TRT

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL

PART I

ITEM 1 – BUSINESS (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PERCENTAGES AND SHARE AMOUNTS)

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

The business and activities of Trio-Tech International, a California corporation (the “Company”), discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”) and in other past and future reports and announcements by the Company may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and assumptions regarding future activities and results of operations of the Company. In light of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, the following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of the Company:

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “potential,” “believes,” “can impact,” “continue,” or the negative thereof or other comparable terminology.

Unless otherwise required by law, the Company undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events, changed circumstances, or the occurrence of unanticipated events. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

General

Trio-Tech International was incorporated in 1958 under the laws of the State of California. As used herein, the term "Trio-Tech", the "Company”, “we”, “us” or the “Registrant” includes Trio-Tech International and its subsidiaries unless the context otherwise indicates. The mailing address and executive offices are located at Block 1008 Toa Payoh North, Unit 03-09 Singapore 318996, Singapore, and the telephone number is (65) 6265-3300.

We make available through our website, free of charge, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and any amendments to those reports or statements filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The SEC also maintains an internet site at www.sec.gov that contains such reports and statements that have been filed electronically with the SEC by the Company. Additional information about Trio-Tech is available on our website at www. triotech.com.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, the Company operated its business in four segments: manufacturing, testing services, distribution and real estate. Geographically, the Company operates in the United States (“U.S.”), Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and China. It operates six testing service facilities: one in the U.S. and five in Asia. It operates two manufacturing facilities: one in the U.S. and the other in Asia. Its real estate segment operates in Asia and its distribution segment operates primarily in Asia. Its major customers are concentrated in Asia, and they are either semiconductor chip manufacturers or testing facilities that purchase testing equipment. For information relating to revenue, profit and loss and total assets for each of the segments, see Note 17 - Business Segments contained in the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

Company History – Certain Highlights for the Five Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2022

Overall Business Strategies

Our core business is and historically has been in the semiconductor industry, including testing services, manufacturing (assembly), and distribution. Revenue from the semiconductor industry accounted for 99.9% of our total revenue for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The semiconductor industry has experienced periods of rapid growth, but has also experienced downturns, often in connection with, or in anticipation of, maturing product cycles of both semiconductor companies’ and their customers’ products and declines in general economic conditions. To reduce our risks associated with sole industry focus and customer concentration, the Company continues to put effort into expanding its line of businesses. Our real estate segment contributed only 0.1% to the total revenue for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and has been an insignificant business operation since the property market in China slowed down as a result of control measures taken in China to cool surging property prices.

To achieve our strategic plan for our semiconductor business, we believe that we must pursue and win new business in the following areas:

Business Segments

Testing Services Segment

Our testing services are rendered to manufacturers and purchasers of semiconductors and other entities who either lack testing capabilities or whose in-house screening facilities are insufficient for testing devices to make sure that these products meet certain commercial specifications. Customers outsource their test services either to accommodate fluctuations in output or to benefit from economies that can be offered by third party service providers.

Our laboratories perform a variety of tests, including stabilization bake, thermal shock, temperature cycling, mechanical shock, constant acceleration, gross and fine leak tests, electrical testing, microprocessor equipment contract cleaning services, static and dynamic burn‑in tests, reliability lab services and vibration testing. We also perform qualification testing, consisting of intense tests conducted on small samples of output from manufacturers who require qualification of their processes and devices.

We use our own proprietary equipment for certain burn‑in, centrifugal and leak tests, and commercially available equipment for various other environmental tests. We conduct the majority of our testing operations in Asia, with facilities in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and China, and each of which has been certified to the relevant ISO quality management standards.

Manufacturing Segment

We manufacture both front-end and back-end semiconductor test equipment and related peripherals at our facilities in Singapore and the U.S.

Front-End Products

Artic Temperature Controlled Wafer Chucks

Artic Temperature Controlled Wafer Chucks are used for test, characterization and failure analysis of semiconductor wafers and such other components at accurately controlled cold and hot temperatures. These systems provide excellent performance to meet the most demanding customer applications. Several unique mechanical design features provide excellent mechanical stability under high probing forces and across temperature ranges.

Wet Process Stations

Wet Process Stations are used for cleaning, rinsing and drying semiconductor wafers, flat panel display magnetic disks, and other microelectronic substrates. After the etching or deposition of integrated circuits, wafers are typically sent through a series of 100 to 300 additional processing steps. At many of these processing steps, the wafer is washed and dried using Wet Process Stations.

Back-End Products

Autoclaves and Highly Accelerated Stress Test (“HAST”) Equipment

We manufacture autoclaves, HAST systems and specialized test fixtures. Autoclaves provide pressurized, saturated vapor (100% relative humidity) test environments for fast and easy monitoring of integrated circuit manufacturing processes. HAST systems provide a fast and cost-effective alternative to conventional non-pressurized temperature and humidity testing.

Burn-in Equipment and Boards

We manufacture burn-in systems, burn-in boards and burn-in board test systems. Burn‑in equipment is used to subject semiconductor devices to elevated temperatures while testing them electrically to identify early product failures and to assure long‑term reliability. Burn‑in boards are used to mount devices during high temperature environmental stressing tests.

We provide integrated burn-in automation solutions to improve products’ yield, reduce processing downtime and improve efficiency. In addition, we develop a cooling solution, which is used to cool or maintain the temperature of high-power heat dissipation semiconductor devices.

Component Centrifuges and Leak Detection Equipment

We manufacture centrifuges that perform high-speed constant acceleration to test the mechanical integrity of ceramic and other hermetically sealed semiconductor devices and electronic parts for high reliability and aerospace applications. Leak detection equipment is designed to detect leaks in hermetic packaging. The bubble tester is used for gross leak detection. A visual bubble trail will indicate when a device is defective.

Distribution Segment

In addition to marketing our proprietary products, we distribute complementary products made by manufacturers located primarily in the U.S., Europe, Taiwan, and Japan. The products include environmental chambers, handlers, interface systems, vibration systems, shaker systems, solderability testers and other semiconductor equipment. We also distribute a wide range of components such as connectors, sockets, LCD display panels and touch-screen panels. Our target products are industrial products, the life cycle of which can last from three years to seven years, as compared to consumer products, which have a shorter life cycle.

Real Estate Segment

Our real estate segment generates investment income from the investments made and rental revenue received from real estate that we purchased in Chongqing, China.

Product Research and Development

We focus our research and development activities on improving and enhancing both product design and process technology. We conduct product and system research and development activities for our products in Singapore and the U.S. Research and development expense was $375 and $357 for the years June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Marketing, Distribution and Services

We market our products and services worldwide, directly and through independent sales representatives and our own marketing sales team. We have approximately five independent sales representatives operating in the U.S. and another twenty in various foreign countries. All sales representatives represented the testing services and manufacturing segments for products and services produced and provided from our facilities in different locations.

Customer Concentration

During the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, combined sales of equipment and services to our three largest customers accounted for approximately 65.9% and 55.5%, respectively, of our total net revenue. Of those sales, $17,780 (40.3%) and $12,208 (37.7%) of our total net revenue were from one major customer for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Although the major customer is a U.S. company, the revenue generated from it was from facilities located outside of the U.S. The majority of our sales and services in the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were made or provided to customers outside of the U.S.

Backlog

*Real estate backlog is based on the rental income from a non-cancellable lease.

Based on our past experience, we do not anticipate any significant cancellations or renegotiation of sales. The purchase orders for the manufacturing, testing services and distribution businesses generally require delivery within 12 months from the date of the purchase order and certain costs are incurred before delivery. In the event of a cancellation of a confirmed purchase order, we require our customers to reimburse us for all costs incurred. We do not anticipate any difficulties in meeting delivery schedules. For testing services, the backlog is based on estimates provided by our customers and is not based on a customer’s purchase order, as it is a practice that the purchase orders are provided only during the process of delivery.

Materials and Supplies

Our products are designed by our engineers and are assembled and tested at our facilities in the U.S., China and Singapore. We purchase all parts and certain components from outside vendors for assembly purposes. We have no written contracts with any of our key suppliers. As these parts and components are available from a variety of sources, we believe that the loss of any one of our suppliers would not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations taken as a whole.

Competition

Our ability to compete is dependent on our ability to develop, introduce and sell new products, or enhanced versions of existing products, on a timely basis and at competitive prices, while reducing our costs.

Testing Services Segment

There are numerous testing laboratories located in the areas where we operate that perform testing services similar to those that we offer. However, due to such competition in the industry, there has been a reduction in the total number of competitors in Asia. The existence of competing laboratories and the purchase of testing equipment by semiconductor manufacturers and users are potential threats to our future testing services revenue and earnings. Although these laboratories and competitors may challenge us at any time, we believe that other factors, including reputation, a long service history and strong customer relationships are instrumental in both maintaining and strengthening our position in the market.

Distribution Segment

Our distribution segment sells a wide range of equipment to be used for testing products. While the semiconductor equipment industry is highly competitive, we offer the advantage of a one-stop service alternative for customers by complementing our products with design consultancy and other value-added services.

Manufacturing Segment

The principal competitive factors in the manufacturing industry include product performance, reliability, service and technical support, product improvements, price, established relationships with customers and product familiarity. Although we have competitors for our various products, we believe that our products compete favorably with respect to each of the above factors. We have been in business for more than 60 years and have operation facilities mostly located in Asia. Those factors combined have helped us to establish and nurture long-term relationships with customers and will allow us to continue doing business with our existing customers upon their relocation to other regions where we have a local presence or are able to reach.

Patents

During the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, we did not register any patents within the U.S.

It is typical in the semiconductor industry to receive notices from time to time alleging infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights of others. We do not believe that we infringe on the intellectual property rights of any others. However, should any claims be brought against us, the cost of litigating such claims and any damages could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Employees

As of June 30, 2022, we had approximately 740 full-time employees and no part-time employees. Geographically, approximately 8 full-time employees were located in the U.S. and approximately 732 full-time employees in Asia. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. 

There were approximately 60 employees in the manufacturing segment, 645 employees in the testing services segment, 2 employees in the distribution segment, 3 employees in the real estate segment and 30 employees in general administration, logistics and others.

ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS

As a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 1B – UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2 – PROPERTIES

As of the date of filing of this Annual Report, we believe that our existing facilities are adequate and suitable to cover any sudden increase in our needs in the foreseeable future.

The following table presents the relevant information regarding the location and general character of our principal manufacturing and testing facilities:

ITEM 3 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is, from time to time, the subject of litigation claims and assessments arising out of matters occurring in its normal business operations. In the opinion of management, resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.

There are no material proceedings to which any director, officer or affiliate of the Company, any beneficial owner of more than five percent of the Company’s common stock, or any associate of such person, is a party that is adverse to the Company or its properties.

ITEM 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5 – MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Shares of the Company’s common stock, no par value (“Common Stock”), are traded on the NYSE American exchange under the symbol “TRT.”

As of September 1, 2022, there were 4,076,680 shares of our Common Stock issued and outstanding, and the Company had approximately fifty-five record holders of Common Stock. The number of holders of record does not include the number of persons whose stock is in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers.

Dividend Policy

We did not declare any cash dividends during the years ended June 30, 2022 or June 30, 2021.

The determination as to whether to pay any future cash dividends will depend upon our earnings and financial position at that time and other factors as the Board of Directors may deem appropriate. In general, California law prohibits the payment of dividends unless the corporation’s retained earnings prior to the dividend equals or exceeds the dividend or, immediately after payment of the dividends, the corporation’s assets would equal or exceed its total liabilities. There is no assurance that dividends will be paid to holders of Common Stock in the foreseeable future.

ITEM 6 – [Reserved]

ITEM 7 – MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PERCENTAGES AND SHARE AMOUNTS)

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our disclaimer on “Forward-Looking Statements,” “Item 1. Business,” and our Consolidated Financial Statements, the notes to those statements and other financial information contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”). 

During the years ended June 30, 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”) and June 30, 2021 (“Fiscal 2021”), Trio-Tech International operated in four segments: manufacturing, testing services, distribution, and real estate. During Fiscal 2022, revenue from the manufacturing, testing services, distribution and real estate segments represented 30.7%, 44.2%, 25.0% and 0.1% of our revenue, respectively, as compared to 40.5%, 42.7%, 16.7% and 0.1% respectively, during Fiscal 2021.

Semiconductor testing and manufacturing (assembly) of test equipment is our core business. We provide third-party semiconductor testing and burn-in services primarily through our laboratories in Asia. At our facilities in the U.S. and Asia, we also design, manufacture and market equipment and systems to be used in the testing and production of semiconductors and distribute semiconductor processing and testing equipment manufactured by other vendors.

Our distribution segment operates primarily in Asia. This segment markets and supports distributing complementary products supplied by other manufacturers that are used by its customers and other semiconductor and electronics manufacturers. We believe this will help us to reduce our exposure to the risks that may arise from solely being a distributor of manufactured products from others.

The main revenue component for the real estate segment was rental income.

No other investment income was recorded as revenue by the real estate segment in either of Fiscal 2022 or Fiscal 2021.

Trio-Tech Chongqing Co., Ltd. (“TTCQ”) invested Chinese renminbi (“RMB”) 5,554 in rental properties in MaoYe during the year ended June 30, 2008. During fiscal year 2019, TTCQ completed the sale of thirteen of the fifteen units constituting the MaoYe property, which contributed a capital gain of $685. During the year ended June 30, 2010, TTCQ invested RMB 3,600 in rental properties from JiangHuai Property Development Co. Ltd. (“JiangHuai”) and RMB 4,025 in rental properties in Chongqing FuLi Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. (“FuLi”). The total investment in properties in China was RMB 9,649 in Fiscal 2022 and 2021, or approximately $1,440 and $1,493, respectively. The carrying value of these investment properties in China was RMB 3,919 and RMB 4,402, or approximately $585 and $681, as of June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These properties generated a total rental income of $25 and $28 during Fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively. TTCQ’s investment in properties that generated rental income is discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, including Note 7 to the Financial Statements.

On October 14, 2014, TTCQ and Jun Zhou Zhi Ye entered into a memorandum of understanding, whereby both parties agreed to register a sales and purchase agreement upon Jun Zhou Zhi Ye’s procurement of a license to sell the Singapore Themed Resort Project, a commercial property located in Chongqing, China. The proposed agreement provides shop lots (the “Shop Lots”) with a total area of 1,484.55 square meters, in consideration for the outstanding amounts owed to TTCQ by Jun Zhou Zhi Ye as follows:

a) long-term loan receivable RMB 5,000, or approximately $746, as disclosed in Note 5, plus the interest receivable on the long-term loan receivable of RMB 1,250;

b) commercial units measuring 668 square meters and;

c) RMB 5,900 as part of the unrecognized cash consideration of RMB 8,000 relating to the disposal of the joint venture.

These considerations do not include the remaining outstanding amount of RMB 2,000, or approximately $298, which will be paid to TTCQ in cash.

The Shop Lots were to be delivered to TTCQ upon completion of the construction of the property in Singapore Themed Resort Project. The initial target date of completion was in 2017. However, completion of the project was delayed, and the developer is now undergoing an asset reorganization and re-negotiation with its creditors.

The Company recorded a one-time, non-cash impairment charge of $1,580 in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2021 related to the doubtful recovery of the down payment on property in the Singapore Theme Resort Project in Chongqing, China. We elected to take this non-cash impairment charge due to the increased uncertainties regarding the project’s viability, given the developer’s weakening financial condition as well as uncertainties arising from the negative real-estate environment in China, implementation of control measures on real-estate lending in China and its relevant government policies, together with effects of the ongoing pandemic.

Fiscal 2022 Highlights

The highlights above are intended to identify certain of the Company’s significant events and transactions during Fiscal 2022. These highlights are not intended to be a full discussion of our results for the year, and should be read in conjunction with the discussion of these items in this Item 7 and with our consolidated financial statements and footnotes accompanying this Annual Report.

General Financial Information

Total assets as of June 30, 2022 were $43,421, an increase of $5,115, or 13.3%, compared to $38,306 as of June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to an increase in cash and cash equivalents, trade account receivables, other receivables, inventories, prepaid expense and other current assets, operating lease right-of-use assets and financed sales receivable. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in short term deposits, other assets, deferred tax assets, investment properties, property, plant and equipment and restricted term deposits.

Cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2022 were $7,698, an increase of $1,862, or 31.9%, compared to $5,836 at June 30, 2021, primarily due to the cash inflow generated from operating activities and proceeds from lines of credit.

Trade account receivables as of June 30, 2022 was $11,592, representing an increase of $$3,299 or 39.7%, compared to $8,293 at June 30, 2021. The increase was attributable to an increase in the overall sales for the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022 compared to the same period in the prior fiscal year. The number of days’ sales outstanding in account receivables was 81 days and 79 days for the years ended June 30, 2022, and 2021 respectively.

As of June 30, 2022, other receivables were $998 an increase of $336, or 50.8%, compared to $662 at June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to an increase in advance payment to vendors in Singapore and China operations.

Inventories as of June 30, 2022 were $2,258, an increase of $178, or 8.6%, compared to $2,080 at June 30, 2021. The increase in inventories was mainly due to an increase in inventories in transit. The number of days’ inventory held was 58 days at the end of Fiscal 2022, compared to 73 days at the end of Fiscal 2021.

Investment properties in China as of June 30, 2022 were $585, a decrease of $96 from $681 at June 30, 2021. The decrease was attributable to the depreciation charged for the year.

Property, plant and equipment as of June 30, 2022 was $8,481, a decrease of $1,050 compared to $9,531 at June 30, 2021. This was mainly due to depreciation charged for the year and the foreign currency exchange movement between Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021. The decrease was partially offset by the new acquisition of property, plant and equipment in the Singapore, Malaysia, China and Thailand operations.

Other assets as of June 30, 2022 were $137, a decrease of $125, or 47.7%, compared to $262 at June 30, 2021. This was mainly due to the reclassification of down payments made for the purchase of equipment in the Malaysia operation.

Restricted term deposits as of June 30, 2022 were $1,678, compared to $1,741 at June 30, 2021. The decrease was mainly due to the currency translation difference between functional currency and U.S. dollars from June 30, 2021 to June 30, 2022.

Total liabilities as of June 30, 2022 were $15,419, an increase of $3,166, or 25.8%, compared to $12,253 at June 30, 2021. The increase in liabilities was primarily due to an increase in lines of credits, accrued expense, income tax payable and operating leases, partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable, bank loans payable and finance lease.

Accounts payable as of June 30, 2022 decreased by $1,301, or 35.1% to $2,401 from $3,702 as of June 30, 2021. The decrease was mainly due to prompt settlements to suppliers.

Accrued expense as of June 30, 2022 increased by $2,641, or 78.5% to $6,004 from $3,363 as at June 30, 2021. The increase was mainly due to an increase in accrued payroll liability in the Singapore and China operations and an increase in accrued purchases.

Income tax payable as of June 30, 2022 increased by $225 to $924 from $699 as at June 30, 2021. The increase was mainly due to higher taxable profit in Fiscal 2022.

Bank loans payable decreased by $316 to $1,744 as of June 30, 2022, as compared to $2,060 as at June 30, 2021. The decrease was due to the repayments made in the Malaysia operation.

Finance leases decreased by $213 to $237 as of June 30, 2022, as compared to $450 as at June 30, 2021. The decrease was due to the repayments made in the Singapore and Malaysia operations.

Operating lease right-of-use assets and the corresponding lease liabilities increased by $1,276 to $3,152 as of June 30, 2022, as compared to $1,876 as of June 30, 2021. This was due to the renewal of the lease agreements in the Singapore and China Operations and the new lease for Jiangsu operations. The increase was partially offset by the repayment made and the operating lease expense charged for the period.

Impact of COVID-19 on our Business

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”), was reported to have surfaced in China, resulting in shutdowns of manufacturing and commerce in the months that followed. Since then, the COVID-19 pandemic has spread to multiple countries worldwide and has resulted in authorities implementing numerous measures to try to contain the disease and slow its spread, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders and shutdowns. These measures have created significant uncertainty and economic disruption, both short-term and potentially long-term.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, Company temporarily closed its facility for twelve days in Tianjin, China to comply with China ZERO-COVID policy. The Company resumed 100% operating capacity in the Tianjin, China facility on January 21, 2022, and had lost revenue of approximately $260 during this temporary closure.

The degree to which COVID-19 impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including but not limited to the duration and spread of the pandemic, its severity, the action to contain the virus or treat its impact, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may experience material adverse impacts on our business as a result of the global economic impact and any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future. There are no comparable recent events that provide guidance as to the effect the spread of COVID-19 as a global pandemic may have, and, as a result, the ultimate impact of the pandemic on our operations and financial results is highly uncertain and subject to change.

As of June 30, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and short-term deposits totaling $13,118 and an unused line of credit of $4,575. We finance operations primarily through our existing cash balances, cash collected from operations, bank borrowings and capital lease financing. We believe these sources are sufficient to fund our operations for the foreseeable future.

While we have implemented safeguards and procedures to counter the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the full extent to which the pandemic has and will directly or indirectly impact us, including our business, financial condition, and result of operations, will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted. This may include further mitigation efforts taken to contain the virus or treat its impact and the economic impact on local, regional, national and international markets. We will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required by the governments or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, suppliers and stockholders.

Critical Accounting Estimates & Policies

The discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition presented in this section are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. During the preparation of the consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expense, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to sales, returns, pricing concessions, bad debts, inventories, investments, fixed assets, intangible assets, income taxes and other impairments. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been uncertainty and disruption in the global economy and financial markets. These estimates and assumptions may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

In response to the SEC’s Release No. 33-8040, Cautionary Advice Regarding Disclosure about Critical Accounting Policy, we have identified the most critical accounting policies upon which our financial status depends. We determined that those critical accounting policies are related to the inventory valuation; allowance for doubtful accounts; revenue recognition; impairment of property, plant and equipment; investment properties and income tax. These accounting policies are discussed in the relevant sections in this management’s discussion and analysis, including the Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements discussed below.

Account Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

During the normal course of business, we extend unsecured credit to our customers in all segments. Typically, credit terms require payment to be made between 30 to 90 days from the date of the sale. We generally do not require collateral from customers. We maintain our cash accounts at credit-worthy financial institutions.

The Company’s management considers the following factors when determining the collectability of specific customer accounts: customer creditworthiness, past transaction history with the customer, current economic industry trends, and changes in customer payment terms. The Company includes any account balances that are determined to be uncollectible, along with a general reserve, in the overall allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance. Based on the information available to management, the Company believed that its allowance for doubtful accounts was adequate as of June 30, 2022.

Inventory Valuation

Inventories of our manufacturing and distribution segments, consisting principally of raw materials, works in progress, and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost, using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid technological change, short-term customer commitments and swiftly changing demand. Provisions for estimated excess and obsolete inventory are based on regular reviews of inventory quantities on hand and the latest forecasts of product demand and production requirements from our customers. Inventories are written down for not-saleable, excess or obsolete raw materials, works-in-process and finished goods by charging such write-downs to cost of sales. In addition to write-downs based on newly introduced parts, statistics and judgments are used for assessing provisions of the remaining inventory based on salability and obsolescence.

Property, Plant and Equipment & Investment Properties

Property, plant and equipment and investment properties are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided for over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is provided for over the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter, using the straight-line method.

Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expense as incurred. Additions and improvements to property and equipment are capitalized. When assets are disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation thereon are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions

The United States dollar (“U.S. dollar”) is the functional currency of the U.S. parent company. The Singapore dollar, the national currency of Singapore, is the primary currency of the economic environment in which the operations in Singapore are conducted. We also have business entities in Malaysia, Thailand, China and Indonesia, of which the Malaysian ringgit (“RM”), Thai baht, RMB and Indonesian rupiah are the national currencies. The Company uses the U.S. dollar for financial reporting purposes.

The Company translates assets and liabilities of its subsidiaries outside the U.S. into U.S. dollars using the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date, and the statement of operations is measured using average rates in effect for the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the subsidiaries’ financial statements from foreign currencies into U.S. dollars are recorded in shareholders' equity as part of accumulated comprehensive income or loss translation adjustment. Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currencies of the Company’s subsidiaries are reflected in income for the reporting period.

Revenue Recognition

The Company follows Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC Topic 606”). This standard outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers.

We apply a five-step approach as defined in ASC Topic 606 in determining the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized: (1) identifying the contract with customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contracts; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognizing revenue when the corresponding performance obligation is satisfied.

Revenue derived from testing services is recognized when testing services are rendered. Revenue generated from sale of products in the manufacturing and distribution segments are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the products has occurred, customer acceptance has been obtained (which means the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customer), the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Certain customers can request for installation and training services to be performed for certain products sold in the manufacturing segment. These services are mainly for helping customers with the test runs of the machines sold and are considered a separate performance obligation. Such services can be provided by other entities as well, and these do not significantly modify the product. The Company recognizes the revenue at the point in time when the Company has satisfied its performance obligation.

In the real estate segment: (1) revenue from property development is earned and recognized on the earlier of the dates when the underlying property is sold or upon the maturity of the agreement; if this amount is uncollectible, the agreement empowers the repossession of the property, and (2) rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. This means that, with respect to a particular lease, actual amounts billed in accordance with the lease during any given period may be higher or lower than the amount of rental revenue recognized for the period. Straight-line rental revenue is commenced when the tenant assumes possession of the leased premises. Accrued straight-line rents receivable represents the amount by which straight-line rental revenue exceeds rents currently billed in accordance with lease agreements.

Investment

The Company (a) evaluates the sufficiency of the total equity at risk, (b) reviews the voting rights and decision-making authority of the equity investment holders as a group, and whether there are any guaranteed returns, protection against losses, or capping of residual returns within the group and (c) establishes whether activities within the venture are on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights in making this Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) determination. The Company would consolidate a venture that is determined to be a VIE if it was the primary beneficiary. Beginning January 1, 2010, a new accounting standard became effective and changed the method by which the primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined. Through a primarily qualitative approach, the variable interest holder, if any, who has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities is the primary beneficiary. To the extent that the investment does not qualify as VIE, the Company further assesses the existence of a controlling financial interest under a voting interest model to determine whether the venture should be consolidated.

Equity Method

The Company analyzes its investments in joint ventures to determine if the joint venture should be accounted for using the equity method. Management evaluates both Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock as to whether they give the Company the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the joint venture even though the Company holds less than 50% of the Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock. If so, the net income of the joint venture will be reported as “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

Cost Method

Investee companies not accounted for under the consolidation or the equity method of accounting are accounted for under the cost method of accounting. Under this method, the Company’s share of the earnings or losses of such investee companies is not included in the consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. However, impairment charges are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. If circumstances suggest that the value of the investee company has subsequently recovered, such recovery is not recorded.

Long-Lived Assets & Impairment

Our business requires heavy investment in manufacturing facilities and equipment that are technologically advanced but can quickly become significantly underutilized or rendered obsolete by rapid changes in demand. We have recorded intangible assets with finite lives related to our acquisitions.

We evaluate our long-lived assets with finite lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors considered important that could result in an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy for our business, significant negative industry or economic trends, and a significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period of time. Impairment is recognized based on the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value, and fair value is generally measured based on discounted cash flow analysis, if there is significant adverse change.

While we have not identified any changes in circumstances requiring further impairment test in Fiscal 2022, we will continue to monitor impairment indicators, such as disposition activity, stock price declines or changes in forecasted cash flows in future periods. If the fair value of our reporting unit declines below the carrying value in the future, we may incur additional impairment charges.

During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company recorded a impairment charge of $1,580 related to the doubtful recovery of a down payment on property in the Singapore Theme Resort Project in Chongqing, China. The Company elected to take this non-cash impairment charge because of increased uncertainties regarding the project’s viability given the developers weakening financial condition as well as uncertainties arising from the negative real-estate environment in China, implementation of control measures on real-estate lending and its relevant government policies, together with effects of the ongoing pandemic.

Fair Value Measurements

Under the standard ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC Topic 820”), fair value refers to the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between participants in the market in which the reporting entity transacts its business. ASC Topic 820 clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. In support of this principle, ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions. Under the standard, fair value measurements would be separately disclosed by level within the fair value hierarchy.

Income Tax

We account for income taxes using the liability method in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”), which requires an entity to recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequence attributable to the difference between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. Further, the effects of enacted tax laws or rate changes are included as part of deferred tax expense or benefits in the period that covers the enactment date. Management believed it was more likely than not that the future benefits from these timing differences would not be realized. Accordingly, a full allowance was provided as of June 30, 2022 and 2021.

The calculation of tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. We recognize potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result.

Stock-Based Compensation

We calculate compensation expense related to stock option awards made to employees and directors based on the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant. We determine the grant date fair value of our stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and for awards without performance condition the related stock-based compensation is recognized over the period in which a participant is required to provide service in exchange for the stock-based award, which is generally four years. We recognize stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of shareholders' equity based on awards ultimately expected to vest. Forfeitures are estimated on the date of grant and revised if actual or expected forfeiture activity differs materially from original estimates.

Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires significant judgment. The determination of the grant date fair value of stock-based awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is affected by our estimated common stock fair value as well as other subjective assumptions including the expected term of the awards, the expected volatility over the expected term of the awards, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rates. The assumptions used in our option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates and are as follows:

•         Fair Value of Common Stock. We determined the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant.

•         Expected Term. The expected term of employee stock options reflects the period for which we believe the option will remain outstanding based on historical experience and future expectations.

•         Expected Volatility. We base expected volatility on our historical information over a similar expected term.

Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements

We follow ASC Topic 810, Consolidation (“ASC Topic 810”). ASC Topic 810 establishes accounting and reporting standards for the noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. ASC Topic 810 requires that noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries be reported in the equity section of the controlling company’s balance sheet. ASC Topic 810 also changes the manner in which the net income of the subsidiary is reported and disclosed in the controlling company’s income statement.

Loan Receivables

The loan receivables are classified as current assets carried at face value and are individually evaluated for impairment. The allowance for loan losses reflects management’s best estimate of probable losses determined principally on the basis of historical experience and specific allowances for known loan accounts. All loans or portions thereof deemed to be uncollectible or to require an excessive collection cost are written off to the allowance for losses.

Interest Income

Interest income on loans is recognized on an accrual basis. Discounts and premiums on loans are amortized to income using the interest method over the remaining period to contractual maturity. The amortization of discounts into income is discontinued on loans that are contractually 90 days past due or when collection of interest appears doubtful.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2020-06: Debt – Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivative and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) ) (“ASU 2020-06”). ASU 2020-06 reduces the number of accounting models for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock, as well as amends the guidance for the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity to reduce form-over-substance-based accounting conclusions. In addition, ASU 2020-06 improves and amends the related EPS guidance. The amendments in ASU 2020-06 were effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Adoption is either a modified retrospective method or a fully retrospective method of transition. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that ASU 2020-06 update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-04 ASC Topic 848: Reference Rate Reform: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”), which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by the discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or by another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The amendments were effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020, and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that this update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-13 ASC Topic 326: Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (“ASC Topic 326”) for the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. ASC Topic 326 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that ASC Topic 326 has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Other new pronouncements issued but not yet effective until after June 30, 2022 are not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Comparison of Operating Results

The following table presents certain data from the consolidated statements of operating income as a percentage of net sales for the years ended June 30, 2022, and 2021:

Overall revenue

Overall revenue is composed of the revenue from the manufacturing, testing services, distribution and real estate segments. The following table presents the components of the overall revenue realized for the years ended June 30, 2022, and 2021.

Overall revenue during Fiscal 2022 was $44,065, an increase of $11,603, or 35.7%, compared to $32,462 during Fiscal 2021. The increase in revenue was due to an increase in sales in the manufacturing, testing and distribution segments as the economy started to recover from the pandemic.

Manufacturing Segment Revenue

The manufacturing segment accounted for 30.7% of revenue during Fiscal 2022, a decrease of 9.8%, compared to 40.5% during the year ended June 30, 2021. Revenue generated by the manufacturing segment during Fiscal 2022 was $13,526, reflecting an increase of $375, or 2.9%, compared to $13,151 during Fiscal 2021. The increase in revenue generated by the manufacturing segment was due to increased business in the segment in Singapore operations, which is a result of stronger demand for our equipment when compared to the prior period as the economy rebounds from Covid-19.

Backlog in the manufacturing segment was $6,977 as of June 30, 2022, representing an increase of $1,937 from $5,040 as of June 30, 2021. We expect the demand for our products to increase in the year ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the year ended June 30, 2022, as global market demand for testing equipment and systems gradually recover to pre-pandemic levels.

Testing Segment Revenue

Revenue generated by the testing services segment accounted for 44.2% of total revenue during Fiscal 2022, as compared to 42.7% during Fiscal 2021. Revenue generated by the testing services segment for Fiscal 2022 was $19,477, reflecting an increase of $5,631, or 40.7%, compared to $13,846 for Fiscal 2021. The increase in revenue generated by the testing segment was primarily attributable to an increase in revenue in the Malaysia, Thailand and China operations, which was attributable to an increase in the volume of testing services requested by our customers in these operations as global demand for chips grew stronger. The Company had increased its average selling price for testing services starting from Fiscal 2022 which aimed increase testing segment revenue. Demand for testing services varies from country to country, depending on changes taking place in the market and our customers’ forecasts. Because it is difficult to accurately forecast fluctuations in the market, we believe that it is necessary to maintain testing facilities in close proximity to our customers in order to make it convenient for them to send us their newly manufactured parts for testing, and to enable us to maintain that share of the market.

Backlog in the testing services segment as of June 30, 2022 was $5,698, an increase of $1,923, compared to $3,775 at June 30, 2021. The increase in backlog was mainly from the China operations. Backlog is dependent on the estimated volume provided by customers, which volume is dependent on the customers’ inventory levels and demand.

Distribution Segment Revenue

Revenue generated by the distribution segment during Fiscal 2022 accounted for 25% of total revenue, an increase of 8.3% compared to 16.7% for Fiscal 2021. Revenue for Fiscal 2022 was $11,037, an increase of $5,600, or 103%, compared to $5,437 for Fiscal 2021. The increase in revenue in our distribution segment was due to an increase in orders from the major customers in our Singapore operations, which reflects the continued strong growth of the semiconductor industry both locally and globally.

Backlog in the distribution segment as of June 30, 2022 was $4,687, reflecting an increase of $39 compared to the backlog of $4,648 at June 30, 2021. The increase in backlog was mainly due to an increased forecast from customers. We believe that our competitive advantage in the distribution segment is our design and engineering capabilities in components and touch screen products, which allow customization to meet the specific requirement of our customers. Product volume for the distribution segment depends on sales activities, including placing orders and queries for products and backlog. Equipment and electronic component sales are very competitive, as the products are readily available in the market.

Real Estate Segment Revenue

Revenue generated by the real estate segment was 0.1% of total revenue for each of the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. Revenue generated by the real estate segment for Fiscal 2022 was $25, a decrease of $3, or 10.7%, compared to $28 for Fiscal 2021. Our real estate segment saw a decrease in rental income due to the low occupancy rate in the MaoYe and FuLi properties amid the pandemic.

Backlog in the real estate segment as of June 30, 2022, was $101, an increase of $61 as compared to $40 at June 30, 2021.

Overall Gross Margin

Overall gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 26.6% in Fiscal 2022, an increase of 3% compared to 23.6% in Fiscal 2021. The increase in gross margin as a percentage of revenue was mainly attributable to the testing segment. Overall gross profit for Fiscal 2022 was $11,733, an increase of $4,063, or 53%, compared to $7,670 for Fiscal 2021. The increase in the dollar value of the overall gross margin was mainly due to an increase of sales in the testing segment.

Gross margin as a percentage of revenue in the manufacturing segment was 25% in Fiscal 2022, a decrease of 0.4%, compared to 25.4% in Fiscal 2021, mainly due to increased payroll expeneses. Gross profit for the manufacturing segment in Fiscal 2022 was $3,379, an increase of $37 or 1.1%, compared to $3,342 in Fiscal 2021. The increase in the absolute dollar amount of gross margin was mainly due to an increase in revenue in our Singapore operations.

Gross margin as a percentage of revenue in the testing services segment was 33.5% in Fiscal 2022, an increase of 8.8%, compared to 24.7% in Fiscal 2021. The increase in gross profit margin as a percentage of revenue was primarily due to the continuous effort of cost control in the Singapore, China and Malaysia operations. Gross profit in the testing services segment in Fiscal 2022 was $6,517, an increase of $3,102, or 91.1%, compared to $3,415 in Fiscal 2021.

Gross margin as a percentage of revenue in the distribution segment was 17.1% in Fiscal 2022, a decrease of 0.6%, compared to 17.7% in Fiscal 2021. The decrease in gross margin percentage was due to an increase in direct material costs and freight charges. Gross profit in the distribution segment was $1,890, an increase of $928, or 96.5%, compared to $962 in Fiscal 2021. The decrease in gross margin of the distribution segment was not only affected by the market price of our products, but also our product mix, which changes frequently as a result of the changes in market demand.

Gross margin as a percentage of revenue in the real estate segment was (212.0)% in Fiscal 2022, a decrease of 55% compared to (157.0)% in Fiscal 2021. Gross (loss) margin in the real estate segment was $53 in Fiscal 2022, a decrease of $4 as compared to $49 in Fiscal 2021. The increase in gross loss was due to the low occupancy rate amid the pandemic.

Operating Expense

Operating expense for the years ended June 30, 2022, and 2021 was as follows:

General and administrative expense was $8,361 in Fiscal 2022, compared to $6,929 in Fiscal 2021. The increase in general and administrative expense was mainly attributable to higher stock option compensation expense led by the higher volatility of stock prices and higher payroll expense in Singapore, Malaysia and China.

Selling expense increased by $197, or 44.2%, to $643 in Fiscal 2022, compared to $446 in Fiscal 2021. The increase in selling expense was primarily attributable to an increase in commission expense in the Singapore operations as a result of higher commissionable sales.

Profit / (loss) from Operations

Profit from operations was $2,353 in Fiscal 2022, an increase of $2,414, compared to a loss from operations of $61 in Fiscal 2021. The increase in profit from operations was mainly due to increased revenue.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

Interest expense decreased by $4 to $122 in Fiscal 2022, compared to $126 in Fiscal 2021. Additionally, the bank loan payable decreased by $316 to $1,744 in Fiscal 2022, as compared to $2,060 in Fiscal 2021.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net, for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

Other income increased by $241 to $595 for Fiscal 2022, compared to $354 for Fiscal 2021. The increase in other income in Fiscal 2022 was mainly due to an increase of $189 and $198 from commission income received by China operation and exchange gain, respectively.

Government Grant

During Fiscal 2022, the Company received government grants amounting to $228, of which $139 was financial assistance received from the Singapore and Malaysia governments amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

During Fiscal 2021, the Company received government grants amounting to $514, of which $401 was financial assistance received from the Singapore and Malaysia governments amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Income Tax (Expense) / Benefits

Income tax expense for Fiscal 2022 was $757, representing an increase of $529, as compared to income tax expense of $228 for Fiscal 2021. The change was primarily due to the Company fully utilizing its tax benefits, and as a result, was subject to tax in the Singapore operation.

At June 30, 2022, the Company had no federal net operating loss carryforwards, and a state net operating loss carryforward of $1,940, which expires in 2033. These carryovers may be subject to limitations under I.R.C. Section 382. In assessing the ability to realize the deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based on these criteria, management believes it is more likely than not the Company will not realize the benefits of the federal, state, and foreign deductible differences. Accordingly, a valuation allowance has been established against deferred tax assets recorded in the US and various foreign jurisdictions.

Profit / loss from Discontinued Operations

Profit from discontinued operations was $2 in Fiscal 2022, compared to loss from discontinued operations of $28 in Fiscal 2021. The Company discontinued its fabrication segment in fiscal year 2013.

Noncontrolling Interest

As of June 30, 2022, we held an indirect 55% interest each in Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (“TTM”), Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd. (“TTKL”), SHI and PT SHI, 76% interest in Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd. (“Prestal”) and an indirect interest of 51% in Trio-Tech Jiangsu Co., Ltd. (“TTJS”). The noncontrolling interest for Fiscal 2022, in the net loss of subsidiaries, was $96, a change of $468 compared to a noncontrolling interest in the net loss of $564 for the previous fiscal year. The change in the noncontrolling interest was primarily attributable to the lower net loss generated by the Malaysia operation in Fiscal 2022 as compared to Fiscal 2021.

Net Income / (Loss) Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders

Net income attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders for Fiscal 2022 was $2,395 compared to the net loss attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders of $591 for Fiscal 2021.

Earnings/(Loss) per Share

Basic earnings per share from continuing operations was $0.61 in Fiscal 2022, as compared to basic loss per share of $0.16 in Fiscal 2021. Basic loss per share from discontinued operations was $0.01 for Fiscal 2022 and $nil for Fiscal 2021.

Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations was $0.57 in Fiscal 2022, as compared to diluted loss per share $0.15 in Fiscal 2021. Diluted loss per share from discontinued operations was $nil for both Fiscal 2022 and 2021.

Income (loss) by Segment

The revenue, gross margin and income or loss from each segment for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are presented below. As the segment revenue and gross margin have been discussed in previous sections, only the comparison of income or loss from operations is discussed below.

Manufacturing Segment

The revenue, gross margin and income from operations for the manufacturing segment for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Income from operations in the manufacturing segment was $275 in Fiscal 2022, a decrease of $101, as compared to $376 in Fiscal 2021. The decrease in net income was attributable to an increase in the operating expense of $137. Operating expense was $3,104 and $2,966 for fiscal years 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in operating expense was mainly due to an increase in selling expense of $38 and an increase of $223 in corporate overhead compared to the same period of last fiscal year. The increases were partially offset by a decrease of $132 in general and administrative expenses.

The increase in selling expense was primarily due to travelling expenses as travel restriction eased and economic activities resumed. The increase in corporate overhead was mainly attributable to an increase in payroll-related expense.

Testing Services Segment

The revenue, gross margin and profit / (loss) from operations for the testing services segment for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Profit from operations in the testing services segment in Fiscal 2022 was $1,313, compared to a loss of $997 in Fiscal 2021. The significant increase in operating profit was attributable to an increased gross profit in Malaysia and Thailand operations. Operating expense was $5,205 and $4,412 for fiscal years 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase of $793 in operating expense was mainly due to an increase of $816 in general and administrative expense. The increases were partially offset by a decrease of $76 in corporate overhead expense. The increase in general and administrative expense was mainly due to higher payroll related expense in the Singapore and Malaysia operation and higher staff benefit expense in China operations.

Distribution Segment

The revenue, gross margin and income from operations for the distribution segment for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Income from operations in the distribution segment was $1,525 in Fiscal 2022, as compared to $657 in Fiscal 2021. The increase was mainly due to the increase in gross margin of $928 and were partly offset by an increase in operating expense. Operating expense was $363 and $306 for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase of $57 in operating expense was mainly due to an increase of $59 in selling expense and $6 in general and administrative expense. The increases were partially offset by a decrease of $8 in corporate overhead. The increase in selling expense was mainly due to commission expense in Singapore operation as a result of an increase in commissionable revenue.

Real Estate

The revenue, gross margin and loss from operations for the real estate segment for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Loss from operations in the real estate segment was $119 in Fiscal 2022, as compared to $116 in Fiscal 2021. Operating expense was $67 in each of the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.

Corporate

The following table presents the income / (loss) from operations for Corporate for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

In Fiscal 2022, corporate operating loss was $641, a change of $651, compared to operating income of $10 in Fiscal 2021. The significant fluctuation was mainly due to increased stock option expenses in fiscal year 2022.

Liquidity

The Company’s core businesses, including its testing services, manufacturing and distribution, operate in a volatile industry, in which average selling prices and product costs are influenced by competitive factors. These factors create pressures on sales, costs, earnings and cash flows, which impact liquidity.  

Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $485 to $2,123 for the year ended June 30, 2022, compared to $1,638 for the prior year. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to an increase in net income of $3,454, partially offset by a decrease in trade receivables receipts of $899, a decrease in other receivables of $672, a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $729, an increase in payments for operating lease liabilities of $387.

Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $123 to an outflow of $444 for the year ended June 30, 2022, from $567 for the prior year. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to cash inflows of $768 from the withdrawal of unrestricted deposits, partially offset by an outflow of $289 used for investments in restricted and unrestricted deposits and $356 used on additional property, plant and equipment.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended June 30, 2022, was $911, representing an increase of $913 compared to outflow of $2 during the prior year. Net cash from financing activities increased mainly due to cash inflow of $43 and $1,921 from bank loans and lines of credits proceeds, respectively, partially offset by an increase in lines of credit payments of $954 and increase of $39 in bank loans payments.

We believe that our projected cash flows from operations, borrowing availability under our revolving lines of credit, cash on hand, trade credit and the secured bank loans will provide the necessary financial resources to meet our projected cash requirements for at least the next 12 months. The Company has filed the S3 registration statement on December 3, 2021. We may raise capital of US$10,000,000 from any combination of securities (common stock, warrants, debt securities or units) for expansion of the Company’s testing capacity and working capital purposes if necessary.

Capital Resources

Our working capital (defined as current assets minus current liabilities) has historically been generated primarily from the following sources: operating cash flow, availability under our revolving line of credit, and short-term loans. The working capital was $17,273 as of June 30, 2022, representing an increase of $2,073, or 13.6%, compared to working capital of $15,200 as of June 30, 2021. The increase in working capital was mainly due to increases in current assets, including cash and cash equivalents, trade account receivables, inventories, prepaid expense and other current assets, and decreases in current liabilities, including accounts payable, bank loans payable and finance leases. Such fluctuations were partially offset by decreases in current assets, including short-term deposits, and increases in current liabilities, including accrued expense, lines of credits and operating lease payable, as discussed above.

The majority of our capital expenditures are based on demands from our customers, as we are operating in a capital-intensive industry. Our capital expenditures were $1,468 and $1,112 for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The capital expenditures in Fiscal 2022 were mainly in the Singapore, China, Malaysia and Thailand operations, which provide testing services to our customers. We financed our capital expenditures and other operating expense through operating cash flows and long-term debts.

Our credit rating provides us with ready and adequate access to funds in the global market. At June 30, 2022, the Company had certain lines of credit that are collateralized by restricted deposits.

As of June 30, 2021, the Company had certain lines of credit that are collateralized by restricted deposits.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not consider the Company to have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenue or expense, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

ITEM 7A – QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 8 - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The information called for by this item is included in the Company's consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-2 of this Annual Report.

ITEM 9 – CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

An evaluation was carried out by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (the principal executive and principal financial officers, respectively, of the Company) of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of June 30, 2022, the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2022.

Additionally, management has the responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company and thus also assessed the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of June 30, 2022. Management used the framework set forth in the report entitled “Internal Control – Integrated Framework” published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013 to evaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Internal control over financial reporting refers to the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purpose in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:

Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, the risk.

Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of June 30, 2022.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2022, which were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by paragraph (d) of rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B – OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C – DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

PART III

The information required by Items 10 through 14 of Part III of this Form 10-K (information regarding our directors and executive officers, executive compensation, security ownership of certain beneficial owners, management, related stockholder matters, and certain relationships and related transactions and principal accountant fees and services) is hereby incorporated by reference from the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of Fiscal 2022.

PART IV

ITEM 15 – EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) (1 and 2)         FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES:

The following financial statements, including notes thereto and the independent auditors' report with respect thereto, are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10‑K, starting on page 34 hereof:

1.         Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

2.         Consolidated Balance Sheets

3.         Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

4.         Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity

5.         Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

6.         Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(b) The exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10K are set forth on the Exhibit Index immediately preceding such exhibits and are incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 16 – FORM 10-K SUMMARY

Not applicable.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacity and on the dates indicated.

EXHIBITS:

* Filed electronically herewith.

** Indicates management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed as an exhibit to this report.

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

AUDITED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT NUMBER OF SHARES)

See notes to consolidated financial statements. 

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

AUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT EARNINGS PER SHARE)

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME / (LOSS)

(IN THOUSANDS)

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

(IN THOUSANDS) 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (IN THOUSANDS)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Amounts included in restricted deposits represent the amount of cash pledged to secure loans payable or trade financing granted by financial institutions and serve as collateral for public utility agreements such as electricity and water. Restricted deposits are classified as non-current assets, as they relate to long-term obligations and will become unrestricted only upon discharge of the obligations.

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2021

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT EARNINGS PER SHARE)         

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation - Trio-Tech International (the “Company” or “TTI” hereafter) was incorporated in fiscal 1958 under the laws of the State of California. TTI provides third-party semiconductor testing and burn-in services primarily through its laboratories in Southeast Asia. In addition, TTI operates testing facilities in the United States. The Company also designs, develops, manufactures and markets a broad range of equipment and systems used in the manufacturing and testing of semiconductor devices and electronic components. During the year ended June 30, 2022, TTI conducted business in four business segments: manufacturing, testing services, distribution and real estate. TTI has subsidiaries in the U.S., Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Ireland and China, as follows:

(51% owned by Trio-Tech (SIP) Co., Ltd.)

* 100% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP’’). The basis of accounting differs from that used in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries and equity investee companies, which are prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in their respective countries of incorporation. In the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements have reflected all costs incurred by the Company and its subsidiaries in operating the business.

All dollar amounts in the consolidated financial statements and in the notes herein are presented in thousands of United States dollars (US$’000) unless otherwise designated.

Liquidity — The Company earned net income attributable to common shareholders of $2,395 during the year ended June 30, 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”) and net loss attributable to common shareholders of $591 during the year ended June 30, 2021 (“Fiscal 2021”), respectively.

The Company’s core businesses, testing services, manufacturing and distribution, operate in a volatile industry, where average selling prices and product costs are influenced by competitive factors. These factors create pressures on sales, costs, earnings and cash flows, which can impact liquidity.

Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions — The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the U.S. parent company. The Singapore dollar, the national currency of Singapore, is the primary currency of the economic environment in which the operations in Singapore are conducted. The Company also has business entities in Malaysia, Thailand, China and Indonesia of which the Malaysian ringgit (“RM”), Thai baht, Chinese renminbi (“RMB”) and Indonesian rupiah, are the national currencies. The Company uses the U.S. dollar for financial reporting purposes.

The Company translates assets and liabilities of its subsidiaries outside the U.S. into U.S. dollars using the rate of exchange prevailing at the fiscal year end, and the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss is translated at average rates during the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the subsidiaries’ financial statements from foreign currencies into U.S. dollars are recorded in shareholders' equity as part of accumulated other comprehensive gain - translation adjustments. Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currencies of the Company’s subsidiaries are reflected in income for the reporting period.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Among the more significant estimates included in these consolidated financial statements are the estimated allowance for doubtful account receivables, reserve for obsolete inventory, reserve for warranty, impairments and the deferred income tax asset allowance. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition — The Company follows ASU No. 2014-09, ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC Topic 606”). This standard update outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers.

We apply a five-step approach as defined in ASC Topic 606 in determining the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized: (1) identifying the contract with customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contracts; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognizing revenue when the corresponding performance obligation is satisfied.

Revenue derived from testing services is recognized when testing services are rendered. Revenue generated from sale of products in the manufacturing and distribution segments are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the products has occurred, customer acceptance has been obtained (which means the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customer), the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Certain customers can request for installation and training services to be performed for certain products sold in the manufacturing segment. These services are mainly for helping customers with the test runs of the machines sold and are considered a separate performance obligation. Such services can be provided by other entities as well and these do not significantly modify the product. The Company recognizes the revenue at a point in time when the Company has satisfied its performance obligation.

In the real estate segment: (1) revenue from property development is earned and recognized on the earlier of the dates when the underlying property is sold or upon the maturity of the agreement; if this amount is uncollectible, the agreement empowers the repossession of the property, and (2) rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. This means that, with respect to a particular lease, actual amounts billed in accordance with the lease during any given period may be higher or lower than the amount of rental revenue recognized for the period. Straight-line rental revenue is commenced when the tenant assumes possession of the leased premises. Accrued straight-line rents receivable represents the amount by which straight-line rental revenue exceeds rents currently billed in accordance with lease agreements.

GST / Indirect Taxes — The Company’s policy is to present taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis. The Company records the amounts collected as a current liability and relieves such liability upon remittance to the taxing authority without impacting revenue or expense.

Trade Account Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts — During the normal course of business, the Company extends unsecured credit to its customers in all segments. Typically, credit terms require payment to be made between 30 to 90 days from the date of the sale. The Company generally does not require collateral from our customers.

The Company’s management considers the following factors when determining the collectability of specific customer accounts: customer creditworthiness, past transaction history with the customer, current economic industry trends, and changes in customer payment terms. The Company includes any account balances that are determined to be uncollectible, along with a general reserve, in the overall allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance. Based on the information available to management, the Company believed that its allowance for doubtful accounts was adequate as of June 30, 2022 and 2021.

Warranty Costs — The Company provides for the estimated costs that may be incurred under its warranty program at the time the sale is recorded in its manufacturing segment. The Company estimates warranty costs based on the historical rates of warranty returns. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

Cash and Cash Equivalents — The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Term Deposits — Term deposits consist of bank balances and interest-bearing deposits having maturities of 3 to 6 months.

Restricted Term Deposits — The Company held certain term deposits in the Singapore and Malaysia operations which were considered restricted, as they were held as security against certain facilities granted by the financial institutions.

Inventories — Inventories in the Company’s manufacturing and distribution segments, consisting principally of raw materials, works in progress, and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost, using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid technological change, short-term customer commitments and rapid fluctuations in demand. Provisions for estimated excess and obsolete inventory are based on our regular reviews of inventory quantities on hand and the latest forecasts of product demand and production requirements from our customers. Inventories are written down for not-saleable, excess or obsolete raw materials, works-in-process and finished goods by charging such write-downs to cost of sales. In addition to write-downs based on newly introduced parts, statistics and judgments are used for assessing provisions of the remaining inventory based on salability and obsolescence.

Property, Plant and Equipment and Investment Properties — Property, plant and equipment and investment properties are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is provided for over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is provided for over the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter, using the straight-line method.

Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expense as incurred. Additions and improvements to the assets are capitalized. When assets are disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation thereon are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

Long-Lived Assets and Impairment – The Company’s business requires heavy investment in manufacturing facilities and equipment that are technologically advanced but can quickly become significantly underutilized or rendered obsolete by rapid changes in demand.

The Company evaluates the long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and investment property, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors considered important that could result in an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy for our business, significant negative industry or economic trends, and a significant decline in the stock price for a sustained period of time. Impairment is recognized based on the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value, and fair value is generally measured based on discounted cash flow analysis, if there is significant adverse change.

The Company applies the provisions of ASC Topic 360, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets (“ASC Topic 360”), to property, plant and equipment. ASC Topic 360 requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets. Whenever any such impairment exists, an impairment loss will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value.

Leases - Company as Lessee

Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842 ("ASC Topic 842") requires Company to increase transparency and comparability among organizations for leasing transactions for both lessees and lessors. It requires a lessee to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. These leases will be either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition.

The Company applies the guidance in ASC Topic 842 to its individual leases of assets. When the Company receives substantially all of the economic benefits from and directs the use of specified property, plant and equipment, the transactions give rise to leases. The Company’s classes of assets include real estate leases.

Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets under the noncurrent asset portion of our consolidated balance sheets and under the current portion and noncurrent liabilities portion of our consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the related lease. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment under the noncurrent asset portion of our consolidated balance sheets and under the current portion and noncurrent liabilities portion of our consolidated balance sheets.

The Company has elected the practical expedient within ASC Topic 842 to not separate lease and non-lease components within lease transactions for all classes of assets. Additionally, the Company has elected the short-term lease exception for all classes of assets, does not apply the recognition requirements for leases of 12 months or less, and recognizes lease payments for short-term leases as expense either straight-line over the lease term or as incurred depending on whether the lease payments are fixed or variable. These elections are applied consistently for all leases.

As part of applying the transition method, the Company has elected to apply the package of transition practical expedients within the new guidance. As required by the new standard, these expedients have been elected as a package and are consistently applied across the Company’s lease portfolio. Given this election, the Company need not reassess:

When discount rates implicit in leases cannot be readily determined, the Company uses the applicable incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to perform lease classification tests on lease components and to measure lease liabilities and ROU assets. The incremental borrowing rate used by the Company was based on baseline rates and adjusted by the credit spreads commensurate with the Company’s secured borrowing rate over a similar term. At each reporting period when there is a new lease initiated, the rates established for that quarter will be used.

Leases - Company as Lessor

All of the leases under which the Company is the lessor will continue to be classified as operating leases and sales-type lease under the new standard. The new standard did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements and will not have a significant change in our leasing activities.

Comprehensive Income or Loss — ASC Topic 220, Reporting Comprehensive Income, (“ASC Topic 220”), establishes standards for reporting and presentation of comprehensive income or loss and its components in a full set of general-purpose consolidated financial statements. The Company has chosen to report comprehensive income or loss in the statements of operations. Comprehensive income or loss is comprised of net income or loss and all changes to shareholders’ equity except those due to investments by owners and distributions to owners.

Income Taxes — The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”). ASC Topic 740 requires an entity to recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequence attributable to the difference between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years. Further, the effects of enacted tax laws or rate changes are included as part of deferred tax expense or benefits in the period that covers the enactment date.

The calculation of tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. The Company recognizes potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions based on its estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result.

Retained Earnings — It is the intention of the Company to reinvest earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in the operations of those subsidiaries. These taxes are undeterminable as of the date of this Annual Report. The amount of earnings retained in subsidiaries was $18,755 and $16,683 as of June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Research and Development Costs — The Company incurred research and development costs of $375 and $357 during Fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively, which were charged to operating expense as incurred.

Stock-based compensation — The Company calculates compensation expense related to stock option awards made to employees and directors based on the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant. The Company determines the grant date fair value of our stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and for awards without performance condition the related stock-based compensation is recognized over the period in which a participant is required to provide service in exchange for the stock-based award, which is generally four years. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of shareholders' equity based on awards ultimately expected to vest. Forfeitures are estimated on the date of grant and revised if actual or expected forfeiture activity differs materially from original estimates.

Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires significant judgment. The determination of the grant date fair value of stock-based awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is affected by our estimated common stock fair value as well as other subjective assumptions including the expected term of the awards, the expected volatility over the expected term of the awards, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rates. The assumptions used in our option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates and are as follows:

•         Fair Value of Common Stock. We determined the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant.

•         Expected Term. The expected term of employee stock options reflects the period for which we believe the option will remain outstanding based on historical experience and future expectations.

•         Expected Volatility. We base expected volatility on our historical information over a similar expected term.

Earnings per Share — Computation of basic earnings per share is conducted by dividing net income available to common shares (numerator) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (denominator) during a reporting period. Computation of diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during a reporting period. In computing diluted earnings per share, the average market price of common shares for a reporting period is used in determining the number of shares assumed to be purchased from the exercise of stock options.

Fair Values of Financial Instruments — Carrying values of trade account receivables, accounts payable, accrued expense, and term deposits approximate their fair value due to their short-term maturities. Carrying values of the Company’s lines of credit and long-term debt are considered to approximate their fair value because the interest rates associated with the lines of credit and long-term debt are adjustable in accordance with market situations when the Company tries to borrow funds with similar terms and remaining maturities. See Note 15 for detailed discussion of the fair value measurement of financial instruments.

ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The financial assets and financial liabilities that require recognition under the guidance include available-for-sale investments, employee deferred compensation plan and foreign currency derivatives. The guidance establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of us. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect our assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available under the circumstances. As such, fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who holds the asset or owes the liability rather than an entity-specific measure. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:

Concentration of Credit Risk — Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk compose trade account receivables. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers for potential credit losses. The Company generally does not require collateral. The Company believes that its credit policies do not result in significant adverse risk and historically it has not experienced significant credit related losses.

Investments — The Company (a) evaluates the sufficiency of the total equity at risk, (b) reviews the voting rights and decision-making authority of the equity investment holders as a group, and whether there are any guaranteed returns, protection against losses, or capping of residual returns within the group, and (c) establishes whether activities within the venture are on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights in making this VIE determination. The Company would consolidate an investment that is determined to be a VIE if it was the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined by a primarily qualitative approach, whereby the variable interest holder, if any, has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities and is the primary beneficiary. A standard became effective and changed the method by which the primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined. Through a primarily qualitative approach, the variable interest holder who has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities is determined to be the primary beneficiary. To the extent that the investment does not qualify as VIE, the Company further assesses the existence of a controlling financial interest under a voting interest model to determine whether the investment should be consolidated.

Equity Method — The Company analyzes its investments to determine if they should be accounted for using the equity method. Management evaluates both Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock to determine whether they give the Company the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investment even though the Company holds less than 50% of the Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock. The net income of the investment, if any, will be reported as “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Cost Method — Investee companies not accounted for under the consolidation or the equity method of accounting are accounted for under the cost method of accounting. Under this method, the Company’s share of the earnings or losses of such Investee companies is not included in the consolidated balance sheet or statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. However, impairment charges are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. If circumstances suggest that the value of the investee Company has subsequently recovered, such recovery is not recorded.

Loan Receivables from Property Development Projects — The loan receivables from property development projects are classified as current assets, carried at face value, and are individually evaluated for impairment. The allowance for loan losses reflects management’s best estimate of probable losses determined principally on the basis of historical experience and specific allowances for known loan accounts. All loans or portions thereof deemed to be uncollectible or to require an excessive collection cost are written off to the allowance for losses.

Interest income on the loan receivables from property development projects are recognized on an accrual basis. Discounts and premiums on loans are amortized to income using the interest method over the remaining period to contractual maturity. The amortization of discounts into income is discontinued on loans that are contractually 90 days past due or when collection of interest appears doubtful.

Contingent Liabilities — Certain conditions may exist as of the date the consolidated financial statements are issued, which may result in a loss to the Company, but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Company’s management and its legal counsel assess such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company’s legal counsel evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims, as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein.

If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, then the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable, but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, would be disclosed.

Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the nature of the guarantee would be disclosed.

2. NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

In March 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-02 ASC Topic 326: Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR") and Vintage Disclosures, which require that an entity disclose current-period gross writeoffs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that this update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2021, FASB issued ASU 2021-10 ASC Topic 832: Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, which expected to increase transparency in financial reporting by requiring business entities to disclose information about certain types of government assistance received. The amendments are effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021 for all entities except not-for-profit entities and employee benefit plans within the scope of Topics 960, 962, and 965 on plan accounting. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that this update is applicable to Company as Company received government grants. Company will prepare necessary disclosures for fiscal year 2023 financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-04 ASC Topic 848: Reference Rate Reform: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by the discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or by another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The amendments are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020, and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that this update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-13 ASC Topic 326: Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (“ASC Topic 326”) for the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. ASC Topic 326 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company has completed its assessment and concluded that this update has no significant impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Other new pronouncements issued but not yet effective until after June 30, 2022 are not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

3. TERM DEPOSITS

Restricted deposits represent the amount of cash pledged to secure loans payable granted by financial institutions and serve as collateral for public utility agreements such as electricity and water and performance bonds related to customs duty payable. Restricted term deposits are classified as noncurrent assets, as they relate to long-term obligations and will become unrestricted only upon discharge of the obligations. Short-term deposits represent bank deposits, which do not qualify as cash equivalents.

4. TRADE ACCOUNT RECEIVABLES AND ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS

Account receivables are customer obligations due under normal trade terms. The Company performs continuing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial conditions, and although management generally does not require collateral, letters of credit may be required from its customers in certain circumstances.

Senior management reviews trade account receivables on a periodic basis to determine if any receivables will potentially be uncollectible. Management includes any trade account receivables balances that are determined to be uncollectible in the allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance. Based on the information available to us, management believed the allowance for doubtful accounts as of June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021 was adequate.  

The following table represents the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts:

5. LOANS RECEIVABLE FROM PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

The following table presents Trio-Tech (Chongqing) Co. Ltd (“TTCQ”)’s loan receivable from property development projects in China as of June 30, 2022.

The short-term loan receivables of renminbi (“RMB”) 2,000, or approximately $298, arose due to TTCQ entering into a Memorandum Agreement with JiangHuai Property Development Co. Ltd. (“JiangHuai”) to invest in their property development projects located in Chongqing City, China (“Project - Yu Jin Jiang An”) during the year ended June 30, 2011. TTCQ did not generate other income from JiangHuai during Fiscal 2022 or Fiscal 2021. TTCQ is in the legal process of recovering the outstanding amount of $298.

The long-term loan receivable of RMB 5,000, or approximately $746, arose from TTCQ entering into a Memorandum Agreement with JiaSheng Property Development Co. Ltd. (“JiaSheng”) to invest in JiaSheng’s property development projects (“Project B-48 Phase 2”) located in Chongqing City, China during the year ended June 30, 2011. The loan receivable was secured and repayable at the end of the term. During the year ended June 30, 2015, the loan receivable was transferred to a down payment for purchase of investment property that is being developed in the Singapore Themed Resort Project (See Note 9).

6. INVENTORIES

Inventories consisted of the following:

The following table represents the changes in provision for obsolete inventories: