ACOR Acorda Therapeutics Inc

Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Background

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing therapies that restore function and improve the lives of people with neurological disorders. We market Inbrija (levodopa inhalation powder), which is approved in the U.S. for intermittent treatment of OFF episodes, also known as OFF periods, in people with Parkinson’s disease treated with carbidopa/levodopa. Inbrija is for as needed use and utilizes our ARCUS pulmonary delivery system, a technology platform designed to deliver medication through inhalation that we believe has potential to be used in the development of a variety of inhaled medicines. We also market branded Ampyra (dalfampridine) Extended Release Tablets, 10 mg.

Inbrija

Our New Drug Application, or NDA, for Inbrija was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, on December 21, 2018. The approval is for a single dose of 84 mg (administered as two capsules), which may be taken up to five times per day. Inbrija became commercially available in the U.S. on February 28, 2019. Currently, Inbrija is available in the U.S. without the need for a medical exception for approximately 96% of commercial health insurance plan and approximately 25% of Medicare plan lives. Approximately one million people in the U.S. and 1.2 million Europeans are diagnosed with Parkinson’s; it is estimated that approximately 40% of people with Parkinson’s in the U.S. experience OFF periods. Net revenue for Inbrija was $5.0 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 and $4.4 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2020. We project peak U.S. annual net revenue of Inbrija to be in the range of $300 to $500 million.

In September 2019, we announced that the European Commission, or EC, approved our Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, for Inbrija. The approved dose is 66 mg (administered as two capsules) up to five times per day (per European Union, or EU, convention, this reflects emitted dose and is equivalent to the 84 mg labelled dose in the U.S.). Under the MAA, Inbrija is indicated in the EU for the intermittent treatment of episodic motor fluctuations (OFF episodes) in adult patients with Parkinson’s disease treated with a levodopa/dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor. Following the ratification of the Withdrawal Agreement between the United Kingdom and the EU, the UK left the EU on January 31, 2020. Effective January 1, 2021, Acorda was granted a grandfathered Marketing Authorization (MA) by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK which is subject to certain administrative filings that are due by December 31, 2021. We are in discussions with potential partners for commercialization of Inbrija outside of the U.S., including in Europe, Japan and other countries.

Ampyra

Ampyra became subject to competition from generic versions of Ampyra starting in late 2018 as a result of an adverse U.S. federal district court ruling that invalidated certain Ampyra Orange Book-listed patents. We have experienced a significant decline in Ampyra sales due to competition from several generic versions of Ampyra. Additional manufacturers may market generic versions of Ampyra, and we expect our Ampyra sales will continue to decline over time. Net revenue for Ampyra was $20.3 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 and $20.1 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.

Convertible Notes

In December 2019, we announced the successful completion of a private exchange of $276 million of our convertible senior notes due in 2021 in exchange for a combination of approximately $207 million aggregate principal amount of newly-issued convertible senior secured notes due 2024 and $55.2 million in cash. The convertible senior secured notes due 2021 have an adjusted conversion price of approximately $21.00 per share. As a result of the exchange, approximately $69 million of convertible senior notes due in 2021, with an adjusted conversion price of approximately $255.35, remain outstanding. Addressing the remaining portion of the convertible notes due 2021 is a top priority in addition to our focus on the Inbrija launch. More information about the terms and conditions of the 2021 and 2024 convertible notes is set forth in Note 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report as well as in Financing Arrangements in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section of this report.

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Sale of Chelsea, Massachusetts Manufacturing Operations

In February 2021, we completed the sale of our Chelsea, Massachusetts manufacturing operations to Catalent Pharma Solutions. Pursuant to the transaction, Catalent paid us $80 million in cash, resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $74 million after transaction fees and expenses and settlement of customary post-closing adjustments. In connection with the sale of the manufacturing operations, we entered into a long-term, global manufacturing services agreement with a Catalent affiliate for the supply of Inbrija. As part of the transaction, Catalent hired substantially all of our prior employees at the Chelsea facility as well as certain of our other employees at our Waltham, Massachusetts facility. We intend to use the net proceeds received from the transaction for general corporate purposes, subject to compliance with the terms of the 2024 notes, which may include funding capital expenditures and the repayment of indebtedness. Also, we expect to save approximately $10 million in annual operating expenses related to the operation of the manufacturing facility.

Financial Management

In January 2021, we announced a corporate restructuring to reduce costs and focus our resources on Inbrija, which is a key strategic priority for 2021. As part of the restructuring, we reduced headcount by approximately 16% through a reduction in force (excluding the employees that transferred to Catalent at the closing of the sale of our Chelsea manufacturing operations). All of the reduction in personnel took place in the first quarter of 2021. As a result, we expect to realize estimated annualized cost savings related to headcount reduction of approximately $6 million beginning in the second quarter of 2021. We incurred approximately $2.6 million of pre-tax charges, substantially all of which were cash expenditures, for severance and other employee separation-related costs in connection with the restructuring, approximately $2.1 million of which were incurred in the first quarter of 2021.

In January 2021, we entered into an At The Market (ATM) Offering Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC as sales agent. Pursuant to the ATM agreement, we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate value of up to $15.25 million in an at-the-market offering, subject to a 3% sales commission payable to H.C. Wainwright. If we elect to use the ATM agreement, H.C. Wainwright would be obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable law and regulations to sell shares in accordance with our instructions (including as to price, time or size limit or other parameters or conditions that we may impose).

As of March 31, 2021, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of approximately $148.4 million. Restricted cash includes $31.1 million in escrow related to the 6% semi-annual interest portion of the convertible senior secured notes due 2024, payable in cash or stock. As further described in Note 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report as well as in Financing Arrangements in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section of this report, if we are permitted under the notes indenture and we elect to pay interest due in stock, the cash equivalent will be released from escrow.

Nasdaq Listing Rules and Reverse Stock Split

On January 19, 2021, we received a letter from The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC notifying us that we had regained compliance with Listing Rule 5450(a)(1), which requires that listed securities maintain a minimum closing bid price of at least $1.00 per share (the “Minimum Bid Requirement”). We regained compliance with the Minimum Bid Requirement based on the closing bid price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market between January 4, 2021 and January 15, 2021. We had previously been notified, on July 23, 2020, of our non-compliance with the Minimum Bid Requirement.

On December 31, 2020, we filed an amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation which effected, as of 4:01 p.m. Eastern Time on December 31, 2020, a 1-for-6 reverse stock split of the shares of our outstanding common stock and proportionate reduction in the number of authorized shares of our common stock from 370,000,000 to 61,666,666. Our Board of Directors approved the reverse stock split as part of plan to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Requirement. The reverse stock split had previously been authorized by our stockholders at a special meeting convened on July 31, 2020.

Our common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on The Nasdaq Global Select Market commencing upon market open on January 4, 2021. The common stock continued to trade under the symbol “ACOR” after the reverse stock split became effective. The reverse stock split applied equally to all outstanding shares of the common stock and did not modify the rights or preferences of the common stock. The reverse stock split also resulted in a corresponding adjustment to outstanding equity awards as well as shares reserved for future issuance under our incentive compensation plans.

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All figures in this report relating to shares of our common stock (such as share amounts, per share amounts, and conversion rates and prices), including in the financial statements and accompanying notes to the financial statements, have been retroactively restated to reflect the 1-for-6 reverse stock split of our common stock.

COVID-19 Pandemic

Our business and financial condition have been impacted by, and are subject to risks resulting from, the COVID-19 (novel coronavirus) pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions in the healthcare industry. The duration of the pandemic is difficult to predict, and it is likely to have ongoing impacts as it continues. The travel restrictions, “shelter in place” orders, quarantine policies, and general concerns about the spread of COVID-19 have disrupted the delivery of healthcare to patients, for example making it more difficult for some patients to visit with their physician and obtain pharmaceutical prescriptions. Also, healthcare office staffing shortages may delay the administrative work, and particularly insurance-related documentation, needed to obtain reimbursement for prescriptions. We believe these factors contributed to volatility in new Inbrija prescriptions during 2020 and are continuing to impact prescriptions in 2021.

The COVID-related policies, restrictions and concerns may disrupt our operations and those of our customers and suppliers. Also, our operations could be interrupted if we or our customers or suppliers lose the services of key employees or consultants who become ill from COVID-19. These types of disruptions could potentially affect any of our critical business functions, and thus harm our business, including for example our manufacturing, sales and marketing operations as well compliance and certain general and administrative functions. The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, or any other health epidemic, is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. As the pandemic continues, it may result in a sustained economic downturn that could affect demand for our products and our ability to access capital on reasonable terms, or at all.

Inbrija (levodopa inhalation powder)/Parkinson’s Disease

Inbrija (levodopa inhalation powder) is the first and only inhaled levodopa, or L-dopa, for intermittent treatment of OFF episodes, also known as OFF periods, in people with Parkinson’s disease treated with carbidopa/levodopa regimen. Our New Drug Application, or NDA, for Inbrija was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, on December 21, 2018. The approval is for a single dose of 84 mg (administered as two capsules), which may be taken up to five times per day. Inbrija became commercially available in the U.S. on February 28, 2019. Currently, Inbrija is available in the U.S. without the need for a medical exception for approximately 96% of commercial health insurance plan and approximately 25% of Medicare plan lives. Net revenue for Inbrija was $5.0 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 and $4.4 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2020. We project peak U.S. annual net revenue of Inbrija to be in the range of $300 to $500 million.

In September 2019, we announced that the European Commission, or EC, approved our Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, for Inbrija. The approved dose is 66 mg (administered as two capsules) up to five times per day (per European Union, or EU, convention, this reflects emitted dose and is equivalent to the 84 mg labelled dose in the U.S.). Under the MAA, Inbrija is indicated in the EU for the intermittent treatment of episodic motor fluctuations (OFF episodes) in adult patients with Parkinson’s disease treated with a levodopa/dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor. The MAA approved Inbrija for use in what were then the 27 countries of the EU, as well as Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein. Following the ratification of the Withdrawal Agreement between the United Kingdom and the EU, the UK left the EU on January 31, 2020. Effective January 1, 2021, Acorda was granted a grandfathered Marketing Authorization (MA) by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK which is subject to certain administrative filings that are due by December 31, 2021. We are in discussions with potential partners for commercialization of Inbrija outside of the U.S., including in Europe, Japan and other countries.

Inbrija is marketed in the U.S. through our own specialty sales force and commercial infrastructure, which we are supplementing with sales representatives provided by a contract commercial organization. Inbrija is distributed in the U.S. primarily through:  AllianceRx Walgreens Prime, or Walgreens, a specialty pharmacy that delivers the medication to patients by mail; and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. (an AmeriSource Bergen affiliate). Our neuro-specialty sales and marketing team includes our own sales representatives as well as established teams of Medical Science Liaisons, Regional Reimbursement Directors, and Market Access Account Directors who provide information to payers and physicians on our marketed products; and Market Development Managers who work collaboratively with field teams and corporate personnel to assist in the execution of the Company’s strategic initiatives. Our sales representatives (with the contracted

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representatives) are targeting approximately 5,000 healthcare providers, currently focusing on a priority list of approximately 2,000 physicians who are high volume prescribers of levodopa/carbidopa. Our Inbrija launch activities are focused on physician awareness and market access as well as patient awareness, education and training.

We have established Prescription Support Services for Inbrija, which we sometimes refer to as the Inbrija hub. Prescription Support Services is designed to help patients navigate their insurance coverage and offer reimbursement support services, when appropriate. Services fall into one of these categories: insurance verification, to research patient insurance benefits and confirm insurance coverage; prior authorization support, to identify prior authorization requirements; and appeals support. For patients that may need assistance paying for their medication, Prescription Support Services offers several support options, including: a program that provides no cost medication to patients who meet specific program eligibility requirements; co-pay support, which may help commercially insured (non-government funded) patients lower their out-of-pocket costs; and a bridge program, for federally-insured patients who experience a delay in coverage determination. We have a no-cost sample program, available at physician offices, to enable patients and their physicians to assess the value of Inbrija before the patient incurs out-of-pocket co-pay or co-insurance costs. In addition, we have a first dispense zero-dollar copay program for commercially-insured patients (which has replaced our previous free trial program) to enable those patients to assess the value of Inbrija before incurring out-of-pocket co-pay or co-insurance costs.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the gradual loss of certain neurons in the brain. These neurons are responsible for producing dopamine and that loss causes a range of symptoms including impaired movement, muscle stiffness and tremors. The standard baseline treatment of Parkinson’s disease is oral carbidopa/levodopa, but oral medication can be associated with wide variability in the timing and amount of absorption and there are significant challenges in creating a regimen that consistently maintains therapeutic effects. As Parkinson’s progresses, people are likely to experience OFF periods, which are characterized by the return of Parkinson’s symptoms that result from low levels of dopamine between doses of oral carbidopa/levodopa. OFF periods are often highly disruptive to people with Parkinson’s. Approximately one million people in the U.S. and 1.2 million Europeans are diagnosed with Parkinson’s; it is estimated that approximately 40% of people with Parkinson’s in the U.S. experience OFF periods.

Inbrija is for as needed use and utilizes our ARCUS platform for inhaled therapeutics. ARCUS is a dry-powder pulmonary drug delivery technology that we believe has potential to be used in the development of a variety of inhaled medicines. The ARCUS platform allows systemic delivery of medication through inhalation, by transforming molecules into a light, porous dry powder. This allows delivery of substantially higher doses of medication than can be delivered via conventional dry powder technologies. We acquired the ARCUS technology platform as part of our 2014 acquisition of Civitas Therapeutics. We have worldwide rights to our ARCUS drug delivery technology, which is protected by extensive know-how and trade secrets and various U.S. and foreign patents, including patents that protect the Inbrija dry powder capsules beyond 2030. We have several patents listed in the Orange Book for Inbrija, including patents expiring between 2022 and 2032, and Inbrija is entitled to three years of new product exclusivity, through December 2021, as posted in the Orange book. We have patents in Europe for Inbrija expiring between 2022 and 2033. One of our European patents, EP 3090773B, has been opposed by an unnamed party. Inbrija also has 10 years of market exclusivity in Europe that is set to expire in 2029.

FDA and European Commission approvals of Inbrija were based on a clinical program that included approximately 900 people with Parkinson’s on a carbidopa/levodopa regimen experiencing OFF periods. The Phase 3 pivotal trial for Inbrija – SPAN-PD – was a 12-week, randomized, placebo controlled, double blind study evaluating the effectiveness of Inbrija in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson’s experiencing OFF periods. In January 2019, we announced that The Lancet Neurology published results from the SPAN-PD clinical trial.

The SPAN-PD trial met its primary endpoint, with patients showing a statistically significant improvement in motor function at the week 12 visit, as measured by a reduction in Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III score for Inbrija 84 mg (n=114) compared to placebo (n=112) at 30 minutes post-dose (-9.83 points and -5.91 points respectively; p=0.009). Onset of action was seen as early as 10 minutes. Maintenance of effect continued to 60 minutes post-dose, which is the longest time point assessed in the trial. UPDRS III is a validated scale, which measures Parkinson’s disease motor impairment.

The most common adverse reactions with Inbrija (at least 5% and greater than placebo) in the pivotal trial were cough (15% vs. 2%), upper respiratory tract infection (6% vs. 3%), nausea (5% vs. 3%) and discolored sputum (5% vs. 0%).

Inbrija was also studied in a Phase 3 long-term, active-controlled, randomized, open-label study (N=398) assessing safety and tolerability over one year. This study showed the average reduction in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1

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second) from baseline was the same (-0.1 L) for the Inbrija and observational cohorts. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other chronic respiratory disease within the last five years were excluded from this study.

Inbrija is not to be used by patients who take or have taken a nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor such as phenelzine or tranylcypromine within the last two weeks.

It is not known if Inbrija is safe or effective in children.

Ampyra

Ampyra was approved by the FDA in January 2010 to improve walking in adults with multiple sclerosis. To our knowledge, Ampyra is the first drug approved for this indication. Efficacy was shown in people with all four major types of MS (relapsing remitting, secondary progressive, progressive relapsing and primary progressive). Ampyra became subject to competition from generic versions of Ampyra starting in late 2018 as a result of an adverse U.S. federal district court ruling that invalidated certain Ampyra Orange Book-listed patents. We have experienced a significant decline in Ampyra sales due to competition from several generic versions of Ampyra. Additional manufacturers may market generic versions of Ampyra, and we expect our Ampyra sales will continue to decline over time. Net revenue for Ampyra was $20.3 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 and $20.1 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.

License and Collaboration Agreement with Biogen

Ampyra is marketed as Fampyra outside the U.S. by Biogen International GmbH, or Biogen, under a license and collaboration agreement that we entered into in June 2009. Fampyra has been approved in a number of countries across Europe, Asia and the Americas. Under our agreement with Biogen, we are entitled to receive double-digit tiered royalties on net sales of Fampyra and we are also entitled to receive additional payments based on achievement of certain regulatory and sales milestones. In November 2017, we announced a $40 million Fampyra royalty monetization transaction with HealthCare Royalty Partners, or HCRP. In return for the payment to us, HCRP obtained the right to receive these Fampyra royalties up to an agreed-upon threshold. Until this threshold is met, we will not receive Fampyra royalties although we retained the right to receive any potential future milestone payments. The HCRP transaction is accounted for as a liability, as described in Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.

Ampyra Patent Update

There are no patents listed in the Orange Book for Ampyra. Ampyra became subject to competition from generic versions of Ampyra starting in late 2018 as a result of an adverse U.S. federal district court ruling that invalidated certain Ampyra Orange Book-listed patents.

There are two European patents, EP 1732548 and EP 2377536, with claims directed to use of a sustained release dalfampridine composition (known under the trade name Fampyra in the European Union) to increase walking speed in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Both European patents are set to expire in 2025, absent any additional exclusivity granted based on regulatory review timelines. Nullity actions have been filed in Germany against both of the German national patents derived from EP 1732548 and EP 2377536 by ratiopharm GmbH, a generic manufacturer affiliated with Teva. Fampyra also has 10 years of market exclusivity in the European Union that is set to expire in July 2021.

We will vigorously defend our intellectual property rights.

ARCUS Product Development

We have been exploring opportunities for other proprietary products in which inhaled delivery of medicine using our ARCUS drug delivery technology can provide a significant therapeutic benefit to patients. We believe there are potential opportunities with central nervous system, or CNS, as well as non-CNS, disorders.

Our ARCUS development has been focused on a program for acute treatment of migraine. Existing oral therapies for migraine can be associated with slow onset of action and gastrointestinal challenges. Patients cite the need for rapid relief from migraine symptoms as their most desired medication attribute. Additionally, individuals with migraine may suffer from

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nausea and delayed gastric emptying which further impact the consistency and efficacy of the oral route of administration. We have been evaluating therapeutic candidates for their suitability to move forward with this program. Due to our three restructurings since 2017 and associated cost-cutting measures, we have deferred consideration of further investment into potential new ARCUS applications in migraine pending additional progress with the Inbrija commercial launch in the U.S.

Should we decide in the future to make investments in any ARCUS development program, we would be reliant on Catalent or another third party supplier for the manufacture of product for that program. Our global supply agreement with Catalent does not provide for the terms and conditions under which Catalent would supply any product or product candidate other than Inbrija. We would be unable to advance the development of any ARCUS inhaled therapeutic candidate unless Catalent is willing to manufacture the candidate for us on commercially reasonable terms, or we could identify another third party manufacturer that would be capable and willing to manufacture the candidate for us on commercially reasonable terms. Also, due to reductions in force, employee attrition and the 2021 sale of our Chelsea manufacturing operations, we believe we lack certain personnel needed for, and would need to hire replacements before continuing with, this research and development work.

In July 2015, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation awarded us a grant to support the development of a formulation and delivery system for a dry powder version of lung surfactant, a treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, or nRDS. In collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, we developed a formulation and delivery device based on our proprietary ARCUS drug delivery technology. nRDS is a condition affecting prematurely born infants in which their lungs are underdeveloped and thus lack a sufficient amount of lung surfactant. It can be fatal, or lead to severe, chronic health issues caused by a lack of oxygen getting to the baby’s brain and other organs. Delivering liquid surfactant to the lungs via intubation is the standard of care. We believe that our formulation and delivery system may present a more practical alternative for use in developing areas of the world, where intubation poses numerous problems. Based on achievement of pre-clinical proof of concept, the foundation expanded the funding to include pre-IND development, including an additional grant of approximately $2.08 million in 2020 to continue this work. This program is not aimed at developing a commercial product, but our work on this program could potentially generate information that is useful for adapting the ARCUS drug delivery technology to commercial pediatric uses. We expect all current grant-funded work to be completed in the first half of 2021. We are evaluating next steps for our continuing involvement in this program as it transitions past the grant-funding stage and in light of the sale of our Chelsea manufacturing operations and other factors.

Other Research and Development Programs

Our other research and development programs include rHIgM22 and cimaglermin alfa. rHIgM22 is a remyelinating antibody that is a potential therapeutic for multiple sclerosis. Data from a Phase 1 safety and tolerability trial showed that a single dose of rHIgM22 was not associated with any safety signals. The study was not powered to show efficacy and exploratory measures showed no difference between the treatment groups. Cimaglermin alfa is a member of the neuregulin growth factor family, and has been shown to promote recovery after neurological injury, as well as enhance heart function in animal models of heart failure. We initiated a Phase 1b clinical trial assessing three doses of cimaglermin alfa in people with heart failure, but discontinued enrollment and then received an FDA clinical hold based on the occurrence of a case of hepatotoxicity (liver injury). The FDA clinical hold was lifted after we presented additional data on the hepatotoxicity, but we have not since restarted any clinical study of cimaglermin alfa. We are considering next steps for these programs, which could include potential partnering or out-licensing, but due to our three restructurings since 2017 and associated cost-cutting measures, we have deferred consideration of any further investment pending additional progress with the Inbrija commercial launch in the U.S.

Financial Guidance for 2021

We are providing the following guidance with respect to our 2021 financial performance:

The projected range of operating expenses in 2021 specified above was not prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) because this guidance excludes restructuring costs and share-based compensation charges. Due to the forward looking nature of this information, the amount of compensation charges needed to

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reconcile this measure to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure is dependent on future changes in the market price of our common stock and is not available at this time. Non-GAAP financial measures are not an alternative for financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. However, we believe that the presentation of this non-GAAP financial measure, when viewed in conjunction with actual GAAP results, provides investors with a more meaningful understanding of our ongoing and projected operating performance because it excludes (i) expenses that pertain to a non-routine corporate restructuring, and (ii) non-cash charges that are substantially dependent on changes in the market price of our common stock. We believe this non-GAAP financial measure helps indicate underlying trends in our business and is important in comparing current results with prior period results and understanding expected operating performance. Also, our management uses this non-GAAP financial measure to establish budgets and operational goals, and to manage our business and to evaluate its performance.

Results of Operations

Three-Month Period Ended March 31, 2021 Compared to March 31, 2020

Net Product Revenues

Inbrija

For the three-month period ended March 31, 2020 we recognized product sales of Inbrija following receipt of product by companies in our distribution network, which primarily includes specialty pharmacy providers and ASD Specialty Healthcare, Inc. During the three-month period ended December 31, 2020, we completed the transition from a network of several specialty pharmacies to AllianceRx Walgreens Prime, or Walgreens, as the sole specialty pharmacy for U.S. sales of Inbrija, which we believe has potential benefits to patients and our business. We recognized net revenue from the sale of Inbrija of $5.0 million and $4.4 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, an increase of $0.6 million or 13.6%. The increase in Inbrija net revenue was due to an increase in net volume of $0.1 million and a net increase in price and discount and allowance adjustments of $0.5 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021.

Discounts and allowances which are included as an offset in net revenue consist of allowances for customer credits, including estimated chargebacks, rebates, returns and discounts. Discounts and allowances are recorded following shipment of our products to our customers. Adjustments are recorded for estimated chargebacks, rebates, and discounts. Discounts and allowances also consist of discounts provided to Medicare beneficiaries whose prescription drug costs cause them to be subject to the Medicare Part D coverage gap (i.e., the “donut hole”). Payment of coverage gap discounts is required under the Affordable Care Act, the health care reform legislation enacted in 2010. Discounts and allowances may increase as a percentage of sales as we enter into new managed care contracts in the future.

We believe that first and fourth quarter revenue for our products is subject to certain recurring seasonal factors relating to the commencement of a new calendar year. For example, some patients refill their prescriptions earlier ahead of the new year, in the fourth quarter, in anticipation of the year-end reset of health plan deductibles and the Medicare donut hole, or a year-end switch of their insurance plans or pharmacy benefit providers. Also, we believe that AllianceRx Walgreens Prime, the specialty pharmacy that we use for Inbrija distribution, may increase their stock, within contractual limits, in anticipation of the holidays and new year. These factors may seasonally have a positive impact on fourth quarter revenues and a negative impact on first quarter revenues. Also, discounts and allowances typically are highest in the first quarter, and lowest in the fourth quarter, and when this occurs this increases fourth quarter revenues, and decreases first quarter revenues, on a relative basis.

Ampyra

We recognize product sales of Ampyra following receipt of product by companies in our distribution network, which primarily includes specialty pharmacy providers. We recognized net revenue from the sale of Ampyra of $20.3 million and $20.1 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, an increase of $0.2 million, or 1.0%. The increase in Ampyra net revenue was due to an increase in price of $0.4 million and a decrease in other gross to net changes of $1.3 million, partially offset by a decrease in net volume of $1.3 million and a decrease in authorized generic sales of $0.2 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021.

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Discounts and allowances which are included as an offset in net revenue consist of allowances for customer credits, including estimated chargebacks, rebates, returns and discounts. Discounts and allowances are recorded following shipment of our products to our customers. Adjustments are recorded for estimated chargebacks, rebates, and discounts. Discounts and allowances also consist of discounts provided to Medicare beneficiaries whose prescription drug costs cause them to be subject to the Medicare Part D coverage gap (i.e., the “donut hole”). Payment of coverage gap discounts is required under the Affordable Care Act, the health care reform legislation enacted in 2010. Discounts and allowances may increase as a percentage of sales as we enter into managed care contracts in the future.

We believe that first and fourth quarter revenue for our products is subject to certain recurring seasonal factors relating to the commencement of a new calendar year. For example, some patients refill their prescriptions earlier ahead of the new year, in the fourth quarter, in anticipation of the year-end reset of health plan deductibles and the Medicare donut hole, or a year-end switch of their insurance plans or pharmacy benefit providers. Also, we believe specialty pharmacies may increase their stock, within contractual limits where applicable, in anticipation of the holidays and new year. These factors may seasonally have a positive impact on fourth quarter revenues and a negative impact on first quarter revenues. Also, discounts and allowances typically are highest in the first quarter, and lowest in the fourth quarter, and when this occurs this increases fourth quarter revenues, and decreases first quarter revenues, on a relative basis.

Other Product Revenues

We recognized negligible revenue from the sale of other products for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021 as compared to $0.2 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2020.

Royalty Revenue

We recognized $3.6 million and $3.4 million in royalty revenue for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, an increase of $0.2 million, or 5.9%.

Cost of Sales

We recorded cost of sales of $12.0 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021 as compared to $3.8 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2020. Cost of sales for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021 consisted primarily of $10.3 million in inventory costs related to recognized revenues, $0.3 million in royalty fees based on net product shipments, idle capacity costs of $0.1 million and $1.3 million in period costs related to expired inventory, freight, stability testing, and packaging. Production costs related to idle capacity are not included in the cost of inventory but are charged directly to cost of sales in the period incurred. Cost of sales for the three-month period ended March 31, 2020 consisted primarily of $2.9 million in inventory costs related to recognized revenues, idle capacity costs of $0.4 million, $0.3 million in royalty fees based on net product shipments and $0.2 million for costs related to sales of the authorized generic version of Ampyra.

Amortization of intangibles

We recorded amortization of intangible asset related to Inbrija of $7.7 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021 were $4.7 million as compared to $7.7 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of approximately $3.0 million, or 39%. The decrease was primarily due to reductions in Civitas spending of $1.7 million due to the commercialization of Inbrija, reductions of $1.2 million due to restructuring and decrease in several programs to shift focus on Inbrija launch, and reductions of $0.1 million in research and development expenses related to Biotie.

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Selling, General and Administrative

Sales and marketing expenses for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021 were $15.2 million compared to $23.2 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of approximately $8.0 million, or 34.5%. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in marketing related spending of $5.2 million due to launch activities for Inbrija, a decrease in overall salaries and benefits of $1.8 million and a decrease in spending related to marketing for Ampyra of $0.9 million.

General and administrative expenses for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021 were $18.8 million compared to $17.9 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2020, an increase of approximately $0.9 million, or 5.0%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in restructuring expenses of $1.8 million and an increase of $1.9 million in business development costs and human resources costs, partially offset by a decrease in overall salaries and benefit costs of $1.3 million and a decrease in Civitas spending of $1.6 million due to the sale of the Chelsea facility manufacturing operations.

Intangible Asset Impairment

We recognized an intangible asset impairment charge of $4.1 million in the three-month period ended March 31, 2020. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company determined that there were relevant changes to the key assumptions that would negatively affect the value of the IPR&D asset for BTT-1023. Management determined that the results of the clinical trial did not meet the primary or secondary end-points, and the clinical trial was not large enough or expansive enough to be persuasive to generate interest by third-parties for a possible licensing arrangement. Management determined that this assessment was the triggering event that indicated that the asset was fully impaired as there was no potential value with an out-licensing arrangement. Based on the qualitative assessment, management determined that the carrying value of the asset exceeded its estimated fair value and therefore, the asset was fully impaired. Management determined that additional qualitative procedures were not relevant in this circumstance given the overwhelming qualitative evidence that indicated the asset was fully impaired.

Change in Fair Value of Derivative Liability

A derivative liability was recorded in December 2019 as a result of the issuance of the 6.00% Convertible Senior Secured Notes due 2024. The derivative liability is measured at fair value on a quarterly basis and changes in the fair value are recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. We recorded a loss of $0.2 million due to the change in the fair value of the derivative liability for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021.

Changes in Fair Value of Acquired Contingent Consideration

As a result of the original spin out of Civitas from Alkermes, part of the consideration to Alkermes was a future royalty to be paid to Alkermes on Inbrija. Acorda acquired this contingent consideration as part of the Civitas acquisition. The fair value of that future royalty is assessed quarterly. We recorded income pertaining to changes in the fair value of our acquired contingent consideration of $1.0 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021 as compared to $3.7 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2020. The changes in the fair-value of the acquired contingent consideration were primarily due to updates to certain revenue and expense forecast assumptions, as well as an increase in the discount rate.

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net was $7.8 million and $7.3 million for the three-month periods ended March, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Benefit from Income Taxes

For the three-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded a benefit from income taxes of $3.2 million and a benefit of $7.0 million, respectively. The effective income tax rates for the Company for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were 8.6% and 52.0%, respectively.

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The variance in the effective tax rates for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021 as compared to the three-month period ended March 31, 2020 was due primarily to an increase in the valuation allowance offset by the benefit of net operating loss carryback under the CARES act recorded at 21% to recover taxes paid at the previous statutory rate of 35%.

The Company continues to evaluate the realizability of its deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis and will adjust such amounts in light of changing facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, future projections of taxable income, tax legislation, rulings by relevant tax authorities, the progress of ongoing tax audits and the regulatory approval of products currently under development. Any changes to the valuation allowance or deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future would impact the Company's income taxes.

The Company was notified during the three-month period ended March 31, 2021, they are being audited by the state of Massachusetts for tax years 2018 and 2019. There have been no proposed adjustments at this stage of the examination.

The Company has ongoing state examinations in New Jersey and Minnesota which cover multiple years. There have been no proposed adjustments at this stage of the examination.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily from: private placements and public offerings of our capital stock; borrowing money through loans and the issuance of debt instruments; payments received under our collaboration and licensing agreements; revenue from sales of Ampyra, Fampyra, and Inbrija, as well as our former products, Zanaflex and Qutenza; royalty monetizations and our revenue interest financing arrangement; and, to a lesser extent, funding from government grants. Also, in February 2021, we obtained additional capital from the sale of our Chelsea manufacturing operations.

At March 31, 2021, we had $116.8 million of cash and cash equivalents, compared to $71.4 million at December 31, 2020. Our March 31, 2021 cash and cash equivalents balance does not include restricted cash, currently held in escrow under the terms of our convertible senior secured notes due 2024, further described below under Financing Arrangements, which may potentially be released from escrow if we pay interest on those notes using shares of our common stock. We incurred a net loss of $33.5 million for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021.

Our future capital requirements will depend on a number of factors, including:

Our ability to meet our future operating requirements, repay our liabilities, and meet our other obligations are dependent upon a number of factors, including our ability to generate cash from product sales, reduce planned expenditures, and obtain additional financing. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from the sale of our products, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, subject to the restrictions contained in the indenture governing our 2024 Notes, such as further reducing expenses, selling assets, restructuring debt, or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may

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be onerous and which are likely to be highly dilutive. Also, our ability to raise additional capital and repay or restructure our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time, among other factors. In addition, financing may not be available when needed, at all, on terms acceptable to us or in accordance with the restrictions described above.

Financing Arrangements

Convertible Senior Secured Notes Due 2024

On December 24, 2019, the Company completed the private exchange of $276.0 million aggregate principal amount of its outstanding 1.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”) for a combination of newly-issued 6.00% Convertible Senior Secured Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Notes”) and cash. For each $1,000 principal amount of exchanged 2021 Notes, the Company issued $750 principal amount of the 2024 Notes and made a cash payment of $200 (the “Exchange”). In the aggregate, the Company issued approximately $207.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes and paid approximate $55.2 million in cash to participating holders. The Exchange was conducted with a limited number of institutional holders of the 2021 Notes pursuant to Exchange Agreements dated as of December 20, 2019 (each, an “Exchange Agreement”).

The 2024 Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture, dated as of December 23, 2019, among the Company, its wholly owned subsidiary, Civitas Therapeutics, Inc. (along with any domestic subsidiaries acquired or formed after the date of issuance, the “Guarantors”), and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and collateral agent (the “2024 Indenture”). The 2024 Notes are senior obligations of the Company and the Guarantors, secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Guarantors, subject to certain exceptions described in the Security Agreement, dated as of December 23, 2019, between the grantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as collateral agent (the “Security Agreement”).

The 2024 Notes will mature on December 1, 2024 unless earlier converted in accordance with their terms prior to such date. Interest on the 2024 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears at a rate of 6.00% per annum on each June 1 and December 1, beginning on June 1, 2020. The Company may elect to pay interest in cash or shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. If the Company elects to pay interest in shares of common stock, such common stock will have a per share value equal to 95% of the daily volume-weighted average price for the 10 trading days ending on and including the trading day immediately preceding the relevant interest payment date. In December 2020, the Company issued 1,484,871 shares of common stock in satisfaction of the interest payable to holders of the 2024 Notes on December 1, 2020. In connection with this stock-based interest payment approximately $6.2 million of accrued interest was released from restricted case and became available to the Company for other purposes.

The 2024 Notes are convertible at the option of the holder into shares of common stock of the Company at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. The adjusted conversion rate for the 2024 Notes is 47.6190 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2024 Notes, representing an adjusted conversion price of approximately $21.00 per share of common stock. The conversion rate was adjusted to reflect the 1-for-6 reverse stock split effected on December 31, 2020 and is subject to additional adjustments in certain circumstances as described in the 2024 Indenture.

The Company may elect to settle conversions of the 2024 Notes in cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock. Holders who convert their 2024 Notes prior to June 1, 2023 (other than in connection with a make-whole fundamental change) will also be entitled to an interest make-whole payment equal to the sum of all regularly scheduled stated interest payments, if any, due on such 2024 Notes on each interest payment date occurring after the conversion date for such conversion and on or before June 1, 2023. In addition, the Company will have the right to cause all 2024 Notes then outstanding to be converted automatically if the volume-weighted average price per share of the Company’s common stock equals or exceeds 130% of the adjusted conversion price for a specified period of time and certain other conditions are satisfied.

Holders of the 2024 Notes will have the right, at their option, to require the Company to purchase their 2024 Notes if a fundamental change (as defined in the 2024 Indenture) occurs, in each case, at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the applicable repurchase date. If a make-whole fundamental change occurs, as described in the 2024 Indenture, and a holder

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elects to convert its 2024 Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change, such holder may be entitled to an increase in the adjusted conversion rate as described in the 2024 Indenture.

Subject to a number of exceptions and qualifications, the 2024 Indenture restricts the ability of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries to, among other things, (i) pay dividends or make other payments or distributions on their capital stock, or purchase, redeem, defease or otherwise acquire or retire for value any capital stock, (ii) make certain investments, (iii) incur indebtedness or issue preferred stock, other than certain forms of permitted debt, which includes, among other items, indebtedness incurred to refinance the 2021 Notes, (iv) create liens on their assets, (v) sell their assets, (vi) enter into certain transactions with affiliates or (vii) merge, consolidate or sell of all or substantially all of their assets. The 2024 Indenture also requires the Company to make an offer to repurchase the 2024 Notes upon the occurrence of certain asset sales.

The 2024 Indenture provides that a number of events will constitute an event of default, including, among other things, (i) a failure to pay interest for 30 days, (ii) failure to pay the 2024 Notes when due at maturity, upon any required repurchase, upon declaration of acceleration or otherwise, (iii) failure to convert the 2024 Notes in accordance with the 2024 Indenture and the failure continues for five business days, (iv) not issuing certain notices required by the 2024 Indenture within a timely manner, (v) failure to comply with the other covenants or agreements in the 2024 Indenture for 60 days following the receipt of a notice of non-compliance, (vi) a default or other failure by the Company to make required payments under other indebtedness of the Company or certain subsidiaries having an outstanding principal amount of $30.0 million or more, (vii) failure by the Company or certain subsidiaries to pay final judgments aggregating in excess of $30.0 million, (viii) certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency and (ix) the commercial launch in the United States of a product determined by the U.S. FDA to be bioequivalent to Inbrija. In the case of an event of default arising from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency with respect to the Company, all outstanding 2024 Notes will become due and payable immediately without further action or notice. If any other event of default occurs and is continuing, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the then outstanding 2024 Notes may declare all the notes to be due and payable immediately.

The 2021 Notes received by the Company in the Exchange were cancelled in accordance with their terms. Accordingly, upon completion of the Exchange, $69.0 million of the 2021 Notes remained outstanding.

The Company assessed all terms and features of the 2024 Notes in order to identify any potential embedded features that would require bifurcation. As part of this analysis, the Company assessed the economic characteristics and risks of the 2024 Notes, including the conversion, put and call features. The Company concluded the conversion features required bifurcation as a derivative. The fair value of the conversion feature derivative was determined based on the difference between the fair value of the 2024 Notes with the conversion options and the fair value of the 2024 Notes without the conversion options using a binomial model. The Company determined that the fair value of the derivative upon issuance of the 2024 Notes was $59.4 million and recorded this amount as a derivative liability with an offsetting amount as a debt discount as a reduction to the carrying value of the 2024 Notes on the closing date, or December 24, 2019. There are several embedded features within the 2024 Notes which, upon issuance, did not meet the conditions for equity classification. As a result, these features were aggregated together and recorded as the derivative liability conversion option. The conversion feature is measured at fair value on a quarterly basis and the changes in the fair value of the conversion feature for the period will be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company received stockholder approval on August 28, 2020 to increase the number of authorized shares of the Company’s common stock from 13,333,333 shares to 61,666,666 shares. As a result of the share approval, the Company determined that multiple embedded conversion options met the conditions for equity classification. The Company performed a valuation of these conversion options as of September 17, 2020, which was the date the Company completed certain securities registration obligations. The resulting fair value of these conversion options was $18.3 million, which was reclassified to equity and presented in the statement of stockholder’s equity as of September 30, 2020, net of the $4.4 million tax impact. The equity component is not re-measured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. The Company performed a valuation of the derivative liability related to certain embedded conversion features that are precluded from equity classification. The fair value of these conversion features was calculated to be $1.4 million, representing a change of $0.2 million that is recognized in the consolidated statement of operations for the three-month period ended of March 31, 2021.

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The outstanding 2024 Note balance as of March 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

Convertible Senior Notes Due 2021

In June 2014, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (the “Underwriter”) relating to the issuance by the Company of $345 million aggregate principal amount of 1.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”) in an underwritten public offering. The net proceeds from the offering were $337.5 million after deducting the Underwriter’s discount and offering expenses paid by the Company. On December 24, 2019, the Company completed the private exchange of $276.0 million aggregate principal amount of its outstanding 2021 Notes for a combination of newly-issued 6.00% Convertible Senior Secured Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Notes”) and cash. The 2021 Notes received by the Company in the exchange were cancelled in accordance with their terms. Accordingly, upon completion of the exchange, $69.0 million of the 2021 Notes remained outstanding.

The 2021 Notes are governed by the terms of an indenture, dated as of June 23, 2014 (the “Base Indenture”) and the first supplemental indenture, dated as of June 23, 2014 (the “Supplemental Indenture,” and together with the Base Indenture, the “2021 Indenture”), each between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee (the “Trustee”). The 2021 Notes are convertible into cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election, based on an adjusted conversion rate of 3.9161 shares per $1,000 principal amount of 2021 Notes (representing an adjusted conversion price of approximately $255.35 per share), only in the following circumstances and to the following extent: (1) during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of 2021 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day; (2) during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2014 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the adjusted conversion price on each applicable trading day; (3) if the Company calls any or all of the 2021 Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; (4) upon the occurrence of specified events described in the 2021 Indenture; and (5) at any time on or after December 15, 2020 through the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. The conversion rate described above was adjusted to reflect the 1-for-6 reverse stock split effected on December 31, 2020 and is subject to additional adjustments in certain circumstances as described in the 2021 Indenture.

The Company may redeem for cash all or part of the 2021 Notes, at the Company’s option, after June 20, 2017 if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 130% of the adjusted conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending within five trading days prior to the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

The Company pays 1.75% interest per annum on the principal amount of the 2021 Notes, payable semiannually in arrears in cash on June 15 and December 15 of each year. The 2021 Notes will mature on June 15, 2021.

If the Company undergoes a “fundamental change” (as defined in the 2021 Indenture), subject to certain conditions, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or part of their 2021 Notes in principal amounts of $1,000 or an integral multiple thereof. The fundamental change repurchase price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. If a make-whole fundamental change occurs, as described in the 2021 Indenture, and a holder elects to convert its 2021 Notes in

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connection with such make-whole fundamental change, such holder may be entitled to an increase in the adjusted conversion rate as described in the 2021 Indenture.

The 2021 Indenture contains customary terms and covenants and events of default. If an event of default (other than certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization involving the Company) occurs and is continuing, the Trustee by notice to the Company, or the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the outstanding 2021 Notes by notice to the Company and the Trustee, may declare 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all the 2021 Notes to be due and payable. Upon such a declaration of acceleration, such principal and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, will be due and payable immediately. Upon the occurrence of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization involving the Company, 100% of the principal and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on all of the 2021 Notes will become due and payable automatically. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the 2021 Indenture provides that, to the extent the Company elects and for up to 270 days, the sole remedy for an event of default relating to certain failures by the Company to comply with certain reporting covenants in the 2021 Indenture consists exclusively of the right to receive additional interest on the 2021 Notes.

The 2021 Notes are senior unsecured obligations and rank equally with all of the Company’s existing and future senior debt and senior to any of the Company’s subordinated debt. The 2021 Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing or future indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company’s subsidiaries and are effectively subordinated to the Company’s existing or future secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral. The 2021 Indenture does not limit the amount of debt that the Company or its subsidiaries may incur.

In accounting for the issuance of the 2021 Notes, the Company separated the 2021 Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the 2021 Notes as a whole. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount, referred to as the debt discount, is amortized to interest expense over the seven-year term of the 2021 Notes using the effective interest method. The equity component is not re-measured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

Our outstanding 2021 Note balances as of March 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

Non-Convertible Capital Loans

Non-convertible capital loans were granted by Business Finland (formerly Tekes), with an adjusted acquisition-date fair value of $20.5 million (€18.2 million) and a carrying value of $25.7 million as of March 31, 2021. The loans are composed of fourteen non-convertible loans. The loans bear interest based on the greater of 3% or the base rate set by Finland’s Ministry of Finance minus one (1) percentage point. The maturity dates for these loans range from eight to ten years from the date of issuance, however, according to certain terms and conditions of the loans, the Company may repay the principal and accrued and unpaid interest of the loans only when the consolidated retained earnings of Biotie is sufficient to fully repay the loans.

Research and Development Loans

Research and Development Loans (“R&D Loans”) were granted by Business Finland with an acquisition-date fair value of $2.9 million (€2.6 million) and a carrying value of $0.0 million as of March 31, 2021. The R&D Loans bear interest based on the greater of 1% or the base rate set by Finland’s Ministry of Finance minus three (3) percentage points. The repayment of these loans began in January 2017. The loan principal is paid in equal annual installments over a 5 year period, which ended January 2021.

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Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments

At March 31, 2021, cash and cash equivalents were approximately $116.8 million, as compared to $71.4 million at December 31, 2020. Our cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at date of purchase and consist of investments in a Treasury money market fund. Also, we maintain cash balances with financial institutions in excess of insured limits. We do not anticipate any losses with respect to such cash balances. Our March 31, 2021 cash and cash equivalents balance does not include restricted cash, currently held in escrow under the terms of our convertible senior secured notes due 2024, further described above under Financing Arrangements, which may potentially be released from escrow if we pay interest on those notes using shares of our common stock.

Net Cash Used in Operations

Net cash used in operations was $26.9 million for the three-month period ending March 31, 2021. Cash used by operations for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021 was primarily due to net loss of $33.5 million, a change in acquired contingent consideration liability of $1.0 million, non-cash royalty revenue of $3.0 million, deferred tax benefit of $3.2 million, an increase in inventory of $1.0 million, a decrease in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $2.6 million, and a decrease in other non-current liabilities of $0.2 million. This was partially offset by share based compensation expense of $0.7 million, amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs of $4.3 million, depreciation and amortization of $8.5 million, a change in the derivative liability of $0.2 million, a decrease in accounts receivable of $2.9 million, and a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets of $0.8 million.

Net Cash Used in Investing

Net cash used in investing activities for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021 was $0.1 million, which was due primarily to purchases of property and equipment and intangible assets of $0.1 million.

Net Cash Provided by Financing

Net cash provided by financing activities for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021 was $73.3 million, which was primarily due to net proceeds from the sale of the Chelsea facility of $74.0 million, partially offset by the repayment of loans payable of $0.7 million.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

A summary of our minimum contractual obligations related to our material outstanding contractual commitments is included in Note 13 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. Our long-term contractual obligations include commitments and estimated purchase obligations entered into in the normal course of business.

Under certain agreements, we are required to pay royalties or license fees and milestones for the use of technologies and products in our research and development activities and in the commercialization of products. The amount and timing of any of the foregoing payments are not known due to the uncertainty surrounding the successful research, development and commercialization of the products. As of March 31, 2021, we have inventory-related purchase commitments of approximately $2.7 million, as compared to $2.8 million as of December 31, 2020. Under our agreement with Catalent, we are obligated to make minimum purchase commitments for Inbrija through the expiration of the agreement on December 31, 2030. As of March 31, 2021, the minimum remaining purchase commitment to Catalent was $12 million through December 31, 2021, and $18 million annually each year thereafter.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our critical accounting policies are detailed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. Effective January 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASU 2019-12, “Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes” (Topic 740). Other than the adoption of the new accounting guidance, our significant accounting policies have not changed materially from December 31, 2020. 

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