, whether or not such allegations have merit. Such licenses may not be available on terms acceptable to us, and we may be unable to obtain any licenses or other necessary or useful rights to such third-party intellectual property.

Our germplasm relies heavily on intellectual property, and we may be unable to protect, register or enforce our intellectual property rights in germplasm, and may infringe third-party intellectual property rights with respect to germplasm, possibly without the ability to obtain licenses necessary to use such third-party intellectual property rights.

Germplasm, including seeds, clones and cuttings, is the genetic material used in new cannabis varieties and hybrids. We use advanced breeding technologies to produce cannabis germplasm (hybrids and varieties). We rely on parental varieties for the success of our breeding program. Although we believe that the parental germplasm is proprietary to us, we may need to obtain licenses from third parties who may allege that we have appropriated their germplasm or their rights to such germplasm, whether or not such allegations have merit. Such licenses may not be available on terms acceptable to us, and we may be unable to obtain any licenses or other necessary or useful rights under third party intellectual property. We may seek to protect our parental germplasm, as appropriate, relying on intellectual property rights, including rights related to inventions (patents and plant breeders’ rights), trade secrets, technical know-how, and proprietary information. There is a risk that we will fail to protect such germplasm or that we will fail to register rights in relation to such germplasm.

We also seek to protect our parental germplasm, hybrids and varieties from pests and diseases and enhance plant productivity and fertility, and we research products to protect against crop pests and fungus. There are several reasons why new product concepts in these areas may be abandoned, including greater than anticipated development costs, technical difficulties, regulatory obstacles, competition, inability to prove the original concept, lack of demand and the need to divert focus, from time to time, to other initiatives. The processes of breeding, development and trait integration are lengthy, and the germplasm we test may not be selected for commercialization. The length of time and the risk associated with breeding may affect our business. Our sales depend, in part, on our germplasm. Commercial success frequently depends on being the first company to the market, and many of our competitors are also making considerable investments in similar new and improved cannabis germplasm products. Consequently, there is no assurance that we will successfully develop new cannabis germplasm to the point of commercial viability in the markets we serve on a timely basis.

Finally, we seek to protect our germplasm, hybrids and varieties from accidental release, theft, misappropriation and sabotage by maintaining physical security of our premises and through contractual rights with our employees and certain of our suppliers, independent contractors, consultants and licensees. However, such security measures may be insufficient or breached, and our employees, independent contractors, consultants and licensees may engage in the inadvertent disclosure, theft, misappropriation or sabotage. We may not have adequate remedies in the case of any such security breach, inadvertent disclosure, theft, misappropriation or sabotage.

We receive licenses to use some third-party intellectual property rights; the failure of the owner of such intellectual property to properly maintain or enforce the intellectual property underlying such licenses, or our inability to obtain or maintain such licenses, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and performance.

We are party to licenses granted by third parties, including through the Ginkgo Strategic Partnership, that give us rights to use third party intellectual property that is necessary or useful to our business. Our success will depend, in part, on the ability of the applicable licensor to maintain and enforce its licensed intellectual property against other third parties, particularly intellectual property rights to which we have secured exclusive rights. Without protection for the intellectual property we have licensed, other companies might be able to offer substantially similar products for sale or utilize substantially similar processes or publicity and marketing rights, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our success will also depend, in part, on our ability to obtain licenses to certain intellectual property that we believe are necessary or useful for our business. Such licenses may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products or services, as well as have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any of our licensors may allege that we have breached our license agreements with those licensors, whether with or without merit, and accordingly seek to terminate our applicable licenses. If successful, this could result in our loss of the right to use applicable licensed intellectual property, which could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products or services, as well as have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The technologies, process and formulations we use may face competition or become obsolete.

Rapidly changing markets, technology, emerging industry standards and frequent introduction of new products characterize our business. The introduction of new products embodying new technologies, including new manufacturing processes or formulations, and the emergence of new industry standards may render our products obsolete, less competitive or less marketable. The process of developing our products is complex and requires significant continuing costs, development efforts and third-party commitments, including licensees, researchers, and collaborators. Our failure to develop new technologies and products and the obsolescence of existing technologies or processes could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be unable to anticipate changes in our potential customer preferences or requirements that could make our existing technology, processes or formulations obsolete. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to enhance our existing technologies, develop new technology that addresses the increasing sophistication and varied views of the market, and respond to technological advances and emerging industry standards and practices on a timely and cost-effective basis. The development of our proprietary technology, processes and formulations entails significant technical and business risks. We may not be successful in using our new technologies or exploiting our niche markets effectively or adapting our business to evolving customer requirements or preferences or emerging industry standards.

Risks Relating to Entry into New Markets

Controlled substance and other legislation and treaties may restrict or limit our ability to research, manufacture and develop a commercial market for our products outside of the jurisdictions in which we currently operate, and our expansion into such jurisdictions is subject to risks.

Approximately 250 substances, including cannabis, are listed in the Schedules annexed to the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (New York, 1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (Vienna, 1971) and the Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (introducing control on precursors) (Vienna, 1988). The purpose of these listings is to control and limit the use of these drugs according to a classification of their therapeutic value, risk of abuse and health dangers, and to minimize the diversion of precursor chemicals to illegal drug manufacturers. The 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended in 1972 classifies cannabis as a Schedule I (“substances with addictive properties, presenting a serious risk of abuse”) narcotic drug. In December 2020, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs voted to remove cannabis from Schedule IV (“the most dangerous substances, already listed in Schedule I, which are particularly harmful and of extremely limited medical or therapeutic value”). The 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances classifies THC as a Schedule I psychotropic substance (substances presenting a high risk of abuse, posing a particularly serious threat to public health which are of very little or no therapeutic value). Many countries are parties to these conventions, which govern international trade and domestic control of these substances, including cannabis. They may interpret and implement their obligations in a way that creates legal obstacles to our obtaining manufacturing and/or marketing approval for our products in those countries. These countries may not be willing or able to amend or otherwise modify their laws and regulations to permit our products to be manufactured and/or marketed, and achieving such amendments to the laws and regulations may take a prolonged period of time. There can be no assurance that any market for our products will develop in any jurisdiction in which we do not currently have operations. We may face new or unexpected risks or significantly increase our exposure to one or more existing risk factors, including economic instability, political instability, changes in laws and regulations and the effects of competition. These factors may limit our capability to successfully expand our operations into such jurisdictions and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Investments and joint ventures outside of Canada and the U.S. are subject to the risks normally associated with any conduct of business in foreign countries, including varying degrees of political, legal, regulatory and economic risk.

Much of our exposure to markets in jurisdictions outside of Canada and the U.S. is through investments and joint ventures. These investments and joint ventures are subject to the risks normally associated with any conduct of business in foreign and/or emerging countries including political risks; civil disturbance risks; changes in laws, regulations or policies of particular countries, including those relating to royalties, duties, imports, exports and currency; the cancellation or renegotiation of contracts; the imposition of royalties, net profits payments, tax increases or other claims by government entities, including retroactive claims; a disregard for due process and the rule of law by local courts; the risk of expropriation and nationalization; delays in obtaining or the inability to obtain necessary governmental permits or the reimbursement of refundable tax from fiscal authorities.

Threats or instability in a country caused by political events including elections, change in government, changes in personnel or legislative bodies, foreign relations or military control present serious political and social risk and instability causing interruptions to the flow of business negotiations and influencing relationships with government officials. Changes in policy or law may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The risks include increased “unpaid” state participation, higher energy costs, higher taxation levels and potential expropriation.

Other risks include the potential for fraud and corruption by suppliers or personnel or government officials which may implicate us, compliance with applicable anti-corruption laws and regulations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (Canada), by virtue of our or our joint ventures operating in jurisdictions that may be vulnerable to the possibility of bribery, collusion, kickbacks, theft, improper commissions, facilitation payments, conflicts of interest and related party transactions and our or our joint ventures’ possible failure to identify, manage and mitigate instances of fraud, corruption or violations of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and applicable regulatory requirements.

There is also the risk of increased disclosure requirements; currency fluctuations; restrictions on the ability of local operating companies to hold Canadian dollars, U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies in offshore bank accounts; import and export restrictions; increased regulatory requirements and restrictions; increased health-related regulations; limitations on the repatriation of earnings or on our ability to assist in minimizing our expatriate workforce’s exposure to double taxation in both the home and host jurisdictions; and increased financing costs.

These risks may limit or disrupt our joint ventures, strategic alliances or investments, restrict the movement of funds, cause us to have to expend more funds than previously expected or required or result in the deprivation of contract rights or the taking of property by nationalization or expropriation without fair compensation, and may materially adversely affect our business, financial position and/or results of operations. In addition, the enforcement by us of our legal rights in foreign countries, including rights to exploit our properties or utilize our permits and licenses and contractual rights may not be recognized by the court systems in such foreign countries or enforced in accordance with the rule of law.

We currently do, and may in the future, invest in companies, or engage in joint ventures, in countries with developing economies. It is difficult to predict the future political, social and economic direction of the countries in which we or our joint ventures operate, and the impact government decisions may have on our business. Any political or economic instability in the countries in which we operate could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Regulation and Compliance

We operate in highly regulated sectors where the regulatory environment is rapidly developing, and we may not always succeed in complying fully with applicable regulatory requirements in all jurisdictions where we carry on business.

Our business and activities are heavily regulated in all jurisdictions where we carry on business. Our operations are subject to various laws, regulations and guidelines by governmental authorities (including, in Canada, Health Canada and other federal, provincial and local regulatory agencies and, in the U.S., the FDA, the USDA, CDPH, DEA, PTO and FTC and other federal and state agencies) relating to the cultivation, manufacture, processing, marketing, labeling, packaging, management, transportation, distribution, import, export, storage, sale, pricing and disposal of cannabis and U.S. hemp, and also including laws, regulations and guidelines relating to health and safety, insurance coverage, the conduct of operations and the protection of the environment (including relating to emissions and discharges to water, air and land, and the handling and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous materials and wastes). Our operations may also be affected in varying degrees by government regulations with respect to, among other things, price controls, import or export controls, controls on currency remittance, increased income taxes, restrictions on foreign investment and government policies rewarding contracts to local competitors or requiring domestic producers or vendors to purchase supplies from a particular jurisdiction. Laws, regulations and guidelines, applied generally, grant government agencies and self-regulatory bodies broad administrative discretion over our activities, including the power to limit or restrict business activities as well as impose additional disclosure requirements on our products and services, as well as on our personnel (including management and our board of directors).

The regulatory environment for our products is rapidly developing, and the need to build and maintain robust systems to comply with different and changing regulations in multiple jurisdictions increases the possibility that we may violate one or more applicable requirements. While we endeavor to comply with all relevant laws, regulations and guidelines, any failure to comply with the regulatory requirements applicable to our operations could subject us to negative consequences, including, but not limited to, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, asset seizures, revocation or imposition of additional conditions on licenses to operate our business, the denial of regulatory applications (including, in the U.S., by other regulatory regimes that rely on the positions of the DEA and FDA in the application of their respective regimes), the suspension or expulsion from a particular market or jurisdiction of our key personnel, or the imposition of additional or more stringent inspection, testing and reporting requirements, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, scheduled or unscheduled inspections of our facilities or facilities of our joint ventures or third-party suppliers by applicable regulatory agencies could result in adverse findings that could require significant remediation efforts and/or temporary or permanent shutdown of our facilities or those of our joint ventures or third-party suppliers. In the U.S., failure to comply with FDA requirements (and analogous state agencies) may result in, among other things, injunctions, product withdrawals, recalls, product seizures, fines and criminal prosecutions. The outcome of any regulatory or agency proceedings, investigations, inspections, audits, and other contingencies could harm our reputation, require us to take, or refrain from taking, actions that could harm our operations or require us to pay substantial amounts of money, harming our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. There can be no assurance that any pending or future regulatory or agency proceedings, investigations, inspections and audits will not result in substantial costs or a diversion of management’s attention and resources, negatively impact our future growth plans and opportunities or have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If the Company’s U.S. hemp business activities are found to be in violation of any of U.S. federal, state or local laws or any other governmental regulations, in addition to the items described above:

•the Company may be subject to “Warning Letters,” fines, penalties, administrative sanctions, settlements, injunctions, product recalls and/or other enforcement actions arising from civil, administrative or other proceedings initiated that could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance;

•the profits or revenues derived therefrom could be subject to anti-money laundering statutes, including the Money Laundering Control Act, which could result in significant disruption to our U.S. hemp business operations and involve significant costs, expenses or other penalties; and

•the Company’s suppliers, service providers and distributors may elect, at any time, to breach, terminate or otherwise cease to participate in supply, service or distribution agreements, or other relationships, on which the Company’s operations rely.

As it relates to U.S. Schedule I cannabis, in the U.S., despite cannabis possession and use having been legalized at the state level for medical use in many states and for adult-use in a number of states, marijuana as defined by the CSA continues to be categorized as a Schedule I controlled substance under the CSA and subject to the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (“CSIEA”). Although we do not engage in any activities related to marijuana as defined by the CSA in the U.S., violations of any U.S. federal laws and regulations, including the CSA and the CSIEA, whether intentional or inadvertent, could result in civil, criminal and/or administrative enforcement actions, which could result in fines, penalties, and other sanctions, including but not limited to, cessation of business activities. Additionally, U.S. border officials could deny entry into the U.S. to those employed at or investing in legal and licensed non-U.S. cannabis companies and such persons could face detention, denial of entry or lifetime bans from the U.S. for their business associations with cannabis businesses.

We and our joint ventures and strategic investments are reliant on required licenses, authorizations, approvals and permits for our ability to grow, process, store and sell cannabis, U.S. hemp and cannabinoids which are subject to ongoing compliance, reporting and renewal requirements, and we may also be required to obtain additional licenses, authorizations, approvals and permits in connection with our business.

Our ability to grow, process, store and sell cannabis in Canada is dependent on our licenses from Health Canada, and in particular the licenses currently held by Peace Naturals, Cronos Fermentation and Cronos GrowCo. Failure to comply with the requirements of the licenses or failure to maintain the licenses would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although we believe Peace Naturals, Cronos Fermentation and Cronos GrowCo will meet the requirements of the Cannabis Act for their licenses, there can be no guarantee that Health Canada will extend or renew the licenses or, if they are extended or renewed, that they will be extended or renewed on the same or similar terms or that Health Canada will not revoke the licenses. Should we fail to comply with requirements of the licenses, should Health Canada not extend or renew the licenses, should they be renewed on different terms (including not allowing for anticipated capacity increases) or should the licenses be revoked or suspended, our business, financial condition and results of the operations will be materially adversely affected. To the extent we apply for any additional licenses from Health Canada, there can be no assurance that such licenses will be granted or, if granted, that they will be granted on commercially reasonable terms or within the time period we expect, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to grow, process, store and sell cannabis in Israel is dependent on maintaining our cannabis cultivation, production and distribution licenses and our ability to export products to, or import products from, Cronos Israel is also dependent on obtaining the relevant permits. Cronos GrowCo’s ability to grow, process, store and sell cannabis at its production facility depends on obtaining and maintaining the appropriate licenses from Health Canada. Should we or our joint ventures fail to comply with the requirements of the licenses, or should they not be extended or renewed by the applicable regulatory authorities, or should they be renewed on different terms (including not allowing for anticipated capacity increases) or should the licenses be revoked, the business, financial condition and results of our and our joint ventures’ operations will be materially adversely affected. There is no assurance that we or our joint ventures will be able to obtain necessary permits or licenses on commercially reasonable terms or within expected time periods, if at all. Moreover, the change in the nature of operations at the Peace Naturals Campus will increase the importance of the licenses of Cronos GrowCo for our business and operations.

In addition, Ginkgo’s ability to conduct certain R&D activities in the U.S. under the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement is conditional on Ginkgo continuing to maintain all necessary licenses, permits and approvals required for Ginkgo to perform such R&D activities. There are no assurances that Ginkgo will be able to maintain required licenses, permits and approvals and, to the extent such licenses, permits and approvals are not maintained, we may not realize the expected benefits of the Ginkgo Strategic Partnership.

We have obtained a processed food registration from CDPH and may also be required to obtain and maintain certain permits, licenses and approvals in the jurisdictions where we source, process, or sell products derived from U.S. hemp. We may be unable to obtain or maintain any necessary licenses, permits or approvals. Additional government licenses are currently, and in the future, may be, required in connection with our operations, in addition to other unknown permits and approvals which may be required. To the extent such permits, and approvals are required and not obtained, we may be prevented from operating and/or expanding our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in the laws, regulations and guidelines governing cannabis and U.S. hemp may adversely impact our business.

Furthermore, additional countries continue to pass laws with respect to the production and distribution of cannabis in some form or another. We have subsidiaries, investments, joint ventures and strategic alliances in place outside of the U.S. and Canada, which may be affected if more countries legalize cannabis. Increased international competition and limitations placed on us by Canadian regulations might lower the demand for our products on a global scale. We also face competition in each jurisdiction outside of the U.S. and Canada where we have subsidiaries, investments, joint ventures and strategic alliances with local companies that have more experience, more in-depth knowledge of local markets or applicable laws, regulations and guidelines or longer operating histories in such jurisdictions.

We are subject to certain restrictions of the TSX and Nasdaq, which may constrain our ability to expand our business internationally.

Our common shares are listed on the TSX and Nasdaq. We must comply with the TSX and Nasdaq requirements or guidelines when conducting business.

On October 16, 2017, the TSX provided clarity regarding the application of Section 306 (Minimum Listing Requirements), Section 325 (Management) and Part VII (Halting of Trading, Suspension and Delisting of Securities) of the TSX Company Manual (collectively, the “Requirements”) to TSX-listed issuers with business activities in the cannabis sector. In TSX Staff Notice 2017- 0009, the TSX notes that issuers with ongoing business activities that violate U.S. federal law regarding U.S. Schedule I cannabis are not in compliance with the Requirements. The TSX reminded issuers that, among other things, should the TSX find that a listed issuer is engaging in activities contrary to the Requirements, the TSX has the discretion to initiate a delisting review. Although we do not conduct any operations in the U.S. with respect to U.S. Schedule I cannabis, failure to comply with the Requirements could result in a delisting of our common shares from the TSX or the denial of an application for certain approvals, such as to have additional securities listed on the TSX, which could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common shares and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

While Nasdaq has not issued official rules specific to the cannabis or U.S. hemp industry, stock exchanges in the U.S., including Nasdaq, have historically refused to list certain U.S. Schedule I cannabis related businesses, including U.S. Schedule I cannabis retailers, that operate primarily in the U.S. Failure to comply with any requirements imposed by Nasdaq could result in the delisting of our common shares from Nasdaq or denial of any application to have additional securities listed on Nasdaq which could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common shares.

We are constrained by law in our ability to market and advertise our products.

In the U.S., our advertising is subject to regulation by the FTC under the Federal Trade Commission Act as well as the FDA under the FFDCA, including as amended by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, and by state agencies under analogous and similar state and local laws and regulations. In recent years, the FTC, the FDA and state agencies have initiated numerous investigations of food and dietary supplement products both because of their CBD and/or cannabinoid content and based on allegedly deceptive or misleading marketing claims and have, on occasion, issued “Warning Letters” or instituted enforcement actions due to such claims. Some U.S. states also permit content, advertising and labeling laws and regulations to be enforced by state attorneys general, who may seek civil and criminal penalties, relief for consumers, class action certifications, class wide damages and recalls of products sold by us. There has also been an increase in private litigation that seeks, among other things, relief for consumers, class action certifications, class wide damages and recalls of products. We have been subject to such litigation and may be subject to additional private class action litigation. Any actions against us by governmental authorities or private litigants could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

Risks Related to U.S. Regulation and Compliance

We are subject to uncertainty regarding the legal and regulatory status of U.S. hemp, including with respect to U.S. federal and state implementation of the 2018 Farm Bill and related laws and regulations, including the FFDCA, and the interpretation or application of, or changes to, such laws and regulations may have material and adverse effects on our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

The FDA or particular states may ultimately prohibit the sale of some or all dietary supplements or conventional foods containing U.S. hemp and U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD and other cannabinoids, and we may be required to submit a New Dietary Ingredient notification to the FDA, which may not be accepted without objection.

Under the 2018 Farm Bill, the FDA has retained authority over the FFDCA-regulated products (e.g., drugs (human and animal), food (human and animal), dietary supplements and cosmetics) containing U.S. hemp and U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD. The FDA has consistently taken the position that CBD, whether derived from U.S. hemp or U.S. Schedule I cannabis, is prohibited from use as an ingredient in food and dietary supplements. This stems from its interpretation of the exclusionary clauses in the FFDCA because CBD is the active ingredient in a drug that has been approved as a prescription drug and is the subject of substantial clinical investigations as a drug, which have been made public. The exclusionary clauses under the FFDCA provide that a substance that has been approved or has been subject to substantial clinical investigations as a drug may not be used in a food or dietary supplement, unless the substance was first marketed in a food or dietary supplement prior to the initiation of substantial clinical investigations of the substance as a drug.

To date, the FDA has not issued regulations that elaborate on the exclusionary clauses, and the FDA has not taken any enforcement action in the courts asserting a violation of the exclusionary clauses due to the marketing of U.S. hemp, U.S. hemp extracts, CBD or other cannabinoids. Additionally, on January 26, 2023, the FDA stated its views publicly that a new regulatory pathway for CBD is needed and it is prepared to work with Congress to create such a pathway. To date, the FDA has issued several “Warning Letters” to companies unlawfully marketing CBD products. In many of these cases, the manufacturer made unsubstantiated claims about the product being able to treat medical conditions (e.g., cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, opioid withdrawal, anxiety and COVID-19) and had not obtained drug approvals. Some of these letters were co-signed with the FTC and cited the companies for making claims about the efficacy of CBD or other ingredients which were not substantiated by competent and reliable scientific evidence. In December 2020, the FTC announced it had entered into settlement agreements with six companies marketing CBD products including oils, gummies, creams, and others with deceptive health claims about serious health conditions. The settlements included monetary penalties ranging from $20,000 to $85,000. The FTC announced another CBD enforcement action and settlement in May 2021, ordering more than $30,000 in consumer redress. The FDA has also issued a “Warning Letter” to at least one dietary supplement manufacturer for a number of violations observed during an inspection, including manufacturing CBD supplements in a licensed facility. In November 2022, the FDA issued “Warning Letters” to five additional companies selling CBD-products in forms that the FDA asserted are appealing to children, including gummies, hard candies and cookies. These letters also outlined additional violations of the FFDCA including that several of the companies made claims that CBD-containing products cure, mitigate, treat or prevent various diseases or were added to animal foods.

Until the FDA formally adopts regulations with respect to CBD or other U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoid products or announces an official position with respect to CBD or other U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoid products, there is a risk that the FDA could take enforcement action (e.g., a “Warning Letter,” seizure, or injunction) against the Company in respect of its U.S. hemp-derived products sold in the U.S.

Moreover, states have retained regulatory authority through their own analogues to the FFDCA, and the states may diverge from the federal treatment of the use of U.S. hemp as, or in, food, dietary supplements or cosmetic products. The FDA or applicable states (under their CSA or FFDCA analogues) may ultimately not permit the sale of non-pharmaceutical products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD and other cannabinoids, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Even if the exclusionary clause issue discussed above is resolved in a manner favorable to us, we could be required to submit a NDIN to the FDA with respect to U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD and other cannabinoids we intend to include in our products, used in dietary supplement products. This could depend on whether we can establish that a particular ingredient was marketed as a dietary ingredient in a dietary supplement prior to October 15, 1994 or is otherwise currently in the food supply in the same chemical form as used in our dietary supplement products. If the FDA objects to our NDIN, this could prevent us from producing, marketing and selling ingestible U.S. hemp products which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Such an NDIN submitted by one of our competitors was objected to by the FDA in August 2021.

The FDA or particular U.S. states may seek to regulate our cosmetic products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD and other cannabinoids, as drugs, medical devices, or drug-device combination products.

The FDA may seek to regulate our cosmetic products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD and other cannabinoids, under its authorities for medical products (i.e., drugs, medical devices, or drug-device combination products). Specifically, the agency could assert that our lotions, oils, balms and creams are intended for use in diagnosing, treating, mitigating or preventing disease or for use in affecting the structure or any function of the body. In making classification decisions, the agency considers a wide variety of factors to determine a product’s intended use; indeed, the FDA has sometimes asserted that a product qualifies as a drug based solely on the presence of an ingredient widely understood to have drug effects, even in the absence of express claims about them. Though we do not market our lotions, oils, balms and creams as drugs for use in the treatment of diseases or their symptoms, the FDA could still assert that the products are intended for use as drugs, including based on the understood or presumed physical effects of topically administered cannabinoids. Thus, we may not have the ability to successfully respond to such allegations simply by modifying labeling or advertising claims. Ultimately, if the FDA asserts one of its medical product authorities over our lotion, oil, balm and cream products, and we cannot or elect not to comply with the onerous regulatory requirements applicable to the asserted medical product category (e.g., drug), we could be prevented from producing, marketing and selling cosmetic products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD or other cannabinoids. In addition, states may similarly seek to regulate our cosmetic products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD and other cannabinoids, as medical products (i.e., drugs, medical devices, or drug-device combination products) under state analogues to the FFDCA or otherwise. States have also considered and established additional restrictions on, or requirements for, the marketing of cosmetic products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients. If states assert their medical product authorities over our cosmetic products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD or other cannabinoids, in a manner that we cannot address simply by modifying labeling or advertising claims, and we cannot or elect not to comply with the onerous regulatory requirements applicable to the asserted medical product category (e.g., drug), we could be prevented from producing, marketing and selling cosmetic products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD and other cannabinoids. Likewise, if states enforce or adopt regulatory interpretations or restrictions that limit our ability to market our cosmetic products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD and other cannabinoids, in such states, it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

Recent U.S. legislation granting the FDA additional authority to regulate cosmetics products imposes additional requirements relating to the manufacture, labeling, safety reporting, recordkeeping, and other aspects of cosmetics products. Compliance with these additional requirements will be complex and we may need significant additional resources to comply with these new requirements.

On December 29, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022, which significantly expands FDA’s enforcement authorities over cosmetics products and imposes new obligations on the cosmetics industry, including requirements relating to GMP, labeling, safety substantiation, facility registration and product listing with the FDA, adverse event reporting and recordkeeping, among others. Under the new legislation, the FDA is required over the next several years to issue additional regulations and reports to clarify requirements. Most enforcement of requirements under the new legislation will not go into effect until a year or later from the date of enactment; however, we expect that regulation of our cosmetic products in the U.S. will become increasingly complex, and compliance with regulatory requirements may take significant additional resources.

The DEA could take enforcement action against us or other participants in the U.S. hemp industry.

There is substantial uncertainty concerning the legal status of U.S. hemp and U.S. hemp products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD and other cannabinoids. The status of products derived from the cannabis or hemp plant, under both federal and state law can depend on the THC content of the plant or derivative (including whether the plant meets the statutory definition of “industrial hemp” or “hemp”), the part of the plant from which an individual or entity produces the derivative (including whether the plant meets the statutory definition of “marihuana” under the CSA), the THC concentration during the manufacturing process, whether the cultivator, processor, manufacturer or product marketer engages in cannabis-related activities for research versus purely commercial purposes, as well as the form and intended use of the product. The mere presence of a cannabinoid (such as CBD) is not dispositive as to whether the product is legal or illegal. Under U.S. federal law, products containing CBD may be unlawful if derived from U.S. Schedule I cannabis (including hemp with a concentration greater than 0.3% THC on a dry weight basis), or if derived from U.S. hemp grown outside the parameters of an approved U.S. hemp pilot program or U.S. hemp cultivated in violation of the 2018 Farm Bill. Even after enactment of the 2018 Farm Bill, the DEA may not treat all products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD and other cannabinoids, as exempt from the CSA. In September 2020, the DEA issued an interim final rule that purported to align the DEA’s regulations with the statutory changes to the CSA made effective by the 2018 Farm Bill. The DEA received a number of comments objecting to the interim final rule, and the interim final rule has been the subject of litigation. However, the litigation was dismissed by the D.C. Circuit Court in June 2022. If the DEA takes action against us or other participants in the U.S. hemp industry, this could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

There is continuing uncertainty regarding the FDA’s potential position on CBG and other cannabinoids.

CBG is a cannabinoid that can be lawfully derived from U.S. hemp and the Company has begun and plans to continue developing products with CBG and other rare cannabinoids (i.e., cannabinoids other than THC and CBD). The 2018 Farm Bill preserved the FDA’s authority over U.S. hemp-derived consumer products and to date, the FDA has provided no guidance as to how cannabinoids other than CBD will be regulated under the FFDCA. Future regulatory changes or enforcement actions by the FDA, with respect to CBG or other U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoids, could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Risks Relating to Competition

The markets in which we operate are increasingly competitive, and we may compete for market share with other companies, both domestically and internationally, that may have longer operating histories and more financial resources, manufacturing and marketing experience than us.

The markets for cannabis and U.S. hemp are competitive and evolving and we face strong competition from both existing and emerging companies that offer similar products. Some of our current and potential competitors may have longer operating histories, greater financial, marketing and other resources and larger customer bases than we have. In addition, there is potential that the cannabis and U.S. hemp industries will undergo consolidation, creating larger companies with financial resources, manufacturing and marketing capabilities and product offerings that are greater than ours. As a result of this competition, we may be unable to maintain our operations or develop them as currently proposed on terms we consider acceptable, or at all. Increased competition by larger, better-financed competitors with geographic advantages could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Given the rapid changes affecting global, national and regional economies generally, and the U.S. hemp industry in particular, we may not be able to create and maintain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Our success will depend on our ability to respond to, among other things, changes in the economy, regulatory conditions, market conditions and competitive pressures. Any failure by us to anticipate or respond adequately to such changes could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

In Canada, the number of licenses granted by Health Canada could also have an impact on our operations. We expect to face additional competition from new market entrants that are granted licenses under the Cannabis Act or existing license holders which are not yet active in the industry. If a significant number of new licenses are granted by Health Canada in the near term, we may experience increased competition for market share and may experience downward price pressure on our products as new entrants increase production. If the number of users of cannabis in Canada increases, the demand for products will increase and we expect that competition will become more intense, as current and future competitors begin to offer an increasing number of diversified products. To remain competitive, we will require a continued high level of investment in R&D, sales and customer support. We may not have sufficient resources to maintain R&D, sales and customer support efforts on a competitive basis which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the Canadian federal authorization of home cultivation, outdoor grow, and the easing of other barriers to entry to the Canadian adult-use cannabis market, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the U.S., the number of competitors in the U.S. hemp industry has increased significantly in recent years and is expected to continue to increase, which could negatively impact our market share and demand for our products. Additionally, if the U.S. takes steps to legalize U.S. Schedule I cannabis, the impact of such a development could result in new entrants into the market and increased levels of competition.

We face competition from the illegal cannabis market.

We face competition from illegal market operators that are unlicensed and unregulated. As these illegal market participants do not comply with the regulations governing the cannabis industry, their operations may also have significantly lower costs and they may be able to sell products with significantly higher cannabinoid potencies or which include ingredients that are prohibited by law. The perpetuation of the illegal market for cannabis may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition as well as the perception of cannabis use.

We have been and may in the future be required to write down inventory due to downward pressure on market prices, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.

At the end of each reporting period, management performs an assessment of inventory obsolescence, prices and demand to measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. We also consider factors such as slow-moving or non-marketable products in our determination of obsolescence. As a result of this assessment, inventory write-downs may occur from period to period. Due to continued pricing pressures in the Canadian marketplace, we may incur further inventory write-downs in the future. We have had a series of inventory write-downs due to price compression in the cannabis market. We expect these write-downs to continue as pricing pressures remain elevated. These inventory write-downs have in the past and may in the future materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.

We may be unable to attract or retain skilled labor and personnel with experience in the cannabis or U.S. hemp sector and may be unable to attract, develop and retain additional employees required for our operations and future developments.

We may be unable to attract or retain employees with sufficient experience in the cannabis or U.S. hemp industry, and may prove unable to attract, develop and retain additional employees required for our development and future success.

Our success is currently largely dependent on the performance of our skilled employees. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. In 2022, we announced a Realignment to, among other things, centralize functions under common leadership to increase efficient distribution of resources, optimize collaboration and strategic alignment and eliminate duplication of roles and costs, including a reduction in headcount impacting a number of employees. The Realignment could lead to increased attrition amongst those employees who were not directly affected by the reduction in headcount, and we may not be successful at retaining such employees or attracting new employees, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Further, certain shareholders, directors, officers and employees in our Canadian operations may require security clearance from Health Canada or require analogous clearance by various provincial agencies. Under the Cannabis Act, a security clearance cannot be valid for more than five years and must be renewed before the expiry of a current security clearance. There is no assurance that any of our existing personnel who presently or may in the future require a security clearance will be able to obtain or renew such clearances or that new personnel who require a security clearance will be able to obtain one. A failure by any of our existing personnel to maintain or renew his or her security clearance may impair our business operations. In addition, if an employee with security clearance leaves and we are unable to find a suitable replacement who has a security clearance required by the Cannabis Act in a timely manner, or at all, there could occur a material adverse effect on our business operations. Similar risks and potential effects apply to analogous security clearances required by various provincial agencies.

Risks Relating to the Altria Investment

Altria has significant influence over us following closing of the Altria Investment.

Altria is our single largest shareholder. As of December 31, 2022, Altria beneficially owned approximately 41% of our issued and outstanding common shares (calculated on a non-diluted basis). In light of such ownership, Altria is in a position to exercise significant influence over matters affecting shareholders or requiring shareholder approval, including the election of the Board, amendments to our articles and the determination of significant corporate actions. In addition, pursuant to the Investor Rights Agreement, Altria has certain rights, including the right to nominate a specified number of directors to the Board, approval rights over certain Company actions and pre-emptive and top-up rights entitling Altria to maintain its pro rata beneficial ownership in us. Further, as of the date hereof, four of the seven directors on the Board are Altria Nominees. For more information, see “Business -Altria Strategic Investment – Investor Rights Agreement.”

Accordingly, Altria currently has significant influence over us. There can be no assurance that Altria’s interests will align with our interests or the interests of other shareholders. In addition, such influence could limit the price that an acquirer might be willing to pay in the future for our common shares and it may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of us, such as a merger or take-over.

We have discretion in the use of net proceeds from the Altria Investment and may not use them effectively.

Under the Subscription Agreement, we have discretion in the use of net proceeds from the Altria Investment, subject to our obligation to consult with Altria, in certain circumstances, seek the approval of Altria (such approval not to be unreasonably conditioned, withheld or delayed) and certain other limitations regarding the use of net proceeds set forth in the Subscription Agreement. Accordingly, shareholders may not agree with the manner in which management chooses to allocate and spend the net proceeds. Our failure to apply the funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have cash on hand, including short-term investments, of approximately $878 million as of December 31, 2022. There can be no assurance that we will be able to deploy the available cash in an effective manner that is accretive to us, or at all. Until such time as we are able to deploy the cash available to us, we anticipate holding the net proceeds as cash balances in our bank accounts, investing in certificates of deposit and other instruments issued by banks or obligations of or guaranteed by the Government of Canada or any province thereof, or investing in U.S. Treasury securities or other obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities. Based on the level of current interest rates, we will not earn any material revenue from such invested cash.

We may not realize the benefits of our strategic partnership with Altria, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We believe that the strategic partnership between us and Altria provides us with additional financial resources, product development and commercialization capabilities, and deep regulatory expertise to better position us to compete, scale and lead the rapidly growing global cannabis industry. We believe that the growth opportunities for us are significant and could extend across the globe as new markets open. With Altria’s resources, we expect to be even better positioned to support cannabinoid innovation, create differentiated products and brands across medical and adult-use categories and expand our global footprint and growing production capacity. Nevertheless, a number of risks and uncertainties are associated with the expansion into such markets and the pursuit of these other growth opportunities. The successful implementation of the Altria Investment is critical to our growth and capital position. The failure to successfully implement or reap the anticipated benefits of Altria’s resources and expertise to realize growth and expansion opportunities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Altria’s significant interest in us may impact the liquidity of our common shares.

Our common shares may be less liquid and trade at a discount relative to the trading that could occur in circumstances where Altria did not have the ability to significantly influence or determine matters affecting us. Additionally, Altria’s significant voting interest in us may discourage transactions involving a change of control of us, including transactions in which an investor, as a shareholder, might otherwise receive a premium for its common shares over the then-current market price.

Future sales of our common shares by Altria could cause the market price for our common shares to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of our common shares by Altria could occur at any time. Such sales, or the market perception of such sales, could significantly reduce the market price of our common shares. We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future public sales of our common shares beneficially owned by Altria or the availability of these common shares for sale will have on the market price of our common shares. If the market price of our common shares were to drop as a result, this might impede our ability to raise additional capital and might cause a significant decline in the value of the investments of our other shareholders.

The intentions of Altria regarding its long-term economic ownership of our common shares are subject to change as a result of changes in the circumstances of Altria or its affiliates, changes in our management and operation and changes in laws and regulations, market conditions and our financial performance.

Conflicts of interest may arise between us and our directors and officers, including as a result of the continuing involvement of certain of our directors with Altria and its affiliates.

We may be subject to various potential conflicts of interest because of the fact that some of our directors and officers may be engaged in a range of business activities, or have relationships with or are employed by Altria. One of our directors, Jason Adler, is the co-founder and Managing Member of Gotham Green Partners, a private equity firm focused primarily on early-stage investing in companies in the cannabis industry, and Michael Gorenstein, our Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer, is a co-founder and non-managing Member of Gotham Green Partners. Three of our directors, Jody Begley, Murray Garnick and Heather Newman, are employed by Altria as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Executive Vice President and General Counsel, and Senior Vice President, Corporate Strategy, respectively. As a result of these relationships, conflicts of interests may arise between us and them, as described below.

We may also become involved in other transactions that are inconsistent or conflict with the interests of our directors and officers, and/or our directors and officers may have interests in persons, firms, institutions, corporations or transactions that are inconsistent or in conflict with our interests and those of our shareholders. In addition, from time to time, Gotham Green Partners or Altria may be competing with us for available investment opportunities. Conflicts of interest, if any, will be subject to the procedures and remedies provided under applicable laws and regulations. In particular, in the event that such a conflict of interest arises at a meeting of our directors, a director who has such a conflict will abstain from voting for or against the approval of the transaction and may recuse himself or herself from any related discussion or deliberation. In accordance with applicable laws and regulations, our directors are required to act honestly, in good faith and in our best interests.

Risks Relating to Our Common Shares

It is not anticipated that any dividend will be paid to holders of our common shares for the foreseeable future.

No dividends on our common shares have been paid to date. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, for future operation and expansion. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of the Board and will depend on, among other things, financial results, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. Any changes to our policy with respect to the declaration and payment of any dividends requires Altria’s approval. As a result, investors may not receive any return on an investment in our common shares unless they sell their shares for a price greater than that which such investors paid for them.

The market price for our common shares may be volatile and subject to fluctuation in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control.

The market price for our common shares may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to many factors, including:

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our results of operations;

•changes in estimates of our future results of operations by us or securities research analysts;

•changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;

•additions or departures of our executive officers and other key personnel;

•our restating financial results twice in the last four years;

•sales of additional common shares or the perception in the market that such sales might occur;

•significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, investments, joint ventures or capital commitments by or involving us or our competitors;

•increases in speculative trading activity by investors targeting publicly traded cannabis companies, which can further contribute to the volatility of the market price for our common shares if aggregate short exposure exceeds the number of our common shares available for purchase;

•news reports relating to trends, concerns or competitive developments, regulatory changes or enforcement actions and other related issues in our industry or target markets;

•the prospect of actual or perceived future changes to the legal and regulatory regimes that govern our products and our industries;

•investors’ general perception of us and the public’s reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC and Canadian securities regulators;

•our failure to timely file our public filings with the SEC and Canadian securities regulators;

•our failure to comply with the Nasdaq and TSX rules and potential trading halts or delisting notices;

•reports by industry analysts, investor perceptions, and market rumors or speculation; and

•negative announcements by our customers, competitors or suppliers regarding their own performance.

For example, reports by industry analysts, investor perceptions, market rumors or speculation could trigger a sell-off in our common shares. Any sales of substantial numbers of our common shares in the public market or the perception that such sales might occur may cause the market price of our common shares to decline. In addition, to the extent that other large companies within our industries experience declines in their stock price, the price of our common shares may decline as well. Moreover, if the market price of our common shares drops significantly, shareholders may institute securities class action lawsuits against us. Lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial costs and could divert the time and attention of our management and other resources.

Securities markets continue to experience significant price and volume fluctuations that have, in some cases, been unrelated to the operating performance, underlying asset values or prospects of public companies. Accordingly, the market price of our common shares may decline even if our results of operations, underlying asset values or prospects have not changed. In addition, certain institutional investors may base their investment decisions on consideration of our environmental, governance, diversity and social practices and performance against such institutions’ respective investment guidelines and criteria, and failure to meet such criteria may result in limited or no investment in our common shares by those institutions, which could adversely affect the trading price of our common shares. There can be no assurance that continuing fluctuations in price and volume will not occur. If such increased levels of volatility and market turmoil continue, the trading price of the common shares may be adversely affected.

Securities class action litigation often has been brought against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. We have been the target of such litigation and may in the future be the target of similar litigation. Regardless of merit, such litigation could result in substantial costs and damages and divert management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our business. Any adverse determination in litigation against us could also subject us to significant liabilities.

We may require additional capital in the future or be required to issue common shares pursuant to certain of our agreements, which may dilute holders of our securities.

We may be required to issue additional common shares pursuant to the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement. Pursuant to the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement, upon Ginkgo’s demonstration that the microorganisms they develop are capable of producing certain target cannabinoids above a minimum productivity level, we will issue to Ginkgo up to approximately 14.7 million common shares in the aggregate. To date, we have issued approximately 7.1 million common shares to Ginkgo in respect of certain Equity Milestone Events that have occurred. Additional tranches of common shares will be issued if and when additional Equity Milestone Events are reached. The issuance of such common shares, if any, would dilute holders of our common shares. In addition, Altria has pre-emptive rights to subscribe for additional common shares in us following any issuances we make to Ginkgo pursuant to the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement, and the issuance of such common shares, if any, would further dilute holders of our common shares.

Holders of common shares will have no pre-emptive rights in connection with such further issuances. Our Board has the discretion to determine if an issuance of common shares is warranted, the price at which such issuance is effected and the other terms of issue of common shares. Any additional capital raised through the sale of equity will dilute the percentage of ownership of holders of our common shares. Capital raised through debt financing would require us to make periodic interest payments and may impose restrictive covenants on the conduct of our business.

A substantial number of our securities are owned by a limited number of existing shareholders.

Our management, directors and employees own a substantial number of our outstanding common shares (on a fully diluted basis). In addition, as of December 31, 2022, Altria beneficially owned approximately 41% of our outstanding common shares (calculated on a non-diluted basis). As such, our management, directors and employees, as a group, and Altria each are in a position to exercise significant influence over matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and the determination of significant corporate actions. In addition, these shareholders could delay or prevent a change in control that could otherwise be beneficial to holders of common shares.

Investors in the U.S. may have difficulty bringing actions and enforcing judgments against us and others based on securities law civil liability provisions.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Province of British Columbia and our head office is located in the Province of Ontario. Some of our directors and officers and some of the experts named in this Annual Report are residents of Canada or otherwise reside outside of the U.S., and a substantial portion of their assets and our assets are located outside the U.S. Consequently, it may be difficult for investors in the U.S. to bring an action against such directors, officers or experts or to enforce against those persons or us a judgment obtained in a U.S. court predicated upon the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws or other laws of the U.S. In addition, while statutory provisions exist in British Columbia for derivative actions to be brought in certain circumstances, the circumstances in which a derivative action may be brought, and the procedures and defenses that may be available in respect of any such action, may be different than those of shareholders of a company incorporated in the U.S.

If we are a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any year, certain adverse tax rules could apply to U.S. holders of our common shares.

We will be classified as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for any taxable year for U.S. federal income tax purposes if for a taxable year, (i) 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets either produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, based on the quarterly average of the fair market value of such assets. The determination of PFIC status depends on interpretive rules and computational conventions that are often unclear. In particular, in making our determination, we are relying on the application of certain “look-through” rules, taking into account certain intercompany items. There is, however, no direct legal authority applying these look-through rules to our particular situation (including to what extent, they apply to intercompany items). Likewise, in light of the volatility of our common share price, we intend to take the position that the spot trading price of our stock at each quarter end, as adjusted by liabilities, does not dictate the determination of the fair market value of our assets. Based on current business plans and financial expectations, an independent valuation report in respect of our assets, and the application of certain look-through rules (including the taking into account of certain intercompany items), we do not expect to be a PFIC for the taxable year ending December 31, 2023. However, PFIC status is determined annually and depends upon the composition of our gross income and assets, both of which are subject to change. Moreover, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or a court will agree with our interpretation of fair market value or its computation, or with our interpretation of the PFIC rules (including the “look-through” rules and the scope of their application, including in respect of intercompany items). Therefore, there can be no assurance as to our PFIC status for the current taxable year or for future taxable years, nor any assurance that the IRS or a court will agree with our determination of our PFIC status.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common shares depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common shares or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the trading price of our common shares would likely decline. In addition, if our results of operations fail to meet the forecasts of analysts, the trading price of our common shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common shares could decrease, which might cause our trading price and trading volume to decline.

General Risks

We are dependent on our senior management.

Our success is dependent upon the ability, expertise, judgment, discretion and good faith of our senior management. While employment agreements are customarily used as a primary method of retaining the services of key employees, these agreements cannot assure the continued services of our senior management team. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. The loss of the services of a member of senior management, or an inability to attract other suitably qualified persons when needed, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to execute on our business plan and strategy, and we may be unable to find adequate replacements on a timely basis, or at all. We do not maintain key-person insurance on the lives of any of our officers or employees.

We will seek to maintain adequate insurance coverage in respect of the risks we face; however, insurance premiums for such insurance may not continue to be commercially justifiable, and there may be coverage limitations and other exclusions which may not be sufficient to cover our potential liabilities.

We have insurance to protect our assets, operations and employees. While we believe our insurance coverage addresses all material risks to which we are exposed in our current state of operations, such insurance is subject to deductibles, coverage limits and exclusions and may not be available or adequate for the risks and hazards to which we are exposed. For example, certain wholesalers, distributors, retailers and other service providers may require suppliers of U.S. hemp products to provide an indemnification from liability in connection with such products, which may not be covered by insurance. In addition, no assurance can be given that such insurance will be adequate to cover our liabilities or will be generally available in the future or, if available, that premiums and deductibles will be commercially justifiable. If we were to incur substantial liability claims and such damages were not covered by insurance or were in excess of policy limits, or if we were to incur such liability at a time when we are not able to obtain liability insurance, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, our insurers have in the past and may in the future deny us coverage, whether or not such denial is with merit, and we have in the past and may in the future need to commence litigation against such insurers, which could be time consuming and expensive and divert significant management resources, with no assurance that we will be successful in any resulting proceedings.

Tax and accounting requirements may be interpreted or changed in ways that are complex and not necessarily anticipated by us, and we may face difficulty or be unable to implement and/or comply with any such interpretations or changes.

We are subject to numerous tax and accounting requirements, and changes in existing accounting or taxation rules or practices, or varying interpretations of current rules or practices, could have a significant adverse effect on our financial results, the manner in which we conduct our business or the marketability of any of our products. In many countries, including the U.S., we are subject to transfer pricing and other tax regulations designed to ensure that appropriate levels of income are reported as earned and are taxed accordingly. Although we believe that we are in substantial compliance with all applicable regulations and restrictions, we are subject to the risk that governmental authorities could audit our transfer pricing and related practices and assert that additional taxes are owed or that various jurisdictions could assert that we should file tax returns in jurisdictions where we do not file and subject us to additional tax. In the future, the geographic scope of our business may expand, and such expansion will require us to comply with the tax laws and regulations of additional jurisdictions. Requirements as to taxation vary substantially among jurisdictions. Complying with the tax laws and regulations of these jurisdictions can be time consuming and expensive and could potentially subject us to penalties and fees in the future if we failed to comply. In the event that we failed to comply with applicable tax laws and regulations, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has in the past, and could in the future, severely restrict the level of economic activity around the world and in all countries in which we or our affiliates, investments and joint ventures operate (including the U.S., Canada, and Israel). In response to the COVID-19 pandemic the governments of many countries, states, provinces, municipalities, and other geographic regions took preventative or protective actions, such as imposing restrictions on travel and business operations, ordering temporary closures of businesses and advising or requiring individuals to limit or forego their time outside of their homes. Although many preventative or protective actions have been eased or lifted in varying degrees by different governments of various countries, states and municipalities, the situation remains dynamic and subject to rapid and possibly material changes. Notwithstanding widespread

vaccine availability within Canada, the U.S. and Israel, the emergence of COVID-19 variants and slowing vaccination rates in certain localities have resulted in increased infection rates and has caused, and may continue to cause, several jurisdictions to reinstitute certain COVID-19 restrictions. Additional waves of increased COVID-19 infections as well as COVID-19 related restrictions imposed by various governmental authorities (including, for example, requirements to show proof of vaccination), could negatively impact our supply chain, as well as traffic and sales volume for retailers offering the Company’s products, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and any emerging COVID-19 variants could include closures of our or our joint ventures’ facilities or the facilities of our suppliers and other vendors in our supply chain and other preventive and protective measures in our supply chain. If the pandemic persists, including if and when new variants of the virus emerge, closures or other restrictions on the conduct of business operations of our joint ventures, third party manufacturers, suppliers or vendors could disrupt our supply chain. We have experienced minor delays in shipping and the increased global demand on shipping and transport services, in addition to customs and border control policies put in place in response to COVID-19 that require shipments to undergo quarantine periods, may cause us to experience delays or increased costs in the future which could impact our ability to obtain materials or deliver our products in a timely manner, could otherwise disrupt our operations and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, and the extent of its effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, including the duration, scope and severity of the pandemic, the development and availability of effective treatments and vaccines, further actions taken by governments and other third parties to contain or mitigate its impact, the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and related containment measures, and new information that will emerge concerning the severity and impact of COVID-19 and new variants of the virus, among others. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, our businesses could also be negatively impacted should the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic lead to changes in consumer behavior, including as a result of a decline in the level of vaping or demand for inhalable products in light of certain recent published articles and studies on the potential increased susceptibility of individuals who smoke or vaporize nicotine or cannabis to COVID-19, in light of changes in consumer behavior such as reduced spending on certain product formats historically used in shared experiences such as pre-rolls or in reductions in discretionary spending.

Natural disasters, unusual weather, pandemic outbreaks, boycotts and geo-political events or acts of terrorism could adversely affect our operations and financial results.

The occurrence of one or more natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods and earthquakes, unusually adverse weather, pandemic outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 virus, influenza and other highly communicable diseases or viruses, boycotts and geo-political events, such as civil unrest in countries in which our or our joint ventures’ operations are located and acts of terrorism, or similar disruptions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These events could result in physical damage to one or more of our or our joint ventures’ properties, increases in fuel or other energy prices, the temporary or permanent closure of one or more of our or our joint ventures’ facilities, the temporary lack of an adequate workforce in a market, the temporary or long-term disruption in the supply of products from suppliers, the temporary disruption in the transport of goods, delay in the delivery of goods to our or our joint ventures’ facilities, and disruption to our information systems. Such events could also negatively impact consumer sentiment, reduce demand for consumer products like ours and cause general economic slowdown.

We are subject to changing rules and regulations promulgated by a number of governmental and self-regulatory organizations, including the SEC, Nasdaq and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. These rules and regulations continue to evolve in scope and complexity. In addition, increasingly regulators, customers, investors, employees and other stakeholders are focusing on environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters and related disclosures. These changing rules, regulations and stakeholder expectations have resulted in, and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and increased management time and attention spent complying with or meeting such regulations and expectations. For example, developing and acting on initiatives within the scope of ESG, and collecting, measuring and reporting ESG related information and metrics can be costly, difficult and time consuming and is subject to evolving reporting standards, including the SEC’s recently proposed climate-related reporting requirements, and similar proposals by other international regulatory bodies. We may also communicate certain initiatives and goals, regarding environmental matters, diversity, responsible sourcing and social investments and other ESG related matters, in our SEC filings or in other public disclosures. These initiatives and goals within the scope of ESG could be difficult and expensive to implement, the technologies needed to implement them may not be cost effective and may not advance at a sufficient pace, and we could be criticized for the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of the disclosure. Further, statements about our ESG related initiatives and goals, and progress against those goals, may be based on standards for measuring progress that are still developing, internal controls and processes that continue to evolve, and assumptions that are subject to change in the future. In addition, we could be criticized for the scope or nature of such initiatives or goals, or for any revisions to these goals. If our ESG-related data, processes and reporting are incomplete or inaccurate, or if we fail to achieve progress with respect to our initiatives or goals within the scope of ESG on a timely basis, or at all, our reputation, business, financial performance and growth could be adversely affected.

Climate change may disrupt our business and our efforts to address concerns relating to climate change could result in damage to our reputation.

Our business and that of our joint venture partners involves the growing of cannabis, an agricultural product, and adverse weather conditions have historically caused volatility in the agricultural industry and consequently in operating results by causing crop failures or significantly reduced harvests, which may negatively affect the supply and pricing of agricultural commodities, such as cannabis. Additionally, the potential physical impacts of climate change are uncertain and may vary by region. These potential effects could include changes in rainfall patterns, water shortages, changing sea levels, changing storm patterns and intensities, and changing temperature levels that could adversely impact our costs and business operations, the location, costs, and competitiveness of cannabis production and related storage and processing facilities and the supply of cannabis.

Our financial performance is subject to risks of foreign exchange rate fluctuation, which could result in foreign exchange losses.

We may be exposed to fluctuations of the U.S. dollar against certain other currencies, particularly the Canadian dollar, because we publish our financial statements in U.S. dollars, while a significant portion of our assets, liabilities, revenues and costs are or will be denominated in other currencies. Exchange rates for currencies of the countries in which we operate may fluctuate in relation to the U.S. dollar, and such fluctuations may have a material adverse effect on our earnings or assets when translating foreign currency into U.S. dollars.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected by disruptions in the global economy caused by the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

We are continuing to monitor the situation in Ukraine and globally and assessing its potential impact on our business. Although our business has not been, to the date of this Annual Report, materially impacted by the ongoing military conflict in Ukraine, it is impossible to predict the extent to which our operations, or those of our suppliers and vendors, will be impacted in the short and long term, or the ways in which the conflict may impact our business. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but may be substantial. In addition, the effects of the ongoing conflict could heighten any of our known risks described above.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

Our executive offices are located in Toronto, Ontario in Canada, where we lease office space. As of December 31, 2022, our Rest of World segment owned various manufacturing facilities in the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario, and in Hadera, Israel. As of December 31, 2022, our United States segment leased office space and manufacturing facilities in Los Angeles, California. Management believes that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current requirements and, to the extent that our facilities are leased, comparable space is readily available.

The Company is subject to various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of its business and in connection with its marketing, distribution and sale of its products. Many of these legal proceedings are in the early stages of litigation and seek damages that are unspecified or not quantified. Although the outcome of these matters cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company does not believe

these legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial condition but could be material to its results of operations for any particular reporting period depending, in part, on its results for that period.

Class action complaints relating to restatement of 2019 interim financial statements

On March 11 and 12, 2020, two alleged shareholders of the Company separately filed two putative class action complaints in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York against the Company and its former Chief Executive Officer (now Executive Chairman) and now former Chief Financial Officer. The court has consolidated the cases, and the consolidated amended complaint alleges violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder against all defendants, and Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act against the individual defendants. The consolidated amended complaint generally alleges that certain of the Company’s prior public statements about revenues and internal controls were incorrect based on the Company’s disclosures relating to the Audit Committee of the Board’s review of the appropriateness of revenue recognized in connection with certain bulk resin purchases and sales of products through the wholesale channel. The consolidated amended complaint does not quantify a damage request. Defendants moved to dismiss on February 8, 2021.

On June 3, 2020, an alleged shareholder filed a Statement of Claim, as amended on August 12, 2020, in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, seeking, among other things, an order certifying the action as a class action on behalf of a putative class of shareholders and damages of an unspecified amount. The Amended Statement of Claim names (i) the Company, (ii) its former Chief Executive Officer (now Executive Chairman), (iii) now former Chief Financial Officer, (iv) former Chief Financial Officer and Chief Commercial Officer, and (v) current and former members of the Board as defendants and alleges breaches of the Ontario Securities Act, oppression under the Ontario Business Corporations Act and common law misrepresentation. The Amended Statement of Claim generally alleges that certain of the Company’s prior public statements about revenues and internal controls were misrepresentations based on the Company’s March 2, 2020 disclosure that the Audit Committee of the Board was conducting a review of the appropriateness of revenue recognized in connection with certain bulk resin purchases and sales of products through the wholesale channel, and the Company’s subsequent restatement. The Amended Statement of Claim does not quantify a damage request. On June 28, 2021, the Court dismissed motions brought by the plaintiff for leave to commence a claim for misrepresentation under the Ontario Securities Act and for certification of the action as a class action. The plaintiff has appealed the Court’s dismissal of the motions only with respect to the Company, the former Chief Executive Officer (now Executive Chairman), and the now former Chief Financial Officer; the remaining defendants were dismissed from the matter with prejudice and the Company and all individual defendants agreed not to seek costs from plaintiff in connection with the dismissal of the motions. On September 26, 2022, the Court of Appeal for Ontario reversed the Superior Court’s dismissal of the leave and certification motions, granted the plaintiff leave to proceed to bring a claim for misrepresentation under the Ontario Securities Act, and remitted the certification motion back to the Superior Court.

Regulatory reviews relating to restatement

SEC Settlement

On October 24, 2022, the SEC issued an Order Instituting Cease-and-Desist Proceedings Pursuant to Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21(c) of the Exchange Act, Making Findings, and Imposing a Cease-and-Desist Order (the “Settlement Order”) resolving the Restatements.

The Company agreed to settle with the SEC, without admitting or denying the allegations described in the Settlement Order. The Settlement Order fully and finally disposes of the investigation of the Company by the SEC into the Restatements without the payment of any civil penalty or other amount.

The Settlement Order required the Company to cease and desist from committing or causing any violations and any future violations of Section 17(a) of the Securities Act, Sections 10(b), 13(a), 13(b)(2)(B) of the Exchange Act and Rules 10b-5, 13a-13, 13a-15(a), 13a-16 and 12b-20 thereunder. Additionally, the Company agreed to certain undertakings, which include, among other things, retaining a qualified independent consultant (the “Consultant”) to engage in a review of, and make recommendations with respect to, certain of the Company’s internal accounting controls and internal control over financing reporting.

As a result of the Settlement Order, the Company (i) lost its status as a well-known seasoned issuer for a period of three years, (ii) is unable to rely on the private offering exemptions provided by Regulations A and D under the Securities Act for a period of five years and (iii) is unable to rely on the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 for a period of three years.

Ontario Securities Commission Settlement

On October 24, 2022, the Ontario Capital Markets Tribunal approved a settlement agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) between the Company and the staff of the Ontario Securities Commission (“OSC”), resolving the Restatements.

Pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Agreement, which fully and finally disposes the investigation of the Company by the OSC, Cronos agreed to pay a total of C$1.34 million to fully settle the matter, and acknowledged that it had failed to comply with the requirement under Section 77 of the Securities Act (Ontario) to file interim financial reports in the manner set out therein and had acted in a manner contrary to the public interest. Additionally, the Company agreed to retain the Consultant to engage in a review of, and make recommendations with respect to, certain of the Company’s internal accounting controls and internal control over financing reporting, on substantially the same terms as were required by the SEC pursuant the Settlement Order.

Litigation relating to marketing, distribution and sale of products

On June 16, 2020, an alleged consumer filed a Statement of Claim on behalf of a class in the Court of King’s Bench of Alberta in Alberta, Canada, against the Company and other Canadian cannabis manufacturers and/or distributors. On December 4, 2020, a Third Amended Statement of Claim was filed, which added a second alleged consumer. The Third Amended Statement of Claim alleges claims related to the defendants’ advertised content of cannabinoids in cannabis products for medicinal use on or after June 16, 2010 and cannabis products for adult use on or after October 17, 2018. The Third Amended Statement of Claim seeks a total of C$500 million for breach of contract, compensatory damages, and unjust enrichment or such other amount as may be proven in trial and C$5 million in punitive damages against each defendant, including the Company. The Third Amended Statement of Claim also seeks interest and costs associated with the action. The Company has not responded to the Third Amended Statement of the Claim. On January 31, 2022, upon consent of the Company and the plaintiffs, the court dismissed the case in its entirety as to the Company.

A number of claims, including purported class actions, have been brought in the U.S. against companies engaged in the U.S. hemp business alleging, among other things, violations of state consumer protection, health and advertising laws. On April 8, 2020, a putative class action complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California against Redwood, alleging violations of California’s Unfair Competition Law, False Advertising Law, Consumers Legal Remedies Act, and breaches of the California Commercial Code for breach of express warranties and implied warranty of merchantability with respect to Redwood’s marketing and sale of U.S. hemp products. The complaint did not quantify a damage request. On April 10, 2020, the class action complaint was dismissed for certain pleading deficiencies and the plaintiff was granted leave until April 24, 2020 to amend the complaint to establish federal subject matter jurisdiction. On April 28, 2020, the action was dismissed without prejudice for failure to prosecute and for failure to comply with a court order. As of the date of this Annual Report, the plaintiff has not refiled the complaint.

We expect litigation and regulatory proceedings relating to the marketing, distribution and sale of our products to increase.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Our common shares are traded on Nasdaq and the TSX under the symbol “CRON.”

Holders

As of February 24, 2023, there were approximately 107 holders of record of our common shares. This number of holders of record does not represent the actual number of beneficial owners of our common shares because shares are frequently held in “street name” by securities dealers and others for the benefit of individual owners who have the right to vote their shares.

Dividends

As of the date of this Annual Report, we have not declared any dividends or made any distributions on our common shares. Furthermore, we have no current intention to declare dividends on our common shares in the foreseeable future. Any decision to pay dividends on our common shares in the future will be at the discretion of the Board and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, current and anticipated cash requirements and surplus, financial condition, any future contractual restrictions and financing agreement covenants, our ability to meet solvency tests imposed by corporate law and other factors that the Board may deem relevant.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

Information concerning securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans will be set forth in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders or an amendment to this Annual Report to be filed within 120 days of our fiscal year end.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Persons

None.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Performance Graph

The following performance graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return of our common shares as listed on Nasdaq with the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Index and a market-weighted index of publicly traded peers over the 58-month period beginning on February 27, 2018 and ending on December 31, 2022. The new peer group includes Aurora Cannabis Inc., Canopy Growth Corporation, Green Thumb Industries, Inc., HEXO Corporation, Organigram Holdings Inc., Tilray Inc., and Trulieve Cannabis Corp., (the “New Peer Group”). The graph assumes that $100 is invested in each of our common shares, the S&P 500 Index, and the indices of publicly traded peers on February 27, 2018 and that all dividends, if applicable, were reinvested. Past performance may not be indicative of future performance.

The old peer group included Aurora Cannabis Inc., Canopy Growth Corporation, Green Thumb Industries, Inc., HEXO Corporation, iAnthus Capital Holdings Inc., Organigram Holdings Inc., and Tilray Inc. (the “Old Peer Group”). iAnthus Capital Holdings Inc. was removed from the New Peer Group and replaced with Trulieve Cannabis Corp. to better align the New Peer Group, as iAnthus Capital Holdings Inc.’s share price has fallen to a nominal value.

Date			Cronos Group Inc.			S&P 500			Old Peer Group			New Peer Group
February 27, 2018			$	100.00		$	100.00		$	100.00		$	100.00
March 31, 2018			$	88.32		$	97.46		$	111.22		$	114.36
June 30, 2018			$	85.56		$	100.81		$	121.53		$	136.42
September 30, 2018			$	145.93		$	108.58		$	190.41		$	217.76
December 31, 2018			$	136.35		$	93.90		$	98.39		$	115.61
March 31, 2019			$	241.86		$	106.71		$	145.34		$	187.52
June 30, 2019			$	209.71		$	111.31		$	124.13		$	155.63
September 30, 2019			$	118.77		$	113.20		$	70.99		$	101.19
December 31, 2019			$	100.66		$	123.46		$	55.09		$	60.79
March 31, 2020			$	74.41		$	99.27		$	32.45		$	36.12
June 30, 2020			$	78.87		$	119.66		$	37.99		$	39.30
September 30, 2020			$	65.75		$	130.35		$	33.33		$	35.71
December 31, 2020			$	91.08		$	146.18		$	58.43		$	57.65
March 31, 2021			$	124.15		$	155.21		$	80.99		$	85.50
June 30, 2021			$	112.86		$	168.47		$	70.52		$	74.35
September 30, 2021			$	74.28		$	169.46		$	47.25		$	42.72
December 31, 2021			$	51.44		$	188.14		$	32.67		$	28.17
March 31, 2022			$	51.05		$	179.49		$	29.70		$	36.89
June 30, 2022			$	37.01		$	150.59		$	11.66		$	15.59
September 30, 2022			$	37.01		$	143.24		$	11.13		$	14.14
December 31, 2022			$	33.33		$	154.07		$	9.00		$	11.88

			Business Overview									54
			Recent Developments									55
			Consolidated Results of Operations									57
			Summary of financial results – ROW									61
			Summary of financial results – U.S.									62
			Non-GAAP Measures									62
			Liquidity and Capital Resources									67
			Critical Accounting Estimates									68

Business Overview

Cronos is an innovative global cannabinoid company committed to building disruptive intellectual property by advancing cannabis research, technology and product development. With a passion to responsibly elevate the consumer experience, Cronos is building an iconic brand portfolio. Cronos’ diverse international brand portfolio includes Spinach®, PEACE NATURALS® and Lord Jones®.

Unless otherwise noted or the context indicates otherwise, references in this Annual Report to the “Company”, “Cronos”, “we”, “us” and “our” refer to Cronos Group Inc., its direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries and, if applicable, its joint ventures and investments accounted for by the equity method; the term “cannabis” means the plant of any species or subspecies of genus Cannabis and any part of that plant, including all derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers; the term “U.S. hemp” has the meaning given to term “hemp” in the U.S. Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018, including hemp-derived cannabidiol (“CBD”).

Strategy

Cronos seeks to create value for shareholders by focusing on four core strategic priorities:

•growing a portfolio of iconic brands that responsibly elevate the consumer experience;

•developing a diversified global sales and distribution network;

•establishing an efficient global supply chain; and

•creating and monetizing disruptive intellectual property.

Business Segments

We report through two segments: “United States” (the “U.S. segment”) and “Rest of World” (the “ROW segment”). These two segments represent the geographic regions in which we operate and the different product offerings within each geographic region.

The U.S. segment manufactures, markets and distributes U.S. hemp-derived products through e-commerce, retail and hospitality partner channels in the United States under the Lord Jones® brand.

The ROW segment is involved in the cultivation, manufacturing, and marketing of cannabis products for the medical and adult-use markets. In Canada, Cronos operates two wholly owned license holders under the Cannabis Act (Canada) (the “Cannabis Act”), Peace Naturals Project Inc. (“Peace Naturals”), which has production facilities near Stayner, Ontario (the “Peace Naturals Campus”), and Thanos Holdings Ltd., known as Cronos Fermentation (“Cronos Fermentation”), which has a production facility in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In Israel, the Company operates under the IMC-GAP, IMC-GMP and IMC-GDP certifications required for the cultivation, production and marketing of dried flower, pre-rolls and oils in the Israeli medical market. Cronos has established two strategic joint ventures in Canada and Israel. Additionally, as of December 31, 2022, Cronos held approximately 10% of the issued capital of Vitura Health Limited (“Vitura”), formerly known as Cronos Australia Limited, which is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange under the trading symbol “VIT” and approximately 13.7% of the issued capital of Natuera.

Recent Developments

COVID-19

In December 2019, an outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus, COVID-19, was identified in Wuhan, China. Since then, COVID-19 has spread across the globe, including the U.S., Canada and Israel, and other countries in which Cronos or its affiliates operate, and was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a sharp contraction in many areas of the global economy and increased volatility and uncertainty in the capital markets. In response to the pandemic, the governments of many countries, provinces, states, municipalities, and other geographic regions took preventative or protective actions, including closures of certain businesses, mandatory quarantines, limits on individuals’ time outside of their homes, travel restrictions and social distancing or other preventative measures. Such measures have been eased or lifted in varying degrees by different governments of various countries, states and municipalities since implementation in 2020, but the continued spread of COVID-19 and increased infection rates has caused, and may continue to cause, some jurisdictions to roll back reopening plans that had been underway and re-impose quarantines, border closures, closure of certain businesses and stay-at-home orders.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the global economy and, specifically, the U.S., Canada, Israel, and the other countries in which Cronos or its affiliates operate. We continue to closely monitor and respond, where possible, to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. As the global situation continues to change rapidly, ensuring the health and safety of our employees remains one of our top priorities.

In the U.S., numerous states have continued to remove their COVID-19 related restrictions. This has resulted in the re-opening of, and increased occupancy capacities in, retail outlets, including those that sell our products. Any reinstatement of restrictions on the operations of retail outlets could negatively impact our short-term results of operations in the U.S. Additionally, in the U.S., there have been a number of supply chain challenges, such as container ships facing delays due to congestion in ports, impacting many industries, including the industries in which we operate. Although we have not yet seen a significant impact from supply chain disruptions, we continue to monitor our supply chain closely.

In Canada, COVID-19 restrictions began gradually easing at the end of June 2021 as the vaccination rate increased. The lockdown measures taken in the first six months of 2021 to slow infection rates negatively impacted our short-term revenue growth in Canada in 2021. The increase in cases related to the Omicron variant of COVID-19 beginning in December 2021 caused the reinstatement of some restrictions on non-essential retail stores in some provinces, including Quebec, in early 2022; however, those restrictions have eased in most other provinces. Each province is responsible for implementing re-opening plans and certain provinces, including Ontario, are progressing through phases of re-opening which may permit continued increases to the allowance of in-person shopping, typically in the form of percentage of store capacity. All provinces have some form of cannabis retail open to consumers, and most provinces have lifted the requirement that retail shoppers show proof of vaccination before entering retail stores. The potential for recurring retail restrictions is ongoing, which could negatively impact our results of operations.

In Israel, most COVID-19 restrictions have been removed as vaccination rates have increased. Occupancy limitations in retail outlets have been removed, including those that sell our products. We do not expect the remaining COVID-19 restrictions to have a material impact on our short-term revenue growth in Israel.

Collectively, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have adversely affected our results of operations and, if the effects continue unabated, could continue to do so as long as measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic remain in effect or supply chains continue to be challenged. At this time, neither the duration nor scope of the disruption can be predicted; therefore, the ultimate impact to our business cannot be reasonably estimated, but such impact could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Despite the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe that our significant cash on hand and short-term investments will be adequate to meet liquidity and capital requirements for at least the next twelve months.

2022 Business Highlights

Spinach® Branded Product Portfolio Expansion in Canada

Throughout 2022, the Company expanded its Spinach® gummies portfolio under both SOURZ by Spinach® and Spinach FEELZ™, with the following new products:

•April 2022: SOURZ by Spinach® Cherry Lime (Hybrid), 10mg of THC per pack

•July 2022: Spinach FEELZ™ DEEP DREAMZ CBN, 10mg of THC and 5mg of CBN per pack

•October 2022: SOURZ by Spinach® Tropical Triple Berry 2:1 CBD:THC, 20mg of CBD and 10mg of THC per pack

•December 2022: Spinach FEELZ™ 1:3 THC+CBC Mango Lime, 10mg of THC and 30mg of CBC per pack

•August 2022: Spinach FEELZ™ Deep Dreamz Blackberry Kush (7:1 THC|CBN) 1-gram vape

•May 2022: Spinach® Cosmic Green Apple and Polar Mint Vortex (800 mg/g THC) 1-gram vapes

In November, 2022, Cronos launched two infused pre-rolls in Canada. The first, Fully Charged Atomic GMO, was launched under the Spinach® brand and is offered in a 5-pack with 0.5 grams per pre-roll. Second, Cronos launched Tropical Diesel CBG, a 3-pack of CBG infused pre-rolls with 0.5 grams per pre-roll under the Spinach FEELZ™ sub-brand.

Intellectual property initiatives

•June 2022: tetrahydrocannabivaric acid (“THCVA”)

•November 2022: cannabichromenic acid (“CBCA”)

•December 2022: cannabichromevarinic acid (“CBCVA”)

Strategic and Organizational Update

In February 2023, the Company announced a shift in its strategic plans for the Realignment, with the intent to retain select components of its operations at the Peace Naturals Campus, namely distribution and warehousing, certain research and development activities and manufacturing of certain of the Company’s proprietary innovation products.

Appointments

In March 2022, the Board of Directors appointed Cronos’s founder, Mike Gorenstein, as Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Gorenstein previously served as Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Cronos until September 2020, when he transitioned to the Executive Chairman role.

In April 2022, the Company appointed Terry Doucet as Senior Vice President, Legal, Regulatory Affairs and Corporate Secretary, after serving in an interim capacity since December 2021. Mr. Doucet has been with Cronos since 2018 and has guided Cronos through significant growth over the last few years, including the build-out of the Company’s Legal and Regulatory Affairs teams, the Altria Investment, the Ginkgo Strategic Partnership, the PharmaCann Option and various product commercialization initiatives.

In August 2022, the Company appointed Arye Weigensberg as Senior Vice President, Head of Research & Development, after serving in an interim capacity since November 2021. Prior to serving as interim Head of Research and Development, Mr. Weigensberg was the General Manager and Vice President of Research and Technology at Cronos Research Labs. Before joining the Company, Mr. Weigensberg was the CEO of Altria Israel Ltd (an Altria research and development hub). Since joining Cronos, Mr. Weigensberg has played a foundational role developing the scope of our rare cannabinoid work, while advancing our research capabilities to forge new strategies for differentiated cannabis products.

In November 2022, the Company appointed James Holm as Chief Financial Officer after nearly two decades of finance and accounting experience at leading companies across industries. He most recently served as the Global Vice President of Finance Transformation at Vertiv, a global provider of critical digital infrastructure and continuity solutions, where he led the company’s centralization, standardization and optimization to a Global Shared Service hub for finance processes. Before joining Vertiv, Mr. Holm served as Finance Leader, Finance Solutions & Process Transformation Organization at Worldpay, one of the largest global payment processors. There he drove financial reporting accuracy, capabilities and enhancements across the company. Earlier in his career, he held multiple positions of increasing seniority in the finance department during his eight-year tenure at Procter and Gamble.

2021 Compared to 2020

Results of Operations

For a discussion of our 2021 results of operations compared to 2020, see Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Cash Flows

For a discussion of our 2021 cash flows compared to 2020, see Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Foreign currency exchange rates

All currency amounts in this Annual Report are stated in U.S. dollars, which is our reporting currency, unless otherwise noted. All references to “dollars” or “$” are to U.S. dollars. The assets and liabilities of our foreign operations are translated into dollars at the exchange rate in effect as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, as reported on Bloomberg. Transactions affecting the shareholders’ equity (deficit) are translated at historical foreign exchange rates. The consolidated statements of net income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) and consolidated statements of cash flows of our foreign operations are translated into dollars by applying the average foreign exchange rate in effect for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, as reported on Bloomberg.

The exchange rates used to translate from Canadian dollars (“C$”) to dollars are shown below:

(Exchange rates are shown as C$ per $)			Year ended December 31,
			2022						2021						2020
Average rate			1.3017						1.2541						1.3411
Spot rate			1.3554						1.2746						1.2751

Consolidated Results of Operations

The tables below set forth our consolidated results of operations, expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars for the periods presented. Our consolidated financial results for these periods are not necessarily indicative of the consolidated financial results that we will achieve in future periods.

			Year ended December 31,
			2022						2021
Net revenue before excise taxes			$	114,456					$	89,486
Excise taxes			(22,552)						(15,051)
Net revenue			91,904						74,435
Cost of sales			79,935						80,008
Inventory write-down			—						11,961
Gross profit			11,969						(17,534)
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing			22,282						44,937
Research and development			13,381						23,331
General and administrative			71,178						96,482
Restructuring costs			5,333						—
Share-based compensation			15,115						10,151
Depreciation and amortization			6,025						4,484
Impairment loss on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets			—						236,056
Impairment loss on long-lived assets			3,493						127,619
Total operating expenses			136,807						543,060
Operating loss			(124,838)						(560,594)
Other income (expense)			(9,721)						163,459
Income tax benefit (expense)			(34,175)						431
Loss from discontinued operations			—						(500)
Net loss			(168,734)						(397,204)
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest			—						(1,097)
Net loss attributable to Cronos Group			$	(168,734)					$	(396,107)

Summary of select financial results

			Year ended December 31,												Change
			2022						2021						$						%
Net revenue			$	91,904					$	74,435					$	17,469					23		%
Cost of sales			79,935						80,008						(73)						—		%
Inventory write-down			—						11,961						(11,961)						(100)		%
Gross profit			11,969						(17,534)						29,503						168		%
Gross margin(i)			13		%				(24)		%				N/A						37		pp

(i)Gross margin is defined as gross profit divided by net revenue.

Net revenue

For 2022, we reported consolidated net revenue of $91.9 million, representing a $17.5 million increase from 2021. This change was primarily due to higher cannabis flower sales in the Israeli medical market and higher cannabis extract sales in the Canadian adult-use market, partially offset by a reduction in revenue in the U.S. segment, lower cannabis flower sales in the Canadian adult-use market driven by an unfavorable price/mix shift and the impact of the weakening Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar during 2022.

Cost of sales

For 2022, we reported consolidated cost of sales of $79.9 million, essentially flat with 2021, despite a 23% increase in net revenue. This was primarily due to lower cannabis biomass costs, lower sales volumes in the U.S. segment and the impact of the weakening Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar during the period, partially offset by higher sales volumes in the ROW segment and lower fixed cost absorption due to the timing of the wind-down of cultivation and certain production activities associated with the change in the nature of operations at the Peace Naturals Campus.

Inventory write-downs

For 2021, we reported inventory write-downs of $12.0 million, primarily related to cannabis strains and potency levels that were no longer in-line with consumer preferences in the Canadian market and adjustments for obsolete inventory in Canada. We reported no inventory write-downs for 2022.

Gross profit

For 2022, we reported consolidated gross profit of $12.0 million, representing a $29.5 million improvement from 2021. The improvement in gross profit is primarily due to increased revenue in the ROW segment driven mainly by a favorable mix of cannabis extract products, which carry a higher gross profit and gross margin than other product categories, higher sales of cannabis flower in Israel, the absence of inventory write-downs in 2022, and lower cannabis biomass costs, partially offset by lower revenue in the U.S. segment and lower fixed cost absorption due to the timing of the wind-down of cultivation and certain production activities associated with the change in the nature of operations at the Peace Naturals Campus.

Operating expenses

			Year ended December 31,												Change
			2022						2021						$						%
Sales and marketing			$	22,282					$	44,937					$	(22,655)					(50)		%
Research and development			13,381						23,331						(9,950)						(43)		%
General and administrative			71,178						96,482						(25,304)						(26)		%
Restructuring costs			5,333						—						5,333						100		%
Share-based compensation			15,115						10,151						4,964						49		%
Depreciation and amortization			6,025						4,484						1,541						34		%
Impairment loss on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets			—						236,056						(236,056)						(100)		%
Impairment loss on long-lived assets			3,493						127,619						(124,126)						(97)		%
Operating expenses			$	136,807					$	543,060					$	(406,253)					(75)		%

Sales and marketing

For 2022, we reported sales and marketing expenses of $22.3 million, representing a decrease of $22.7 million from 2021. The decrease was primarily due to lower advertising and marketing spend and lower personnel-related costs in the U.S. segment as a result of the Realignment.

Research and development

For 2022, we reported research and development expenses of $13.4 million, representing a decrease of $10.0 million from 2021. This decrease was primarily due to lower costs associated with the Ginkgo Collaboration Agreement and cancellation of beauty-focused product development spending in the U.S. segment.

General and administrative

For 2022, we reported general and administrative expenses of $71.2 million, representing a decrease of $25.3 million from 2021. The decrease was primarily due to lower expected credit losses on our loans to joint venture partners when compared to 2021, lower legal and advisory fees associated with strategic initiatives and lower personnel-related costs associated with the Realignment.

Restructuring costs

For 2022, we reported restructuring costs of $5.3 million, compared to no restructuring costs in 2021. The restructuring costs in 2022 were related to Realignment activities. For further information, see Note 16 “Restructuring” to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Share-based compensation

For 2022, we reported share-based compensation expenses of $15.1 million, representing an increase of $5.0 million from 2021. The increase was primarily due to the acceleration of expense on equity awards granted to certain executive employees in connection with their separation from the Company as well as the approval for grant of previously held-back equity awards granted to certain executives in connection with the SEC and OSC settlements. For further information, see Note 10 “Share-based Compensation” to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Depreciation and amortization

For 2022, depreciation and amortization expenses were $6.0 million, representing an increase of $1.5 million from 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher amortization on our Ginkgo exclusive license intangible assets.

Impairment loss on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets

For 2021, we reported impairment loss on goodwill and intangible assets of $236.1 million due to impairment charges on the goodwill associated with our U.S. reporting unit and impairment on our Lord Jones® brand. For 2022, we reported no such impairment losses. For further information, see Note 6 “Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net” to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Impairment loss on long-lived assets

During 2022, we recorded impairment charges of $3.5 million related to the right-of-use lease asset and leasehold improvements associated with our corporate headquarters in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which the Company plans to sublease. For 2021, we recorded an impairment charge of $119.9 million on long-lived assets related to the previously announced planned exit from the Peace Naturals Campus. Additionally, in 2021, we recorded impairment charges of $4.8 million related to our Ginkgo exclusive licenses for cannabigerolic acid (“CBGA”) and cannabigerovarinic acid (“CBGVA”) for the difference between the fair value of the licenses and the consideration paid. Furthermore, in 2021, our U.S. segment recorded impairment charges of $1.2 million on property, plant, and equipment where the carrying value of those assets was not recoverable and a $1.7 million impairment charge related to ceasing use of certain leased premise and the derecognition of the associated right-of-use asset. See Note 5 “Property, plant and equipment, net” Note 6, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net” and Note 7 “Leases” to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report for additional information.

Total other income, income tax benefit (expense) and loss from discontinued operations

			Year ended December 31,												Change(i)
			2022						2021						$						%
Interest income, net			$	22,537					$	9,071					$	13,466					148		%
Gain on revaluation of derivative liabilities			14,060						151,360						(137,300)						(91)		%
Impairment loss on other investments			(61,392)						—						(61,392)						N/M
Share of income (loss) from equity method investments			3,114						(6,313)						9,427						149		%
Gain on revaluation of financial instruments			14,739						8,611						6,128						71		%
Foreign currency transaction loss			(2,286)						—						(2,286)						N/M
Other, net			(493)						730						(1,223)						(168)		%
Total other income			(9,721)						163,459						(173,180)						(106)		%
Income tax benefit (expense)			(34,175)						431						(34,606)						N/M
Loss from discontinued operations			—						(500)						500						(100)		%
Net loss			$	(168,734)					$	(397,204)					$	228,470					58		%

(i)“N/M” is defined as not meaningful.

Interest income, net

For 2022, we reported interest income, net of $22.5 million, representing an increase of $13.5 million from 2021 primarily due to higher short-term investment balances and higher interest rates in 2022 when compared to 2021.

Gain on revaluation of derivative liabilities

For 2022, we reported a gain on revaluation of derivative liabilities of $14.1 million, representing a decrease of $137.3 million from 2021 primarily due to the greater impact on the derivative liabilities in 2021 from the decreased estimated term of the derivative instruments and the decreased price of Cronos common shares.

Impairment loss on other investments

For 2022, impairment loss on other investments was $61.4 million, driven by impairment charges recorded on our PharmaCann Option for the difference between its estimated fair value and its carrying amount. There were no such impairment losses on other investments during 2021. For more information, see Note 3 “Investments” to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report for additional information.

Share of income (loss) from equity method investments

For 2022, we reported share of income from equity method investments of $3.1 million, representing an increase of $9.4 million from 2021. The change was primarily due to improved results from our equity method investment in Cronos GrowCo.

Gain (loss) on revaluation of financial instruments

For 2022, we reported a gain on revaluation of financial instruments of $14.7 million, representing an increase of $6.1 million from 2021. The increase was due to the change in fair value of our investment in Vitura. See Note 3 “Investments” to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report for additional information.

Foreign currency transaction loss

For 2022, foreign currency transaction loss was $2.3 million, which related to certain foreign currency-denominated intercompany loans anticipated to be settled in the foreseeable future. There were no such foreign currency transaction gains or losses during 2021.

Other, net

For 2022, other, net was a loss of $0.5 million, compared to income of $0.7 million in 2021. The change was primarily due to loss on disposal of assets associated with the Realignment, partially offset by $0.4 million of dividend income from our Vitura investment during 2022.

Income tax benefit (expense)

For 2022, we reported income tax expense of $34.2 million, compared to an income tax benefit of $0.4 million in 2021. The change was due primarily to a capital gain for tax purposes of $479.8 million, which resulted in an income tax liability of $34.2 million, related to the irrevocable relinquishment by Altria of the Warrant on December 16, 2022.

Loss from discontinued operations

For 2021, we reported loss from discontinued operations of $0.5 million. There was no such loss from discontinued operations in 2022.

Results of Operations by Business Segment: 2022 compared with 2021

The tables below set forth our consolidated results of operations by our two business segments: the ROW segment and the U.S. segment, expressed in U.S. dollars and in thousands for the periods presented. Our consolidated financial results for these periods are not necessarily indicative of the consolidated financial results that we will achieve in future periods. Certain totals in the tables below will not sum to exactly 100% due to rounding.

Summary of financial results – ROW

			Year ended December 31,												Change
			2022						2021						$						%
Net revenue			$	86,749					$	64,561					$	22,188					34		%
Cost of sales			71,313						70,193						1,120						2		%
Inventory write-down			—						11,961						(11,961)						(100)		%
Gross profit			15,436						(17,593)						33,029						188		%
Gross margin			18		%				(27)		%				N/A						45		pp

Net revenue – ROW

			Year ended December 31,												Change
			2022						2021						$						%
Cannabis flower			$	63,593					$	55,194					$	8,399					15		%
Cannabis extracts			22,522						8,807						13,715						156		%
Other			634						560						74						13		%
Net revenue			$	86,749					$	64,561					$	22,188					34		%

For 2022, the ROW segment reported net revenue of $86.7 million, representing an increase of $22.2 million from 2021. This increase was primarily due to higher cannabis extract sales in the Canadian adult-use market and higher cannabis flower sales in the Israeli medical market, partially offset by lower cannabis flower sales in the Canadian adult-use market driven by an unfavorable price/mix shift and the impact of the weakening Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar during 2022.

Cost of sales - ROW

For 2022, the ROW segment reported a year-over-year increase in cost of sales of 2%, while net revenue increased 34%. This increase was primarily due to higher sales volumes and lower fixed cost absorption due to the timing of the wind-down of cultivation and certain production activities associated with the change in the nature of operations at the Peace Naturals Campus, partially offset by lower cannabis biomass costs and the impact of the weakening Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar during 2022.

Inventory write-downs - ROW

We reported no inventory write-downs for 2022. For 2021, we reported inventory write-downs of $12.0 million, primarily related to cannabis strains and potency levels that were no longer in-line with consumer preferences in the Canadian market and adjustments for obsolete inventory in Canada.

Gross profit - ROW

Summary of financial results – U.S.

			Year ended December 31,												Change
			2022						2021						$						%
Net revenue			$	5,155					$	9,874					$	(4,719)					(48)		%
Cost of sales			8,622						9,815						(1,193)						(12)		%
Gross profit			$	(3,467)					$	59					$	(3,526)					N/M
Gross margin			(67)		%				1		%				N/A						(68)		pp

Net revenue – U.S.

For 2022, the U.S. segment reported net revenue of $5.2 million, representing a decrease of $4.7 million from 2021. The decrease in sales was driven by the decision to exit the adult beauty business, a decrease in promotional spending and SKU rationalization efforts as the Company implements the Realignment in the U.S. segment.

Cost of sales – U.S.

For 2022, the U.S. segment reported cost of sales of $8.6 million, representing a decrease of $1.2 million from 2021. This decrease was primarily due to lower sales volumes due to the decision to exit the adult beauty business, partially offset by higher inventory reserves associated with discontinued products.

Gross profit – U.S.

For 2022, the U.S. segment reported negative gross profit of $3.5 million, representing a decrease in gross profit of $3.5 million from 2021. This decrease was primarily due to the decision to exit the adult beauty business and higher inventory reserves associated with discontinued products.

Cronos reports its financial results in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). This Annual Report refers to measures not recognized under U.S. GAAP (“non-GAAP measures”). These non-GAAP measures do not have a standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and are therefore unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. Rather, these non-GAAP measures are provided as a supplement to corresponding U.S. GAAP measures to provide additional information regarding our results of operations from management’s perspective. Accordingly, non-GAAP measures should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. All non-GAAP measures presented in this Annual Report are reconciled to their closest reported GAAP measure. Reconciliations of historical adjusted financial measures to corresponding U.S. GAAP measures are provided below.

Adjusted EBITDA

Management reviews Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure which excludes non-cash items or items that do not reflect management’s assessment of ongoing business performance of our operating segments. Management defines Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest, tax expense (benefit), depreciation and amortization adjusted for: share of income (loss) from equity method investments; impairment loss on goodwill and intangible assets; impairment loss on long-lived assets; (gain) loss on revaluation of derivative liabilities; (gain) loss on revaluation of financial instruments; transaction costs related to strategic projects; impairment loss on other investments; foreign currency transaction loss; other, net; loss from discontinued operations; restructuring costs; share-based compensation; and financial statement review costs and reserves related to the restatements of our 2019 and 2021 interim financial statements (the “Restatements”), including the costs related to the settlement of the SEC’s and the OSC’s investigations of the Restatements and legal costs defending shareholder class action complaints brought against us as a result of the 2019 restatement (see Part I, Item 3, Legal Proceedings, of this Annual Report for a discussion of the settlement of the SEC’s and OSC’s regulatory reviews relating to the Restatements and shareholder class action complaints relating to the restatement of the 2019 interim financial statements).

Management believes that Adjusted EBITDA provides the most useful insight into underlying business trends and results and provides a more meaningful comparison of year-over-year results. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA for planning, forecasting and evaluating business and financial performance, including allocating resources and evaluating results relative to employee compensation targets.

(in thousands of U.S. dollars)			Year ended December 31, 2022
			US						ROW						Corporate						Total
Net loss			$	(84,194)					$	(54,129)					$	(30,411)					$	(168,734)
Interest income, net			(4,518)						(18,019)						—						(22,537)
Income tax expense			—						34,175						—						34,175
Depreciation and amortization			1,485						11,637						—						13,122
EBITDA			(87,227)						(26,336)						(30,411)						(143,974)
Share of income from equity accounted investments			—						(3,114)						—						(3,114)
Impairment loss on long-lived assets(ii)			—						3,493						—						3,493
Gain on revaluation of derivative liabilities(iii)			—						(14,060)						—						(14,060)
Gain on revaluation of financial instruments(iv)			—						(14,739)						—						(14,739)
Impairment loss on other investments(vi)			61,392						—						—						61,392
Foreign currency transaction loss			—						2,286						—						2,286
Other, net(vii)			169						324						—						493
Restructuring costs(ix)			1,788						3,545						—						5,333
Share-based compensation(x)			3,744						11,371						—						15,115
Financial statement review costs(xi)			—						—						7,167						7,167
Adjusted EBITDA			$	(20,134)					$	(37,230)					$	(23,244)					$	(80,608)

(in thousands of U.S. dollars)			Year ended December 31, 2021
			US						ROW						Corporate						Total
Net loss			$	(283,883)					$	(81,811)					$	(31,510)					$	(397,204)
Interest income, net			(40)						(9,031)						—						(9,071)
Income tax benefit			(89)						(342)						—						(431)
Depreciation and amortization			917						14,485						—						15,402
EBITDA			(283,095)						(76,699)						(31,510)						(391,304)
Share of loss from equity method investments			—						6,313						—						6,313
Impairment loss on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets(i)			236,019						37						—						236,056
Impairment loss on long-lived assets(ii)			2,955						124,664						—						127,619
Gain on revaluation of derivative liabilities(iii)			—						(151,360)						—						(151,360)
Gain on revaluation of financial instruments(iv)			—						(8,611)						—						(8,611)
Transaction costs(v)			—						—						3,801						3,801
Other, net(vii)			3						(733)						—						(730)
Loss from discontinued operations(viii)			—						500						—						500
Share-based compensation(x)			3,401						6,750						—						10,151
Financial statement review costs(xi)			—						—						7,102						7,102
Adjusted EBITDA			$	(40,717)					$	(99,139)					$	(20,607)					$	(160,463)

(in thousands of U.S. dollars)			Year ended December 31, 2020
			US						ROW						Corporate						Total
Net income (loss)			$	(77,368)					$	32,671					$	(30,573)					$	(75,270)
Interest expense (income), net			18						(18,433)						—						(18,415)
Income tax expense			323						1,024						—						1,347
Depreciation and amortization			234						6,811						—						7,045
EBITDA			(76,793)						22,073						(30,573)						(85,293)
Share of loss from equity accounted investments			—						4,510						—						4,510
Impairment loss on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets(i)			40,000						—						—