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UNITED
STATES
SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington,
D.C. 20549
FORM
10-K
☒ ANNUAL
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For
the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020
OR
☐ TRANSITION
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For
the transition period from to
Commission
File Number: 001-38022
MATINAS
BIOPHARMA HOLDINGS, INC.
(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
|
|
No.
46-3011414
|
(State
or other jurisdiction of
incorporation
or organization)
|
|
(I.R.S.
Employer
Identification
No.)
|
1545
Route 206 South, Suite 302
Bedminster,
New Jersey 07921
(Address
of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
908-443-1860
(Registrant’s
telephone number, including area code)
Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title
of Each Class
|
|
Trading
Symbol
|
|
Name
of Each Exchange on Which Registered
|
Common
Stock, par value $0.0001
|
|
MTNB
|
|
NYSE
American
|
Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None.
Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes
☐ No ☒
Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes
☐ No ☒
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports),
and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes
☒ No ☐
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive
Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the
preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes
☒ No ☐
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting
company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,”
“smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:
Large
accelerated filer
|
☐
|
Accelerated
filer
|
☐
|
|
|
|
|
Non-accelerated
filer
|
☒
|
Smaller
reporting company
|
☒
|
Emerging
growth company ☐
If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for
complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The
aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant computed
by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold on June 30, 2020 was approximately $141.9 million.
As
of March 24, 2021, there were 204,276,412
shares of the registrant’s common
stock, $0.0001 par value, outstanding.
DOCUMENTS
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
None.
MATINAS
BIOPHARMA HOLDINGS, INC.
Annual
Report on Form 10-K
Fiscal
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Table
of Contents
PART
I
CAUTIONARY
NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This
report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities
Litigation Reform Act of 1995 under Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals,
expectations, anticipations, assumptions, estimates, intentions and future performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties
and other factors, which may be beyond our control, and which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be
materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.
All statements other than statements of historical fact are statements that could be forward-looking statements. You can identify
these forward-looking statements through our use of words such as “may,” “can,” “anticipate,”
“assume,” “should,” “indicate,” “would,” “believe,” “contemplate,”
“expect,” “seek,” “estimate,” “continue,” “plan,” “point to,”
“project,” “predict,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “potential”
and other similar words and expressions of the future.
There
are a number of important factors that could cause the actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking
statement made by us. These factors include, but are not limited to:
●
|
our
ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations and to develop our product candidates;
|
|
|
●
|
our
anticipated timing for preclinical development, regulatory submissions, commencement and completion of clinical trials and
product approvals;
|
|
|
●
|
our
history of operating losses in each year since inception and the expectation that we will continue to incur operating losses
for the foreseeable future;
|
|
|
●
|
our
dependence on product candidates, including LYPDISO ™ (formerly MAT9001), MAT2203 and MAT2501, which are still in an
early development stage;
|
|
|
●
|
our
reliance on our proprietary lipid nanocrystal (LNC) platform delivery technology, which is licensed to us by Rutgers University;
|
|
|
●
|
our
ability to manufacture GMP batches of our product candidates, including LYPDISO, MAT2203 and MAT2501, which are required for
preclinical and clinical trials and, subsequently, if regulatory approval is obtained for any of our products, our ability
to manufacture commercial quantities;
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our
ability to complete required clinical trials for our lead product candidate and other product candidates and obtain approval
from the FDA or other regulatory agents in different jurisdictions;
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our
dependence on third parties, including third parties to manufacture our intermediates and final product formulations and third-party
contract research organizations to conduct our clinical trials;
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our
ability to maintain or protect the validity of our patents and other intellectual property;
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our
ability to retain and recruit key personnel;
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our
ability to internally develop new inventions and intellectual property;
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interpretations
of current laws and the passages of future laws;
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our
lack of a sales and marketing organization and our ability to commercialize products, if we obtain regulatory approval, whether
alone or through potential future collaborators;
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our
ability to successfully commercialize, and our expectations regarding future therapeutic and commercial potential with respect
to, our product candidates;
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the
accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, ongoing losses, future revenue, capital requirements and our needs for or ability
to obtain additional financing; and
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developments
and projections relating to our competitors or our industry; and
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our
operations, business and financial results have been and could continue to be adversely impacted by the current public health
pandemic related to COVID-19.
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These
forward-looking statements reflect our management’s beliefs and views with respect to future events and are based on estimates
and assumptions as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We discuss many
of these risks in greater detail under “Risk Factors.” Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing
environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess
the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results
to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Given these uncertainties, you should
not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.
You
should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference and have filed as exhibits to the Annual Report
on Form 10-K completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.
We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K by these cautionary statements. Except as
required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information,
future events or otherwise.
Company
Overview
We
are a biopharmaceutical company focused on improving the intracellular delivery of critical therapeutics through our paradigm-changing
lipid nanocrystal (LNC) delivery platform. We are also focused on creating value through identifying a partner to continue
the development of LYPDISO™ (formerly MAT9001), a next generation, highly purified, prescription-only omega-3 free fatty
acid formulation specifically designed for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions.
Matinas
BioPharma is dedicated to maximizing the value associated with our unique LNC platform delivery technology. This proprietary platform
technology, licensed from Rutgers University on an exclusive worldwide basis, nano-encapsulates target molecules in a way that
facilitates safe, efficient, and targeted intracellular delivery. Comprised of phospholipids, like phosphatidylserine, and calcium,
our LNCs can be differentiated from any other delivery technology today both in terms of how LNCs provide flexibility with route
of administration as well as how LNCs gain access to cells and how they can also provide flexibility with route of administration.
LNCs have been delivered orally, intramuscularly, intravenously and through inhalation. Because of their unique composition, LNCs
can be delivered into a cell through any or all of phagocytosis, membrane fusion, or clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
In
addition to efficient intracellular delivery to treat a variety of cell-based pathogens, diseases and conditions, our technology
allows for the targeted and safe delivery of pharmaceutical agents directly to sites of infection or inflammation. This highly
stable, efficient and broadly applicable drug delivery platform has the potential to deliver a broad range of therapeutic agents,
including small molecules, vaccines, peptides and proteins, as well as nucleic acid polymers (e.g., antisense, oligonucleotides,
siRNA, mRNA) for use in treating a broad range of inflammatory, infectious and other intracellular diseases (e.g., intracellular
pathogen-related, genetic disorders, and cancer).
Our
lead drug candidate based on the LNC platform delivery technology is MAT2203, an oral formulation of amphotericin B, a well-known
and highly effective, antifungal drug (though frequently associated with significant renal toxicity and currently only
available in an intravenous formulation) currently used and approved to treat a variety of invasive, and potentially deadly, fungal
infections. MAT2203 has been developed to date with the assistance and financial support of the National Institutes of Allergy
and Infectious Disease (NIAID) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). MAT2203 has been designated as a Qualified Infectious
Disease Product (QIDP) with Fast Track Status for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, the treatment of aspergillosis, the prevention
of invasive fungal infections in patients who are on immunosuppressive therapy, and, most recently, the treatment of cryptococcosis.
While we continue to believe that MAT2203 could become an important solution to the significant unmet medical need to prevent
invasive fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients, we also believe there are opportunities for a more rapid approval of
MAT2203 for the treatment of certain invasive fungal infections in areas of high unmet medical need.
In
partnership with the NIH, we have conducted numerous preclinical studies of MAT2203 in cryptococcal meningitis and demonstrated
that MAT2203 was able to (a) cross the blood-brain barrier, (b) effectively treat this infection and (c) eliminate the toxicity
normally associated with delivery of amphotericin B intravenously. The NIH has funded a grant submission from the University of
Minnesota for a clinical study of MAT2203 in patients with cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda, where this disease is highly prevalent
among the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive community. This study, which has been called the Encochleated Oral Amphotericin
for Cryptococcal Meningitis Trial (EnACT), initiated in 2019 and currently enrolling patients in Cohort 2 of the trial,
is exploring the use of MAT2203 for both induction and maintenance therapy, and we believe that, if positive, it could form the
foundation for registrational approval in this indication. Moreover, since this study potentially validates the use of MAT2203
in what is arguably one of the most difficult-to-treat fungal infections, we believe MAT2203 is well-positioned to become a best-in-class
antifungal drug for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Furthermore, a demonstration that MAT2203 can effectively cross
the blood-brain barrier in humans could potentially position our LNC platform delivery technology for use with molecules designed
to treat other inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system through an oral route of administration. Developing MAT2203
utilizing primarily non-dilutive, government-sponsored, financing allows us to focus our internal cash resources on LYPDISO while
advancing MAT2203, MAT2501 and our innovative LNC platform delivery technology.
We
are also progressing the development of MAT2501, our oral amikacin development program, which is funded in large part by the Cystic
Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) which we are developing for the treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection, a highly
prevalent lung infection in patients with underlying cystic fibrosis. We received funding of $3.75 million from the CFF in November
2020 which was based upon the positive preclinical proof-of-concept data generated by Colorado State University testing MAT2501
efficacy against both amikacin-sensitive and resistant strains of infecting organisms in a CF mouse model for NTM infections.
We
have been engaged in discussions with various large, well-established and well-financed biotech and global pharmaceutical companies
on potential applications of the LNC platform delivery technology.
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In
July 2018, we announced a research collaboration with the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
of the NIH, focused on the development of a novel therapy for the treatment of HIV combining targeted antisense oligonucleotides
(ASO) and Matinas’ LNC platform delivery technology.
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In
January 2019, we announced a research evaluation with a top global pharmaceutical company in which our LNC platform delivery
technology would be explored in delivering certain nucleic acid polymers.
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In
May 2019, we announced a research collaboration with ViiV Healthcare to develop and evaluate formulations of antiviral drug
candidates.
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In
December 2019, we announced a feasibility collaboration with Genentech relating to the development of oral formulations of
a number of Genentech proprietary compounds applying the LNC platform delivery technology.
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In
December 2020, we announced a collaboration with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to evaluate oral
formulations of Gilead’s antiviral remdesivir utilizing our LNC platform delivery technology.
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We
continue to evaluate additional potential strategic collaborations with other interested biotech and pharmaceutical partners.
These early stage, proof-of-concept evaluations could provide an efficient, less expensive pathway to create numerous strategic
verticals in areas of innovative medicine while capitalizing on the development expertise and financial resources of well-established
pharmaceutical and biotech companies. Data from these evaluations could position us as a licensor of our LNC platform delivery
technology to numerous strategic partners better positioned to absorb the risks and costs of drug development while allowing our
company to become a royalty aggregator with the potential to generate upfront license, milestone and royalty payments as we maximize
the value of the overall LNC platform delivery technology.
We
are also focused on securing value for LYPDISO through a collaboration or partnership in the United States or globally. LYPDISO
is a soft gelatin capsule containing a complex mixture of multiple long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, primarily eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). There are a number of existing FDA-approved prescription omega-3 products, including
Lovaza®, Vascepa® and Epanova®, and this class of drugs has extensive evidence of safety and well-documented clinical
efficacy in lowering triglycerides (TGs) in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). We believe that given LYPDISO’s enhanced
bioavailability (as a free fatty acid rather than an ethyl ester) and its unique composition (high EPA plus DPA, with very little
DHA), it is differentiated from other existing products in the omega-3 class.
Triglycerides
(TGs) and cholesterol are integral components of lipoproteins, the primary transport vehicle for lipids in the body. High levels
of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are associated with a substantially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,
and, in the case of very high triglycerides, acute pancreatitis. Triglyceride elevations can be due to both genetic and environmental
factors and are frequently associated with comorbid conditions such as diabetes, chronic renal failure, and nephrotic syndrome.
Unlike the currently approved pharmaceutical omega-3 products, all of which have been repurposed following clinical failures in
their originally intended indications, LYPDISO has been specifically designed and developed to treat HTG, dyslipidemia and other
cardiovascular and metabolic conditions.
We
had previously been focused on the initial development of LYPDISO for an initial indication for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia
(SHTG), which are those patients with triglyceride levels ≥ 500mg/dL, since TG-lowering is a well-accepted surrogate outcome
marker of clinical efficacy in these patients. Additionally, the prescription omega-3 product Vascepa has been approved for cardiovascular
risk reduction in patients at high cardiovascular risk with TGs ≥ 150 md/dL. The development plan for LYPDISO is via a 505(b)(2)
regulatory pathway, which tends to be shorter and less expensive than under Section 505(b)(1) (for new chemical entities that
have never been approved in the United States). The 505(b)(2) pathway allows us to rely, at least in part, on U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) findings of safety and/or effectiveness for a previously approved drug. Based on prior written feedback received
from the FDA in 2014, and additional verbal and written feedback from FDA in August of 2020, we believe that a 505(b)(2) pathway
is possible and appropriate for LYPDISO.
In
parallel with the preclinical and clinical studies necessary for FDA approval of LYPDISO, we also recently completed the ENHANCE-IT
study, a head-to-head crossover study of LYPDISO vs. Vascepa, which was intended to differentiate LYPDISO from the current leading
prescription omega-3 therapy. While the primary endpoint of percent change in TGs from baseline to end-of-treatment did not meet
statistical significance in the prespecified pharmacodynamic (PD) population, analysis of the per protocol (PP) population demonstrated
statistically significant improvement and superiority of LYPDISO over Vascepa in TGs, total cholesterol and very-low-density lipoprotein
(VLDL) cholesterol. A key secondary endpoint in ENHANCE-IT was the measurement of eicosapentaenoic acid, or EPA levels, in the
blood, as that has become a key surrogate marker in determining cardiovascular risk reduction. In ENHANCE-IT, plasma EPA concentrations
were significantly higher with LYPDISO vs. Vascepa (46% relative percent increase change from baseline EPA level vs. Vascepa)
and we believe indicate the potential for superior cardioprotection with LYPDISO vs. Vascepa. Overall, the data from ENHANCE-IT
support the pursuit of cardiovascular outcomes indication for LYPDISO. Given the significant time and expense of conducting a
cardiovascular outcomes trial, we have determined that a partner will be required to further develop LYPDISO. We have initiated
a process to identify and secure a partner over the next few quarters.
Strategy
We
are focused on improving the intracellular delivery of critical therapeutics through our paradigm-changing lipid
nanocrystal (LNC) drug delivery platform and its application to overcome current challenges in safely and effectively delivering
small molecules, nucleic acids, gene therapies, proteins/peptides, and vaccines. We are also focused on creating value through
finding a partner to continue the development of LYPDISO, our proprietary, next-generation prescription omega-3 drug, which we
believe is differentiated from all other prescription omega-3 products and positioned to potentially demonstrate superior cardioprotective
effects.
Key
elements of our strategy include:
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Advancing
our clinical stage assets based on our LNC platform delivery technology and continuing to expand utilization of this promising
technology into areas of innovative medicine.
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Delivering
efficacy data for MAT2203 in the EnACT study for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis, which would highlight the safety
and efficacy of this promising drug candidate, while demonstrating the ability of our LNC platform technology to deliver potent
medicines across the blood-brain barrier with oral administration.
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Progressing
the development of MAT2501 through extensive preclinical toxicology and efficacy studies in NTM infections and completing
a single ascending dose pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers later in 2021, all with the financial support of the Cystic
Fibrosis Foundation.
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Our
Lipid Nanocrystal (LNC) Platform Delivery Technology
Efficient
and safe delivery of medicines remains one of the biggest challenges in the pharmaceutical and biotech industry today. The advancement
of science and the emerging importance of cell-mediated immunity and current challenges associated with effective intracellular
drug delivery has created a significant area of need. Current technology options, including liposomes, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)
and viral vectors, have been widely adopted but each have significant limitations including inefficient delivery, undesirable
and dangerous toxicity and immunogenicity, and unstable formulations forcing challenging storage conditions (Figure 1). The method
in which these technologies gain access to a cell varies and often is responsible for significant adverse effects for patients.
Despite these known challenges, adoption has been widespread due to the lack of viable alternatives. Today, LNPs and viral vectors
are being used to deliver both small molecules and gene therapy.
Figure
1: Current Delivery Technologies
Our
Solution: LNCs
Our
proprietary lipid nanocrystals (LNCs) are primarily composed of two naturally occurring materials: a phospholipid, like phosphatidylserine
(PS), and calcium. They are stable and have a unique multilayered structure consisting of a large, continuous, solid, lipid bilayer
sheet rolled up in a spiral or as stacked sheets, with no internal aqueous space. This unique structure provides protection from
degradation for molecules trapped in or between lipid bilayers. Components within the interior of the LNCs remain intact, even
though the outer layers of the LNCs may be exposed to harsh environmental conditions or enzymes (Figure 2).
Figure
2 LNC Formulation
Our
LNCs protect active pharmaceutical ingredients in lipid bilayers and can intercalate into the phospholipid interior or otherwise
remain trapped within the bilayers (Figure 3). The presence of minimal amounts of calcium keeps the LNCs intact.
Figure
3 LNCs Protect API in Bilayers
LNCs
can be delivered in a variety of ways, including orally, intramuscularly, intravenously and through inhalation. This flexibility
represents a significant advantage over other delivery modalities and presents significant opportunities to efficiently encapsulate
many different molecules, both water soluble and water insoluble, including small molecules, nucleic acids such as antisense oligonucleotides
(ASOs), messenger RNA (mRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), and nucleotides as large as eleven kilobases including DNA plasmids
and potentially CRISPR/Cas9, a gene editing technology.
Intracellular
delivery of molecules is usually accomplished by either phagocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) or through membrane
fusion. LNPs are limited in that they can typically only access a cell through the CME process, followed by disruption of the
endosomal membrane within the cell to gain access to the cytoplasm. LNPs typically are very inefficient, and patients also experience
injection site adverse events and other toxicities associated with CME delivery, thereby limiting chronic use. LNPs also cannot
be delivered orally. Viral vectors, including adeno-associated virus, attempts to utilize nature’s intracellular delivery
mechanisms to facilitate fusion with the cell membrane and delivery of molecules into a cell. Unfortunately, viral vectors have
historically been associated with severe negative immune responses and, like LNPs, cannot be delivered orally. We believe LNCs
can effectively delivery molecules through all three mechanisms, in addition to having great flexibility with the desired route
of administration.
We
believe that LNC’s unique ability to enter a cell through phagocytosis, membrane fusion or CME, or a combination thereof,
relates directly to the presence of a phospholipid, like phosphatidylserine. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is present in virtually all
cells and is an integral part of the cell membrane. PS is normally localized to the inner part of the membrane bilayer by active
cellular processes. However, with cell “activation”, which occurs when there is infection, inflammation, injury, stimulation,
cell death or some other issue impacting a particular cell, PS moves from the inner layer to the outer layer and facilitates fusion
with our LNCs (Figure 4). Certain cells also contain PS receptors, which actively take up LNCs due to the presence of PS (Figure
5).
Figure
4: Asymmetry of the Phospholipid Membrane
Figure
5: Role of PS and PS Receptors in the Uptake of LNCs into Cells
Through
phagocytosis, macrophage and other cells containing PS receptors readily engulf LNCs and their drug cargo into vesicles, or endosomes,
facilitating intracellular delivery. LNCs can also fuse with cell membranes and deliver drug cargo directly to the cytoplasm.
LNCs have been designed to mimic enveloped viruses and can efficiently deliver drugs and/or molecules to cells without adverse
immune responses.
For
some molecules, the goal is simply to achieve safe and effective intracellular delivery. This is especially relevant when delivering
sensitive genetic material and other molecules desiring cellular impact (i.e., antivirals). For other molecules, or drugs, utilizing
activated cells as a mechanism to deliver drug to infected tissues or other areas of the body becomes critical.
LNCs
in pre-clinical studies have been shown to improve existing drugs by providing 1) cell-targeted delivery; 2) reduced blood
levels thereby reducing toxicity; and 3) oral delivery of drugs now only available intravenously. For example, LNCs delivered
orally work by encapsulating molecules of drugs in a solid, anhydrous, crystalline structure, protecting them as they pass through
the GI tract where they cross the mucous membrane. Once the LNCs have crossed the mucosal barrier of the GI tract into the lymphatic
system, they are picked up by activated cells including cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, such as macrophages and dendritic
cells. Activated macrophages, with drug-loaded LNCs inside, follow natural signal molecule paths and migrate to the site of infection
or to the target organ and deliver their payload.
Therapeutic
applications of our proprietary delivery technology have been initially focused on the delivery of several potent and highly efficacious
anti-fungal and anti-bacterial agents, which are currently still associated with serious side effects, including irreversible
toxic effects on kidney and hearing function. We believe our technology has the potential for targeted delivery of these agents,
which positions us to be at the forefront of dealing with these very serious problems. We have now also expanded our research
and development efforts for our LNC platform delivery technology to focus on the delivery of a wide range of therapeutic treatments,
in particular those in the oligonucleotide class of agents (antisense oligonucleotides, mRNA, and CRISPR-Cas9).We continue to
push forward our business development efforts to further expand our collaborations across pharma and biotech companies who have
innovative therapies with delivery challenges, which may be addressed with our LNC platform delivery technology.
Multi-organ
Protection: A key innovation of our LNC platform delivery technology is our ability to package medication inside lipid-crystal
particles without leaking. Because of their crystalline nature, these particles are truly solid and hold on tightly to their medication
payload. This is where the LNC platform delivery technology differs markedly from other lipid-based delivery technology, such
as liposomal delivery. Liposomes are liquid delivery systems which typically leak some of their drug content into the circulatory
system, thus still exposing vulnerable organs and tissues to potential toxic effects. Keeping potentially organ-toxic medications
inside the lipid-crystal particles significantly differentiates our LNC platform delivery technology from other drug-delivery
approaches.
Targeted
Delivery: The size of our individual LNCs is typically in the range of 50-500 nm. This is very small and by comparison
close to the size of a large virus or a small bacterium. Our body produces many activated cell-types that are predisposed to interact
with our LNCs. These activated cell types, including bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells such as macrophages, infected cells,
injured cells, tumor cells and epithelial cells are all prone to engulf or fuse with our phosphatidylserine-based LNCs. Because
of the size of our LNCs and their PS surface structure (the cell membranes of bacteria are also made up from PS), activated cells
tend to take up these LNCs very efficiently and without any adverse immune response.
Oral
Formulation: Many drugs that are currently on the market are only effective in treating diseases when administered intravenously.
For example, many anti-infective drugs must be administered intravenously in order to be effective. IV administration presents
several challenges to care, such as risk of infection, patient discomfort from injections, and higher cost of care than anti-infective
drugs that can be taken orally (IV delivery must be performed by a doctor or nurse, often within a very expensive hospital setting).
Although several technologies have been used to attempt to convert IV drugs to orally delivered medications, success has been
limited due to the difficulty in achieving adequate bioavailability (i.e., the amount of drug that is absorbed into the body)
with an oral formulation. We believe that the unique LNC structure in our platform technology protects the drug from degradation
when it passes through the GI tract and that its lipid surface features facilitate the particle being absorbed into the blood
stream. The potential application of our LNC platform delivery technology for the delivery of injectable medications offers significant
clinical and commercial value with successfully demonstrated safety and efficacy in human clinical trials.
Our
LNC platform technology changes the delivery of medicines in a unique manner and alters the bio-distribution of these medications
by targeting tissues and organs that are affected by infection and inflammation. In addition to IV-only anti-infectives such as
amphotericin B and amikacin, we have orally delivered in animal studies the influenza vaccine, siRNA, NSAIDs, other anti-infectives
such as atovaquone, and many other compounds across multiple therapeutic areas, demonstrating the potential broad application
of our technology. We have observed rapid local accumulation in infected tissues, which appear to be the result of transport of
our drug-loaded LNCs by and to activated cells.
Our
LNC Clinical Stage Assets
We
have leveraged our platform LNC delivery technology to develop two clinical-stage products that we believe have the potential
to become best-in-class drugs in their respective therapeutic classes. Our lead LNC platform delivery technology product candidate,
MAT2203, is an orally-administered LNC formulation of a broad spectrum anti-fungal drug called amphotericin B. We believe there
are opportunities for a potentially rapid approval of MAT2203 for the treatment of certain invasive fungal infections in areas
of high unmet medical need. In partnership with the National Institutes of Health (NIH), we have conducted numerous preclinical
studies of MAT2203 for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis (CM), a deadly fungal infection that affects the brain, typically
in immunocompromised individuals. In such studies, we observed the potential for MAT2203, utilizing our LNC platform delivery
technology, to (a) cross the blood-brain barrier, (b) treat this infection and (c) eliminate the toxicity normally associated
with intravenous delivery of amphotericin B.
Based
upon the preclinical data generated by the NIH, the NIH has financially supported a grant application from the University of Minnesota
to conduct the EnACT study in Uganda. This study was initiated in October 2019 and is exploring the use of MAT2203 for both induction
and maintenance therapy in the treatment of CM, which is one of the most frequent and opportunistic infections in HIV patients.
Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with CM in HIV patients, the clinical unmet need is globally very high with
the global burden estimated at 1 million cases annually. We plan to leverage a 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for MAT2203, in part
relying upon FDA’s findings of the efficacy of IV amphotericin B. This strategy was discussed with the FDA in June 2019,
where we outlined our development plans for MAT2203 in CM and received FDA approval to proceed with the EnACT study which is currently
enrolling subjects in Cohort 2 of the trial. We have received four qualified infectious disease (QIDP) designations as well as
an orphan designation for the treatment of cryptococcosis, which, if approved, would result in twelve years of regulatory exclusivity
for MAT2203. We plan to seek accelerated approval for this indication following the availability of the results of the ongoing
EnACT Study. We believe that this study may have the potential to become a potential pivotal study to support approval of MAT2203
for the treatment of CM during both induction and maintenance phases of treatment.
Our
second clinical stage LNC-based product candidate is MAT2501, an orally administered formulation of the broad-spectrum aminoglycoside
antibiotic amikacin, which may be used to treat different types of multidrug-resistant bacteria, including non-tuberculous mycobacterium
infections (NTM), as well as various multidrug-resistant gram negative and intracellular bacterial infections. In May 2017, we
completed and announced topline results from a Phase 1 single escalating dose clinical trial of MAT2501 in healthy volunteers
in which no serious adverse events were reported and where oral administration of MAT2501 at all tested doses yielded blood levels
that were well below the safety levels recommended for injected amikacin, supporting further development of MAT2501 for the treatment
of NTM infections. Following reformulation work, in 2019, we received a grant from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) to complete
preclinical studies with Colorado State University which further demonstrated the potential for MAT2501 in treating cystic fibrosis-associated
NTM lung infections. In November 2020, we received an additional grant from the CFF in the amount of 3.75 million USD to support
the continued development of MAT2501 through a comprehensive preclinical tox program and a single ascending dose (SAD) study in
healthy volunteers with our new and improved formulation of MAT2501. This most recent grant was based upon the positive preclinical
proof of concept data generated by Dr. Diane Ordway at Colorado State University in a rigorous mouse model of NTM infection in
mice with underlying CF disease.
MAT2203
Our
lead anti-fungal product candidate, MAT2203, is an application of our LNC platform delivery technology to a broad spectrum and
potent anti-fungal drug called amphotericin B. Traditionally, amphotericin B is an IV-administered drug used as a last resort
for treatment of systemic fungal infections resistant to triazoles and echinocandins, including resistant candidiasis, cryptococcal
meningoencephalitis, and aspergillosis. To date, there have been little to no reports of clinically observed drug-resistance to
amphotericin B, further bolstering the use of this compound as the most likely last resort treatment for fungal infections in
the foreseeable future. However, the use of amphotericin B is relatively limited because it is currently only available as an
IV-administered product and has documented history of severe toxicity (most notably nephrotoxicity). By utilizing our LNC platform
delivery technology to nano-encapsulate amphotericin B, there is now an opportunity for the drug to be administered orally with
targeted delivery to infected cells, which we believe may have fewer side effects than the currently available IV-formulations
of amphotericin B. Our LNC delivery of amphotericin B changes the bio-distribution, resulting in a higher level of the drug at
the site of infection and a lower level of free circulating amphotericin B. By reducing the amount of circulating drug, our LNC
platform delivery technology may reduce overall toxicity. Importantly, drug concentrations will be high only in target tissues
due to the migratory nature of activated cells to inflammatory regions. Based upon our studies to date, we believe MAT2203 has
the potential to offer improved safety and reduced toxicity and, as a result, we believe MAT2203 will be able to offer a categorically
different and improved formulation that delivers orally administered amphotericin B, directly to the target cell at the site of
infection. In collaboration with the NIH, in multiple studies, we have demonstrated in CM mouse models that our LNC-delivered
amphotericin B, following oral administration, can successfully cross the blood brain barrier to the site of infection in mice.
This demonstration provides important data indicating that our LNC platform delivery technology could become an important delivery
solution for a variety of CNS-based disorders and diseases.
We
believe that MAT2203 has the potential to become a best-in-class induction, consolidation, and maintenance therapy for the treatment
of CM in HIV patients by offering the following key benefits:
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Potential
to treat resistant pathogens. We believe that MAT2203 has the potential to prevent and treat fungal infections caused
by drug-resistant fungi, including those resistant to existing azoles and echinocandins, due to amphotericin B’s fungicidal
(i.e., killing the fungi) nature and potency against resistant strains and the potential for our LNC platform delivery technology
to provide higher drug exposure early in the course of therapy.
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Enabling
an all-oral therapy. CM has become the most common cause of adult meningitis in many parts of Africa, where cryptococcosis
now rivals tuberculosis in all-cause mortality. While long-term survival has improved with widespread use of antiretroviral
therapy in high-income countries, early mortality remains high. Early mortality rates are often ~ 70% in routine practice
where access to diagnostics or medications is limited or unavailable, intracranial pressure is uncontrolled, or in settings
where other barriers to the management of CM exist. IV administration of amphotericin B deoxycholate is not often possible
in resource-limited settings, even when it is available.
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Shorter
and less costly hospital stays and lower outpatient costs. By providing physicians and patients with access to an orally
available, broad spectrum fungicidal agent in MAT2203, there is the potential to reduce hospital costs, which account for
over 70% of the overall treatment cost of invasive fungal infections.
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The
FDA has granted MAT2203 designations for Qualified Infectious Disease Product, or QIDP, and Fast Track for the treatment of invasive
candidiasis and aspergillosis, for the prevention of invasive fungal infections in patients on immunosuppressive therapy, and
the treatment of cryptococcosis. We recently also received Orphan Drug Designation for MAT2203 for the treatment of cryptococcosis
and associated CM. The FDA may designate a product candidate as an orphan drug if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition,
which is generally defined as having a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or a patient
population greater than 200,000 in the United States where there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing the
drug will be recovered from sales in the United States. The orphan drug designation provides eligibility for orphan drug exclusivity
in the United States upon FDA approval if a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval
for a particular active ingredient for the disease for which it has such designation. For a product that obtains orphan drug designation
based on a plausible hypothesis that it is clinically superior to the same drug that is already approved for the same indication,
in order to obtain orphan drug exclusivity upon approval, clinical superiority of such product to this same drug that is already
approved for the same orphan indication must be demonstrated. Orphan drug exclusivity means that the FDA may not approve any other
applications, including an NDA, to market the same drug for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances
such as if the FDA finds that the holder of the orphan drug exclusivity has not shown that it can assure the availability of sufficient
quantities of the orphan drug to meet the needs of patients with the disease or condition for which the drug was designated. Similarly,
the FDA can subsequently approve a drug with the same active moiety for the same condition during the exclusivity period if the
FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior, meaning the later drug is safer, more effective or makes a major contribution
to patient care. Orphan drug designation also entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding
towards clinical trial costs, a waiver from payment of user fees, an exemption from performing clinical studies in pediatric patients
unless the FDA requires otherwise by regulation, and tax credits for the cost of the clinical research. The QIDP designation,
provided under the Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now Act, or the GAIN Act, offers certain incentives for the development of
new antibacterial or antifungal drugs, including eligibility for Fast Track designation, priority review and, if approved by the
FDA, eligibility for an additional five years of marketing exclusivity. Fast Track designation enables more frequent interactions
with FDA to expedite drug development and review. Fast Track designation does not change the standards for approval, and we can
provide no assurances that we can maintain Fast Track designation for MAT2203 or that such designation will result in faster regulatory
review. The seven-year period of marketing exclusivity provided through orphan designation, if granted, combined with an additional
five years of marketing exclusivity provided by the QIDP designation positions MAT2203 with a potential for a total of 12 years
of marketing exclusivity to be granted at the time of FDA approval.
MAT2203
- Product Profile
MAT2203
is an orally-administered, LNC formulation of amphotericin B (a broad-spectrum fungicidal agent). Little to no clinical resistance
has been reported to date with amphotericin B as compared to the rapidly emerging drug resistance seen with other antifungal therapies.
Currently, IV administered amphotericin B is the only broad spectrum fungicidal; however, it has significant treatment-limiting
side effects, most notably nephrotoxicity. We believe that the ability to provide amphotericin B orally using our proprietary
and novel oral formulation comprising our LNC platform delivery technology, may offer a new and promising alternative for patients
and doctors.
The
data from animal toxicity studies for MAT2203 indicate a side-effect advantage over other amphotericin B formulations, which we
believe is based on two phenomena:
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The
lipid- nanocrystal is a solid particle that does not significantly “leak” its drug content while circulating.
The particle releases its medication pay-load only when inside the target cells, and thus appears that the use of MAT2203
does not result in off-organ toxicities normally seen in the kidneys when using current formulations of amphotericin B.
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Because
of this targeted approach, we have been able to increase the therapeutic window on a
mg/kg basis as compared to IV amphotericin B formulations. We have observed equivalent
efficacy at lower doses as well as been able to use oral doses of up to 10x the highest
tolerable IV dose in animal model studies.
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Development
History of MAT2203 and Initial Target Indication
MAT2203
has been studied extensively in animal model studies of various fungal infections including invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis,
and CM.
In
a clinical Phase 1 single-dose, double-blind, dose-escalating, pharmacokinetic study of 48 healthy volunteers, oral MAT2203 was
observed to be well-tolerated with no serious adverse events reported, and without any observed nephrotoxicity. The most commonly
reported adverse events (AEs) were nausea and abdominal pain. None of the AEs were related to abnormal laboratory evaluations.
All treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were mild except 1 instance of “upper respiratory tract infection” which
was moderate in a subject following 800 mg MAT2203. No AEs led to withdrawal. There were no serious AEs. There was one pregnancy
(subsequently determined that the conception date was 1 to 2 days prior to dosing) resulting in elective termination from the
study. More recently, in our Phase 2 trial of MAT2203 conducted by the NIH, four out of four enrolled patients suffering from
chronic refractory mucocutaneous candidiasis met their primary efficacy endpoint. One patient continues on treatment with no evidence
of kidney or other toxicity frequently associated with the use of amphotericin B.
In
October 2020, results from Phase 1 of the EnACT Study were published in the Journal of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (C.
Skipper, et.al) which was a Phase 1 ascending-dose trial of MAT2203 administered at 1.0 g, 1.5 g, or 2.0 g per day in 4 to 6 divided
doses among HIV-positive survivors of cryptococcosis (n=9 per cohort). We assessed the tolerability of MAT2203, and the AEs associated
with MAT2203 treatment over three days. The second part of the Phase 1 trial assessed the tolerability of 1.5 grams/day (the 100%
tolerated dose) administered for seven days. In the singe-ascending dose part of the study, all subjects in the 1.5 g treatment
group received their full dose without vomiting (100% tolerability). The cohort receiving 1 g had 4 transient clinical AEs in
2 subjects. The cohort receiving 1.5 g had 7 clinical AEs in 1 subject. The cohort receiving 2 g had 20 clinical AEs in 5 subjects.
From a qualitative survey, 26 of 27 (96%) preferred their experience with MAT2203 over their prior experience with IV amphotericin
(AMB).
The
second, multiple dose cohort received 1.5 g/day for 1 week, which was the 100% tolerated dose, with 98.4% of doses taken. Overall,
5 clinical AEs occurred in this cohort of subjects without any observed kidney toxicity. Oral MAT2203 was well-tolerated when
given in 4 to 6 divided daily doses without the toxicities commonly seen with IV AMB.
Based
on the findings from Phase 1 of the EnACT Trial, 2.0 g was selected as the target dose for the induction phase of treatment and
1.5 g for the maintenance dose for Stage 1 of the study. Phase 2 of the trial is evaluating the safety, tolerability, and efficacy
of MAT2203 in approximately 100 HIV-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Participants enrolled in the experimental
arm of each cohort received oral MAT2203 and flucytosine (5FC) in four separate stages and duration for induction therapy, using
the maximum tolerated dose of MAT2203 that was identified in the preceding Phase 1 Trial. The experimental arm receives MAT2203
through induction and maintenance therapy for a total of approximately 6 weeks. Participants randomized to the control arm in
each cohort receive the 2018 WHO recommended standard of care, which is IV AMB and 5FC, followed by fluconazole.
The
first cohort of EnACT has been completed. A key objective of Cohort 1 was to assess the safety and tolerability of oral MAT2203
while assessing efficacy. Ten participants were randomized to the experimental arm and 4 to the control arm. The study treatments
received are summarized in the following figure:
Patients
in the experimental arm received induction therapy with IV AMB (1 mg/kg/day) for the first five days, oral MAT2203 (2 g/day in
divided doses) from Day 5-14, and oral 5FC (100 mg/kg/day) for the first 14 days of treatment. Induction therapy was followed
by consolidation or maintenance therapy with oral MAT2203 (1.5 g/day) from Day 15 to Week 6, oral fluconazole (800 mg/day) from
Day 15 to week 10, followed by oral fluconazole (200 mg/day).
Efficacy
and safety data from Cohort 1 of the study were reviewed by an Independent Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) which voted unanimously
to progress into the second cohort of patients in the EnACT Study.
Enrollment
in the second cohort of patients has begun and Cohort 2.
Cohort
2 (or Stage 2) of the EnACT Study is designed to assess the potential to treat CM infections with oral MAT2203 as a step-down
treatment during the induction phase of treatment immediately following only 2 days of IV amphotericin treatment, with continued
treatment with MAT2203 for up to 6 weeks during early maintenance treatment. We believe that the clinical benefit of step-down
treatment from IV amphotericin to oral MAT2203 will provide compelling clinical evidence of efficacy in treating this deadly infection
with our oral agent. We believe that this Cohort of patients will also provide key data to support the further advancement of
the EnACT Study to ultimately test the potential to treat CM infections with an all-oral amphotericin dosing regimen in subsequent
cohorts (Stages 3 and 4 below).
The
read-out for Cohort 2 is expected in the second half of 2021.
Antifungal
Market Opportunity
The
overall global antifungal market accounted for approximately $11.9 billion in 2018 and is expected to reach approximately $13.9
billion by 2026. In 2018, the global invasive fungal infection market was valued at more than $6 billion. This includes therapies
used as active treatment or prophylaxis (preventative) in the inpatient and outpatient setting, therapies used for the treatment
of hospitalized patients and therapies used for the treatment of patients who are being discharged from the hospital. We estimate
that, each year, there are over 1.5 million cases of invasive fungal infections caused by various species of Candida, Aspergillus
and Cryptococcus, the three most common invasive fungal pathogens, globally. The estimated incidence in the U.S. for
these conditions is approximately 46,000 for invasive candidiasis, 15,000 for invasive aspergillosis, and 3,700 for CM. For example,
aspergillosis-associated hospitalizations in the U.S. alone came at an estimated treatment cost of more than $1 billion. The rapid
progression of disease and high mortality rates (20% - 50%) associated with documented invasive fungal infections often result
in antifungal therapy being administered in suspected (unconfirmed) cases or as a preventative measure in patients at high risk.
Also, the increasingly widespread use of immune suppressive drugs as cancer chemotherapy or for organ transplantation or treatment
of autoimmune disease has resulted in an increasing population of patients at risk for invasive fungal infections. Furthermore,
the limited number of systemic antifungal drug classes, consisting of azoles, echinocandins and polyenes, and their extensive
use, has led to increased numbers of infections with drug-resistant strains. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
has listed fluconazole-resistant Candida as a serious threat requiring prompt and sustained action and has also identified
a rise in echinocandin resistance, especially among Candida glabrata. In June 2016, the CDC issued an extraordinary alert
for healthcare facilities and providers to be on the lookout for patients with Candida auris, a multidrug resistant strain
with high mortality (approximately 60%). Almost half of C. auris isolates are multidrug resistant to two or more antifungal
classes (large majority resistant to fluconazole, 40% resistant to echinocandins). We believe this underscores the urgent need
for new agents with demonstrated activity against resistant strains and that can be administered with significantly less toxicity
and the potential to discharge patients earlier to reduce hospital stays and associated costs.
Physicians’
options for the treatment of fungal infections are limited by a lack of innovative therapies. Several factors have contributed
to the low rate of antifungal drug development, including a previously challenging regulatory environment that necessitated large
and costly clinical trials. As a result of this regulatory environment and other factors, the number of antifungals in development
has decreased, while anti-microbial resistance has increased.
MAT2501
MAT2501
is an oral, LNC formulation of the broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic agent amikacin, which utilizes our proprietary LNC
platform to achieve oral bioavailability, limit toxicity, and enable targeted delivery to sites of infection. Currently, amikacin
can only be delivered parenterally or through inhalation and is used to treat a variety of chronic and acute bacterial infections,
including both NTM infections and various multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. IV and inhaled amikacin, however,
are associated with major side-effects including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity (permanent loss of hearing) with long-term use.
We believe that MAT2501’s ability to orally deliver high levels of amikacin directly to the lung and without use-limiting
toxicity, distinguishes it from all available therapies and could provide an important solution for patients and physicians. We
are currently developing MAT2501 for the treatment of NTM lung disease, including infections in patients with CF. MAT2501 has
been designated as a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) and as an Orphan Drug for the treatment of NTM by the US FDA.
NTM
lung disease is a chronic, debilitating condition arising from an NTM infection in the lungs and is associated with significant
patient morbidity and mortality. The signs and symptoms of NTM lung disease often overlap with the underlying lung conditions
that increase the risk for NTM, like cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, COPD, and asthma. The most common pathogens for NTM infections
in the United States are Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), which accounts for more than 80% of all NTM infections in the
US. Patients with NTM lung infections frequently require lengthy hospital stays and prolonged courses of antibiotics to manage
their disease. The prevalence of human disease attributable to NTM has increased over the past two decades and is now growing
at more than 8% per year and is even more prevalent than tuberculosis in the US. In 2018, it was estimated that between 75,000
and 100,000 patients were diagnosed with NTM lung disease in the US alone.
Non-tuberculous
mycobacterium (NTM) infections are extremely difficult to treat, especially so in patients with cystic fibrosis (Eikani, et.
al., 2018). The infecting organisms are frequently resistant to most antibiotics, and current treatment regimens require combination
therapies with highly toxic drugs for long periods of time, further complicated by challenges in delivering therapeutic levels
of these toxic drugs across plasma membranes of infected cells.
These
challenges are amplified in CF patients, with the thick buildup of pulmonary secretions that further impair treatment of infecting
organisms. Pulmonary infections represent the most frequent type of infection in CF patients, and are responsible for more than
90% of deaths in the CF population (Rowe SM, et.al. 2005). Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium abscessus
complex (MABSC) are non-tuberculous mycobacterial species that have emerged in recent years as important opportunistic pathogens
frequently responsible for pulmonary infections in CF patients (Brode SK, et. al. 2014). Infections due to MAC and MABSC
are difficult to treat and to eradicate since these organisms are naturally resistant to most antibiotics. The recommended treatment
for MAC and MABSC pulmonary infections includes a combination of a macrolide (clarithromycin or azithromycin), an aminoglycoside
(amikacin), and an antimycobacterial antibiotic for MAC (rifampin and ethambutol), while MABSC many times requires intravenous
β-lactam (cefoxitin or imipenem) at least for 12 months (Floto RA, et. al., 2016). The cure rate is only 25-40% in
the case of macrolide resistance, which is present in 40 to 60% of the isolates (Roux AL et. al., 2015). Moreover, unsuccessful
eradication of MAC and MABSC is considered as a contraindication for lung transplantation by several CF centers, and significantly
restrict therapeutic options in severely ill patients. Therefore, more specific and active and less toxic antimicrobials are urgently
needed.
MAT2501
Previous and Ongoing Studies
The
most recent completed pre-clinical animal model studies testing the preclinical efficacy of MAT2501 were funded by a grant from
the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF). An additional grant was awarded from the CFF in February of 2020 to support the screening
of new optimized formulations of MAT2501 in collaboration with Diane Ordway, Ph.D. of Colorado State University (CSU). Most recently,
a CFF grant of $3.75 million was awarded to us in November 2020 to support the early development of MAT2501 through the end of
Phase 1. The recent grant from the CF Foundation was based upon the data generated by CSU and summarized below.
Preclinical
and Clinical Studies
The
Investigational New Drug (IND) application for MAT2501, was opened in January 2016 to investigate MAT2501 in the proposed indication
for treatment of non-tuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) infections.
We
have conducted numerous repeat-dose non-clinical studies including a 28-Day rat study and 3 nonclinical studies in large animals
(2 with dog and 1 with dog and minipig). Data generated to date suggest no toxicity signals related to those observed with IV
amikacin.
We
have conducted to date a first-in-human Phase I study entitled: A Phase 1, Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled, Single, Ascending
Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Encochleated Amikacin (CAMK/MAT2501) Following Oral Administration
in Healthy Adult Subjects. Safety was monitored through physical examinations, vital signs, 12-lead ECGs, audiometry tests, pupillary
reflex tests and clinical lab tests. No serious adverse events were reported in the study. Adverse events were tolerable and not
unexpected. There were no adverse events related to audiology assessments or ophthalmic pupillary reflex testing. A total of 36
subjects were entered into this study in three (3) cohorts (dosing of 12 subjects (9 active drug subjects and 3 placebo subjects
in each cohort). Doses tested were 200mg under fasted conditions, 400mg under fasted and fed conditions and 800mg under fed conditions.
One subject in high dose cohort (800 mg dose, fed condition) was discontinued early during the study as a result of gastrointestinal
issues possibly related to study drug. The study was completed in March of 2017 and the final clinical study report was submitted
to the IND in February of 2018.
MAT2501
(LNC Oral Amikacin) for the Treatment of NTM Infections in Mouse Models of CF
In
vivo chronic efficacy studies
MAT2501
was tested in in vivo experiments of NTM infections in CF mouse models. In the CF (B6CFTRtm1UNC/CFTRtm1UNC)
mice chronic model for CF, the CAMK was administered daily for each NTM species tested on each of the six NTM strains across two
tiers. Tier 1 included strains having a low drug resistance and Tier 2 included drugs that were resistant to macrolide antibiotics
(See Table 1).
Table
1. US Clinical Isolates
Tier
1 (low drug resistance)
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Tier
2 (macrolide resistant)
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M.
avium ssp. intracellulare
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M.
avium subsp intracellulare
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M.
abscessus ssp. massiliense
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M.
abscesus ssp abscessus
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M.
avium ssp. hominissuis
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M.
abscessus ssp bolletii
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Study
Design
Six
CF chronic model experiments were conducted i) to evaluate whole organ bacterial burden and ii) to evaluate whole organ pathology
and metabolic stability using hepatocytes from mice. Groups of CF mice were infected with mycobacterium avium (Ma) and mycobacterium
abscessus (Mabs) strains as described in Table 1. On day 2 after infection, 5 mice in each group were ethically euthanized to
quantify the initial bacterial burden. Treatment for the remaining animals began after 28 days of infection. Oral MAT2501 100
mg/kg QD, Oral MAT2501 100 mg/kg BID, untreated control and two positive controls (oral clarithromycin 250 mg/kg and subcutaneous
amikacin 150 mg/kg 3x/week) were administered for 8 weeks. After the drug treatment began, any effect the compound had on lung,
liver and spleen bacterial numbers and organ histology was assessed (CFU, pathology) at intermittent time intervals of treatment
(2, 4, 8, weeks of drug treatment) and compared to untreated concurrent control saline and clarithromycin 250 mg/kg and amikacin
150 mg/kg control values (Obregon A., et. al, 2015).
Conclusions
Oral
administration of MAT2501 safely and effectively treated Mycobacteria infections in a mouse model of Cystic Fibrosis.
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Colony
counts showed that the oral administration of MAT2501 100 mg/kg resulted in CFU lung, spleen and liver counts that were lower
than those in mice receiving parenteral amikacin alone.
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Colony
counts showed that the oral administration BID of MAT2501 resulted in CFU lung, spleen and liver counts that were significantly
lower than those in mice receiving clarithromycin alone.
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The
lung pathology in cystic fibrosis mice infected with each of the NTM isolates evaluated in this study showed that lesions
were more numerous and larger in infected mice that were treated with clarithromycin or parenteral amikacin compared to the
smaller lesions after oral administration of MAT2501.
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NTM
Treatment Guidelines and Limitations of Current Treatments
The
American Thoracic Society (ATS), European Respiratory Society (ERS), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious
Diseases (ESCMIID), and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) jointly sponsored the recent development of updated NTM
Treatment Guidelines in adults (Daley C, et.al, 2020). The guidelines recommend a standard NTM lung disease treatment with
a combination of 3-4 medications. These include Amikacin (or streptomycin), clarithromycin (or azithromycin), rifampin (or rifabutin),
and ethambutol. Amikacin is an important drug used for treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease. Certain
combinations of antibiotics work better together because of their unique mechanisms of action that work in concert to eliminate
the infection. It is for this reason that sputum samples are qualified for precise identification of the species and sensitivity
testing of the microorganism. When treatment failures arise, another combination of antibiotics will be recommended depending
on the NTM strain.
Multiple
drug therapy in NTM lung disease can cause adverse effects, which leads to treatment discontinuation or patient nonadherence.
Current guidelines recommend monitoring for drug toxicity at repeat intervals. Gastrointestinal side effects with oral agents
are common. Due to severe gastrointestinal disturbance, the use of macrolides may require dose adjustment. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity
due to rifampin and other agents must be monitored by liver function tests and monitoring complete blood count when using rifampin
or tigecycline is recommended. Renal function testing is required with IV amikacin use due to its known renal toxicity liability,
an issue that we believe could be addressed with our novel targeted LNC oral formulation of amikacin, MAT2501. Due to the established
risk of otoxicity such as hearing loss, tinnitus, or vestibular toxicity, patients who receive IV amikacin or streptomycin need
to be educated regarding the signs and symptoms of toxicity with audiometry testing at the start of therapy and again on subsequent
visits with discontinuation, or a decrease in dose or frequency if signs suggestive of toxicity occur. There remains a significant
unmet clinical need for safer, yet potent, agents for the improved management of NTM lung disease. MAT2501 has the potential of
providing a safer and more targeted approach to the treatment of NTM disease.
The
early development plan for MAT2501 builds upon the preclinical proof of concept in vitro studies which have demonstrated
antibiotic activity against both sensitive and multidrug resistant strains M. abscessus and M avium. The planned Tox Program
will evaluate the optimized formulation of MAT2501 in a rigorous battery of studies to assess and characterize the safety profile
of MAT2501. The planned studies will support the safety package required to progress the development of MAT2501 into Phase 2 clinical
trials. These studies will carefully monitor the safety signals known to be associated with IV amikacin treatment (hearing loss
and kidney/renal safety). These studies will include:
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28
rat toxicity study to assess any potential effects of MAT2501 on hearing and associated side effects
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3-
and 9-month long-term safety study in dog to support longer-term dosing in clinical trials
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These
GLP studies are planned to be initiated in the second half of 2021 and will commence following FDA review of the protocols for
the 3- and 9-month dog study, which will be submitted for review by Q3 2021.
A
Phase 1 SAD Study will also be conducted with the optimized formulation in parallel with the long-term tox study and is expected
to be initiated in Q4 2021 with final data available early 2022.
LYPDISO
Overview
LYPDISO
is a complex mixture of multiple long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, primarily eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosapentanoic acid
(DPA) encapsulated in a delayed release soft gelatin capsule. Unlike currently approved pharmaceutical omega-3 products, all of
which have been repurposed following clinical failures in their originally intended indications, LYPDISO has been specifically
designed and developed to treat HTG in patients with cardiovascular and metabolic conditions. There are a number of existing FDA-approved
omega-3 products, including Lovaza®, Vascepa® and Epanova®, and this class of drugs has extensive evidence of safety
and well-documented clinical efficacy in lowering TGs in patients with HTG. Vascepa has also demonstrated the ability to achieve
meaningful reductions in cardiovascular risk based primarily upon achievement of elevated levels of EPA in the blood. We believe
that given LYPDISO’s enhanced bioavailability (as a free fatty acid rather than an ethyl ester) and its unique composition
(high EPA plus DPA), it can be differentiated from other existing products in the omega-3 class and have uniquely potent impacts
on TGs, but also a variety of other biomarkers, including achieving elevated levels of EPA in the blood.
Currently,
the only available route to an approval for TG-lowering with a prescription omega-3 drug is in severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG),
where patients have TG levels ≥ 500 mg/dL, and where TG-lowering is a well-accepted surrogate marker. Additionally, Vascepa
has been approved for cardiovascular risk reduction in patients at high cardiovascular risk with TGs ≥ 150mg/dL, based upon
its ability to achieve elevated levels of EPA in the blood. Our current development plan is via a 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway,
which allows us to rely, at least in part, on FDA findings of safety and/or effectiveness for a previously approved drug. Based
on prior written feedback received from the FDA in 2014, and additional verbal and written feedback from FDA in August of 2020,
we believe that a 505(b)(2) pathway is possible and appropriate for LYPDISO.
In
parallel with the preclinical and clinical studies necessary for FDA approval of LYPDISO, we also recently completed the ENHANCE-IT
study, a head-to-head crossover study of LYPDISO vs. Vascepa, which was intended to differentiate LYPDISO from the current leading
prescription omega-3 therapy. We believe that the results from ENHANCE-IT suggest potential for LYPDISO as a best-in-class prescription
omega-3 for cardiovascular risk reduction and we are pursuing a partnership to continue development of LYPDISO moving forward.
We do not plan on pursuing an indication for SHTG and have reallocated resources away from this clinical indication.
Hypertriglyceridemia
and Cardiovascular Disease
Triglycerides
and cholesterol are integral components of lipoproteins, the primary transport vehicle for lipids in the body. High levels of
triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are associated with a substantially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and
in the case of very high triglycerides (> 500 mg/dL), acute pancreatitis. HTG can be due to both genetic and environmental
factors, including obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and high caloric diets. HTG is also tightly linked with comorbid conditions
such as diabetes, chronic renal failure, and nephrotic syndrome. It is estimated that over 25 million adults in the United States
have triglyceride levels ≥200 mg/dL and that more than 50 million adults in the United States have triglyceride levels ≥150
mg/dL. Additionally, approximately 4 million adults in the United States have very high triglyceride levels (≥500 mg/dL). The
prevalence of HTG is rapidly increasing in both the United States and throughout the world, as a direct consequence the growing
epidemic of obesity. Recent studies have confirmed that high levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are an independent risk
factor for cardiovascular disease-related events such as myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke. Mixed
dyslipidemia refers to a condition in which patients have a combination of both elevated triglycerides (≥200mg/dl), and elevated
cholesterol levels. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), mixed dyslipidemia affects approximately 30
to 35 million Americans.
Multiple
epidemiological, clinical, and genetic studies suggest that patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia (TGs >500 mg/dL)
are at a much greater risk for pancreatitis, a potentially life-threatening condition. Elevated TG levels are also strongly linked
to a higher risk for heart disease and stroke, especially so with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and/or
elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Furthermore, the genes regulating both TGs and LDL-C are equally
strong predictors of CAD, unlike HDL-C which is not. Thus, TGs and TG-rich lipoproteins have come to be recognized as an important
factor contributing to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD).
There
are currently approximately 92 million (more than 1 out of every 3) adults in the United States with one or more types of cardiovascular
disease; an estimated 800,000 new or recurrent coronary events and 795,000 new or recurrent strokes occur each year. Heart attacks,
strokes and other cardiovascular events represent the leading cause of death and disability among men and women in western societies.
Recent
ASCVD Guidelines from The American Diabetes Association (ADA), the European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society
(ESC/EAS), National Lipid Association (NLA) and American Association of Clinical Endocrinology/American College of Endocrinology
(AACE/ACE) as well as a recent Scientific Advisory from the American Heart Association (AHA) have all advocated the use of an
omega-3 product (icosapent ethyl) in patients at high CV risk who have persistently high TGs (> 135 mg/dL) despite statin therapy.
Current
guidelines for the management of very high triglyceride levels (≥500 mg/dL) suggest that reducing triglyceride levels is the
primary treatment goal in these patients to reduce the risk of acute pancreatitis, while treating LDL-C remains an important secondary
goal. Other important parameters to consider in patients with very high triglycerides include levels of apolipoprotein B (apo
B), non-HDL-C, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C).
Current
Treatment Options
The
dramatic rise in obesity over the last few decades is strongly linked to concomitant increases in population cholesterol and triglyceride
levels. Observational studies have highlighted the critical role that high cholesterol and high triglyceride levels (collectively,
“dyslipidemia”) have as a predictor of cardiovascular events. Accordingly, the introduction of new drugs and novel
mechanisms of action to lower the risk of cardiovascular events has become a priority. The initial treatment recommendation for
patients with dyslipidemia is typically a low-fat diet. If diet alone is not effective, dyslipidemia is then often treated with
statins, which account for approximately 80% of all dyslipidemia prescriptions. Statins as a class have been shown to not only
lower blood cholesterol levels, but have also been shown in multiple studies to reduce the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and
other adverse cardiovascular events. At present statins are utilized in almost 40% of patients with dyslipidemia in the United
States. The primary effect of statins is to reduce LDL-cholesterol, with only modest effects on triglycerides. Recognizing that
both cholesterol and triglycerides contribute to cardiovascular risk, and that statins alone are not always effective triglyceride
lowering drugs, the National Cholesterol Education Program panel recommends the use of additional therapies to lower triglyceride
levels in patients with SHTG. Fibrates, niacin, and omega-3-based medications have all been utilized to lower triglycerides levels.
The
overall treatment rate of patients with HTG has remained relatively low. It is estimated that less than ten percent of the adult
population with SHTG actually receives therapy beyond statins. Historically, fibrates such as gemfibrozil (Lopid) and fenofibrate
(Tricor or Trilipix) were leading treatments for HTG. However, due to their inability to establish clinical outcome benefits and
their limited compatibility with statin therapy, fibrate utilization has remained relatively low and is currently declining. Other
niacin-containing products used to treat SHTG have not been able to establish additional outcome benefits beyond statin treatment
alone, and their use is also declining. In patients with SHTG, many of whom are already receiving a statin, first-line drug therapy
is often a prescription omega-3 product, which have been shown to reduce triglycerides in the range of 20%-45%.
The
global prescription omega-3 market has been growing steadily over the last two decades; we estimate the market currently is approaching
$2 billion in global sales. The leading omega-3 prescription pharmaceutical products currently approved for the treatment of HTG
are Glaxo Smith Kline’s Lovaza (omega-3-acid ethyl esters, an omega-3 mixture containing mostly EPA and DHA, originally
approved in the US in 2004, branded as Omacor in the rest of the world), Amarin’s Vascepa (an ethyl ester formulation of
primarily EPA), approved in 2014 in the United States, Omacor and Seacor, (which are very similar to Lovaza and marketed in Europe);
and Mochida Pharmaceutical’s Epadel (98% ethyl eicosapentaenoate), an ethyl ester formulation of EPA, the leading Japanese
omega-3 product. In addition, Astra Zeneca’s omega-3, Epanova, a free fatty acid formulation of EPA and DHA was approved
in the US in 2016 but has not been launched. Until recently, all prescription omega-3 products in the US were only approved for
SHTG, but in December of 2019 Vascepa was approved in the US for the reduction of cardiovascular risk in high-risk patients with
TGs > 150 mg/dL despite statin therapy. This approval was based upon data generated in a large, multi-year, multi-center outcomes
study of Vascepa called REDUCE-IT.
The
REDUCE-IT study was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Vascepa in patients at high cardiovascular
risk with elevated triglycerides despite statin therapy. A total of 8,179 patients with established cardiovascular disease or
with diabetes and other risk factors, who had been receiving statin therapy and who had fasting TGs of 135 to 499 mg/dL and LDL-C
levels of 41 to 100 mg/dL were randomized to 2 g of Vascepa twice daily (total daily dose 4 g) or placebo (mineral oil). The primary
endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization,
or unstable angina. The key secondary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal
stroke. Median follow-up was 4.9 years.
In
the 8,179 patients enrolled (71 % secondary prevention, 29% primary prevention) primary endpoints occurred in 17.2% of the Vascepa-treated
patients and 22.0% of the placebo patients (HR 0.75; p<0.001); corresponding key secondary end point event rates were 11.2%
and 14.8%, respectively (HR 0.74; p<0.001). There were also significant reductions with Vascepa in the rates of fatal/non-fatal
MI (HR 0.69; p<0.001), urgent/emergent coronary revascularization (HR 0.65; p<0.001), cardiovascular death (HR 0.80; p=0.03)
hospitalization for unstable angina (HR 0.68; p=0.002) and fatal/non-fatal stroke (HR 0.72; p=0.01). From a safety standpoint,
a slightly more patients in the Vascepa group were hospitalized for atrial fibrillation or flutter (3.1% vs. 2.1%, p=0.004), and
serious bleeding events were slightly more frequent with Vascepa (2.7% vs 2.1%, p = 0.06).
One
very important piece of information to emerge from REDUCE-IT was the importance of EPA blood levels. In REDUCE-IT, EPA levels
were the only biomarker that was significantly correlated with clinical benefit, across a wide spectrum of cardiovascular outcomes.
Changes in TGs, LDL-C, non-HDL, apoB and CRP were all not predictive of better outcomes with Vascepa in the REDUCE-IT trial. Importantly,
there was a significant continuous relationship between EPA levels and outcome for the primary and key secondary endpoints. The
higher the EPA level, the lower the hazard ration for adverse events, and the better the outcomes in REDUCE-IT.
LYPDISO
Development History and Plan
We
completed the first preclinical studies of LYPDISO in 2013 with others completed during 2014. In 2015, we announced results from
an open-label head-to-head PK/PD Trial of LYPDISO against Vascepa in patients with elevated triglyceride levels. This crossover
study demonstrated superior bioavailability of LYPDISO, along with greater efficacy in reducing serum triglycerides, total- and
non-HDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein CIII and PCSK9 levels. Forty-two patients were treated with 4 grams/day of LYPDISO or Vascepa
for 14 days, followed by a 5-week wash-out period and crossed over to the other treatment for another 14 days of treatment. Study
subjects were required to have fasting TG levels of 200-400 mg/dl without lipid altering therapy, or fasting TG levels of 200
to 350 mg/dL if they were on stable-dose statin monotherapy. Forty patients completed both arms of the trial. In comparison to
Vascepa, treatment with LYPDISO provided significantly greater reductions in TGs, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL)
non-HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein CIII, and PCSK9. In additional, LYPDISO achieved significantly
higher blood levels of EPA.
Following
initial announcement of these data in 2015, due primarily to cardiovascular regulatory and commercial market conditions, as well
as limited financial resources, we postponed further development of LYPDISO until such time as data could became available from
REDUCE-IT. The REDUCE-IT data were announced in the fall of 2018, and as previously noted, there was robust clinical benefit in
8,000+ higher-risk patients with elevated triglycerides despite adequate LDL-C control with statins, with no statistical heterogeneity
between the primary and secondary prevention cohorts. Following the release of these data, we promptly re-activated our development
program for LYPDISO.
The
development program for LYPDISO was initially designed to (a) complete studies required for approval for an initial indication
to treat SHTG and, (b) complete additional trials to demonstrate the differentiation of LYPDISO vs. other approved omega-3 products
while creating the potential for subsequent label enhancement in a broader dyslipidemic patient population. The IND was reactivated
in the second quarter of 2019.
During
the second half of 2019 and the first quarter of 2020 we completed a 28-day preclinical comparative bridging toxicology study,
initiated and competed the in-life portion of an additional 90-day preclinical comparative bridging toxicology study, and initiated
and completed the clinical dosing for a comparative 4-way crossover clinical bioavailability study versus Lovaza in 36 healthy
volunteers. Lovaza was identified as the reference-listed drug under Section 505(b)(2) to FDA as part of the regulatory strategy
for approval of LYPDISO. The comparative bioavailability study to Lovaza involved an open label, single-dose, randomized, 4-way
crossover comparison of 4g of LYPDISO to 4g of Lovaza, under both fasted and fed conditions (high-calorie, high-fat breakfast).
Treatments were administered with at least 14 days between each dosing. Plasma free and total EPA, DPA and DHA were measured at
baseline and at specified timepoints up to 48-hours post-dose to assess bioavailability. Key areas of interest were baseline-free
adjusted free and total EPA (primary) and baseline-adjusted free and total DPA (secondary). Under fasted conditions, baseline-adjusted
total EPA and total DPA were substantially higher for LYPDISO compared with Lovaza. Similar findings were noted for free EPA and
free DPA. Under fed conditions, the absorption of Lovaza improved substantially, while that of LYPDISO improved slightly. Total
omega-3 levels (EPA + DPA + DHA) were approximately 50-60% higher with LYPDISO than with Lovaza after a high fat meal. Given that
in the fasted state LYPDISO was very well absorbed, with only a minimal food effect, whereas Lovaza was poorly absorbed unless
taken with a high fate meal, this indicated that the free fatty acid formulation of LYPDISO provided improved absorption with
a minimal food effect and without the need for a high fat meal for effective absorption. Key endpoints and assessments include
PK parameters (e.g., AUC, Cmax, Tmax, t1/2) for total EPA, DHA and DPA and comparison of PK parameters
for LYPDISO in the fasted and fed (high fat meal) state.
In
August of 2020 we held an End-of-Phase 2 Meeting with FDA to review the results of the preclinical and comparative bioavailability
studies, and to discuss issues related to an approval in SHTG. The FDA provided feedback that: 1) with these preclinical and comparative
bioavailability data in-hand, a 505(b)(2) registration pathway was reasonable; 2) a single placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial would
likely be sufficient to establish efficacy in SHTG, and 3) the necessary safety database for approval could be supplement with
other patients, including patients with SHTG.
In
parallel with the preclinical and clinical studies necessary for FDA approval, we have also recently completed the ENHANCE-IT
study, an additional clinical study intended to differentiate LYPDISO from Vascepa, widely considered the leading prescription
omega-3 drug. ENHANCE-IT was a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, crossover study designed to assess and compare the effects
of LYPDISO and Vascepa on lipid markers and blood omega-3 levels. It included 100 adult men and women with elevated triglycerides
(150-499 mg/dL); approximately 58% of study subjects had TGs ≥ 200 mg/dL. The study protocol involved two 28-day treatment
periods, with a washout period of at least 28 days between treatments and was conducted at 8 sites in the U.S. LYPDISO and Vascepa
were each given as 2g twice daily with food in accordance with the approved Vascepa labeling. Baseline and post-treatment measurements
included triglycerides, Total-, LDL-, VLDL-, HDL- and non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A1, B and C3 and PCSK9, as well as
hs-CRP. An additional important endpoint was omega-3 blood levels, including EPA, DPA, DHA and total levels for both treatment
periods. The primary endpoint in ENHANCE-IT was the percent change from baseline to end-of-treatment in plasma triglycerides.
The first subject as randomized in June of 2020, enrollment was completed by the end of August, last-patient, last-visit was at
the end of November and the database was locked in mid-January 2021.
In
February 2021 we announced topline data from the ENHANCE-IT trial. Two analysis populations were prespecified in the statistical
analysis plan: a pharmacodynamic (PD) population (94 patients), and a per-protocol (PP) population (82 patients). The PD population
included all subjects for whom estimation of pharmacodynamic parameters was possible for both treatment periods, regardless of
study drug compliance. The PP population included patients from the PD population, with the added stipulation of at least 80%
compliance with study medications (verified by pill counts), with no clinically important protocol violations or deviations. The
PP population group was expected to have less variability due to poor study drug compliance, and to provide a more accurate representation
of how each study drug (LYPDISO or Vascepa) would perform when taken as directed.
The
topline results from ENHANCE-IT were as follows:
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The
primary endpoint (% change in TG from baseline) was numerically greater with LYPDISO vs. Vascepa (21.9% vs. 15.7%) but did
not meet statistical significance in the prespecified PD population. Statistical significance as achieved in the PP population
(20.9% vs. 13.8%).
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Plasma
EPA concentrations, absolute change from baseline and % change from baseline were all significantly higher with LYPDISO than
with Vascepa, in both the PD and PP populations (46% relative percent increase change from baseline EPA with LYPDISO vs. Vascepa).
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There
were also significant reductions in hs-CRP with LYPDISO as compared with Vascepa, suggesting the potential superior anti-inflammatory
impact of LYPDISO.
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There
were no serious adverse events reported and no dropouts related to study drug adverse events.
|
These
results provided important information about the potential role of LYPDISO in the management of patients with elevated triglycerides
and cardiovascular disease and highlighted the differentiation from Vascepa and generic copies of Vascepa in the omega-3 class.
The results of ENHANCE-IT suggest meaningful opportunities for LYPDISO as a best-in-class prescription omega-3 product for cardiovascular
risk reduction. Given the significant time and cost associated with cardiovascular outcomes clinical trials, we have initiated
a process to identify a partner to advance development of LYPDISO. We have allocated resources away from a Phase 3 program in
SHTG and will focus our internal resources primarily on advancement of our LNC platform delivery technology.
Strategic
Collaborations Using LNC Platform Delivery Technology
We
believe our LNC platform delivery technology can be used to reformulate a wide variety of molecules and drugs which, (i) require
delivery technology to effectively protect molecules and drugs in the body and could benefit from efficient delivery and cellular
uptake by target cells, and (ii) are currently only available in IV formulations or, (iii) otherwise experience significant toxicity-related
adverse events. We have tested a range of pharmaceutical compounds reformulated by our LNC platform delivery technology in proof-of-concept
animal studies, including oligonucleotides (mRNA, siRNA, DNA plasmids), vaccines, anti-inflammatory agents, NSAIDs and atovaquone.
We intend to pursue opportunities to develop products, either alone or in partnership with other pharmaceutical or biotech companies,
related to this technology and this remains a key part of our strategy to maximize the value of this unique and disruptive lipid-crystal
nanoparticle delivery technology.
In
January 2019 we announced a research evaluation with an undisclosed top global pharmaceutical company aimed to evaluate synergistic
effects of our LNC platform delivery technology with our partner’s nucleic acid polymer technology. Formulations will be
developed using our LNC platform delivery technology which enables the development of a wide range of difficult-to-deliver molecules.
Promising formulations will be tested in in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. For competitive reasons, the
agreement stipulates certain confidential provisions, including the pharmaceutical company’s identity, the therapeutic molecule(s),
the intended targets and the financial terms of the agreement.
In
May 2019 we announced a research collaboration with ViiV Healthcare, a global specialist HIV company established by GlaxoSmithKline
and Pfizer dedicated to delivering advances in the treatment and care of people living with HIV or who are at risk for developing
HIV. As part of this collaboration, formulations of select antivirals will be developed using our LNC platform delivery technology.
Promising formulations will be tested in in vivo preclinical studies to identify a lead LNC antiviral formulation to take forward
in development. Due to the global pandemic, progress on this program has been limited due to competing ViiV Healthcare priorities.
In
December 2019, we announced a feasibility collaboration with Genentech, a Roche company, to evaluate formulations of a number
of Genentech compounds utilizing our LNC platform delivery technology. During 2020 we made progress in formulating two molecules
from this collaboration and continue to work with Genentech to evaluate these formulations and plan for additional preclinical
studies.
In
December 2020, we announced a collaboration with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to develop
oral formulations of Gilead’s remdesivir, which is currently only available as an intravenous therapy in the fight against
COVID-19. We believe the attributes of our LNC platform technology will allow for oral bioavailability and efficient intracellular
delivery. We have begun formulating remdesivir and preparing to deliver formulations to NIAID for in vitro preclinical
studies in COVID-19 models. If successful, the formulations will proceed to in vivo testing later in 2021.
We
continue to evaluate additional potential strategic collaborations with other interested biotech and pharmaceutical partners.
These early stage, proof-of-concept evaluations could provide an efficient, less expensive pathway to create numerous strategic
verticals in areas of innovative medicine while capitalizing on the development expertise and financial resources of well-established
pharmaceutical and biotech companies. Data from these evaluations could position us as a licensor of our LNC platform delivery
technology to numerous strategic partners better positioned to absorb the risks and costs of drug development while allowing our
company to become a royalty aggregator with the potential to generate upfront license, milestone and royalty payments as we maximize
the value of the overall LNC platform delivery technology.
Exclusive
License Agreement with Rutgers University
Through
our acquisition of Aquarius Biotechnologies Inc., we acquired a license from Rutgers University for the LNC platform delivery
technology. The Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement between Aquarius and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
(successor in interest to the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey) provides for, among other things, (1) a license
issue fee of $25,000 paid upon execution, (2) an increased equity interest in the company from 5% to 7.5% of Aquarius (prior to
our acquisition of Aquarius in the Aquarius Merger), (3) royalties on a tiered basis between low single digits and the mid-single
digits of net sales of products using such licensed technology, (4) a one-time sales milestone fee of $100,000 when and if sales
of products using the licensed technology reach the specified sales threshold and (5) an annual license fee of initially $10,000,
increasing to $50,000 over the term of the license agreement. We also agreed to assume the responsibility to pay required patent
prosecution and maintenance fees covering the technology.
Unless
otherwise terminated by either party, the term of the license, on a country-by-country basis, shall be the longer of 7-1/2 years
from the date of first commercial sale of a product in a country using the licensed technology or until the expiration of the
last-to-expire patent rights licensed under the agreement, whichever is longer. Rutgers has the right to terminate the license
agreement if we have not commenced commercial sales of at least one product using the licensed technology within nine years of
the effective date of the license agreement.
Intellectual
Property
The
proprietary nature of, and protection for, our product candidates and our discovery programs, processes and know-how are important
to our business. We will seek to protect our products and associated technologies for their manufacturing and development through
a combination of patents, trade secrets, proprietary know-how, FDA exclusivity and contractual restrictions on disclosure. Our
policy is to pursue, maintain and defend patent rights and to protect the technology, inventions and improvements that are commercially
important to the development of our business. Our success will significantly depend on our ability to obtain and maintain patent
and other proprietary protection for commercially important technology and inventions and know-how related to our business, defend
and enforce our patents, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate without infringing the valid and enforceable
patents and proprietary rights of third parties. We also rely heavily on know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop
and maintain our proprietary position.
Matinas-Owned
Intellectual Property Relating to LYPDISO
We
have sought patent protection in the United States and internationally for our LYPDISO discovery program, and any other inventions
to which we have rights, where available and when appropriate. Our policy is to pursue, maintain and defend patent rights, whether
developed internally or licensed from third parties, and to protect the technology, inventions and improvements that are commercially
important to the development of our business.
Our
current patent portfolio relating to LYPDISO is comprised of two issued U.S. patents and one issued foreign patent in Australia.
The issued patents cover the Company’s proprietary methods relating to triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol
or apolipoprotein C-III by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising omega-3 fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). These patents provide important protection to LYPDISO through 2033. In addition, we
have eight additional patent applications across four patent families covering the oil composition for LYPDISO, other omega-3
fatty acid compositions, as well as formulations of LYPDISO and similar formulations. All of these filed patent applications also
comprise methods of use of such oil compositions and formulations. Any patents that may issue from these filed United States patent
applications and their counterpart international application covering the LYPDISO drug substance, formulation, and methods for
use in treatment would extend protection until at least 2033.
Exclusively
Licensed and Matinas-Owned Intellectual Property Relating to Our Proprietary LNC Platform Delivery Technology and MAT2203
The
patents and patent applications that we exclusively license from Rutgers University provide patent protection for the proprietary
chemistry technology used in our process to make our lipid nanocrystal and geodate cochleates and formulate the active pharmaceutical
ingredients delivered inside this delivery technology, as in MAT2203, our lead product comprising the LNC platform delivery technology.
Pursuant to our license agreement, we acquired rights to a portfolio that currently includes 2 pending applications and 30 issued
U.S. and foreign patents, including 24 patents issued within the last 5 years, which extends patent protection until at least
2033. In addition, we have over 20 Matinas-owned pending patent applications filed both in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions
within the past 5 years. We have chosen to file these patent applications in selected foreign markets that we consider important
for our product candidates. These international markets generally include Europe, China, India, Brazil, Russia, Canada, Japan,
Korea, Australia and Mexico. These pending patent applications can extend patent protection through 2040. This patent portfolio
covers our LNC platform delivery technology which covers a broad spectrum of technology, including amphotericin B LNCs, geodate
LNCs, methods of delivering nutrients or biologically relevant molecules to a host using LNCs, LNC vaccine compositions and protein-lipid
vesicles, small interfering RNA LNCs, methods of enhancing the LNC encapsulation of hydrophilic molecules, LNCs made with low
purity soy phosphatidylserine, methods of treating Mycobacterial infections, and methods of treating cryptococcus infections.
We
cannot be sure that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent
applications we may own or license in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our existing patents or any patents we may own
or license in the future will be useful in protecting our technology. For this and more comprehensive risks related to our intellectual
property, please see “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property and Regulatory Exclusivity.”
In
addition to patents, we rely on trade secrets and know-how to develop and maintain our competitive position. For example, significant
aspects of our proprietary LNC platform delivery technology as well as the manufacture of certain intermediates utilized in LYPDISO,
as well as our soft gelatin capsule formulation, are based on unpatented trade secrets and know-how. Trade secrets and know-how
can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by confidentiality agreements
and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, contractors and commercial partners.
These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements,
to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with a third party. We also seek to preserve the
integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and
electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations and systems,
agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade
secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our contractors use intellectual
property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.
We
also plan to seek trademark protection in the United States and outside of the United States where available and when appropriate.
We intend to use these registered marks in connection with our pharmaceutical research and development as well as our product
candidates.
Competition
The
biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong
emphasis on proprietary products. We face competition from many different sources, including commercial pharmaceutical and biotechnology
enterprises, academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions. Many of these companies
have far greater human and financial resources and may have product candidates in more advanced stages of development and many
will reach the market before our product candidates. Competitors may also develop products that are more effective, safer or less
expensive or that have better tolerability or convenience.
LYPDISO
Our
competitors, both in the United States and abroad, include large, well-established pharmaceutical and generic companies, specialty
and generic pharmaceutical sales and marketing companies, and specialized cardiovascular treatment companies. GlaxoSmithKline
plc currently sells Lovaza®, a prescription-only omega-3 fatty acid indicated for patients with SHTG, which was
approved by FDA in 2004 and has been on the market in the United States since 2005. Multiple generic versions of Lovaza are available
in the United States. Other large companies with competitive products include AbbVie, Inc., which currently sells Tricor®
and Trilipix® for the treatment of SHTG and Niaspan®, which is primarily used to raise high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol, or HDL-C, but is also used to lower triglycerides. Multiple generic versions of Tricor, Trilipix and
Niaspan are also available in the United States. In 2012, Amarin Corporation received an approval to market its prescription-only
omega-3 ethyl ester called Vascepa® for the treatment of SHTG. In December of 2019 Vascepa was approved in the US for the
reduction of cardiovascular risk in high-risk patients with TGs > 150 mg/dL despite statin therapy. In January of 2021, the
European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) recommended approval for Vazkepa
(Vascepa) in the EU for a similar indication. Approval of Vazkepa is expected in the second quarter of 2021.
In
addition, in May 2014, Epanova® (omega-3-carboxylic acids) capsules, a free fatty acid form of omega-3 (comprised
of 55% EPA and 20% DHA), was approved by the FDA for patients with SHTG. Epanova was developed by Omthera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
and is now owned by AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP (AstraZeneca). To date, AstraZeneca has not launched Epanova in the United
States or in any other territory around the world but did conduct the STRENGTH study (a long-term outcomes study to assess STatin
Residual risk reduction with EpaNova in hiGh cardiovascular risk patienTs with Hypertriglyceridemia).
STRENGTH was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled (corn oil), parallel group design study that enrolled approximately
13,000 patients with HTG and low HDL and high risk for cardiovascular disease, randomized 1:1 to either corn oil plus statin or
Epanova plus statin, once daily. In January 2020, following the recommendation of an independent data monitoring committee, AstraZeneca
decided to end the STRENGTH trial due to a low likelihood of Epanova having any demonstrable benefit in the study. Final results
were published in November of 2020.
In
addition, in March 2017, Kowa Research Institute (a subsidiary of the Japanese company Kowa Co., Ltd.) initiated a Phase 3 cardiovascular
outcomes trial titled PROMINENT, examining the effect of pemafibrate in reducing cardiovascular events in Type II diabetic patients
with HTG. Kowa Research Institute has publicly estimated study completion in May 2022, and if successful, US regulatory approval
is estimate mid-2023.
During
2018, two outcomes studies were completed of omega-3 mixtures which both failed to achieve their primary endpoints of cardiovascular
risk reduction and two meta-analyses were published showing that omega-3 mixtures are not effective in lowering cardiovascular
risk. Results of these failed outcomes studies and analysis, while not done with LYPDISO, may negatively affect utilization of
LYPDISO, if approved. For example, the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL), failed to achieve its primary endpoint of lowering
cardiovascular events. VITAL was an NIH funded randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2x2 factorial trial of 2000 IU per
day of vitamin D3 and 1 gram per day of omega-3 fatty acid mixture supplementation (Lovaza) for the primary prevention of cancer
and cardiovascular disease in a nationwide US cohort of 25,874 adults not selected for elevated cardiovascular or cancer risk.
Likewise, in 2018, results from A Study of Cardiovascular Events iN Diabetes (ASCEND) trial were released and showed negligible
results for omega-3 fatty acid mixtures 1 gram daily. ASCEND was a British Heart Foundation funded 2x2 factorial design, randomized
study to assess whether aspirin 100 mg daily versus placebo and separately, omega-3 fatty acid mixtures 1 gram daily versus placebo,
reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in a nationwide UK cohort of over 15,000 individuals with diabetes who do not have atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease. In a meta-analysis, presented in 2018 by the Cochran Foundation and separately as published in JAMA, additional
omega-3 studies were evaluated. Similar to the VITAL and ASCEND studies, most of the studies in these omega-3 meta-analyses were
of omega-3 mixtures, including DHA, and most were studies of relatively low doses of omega-3 as is associated with dietary supplementation
and/or they studied relatively low risk patient populations. The exception was the JELIS study, conducted in Japan, of highly
pure EPA which showed a positive outcome benefit but had significant limitations in its application to a wider population. The
negative results from such omega-3 mixture studies could create misleading impressions about the use of omega-3s generally, including
LYPDISO, despite the unique combination of active ingredients in LYPDISO and its higher dose regimen.
MAT2203
and MAT2501
Although
we believe that our proprietary LNC platform delivery technology, experience and knowledge in our areas of focus provide us with
competitive advantages, these potential competitors could reduce our commercial opportunities. For many of our product candidates,
we anticipate facing competition from other products that are available on a generic basis and offered at low prices. Many of
these generic products have been marketed by third parties for many years and are well accepted by physicians, patients and payers.
We
believe that MAT2203 and MAT2501 and any other development candidate we may pursue in the future using our proprietary LNC platform
delivery technology, paralleled with our scientific and development expertise in the field of drug delivery, provide us with competitive
advantages over our peers. However, we face potential competition from various sources, including larger and better-funded pharmaceutical,
specialty pharmaceutical, and biotechnology companies, as well as from generic drug manufacturers, academic institutions, governmental
agencies and public and private research institutions.
MAT2203
will primarily compete with antifungal classes approved for the treatment of fungal and mold infections, which include
polyenes, azoles and echinocandins. The approved branded therapies for these indications include Cancidas (caspofungin, marketed
by Merck & Co.), Eraxis (anidulafungin, marketed by Pfizer, Inc.), Mycamine (micafungin, marketed by Astellas Pharma US, Inc.),
Diflucan (fluconazole, marketed by Pfizer, Inc.), Noxafil (posaconazole, marketed by Merck & Co.), Vfend (voriconazole, marketed
by Pfizer, Inc.), Sporanox (itraconazole, marketed by Jansen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), Cresemba (isavuconazole, marketed by Astellas
Pharma US, Inc.), Ambisome (liposomal amphotericin B, marketed by Astellas Pharma US, Inc.) Abelcet (lipid complex amphotericin
B, marketed by Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals Inc.) and amphotericin B deoxycholate (marketed by X-Gen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.). There
currently are and may be more generic versions of these products available at the time of MAT2203 market approval, which will
create added competition. In addition to approved therapies, we expect that MAT2203 may compete with product candidates that we
are aware of in clinical development by third parties, such as SCY-078 (being developed by Scynexis, Inc.), rezafungin acetate
(being developed by Cidara Therapeutics, Inc.) and certain products being developed by Viamet Pharmaceuticals Holdings, LLC, Vical
Incorporated and F2G, Ltd.
MAT2501
will primarily compete with aminoglycosides indicated for the treatment of NTM lung infections and will include Arikayce®,
an inhaled formulation of amikacin (marketed by Insmed) and IV amikacin (Amikin; marketed by Bristol Myers Squibb) as well as
a number of generic manufacturers of IV amikacin.
Manufacturing
We
currently engage with multiple third-party manufacturers to supply us with certain of the intermediates used in LYPDISO and an
additional manufacturer to formulate a third intermediate and supply us with the final drug form. We have an additional manufacturer
which fills and provides our final LYPDISO capsules. If any of these manufacturers should become unavailable to us for any reason,
we have identified a number of potential replacements, although we might incur some delay in qualifying such replacements. We
expect to add additional suppliers and manufacturers for both the intermediates and final LYPDISO drug product as we advance LYPDISO
further into clinical development.
We
currently lease and operate in-house manufacturing capabilities for our lead LNC platform delivery technology product candidate,
MAT2203, MAT2501, and for our LNC platform discovery programs in the gene therapy and vaccine spaces. While sufficient to produce
the clinical supplies of product necessary to conduct our ongoing clinical trials and potentially early commercialization of MAT2203
and MAT2501, we may need to expand our internal manufacturing capabilities in the future. If we are not able to retain our current
manufacturing facilities and if we do not develop additional in-house manufacturing capability for our MAT2203, MAT2501 and product
candidates sufficient to produce product for commercialization of these products, we will need to develop relationships with third-party
manufacturers for the manufacture of our product candidates which could be time consuming and expensive. We are in the process
of identifying a third-party contract manufacturer for MAT2203 and other products derived from our LNC platform technology.
There
are a number of potential third-party suppliers for amphotericin B, the generic active pharmaceutical ingredient in our lead clinical
stage product candidate – MAT2203 and for amikacin, the generic active pharmaceutical ingredient in our preclinical LNC
product candidate – MAT2501. Although to date we have not entered into formal supply agreements to secure sufficient supply
of amphotericin B or amikacin to support our clinical programs for MAT2203 or MAT2501, we believe we will be able to secure supply
of amphotericin B and amikacin to support our clinical programs for MAT2203 and MAT2501 and from one or more third-party suppliers.
As we move through development for our product candidates, we expect to enter into long term supply arrangements for key active
pharmaceutical ingredients.
Sales
and Marketing
We
currently do not have any sales and marketing infrastructure. We plan to retain U.S. marketing and sales rights or co-promotion
rights for our product candidates for which we receive marketing approvals, particularly in situations where it is possible to
access the market through a focused, specialized sales force. For situations in which a large sales force is required to access
the market, and with respect to markets outside the United States, we generally plan to commercialize our product candidates through
collaborative arrangements with leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.
Review
and Approval of Drugs in the United States
In
the United States, FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and implementing regulations.
The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign
statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable
U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval may subject an applicant
and/or sponsor to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, including refusal by FDA to approve pending applications,
withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold, issuance of warning letters and other types of letters, product recalls,
product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts,
restitution, disgorgement of profits, or civil or criminal investigations and penalties brought by FDA and the Department of Justice,
or DOJ, or other governmental entities.
Our
product candidates must be approved by FDA through the new drug application, or NDA, or biologics license application, or BLA,
in the case of biologic product candidates, process before they may be legally marketed in the United States. An applicant seeking
approval to market and distribute a new drug product in the United States must typically undertake the following:
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completion
of nonclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies in compliance with FDA’s good laboratory practice,
or cGLP, regulations;
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submission
to FDA of an IND, which must take effect before human clinical trials may begin;
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approval
by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, representing each clinical site before each clinical trial may be initiated;
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performance
of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with current good clinical practices, or GCP, to establish
the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug product for each indication;
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preparation
and submission to FDA of an NDA or BLA;
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review
of the product by an FDA advisory committee, where appropriate or if applicable;
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satisfactory
completion of one or more FDA inspections of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the product, or components
thereof, are produced to assess compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, requirements and to assure
that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity;
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payment
of user fees and securing FDA approval of the NDA or BLA; and
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compliance
with any post-approval requirements, including a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, and post-approval studies
required by FDA.
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Nonclinical
Studies
Nonclinical
studies include laboratory evaluation of the purity and stability of the manufactured drug substance or active pharmaceutical
ingredient and the formulated drug or drug product, as well as in vitro and animal studies to assess the safety and activity
of the drug for initial testing in humans and to establish a rationale for therapeutic use. The conduct of nonclinical studies
is subject to federal regulations and requirements, including cGLP regulations. The results of the nonclinical tests, together
with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and plans for clinical trials, among
other things, are submitted to FDA as part of an investigational new drug application, or IND.
Companies
usually must complete some long-term nonclinical testing, such as animal tests of reproductive adverse events and carcinogenicity,
and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug and finalize a process
for manufacturing the drug in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable
of consistently producing quality batches of the drug candidate and, among other things, the manufacturer must develop methods
for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final drug product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be
selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the drug candidate does not undergo unacceptable
deterioration over its shelf life.
Human
Clinical Trials in Support of a Regulatory Approval
Clinical
trials involve the administration of the investigational product to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators
in accordance with GCP requirements, which include, among other things, the requirement that all research subjects provide their
informed consent in writing before their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under written study
protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the study, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness
criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to FDA as
part of the IND. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by FDA, unless before that time FDA raises concerns
or questions related to a proposed clinical trial and places the trial on clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and FDA
must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. Accordingly, submission of an IND may or may not result
in FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.
In
addition, an IRB representing each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical
trial before it commences at that institution, and the IRB must conduct continuing review and reapprove the study at least annually.
The IRB must review and approve, among other things, the study protocol and informed consent information to be provided to study
subjects. An IRB must operate in compliance with FDA regulations. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted
within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health for public dissemination on their ClinicalTrials.gov website.
A
sponsor who wishes to conduct a clinical trial outside the United States may, but need not, obtain FDA authorization to conduct
the clinical trial under an IND. When a foreign clinical study is conducted under an IND, all FDA IND requirements must be met
unless waived. If a foreign clinical trial is not conducted under an IND, the sponsor may submit data from the clinical trial
to FDA in support of an NDA or IND so long as the clinical trial is conducted in accordance with GCP and if FDA is able to validate
the data from the clinical trial through an on-site inspection, if FDA deems it necessary.
Human
clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined:
Phase
1: The drug is initially introduced into a small number of healthy human subjects or patients with the target disease (e.g.
cancer) or condition and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and, if possible,
to gain an early indication of its effectiveness and to determine optimal dosage.
Phase
2: The drug is administered to a larger number of trial participants, up to several hundred, who usually have the disease
or condition that the experimental drug is intended to treat, to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily
evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage.
Phase
3: These clinical trials are commonly referred to as “pivotal” studies, which typically denotes a study which
presents the data that FDA or other relevant regulatory agency will use to determine whether or not to approve a drug. In Phase
3 clinical trials, the drug is administered to an expanded patient population, generally at geographically dispersed clinical
trial sites, in well-controlled clinical trials to generate enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the
product for approval, to establish the overall risk-benefit profile of the product, and to provide adequate information for the
labeling of the product.
Progress
reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to FDA and more frequently if serious
adverse events occur. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period,
or at all. Furthermore, FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including
a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate
approval of a clinical trial at its institution, or an institution it represents, if the clinical trial is not being conducted
in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. FDA
will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP and the integrity of the clinical data submitted.
Submission
of an NDA to FDA
Regulatory
approval for most new drug or biologic products is based on two adequate and well-controlled Phase 3 clinical trials that provide
evidence of the safety and efficacy of the proposed new product. Assuming successful completion of required clinical testing and
other requirements, the results of the nonclinical and clinical trials, together with detailed information relating to the product’s
chemistry, manufacture, controls and proposed labeling, among other things, are submitted to FDA as part of an NDA requesting
approval to market the drug product for one or more indications. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is additionally
subject to an application user fee and the sponsor of an approved NDA is also subject to annual prescription drug program fees
and establishment user fees. These fees are typically increased annually.
FDA
conducts a preliminary review of an NDA within 60 days of its receipt and informs the sponsor by the 74th day after FDA’s
receipt of the submission whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. FDA may request additional
information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the application must be resubmitted with the additional information.
The resubmitted application is also subject to review before FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing,
FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. FDA has agreed to specified performance goals in the review process of NDAs. Most such
applications are meant to be reviewed within ten months from the date of filing, and most applications for “priority review”
products are meant to be reviewed within six months of filing. The review process may be extended by FDA for various reasons,
and for various time periods, including for three additional months to consider new information or clarification provided by the
applicant to address an outstanding deficiency identified by FDA following the original submission.
Before
approving an NDA, FDA typically will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is or will be manufactured. These pre-approval
inspections cover all facilities associated with an NDA submission, including drug component manufacturing (such as Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients), finished drug product manufacturing and control testing laboratories. FDA will not approve an application unless
it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure
consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA, FDA will typically
inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP.
FDA
is required to refer an application for a novel drug to an advisory committee or explain why such referral was not made. Typically,
an advisory committee is a panel of independent experts, including clinicians and other scientific experts, that reviews, evaluates
and provides a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. FDA is not bound by
the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.
Fast
Track, Breakthrough Therapy and Priority Review Designations
FDA
is authorized to designate certain products for expedited review if they are intended to address an unmet medical need in the
treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition. These programs are fast track designation, breakthrough therapy
designation and priority review designation.
Specifically,
FDA may designate a product for Fast Track review if it is intended, whether alone or in combination with one or more other drugs,
for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and it demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical
needs for such a disease or condition. For Fast Track products, sponsors may have greater interactions with FDA and FDA may initiate
review of sections of a fast track product’s NDA before the application is complete. This rolling review may be available
if FDA determines, after preliminary evaluation of clinical data submitted by the sponsor, that a Fast Track product may be effective.
The sponsor must also provide, and FDA must approve, a schedule for the submission of the remaining information and the sponsor
must pay applicable user fees. However, FDA’s time period goal for reviewing a Fast Track application does not begin until
the last section of the NDA is submitted. In addition, the Fast Track designation may be withdrawn by FDA if FDA believes that
the designation is no longer supported by data emerging in the clinical trial process.
Second,
in 2012, Congress enacted the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Improvement Act, or FDASIA. This law established a new regulatory
scheme allowing for expedited review of products designated as “breakthrough therapies.” A product may be designated
as a breakthrough therapy if it is intended, either alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or
life-threatening disease or condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial
improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed
early in clinical development. FDA may take certain actions with respect to breakthrough therapies, including holding meetings
with the sponsor throughout the development process; providing timely advice to the product sponsor regarding development and
approval; involving more senior staff in the review process; assigning a cross-disciplinary project lead for the review team;
and taking other steps to design the clinical trials in an efficient manner.
Third,
FDA may designate a product for priority review if it is a drug that treats a serious condition and, if approved, would provide
a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness. FDA determines, on a case-by-case basis, whether the proposed drug represents
a significant improvement when compared with other available therapies. Significant improvement may be illustrated by evidence
of increased effectiveness in the treatment of a condition, elimination or substantial reduction of a treatment-limiting drug
reaction, documented enhancement of patient compliance that may lead to improvement in serious outcomes, and evidence of safety
and effectiveness in a new subpopulation. A priority designation is intended to direct overall attention and resources to the
evaluation of such applications, and to shorten FDA’s goal for taking action on a marketing application from ten months
to six months.
Under
Section 524 of the FDCA, FDA is authorized to award a priority review voucher to sponsors of certain tropical disease product
applications that meet the criteria specified in the Act. A priority review voucher may be used by the sponsor who obtains it,
or it may be transferred to another sponsor who may use it to obtain priority review for a different application. Priority review
vouchers can result in the acceleration of review and approval of a product candidate by up to four months. In order to be eligible
for a tropical disease priority review voucher, the application must be: for a listed tropical disease; submitted under Section
505(b)(1) of the FDCA or Section 351 of the Public Health Service Act; for a product that contains no active ingredient that has
been approved in any other application under those statutory provisions; and must qualify for priority review. FDA has identified
in guidance those product applications for the prevention or treatment of tropical diseases that may qualify for a priority review
voucher.
Accelerated
Approval Pathway
FDA
may grant accelerated approval to a drug for a serious or life-threatening condition that provides meaningful therapeutic advantage
to patients over existing treatments based upon a determination that the drug has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably
likely to predict clinical benefit. FDA may also grant accelerated approval for such a condition when the product has an effect
on an intermediate clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality, or IMM,
and that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into
account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. Drugs granted
accelerated approval must meet the same statutory standards for safety and effectiveness as those granted traditional approval.
For
the purposes of accelerated approval, a surrogate endpoint is a marker, such as a laboratory measurement, radiographic image,
physical sign, or other measure that is thought to predict clinical benefit but is not itself a measure of clinical benefit. Surrogate
endpoints can often be measured more easily or more rapidly than clinical endpoints. An intermediate clinical endpoint is a measurement
of a therapeutic effect that is considered reasonably likely to predict the clinical benefit of a drug, such as an effect on IMM.
FDA has limited experience with accelerated approvals based on intermediate clinical endpoints but has indicated that such endpoints
generally may support accelerated approval where the therapeutic effect measured by the endpoint is not itself a clinical benefit
and basis for traditional approval, if there is a basis for concluding that the therapeutic effect is reasonably likely to predict
the ultimate clinical benefit of a drug.
The
accelerated approval pathway is most often used in settings in which the course of a disease is long, and an extended period of
time is required to measure the intended clinical benefit of a drug, even if the effect on the surrogate or intermediate clinical
endpoint occurs rapidly. The accelerated approval pathway is usually contingent on a sponsor’s agreement to conduct, in
a diligent manner, additional post-approval confirmatory studies to verify and describe the drug’s clinical benefit. As
a result, a product candidate approved on this basis is subject to rigorous post-marketing compliance requirements, including
the completion of Phase 4 or post-approval clinical trials to confirm the effect on the clinical endpoint. Failure to conduct
required post-approval studies, or confirm a clinical benefit during post-marketing studies, would allow FDA to withdraw the drug
from the market on an expedited basis. All promotional materials for product candidates approved under accelerated regulations
are subject to prior review by FDA.
FDA’s
Decision on an NDA
On
the basis of FDA’s evaluation of the NDA and accompanying information, including the results of the inspection of the manufacturing
facilities, FDA may issue an approval letter or a complete response letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing
of the product with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A complete response letter generally outlines the
deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for FDA to reconsider the
application. If and when those deficiencies have been addressed to FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, FDA
will issue an approval letter. FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of
information included. Even with submission of this additional information, FDA ultimately may decide that the application does
not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval.
If
FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use for the product, require that contraindications, warnings
or precautions be included in the product labeling, require that post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, be
conducted to further assess the drug’s safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product
after commercialization, or impose other conditions which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the
product. In addition, as a condition of approval, FDA may require an applicant to develop a REMS. REMS use risk minimization strategies
beyond the professional labeling to ensure that the benefits of the product outweigh the potential risks. To determine whether
a REMS is needed, FDA will consider the size of the population likely to use the product, seriousness of the disease, expected
benefit of the product, expected duration of treatment, seriousness of known or potential adverse events and whether the product
is a new molecular entity. REMS can include medication guides, physician communication plans for healthcare professionals and
elements to assure safe use, which may include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing,
dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring and the use of patient registries. FDA may require a REMS before
approval or post-approval if it becomes aware of a serious risk associated with use of the product. The requirement for a REMS
can materially affect the potential market and profitability of a product.
FDA
may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post-market studies or surveillance programs. After
approval, many types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes and additional
labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and FDA review and approval.
Post-Approval
Requirements
Drugs
manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by FDA, including, among
other things, requirements relating to recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion
and reporting of adverse experiences with the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new
indications or other labeling claims, are subject to prior FDA review and approval. There also are continuing, annual user fee
requirements for any marketed products and the establishments at which such products are manufactured, as well as new application
fees for supplemental applications with clinical data.
In
addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to
register their establishments with FDA and state agencies and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by FDA and these
state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require
prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from
cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the sponsor and any third-party manufacturers that the sponsor may
decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality
control to maintain cGMP compliance.
Once
an approval is granted, FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained
or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including
adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements,
may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical
trials to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences
include, among other things:
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restrictions
on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market or product recalls;
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fines,
warning or untitled letters or holds on post-approval clinical trials;
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refusal
of FDA to approve pending NDAs or supplements to approved NDAs, or suspension or revocation of product approvals;
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product
seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; or
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injunctions
or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.
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FDA
strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Drugs may be promoted
only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. FDA and other agencies actively
enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted
off-label uses may be subject to significant liability.
In
addition, the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA,
which regulates the distribution of drugs and drug samples at the federal level and sets minimum standards for the registration
and regulation of drug distributors by the states. Both the PDMA and state laws limit the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical
product samples and impose requirements to ensure accountability in distribution.
Abbreviated
New Drug Applications for Generic Drugs
In
1984, with passage of the Hatch-Waxman Amendments to the FDCA, Congress authorized FDA to approve generic drugs that are the same
as drugs previously approved by FDA under the NDA provisions of the statute. To obtain approval of a generic drug, an applicant
must submit an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, to the agency. In support of such applications, a generic manufacturer
may rely on the nonclinical and clinical testing previously conducted for a drug product previously approved under an NDA, known
as the reference listed drug, or RLD.
Specifically,
in order for an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA to be approved, FDA must find that the generic version is identical
to the RLD with respect to the active ingredients, the route of administration, the dosage form and the strength of the drug.
At the same time, FDA must also determine that the generic drug is “bioequivalent” to the innovator drug. Under the
statute, a generic drug is bioequivalent to a RLD if the rate and extent of absorption of the drug do not show a significant difference
from the rate and extent of absorption of the listed drug.
Upon
approval of an ANDA, FDA indicates whether the generic product is therapeutically equivalent to the RLD in its publication “Approved
Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations,” also referred to as the “Orange Book.” Physicians and
pharmacists consider a therapeutically equivalent generic drug to be fully substitutable for the RLD. In addition, by operation
of certain state laws and numerous health insurance programs, FDA’s designation of therapeutic equivalence often results
in automatic substitution of the generic drug by the pharmacist without the knowledge or consent of either the prescribing physician
or patient.
Under
the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, FDA may not approve an ANDA until any applicable period of non-patent exclusivity for the RLD has
expired. The FDCA provides a period of five years of non-patent data exclusivity for a new drug containing a new chemical entity.
In cases where such exclusivity has been granted, an ANDA may not be submitted to FDA until the expiration of five years unless
the submission is accompanied by a Paragraph IV certification, in which case the applicant may submit its application four years
following the original product approval. The FDCA also provides for a period of three years of exclusivity if the NDA includes
reports of one or more new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability or bioequivalence studies, that were conducted
by or for the applicant and are essential to the approval of the application. This three-year exclusivity period often protects
changes to a previously approved drug product, such as a new dosage form, route of administration, combination or indication.
Hatch-Waxman
Patent Certification and the 30 Month Stay
Upon
approval of an NDA or a supplement thereto, NDA sponsors are required to list with FDA each patent with claims that cover the
applicant’s product or an approved method of using the product. Each of the patents listed by the NDA sponsor is published
in the Orange Book. When an ANDA applicant submits its application to FDA, the applicant is required to certify to FDA concerning
any patents listed for the reference product in the Orange Book, except for patents covering methods of use for which the ANDA
applicant is not seeking approval. Specifically, the applicant must certify with respect to each patent that:
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the
required patent information has not been filed;
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the
listed patent has expired;
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the
listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or
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the
listed patent is invalid, unenforceable or will not be infringed by the new product.
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A
certification that the new product will not infringe the already approved product’s listed patents or that such patents
are invalid or unenforceable is called a Paragraph IV certification. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents or
indicate that it is not seeking approval of a patented method of use, the ANDA application will not be approved until all the
listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired.
If
the ANDA applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IV certification
to the NDA and patent holders once the ANDA has been accepted for filing by FDA. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate
a patent infringement lawsuit in response to the notice of the Paragraph IV certification. The filing of a patent infringement
lawsuit within 45 days after the receipt of a Paragraph IV certification automatically prevents FDA from approving the ANDA until
the earlier of 30 months after the receipt of the Paragraph IV notice, expiration of the patent, or a decision in the infringement
case that is favorable to the ANDA applicant.
Pediatric
Studies and Exclusivity
Under
the Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003, an NDA or supplement thereto must contain data that are adequate to assess the safety
and effectiveness of the drug product for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing
and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. With enactment of the Food and
Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, or FDASIA, in 2012, sponsors must also submit pediatric study plans prior to the
assessment data. Those plans must contain an outline of the proposed pediatric study or studies the applicant plans to conduct,
including study objectives and design, any deferral or waiver requests, and other information required by regulation. The applicant,
FDA and FDA’s internal review committee must then review the information submitted, consult with each other, and agree upon
a final plan. FDA or the applicant may request an amendment to the plan at any time.
FDA
may, on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until
after approval of the product for use in adults, or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data requirements. Additional requirements
and procedures relating to deferral requests and requests for extension of deferrals are contained in FDASIA.
Pediatric
exclusivity is another type of non-patent marketing exclusivity in the United States and, if granted, provides for the attachment
of an additional six months of marketing protection to the term of any existing regulatory exclusivity, including the non-patent
exclusivity. This six-month exclusivity may be granted if an NDA sponsor submits pediatric data that fairly respond to a written
request from FDA for such data. The data do not need to show the product to be effective in the pediatric population studied;
rather, if the clinical trial is deemed to fairly respond to FDA’s request, the additional protection is granted. If reports
of requested pediatric studies are submitted to and accepted by FDA within the statutory time limits, whatever statutory or regulatory
periods of exclusivity or patent protection cover the product are extended by six months. This is not a patent term extension,
but it effectively extends the regulatory period during which FDA cannot approve another application.
Orphan
Designation and Exclusivity
Under
the Orphan Drug Act, FDA may designate a drug product as an “orphan drug” if it is intended to treat a rare disease
or condition (generally meaning that it affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more in cases in which
there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making a drug product available in the United States for treatment
of the disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product). A company must request orphan product designation before
submitting a NDA. If the request is granted, FDA will disclose the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential use. Orphan
product designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.
If
a product with orphan status receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the
product will be entitled to orphan product exclusivity. Orphan product exclusivity means that FDA may not approve any other applications
for the same product for the same indication for seven years, except in certain limited circumstances. Competitors may receive
approval of different products for the indication for which the orphan product has exclusivity and may obtain approval for the
same product but for a different indication. If a drug or drug product designated as an orphan product ultimately receives marketing
approval for an indication broader than what was designated in its orphan product application, it may not be entitled to exclusivity.
21st
Century Cures Act
On
December 13, 2016, Congress passed the 21st Century Cures Act, or the Cures Act. The Cures Act is designed to modernize
and personalize healthcare, spur innovation and research, and streamline the discovery and development of new therapies through
increased federal funding of particular programs. It authorizes increased funding for FDA to spend on innovation projects. The
new law also amends the Public Health Service Act to reauthorize and expand funding for the National Institutes of Health. The
Act establishes the NIH Innovation Fund to pay for the cost of development and implementation of a strategic plan, early-stage
investigators and research. It also charges NIH with leading and coordinating expanded pediatric research. In addition, the Cures
Act includes provisions requiring FDA to assess and publish guidance on the use of novel clinical trial designs, the use of real-world
evidence in applications, the availability of summary level review for supplemental applications for certain indications, and
the qualification of drug development tools. Because the Cures Act has only recently been enacted, its potential effect on our
business remains unclear with the exception of a provision requiring that we post our policies on the availability of expanded
access programs for individuals. Because these provisions allow FDA to spend several years developing these policies, the effect
on us could be delayed.
With
amendments to the FDCA and the Public Health Service Act, or PHSA, Title III of the Cures Act seeks to accelerate the discovery,
development, and delivery of new medicines and medical technologies. To that end, and among other provisions, the Cures Act reauthorizes
the existing priority review voucher program for certain drugs intended to treat rare pediatric diseases until 2020; creates a
new priority review voucher program for drug applications determined to be material national security threat medical countermeasure
applications; and revises the FDCA to streamline review of combination product applications.
Section
3042 of the Cures Act authorizes a new “Limited Population Pathway” to expedite approval of antimicrobial products
intended to treat serious or life-threatening infections for which there are unmet medical needs. Drugs approved under this provision
would be required to adhere to special labeling requirements, including a prominent “Limited Population” statement.
Additionally, in recognition of increasing concerns about drug-resistant infections, the Act requires the U.S. Government Accountability
Office (GAO) to compile a report on antimicrobial resistance by 2021, which would include a review of any effect of the new Limited
Population Pathway on antibacterial or antifungal resistance. We will monitor these developments but cannot currently assess how
this initiative may impact our business.
Other
Health Care Regulations
Health
Privacy Laws
We
are subject to data protection laws and regulations (i.e., laws and regulations that address privacy and data security). In the
U.S., numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including state data breach notification laws, state health information
privacy laws, and federal and state consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the FTC Act), govern the collection, use, disclosure,
and protection of health-related and other personal information. Failure to comply with data protection laws and regulations could
result in government enforcement actions and create liability for us (which could include civil and/or criminal penalties), private
litigation and/or adverse publicity that could negatively affect our operating results and business. In addition, we may obtain
health information from third parties (e.g., principal investigators involved in our clinical trials) that are subject to privacy
and security requirements under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPPA, as amended by the Health
Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH. HIPAA generally requires that covered entities (healthcare
providers, health plans and healthcare clearinghouses) obtain written authorizations from patients prior to disclosing protected
health information of the patient (unless an exception to the authorization requirement applies). If authorization is required
and the patient fails to execute an authorization or the authorization fails to contain all required provisions, then we may not
be allowed access to and use of the patient’s information and our research efforts could be impaired or delayed. Furthermore,
use of protected health information that is provided to us pursuant to a valid patient authorization is subject to the limits
set forth in the authorization (e.g., for use in research and in submissions to regulatory authorities for product approvals).
Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA’s privacy and security standards, as well as the various penalties or failure to
comply, directly applicable to “business associates”—independent contractors or agents of covered entities performing
certain functions involving the creation or use of protected health information on behalf of a covered entity or providing services
to a covered entity. While we do not believe we are a “business associate” under HIPAA, regulatory agencies may disagree.
The
collection and use of personal health data in the European Union, presently governed by the provisions of the European Data Protection
Directive (95/46/EC), or the EU Directive, as implemented by the European Member States, will be replaced with the General Data
Protection Regulation, or GDPR. Currently, the EU Directive establishes a regulatory framework designed to protect the security
of personal data collected about residents of the EU and the movement of such personal data across the national borders of the
EU Member States. The EU Directive would apply to clinical trial data we may collect about residents of the European Union. GDPR
was adopted in 2016 and will become enforceable in the European Union Member States in May 2018. The GDPR will impose many new
or additional requirements including, but not limited to, obtaining consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates,
the nature and scope of notifications provided to the individuals, the security and confidentiality of the personal data, data
breach notification and using third party processors in connection with the processing of the personal data. Failure to comply
with the EU Directive and the GDPR, when effective, could subject us to regulatory sanctions, delays in clinical trials, criminal
prosecution and/or civil fines or penalties. Additionally, GDPR creates a direct cause of action by individual data subjects.
To comply with the new data protection rules imposed by the GDPR we may be required to use additional human and financial resources
to come into and maintain compliance.
Fraud
and Abuse Laws
In
addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, several other types of state and federal laws have been
applied to restrict certain marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. These laws include anti-kickback
statutes and false claims statutes. The federal healthcare program anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly
and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering
or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other
federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers
on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Violations of the anti-kickback statute are punishable
by imprisonment, criminal prosecution, civil monetary penalties and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs.
Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution
or other regulatory sanctions, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended
to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe
harbor.
Federal
false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the
federal government, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to have a false claim paid. Recently, several
pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly inflating drug prices they report
to pricing services, which in turn were used by the government to set Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates, and for allegedly
providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. In addition,
certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, may also violate false claims laws. The majority of states also have
statutes or regulations similar to the federal anti-kickback statute and false claims laws, which apply to items and services
reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor.
Affordable
Care Act
In
late March 2010, the Federal government enacted the comprehensive health care reform package, the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Among
other provisions, the ACA imposes individual and employer health insurance requirements, provides certain insurance subsidies
(e.g., premiums and cost sharing), mandates extensive insurance market reforms, creates new health insurance access points (e.g.,
State and federal-based health insurance exchanges), expands the Medicaid program, promotes research on comparative clinical effectiveness
of different technologies and procedures, and makes a number of changes to how products and services will be reimbursed by the
Medicare program. Amendments to the Federal False Claims Act under the ACA have made it easier for private parties to bring “qui
tam” (whistleblower) lawsuits against companies, under which the whistleblower may be entitled to receive a percentage of
any money paid to the government.
Since
its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges and amendments to certain aspects of the ACA. There is continued
uncertainty about the implementation of the ACA, including the potential for further amendments to the ACA and legal challenges
to or efforts to repeal the ACA. If the ACA is repealed or further modified, or if implementation of certain aspects of the ACA
are delayed, such repeal, modification or delay may materially adversely impact our business, strategies, prospects, operating
results or financial condition. We are unable to predict the full impact of any repeal, modification or delay in the implementation
of the ACA on us at this time. Due to the substantial regulatory changes that will need to be implemented by CMS and others, and
the numerous processes required to implement these reforms, we cannot predict which healthcare initiatives will be implemented
at the federal or state level, the timing of any such reforms, or the effect such reforms or any other future legislation or regulation
will have on our business.
Designation
of and Exclusivity for Qualified Infectious Disease Products
In
2012, Congress passed legislation known as the Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now Act, or GAIN Act. This legislation is designed
to encourage the development of antibacterial and antifungal drug products that treat pathogens that cause serious and life-threatening
infections. To that end, the law grants an additional five years of marketing exclusivity upon the approval of an NDA for a drug
product designated by FDA as a Qualified Infectious Disease Product, or QIDP. Thus, for a QIDP, the periods of five-year new chemical
entity exclusivity, three year new clinical investigation exclusivity and seven year orphan drug exclusivity, would become 10
years, eight years, and 12 years, respectively.
A
QIDP is defined in the GAIN Act to mean “an antibacterial or antifungal drug for human use intended to treat serious or
life-threatening infections, including those caused by—(1) an antibacterial or antifungal resistant pathogen, including
novel or emerging infectious pathogens;” or (2) certain “qualifying pathogens.” A “qualifying pathogen”
is a pathogen that has the potential to pose a serious threat to public health (e.g., resistant gram-positive pathogens, multi-drug
resistant gram negative bacteria, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and Clostridium difficile) and that is included in
a list established and maintained by FDA. A drug sponsor may request FDA to designate its product as a QIDP any time before the
submission of an NDA. FDA must make a QIDP determination within 60 days of the designation request. A product designated as a
QIDP will be granted priority review by FDA and can qualify for “fast track” status.
The
additional five years of market exclusivity under the GAIN Act for drug products designated by FDA as QIDPs applies only to a
drug that is first approved on or after July 9, 2012. Additionally, the five-year exclusivity extension does not apply to: a supplement
to an application under Section 505(b) of the FDCA for any QIDP for which an extension is in effect or has expired; a subsequent
application submitted with respect to a product approved by FDA for a change that results in a new indication, route of administration,
dosing schedule, dosage form, delivery system, delivery device or strength; or a product that does not meet the definition of
a QIDP under Section 505(g) based upon its approved uses.
Patent
Term Restoration and Extension
A
patent claiming a new drug product may be eligible for a limited patent term extension under the Hatch-Waxman Act, which permits
a patent restoration of up to five years for patent term lost during product development and FDA regulatory review. The restoration
period granted is typically one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of a NDA, plus the
time between the submission date of a NDA and the ultimate approval date. Patent term restoration cannot be used to extend the
remaining term of a patent past a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. Only one patent applicable to an approved
drug product is eligible for the extension, and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of
the patent in question. A patent that covers multiple drugs for which approval is sought can only be extended in connection with
one of the approvals. The USPTO reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration in consultation
with FDA.
Review
and Approval of Drug Products in the European Union
In
order to market any product outside of the United States, a company must also comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements
of other countries and jurisdictions regarding quality, safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials,
marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of drug products. Whether or not it obtains FDA approval for a product,
the company would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities before it can commence
clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries or jurisdictions. The approval process ultimately varies between
countries and jurisdictions and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time
required to obtain approval in other countries and jurisdictions might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain
FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure
or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country or jurisdiction may negatively impact the regulatory process in others.
Pursuant
to the European Clinical Trials Directive, a system for the approval of clinical trials in the European Union has been implemented
through national legislation of the member states. Under this system, an applicant must obtain approval from the competent national
authority of a European Union member state in which the clinical trial is to be conducted. Furthermore, the applicant may only
start a clinical trial after a competent ethics committee has issued a favorable opinion. Clinical trial application must be accompanied
by an investigational medicinal product dossier with supporting information prescribed by the European Clinical Trials Directive
and corresponding national laws of the member states and further detailed in applicable guidance documents.
To
obtain marketing approval of a drug under European Union regulatory systems, an applicant must submit a marketing authorization
application, or MAA, either under a centralized or decentralized procedure.
The
centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization by the European Commission that is valid for
all European Union member states. The centralized procedure is compulsory for specific products, including for medicines produced
by certain biotechnological processes, products designated as orphan medicinal products, advanced therapy products and products
with a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases. For products with a new active substance indicated
for the treatment of other diseases and products that are highly innovative or for which a centralized process is in the interest
of patients, the centralized procedure may be optional.
Under
the centralized procedure, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or the CHMP, established at the European Medicines
Agency, or EMA, is responsible for conducting the initial assessment of a drug. The CHMP is also responsible for several post-authorization
and maintenance activities, such as the assessment of modifications or extensions to an existing marketing authorization. Under
the centralized procedure in the European Union, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of an MAA is 210 days, excluding clock
stops, when additional information or written or oral explanation is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions
of the CHMP. Accelerated evaluation might be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases, when a medicinal product is of major interest
from the point of view of public health and in particular from the viewpoint of therapeutic innovation. In this circumstance,
the EMA ensures that the opinion of the CHMP is given within 150 days.
The
decentralized procedure is available to applicants who wish to market a product in various European Union member states where
such product has not received marketing approval in any European Union member states before. The decentralized procedure provides
for approval by one or more other, or concerned, member states of an assessment of an application performed by one-member state
designated by the applicant, known as the reference member state. Under this procedure, an applicant submits an application based
on identical dossiers and related materials, including a draft summary of product characteristics, and draft labeling and package
leaflet, to the reference member state and concerned member states. The reference member state prepares a draft assessment report
and drafts of the related materials within 210 days after receipt of a valid application. Within 90 days of receiving the reference
member state’s assessment report and related materials, each concerned member state must decide whether to approve the assessment
report and related materials.
If
a member state cannot approve the assessment report and related materials on the grounds of potential serious risk to public health,
the disputed points are subject to a dispute resolution mechanism and may eventually be referred to the European Commission, whose
decision is binding on all member states.
Pharmaceutical
Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement
Significant
uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of products approved by FDA and other government authorities. Sales
of products will depend, in part, on the extent to which the costs of the products will be covered by third party payors, including
government health programs in the United States such as Medicare and Medicaid, commercial health insurers and managed care organizations.
The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the
price or reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Third party payors may limit coverage
to specific products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the approved products for a particular
indication. Additionally, the containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal and state governments, and the
prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments have shown significant
interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for
substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies
in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our net revenue and results.
In
order to secure coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, a company may need to conduct expensive
pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of the product, in addition to the
costs required to obtain FDA or other comparable regulatory approvals. A payor’s decision to provide coverage for a product
does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Third party reimbursement may not be sufficient to maintain
price levels high enough to realize an appropriate return on investment in product development.
In
the European Union, pricing and reimbursement schemes vary widely from country to country. Some countries provide that drug products
may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some countries may require the completion of additional studies
that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. For example, the European
Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of drug products for which their national health insurance
systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. European Union member states may
approve a specific price for a drug product, or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability
of the company placing the drug product on the market. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for drug products
but monitor and control company profits. The downward pressure on health care costs in general, particularly prescription drugs,
has become intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. In addition, in some
countries, cross-border imports from low-priced markets exert competitive pressure that may reduce pricing within a country. Any
country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for drug products may not allow favorable reimbursement and pricing
arrangements.
Healthcare
Law and Regulation
Healthcare
providers, physicians and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of drug products that
are granted marketing approval. Arrangements with third party payors and customers are subject to broadly applicable fraud and
abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations. Such restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations,
include the following:
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the
federal healthcare anti-kickback statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering,
receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of
an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made, in whole
or in part, under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid;
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the
federal False Claims Act imposes civil penalties, and provides for civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals
or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false
or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government;
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the
HIPPA imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false
statements relating to healthcare matters;
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HIPAA,
as amended by the HITECH and its implementing regulations, also imposes obligations, including mandatory contractual terms,
with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;
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the
federal false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or
making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services;
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the
federal transparency requirements under the ACA requires manufacturers of drugs to report to the Department of Health and
Human Services information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals and physician
ownership and investment interests and the reported information will be made publicly available on a searchable website; and
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analogous
state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to sales or marketing
arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including
private insurers.
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Some
state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines
and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug manufacturers to report
information related to payments to physicians and other health care providers or marketing expenditures. State and foreign laws
also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant
ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.
Human
Capital Resources
As
of March 22, 2021, we had 20 full-time employees. There are no collective bargaining agreements covering any of our employees.
We
believe that our success depends on our ability to attract, develop and retain key personnel. We believe that the skills, experience
and industry knowledge of our key employees significantly benefit our operations and performance.
Employee
health and safety in the workplace is one of our core values. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored for us the importance of keeping
our employees safe and healthy. In response to the pandemic, we have taken actions aligned with the World Health Organization
and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in an effort to protect our workforce so they can more safely and effectively
perform their work.
Employee
levels are managed to align with the pace of business and management believes it has sufficient human capital to operate its business
successfully.
Research
and Development
For
the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we incurred approximately $14.4 million and $11.2 million, respectively, on research
and development activities. These expenses include cash and non-cash expenses relating to the development of our clinical and
pre-clinical programs, including our anti-infective product candidates, MAT2203 and MAT2501 as well as support and enhancement
of our drug delivery technology.
Corporate
and Available Information
We
were incorporated in Delaware under the name Matinas BioPharma Holdings, Inc. in May 2013. We have two operating subsidiaries:
Matinas BioPharma, Inc., a Delaware corporation originally formed on August 12, 2011 as Nereus BioPharma LLC, and Matinas BioPharma
Nanotechnologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation originally formed on January 29, 2015 as Aquarius Biotechnologies, Inc.
Our
principal executive offices are located at 1545 Route 206 South, Suite 302, Bedminster, New Jersey 07921, and our telephone number
is (908) 443-1860. Our website address is www.matinasbiopharma.com. Our website and the information contained on, or that can
be accessed through, our website will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any
other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.
We
make available on our website, free of charge, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports
on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to,
the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. Our SEC reports can be accessed through the Investors section of our internet
website. Further, a copy of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is located at the SEC’s Public Reference Rooms at 100 F Street,
N.E., Washington, D. C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at
1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding
our filings at http://www.sec.gov.
An
investment in our common stock is speculative and involves a high degree of risk, including a risk of loss of your entire investment.
You should carefully consider the risks described below and the other information in this Annual Report before purchasing shares
of our common stock. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties
may also adversely impair our business operations. If any of the events described in the risk factors below actually occur, our
business, financial condition or results of operations could suffer significantly. In such event, the value of our common stock
could decline, and you could lose all or a substantial portion of the money that you pay for our common stock.
Summary
of Risk Factors
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Our
operations, business and financial results have been and could continue to be adversely impacted by the current public health
pandemic related to COVID-19.
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We
have incurred significant losses since our inception and may never achieve or maintain profitability.
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We
will need substantial additional funding. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce
or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts.
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Raising
additional capital may cause dilution to stockholders, restrict operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies
or product candidates.
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Our
stockholders may be subject to substantial dilution by the exercise of derivative securities, and by the future issuance of
stock to the former stockholders of Aquarius pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement.
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Our
operating history to date may make it difficult to evaluate the success of our business and assess our future viability.
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U.S.
federal income tax reform could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate.
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We
are early in our development efforts, which may not be successful.
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We
cannot be certain that our product candidates will receive regulatory approval, without which we cannot market any of our
product candidates. Any delay in the approval process will harm our business.
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We
depend in part on technology owned or licensed to us by third parties, the loss of which would terminate or delay the further
development of our product candidates, injure our reputation or force us to pay higher royalties.
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Clinical
drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process and uncertain as to outcome.
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Delays
in any aspect of our clinical trials could result in increased costs to us and delay or limit our ability to obtain regulatory
approval for our product candidates.
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We
may not have or be able to obtain sufficient quantities of our products to meet our supply and clinical studies obligations.
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If
we are unable to successfully commercialize our products our ability to generate revenue will be limited.
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If
our preclinical and clinical studies do not produce positive results, if our clinical trials are delayed or if serious side
effects are identified during such studies or trials, we may experience delays, incur additional costs and ultimately be unable
to commercialize our product candidates.
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If
we cannot enroll enough patients to complete our clinical trials, our business, financial condition and results of operations
may be adversely affected.
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If
we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities, we may not successfully commercialize any of our product candidates.
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If
we are unable to file for approval of LYPDISO, MAT2203 or MAT2501 under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA or if we are required
to generate additional data related to safety and efficacy in order to obtain approval under Section 505(b)(2), we may be
unable to meet our anticipated development and commercialization timelines.
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We
face competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.
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Even
if we obtain marketing approval for any product candidate, we will be subject to ongoing obligations and continued regulatory
review and requirements, which may result in significant additional expense.
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We
will not realize the full potential value of LYPDISO if we are not able to successfully partner for its development.
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Future
legislation, and/or regulations and policies adopted by the FDA may increase the time and cost required for us to conduct
and complete clinical trials.
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Changes
in health care law and implementing regulations may have a material adverse effect on us.
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Our
future growth depends, in part, on our ability to penetrate foreign markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory
burdens and other risks and uncertainties.
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If
we market our product candidates in a manner that violates healthcare fraud and abuse laws, or if we violate government price
reporting laws, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties.
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We
expect that we will rely on third parties to conduct clinical trials for our product candidates.
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LYPDISO
is designed to be a prescription-only omega-3 fatty acid-based medication. If approved, it would be subject to competition
from products for which no prescription is required.
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Unfavorable
pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives could harm our business.
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We
are, and will be, completely dependent on third parties to manufacture LYPDISO.
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Outbreaks
of communicable diseases may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We
depend on certain technologies that are licensed to us. We do not control these technologies and any loss of our rights to
them could prevent us from discovering, developing and commercializing our product candidates.
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If
we discontinue development of the LNC platform delivery technology, we would be required to return such technology to the
former stockholders of Aquarius and we would lose the rights to our lead product candidates.
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It
is difficult and costly to protect our intellectual property rights, and we cannot ensure the protection of these rights.
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If
we fail to obtain or maintain patent or trade secret protection for our technologies, third parties could use our proprietary
information.
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Our
product candidates may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which could increase our costs and delay or prevent
our development and commercialization efforts.
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We
may not be able to obtain or maintain orphan drug or fast-track designation or exclusivity, or priority review for any of
our infective product candidates.
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Any
breakthrough therapy designation granted by the FDA for our product candidates may not lead to a faster development or regulatory
review or approval process and does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive marketing approval.
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We
will need to increase the size of our organization to grow our business, and we may experience difficulties in managing this
growth.
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If
we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement
our business strategy.
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If
product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization
of our product candidates.
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Our
internal computer systems, or those of our CROs or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches,
which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs.
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We
may acquire businesses or products, or form strategic alliances, in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such
acquisitions.
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We
are obligated to pay dividends on outstanding shares of our Series B Preferred stock.
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The
rights of the holders of common stock may be impaired by the potential issuance of preferred stock.
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A reverse-stock split of our common stock may
not have the intended consequences.
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We
do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.
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An
active public trading market for our common stock may not be sustained.
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Our
share price has been and could remain volatile.
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If
securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they change their recommendations
regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
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We
may not be able to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting.
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Failure
to build our finance infrastructure and improve our accounting systems and controls could impair our ability to comply with
the financial reporting and internal control requirements.
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Upon
dissolution of our company, you may not recoup all or any portion of your investment.
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Anti-takeover
provisions of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial
to our stockholders, more difficult.
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Stockholders’
ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees could be limited.
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Our
ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
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Risks
Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital
We
have incurred significant losses since our inception. We expect to incur losses over the next several years and may never achieve
or maintain profitability.
We
have incurred significant operating losses in every year since inception and expect to incur net operating losses for the foreseeable
future. Our net loss was $22.4 million and $17.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December
31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $107.5 million. We do not know whether or when we will become profitable. To date,
we have not generated any revenues from product sales and have financed our operations through private placements and public offerings
of our equity securities and, to a lesser extent, through funding from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, or CFF, and the National
Institutes of Health, or the NIH. We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources and efforts to the research and
development of potential product candidates. We are still in the early stages of development of our product candidates, and we
have not completed development of any product candidate. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses
over the next several years. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. Net losses and
negative cash flows have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our stockholders’ deficit and working capital.
We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:
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conduct
further clinical and preclinical studies of MAT2203 AND MAT2501, our lead LNC product candidates;
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support
the conduct of further clinical studies of MAT2203, even if such studies are primarily financed with non-dilutive funding
from the NIH;
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seek
to discover and develop additional product candidates;
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seek
regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;
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require
the manufacture of larger quantities of product candidates for clinical development and potentially commercialization;
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maintain,
expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;
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hire
additional clinical, quality control and scientific personnel; and
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add
operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development
and planned future commercialization efforts and personnel and infrastructure necessary to help us comply with our obligations
as a public company.
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Our
ability to become and remain profitable depends on our ability to generate revenue. We do not expect to generate significant revenue
until we are able to obtain marketing approval for, and successfully commercialize, one or more of our product candidates. This
will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical testing and clinical trials
of our product candidates, discovering additional product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval for these product candidates,
manufacturing, marketing and selling any products for which we may obtain regulatory approval, satisfying any post-marketing requirements
and obtaining reimbursement for our products from private insurance or government payors. We are only in the preliminary stages
of most of these activities and have not yet commenced other of these activities. We may never succeed in these activities and,
even if we do, may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability.
Because
of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict
the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. If we are required by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, or comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities to perform studies in addition to
those currently expected, or if there are any delays in completing our clinical trials or the development of any of our product
candidates, our expenses could increase.
Even
if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure
to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand
our business, maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our pipeline of product candidates or even continue our
operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.
We
will need substantial additional funding. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or
eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts.
We
expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we conduct additional preclinical and
clinical studies of our ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial of MAT2203 in CM, our preclinical toxicology program for MAT2501, conduct
additional preclinical and clinical trials to further validate and expand our LNC platform delivery technology, continue research
and development, initiate clinical trials and, if development succeeds, seek regulatory approval of our product candidates. Our
expenses could further increase if we initiate new research and preclinical development efforts for other product candidates.
In addition, if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization
expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. Furthermore, we expect to incur significant additional
costs associated with operating as a public company, particularly as we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”
Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable
to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development
programs or any future commercialization efforts.
We
believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, including restricted cash, of approximately $59.0
million as of December 31, 2020, plus an additional approximately $5.6 million in net proceeds from the sale of our common stock
in January 2021, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into 2024. We have based this
estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong in the future, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently
expect. Changing circumstances could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may
need to spend more money than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. Our future capital requirements,
both short-term and long-term, will depend on many factors, including:
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the
progress, timing, costs and results of our ongoing and planned clinical trials of our product candidates;
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the
scope, progress, timing, costs and results of clinical trials of, and research and preclinical development efforts for, other
product candidates, including MAT2203, any future product candidates based upon our LNC platform delivery technology, including
MAT2501, and any preclinical or clinical work done to further validate our LNC platform delivery technology, generally;
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our
ability to enter into and the terms and timing of any collaborations, licensing or other arrangements that we may establish;
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the
number and development requirements of other product candidates that we pursue;
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the
costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates by the FDA and comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities;
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the
costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution,
for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;
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the
revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;
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our
headcount growth and associated costs as we expand our research and development and establish a commercial infrastructure;
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the
costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property
rights and defending any intellectual property-related claims;
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the
extent to which we acquire or in-license other products and technologies;
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the
costs of operating as a public company; and
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the
effect of competing technological and market developments.
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Identifying
potential product candidates and conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain
process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory approval
and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial
revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of products that we do not expect to be commercially available for many years, if
at all. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional
financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable
market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating
plans.
Raising
additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies
or product candidates.
Until
such time, if ever, as we can generate product revenues sufficient to achieve profitability, we expect to finance our cash needs
through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, government or other third-party funding, collaborations
and licensing arrangements. We do not have any committed external source of funds other than limited grant funding from the NIH
and the CFF. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of common stock, convertible securities or other
equity securities, your ownership interest may be materially diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation
or other preferences and anti-dilution protections that could adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing
and preferred equity financing, if available, would result in increased fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that
include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital
expenditures or declaring dividends, that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Securing additional financing
could require a substantial amount of time and attention from our management and may divert a disproportionate amount of their
attention away from day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our management’s ability to oversee the development
of our product candidates.
If
we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with
third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product
candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity
or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization
efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
Our
stockholders may be subject to substantial dilution by exercises of outstanding options and warrants, conversion of preferred
shares and by the future issuance of common stock to the former stockholders of Aquarius pursuant to the terms of the merger agreement.
As
of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding options to purchase an aggregate of 22,550,715 shares of our common stock at a weighted
average exercise price of $1.26 per share and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,327,810 shares of our common stock at a weighted
average exercise price of $0.55 per share. In addition, as of December 31, 2020, we had 4,361 shares of Series B Preferred Stock
outstanding. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock may be converted into 2,000 shares of common stock upon the earlier of (i)
the request of the holder (ii) the first FDA approval of one of our product candidates, (iii) June 19, 2021 and (iv) the consent
of the holders of a majority of the Series B then outstanding. The conversion of preferred shares and the exercise of such outstanding
options and the warrants, will result in dilution of the value of our shares. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the merger
agreement with Matinas BioPharma Nanotechnologies, Inc. (f/k/a Aquarius Biotechnologies, Inc.), we will be required to issue up
to an additional 3,000,000 shares of our common stock upon the achievement of certain milestones. The milestone consideration
consists of (i) 1,500,000 shares issuable upon the dosing of the first patient in a phase III trial sponsored by us for a product
utilizing the LNC platform delivery technology and (ii) 1,500,000 shares issuable upon FDA approval of the first NDA submitted
by us for a product utilizing the LNC platform delivery technology.
Our
operating history to date may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future
viability.
We
commenced active operations in 2013 and our product candidates are in early stages of clinical development. We have not yet demonstrated
our ability to successfully obtain regulatory approvals for any of our product candidates, manufacture a commercial scale product,
or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product
commercialization. Consequently, any predictions you make about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they
could be if we had a longer operating history.
In
addition, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors. Even
if we obtain regulatory approval, we will need to transition from a company with a research and development focus to a company
capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a transition.
We
expect our financial condition and operating results to continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year
due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, you should not rely upon the results of any quarterly
or annual periods as indications of future operating performance.
U.S.
federal income tax reform could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate.
On
December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the Tax Act, was signed into law, significantly reforming the tax code. The Tax
Act, among other things, includes changes to U.S. federal tax rates, imposes significant additional limitations on the deductibility
of interest, limits net operating loss (NOL) deductions, allows for the expensing of capital expenditures, puts into effect the
migration from a “worldwide” system of taxation to a territorial system and modifies or repeals many business deductions
and credits. The estimated impact of the Tax Act is based on our management’s current knowledge and assumptions, and recognized
impacts could be materially different from current estimates based on our actual results and our further analysis of the new law.
We
continue to examine the impact this tax reform legislation may have on our business. The Tax Act requires complex computations
not previously provided in U.S. tax law. As such, the application of accounting guidance for such items is currently uncertain.
Further, compliance with the Tax Act and the accounting for such provisions require accumulation of information not previously
required or regularly produced. As additional regulatory guidance is issued by the applicable taxing authorities, as accounting
treatment is clarified, as we perform additional analysis on the application of the law, and as we refine estimates in calculating
the effect, our final analysis, which will be recorded in the period completed, may be different from our current provisional
amounts, which could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate.
Risks
Related to Product Development, Regulatory Approval, Manufacturing and Commercialization
We
are early in our development efforts, which may not be successful.
We
recently completed a head-to-head crossover study of LYPDISO vs. Vascepa and announced topline date in February of 2021. In 2017,
we completed two separate Phase 2 clinical trials of MAT2203. Because of the early stage of our development efforts, we are still
in the process of determining the overall clinical development path for our current and future product candidates. As a result,
the timing and costs of the regulatory paths we will follow, and marketing approvals remain uncertain. Our ability to generate
product revenue, which we do not expect will occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development
and eventual commercialization of our early-stage product candidates. The success of LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 and any other product
candidates we may develop will depend on many factors, including the following:
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successful
completion of preclinical studies;
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successful
enrollment in, and completion of, clinical trials:
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demonstrating
safety and efficacy;
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receipt
of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;
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establishing
clinical and commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers;
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obtaining
and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and non-patent exclusivity for our product candidates and technologies;
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launching
commercial sales of the product candidates, if and when approved, whether alone or selectively in collaboration with others;
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acceptance
of the product candidates, if and when approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payers;
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effectively
competing with other therapies;
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a
continued acceptable safety profile of the products following approval; and
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enforcing
and defending intellectual property rights and claims.
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If
we do not accomplish one or more of these goals in a timely manner, or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability
to successfully commercialize our product candidates, which would harm our business.
We
cannot be certain that LYPDISO, MAT2203 MAT2501 or any other product candidates that we may develop will receive regulatory approval,
and without regulatory approval we will not be able to market any of our product candidates. Any delay in the regulatory review
or approval of any of our product candidates will materially or adversely harm our business.
We
expect to invest most of our capital in the development of our LNC platform delivery technology. Our ability to generate revenue
related to product sales, which we do not expect will occur for at least the next several years, if ever, will depend on the successful
development and regulatory approval of one or more of our product candidates. All of our product candidates require regulatory
review and approval prior to commercialization. Any delays in the regulatory review or approval of our product candidates would
delay market launch, increase our cash requirements and result in additional operating losses. This failure to obtain regulatory
approvals would prevent our product candidate from being marketed and would have a material and adverse effect on our business.
The
process of obtaining FDA and other required regulatory approvals, including foreign approvals, often takes many years and can
vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the products involved. Furthermore, this approval process is
extremely complex, expensive and uncertain. We may be unable to submit any new drug application, or an NDA, in the United States
or any marketing approval application in foreign jurisdictions for any of our products. If we submit an NDA including any amended
NDA or supplemental NDA, to the FDA seeking marketing approval for any of our product candidates, the FDA must decide whether
to accept or reject the submission for filing. We cannot be certain that any of these submissions will be accepted for filing
and reviewed by the FDA, or that the marketing approval application submissions to any other regulatory authorities will be accepted
for filing and review by those authorities. We cannot be certain that we will be able to respond to any regulatory requests during
the review period in a timely manner, or at all, without delaying potential regulatory action. We also cannot be certain that
any of our product candidates will receive favorable recommendations from any FDA advisory committee or foreign regulatory bodies
or be approved for marketing by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities. In addition, delays in approvals or rejections of marketing
applications may be based upon many factors, including regulatory requests for additional analyses, reports, data and studies,
regulatory questions regarding data and results, changes in regulatory policy during the period of product development and the
emergence of new information regarding such product candidates.
Data
obtained from preclinical studies and clinical trials are subject to different interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent
regulatory review or approval of any of our product candidates. Furthermore, regulatory attitudes towards the data and results
required to demonstrate safety and efficacy can change over time and can be affected by many factors, such as the emergence of
new information, including on other products, policy changes and agency funding, staffing and leadership. We do not know whether
future changes to the regulatory environment will be favorable or unfavorable to our business prospects.
In
addition, the environment in which our regulatory submissions may be reviewed changes over time. For example, average review times
at the FDA for NDAs have fluctuated over the last ten years, and we cannot predict the review time for any of our submissions
with any regulatory authorities. Review times can be affected by a variety of factors, including budget and funding levels and
statutory, regulatory and policy changes. Moreover, in light of widely publicized events concerning the safety risk of certain
drug products, regulatory authorities, members of the U.S. Government Accountability Office, medical professionals and the general
public have raised concerns about potential drug safety issues. These events have resulted in the withdrawal of drug products,
revisions to drug labeling that further limit use of the drug products and establishment of REMS measures that may, for instance,
restrict distribution of drug products. The increased attention to drug safety issues may result in a more cautious approach by
the FDA to clinical trials. Data from clinical trials may receive greater scrutiny with respect to safety, which may make the
FDA or other regulatory authorities more likely to terminate clinical trials before completion or require longer or additional
clinical trials that may result in substantial additional expense and a delay or failure in obtaining approval or may result in
approval for a more limited indication than originally sought.
We
depend in part on technology owned or licensed to us by third parties, and the loss of access to this technology would terminate
or delay the further development of our product candidates, injure our reputation or force us to pay higher royalties.
We
rely heavily on the LNC platform delivery technology that we have licensed from Rutgers. The loss of access to this technology
could materially impair our business and future viability, and could result in delays in developing, introducing or maintaining
our product candidates and formulations until equivalent technology, if available, is identified, licensed and integrated. In
addition, any defects in the technology we license could prevent the implementation or impair the functionality of our product
candidates or formulation, delay new product or formulation introductions or injure our reputation. If we are required to enter
into license agreements with third parties for replacement technology, we could be subject to higher royalty payments.
We
may not have or be able to obtain sufficient quantities of our products to meet our supply and clinical studies obligations and
our business, financial condition and results of operation may be adversely affected.
To
date, we have only developed limited in-house manufacturing capabilities for the LNC platform delivery technology needed for the
clinical development our MAT2203 product candidate and preclinical development of our MAT2501 product candidate. If we do not
develop a long-term in-house manufacturing capability for our LNC platform product candidates sufficient to produce product for
continued development and, if regulatory approval is obtained, then commercialization of these products, we will be dependent
on a small number of third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of our product candidates. We may not have long-term agreements
with any of these third parties, and if they are unable or unwilling to perform for any reason, we may not be able to locate alternative
acceptable manufacturers or formulators or enter into favorable agreements with them. Any inability to acquire sufficient quantities
of our products in a timely manner from these third parties could delay clinical trials and prevent us from developing our products
in a cost-effective manner or on a timely basis. In addition, manufacturers of our product candidates are subject to cGMP and
similar foreign standards and we would not have control over compliance with these regulations by our manufacturers. If one of
our contract manufacturers fails to maintain compliance, the production of our products could be interrupted, resulting in delays
and additional costs. In addition, if the facilities of such manufacturers do not pass a pre-approval or post-approval plant inspection,
the FDA will not grant approval and may institute restrictions on the marketing or sale of our products.
We
may be reliant on third party manufactures and suppliers to meet the demands of our clinical supplies. Delays in receipt of materials,
scheduling, release, custom’s control, and regulatory compliance issues may adversely impact our ability to initiate, maintain,
or complete clinical trials that we are sponsoring. Commercial manufacturing and supply agreements have not been established.
Issues arising from scale-up, environmental controls, public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, equipment requirements,
or other factors, may have an adverse impact on our ability to manufacture our product candidates.
Even
if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, if we are unable to successfully commercialize our products, it will
limit our ability to generate revenue and will materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Even
if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our long-term viability and growth depend on the successful commercialization
of products which lead to revenue and profits. Pharmaceutical product development is an expensive, high risk, lengthy, complicated,
resource intensive process. In order to succeed, among other things, we must be able to:
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identify
potential drug product candidates;
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design
and conduct appropriate laboratory, preclinical and other research;
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submit
for and receive regulatory approval to perform clinical studies;
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design
and conduct appropriate preclinical and clinical studies according to good laboratory and good clinical practices;
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select
and recruit clinical investigators;
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select
and recruit subjects for our studies;
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collect,
analyze and correctly interpret the data from our studies;
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submit
for and receive regulatory approvals for marketing; and
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manufacture
the drug product candidates according to cGMP.
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The
development program with respect to any given product will take many years and thus delay our ability to generate profits. In
addition, potential products that appear promising at early stages of development may fail for a number of reasons, including
the possibility that the products may require significant additional testing or turn out to be unsafe, ineffective, too difficult
or expensive to develop or manufacture, too difficult to administer, or unstable. Failure to successfully commercialize our products
will adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If
our preclinical and clinical studies do not produce positive results, if our clinical trials are delayed or if serious side effects
are identified during such studies or trials, we may experience delays, incur additional costs and ultimately be unable to commercialize
our product candidates.
Before
obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct, generally at our own expense, extensive
preclinical tests to demonstrate the safety of our product candidates in animals, and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety
and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement
and can take many years to complete. A failure of one or more of our preclinical studies or clinical trials can occur at any stage
of testing. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical testing and the clinical trial
process that could delay or prevent our ability to obtain regulatory approval or commercialize our product candidates, including:
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our
preclinical tests or clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require
us, to conduct additional preclinical testing or clinical trials or we may abandon projects that we expect to be promising;
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regulators
or institutional review boards may not authorize us to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective
trial site;
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conditions
imposed on us by the FDA or any non-U.S. regulatory authority regarding the scope or design of our clinical trials may require
us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to institutional review boards for re-inspection due to changes in the regulatory
environment;
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the
number of patients required for our clinical trials may be larger than we anticipate, or participants may drop out of our
clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate;
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our
third-party contractors or clinical investigators may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or fail to meet their contractual
obligations to us in a timely manner;
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we
might have to suspend or terminate one or more of our clinical trials if we, the regulators or the institutional review boards
determine that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;
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regulators
or institutional review boards may require that we hold, suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including
noncompliance with regulatory requirements;
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the
cost of our clinical trials may be greater than we anticipate;
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the
supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct our clinical trials may be insufficient
or inadequate or we may not be able to reach agreements on acceptable terms with prospective clinical research organizations;
and
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the
effects of our product candidates may not be the desired effects or may include undesirable side effects or the product candidates
may have other unexpected characteristics.
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In
addition, if we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that
we currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete our clinical trials or other testing, if the results of these
trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may:
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be
delayed in obtaining, or may not be able to obtain, marketing approval for one or more of our product candidates;
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obtain
approval for indications that are not as broad as intended or entirely different than those indications for which we sought
approval; or
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have
the product removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.
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Our
product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or approvals. We do not know whether any preclinical
tests or clinical trials will be initiated as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, if at all.
Significant preclinical or clinical trial delays also could shorten the patent protection period during which we may have the
exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates. Such delays could allow our competitors to bring products to market before
we do and impair our ability to commercialize our products or product candidates.
If
we cannot enroll enough patients to complete our clinical trials, such failure may adversely affect our business, financial condition
and results of operations.
The
completion rate of clinical studies of our products is dependent on, among other factors, the patient enrollment rate. Patient
enrollment is a function of many factors, including:
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investigator
identification and recruitment;
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regulatory
approvals to initiate study sites;
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patient
population size;
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the
nature of the protocol to be used in the trial;
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patient
proximity to clinical sites;
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eligibility
criteria for the study;
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competition
from other companies’ clinical studies for the same patient population; and
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ability
to obtain comparator drug/device.
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We
believe our procedures for enrolling patients have been appropriate; however, delays in patient enrollment would increase costs
and delay ultimate commercialization and sales, if any, of our products. Such delays could materially adversely affect our business,
financial condition and results of operations.
We
may not be able to obtain or maintain orphan drug designation or exclusivity for our anti-infective product candidates.
We
have sought orphan drug designation for MAT2203 and MAT2501 in the United States and may seek additional orphan drug designation
for other product candidates. Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and Europe, may designate
drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product as
an orphan drug if it is a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a patient population
of fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. Generally, if a product with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives
the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing
exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or the EMA from approving another marketing application for the same indication for that
drug during that time period. For a product that obtains orphan drug designation on the basis of a plausible hypothesis that it
is clinically superior to the same drug that is already approved for the same indication, in order to obtain orphan drug exclusivity
upon approval, clinical superiority of such product to this same drug that is already approved for the same orphan indication
must be demonstrated. The exclusivity period is seven years in the United States and ten years in Europe. The European exclusivity
period can be reduced to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if the drug is sufficiently
profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be lost if the FDA or the EMA determines
that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the
drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.
We
cannot assure you that the application for orphan drug designation of MAT2203, or any future application with respect to any other
product candidate, will be granted. If we are unable to obtain orphan drug designation in the United States, we will not be eligible
to obtain the period of market exclusivity that could result from orphan drug designation or be afforded the financial incentives
associated with orphan drug designation. Even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that exclusivity may not effectively
protect the product from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition. Even after an orphan drug
is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve the same drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is
clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care.
Any
Fast Track designation or grant of priority review status by the FDA may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory
review or approval process, nor will it assure FDA approval of our product candidates. Additionally, our product candidates may
treat indications that do not qualify for priority review vouchers.
We
have received Fast Track designation for MAT2203 for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, the treatment of aspergillosis, the
prevention of invasive fungal infections due to immunosuppressive therapy and the treatment of cryptococcosis and may seek Fast
Track designation for some of our other product candidates or priority review of applications for approval of our product candidates
for certain indications. If a drug is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and the drug demonstrates
the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition, the drug sponsor may apply for FDA Fast Track designation. If
a product candidate offers major advances in treatment, the FDA may designate it eligible for priority review. The FDA has broad
discretion whether or not to grant these designations, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for these
designations, we cannot assure you that the FDA would decide to grant them. Even if we do receive Fast Track designation or priority
review, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA
may withdraw Fast Track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development
program.
Any
breakthrough therapy designation granted by the FDA for our product candidates may not lead to a faster development or regulatory
review or approval process, and it does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive marketing approval.
We
may seek a breakthrough therapy designation for some of our product candidates. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug that
is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition,
and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one
or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For drugs
and biologics that have been designated as breakthrough therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor
of the trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed
in ineffective control regimens. Drugs designated as breakthrough therapies by the FDA may also be eligible for accelerated approval
if the relevant criteria are met.
Designation
as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe one of our product candidates meets
the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation.
In any event, the receipt of a breakthrough therapy designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development
process, review or approval compared to drugs considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate
approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one or more of our product candidates qualify as breakthrough therapies, the FDA may
later decide that the products no longer meet the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or
approval will not be shortened.
Designation
of our product candidates as qualified infectious disease products is not assured and, in any event, even if granted, may not
actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review, and would not assure FDA approval of our product candidates.
We
have received a qualified infectious disease product, or QIDP, designation for MAT2203 and MAT2501 for certain indications and
we may be eligible for designation of certain of our product candidates as QIDPs. A QIDP is “an antibacterial or antifungal
drug intended to treat serious or life-threatening infections, including those caused by an antibacterial or antifungal resistant
pathogen, including novel or emerging infectious pathogens or certain “qualifying pathogens.” A product designated
as a QIDP will be granted priority review by the FDA and may qualify for “fast track” status. Upon the approval of
an NDA for a drug product designated by the FDA as a QIDP, the product is granted a period of five years of regulatory exclusivity
in addition to any other period of regulatory exclusivity for which the product is eligible. The FDA has broad discretion whether
or not to grant these designations, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for such designation or status,
the FDA could decide not to grant it. Moreover, even if we do receive such a designation, we may not experience a faster development
process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures and there is no assurance that our product candidate, even
if determined to be a QIDP, will be approved by the FDA.
If
we are unsuccessful in identifying and developing additional product candidates, our potential for growth may be impaired.
Even
if we receive regulatory approval for LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any other product candidates we may develop, we still may not
be able to successfully commercialize such products and the revenue that we generate from its sales, if any, may be limited.
If
approved for marketing, the commercial success of LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any other product candidates we may develop will
depend upon its acceptance by the medical community, including physicians, patients and health care payors. The degree of market
acceptance of LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or such other product candidate will depend on a number of factors, including:
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demonstration
of clinical safety and efficacy of such product candidate;
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relative
convenience and ease of administration;
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the
prevalence and severity of any adverse effects;
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the
willingness of physicians to prescribe such product candidates and of the target patient population to try new therapies;
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pricing
and cost-effectiveness;
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the
inclusion or omission of such product candidate in applicable treatment guidelines;
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the
effectiveness of our or any future collaborators’ sales and marketing strategies;
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limitations
or warnings contained in FDA approved labeling;
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our
ability to obtain and maintain sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement from government health care programs, including
Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors; and
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the
willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of third-party coverage or reimbursement.
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If
LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any other product candidates we may develop is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of
acceptance by physicians, health care payors and patients, we may not generate sufficient revenue and we may not be able to achieve
or sustain profitability. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of such product
candidate may require significant resources and may never be successful.
In
addition, even if we obtain regulatory approvals, the timing or scope of any approvals may prohibit or reduce our ability to commercialize
such product candidate successfully. For example, if the approval process takes too long, we may miss market opportunities and
give other companies the ability to develop competing products or establish market dominance. Any regulatory approval we ultimately
obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render such product candidate not commercially
viable. For example, regulatory authorities may approve such product candidate for fewer or more limited indications than we request,
may not approve the price we intend to charge for such product candidate, may grant approval contingent on the performance of
costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may approve such product candidate with a label that does not include the labeling claims
necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that indication. Further, the FDA may place conditions on approvals
including potential requirements or risk management plans and the requirement for a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”)
to assure the safe use of the drug. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the NDA must submit a proposed REMS;
the FDA will not approve the NDA without an approved REMS, if required. A REMS could include medication guides, physician communication
plans, or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization
tools. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or
dispensing of such product candidate. Moreover, product approvals may be withdrawn for non-compliance with regulatory standards
or if problems occur following the initial marketing of the product. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the
commercial success of such product candidate.
We
currently have no sales and marketing organization. If we are unable to establish satisfactory sales and marketing capabilities,
we may not successfully commercialize any of our product candidates, if regulatory approval is obtained.
At
present, we have no sales or marketing personnel. In order to commercialize products that are approved for commercial sales, we
must either develop a sales and marketing infrastructure or collaborate with third parties that have such commercial infrastructure.
If we elect to develop our own sales and marketing organization, we do not intend to begin to hire sales and marketing personnel
until the time of NDA submission to the FDA at the earliest, and we do not intend to establish our own sales organization in the
United States until shortly prior to FDA approval of LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any of our other product candidates.
We
may not be able to establish a direct sales force in a cost-effective manner or realize a positive return on this investment.
In addition, we will have to compete with established and well-funded pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to recruit, hire,
train and retain sales and marketing personnel. Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501
or any of our other product candidates in the United States without strategic partners or licensees include:
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our
inability to recruit and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel;
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the
inability of sales personnel to obtain access to or persuade adequate numbers of physicians to prescribe our future products;
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the
lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to
companies with more extensive product lines; and
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unforeseen
costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing organization.
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If
we are not successful in recruiting sales and marketing personnel or in building a sales and marketing infrastructure, or if we
do not successfully enter into appropriate collaboration arrangements, we will have difficulty successfully commercializing LYPDISO,
MAT2203, MAT2501 or any other product candidates we may develop, which would adversely affect our business, operating results
and financial condition. Outside the United States, we may commercialize our product candidates by entering into collaboration
agreements with pharmaceutical partners. We may not be able to enter into such agreements on terms acceptable to us or at all.
In addition, even if we enter into such relationships, we may have limited or no control over the sales, marketing and distribution
activities of these third parties. Our future revenues may depend heavily on the success of the efforts of these third parties
If
we are unable to file for approval of LYPDISO, MAT2203 or MAT2501 under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA or if we are required to
generate additional data related to safety and efficacy in order to obtain approval under Section 505(b)(2), we may be unable
to meet our anticipated development and commercialization timelines.
Our
current plans for filing the NDAs for LYPDISO, MAT2203 and MAT2501 include efforts to minimize the data we will be required to
generate in order to obtain marketing approval for this product candidate and therefore reduce the development time. Based upon
written feedback received from the FDA in 2014 and written and verbal FDA feedback in August 2020, we believe this approach will
create the opportunity for us to leverage existing data developed with certain existing omega-3 fatty acids to create a streamlined
approach to potential approval for LYPDISO for the treatment of SHTG and potentially other indications. Likewise, we intend to
rely on the history of efficacy of amphotericin B, and although we met with the FDA in the first half of 2019 to discuss our development
plans for MAT2203, there is no assurance we will satisfy FDA’s requirements for approval of MAT2203 under a 505(b)(2) pathway.
We have not yet met with FDA to discuss the regulatory pathway for MAT2501. The timelines for filing and review of our NDAs for
LYPDISO, MAT2203 and MAT2501 are based on our plan to submit these NDAs under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA, which would enable
us to rely in part on data in the public domain or elsewhere. We have not yet filed an NDA under Section 505(b)(2) for any product
candidate. Depending on the data that may be required by the FDA for approval, some of the data may be related to products already
approved by the FDA. If the data relied upon is related to products already approved by the FDA and covered by third-party patents
we would be required to certify that we do not infringe the listed patents or that such patents are invalid or unenforceable.
As a result of the certification, the third-party would have 45 days from notification of our certification to initiate an action
against us.
In
the event that an action is brought in response to such a certification, the approval of our NDA could be subject to a stay of
up to 30 months or more while we defend against such a suit. Approval of our product candidates under Section 505(b)(2) may therefore
be delayed until patent exclusivity expires or until we successfully challenge the applicability of those patents to our product
candidates. Alternatively, we may elect to generate sufficient additional clinical data so that we no longer rely on data which
triggers a potential stay of the approval of our product candidates. Even if no exclusivity periods apply to our applications
under Section 505(b)(2), the FDA has broad discretion to require us to generate additional data on the safety and efficacy of
our product candidates to supplement third-party data on which we may be permitted to rely. In either event, we could be required,
before obtaining marketing approval for any of our product candidates, to conduct substantial new research and development activities
beyond those we currently plan to engage in order to obtain approval of our product candidates. Such additional new research and
development activities would be costly and time consuming.
We
may not be able to realize a shortened development timeline for any of our product candidates, and the FDA may not approve our
NDA based on their review of the submitted data. If our desired reference-listed drug containing products are withdrawn from the
market by the FDA for any safety reason, we may not be able to reference such products to support a 505(b)(2) NDA for our product
candidates, and we may need to fulfill the more extensive requirements of Section 505(b)(1). If we are required to generate additional
data to support approval, we may be unable to meet our anticipated development and commercialization timelines, may be unable
to generate the additional data at a reasonable cost, or at all, and may be unable to obtain marketing approval of our lead product
candidates.
We
face competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete
effectively.
The
biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change.
We have competitors in a number of jurisdictions, many of which have substantially greater name recognition, commercial infrastructures
and financial, technical and personnel resources than we have. We face competition from many different sources, including commercial
pharmaceutical and biotechnology enterprises, academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions.
Established competitors may invest heavily to quickly discover and develop novel compounds that could make LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501
or any other product candidates we may develop obsolete or uneconomical. Any new product that competes with an approved product
may need to demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, cost, convenience, tolerability and safety to be commercially successful.
Other competitive factors, including generic competition, which could force us to lower prices or result in reduced sales, particularly
those products that have been marketed by third parties for many years and are well accepted by physicians, patients and payers.
In addition, new products developed by others could emerge as competitors to LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any of our other product
candidates. If we are not able to compete effectively against our current and future competitors, our business will not grow,
and our financial condition and operations will suffer.
Further,
although we believe that our proprietary LNC platform delivery technology, experience and knowledge in our areas of focus provide
us with competitive advantages, potential competitors for MAT2203 could reduce our commercial opportunities.
Even
if we obtain marketing approval for LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any other product candidates that we may develop, we will be
subject to ongoing obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense. Additionally,
our product candidates could be subject to labeling and other restrictions and withdrawal from the market and we may be subject
to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our future products.
Even
if we obtain United States regulatory approval of LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any other product candidates that we may develop,
FDA may still impose significant restrictions on its indicated uses or marketing or the conditions of approval or impose ongoing
requirements for potentially costly and time-consuming post-approval studies, and post-market surveillance to monitor safety and
efficacy. Our future products will also be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements governing the manufacturing, labeling, packaging,
storage, distribution, safety surveillance, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping and reporting of adverse events and other post-market
information. These requirements include registration with FDA, as well as continued compliance with current Good Clinical Practices
regulations, or cGCPs, for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. In addition, manufacturers of drug products and
their facilities are subject to continuous review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance
with current good manufacturing practices, cGMP, requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding
maintenance of records and documents.
FDA
has the authority to require a REMS, as part of an NDA or after approval, which may impose further requirements or restrictions
on the distribution or use of an approved drug, such as limiting prescribing to certain physicians or medical centers that have
undergone specialized training, limiting treatment to patients who meet certain safe-use criteria or requiring patient testing,
monitoring and/or enrollment in a registry.
With
respect to sales and marketing activities by us or any future partner, advertising and promotional materials must comply with
FDA rules in addition to other applicable federal, state and local laws in the United States and similar legal requirements in
other countries. In the United States, the distribution of product samples to physicians must comply with the requirements of
the U.S. Prescription Drug Marketing Act. Application holders must obtain FDA approval for product and manufacturing changes,
depending on the nature of the change. We may also be subject, directly or indirectly through our customers and partners, to various
fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute, U.S. False Claims Act, and similar state
laws, which impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing, and scientific/educational grant programs. If we participate
in the U.S. Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, the Federal Supply Schedule of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, or other government
drug programs, we will be subject to complex laws and regulations regarding reporting and payment obligations. All of these activities
are also potentially subject to U.S. federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws. Similar requirements exist
in many of these areas in other countries.
In
addition, our product labeling, advertising and promotion would be subject to regulatory requirements and continuing regulatory
review. FDA strictly regulates the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products. In particular, a product may
not be promoted for uses that are not approved by FDA as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. If we receive marketing
approval for our product candidates, physicians may nevertheless legally prescribe our products to their patients in a manner
that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant
liability and government fines. FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of
off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant sanctions,
including revocation of its marketing approval. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies
for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. FDA has also requested
that companies enter into consent decrees of permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed.
If
we or a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity
or frequency, problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, or we or our manufacturers fail to comply with applicable
regulatory requirements, we may be subject to the following administrative or judicial sanctions:
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restrictions
on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, withdrawal of the product from the market, or voluntary or mandatory product
recalls;
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issuance
of warning letters or untitled letters;
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clinical
holds;
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injunctions
or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines;
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suspension
or withdrawal of regulatory approval;
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suspension
of any ongoing clinical trials;
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refusal
to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us, or suspension or revocation of product
license approvals;
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suspension
or imposition of restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements; or
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product
seizure or detention or refusal to permit the import or export of product.
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The
occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any of
our other product candidates and generate revenue. Adverse regulatory action, whether pre- or post-approval, can also potentially
lead to product liability claims and increase our product liability exposure.
We
are in the process of evaluating potential next steps in the development of LYPDISO.
Based
on the results of our ENANCE-IT study for LYPDISO, and given the significant time and cost associated with cardiovascular outcomes
clinical trials, we have initiated a process to identify a partner to advance development of LYPDISO and have allocated resources
away from a Phase 3 program for LYPDISO. However, there is no guarantee that we will identify a suitable partner for LYPDISO or
that we will be able to enter into a partnering agreement on favorable terms. In the event that we do not identify a suitable
partner, enter into a partnering agreement on favorable terms, or if a potential partner fails to satisfy its obligations to develop
and commercialize LIPDOSO, we may never realize the full or any value from LYPDISO.
Future
legislation, and/or regulations and policies adopted by the FDA may increase the time and cost required for us to conduct and
complete clinical trials of LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 and any other product candidates that we may develop.
FDA
has established regulations to govern the drug development and approval process, as have foreign regulatory authorities. The policies
of FDA and other regulatory authorities may change, and additional laws or government regulations may be promulgated that could
prevent, limit, delay but also accelerate regulatory review of our product candidates. For example, in December 2016, the Cures
Act was signed into law. The Cures Act, among other things, is intended to modernize the regulation of drugs and spur innovation,
but all of its provisions have yet to be implemented. Among other things, the Cures Act provides a new “limited population”
pathway for certain antibacterial and antifungal drugs, or LPAD, but FDA has not issued final guidance regarding the LPAD yet.
Additionally, in August 2017, FDA issued final guidance setting forth its current thinking with respect to development programs
and clinical trial designs for antibacterial drugs to treat serous bacterial diseases in patients with an unmet medical need.
We cannot predict what if any effect the Cures Act or any existing or future guidance from FDA will have on development of our
product candidates.
Healthcare
legislative or regulatory reform measures, including government restrictions on pricing and reimbursement, may have a negative
impact on our business and results of operations.
In
the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and continue to be, several legislative and regulatory changes
and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of product candidates, restrict
or regulate post approval activities, and affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing
approval.
Among
policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare
systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access. In the United States,
the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative
initiatives. For example, in the United States, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (“ACA”) substantially
changed the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers and significantly affects the pharmaceutical
industry. Many provisions of the ACA impact the biopharmaceutical industry, including that in order for a biopharmaceutical product
to receive federal reimbursement under the Medicare Part B and Medicaid programs or to be sold directly to U.S. government agencies,
the manufacturer must extend discounts to entities eligible to participate in the drug pricing program under the Public Health
Services Act, or PHS. Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges and amendments to certain aspects
of ACA. There is continued uncertainty about the implementation of the ACA, including the potential for further amendments to
the ACA and legal challenges to or efforts to repeal the ACA.
Additionally,
there has been heightened governmental scrutiny in the United States of pharmaceutical pricing practices in light of the rising
cost of prescription drugs and biologics. Such scrutiny has resulted in several recent congressional inquiries and proposed and
enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the
relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for
products. At the federal level, the now-departed Trump administration proposed numerous prescription drug cost control measures.
Similarly, the new Biden administration has made lowering prescription drug prices one of its priorities. The Biden administration
has not yet proposed any specific plans, but we expect that these will be forthcoming in the near term. At the state level, legislatures
are increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing,
including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure
and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Other
examples of proposed changes include, but are not limited to, expanding post-approval requirements, changing the Orphan Drug Act,
and restricting sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products.
We
cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether government regulations, guidance or interpretations
will be changed, or what the impact of such changes would be on the marketing approvals, sales, pricing, or reimbursement of our
drug candidates or products, if any, may be. We expect that these and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in
the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for
any approved drug. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction
in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from
being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our drugs.
In
addition, FDA regulations and guidance may be revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business
and our products. Any new regulations or guidance, or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations or guidance, may
impose additional costs or lengthen FDA review times for our product candidates. We cannot determine how changes in regulations,
statutes, policies, or interpretations when and if issued, enacted or adopted, may affect our business in the future. Such changes
could, among other things, require:
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additional
clinical trials to be conducted prior to obtaining approval;
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changes
to manufacturing methods;
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recalls,
replacements, or discontinuance of one or more of our products; and
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additional
recordkeeping.
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Such
changes would likely require substantial time and impose significant costs, or could reduce the potential commercial value of
our product candidates. In addition, delays in receipt of or failure to receive regulatory clearances or approvals for any other
products would harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Reimbursement
rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on payments allowed
for lower-cost products that are already reimbursed, may be incorporated into existing payments for other products or services,
and may reflect budgetary constraints and/or imperfections in Medicare or Medicaid data used to calculate these rates. Net prices
for products may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government health care programs. Such legislation, or
similar regulatory changes or relaxation of laws that restrict imports of products from other countries, could reduce the net
price we receive for any future marketed products. As a result, our future products might not ultimately be considered cost-effective.
We cannot be certain that reimbursement will be available for any of our product candidates. Also, we cannot be certain that reimbursement
policies will not reduce the demand for, or the price paid for, any future products. If reimbursement is not available or is available
on a limited basis, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidates that we develop.
Our
future growth depends, in part, on our ability to penetrate foreign markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory
burdens and other risks and uncertainties.
Our
future profitability will depend, in part, on our ability to commercialize our product candidates in foreign markets for which
we intend to rely on collaborations with third parties. If we commercialize LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any other product candidates
that we may develop in foreign markets, we would be subject to additional risks and uncertainties, including:
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our
customers’ ability to obtain reimbursement for our product candidates in foreign markets;
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our
inability to directly control commercial activities because we are relying on third parties;
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the
burden of complying with complex and changing foreign regulatory, tax, accounting and legal requirements;
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different
medical practices and customs in foreign countries affecting acceptance in the marketplace;
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import
or export licensing requirements;
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longer
accounts receivable collection times;
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longer
lead times for shipping;
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language
barriers for technical training;
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reduced
protection of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries;
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foreign
currency exchange rate fluctuations; and
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the
interpretation of contractual provisions governed by foreign laws in the event of a contract dispute.
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Foreign
sales of our product candidates could also be adversely affected by the imposition of governmental controls, political and economic
instability, trade restrictions and changes in tariffs, any of which may adversely affect our results of operations.
If
we market our product candidates in a manner that violates healthcare fraud and abuse laws, or if we violate government price
reporting laws, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties.
FDA
enforces laws and regulations which require that the promotion of pharmaceutical products be consistent with the approved prescribing
information. While physicians may prescribe an approved product for a so-called “off label” use, it is unlawful for
a pharmaceutical company to promote its products in a manner that is inconsistent with its approved label and any company which
engages in such conduct can subject that company to significant liability. Similarly, industry codes in the EU and other foreign
jurisdictions prohibit companies from engaging in off-label promotion and regulatory agencies in various countries enforce violations
of the code with civil penalties. While we intend to ensure that our promotional materials are consistent with our label, regulatory
agencies may disagree with our assessment and may issue untitled letters, warning letters or may institute other civil or criminal
enforcement proceedings. In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, several other types of state
and federal healthcare fraud and abuse laws have been applied in recent years to restrict certain marketing practices in the pharmaceutical
industry. These laws include the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute, U.S. False Claims Act and similar state laws. Because of the breadth
of these laws and the narrowness of the safe harbors, it is possible that some of our business activities could be
The
U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration
to induce, or in return for, purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item
or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted
broadly to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary
managers on the other. Although there are several statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities
from prosecution, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce
prescribing, purchasing or recommending may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor. Our
practices may not, in all cases, meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from anti-kickback liability. Moreover, recent
health care reform legislation has strengthened these laws. For example, the ACA, among other things, amends the intent requirement
of the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal health care fraud statutes; a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge
of this statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the ACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including
items or services resulting from a violation of the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes
of the U.S. False Claims Act. Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented,
a false claim for payment to the federal government or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to get a false
claim paid.
Over
the past few years, several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for a variety
of alleged promotional and marketing activities, such as: allegedly providing free trips, free goods, sham consulting fees and
grants and other monetary benefits to prescribers; reporting to pricing services inflated average wholesale prices that were then
used by federal programs to set reimbursement rates; engaging in off-label promotion that caused claims to be submitted to Medicare
or Medicaid for non-covered, off-label uses; and submitting inflated best price information to the Medicaid Rebate Program to
reduce liability for Medicaid rebates. Most states also have statutes or regulations similar to the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute
and the U.S. False Claims Act, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several
states, apply regardless of the payor. Sanctions under these federal and state laws may include substantial civil monetary penalties,
exclusion of a manufacturer’s products from reimbursement under government programs, substantial criminal fines and imprisonment.
We
have been and expect to be significantly dependent on our collaborative agreements for the development of MAT2203 and MAT2501,
which exposes us to the risk of reliance on the performance of third parties.
In
conducting our research and development activities for MAT2203 and MAT2501, we currently rely, and expect to continue to rely,
on collaborative agreements with universities, governmental agencies and not-for-profit organizations for both strategic and financial
resources. Key among these agreements is our collaboration agreements with the NIH for the development of MAT2203 and our award
agreement with the CFF for the development of MAT2501. The loss of, or failure to perform by us or our partners under any applicable
agreements or arrangements, or our failure to secure additional agreements for our product candidates, would substantially disrupt
or delay our research and development activities, including our in-process and anticipated clinical trials. Any such loss would
likely increase our expenses and materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operation.
We
expect that we will rely on third parties to conduct clinical trials for our product candidates. If these third parties do not
successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for
or commercialize LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any other product candidates that we may develop, and our business could be substantially
harmed.
We
expect to enter into agreements with third-party CROs, or governmental entities like the NIH, to conduct and manage our clinical
programs. We rely heavily on these parties for execution of clinical studies for LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 and our other product
candidates and can control only certain and very limited aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we would be responsible for
ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards,
and our reliance on the NIH or CROs would not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We, the NIH and our CROs would be
required to comply with cGCPs, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member
States of the European Economic Area and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for any products in clinical development. The
FDA enforces these cGCP regulations through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If
we or the NIH or our CROs fail to comply with applicable cGCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed
unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before
approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, the FDA will determine that any of our clinical
trials comply with cGCPs. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with products produced under cGMP regulations and
will require a large number of test subjects. Our failure or the failure of the NIH or our CROs to comply with these regulations
may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process and could also subject us to enforcement
action up to and including civil and criminal penalties.
As
a result, many important aspects of our drug development programs would be outside of our direct control. In addition, the NIH
or the CROs may not perform all of their obligations under their arrangements with us or in compliance with regulatory requirements.
If NIH or the CROs do not perform clinical trials in a satisfactory manner, breach their obligations to us or fail to comply with
regulatory requirements, the development and commercialization of LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any other product candidates that
we may develop may be delayed or our development program may be materially and irreversibly harmed. We cannot control the amount
and timing of resources these CROs would devote to our program or our product candidates. If we are unable to rely on the clinical
data collected by our CROs, we could be required to repeat, extend the duration of, or increase the size of our clinical trials,
which could significantly delay commercialization and require significantly greater expenditures. If any of our relationships
with these third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs. As a result of the
foregoing, our financial results and the commercial prospects for LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 and our other product candidates would
be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed.
LYPDISO
is designed to be a prescription-only omega-3 fatty acid-based medication. Omega-3 fatty acid-based products are also marketed
by other companies as dietary supplements, which, unlike drugs, are not subject to FDA approval and therefore do not require a
prescription and are not subject to pharmaceutical manufacturing standards. As a result, LYPDISO, if approved, would be subject
to competition from products for which no prescription is required.
If
approved by the regulatory authorities, LYPDISO will be a prescription-only omega-3 fatty acid-based medication. Mixtures of omega-3
fatty acids are naturally occurring substances in various foods, including fatty fish. Omega-3 fatty acids are also marketed as
dietary supplements, which may generally be marketed without a lengthy FDA premarket review and approval process and are not subject
to prescription. However, unlike prescription drug products, manufacturers of dietary supplements may not make therapeutic claims
for their products; dietary supplements may be marketed with claims describing how the product affects the structure or function
of the body without premarket approval but may not expressly or implicitly represent that the dietary supplement will diagnose,
cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease. We believe the exact omega-3 fatty acid composition and pharmaceutical-grade purity
of LYPDISO has a superior therapeutic profile to the omega-3 compositions in commercially available dietary supplements. However,
we cannot be sure that physicians or consumers will view LYPDISO as superior. To the extent the price of LYPDISO is significantly
higher than the prices of commercially available omega-3 fatty acids marketed by other companies as dietary supplements, physicians
may recommend these commercial alternatives instead of LYPDISO or patients may elect on their own to take commercially available
non-prescription omega-3 fatty acids. Either of these outcomes may adversely impact our results of operations by limiting product
sales and how we price our product, thereby limiting the revenue we receive from sales of LYPDISO
We
are, and will be, completely dependent on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and our commercialization of efforts
could be halted, delayed or made less profitable if those third parties fail to obtain manufacturing approval from the FDA or
comparable foreign regulatory authorities, fail to provide us with sufficient quantities of any product candidate or fail to do
so at acceptable quality levels or prices.
We
do not currently have, nor do we plan to acquire, the capability or infrastructure to manufacture the active pharmaceutical ingredient,
or API, in MAT2203, or any of our product candidates, for use in our clinical trials or for commercial product, if any. As a result,
we will rely on contract manufacturers throughout the development process and then if and when MAT2203, or any of our product
candidates are approved for commercialization. We have not entered into any agreement with any contract manufacturers for commercial
supply and may not be able to engage a contract manufacturer for commercial supply of MAT22203, or any of our product candidates,
on favorable terms to us, or at all.
The
facilities used by our contract manufacturers to manufacture any of our product candidates must be approved by the FDA pursuant
to inspections that will be conducted after we submit our NDA to the FDA. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and
are completely dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners for compliance with cGMPs for manufacture of both active drug
substances and finished drug products. These cGMP regulations cover all aspects of the manufacturing, testing, quality control
and record keeping relating to our product candidates. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material
that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA or others, they will not be able to secure
and/or maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities. If the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority
does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of a product candidate or if it withdraws any such approval in the future,
we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain regulatory
approval for or market such product candidate , if approved.
Our
contract manufacturers will be subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and corresponding state and foreign
agencies for compliance with cGMPs and similar regulatory requirements. We do not have control over our contract manufacturers’
compliance with these regulations and standards. Failure by any of our contract manufacturers to comply with applicable regulations
could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, failure to grant approval to market
any of our product candidates , delays, suspensions or withdrawals of approvals, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions,
any of which could significantly and adversely affect our business. In addition, we have no control over the ability of our contract
manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. Failure by our contract manufacturers
to comply with or maintain any of these standards could adversely affect our ability to develop, obtain regulatory approval for
or market any of our product candidates .
If,
for any reason, these third parties are unable or unwilling to perform, we may not be able to terminate our agreements with them,
and we may not be able to locate alternative manufacturers or formulators or enter into favorable agreements with them and we
cannot be certain that any such third parties will have the manufacturing capacity to meet future requirements. If these manufacturers
or any alternate manufacturer of finished drug product experiences any significant difficulties in its respective manufacturing
processes for our API or finished product or should cease doing business with us, we could experience significant interruptions
in product supply or may not be able to create a supply of any product candidate at all. Were we to encounter manufacturing issues,
our ability to produce a sufficient product supply might be negatively affected. Our inability to coordinate the efforts of our
third-party manufacturing partners, or the lack of capacity available at our third party manufacturing partners, could impair
our ability to supply any product candidate at required levels. Because of the significant regulatory requirements that we would
need to satisfy in order to qualify a new bulk or finished product manufacturer, if we face these or other difficulties with our
current manufacturing partners, we could experience significant interruptions in product supply if we decided to transfer manufacturing
to one or more alternative manufacturers in an effort to deal with the difficulties.
Any
manufacturing problem or the loss of a contract manufacturer could be disruptive to our operations and result in lost sales. Additionally,
we rely on third parties to supply the raw materials needed to manufacture our potential products. Any reliance on suppliers may
involve several risks, including a potential inability to obtain critical materials and reduced control over production costs,
delivery schedules, reliability and quality. Any unanticipated disruption to a future contract manufacturer caused by problems
at suppliers could delay shipment of our product candidates, increase our cost of goods sold and result in lost sales.
We
cannot guarantee that our manufacturing and supply partners will be able to reduce the costs of commercial scale manufacturing
of any product candidate over time. If the commercial-scale manufacturing costs of LYPDISO are higher than expected, these costs
may significantly impact our operating results. In order to reduce costs, we may need to develop and implement process improvements.
However, in order to do so, we will need, from time to time, to notify or make submissions with regulatory authorities, and the
improvements may be subject to approval by such regulatory authorities. We cannot be sure that we will receive these necessary
approvals or that these approvals will be granted in a timely fashion. We also cannot guarantee that we will be able to enhance
and optimize output in our commercial manufacturing process. If we cannot enhance and optimize output, we may not be able to reduce
our costs over time.
Outbreaks
of communicable diseases may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We
face risks related to health epidemics or outbreaks of communicable diseases. The outbreak of communicable diseases, such as COVID-19,
have resulted in a widespread health crisis that has adversely affected general commercial activity and the economies and financial
markets of many countries. Since some of our business partners are outside of the U.S., in China and other Asian countries, including
manufacturing operations for our active pharmaceutical ingredient, an outbreak of communicable diseases in Asia or elsewhere,
or the perception that such an outbreak could occur, and the measures taken by the governments of countries affected could adversely
affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. For example, an outbreak could significantly disrupt our business
by limiting our ability to travel or ship materials within or outside China and forcing temporary closure of facilities that we
rely upon.
Risks
Relating to Our Intellectual Property Rights and Regulatory Exclusivity
We
depend on certain technologies that are licensed to us. We do not control these technologies and any loss of our rights to them
could prevent us from discovering, developing and commercializing our product candidates.
We
rely partially upon our LNC platform delivery technology which is licensed to us by Rutgers. We do not own the patents that underly
this in-license technology. Our rights to use the technology we license are subject to the negotiation of, continuation of and
compliance with the terms of our license agreement with Rutgers. Pursuant to the terms of our license agreement with Rutgers,
we control the prosecution, maintenance, or filing of the patents to which we hold licenses, as well as the enforcement of these
patents against third parties. However, some of our patents and patent applications were either acquired from another company
who acquired those patents and patent applications from yet another company or are licensed from a third party. Thus, these patents
and patent applications were not written by us or our attorneys, and we did not have control over the drafting and prosecution
of certain of these patents. The former patent owners and our licensors might not have given the same attention to the drafting
and prosecution of these patents and applications as we would have if we had been the owners of the patents and applications and
had control over the drafting and prosecution. We cannot be certain that drafting and/or prosecution of the licensed patents and
patent applications by the licensors have been or will be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations or will
result in valid and enforceable patents and other intellectual property rights.
Our
rights to use the technology we license are subject to the validity of the owner’s intellectual property rights. Enforcement
of our licensed patents or defense or any claims asserting the invalidity of these patents is often subject to the control or
cooperation of our licensors. Legal action could be initiated against the owners of the intellectual property that we license
and an adverse outcome in such legal action could harm our business because it might prevent such companies or institutions from
continuing to license intellectual property that we may need to operate our business. In addition, such licensors may resolve
such litigation in a way that benefits them but adversely affects our ability to use the licensed technology for our products.
Certain
of our licenses contained in our agreement with Rutgers contain provisions that allow the licensor to terminate the license if
(i) we breach any payment obligation or other material provision under the agreement and fail to cure the breach within a fixed
time following written notice of termination, (ii) we or any of our affiliates, licensees or sub licensees directly or indirectly
challenge the validity, enforceability, or extension of any of the licensed patents or (iii) we declare bankruptcy or dissolve.
Our rights under the licenses are subject to our continued compliance with the terms of the license, including the payment of
royalties due under the license. Termination of these licenses would prevent us from discovering, developing and commercializing
product candidates based on the LNC platform delivery technology, including our lead anti-infective product candidates, MAT2203
and MAT2501. Determining the scope of the license and related royalty obligations can be difficult and can lead to disputes between
us and the licensor. An unfavorable resolution of such a dispute could lead to an increase in the royalties’ payable pursuant
to the license. If a licensor believed we were not paying the royalties due under the license or were otherwise not in compliance
with the terms of the license, the licensor might attempt to revoke the license. If such an attempt were successful, we might
be barred from discovering, developing and commercializing product candidates based on the LNC platform delivery technology, including
our lead anti-infective product candidates.
If
we discontinue development of the LNC platform delivery technology, we would be required to return such technology to the former
stockholders of Aquarius and we would lose the rights to our lead product candidates.
Under
certain circumstances, we will be required to transfer Aquarius’ LNC platform delivery technology back to the former shareholders
of Aquarius. This transfer would be required under the Merger Agreement in the event the following conditions are met: (i) no
milestone events have occurred on or before the two-year anniversary of the effective time of the Aquarius Merger (the “Transfer
Date”), (ii) during such period we shall have discontinued efforts to develop or commercialize the LNC platform delivery
technology (as conclusively demonstrated by our omission of the LNC platform delivery technology in at least two consecutive royalty,
progress and payment reports delivered to Rutgers pursuant to the license agreement entered into between Aquarius and Rutgers)
and (iii) as of the Transfer Date, no unresolved indemnification claims for us and our indemnified parties are pending. If the
foregoing conditions are met, we would transfer the LNC platform delivery technology to the stockholder representative or to a
newly formed entity as directed by the stockholder representative (in either case for the benefit of the former Aquarius stockholders)
following receipt of any necessary third-party consents required for the transfer, which we shall use its commercially reasonable
efforts to obtain. If we are required to transfer the LNC platform delivery technology back to the former shareholders of Aquarius,
we would lose our rights to our lead product candidates, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business.
It
is difficult and costly to protect our intellectual property rights, and we cannot ensure the protection of these rights.
Our
commercial success will depend, in part, on obtaining and maintaining patent protection for our technologies, products and processes,
successfully defending these patents against third-party challenges and successfully enforcing these patents against third party
competitors. The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and
factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations
of patent laws may diminish the value of our intellectual property. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that
may be allowable or enforceable in our patents (including patents owned and licensed by us). We currently own or have rights to
33 issued patents relating to our LNC platform delivery technology, as well as pending patent applications for our LNC platform
delivery technology that may never be approved by the United States or foreign patent offices. Furthermore, any patents which
may eventually be issued from existing patent applications for any of our technologies, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented
by third parties and might not protect us against competitors with similar products or technologies.
The
degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, because legal means afford only limited protection and may
not adequately protect our rights, permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage, or provide us with any competitive advantage
at all. We cannot be certain that any patent application owned by a third party will not have priority over patent applications
filed by us, or that we will not be involved in interference, opposition or invalidity proceedings before the United States or
foreign patent offices.
We
also rely on trade secrets to protect technology, especially in cases where we believe patent protection is not appropriate or
obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. While we require employees, academic collaborators, consultants and
other contractors to enter into confidentiality agreements, we may not be able to adequately protect our trade secrets or other
proprietary or licensed information. Typically, research collaborators and scientific advisors have rights to publish data and
information in which we may have rights. If we cannot maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary technology and other confidential
information, our ability to receive patent protection and our ability to protect valuable information owned by us may be imperiled.
Enforcing a claim that a third-party entity illegally obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming,
and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets than patents. Moreover,
our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how.
If
we fail to obtain or maintain patent protection or trade secret protection for our technologies, third parties could use our proprietary
information, which could impair our ability to compete in the market and adversely affect our ability to generate revenues and
attain profitability.
We
may also develop trademarks to distinguish our products from the products of our competitors. We cannot guarantee that any trademark
applications filed by us or our business partners will be approved. Third parties may also oppose such trademark applications,
or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that the trademarks we use are successfully challenged, we could
be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote resources to
advertising and marketing new brands. Further, we cannot provide assurance that competitors will not infringe the trademarks we
use, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce these trademarks.
Our
product candidates may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which could increase our costs and delay or prevent
our development and commercialization efforts.
Our
success depends in part on avoiding infringement of the proprietary technologies of others. The pharmaceutical industry has been
characterized by frequent litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. Identification of third-party patent
rights that may be relevant to our proprietary technology is difficult because patent searching is imperfect due to differences
in terminology among patents, incomplete databases and the difficulty in assessing the meaning of patent claims. Additionally,
because patent applications are maintained in secrecy until the application is published, we may be unaware of third-party patents
that may be infringed by commercialization of LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any future product candidate. There may be certain
issued patents and patent applications claiming subject matter that we may be required to license in order to research, develop
or commercialize LYPDISO, MAT2203 or MAT2501 and we do not know if such patents and patent applications would be available to
license on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any claims of patent infringement asserted by third parties against us would
be time-consuming and may:
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in costly litigation;
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divert
the time and attention of our technical personnel and management;
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prevent
us from commercializing a product until the asserted patent expires or is held finally invalid or not infringed in a court
of law;
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require
us to cease or modify our use of the technology and/or develop non-infringing technology; or
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require
us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements.
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Although
no third party has asserted a claim of infringement against us, others may hold proprietary rights that could prevent LYPDISO,
MAT2203 or MAT2501 from being marketed. Any patent-related legal action against us claiming damages and seeking to enjoin commercial
activities relating to LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or our processes could subject us to potential liability for damages and require
us to obtain a license to continue to manufacture or market our current product candidates or any future product candidates. We
cannot predict whether we would prevail in any such actions or that any license required under any of these patents would be made
available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, we cannot be sure that we could redesign, LYPDISO, MAT2203,
MAT2501or any future product candidates or processes to avoid infringement, if necessary. Accordingly, an adverse determination
in a judicial or administrative proceeding, or the failure to obtain necessary licenses, could prevent us from developing and
commercializing LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or a future product candidate, which could harm our business, financial condition and
operating results.
We
anticipate that competitors may from time to time oppose our efforts to obtain patent protection for new technologies or to submit
patented technologies for regulatory approval. Competitors may seek to oppose our patent applications to delay the approval process
or to challenge our granted patents, for example, by requesting a reexamination of our patent at the United States Patent and
Trademark Office, or the USPTO, or by filing an opposition in a foreign patent office, even if the opposition or challenge has
little or no merit. Such proceedings are generally highly technical, expensive and time consuming, and there can be no assurance
that such a challenge would not result in the narrowing or complete revocation of any patent of ours that was so challenged.
Moreover,
generic companies have received FDA approval of generic versions of Amarin Corporation’s Vascepa® (icosapent ethyl),
which is made from an omega-3 fatty acid, in the United States. Any generic market entry of a generic prescription omega-3 fatty
acid product could limit our U.S. sales, which would have a significant adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
In addition, even if a competitor’s effort to introduce a generic product is ultimately unsuccessful, the perception that
such development is in progress and/or news related to such progress could materially affect the perceived value of our company
and our stock price.
General
Company-Related Risks
We
will need to increase the size of our organization to grow our business, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.
We
currently have only twenty employees as of March 22, 2021. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies
develop, we will need to expand the size of our employee base for managerial, development, operational, sales, marketing, financial
and other resources. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need
to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees. In addition, our management may have to divert a
disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing
these growth activities. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our product candidates and our ability
to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.
If
we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our
business strategy. In addition, the loss of the services of certain key employees would adversely impact our business prospects.
If
we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our
business strategy. In addition, the loss of the services of certain key employees, including Jerome D. Jabbour, our Chief Executive
Officer and President, and James J. Ferguson, our Chief Medical Officer, would adversely impact our business prospects.
Our
ability to compete in the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry depends in large part upon our ability to attract highly
qualified managerial, scientific and medical personnel. In order to induce valuable employees to remain with us, we intend to
provide employees with stock options that vest over time. The value to employees of stock options that vest over time will be
significantly affected by movements in our stock price that we will not be able to control and may at any time be insufficient
to counteract more lucrative offers from other companies.
Other
pharmaceutical companies with which we compete for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk
profiles, and a longer history in the industry than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances
for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates than what we have to offer.
If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high-quality personnel, the rate and success at which we can develop and commercialize
product candidates would be limited.
If
product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization
of our product candidates.
We
face a potential risk of product liability as a result of the clinical testing of LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any future product
candidates and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any other future product. For example,
we may be sued if any product we develop or any material that we use in our products allegedly causes injury or is found to be
otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations
of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability
and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend
ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of
LYPDISO, MAT2203 or MAT2501. Even successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless
of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:
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decreased
demand for LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 or any future products that we may develop;
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injury
to our reputation;
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withdrawal
of clinical trial participants;
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costs
to defend the related litigation;
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a
diversion of management’s time and our resources;
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substantial
monetary awards to trial participants or patients;
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product
recalls, withdrawals or labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions;
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loss
of revenue;
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the
inability to commercialize our product candidates; and
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a
decline in our stock price.
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Our
inability to obtain and retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product
liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products we develop. We have obtained product liability insurance
covering our clinical trials in the amount of greater than or equal to $5 million in the aggregate. Although we will maintain
such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not
covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. Our insurance policies
also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We may have to
pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered
by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts.
Our
internal computer systems, or those of our CROs or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which
could result in a material disruption of our product development programs.
Despite
the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our CROs and other contractors and consultants
are vulnerable to damage or disruption from computer viruses, software bugs, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism,
war, and telecommunication, equipment and electrical failures. While we have not, to our knowledge, experienced any significant
system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations,
it could result in a material disruption of our programs. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing
clinical trials for any of our product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly
increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of
or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure or theft of confidential or proprietary information, we could
incur liability, the further development of our product candidates could be delayed, our competitive position could be compromised,
or our business reputation could be harmed.
We
may acquire businesses or products, or form strategic alliances, in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such acquisitions.
We
may acquire additional businesses or products, form strategic alliances or create joint ventures with third parties that we believe
will complement or augment our existing business. If we acquire businesses with promising markets or technologies, we may not
be able to realize the benefit of acquiring such businesses if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing
operations and company culture. We may encounter numerous difficulties in developing, manufacturing and marketing any new products
resulting from a strategic alliance or acquisition that delay or prevent us from realizing their expected benefits or enhancing
our business. We cannot assure you that, following any such acquisition, we will achieve the expected synergies to justify the
transaction.
Risks
related to our Securities
Pursuant
to the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock, we may be obligated to pay significant royalties.
Pursuant
to the terms of the Certificate of Designations of Preferences, Rights and Limitations (the “Certificate of Designations”)
for our Series A Preferred Stock, we are required to pay royalties of up to $35 million per year. If and when we obtain FDA or
EMA approval of MAT2203 and/or MAT2501, which we do not expect to occur before 2023, if ever, and/or if we generate sales of such
products, or we receive any proceeds from the licensing or other disposition of MAT2203 or MAT2501, we are required to pay to
the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, subject to certain vesting requirements, in aggregate, a royalty equal to (i) 4.5%
of Net Sales (as defined in the Certificate of Designations), subject in all cases to a cap of $25 million per calendar year,
and (ii) 7.5% of Licensing Proceeds (as defined in the Certificate of Designations), subject in all cases to a cap of $10 million
per calendar year. The Royalty Payment Rights will expire when the patents covering the applicable product expire, which is currently
expected to be in 2033.
We
are obligated to pay dividends on outstanding shares of our preferred stock.
Holders
of our Series B Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive dividends equaling a number of shares of common stock equal to 20%
of the shares of common stock underlying the Series B Preferred then held by such holder on June 19, 2021.
The
payment of such dividends will result in additional dilution to our holders of our common stock.
The
rights of the holders of common stock may be impaired by the potential issuance of preferred stock.
Our
articles of incorporation give our board of directors the ability to designate and issue preferred stock in one or more series.
As a result, the board of directors may, without stockholder approval, issue new series of preferred stock with voting, dividend,
conversion, liquidation or other rights which could adversely affect the relative voting power and equity interest of the holders
of common stock. Additional issuances of preferred stock, which could be issued with the right to more than one vote per share,
could have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change of control of us. The possible impact on takeover attempts
could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Although we have no present intention to designate any new series, or issue
any shares, of preferred stock, we may do so in the future.
A
reverse-stock split of our common stock may not have the intended consequences.
On
January 26, 2021, our shareholders approved an amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split at
a ratio in the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-15, to be determined at the discretion of the Board. We believe that the reverse stock
split may result in an increase to the market price of our common stock, enhance the appeal of our common stock to the financial
community, improve the trading liquidity of our common stock, make it possible for us to “up-list” our common stock
to a higher tier stock exchange, and make us eligible for inclusion on certain biotechnology and pharmaceutical trading indices
and exchange-traded funds.
However,
we cannot assure you that the reverse stock split, if implemented, will result in any anticipated benefits, including an increase
of the market price of our common stock in proportion to the reduction in the number of shares of our common stock outstanding.
Moreover, a reverse-stock split may have the effect of decreasing our overall market value. There can be no assurance that
the reverse stock split will result in a per share price that will attract institutional investors or investment funds or that
such share price will satisfy the investing guidelines of institutional investors or investment funds or improve the trading liquidity
of our common stock. Further, because implementation of the reverse stock split would not change the total number of shares
of our common stock authorized for issuance, the number of shares of our common stock available for issuance following the implementation
of the reverse stock split would increase to the extent the reverse stock split reduces the number of outstanding shares of our
common stock. Such available shares may be used for future corporate purposes, including future acquisitions, investment opportunities,
the establishment of collaboration or other strategic agreements, capital raising transactions involving equity or convertible
debt securities, future at the market offerings of common stock, or issuance under current or future employee equity plans, and
the issuance of equity securities in connection with such transactions may result in potentially significant dilution of our current
stockholders’ ownership interests in us.
We
do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.
The
Board of Directors will determine, in its sole discretion, our dividend policy after considering our financial condition, results
of operations and capital requirements, as well as other factors. No dividends may be declared or paid on our common stock, unless
a dividend, payable in the same consideration or manner, is simultaneously declared or paid, as the case may be, on the shares
of Series B Preferred Stock. We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future and you
should not invest in us with the anticipation of receiving dividend income.
An
active public trading market for our common stock may not be sustained.
Although
our common stock was listed on the NYSE American, the market for our shares has demonstrated varying levels of trading activity,
and we cannot assure you that an active trading market will be sustained. A lack of an active market may impair your ability to
sell shares of our common stock at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. The lack of an active
market may also reduce the price of shares of our common stock. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital
by selling shares of capital stock and may impair our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using our common stock
as consideration.
Our
share price has been and could remain volatile.
The
market price of our common stock has historically experienced and may continue to experience significant volatility. Our progress
in developing our product candidates, the impact of government regulations on our products and industry, the potential sale of
a large volume of our common stock by stockholders, our quarterly operating results, changes in general conditions in the economy
or the financial markets and other developments affecting us or our competitors could cause the market price of our common stock
to fluctuate substantially with significant market losses. If our stockholders sell a substantial number of shares of common stock,
especially if those sales are made during a short period of time, those sales could adversely affect the market price of our common
stock and could impair our ability to raise capital. In addition, in recent years, the stock market has experienced significant
price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has affected the market prices of securities issued by many companies for reasons
unrelated to their operating performance and may adversely affect the price of our common stock. In addition, we could be subject
to a securities class action litigation as a result of volatility in the price of our stock, which could result in substantial
costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources and could harm our stock price, business, prospects, results
of operations and financial condition.
If
securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they change their recommendations
regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The
trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish
about us or our business. Our research coverage by industry and financial analysts is currently limited. Even if our analyst coverage
increases, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more
of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial
markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
If
we are unable to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, the reliability of our financial reporting,
investor confidence in us and the value of our common stock could be adversely affected.
As
a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses
in such internal controls. Section 404 of SOX, or Section 404, requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our
internal controls over financial reporting and provide a management report on internal control over financial reporting. A material
weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable
possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected
on a timely basis.
Management
assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in “Internal Control—Integrated
Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment,
management has concluded as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective, as management
identified a deficiency in internal control over financial reporting that was determined to be a material weakness, and the auditor’s
report included an adverse opinion.
We
did not maintain an effective control environment over the internal control activities to ensure the processing of and reporting
of transactions are complete, accurate and timely. Specifically, we have not designed and implemented a sufficient level of formal
financial reporting and operating policies and procedures that define how transactions should be initiated, processed, recorded
and reported, including presentation and disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.
If
our steps are insufficient to successfully remediate the material weakness and otherwise establish and maintain an effective system
of internal control over financial reporting, the reliability of our financial reporting, investor confidence in us and the value
of our common stock could be materially and adversely affected. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary
for us to provide reliable and timely financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed
to reasonably detect and prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered
in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal
control over financial reporting could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.
Moreover,
we do not expect that disclosure controls or internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud.
A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control
system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints
and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems,
no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.
Failure of our control systems to prevent error or fraud could materially adversely impact us.
Failure
to build our finance infrastructure and improve our accounting systems and controls could impair our ability to comply with the
financial reporting and internal control requirements for publicly traded companies.
As
a public company, we operate in an increasingly demanding regulatory environment, which requires us to comply with applicable
provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the related rules and regulations of the SEC, expanded disclosure requirements, accelerated
reporting requirements and more complex accounting rules. Company responsibilities required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act include
establishing corporate oversight and adequate internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures.
Effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent financial
fraud.
We
rely on consultants to perform certain of our accounting and financial reporting functions. We will need to hire additional finance
personnel and build our financial infrastructure as we comply with public company reporting requirements, including complying
with the applicable requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We may be unable to do so on a timely basis.
Upon
dissolution of our company, you may not recoup all or any portion of your investment.
In
the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of our company, whether voluntary or involuntary, the proceeds and/or assets
of our company remaining after giving effect to such transaction, and the payment of all of our debts and liabilities will be
distributed first to the holders of our preferred stock and thereafter to the stockholders of common stock (including the holders
of our preferred stock on an “as converted” basis) on a pro rata basis. There can be no assurance that we will have
available assets to pay to the holders of common stock, or any amounts, upon such a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of
our Company. In this event, you could lose some or all of your investment.
Our
certificate of incorporation allows for our board to create new series of preferred stock without further approval by our stockholders,
which could adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock.
Our
board of directors has the authority to fix and determine the relative rights and preferences of preferred stock. We anticipate
that our board of directors will have the authority to issue up to 8,392,000 additional shares of our preferred stock without
further stockholder approval. As a result, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock
that would grant to holders the preferred right to our assets upon liquidation, the right to receive dividend payments before
dividends are distributed to the holders of common stock and the right to the redemption of the shares, together with a premium,
prior to the redemption of our common stock. In addition, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred
stock that has greater voting power than our common stock or that is convertible into our common stock, which could decrease the
relative voting power of our common stock or result in dilution to our existing stockholders.
Anti-takeover
provisions of our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial
to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove the current members of our
board and management.
Certain
provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws could discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition
or other change of control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive
a premium for your Shares. Furthermore, these provisions could prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or
remove members of our board of directors. These provisions also could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in
the future for our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. Stockholders who wish to participate
in these transactions may not have the opportunity to do so. These provisions, among other things:
●
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they
provide that special meetings of stockholders may be called only by the board of directors, President or our Chairman of the
Board of Directors, or at the request in writing by stockholders of record owning at least fifty (50%) percent of the issued
and outstanding voting shares of common stock;
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|
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●
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they
do not include a provision for cumulative voting in the election of directors. Under cumulative voting, a minority stockholder
holding a sufficient number of shares may be able to ensure the election of one or more directors. The absence of cumulative
voting may have the effect of limiting the ability of minority stockholders to effect changes in our board of directors; and
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●
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they
allow us to issue, without stockholder approval, up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock (of which up to 8,392,000 shares
remain available for issuance) that could adversely affect the rights and powers of the holders of our common stock.
|
In
addition, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, which may, unless
certain criteria are met, prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of the voting rights on our common
stock, from merging or combining with us for a prescribed period of time.
Our
certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and, to the extent enforceable, the
federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us
and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with
us or our directors, officers or employees.
Our
certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for (i) any derivative
action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim for breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our
directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision
of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed
by the internal affairs doctrine. Our certificate of incorporation further provides that the federal district courts of the United
States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities
Act, subject to and contingent upon a final adjudication in the State of Delaware of the enforceability of such exclusive forum
provision. These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that
it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against
us and our directors, officers and other employees. For example, stockholders who do bring a claim in the Court of Chancery could
face additional litigation costs in pursuing any such claim, particularly if they do not reside in or near the State of Delaware.
The Court of Chancery and federal district courts may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including
courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments
or results may be more favorable to us than to our stockholders. Some companies that adopted a similar federal district court
forum selection provision are currently subject to a suit in the Chancery Court of Delaware by stockholders who assert that the
provision is not enforceable. If a court were to find either choice of forum provision contained in our certificate of incorporation
to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other
jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. For example, the Court of Chancery of the State
of Delaware recently determined that the exclusive forum provision of federal district courts of the United States of America
for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act is not enforceable. As a result of this
decision, we do not currently intend to enforce the federal forum selection provision in our certificate of incorporation, unless
the decision is reversed on appeal. However, if the decision is reviewed on appeal and ultimately overturned by the Delaware Supreme
Court, we would enforce the federal district court exclusive forum provision.
Our
ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
As
a result of our merger with Aquarius Biotechnologies, Inc., our ability to utilize our U.S. federal net operating loss, carryforwards
and U.S. federal tax credits may be limited under Sections 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The limitations
apply if an “ownership change,” as defined by Section 382 and Section 383, occurs. Generally, an ownership change
occurs if the percentage of the value of the stock that is owned by one or more direct or indirect “five percent shareholders”
increases by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage at any time during the applicable testing period
(typically three years). In addition, future changes in our stock ownership, which may be outside of our control, may trigger
an “ownership change” and, consequently, Section 382 and Section 383 limitations. As a result, if we earn net taxable
income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset U.S. federal taxable
income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us. In addition, the
Tax Act, among other things, imposes significant additional limitations on the deductibility of interest and limits net operating
loss (NOL) deductions to 80% of net taxable income for losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017.
Item
1B.
|
Unresolved
Staff comments
|
None.
Facilities
Our
administrative offices consist of approximately 5,900 square feet of office space in Bedminster, NJ that we occupy under a lease
that expires in May 2021. On September 23, 2020, we entered into a lease amendment which provides for an additional 3,034 square
feet of space extends the term of the lease for seven years from the date the amendment becomes effective, which is anticipated
to be in the second quarter of 2021. We also lease laboratory space approximating 14,000 square feet in Bridgewater, NJ, that
expires in 2027.
Item
3.
|
Legal
Proceedings
|
We
are not currently a party to any legal proceedings, and we are not aware of any claims or actions pending or threatened against
us. In the future, we might from time to time become involved in litigation relating to claims arising from our ordinary course
of business.
Item
4.
|
Mine
Safety Disclosures
|
Not
applicable
PART
II
Item
5.
|
Market
For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters And Issuer Purchases Of Equity Securities
|
Market
Price and Dividend Information
Our
common stock is quoted on the NYSE American under the symbol “MTNB”. The following table sets forth the high and low
sales price for our common stock for each full quarterly period within the last two fiscal years, as reported by the NYSE American.
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Fiscal Year 2019
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|
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High
|
|
|
Low
|
|
First Quarter
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|
$
|
1.41
|
|
|
$
|
0.60
|
|
Second Quarter
|
|
$
|
1.11
|
|
|
$
|
0.79
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|
Third Quarter
|
|
$
|
0.76
|
|
|
$
|
0.59
|
|
Fourth Quarter
|
|
$
|
2.27
|
|
|
$
|
0.63
|
|
|
|
Fiscal Year 2020
|
|
|
|
High
|
|
|
Low
|
|
First Quarter
|
|
$
|
2.31
|
|
|
$
|
0.60
|
|
Second Quarter
|
|
$
|
0.92
|
|
|
$
|
0.52
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|
Third Quarter
|
|
$
|
0.96
|
|
|
$
|
0.67
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|
Fourth Quarter
|
|
$
|
1.47
|
|
|
$
|
0.76
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|
Holders
On
March 12, 2021, the closing sale price of our common stock, as reported by the NYSE American, was $1.20 per share and we had approximately
123 record holders of our common stock. The number of record holders was determined from the records of our transfer agent and
does not include beneficial owners of common stock whose shares are held in the names of various security brokers, dealers, and
registered clearing agencies. VStock Transfer, LLC is the transfer agent and registrar for our common stock.
Dividends
We
have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our
common stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development
and expansion of our business. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and
will depend upon a number of factors, including our results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, contractual
restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our board of directors deems relevant.
Recent
Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Repurchases
of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
We
did not purchase any of our registered securities during the period covered by this Annual Report.
Item
6.
|
Selected
Financial Data
|
Per
§229.301 of Regulation S-K, the Company, designated a Smaller Reporting Company as defined in Section §229.10(f)(1)
of Regulation S-K, is not required to provide selected financial data. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations is intended to help the reader understand the results of operations and financial condition
of the Company and should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the
year ended December 31, 2020.
Item
7.
|
Management’s
Discussion And Analysis Of Financial Condition And Results Of Operations
|
The
following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our financial
statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this
discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans
and strategy for our business and financing needs, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties and
should be read together with the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of important
factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements
contained in the following discussion and analysis. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these
forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report
and in other reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, particularly those under “Risk Factors.”
Dollars in tabular format are presented in thousands, except per share data, or otherwise indicated.
Overview
We
are focused on creating value through improving the intracellular delivery of critical therapeutics through our
paradigm-changing lipid nanocrystal (LNC) drug delivery platform and its application to overcome current challenges in safely
and effectively delivering small molecules, nucleic acids, gene therapies, proteins/peptides, and vaccines. We are also focused
on creating value through finding a partner to continue the development of LYPDISO, our proprietary, next-generation prescription
omega-3 drug, which we believe is differentiated from all other prescription omega-3 products and positioned to potentially demonstrate
superior cardioprotective effects.
Key
elements of our strategy include:
●
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Advancing
our clinical stage assets based on our LNC platform delivery technology and continuing to expand utilization of this promising
technology into areas of innovative medicine. .
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●
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Delivering
efficacy data for MAT2203 in the EnACT study for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis, which would highlight the safety
and efficacy of this promising drug, while highlighting the ability of our LNC platform technology to deliver potent medicines
across the blood-brain barrier following oral administration.
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●
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Progressing
the development of MAT2501 through extensive preclinical toxicology and efficacy studies in NTM infections and completing
a single ascending dose pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers later in 2021, all with the financial support of the Cystic
Fibrosis Foundation.
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●
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Expanding
the application of our LNC platform delivery technology through collaborations with sophisticated and well-resourced biotech
and pharmaceutical companies in areas of innovative medicine.
|
We
have incurred losses for each period from inception. Our net loss was approximately $22.4 million and $17.4 million for the fiscal
years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses over the next
several years. Accordingly, we will need additional financing to support our continuing operations. We will seek to fund our operations
through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, government or other third-party funding, collaborations and licensing
arrangements. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital
as and when needed would impact our going concern and would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability
to pursue our business strategy and continue as a going concern. We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve profitability,
and we may never do so.
Financial
Operations Overview
Revenue
During
the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we generated approximately$0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, in contract
research revenues, resulting from a grant with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation in 2020 and a feasibility study agreement entered
into with Genentech in 2019. Our ability to generate product revenue, which we do not expect to occur for many years, if ever,
will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our early-stage product candidates.
Research
and Development Expenses
Research
and development expenses consist of costs incurred for the development of product candidates LYPDISO, MAT2203, MAT2501 and advancement
of our LNC platform delivery technology, which include:
●
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the
cost of conducting pre-clinical work;
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●
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the
cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing pre-clinical and human clinical trial materials;
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|
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●
|
costs
for consultants and contractors associated with Chemistry and Manufacturing Controls (CMC), pre-clinical and clinical activities
and regulatory operations;
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●
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expenses
incurred under agreements with contract research organizations, or CROs, including the NIH, that conduct our pre-clinical
or clinical trials; and
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|
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●
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employee-related
expenses, including salaries and stock-based compensation expense for those employees involved in the research and development
process.
|
The
table below summarizes our direct research and development expenses for our product candidates and development platform for the
years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Our direct research and development expenses consist principally of external costs, such
as fees paid to contractors, consultants, analytical laboratories and CROs and/or the NIH, in connection with our development
work. We typically use our employee and infrastructure resources for manufacturing clinical trial materials, conducting product
analysis, study protocol development and overseeing outside vendors. Included in “Internal Staffing, Overhead and Other”
below is the cost of laboratory space, supplies, research and development (R&D) employee costs (including stock option expenses),
travel and medical education.
|
|
Years Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
Direct research and development expenses:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Manufacturing process development
|
|
$
|
1,421
|
|
|
$
|
1,081
|
|
Preclinical trials
|
|
|
744
|
|
|
|
1,538
|
|
Clinical development
|
|
|
5,149
|
|
|
|
2,565
|
|
Regulatory
|
|
|
95
|
|
|
|
190
|
|
Internal staffing, overhead and other
|
|
|
6,950
|
|
|
|
5,861
|
|
Total research & development
|
|
$
|
14,359
|
|
|
$
|
11,235
|
|
Research
and development activities are central to our business model. We expect our research and development expenses to increase because
product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages
of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage human trials. In addition, we will look
to strategically expand the use of our drug platform technology through additional development work. During 2021, we will be focused
on advancing our lead product candidates, MAT2203, to efficacy data in the treatment of CM, accelerating the preclinical development
of MAT2501 and also expanding application of our LNC platform delivery technology through collaborations with third parties. We
have also initiated a process to identify a suitable partner to continue the development of LYPDISO following the announcement
of topline date from the ENHANCE-IT study in February 2021.
General
and Administrative Expenses
General
and administrative expenses consist principally of salaries and related costs for personnel in executive and finance functions.
Other general and administrative expenses include facility costs, insurance, investor relations expenses, professional fees for
legal, patent review, consulting and accounting/audit services. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will
increase during 2021 due to the increased expenses related to employee compensation and insurance costs.
Sale
of Net Operating Losses (NOLs)
Income
obtained from selling unused net operating losses (NOLs) and unused research tax credits under the New Jersey Technology Business
Tax Certificate Program was approximately $1.1 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Other
Income, net
Other
income, net is largely comprised of interest income (expense) and franchise taxes.
Application
of Critical Accounting Policies and Accounting Estimates
A
critical accounting policy is one that is both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operation
and requires management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates
about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.
For
a description of our significant accounting policies, refer to “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”
Of these policies, the following are considered critical to an understanding of our Consolidated Financial Statements as they
require the application of the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments; (i) Stock-based compensation, (ii) Fair value
measurements, (iii) Research and development costs, (iv) Goodwill and other intangible assets, and (v) Basic and diluted net loss
per common share.
Current
Operating Trends
Our
current R&D efforts are focused on advancing our lead LNC product candidates, MAT2203, through clinical development toward
an initial indication for the treatment of CM, accelerating preclinical development of MAT2501 with the assistance of the CFF,
and expanding application of our LNC platform delivery technology through collaborations with third parties. Our R&D expenses
consist of manufacturing work and the cost of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients used in such work, fees paid to
consultants for work related to clinical trial design and regulatory activities, fees paid to providers for conducting various
clinical studies as well as for the analysis of the results of such studies, and for other medical research addressing the potential
efficacy and safety of our drugs. We believe that significant investment in product development is a competitive necessity, and
we plan to continue these investments in order to be in a position to realize the potential of our product candidates and proprietary
technologies.
We
expect that most of our R&D expenses in the near-term future will be incurred in support of our current and future preclinical
and clinical development programs rather than technology development. These expenditures are subject to numerous uncertainties
relating to timing and cost to completion. We test compounds in numerous preclinical studies for safety, toxicology and efficacy.
At the appropriate time, subject to the approval of regulatory authorities, we expect to conduct early-stage clinical trials for
each drug candidate. We anticipate funding these trials ourselves, and possibly with the assistance of federal grants, contracts
or other agreements. As we obtain results from trials, we may elect to discontinue or delay clinical trials for certain products
in order to focus our resources on more promising products. Completion of clinical trials may take several years, and the length
of time generally varies substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use of a product candidate.
The
commencement and completion of clinical trials for our products may be delayed by many factors, including lack of efficacy during
clinical trials, unforeseen safety issues, slower than expected participant recruitment, lack of funding or government delays.
In addition, we may encounter regulatory delays or rejections as a result of many factors, including results that do not support
the intended safety or efficacy of our product candidates, perceived defects in the design of clinical trials and changes in regulatory
policy during the period of product development. As a result of these risks and uncertainties, we are unable to accurately estimate
the specific timing and costs of our clinical development programs or the timing of material cash inflows, if any, from our product
candidates. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by any delays in,
or termination of, our clinical trials or a determination by the FDA that the results of our trials are inadequate to justify
regulatory approval, insofar as cash in-flows from the relevant drug or program would be delayed or would not occur.
Results
of Operations
Years
Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
The
following table summarizes our operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
|
|
Years Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
Revenues
|
|
$
|
158
|
|
|
$
|
90
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expenses:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
|
|
$
|
14,359
|
|
|
$
|
11,235
|
|
General and administrative
|
|
|
10,006
|
|
|
|
7,776
|
|
Operating Expenses
|
|
$
|
24,365
|
|
|
$
|
19,011
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sale of net operating losses (NOLs)
|
|
$
|
1,073
|
|
|
$
|
1,007
|
|
Revenues.
We generated approximately $158.3 thousand and approximately $89.8 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2020 and
2019, respectively. Amounts earned in 2020 consists of contract research revenue resulting from a grant with the Cystic Fibrosis
Foundation and the feasibility study agreement with Genentech Inc. The amount earned in 2019 consists of contract research revenue
resulting from a grant with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
Research
and Development expenses. R&D expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 was approximately $14.4 million, an increase
of approximately $3.2 million over the prior year. R&D expenses increased mainly due to higher preclinical and clinical development
expenses of approximately $1.8 million, employee compensation of approximately $1.3 million and manufacturing development and
other expenses of approximately $0.1 million. We expect R&D expenses to increase during 2021 as we move our clinical development
programs forward and continue to invest in our LNC platform delivery technology and our laboratory & manufacturing facility.
General
and Administrative expenses. General and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 was approximately
$10.0 million, an increase of approximately $2.2 million over prior year. The increase in general and administrative expense was
primarily due to an increase in employee related expenses of approximately $1.7 million and professional fees of approximately
$0.4 million.
Sale
of net operating losses (NOLs). The Company recognized approximately $1.1 million and $1.0 million for the years ended
December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, in connection with the sale of state net operating losses and state research and development
credits to a third party under the New Jersey Technology Business Tax Certificate Program.
Liquidity
and capital resources
Sources
of Liquidity
We
have funded our operations since inception primarily through private placements of our preferred stock and our common stock and
common stock warrants. As of December 31, 2020, we have raised a total of approximately $150.9 million in gross proceeds and $138.4
million, net, from sales of our equity securities.
As
of December 31, 2020, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, excluding restricted cash, totaling $58.7 million.
2020
At-The-Market Sales Agreement
On
July 2, 2020, we entered into an At-The-Market Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with BTIG, LLC (“BTIG”),
pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time, through BTIG, as sales agent and/or principal, shares of our common
stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000,000, subject to certain limitations on the amount of common stock that
may be offered and sold by us set forth in the Sales Agreement. BTIG will be paid a 3% commission on the gross proceeds from each
sale. We may terminate the Sales Agreement at any time; BTIG may terminate the Sales Agreement in certain limited circumstances.
As of December 31, 2020, we did not sell any shares of our common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement. During January 2021, BTIG
sold 3,023,147 shares of the Company’s common stock generating gross proceeds of approximately $5.8 million and net proceeds
of approximately $5.6 million, after deducting BTIG’s commission on gross proceeds.
2020
Common Stock Offering
On
January 14, 2020, the Company closed an underwritten public offering of its common stock. The offering resulted in the sale of
approximately 32.3 million shares to the public at a price of $1.55 per share. The Company generated net proceeds of approximately
$46.7 million. The Company granted the underwriters a 30-day option (the “option”) to purchase up to approximately
4.8 million additional shares of common stock subject to the same terms and conditions. No additional shares of the Company’s
common stock were sold pursuant to this option.
2019
Common Stock Offering
On
March 19, 2019, the Company closed an underwritten public offering of its common stock. The offering resulted in the sale of approximately
27.3 million shares to the public at a price of $1.10 per share. The Company generated net proceeds of approximately $27.8 million.
The Company granted the underwriters a 30-day option (the “option”) to purchase up to approximately 4.1 million additional
shares of common stock subject to the same terms and conditions. If the underwriters exercise the option in full, additional net
proceeds of approximately $4.2 million will be generated. On March 28, 2019, approximately 2.2 million additional shares were
sold pursuant to the option at a price of $1.10 per share, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $2.3 million.
2018
Series B Preferred Stock Offering
On
June 19, 2018, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement with ThinkEquity, a Division of Fordham Financial Management,
Inc., as placement agent , relating to the offering, issuance and sale of up to 8,000 shares of the Company’s Series B Convertible
Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share with a stated value of $1,000 per share which are convertible into an aggregate of
up to 16,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share at an initial conversion price of $0.50
per share of Common Stock and an additional up to 7,200,000 shares of Common Stock issuable upon payment of dividends under the
Series B Preferred Stock . The offering closed on June 21, 2018 raising a gross amount of $8 million with a net raise of $7.1
million after deducting issuance costs.
Cash
Flows
The
following table sets forth the primary sources and uses of cash for each of the period set forth below (in thousands):
|
|
Years Ended December 31
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
Cash used in operating activities
|
|
$
|
(17,368
|
)
|
|
$
|
(14,092
|
)
|
Cash used in investing activities
|
|
|
(40,667
|
)
|
|
|
(6,011
|
)
|
Cash provided by financing activities
|
|
|
48,047
|
|
|
|
29,852
|
|
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash
|
|
$
|
(9,988
|
)
|
|
$
|
9,749
|
|
Operating
Activities
Net
cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was approximately $17.4 million, compared to approximately
$14.1 million in the prior year. The increase of approximately $3.3 million for the period was primarily due to an increase in
net loss, approximately $5.1 million, offset by the increase in non-cash stock-based compensation expense of approximately $1.6
million. We expect that there will be an increase in cash used in operations during 2021 due to higher research and development
expenses as we continue to move our product candidates and LNC platform delivery technology forward in their development cycles.
Investing
Activities
Approximately
$40.7 million and approximately $6.0 million of cash was used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and
2019, respectively. The increase of $34.7 million was primarily due to the net increase in purchases and maturities of our marketable
securities of approximately $40.7 million during 2020 compared to the purchase of our marketable securities of approximately $5.6
million in December 2019 and the decrease of approximately $0.4 million in purchases of leasehold improvements and equipment.
Financing
Activities
Net
cash provided by financing activities was approximately $48.0 million and approximately $29.9 million for the years ended December
31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase of $18.1 million in cash provided by financing activities is primarily due to the
approximately $46.7 million of net proceeds from the January 2020 public offering of common stock compared to the approximately
$30.1 million of net proceeds from the March 2019 public offering of common stock, as well as an increase of approximately $0.8
million from the exercising of certain warrants and approximately $0.6 million from the exercising of stock options during 2020.
Funding
Requirements and Other Liquidity Matters
We
expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that
our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:
●
|
conduct
further preclinical and clinical studies of MAT2203, our lead product candidate, even is such studies are primarily financed
with non-dilutive funding from NIH;
|
|
|
●
|
support
the conduct of further preclinical studies of MAT2501, even if such studies are primarily financed with non-dilutive funding
from the CFF;
|
|
|
●
|
seek
to discover and develop additional product candidates;
|
|
|
●
|
seek
regulatory approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;
|
|
|
●
|
require
the manufacture of larger quantities of product candidates for clinical development and potentially commercialization;
|
|
|
●
|
maintain,
expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;
|
|
|
●
|
hire
additional clinical, quality control and scientific personnel; and
|
|
|
●
|
add
operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development
and planned future commercialization efforts and personnel and infrastructure necessary to help us comply with our obligations
as a public company.
|
We
expect that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, coupled with the approximately $5.6 million of net
proceeds generated from the recently completed sales of common stock, will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital
expenditures requirements into 2024.
Until
such time, if ever, that we can generate product revenues sufficient to achieve profitability, we expect to finance our cash needs
through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings, government or other third-party funding, collaborations
and licensing arrangements. We do not have any committed external source of funds other than limited grant funding from the CFF
and NIH. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of common stock, convertible securities or other equity
securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders may be materially diluted, and the terms of these securities may include
liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing and preferred equity
financing, if available, would result in increased fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include covenants
limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or
declaring dividends, that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Securing additional financing could require
a substantial amount of time and attention from our management and may divert a disproportionate amount of their attention away
from day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our management’s ability to oversee the development of our product
candidates.
If
we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements with
third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product
candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity
or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization
efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
Contractual
Obligations and Commitments
Refer
to Note 10 – “Commitments” in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion
of the Company’s contractual obligations and commitments.
Off-Balance
Sheet Arrangements
We
did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under
SEC rules, such as relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, which are often referred to as structured
finance or special purpose entities, established for the purpose of facilitating financing transactions that are not required
to be reflected on our balance sheets.
RECENT
ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Refer
to Note 3 - “Significant Accounting Policies,” in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements
for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.
Item
7A.
|
Quantitative
And Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
|
Our
exposure to market risk is limited to our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. As of December 31, 2020, we had $58.7
million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Such interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate
risk. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal, provide liquidity and maximize income without
significantly increasing risk. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes
in the general level of U.S. interest rates. However, because of the short-term nature of the instruments in our portfolio, a
sudden change in market interest rates would not be expected to have a material impact on our financial condition and/or results
of operation. We do not have any foreign currency or other derivative financial instruments.
Item
8.
|
Financial
Statements And Supplementary Data
|
Our
financial statements, together with the independent registered public accounting firm report thereon, are incorporated by reference
from the applicable information set forth in Part IV Item 15, “Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules” of this Annual
Report on Form 10-K.
Item
9.
|
Changes
In And Disagreements With Accountants On Accounting And Financial Disclosure
|
Not
applicable.
Item
9A.
|
Controls
and Procedures
|
Evaluation
of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure
Controls and Procedures:
As
of December 31, 2020, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial
officer we have evaluated, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined
in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Based
on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and
procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2020.
Our
disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the
reports that we filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within time periods
specified by the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures
designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated
to our management, including principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions
regarding required disclosure.
As
disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC on March 9, 2020, management
previously identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting. Based on management’s evaluation,
this material weakness was remediated as of December 31, 2020.
Management’s
Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting:
Our
management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control
over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive officer and principal
financial officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated
financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our control over financial
reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately
and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded
as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that
our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide
reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that
could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Because
of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, any projections
of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes
in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate.
Management
assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in “Internal Control—Integrated
Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment,
management has concluded as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting was effective, as management did
not identify any deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting that was determined to be a material weakness.
A
material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there
is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be
prevented or detected on a timely basis.
The
previously identified material weakness during the year ended December 31, 2019 which has been remediated included not having
designed and implemented a sufficient level of formal financial reporting and operating policies and procedures that define how
transactions should have been initiated, processed, recorded and reported, including presentation and disclosure in the consolidated
financial statements.
Management
implemented its remediation plan by enhancing operational procedures related to purchasing, receiving and recording expenditures,
including consulting with our third-party internal auditors throughout the period while formalizing and testing our review procedures.
Changes
in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting:
There
was no change, except as part of our remediation of the deficiency in internal controls described above, in our internal control
over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) that occurred during the period covered
by this report that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
Item
9B.
|
Other
Information
|
None.
PART
III
Item
10.
|
Directors,
Executive Officers And Corporate Governance
|
All
directors hold office for one-year terms until the election and qualification of their successors. Officers are appointed by our
board of directors and serve at the discretion of the board, subject to applicable employment agreements. The following table
sets forth information regarding our executive officers and the members of our board of directors.
Name
|
|
Age
|
|
Position(s)
|
Herbert
Conrad
|
|
88
|
|
Chairman
of the Board, Director
|
Jerome
D. Jabbour
|
|
46
|
|
Chief
Executive Officer and President, Director
|
James
J. Ferguson
|
|
67
|
|
Chief
Medical Officer
|
Keith
A. Kucinski
|
|
51
|
|
Chief
Financial Officer
|
Hui
Liu
|
|
53
|
|
Chief
Technology Officer
|
Raphael
J. Mannino
|
|
73
|
|
Chief
Scientific Officer
|
Theresa
Matkovits
|
|
53
|
|
Chief
Development Officer
|
Patrick
G. LePore
|
|
65
|
|
Vice
Chairman of the Board, Director
|
Eric
Ende
|
|
52
|
|
Director
|
Natasha
Giordano
|
|
59
|
|
Director
|
James
S. Scibetta
|
|
56
|
|
Director
|
Matthew
Wikler
|
|
71
|
|
Director
|
Management
Jerome
D. Jabbour, JD was appointed Chief Executive Officer in March 2018. He has served as our President since March 2016. Prior
to that he served as our Executive Vice President, Chief Business Officer, General Counsel and Secretary since October 2013 and
as one of our directors from April 2012 until November 2013. Mr. Jabbour is also a Co-founder of Matinas BioPharma. Prior to joining
our management team, he was the Executive Vice President and General Counsel of MediMedia USA, or MediMedia, from 2012 to October
2013, a privately held diversified health care services company. Prior to MediMedia, he was the Senior Vice President, Head of
Global Legal Affairs of Wockhardt Limited (2008-2012), a global pharmaceutical and biotechnology company, and Senior Counsel and
Assistant Secretary at Reliant (2004-2008). Earlier in his career, he held positions as Commercial Counsel at Alpharma, Inc. (2003-2004)
and as a Corporate Associate at Lowenstein Sandler LLP (1999-2003). Mr. Jabbour earned his J.D. from Seton Hall University School
of Law in New Jersey and a B.A. in Psychology from Loyola University in Baltimore.
James
J. Ferguson, MD was appointed Chief Medical Officer in February 2019. Prior to joining the Company he served as the Cardiovascular
and Bone Therapeutic Area Head for U.S. Medical Affairs, at Amgen (NASDAQ: AMGN), a multinational biopharmaceutical company. Prior
to Amgen Dr. Ferguson held a number of senior positions at AstraZeneca, a multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical company,
including Vice President of US Cardiovascular Medical and Scientific External Relations, Therapeutic Area Vice President of Cardiovascular
Global Medical Affairs, U.S. Development Brand Leader for BRILINTA®, and Senior Director, Clinical Research. Before
joining AstraZeneca he was Vice President of Surgical and Critical Care for The Medicines Company. In addition, Dr. Ferguson had
more than 20 years of academic experience as the Associate Director of Clinical Cardiology Research at the Texas Heart Institute,
Co-Director of the Cardiology Fellowship Training Program at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital in Houston, where he was an Associate
Professor of Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, and a Clinical Assistant Professor at the University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston. Dr. Ferguson has served on the Editorial Board of numerous peer-reviewed journals and has over 400 publications
and book chapters. Dr. Ferguson received his B.A. (cum Laude) in Biology from Harvard University, his M.D. from the University
of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and completed his post-graduate training at the University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann
Arbor, Michigan and Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Keith
A. Kucinski, MBA, CPA was appointed Chief Financial Officer in January 2019. He most recently served as Chief Financial
Officer at RemedyOne, a privately held healthcare consulting organization. Prior to that, he served as Vice President & Treasurer
at Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc., an operating company of Endo International plc, a leading generics and specialty-branded
pharmaceutical company. In addition, Mr. Kucinski held various roles at Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc., including Senior Director,
Finance & Corporate Development and Assistant Treasurer & Senior Director, Finance. Mr. Kucinski is a Certified Public
Accountant. He received his Bachelor of Business Administration in Accounting from the University of Notre Dame and an M.B.A.
in Finance & Management from the Leonard N. Stern School of Business at New York University.
Theresa
Matkovits, PhD has served as Chief Development officer since October 2018. She joined the Company after having most recently
served as the Chief Operating Officer of ContraVir Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: CTRV) (now Hepion Pharmaceuticals), a clinical stage
biopharmaceutical company. From 2013 to 2015, Dr. Matkovits served as Global Program Leader at NPS Pharmaceuticals, a specialty
pharmaceutical company that was purchased by Shire in 2015. Prior to her time at NPS, Dr. Matkovits was Vice President, Innovation
Leader at The Medicines Company. Earlier in her career, Dr. Matkovits held a number of global leadership positions at Novartis
across Global Development and the U.S. Commercial Organization, including as Head, Strategic Planning and Operations, U.S. Medical
and Drug Regulatory Affairs. Dr. Matkovits began her career at the Roche Institute of Molecular Biology and Organon where she
held positions in clinical development in women’s health and research in the area of infertility. Dr. Matkovits serves on
the Board of Directors of BioSurplus and also serves as an Independent Director of Appili Therapeutics (TSX: APLIF).Dr. Matkovits
was selected to participate in Women in Bio’s Boardroom Ready Program in 2016. Dr. Matkovits earned her Ph.D. in Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology from the University of Medicine and Dentistry of NJ.
Hui
Liu, PhD, MBA was appointed Chief Technology Officer in December 2020. Dr. Liu has over two decades of experience in the
formulation of small molecules, biologics, and gene therapies. He joined the Company from Seqirus, a global leader in influenza
vaccine development and pandemic preparedness, where he served as the Director of Formulation and Delivery from 2017 to 2020.
Prior to his time at Seqirus, Dr. Liu was the CMC Director at Cellics Therapeutics, a privately held biotechnology company based
in San Diego. His early career focused on ophthalmic drug development at two leading eye care companies, Alcon and Allergan plc.
At Alcon, he led multiple CMC teams as the Senior Technical Lead from 2015 to 2017. During his time at Allergan, Dr. Liu played
a critical role in realizing a paradigm shift for standard glaucoma care, focusing on sustained delivery drug development in his
role as a Principal Scientist. Previously, he worked on pigment nanoparticle encapsulation at Hewlett-Packard. Dr. Liu holds a
Ph.D. in Polymer Chemistry from the University of Michigan, an M.B.A. from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and a B.S.
from the University of Science and Technology of China.
Raphael
J. Mannino has served as our Chief Scientific Officer since September 2015. From 1990 until August 2015, Dr. Mannino was
an Associate Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School. Dr. Mannino founded
BioDelivery Sciences, Inc., and served as its President, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientific Officer and a member of
its Board of Directors from 1995 to 2000, when it was acquired by BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. (NASDAQ: BDSI). Dr.
Mannino served as BDSI’s Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer from 2001 to 2009 and a member of its Board
of Directors from 2000 to 2007. Dr. Mannino’s previous experience includes positions as Assistant, then Associate Professor,
Albany Medical College (1980 to 1990), and Instructor then Assistant Professor, Rutgers Medical School (1977 to 1980). His postdoctoral
training was from 1973 to 1976 at the Biocenter in Basel, Switzerland. Dr. Mannino received his Ph.D. in Biological Chemistry
in 1973 from the Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine.
Directors
Herbert
Conrad has served as our Chairman of the Board since July 2013 and as Chairman of the Board of Matinas BioPharma, Inc.
since October 2012. He also serves on the board of directors of Celldex Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ: CLDX), biopharmaceutical company
focused on the development and commercialization of immunotherapies and other targeted biologics, and as an Advisor to the Seaver
Autism Center at Mount Sinai Hospital. Mr. Conrad was the President of the U.S. Pharmaceuticals Division of Hoffmann-La Roche,
Inc. from 1982 until his retirement in 1993. Prior to that, he held many positions of increasing responsibility at Roche Pharmaceuticals
in the United States. Mr. Conrad previously served on the board of directors of Arbutus Biopharma Corporation (NASDAQ: ABUS),
Pharmasset, Inc. (chairman), Savient Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: SVNT), Dura Pharmaceuticals, Inc., UroCor, Inc., GenVec, Inc.
(NASDAQ: GNVC) (chairman), Sicor, Inc., Bone Care International, Inc. (chairman), Sapphire Therapeutics, Inc. (chairman), the
medical advisory board of Henry Schein Inc. (NASDAQ: HSIC), and he was a Director and Co-Founder of Reliant Pharmaceuticals. Pharmasset
was acquired by Gilead Sciences, Inc. for $11 billion in 2011 and Reliant was acquired by GlaxoSmithKline for $1.65 billion in
2007. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees from the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy and an honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from
Long Island University. We believe Mr. Conrad is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to his extensive expertise and
experience in the life sciences industry and his extensive board experience.
Patrick
LePore has served as our Vice Chairman of the Board since September 5, 2018. Mr. LePore served as chairman, chief executive
officer and president of Par Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NYSE:PRX), an operating company of Endo International plc, a generics and
specialty branded pharmaceutical company, from September 2006 until the company’s acquisition by private equity investor
TPG in November 2012. He remained as chairman of the new company where he led the sale of the company to Endo Pharmaceuticals
(NASDAQ: ENDP). Mr. LePore began his career with Hoffmann LaRoche. Later, he founded Boron LePore and Associates, a medical communications
company, which he took public in 1997 and which was eventually sold to Cardinal Health. He is chairman of the board of directors
of Lannett Company, Inc. (NYSE: LCI), a pharmaceutical company, and is a trustee of Villanova University. He previously served
as a member of the board of directors of PharMerica Corporation (NYSE: PMC) and Innoviva, Inc. (NASDAQ: INVA). Mr. LePore earned
his bachelor’s degree from Villanova University and Master of Business Administration from Fairleigh Dickinson University.
We believe Mr. LePore is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to his executive leadership and significant experience
in the life sciences industry and his public company board experience.
Jerome
D. Jabbour. See description under “Management.”
Eric
Ende has served on our board of directors since April 2017. Dr. Ende is president of Ende BioMedical Consulting Group,
a privately-held consulting company which is focused on helping life sciences companies raise capital, identify licensing partners,
and optimize corporate structure as well as analyzing both private and public investment opportunities for clients within the
life sciences industry, a position he has held since 2009. Dr. Ende serves as co-founder, chief executive and chief financial
officer of WellFit Holdings, LLC, a private company focused on developing fitness technologies. In addition, Dr. Ende consulted
with Icahn Enterprises in their efforts to appoint board members at Forest Labs, Genzyme, Biogen IDEC, and Amylin. Dr. Ende served
on the board of directors and as a member of the audit and risk management committee of Genzyme Corp. (NASDAQ: GENZ) from 2010
until it was acquired by Sanofi (NSYE: SNY) in 2011. Dr. Ende is currently serving on the Technology Transfer Committee of Mount
Sinai Innovation Partners and served as the Chairman of the Unsecured Creditor’s Committee overseeing the bankruptcy of
Egenix, Inc. From 2002 through 2008, Dr. Ende was the senior biotechnology analyst at Merrill Lynch. From 2000 through 2002, Dr.
Ende was the senior biotechnology analyst at Banc of America Securities and, from 1997 to 2000, he was a biotechnology analyst
at Lehman Brothers. Dr. Ende received an MBA in Finance & Accounting from NYU – Stern Business School in 1997, an MD
from Mount Sinai School of Medicine in 1994, and a BS in Biology and Psychology from Emory University in 1990. We believe Dr.
Ende is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to his industry experience, including as president of Ende BioMedical
Consulting Group and as a biotechnology analyst, and his prior public company board experience.
Natasha
Giordano. Ms. Giordano has served as a member of our board of directors since September 2020. Ms. Giordano has been President,
Chief Executive Officer and director of PLx Pharma Inc. (NASDAQ: PLXP) since January 2016. Previously, Ms. Giordano served as
the Interim Chief Executive Officer of ClearPoint Learning, Inc., a privately held learning and training platform company, from
May 2015 through November 2015. She also served on the ClearPoint board of directors from December 2009 through November 2015.
Previously, Ms. Giordano served as the Chief Executive Officer of Healthcare Corporation of America (NYSE: HCA), a leading healthcare
provider, from January 2014 through August 2014. From June 2009 to August 2012, Ms. Giordano served as Chief Operating Officer
and then as Chief Executive Officer, President and a member of the board of directors of Xanodyne Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a privately-held
a branded specialty pharmaceutical company with development and commercial capabilities focused on pain management and women’s
health. Prior to that, she served as President, Americas, for Cegedim Dendrite (formerly Dendrite International Inc.), a global
technology services company, from 2007 to 2008 and as Senior Vice President of the Global Customer Business Unit of Cegedim Dendrite
from 2004 to 2007. Ms. Giordano holds a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing from Wagner College. We believe Ms. Giordano is
qualified to serve as a director due to her extensive experience in commercialization, general management and knowledge of the
pharmaceutical and health care industries.
James
S. Scibetta has served as a member of our board of directors since November 2013. He is currently Chief Executive Officer
of Maverick Therapeutics, a development stage immune-oncology company. Prior to Maverick, he was President and Chief Financial
Officer of Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: PCRX), a specialty pharmaceutical company, a position he has held since October
2015. Prior to that, Mr. Scibetta was the Chief Financial Officer of Pacira since 2008. Prior to joining Pacira in August 2008,
he served as a consultant to Genzyme Corporation following the sale of Bioenvision Inc. (NASDAQ: BIVN) to Genzyme in 2007. From
2006 to 2007 Mr. Scibetta was CFO of Bioenvision. From 2001 to 2006, he was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
of Merrimack Pharmaceuticals Inc. (NASDAQ: MACK). Mr. Scibetta has previously served on the board of directors at the following
life sciences companies: Nephros Inc. (NASDAQ: NEPH), Merrimack Pharmaceuticals and Labopharm Inc. Prior to his executive management
experience, Mr. Scibetta spent over a decade in investment banking where he was responsible for sourcing and executing transactions
for a broad base of public and private healthcare and life sciences companies. Mr. Scibetta received his Bachelor of Science in
Physics from Wake Forest University and an MBA from the University of Michigan. We believe Mr. Scibetta is qualified to serve
on our board of directors because of his extensive management experience in the pharmaceutical industry, his investment banking
experience and his experience as a chief financial officer and audit committee member of several publicly traded companies.
Matthew
Wikler has served as a member of our board of directors since January 2018. Dr. Wikler currently serves as the Principal
of Infectious Disease Technology Development Consulting (IDTD Consulting), a privately-held consulting firm, where he provides
clinical, medical and regulatory strategic insight to companies developing new technologies for the treatment and prevention of
infectious diseases, a position he has held since 2015. Prior to that from 2012 to 2015, Dr. Wikler served at The Medicines Company
(NASDAQ: MDCO), a biopharmaceutical company, as VP, New Business Ventures and VP and Medical Director, Infectious Disease Care.
Over the course of his career Dr. Wikler held senior leaderships positions for a number of pharmaceutical companies, including
as Chief Development Officer of Rib-X Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a privately-held biopharmaceutical company developing new antibiotics
to provide superior coverage, safety and convenience for the treatment of serious and life-threatening infections, President and
Chief Executive Officer of IASO Pharma Inc., a privately-held clinical stage biotechnology company focused on the development
of antibacterial and antifungal therapeutics, the Institute for One World Health, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit drug development organization,
Mpex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a privately-held company focused on developing and manufacturing therapies for antibiotic resistance
with focus on gram-negative organisms, Peninsula Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a privately held biopharmaceutical company focused on
developing and commercializing antibiotics to treat life-threatening infections (acquired by Johnson & Johnson (NYSE: JNJ)),
ViroPharma Incorporated (NASDAQ: VPHM), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (NYSE:BMY), and Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical (a division of
Johnson & Johnson). Dr. Wikler began his career at Smith Kline & French/Smith Kline Beecham where he held positions of
increasing responsibilities over ten years. Dr. Wikler held a variety of positions at the FDA, including the Deputy Director of
the Division of Anti-Infective Drug Products. Dr. Wikler earned a B.A. in Chemistry from Franklin and Marshall, an M.D. degree
from Temple University School of Medicine, and his M.B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania Wharton School of Business. He completed
his Infectious Diseases Fellowship at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and is a Fellow of the Infectious Diseases
Society of America. We believe Dr. Wikler is qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive management
experience in the pharmaceutical industry and his clinical and regulatory experience in the area of infectious diseases.
There
are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers.
Scientific
Advisory Board
We
believe in seeking and attracting scientific and clinical leaders in the field of cardiovascular medicine as well as infectious
diseases to provide counsel and support our growth. We have established two separate Scientific Advisory Board which consist of
individuals who are experts in their chosen fields and recipients of many academic honors and awards.
Board
Committees
Our
board of directors has four standing committees — an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, a Nominating and Corporate
Governance Committee and a Scientific Advisory Committee.
Audit
Committee. The Audit Committee oversees and monitors our financial reporting process and internal control system, reviews
and evaluates the audit performed by our registered independent public accountants and reports to the Board any substantive issues
found during the audit. The Audit Committee is directly responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work
of our registered independent public accountants. The Audit Committee reviews and approves all transactions with affiliated parties.
James Scibetta, Herbert Conrad, Eric Ende and Natasha Giordano currently serve as members of the Audit Committee, with James Scibetta,
serving as its chairman. All members of the Audit Committee have been determined to be financially literate and are considered
independent directors as defined under The NYSE American’s listing standards and applicable SEC rules and regulations. Mr.
Scibetta qualifies as an audit committee “financial expert” as that term is defined by SEC regulations. The Audit
Committee met four times during 2020. Our Board has adopted an Audit Committee Charter, which is available for viewing at www.matinasbiopharma.com.
Compensation
Committee. The Compensation Committee provides advice and makes recommendations to the Board in the areas of employee
salaries, benefit programs and director compensation. The Compensation Committee also reviews the compensation of our executive
officers, including our chief executive officer, and makes recommendations in that regard to the Board as a whole. Eric Ende,
Patrick LePore, James Scibetta and Matthew Wikler currently serve as members of the Compensation Committee, with Eric Ende serving
as its chairman. All members of the Compensation Committee are considered independent directors as defined under The NYSE American’s
listing standards. The Compensation Committee met three times during 2020. Our Board has adopted a Compensation Committee Charter,
which is available for viewing at www.matinasbiopharma.com.
Nominating
and Corporate Governance Committee. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee nominates individuals to
be elected to the full Board by our stockholders. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers recommendations
from stockholders if submitted in a timely manner in accordance with the procedures set forth in our Bylaws and applies the same
criteria to all persons being considered. Herbert Conrad, Eric Ende, Patrick LePore and James Scibetta currently serve as members
of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, with Herbert Conrad serving as its chairman. All members of the Nominating
and Corporate Governance Committee are considered independent directors as defined under The NYSE American’s listing standards.
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee met three times during 2020. Our Board has adopted a Nominating and Corporate
Governance Charter, which is available for viewing at www.matinasbiopharma.com.
Scientific
Advisory Committee. The Board of Directors has established a Scientific Advisory Committee consisting of Dr. Matthew Wikler,
Chair, and Jerome D. Jabbour. The primary function of the Scientific Advisory Committee is to assist the Board in undertaking
periodic reviews of our research and development efforts, and clinical trials, and reporting to the Board about developments and
strategy, at such times as the Committee determines to be appropriate.
Code
of Business Conduct and Ethics
We
have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our
principal executive officer, principal financial and accounting officer, or persons performing similar functions. A copy of the
code is posted on the corporate governance section of our website, which is located at www.matinasbiopharma.com. If we make any
substantive amendments to, or grant waivers from, the code of business conduct and ethics for any officer or director, we will
disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website.
Delinquent
Section 16(a) Reports
Section
16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires our directors and executive officers, and persons who are beneficial
owners of more than 10% of a registered class of our equity securities, to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). These persons are required by SEC regulations to furnish
us with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file. To our knowledge, based solely on a review of the copies of such reports
furnished to us and written representations that no other reports were required during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020,
all reports required to be filed under Section 16(a) were filed on a timely basis.
Item
11.
|
Executive
Compensation
|
Summary
Compensation Table – 2020
The
following table presents information regarding the total compensation awarded to, earned by, or paid to our chief executive officer
and the two most highly-compensated executive officers who were serving as executive officers as of December 31, 2020 for services
rendered in all capacities to us for the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. These individuals are our named
executive officers for 2020.
Name
and Principal Position
|
|
Year
|
|
|
Salary
($)
|
|
|
Bonus
($)
|
|
|
Option
Awards
($)
(1)
|
|
|
All Other Compensation ($)
|
|
|
Total ($)
|
|
Jerome D. Jabbour
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
|
500,000
|
|
|
|
250,000
|
|
|
|
2,180,085
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
2,930,085
|
|
Chief Executive Officer
|
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
444,792
|
|
|
|
200,000
|
|
|
|
680,384
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
1,325,176
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
James J. Ferguson
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
|
410,000
|
|
|
|
150,000
|
|
|
|
1,090,043
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,650,043
|
|
Chief Medical Officer
|
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
319,444
|
|
|
|
50,000
|
|
|
|
319,926
|
|
|
|
62,945
|
(2)
|
|
|
752,315
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Theresa Matkovits
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
|
367,500
|
|
|
|
122,500
|
|
|
|
763,030
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
1,253,030
|
|
Chief Development Officer
|
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
350,000
|
|
|
|
30,625
|
|
|
|
317,513
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
698,138
|
|
(1)Amounts
reflect the grant date fair value of option awards granted in 2020 and 2019 in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification
Topic 718. These amounts do not correspond to the actual value that will be recognized by the named executive officers.
(2)Mr.
Ferguson was reimbursed for relocation costs.
Narrative
Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table
Employment
Agreements with Our Named Executive Officers
Jabbour
On
March 22, 2018, we entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Jabbour. Under the terms of Mr. Jabbour’s employment agreement,
Mr. Jabbour received a signing bonus of $84,000 and a base salary of $350,000 per year. In addition, Mr. Jabbour is eligible to
receive an annual bonus, which is targeted at 50% of his base salary but which may be adjusted by our Compensation Committee based
on his individual performance and our performance as a whole. Mr. Jabbour is also eligible to receive option grants at the discretion
of our Compensation Committee. Mr. Jabbour received an option grant to purchase 1,000,000 shares on March 22, 2018 and is also
eligible to receive additional option grants and equity grants at the discretion of our Compensation Committee. If we terminate
Mr. Jabbour’s employment without cause or Mr. Jabbour resigns with good reason (absent a change of control), we are required
to pay him severance of up to twelve months of his base salary plus COBRA benefits for twelve months. In addition, the vesting
of 50% of his outstanding options will be accelerated in full upon such termination and Mr. Jabbour will be provided with an extension
through two years after the separation date of the exercise period for his vested stock options. If we terminate Mr. Jabbour’s
employment without cause during the 24-month period immediately following a change of control or Mr. Jabbour resigns with good
reason during the 24-month period immediately following a change of control, we are required to pay him severance of up to 24
months of his base salary and his target annual bonus plus 18 months of COBRA benefits. In addition, his outstanding options will
be vested in full and Mr. Jabbour will be provided with an extension through two years after the separation date of the exercise
period for his vested stock options. Mr. Jabbour is also subject to a customary non-disclosure agreement, pursuant to which Mr.
Jabbour has agreed to be subject to a non-compete during the term of his employment and for a period of eighteen months following
termination of his employment.
Ferguson
On
February 22, 2019, we entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Ferguson which was effective as of February 25, 2019. Under
the terms of Mr. Ferguson’s employment agreement, Mr. Ferguson receives a base salary of $375,000 per year. In addition,
Mr. Ferguson is eligible to receive an annual bonus, which is targeted at 35% of his base salary but which may be adjusted by
our Compensation Committee based on his individual performance and our performance as a whole. Mr. Ferguson is also eligible to
receive option grants at the discretion of our Compensation Committee. If we terminate Mr. Ferguson’s employment without
cause or Mr. Ferguson resigns with good reason, we are required to pay him severance of up to twelve months of his base salary
plus benefits. In addition, the vesting of 50% of his outstanding options will be accelerated in full upon such termination. Mr.
Ferguson is also subject to a customary non-disclosure agreement, pursuant to which Mr. Ferguson has agreed to be subject to a
non-compete during the term of his employment and for a period of eighteen months following termination of his employment.
Matkovits
On
September 25, 2018, we entered into an employment agreement with Ms. Matkovits which was effective as of October 15, 2018. Under
the terms of Ms. Matkovits’ employment agreement, Ms. Matkovits receives a base salary of $350,000 per year. In addition,
Ms. Matkovits is eligible to receive an annual bonus, which is targeted at 35% of her base salary but which may be adjusted by
our Compensation Committee based on her individual performance and our performance as a whole. Ms. Matkovits is also eligible
to receive option grants at the discretion of our Compensation Committee. If we terminate Ms. Matkovits’ employment without
cause or Ms. Matkovits resigns with good reason, we are required to pay her severance of up to twelve months of his base salary
plus benefits. In addition, the vesting of 50% of her outstanding options will be accelerated in full upon such termination. Ms.
Matkovits is also subject to a customary non-disclosure agreement, pursuant to which Ms. Matkovits has agreed to be subject to
a non-compete during the term of her employment and for a period of eighteen months following termination of his employment.
Outstanding
Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End Table – 2020
The
following table summarizes, for each of the named executive officers, the number of shares of common stock underlying outstanding
stock options held as of December 31, 2020.
|
|
Option Awards
|
Name
|
|
Number
of
securities
underlying
unexercised
options
(#)
exercisable
|
|
|
Number
of
securities
underlying
unexercised
options
(#)
unexercisable
|
|
|
Option
exercise
price
($)
|
|
|
Option
expiration
date
|
Jerome D. Jabbour
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
500,000
|
|
|
$
|
0.82
|
|
|
Jun 16, 2030
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
1,000,000
|
|
|
$
|
2.27
|
|
|
Dec 31, 2029
|
|
|
|
343,750
|
|
|
|
406,250
|
|
|
$
|
1.08
|
|
|
Feb 10, 2029
|
|
|
|
687,500
|
|
|
|
312,500
|
|
|
$
|
0.98
|
|
|
Mar 21, 2028
|
|
|
|
400,000
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
3.32
|
|
|
Feb 20, 2027
|
|
|
|
350,000
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
0.43
|
|
|
Feb 4, 2026
|
|
|
|
175,000
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
0.41
|
|
|
Jan 27, 2025
|
|
|
|
350,000
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
1.28
|
|
|
July 20, 2024
|
|
|
|
350,000
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
0.94
|
|
|
Oct 3, 2023
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
James J. Ferguson
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
250,000
|
|
|
$
|
0.82
|
|
|
Jun 16, 2030
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
500,000
|
|
|
$
|
2.27
|
|
|
Dec 31, 2029
|
|
|
|
160,417
|
|
|
|
189,583
|
|
|
$
|
1.09
|
|
|
Feb 24, 2029
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Theresa Matkovits
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
175,000
|
|
|
$
|
0.82
|
|
|
Jun 16, 2030
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
350,000
|
|
|
$
|
2.27
|
|
|
Dec 31, 2029
|
|
|
|
160,417
|
|
|
|
189,583
|
|
|
$
|
1.08
|
|
|
Feb 10, 2029
|
|
|
|
189,584
|
|
|
|
160,416
|
|
|
$
|
0.79
|
|
|
Oct 14, 2028
|
2013
Equity Compensation Plan
General
On
August 2, 2013, our Board of Directors adopted the 2013 Equity Compensation Plan pursuant to the terms described herein. The 2013
Equity Compensation Plan was approved by the stockholders on August 7, 2013. Effective May 8, 2014, upon the approval of our Board
of Directors and our stockholders, we amended and restated our 2013 Equity Compensation Plan, primarily to include “evergreen”
provisions, which state provide that number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the Plan is subject to an automatic
annual increase on January 1 of each year beginning in 2015 equal to 4% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding on
December 31 of the preceding calendar year or a lesser number of shares of common stock determined by the Board of Directors;
to amend the definition of “fair market value”; and to increase the limits on awards under the Plan. The 2013 Equity
Compensation Plan, as amended and restated, is referred to herein as the “2013 Plan.”
The
general purpose of the 2013 Plan is to provide an incentive to our employees, directors, consultants and advisors by enabling
them to share in the future growth of our business. Our Board of Directors believes that the granting of stock options, restricted
stock awards, unrestricted stock awards and similar kinds of equity-based compensation promotes continuity of management and increases
incentive and personal interest in the welfare of our Company by those who are primarily responsible for shaping and carrying
out our long range plans and securing our growth and financial success.
Our
Board of Directors believes that the 2013 Plan will advance our interests by enhancing our ability to (a) attract and retain employees,
consultants, directors and advisors who are in a position to make significant contributions to our success; (b) reward our employees,
consultants, directors and advisors for these contributions; and (c) encourage employees, consultants, directors and advisors
to take into account our long-term interests through ownership of our shares.
Description
of the 2013 Equity Compensation Plan
The
following description of the principal terms of the 2013 Plan is a summary and is qualified in its entirety by the full text of
the 2013 Plan, which is attached as Exhibit 10.1 hereto.
Administration.
The 2013 Plan will be administered by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors, provided that the entire Board
of Directors may act in lieu of the Compensation Committee on any matter, subject to certain requirements set forth in the 2013
Plan. The Compensation Committee may grant options to purchase shares of our common stock, stock appreciation rights, stock units,
restricted shares of our common stock, performance shares, performance units, incentive bonus awards, other cash-based awards
and other stock-based awards. The Compensation Committee also has broad authority to determine the terms and conditions of each
option or other kind of award, and adopt, amend and rescind rules and regulations for the administration of the 2013 Plan. Subject
to applicable law, the Compensation Committee may authorize one or more reporting persons (as defined in the 2013 Plan) or other
officers to make awards (other than awards to reporting persons, or other officers whom the Compensation Committee has specifically
authorized to make awards). No awards may be granted under the 2013 Plan on or after the ten year anniversary of the adoption
of the 2013 Plan by our Board of Directors, but awards granted prior to such tenth anniversary may extend beyond that date.
Eligibility.
Awards may be granted under the 2013 Plan to any person who is an employee, officer, director, consultant, advisor or other
individual service provider of the Company or any subsidiary, or any person who is determined by the Compensation Committee to
be a prospective employee, officer, director, consultant, advisor or other individual service provider of the Company or any subsidiary.
Shares
Subject to the 2013 Plan. As of March 14, 2021 the aggregate number of shares of common stock available for issuance in
connection with awards granted under the 2013 Plan is 36,952,460 shares, subject to customary adjustments for stock splits, stock
dividends or similar transactions (the “Initial Limit”). Incentive Stock Options may be granted under the 2013 Plan
with respect to all of those shares. The number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2013 Plan will automatically
increase on January 1st of each year for a period of ten years, commencing on January 1, 2015, in an amount equal to four percent
(4%) of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year (the “Annual
Increase”). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Board of Directors may act prior to the first day of any calendar year, to
provide that there shall be no increase in the share reserve for such calendar year or that the Annual Increase in the share reserve
for such calendar year shall be a lesser number of shares of common stock than would otherwise occur pursuant to the preceding
sentence. The number of shares of common stock which may be issued in respect of Incentive Stock Options is equal to the Current
Limit, and will be increased on each January 1, by the Annual Increase for such calendar year.
To
the extent that any award under the 2013 Plan payable in shares of common stock is forfeited, cancelled, returned to the Company
for failure to satisfy vesting requirements or upon the occurrence of other forfeiture events, or otherwise terminates without
payment being made thereunder, the shares of common stock covered thereby will be available for future grants under the 2013 Plan.
Shares of common stock that otherwise would have been issued upon the exercise of a stock option or in payment with respect to
any other form of award, that are surrendered in payment or partial payment of taxes required to be withheld with respect to the
exercise of such stock option or the making of such payment, will also be available for future grants under the 2013 Plan.
Terms
and Conditions of Options. Options granted under the 2013 Plan may be either “incentive stock options” that
are intended to meet the requirements of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”)
or “nonqualified stock options” that do not meet the requirements of Section 422 of the Code. The Compensation Committee
will determine the exercise price of options granted under the 2013 Plan. The exercise price of stock options may not be less
than the fair market value, on the date of grant, per share of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the option (or 110%
of fair market value in the case of incentive options granted to a ten-percent stockholder).
If
on the date of grant the common stock is listed on a stock exchange or national market system, the fair market value shall generally
be the closing sale price as of such date, or if there were no trades recorded on such date, then the most recent date preceding
such date on which trades were recorded. If on the date of grant the common stock is traded in an over-the-counter market, the
fair market will generally be the average of the closing bid and asked prices for the shares of common stock as of such date,
or, if there are no closing bid and asked prices for the shares of common stock on such date, then the average of the bid and
asked prices for the shares of common stock on the most recent date preceding such date on which such closing bid and asked prices
are available. If the common stock is not listed on a national securities exchange or national market system or traded in an over-the-counter
market, the fair market value shall be determined by the Compensation Committee in a manner consistent with Section 409A of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if on the date of grant the common stock is listed on
a stock exchange or is quoted on a national market system, or is traded in an over-the-counter market, then solely for purposes
of determining the exercise price of any grant of a stock option or the base price of any grant of a stock appreciation right,
the Compensation Committee may, in its discretion, base fair market value on the last sale before or the first sale after the
grant, the closing price on the trading day before or the trading day of the grant, the arithmetic mean of the high and low prices
on the trading day before or the trading day of the grant, or any other reasonable method using actual transactions of the common
stock as reported by the exchange or market on which the common stock is traded. In addition, the determination of fair market
value also may be made using any other method permitted under Treasury Regulation section 1.409A-1(b)(5)(iv).
No
option may be exercisable for more than ten years from the date of grant (five years in the case of an incentive stock option
granted to a ten-percent stockholder). Options granted under the 2013 Plan will be exercisable at such time or times as the Compensation
Committee prescribes at the time of grant. No employee may receive incentive stock options that first become exercisable in any
calendar year in an amount exceeding $100,000. The Compensation Committee may, in its discretion, permit a holder of a nonqualified
stock option to exercise the option before it has otherwise become exercisable, in which case the shares of our common stock issued
to the recipient will continue to be subject to the vesting requirements that applied to the option before exercise.
Generally,
the option price may be paid in cash or by bank check, or such other means as the Compensation Committee may accept. As set forth
in an award agreement or otherwise determined by the Compensation Committee, in its sole discretion, at or after grant, payment
in full or part of the exercise price of an option may be made (a) in the form of shares of common stock that have been held by
the participant for such period as the Compensation Committee may deem appropriate for accounting purposes or otherwise, valued
at the fair market value of such shares on the date of exercise; (ii) by surrendering to the Company shares of common stock otherwise
receivable on exercise of the option; (iii) by a cashless exercise program implemented by the Compensation Committee in connection
with the 2013 Plan; and/or (iv) by such other method as may be approved by the Compensation Committee and set forth in an award
agreement.
No
option may be transferred other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, and during a recipient’s lifetime
an option may be exercised only by the recipient or the recipient’s guardian or legal representative. However, the Compensation
Committee may permit the transfer of a nonqualified stock option, share-settled stock appreciation right, restricted stock award,
performance share or share-settled other stock-based award either (a) by instrument to the participant’s immediate family
(as defined in the 2013 Plan), (b) by instrument to an inter vivos or testamentary trust (or other entity) in which the award
is to be passed to the participant’s designated beneficiaries, or (c) by gift to charitable institutions. The Compensation
Committee will determine the extent to which a holder of a stock option may exercise the option following termination of service.
Stock
Appreciation Rights. The Compensation Committee may grant stock appreciation rights independent of or in connection with
an option. The Compensation Committee will determine the terms applicable to stock appreciation rights. The base price of a stock
appreciation right will be determined by the Compensation Committee, but will not be less than 100% of the fair market value of
a share of our common stock with respect to the date of grant of such stock appreciation right. The maximum term of any SAR granted
under the 2013 Plan is ten years from the date of grant. Generally, each SAR stock appreciation right will entitle a participant
upon exercise to an amount equal to:
●
|
the
excess of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of exercise of the stock appreciation right over the
base price of such stock appreciation right, multiplied by
|
|
|
●
|
the
number of shares as to which such stock appreciation right is exercised.
|
Payment
may be made in shares of our common stock, in cash, or partly in common stock and partly in cash, all as determined by the Compensation
Committee.
Restricted
Stock and Stock Units. The Compensation Committee may award restricted common stock and/or stock units under the
2013 Plan. Restricted stock awards consist of shares of stock that are transferred to a participant subject to restrictions that
may result in forfeiture if specified conditions are not satisfied. Stock units confer the right to receive shares of our common
stock, cash, or a combination of shares and cash, at a future date upon or following the attainment of certain conditions specified
by the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee will determine the restrictions and conditions applicable to each award
of restricted stock or stock units, which may include performance-based conditions. Dividends with respect to restricted stock
may be paid to the holder of the shares as and when dividends are paid to stockholders or at the times of vesting or other payment
of the restricted stock award. Stock unit awards may be granted with dividend equivalent rights, which may be accumulated and
may be deemed reinvested in additional stock units, as determined by the Compensation Committee in its discretion. If any dividend
equivalents are paid while a stock unit award is subject to restrictions, the dividend equivalents shall be subject to the same
restrictions on transferability as the underlying stock units, unless otherwise set forth in an award agreement. Unless the Compensation
Committee determines otherwise, holders of restricted stock will have the right to vote the shares.
Performance
Shares and Performance Units. The Compensation Committee may award performance shares and/or performance units
under the 2013 Plan. Performance shares and performance units are awards which are earned during a specified performance period
subject to the attainment of performance criteria, as established by the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee will
determine the restrictions and conditions applicable to each award of performance shares and performance units.
Incentive
Bonus Awards. The Compensation Committee may award Incentive Bonus Awards under the 2013 Plan. Incentive Bonus Awards
may be based upon the attainment of specified levels of Company or subsidiary performance as measured by pre-established, objective
performance criteria determined at the discretion of the Compensation Committee. Incentive Bonus Awards will be paid in cash or
common stock, as set forth in an award agreement
Other
Stock-Based and Cash-Based Awards. The Compensation Committee may award other types of equity-based or cash-based
awards under the 2013 Plan, including the grant or offer for sale of unrestricted shares of our common stock and payment in cash
or otherwise of amounts based on the value of shares of common stock.
Effect
of Certain Corporate Transactions. The Compensation Committee may, at the time of the grant of an award, provide for the
effect of a change in control (as defined in the 2013 Plan) on any award, including (i) accelerating or extending the time periods
for exercising, vesting in, or realizing gain from any award, (ii) eliminating or modifying the performance or other conditions
of an award, (iii) providing for the cash settlement of an award for an equivalent cash value, as determined by the Compensation
Committee, or (iv) such other modification or adjustment to an award as the Compensation Committee deems appropriate to maintain
and protect the rights and interests of participants upon or following a change in control. The Compensation Committee may, in
its discretion and without the need for the consent of any recipient of an award, also take one or more of the following actions
contingent upon the occurrence of a change in control: (a) cause any or all outstanding options and stock appreciation rights
to become immediately exercisable, in whole or in part; (b) cause any other awards to become non-forfeitable, in whole or in part;
(c) cancel any option or stock appreciation right in exchange for a substitute option; (d) cancel any award of restricted stock,
stock units, performance shares or performance units in exchange for a similar award of the capital stock of any successor corporation;
(e) redeem any restricted stock, stock unit, performance share or performance unit for cash and/or other substitute consideration
with a value equal to the fair market value of an unrestricted share of our common stock on the date of the change in control;
(f) cancel any option or stock appreciation right in exchange for cash and/or other substitute consideration based on the value
of our common stock on the date of the change in control , and cancel any option or stock appreciation right without any
payment if its exercise price exceeds the value of our common stock on the date of the change in control; (g) cancel any stock
unit or performance unit held by a participant affected by the change in control in exchange for cash and/or other substitute
consideration with a value equal to the fair market value per share of common stock on the date of the change in control, or (h)
make such other modifications, adjustments or amendments to outstanding awards as the Compensation Committee deems necessary or
appropriate.
Amendment,
Termination. The Compensation Committee may amend the terms of awards in any manner not inconsistent with the 2013 Plan,
provided that no amendment shall adversely affect the rights of a participant with respect to an outstanding award without the
participant’s consent. In addition, our board of directors may at any time amend, suspend, or terminate the 2013 Plan, provided
that (i) no such amendment, suspension or termination shall materially and adversely affect the rights of any participant under
any outstanding award without the consent of such participant and (ii) to the extent necessary and desirable to comply with any
applicable law, regulation, or stock exchange rule, the 2013 Plan requires us to obtain stockholder consent. Stockholder approval
is required for any plan amendment that increases the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2013 Plan
or changes the persons or classes of persons eligible to receive awards.
Tax
Withholding
The
Company has the power and right to deduct or withhold, or require a participant to remit to the Company, the minimum statutory
amount to satisfy federal, state, and local taxes, domestic or foreign, required by law or regulations to be withheld.
Director
Compensation
In
October 2013, we adopted a compensation policy pursuant to which our non-employee directors receive annualized compensation of
$20,000 per year, with an additional $10,000 per year for the Chairman of the Board and the Chair of the Audit Committee, as well
as an additional $5,000 per year for the Chairs of the Compensation and Nomination & Governance Committees. In addition, our
independent board members will receive an option grant of 150,000 options, with the exception of the Chairman of the Board, who
will be granted 200,000 options. In August 2014, we revised our compensation policy to provide that directors will receive restricted
stock in lieu of cash fees.
In
January 2018, we adopted an amended compensation policy for our non-employee directors. The amended policy provides for the following
compensation amounts payable in cash, or upon election by such non-employee director, in shares of unrestricted common stock:
(i) each non-employee director, other than the chairman of the board is entitled to receive an annual fee of $50,000, (ii) the
chairman of the board is entitled to receive an additional annual fee of $25,000, (iii) the chair of our audit committee is entitled
to receive an annual fee from us of $15,000 and other members of our audit committee are entitled to receive $7,500; (iv) the
chair of our compensation committee is entitled to receive an annual fee from us of $10,000 and other members of our compensation
committee are entitled to receive $6,000; and (v) the chair of our nominating and corporate governance committee is entitled to
receive an annual fee from us of $7,500 and other members are entitled to receive $4,000. In addition, In September 2018, our
Board approved an additional annual fee of $20,000 for our vice chair.
As
of the date of each annual meeting of the shareholders, each non-employee director will receive an option grant to purchase shares
of our common stock valued at $80,000 as determined by the Black Scholes method on the date of grant under our existing equity
incentive plan, or any other equity incentive plan we may adopt in the future, which shall vest in twelve equal monthly installments.
All
fees under the director compensation policy are paid on a quarterly basis in arrears and no per meeting fees are paid. All fees
may be paid in unrestricted shares of common stock at the election of the director. We also reimburse non-employee directors for
reasonable expenses incurred in connection with attending board of director and committee meetings.
Director
Compensation Table – 2020
The
following table summarizes the annual compensation for our non-employee directors during 2020.
Name
|
|
Cash Compensation
($)
|
|
|
Stock
Awards
($)
(1)
|
|
|
Option
Awards
($) (1)
|
|
|
Total
($)
|
|
Herbert Conrad
|
|
|
90,000
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
80,000
|
|
|
|
170,000
|
|
Eric Ende
|
|
|
71,500
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
80,000
|
|
|
|
151,500
|
|
Natasha Giordano
|
|
|
17,344
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
160,000
|
|
|
|
177,344
|
|
Patrick G. LePore
|
|
|
80,000
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
80,000
|
|
|
|
160,000
|
|
James S. Scibetta
|
|
|
75,000
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
80,000
|
|
|
|
155,000
|
|
Adam Stern
|
|
|
41,984
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
41,984
|
|
Matthew Wikler
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
63,500
|
|
|
|
80,000
|
|
|
|
143,500
|
|
(1)
|
Amounts
reflect the grant date fair value of stock awards and option awards granted in 2020 in accordance with Accounting Standards
Codification Topic 718. These amounts do not correspond to the actual value that will be recognized by the directors.
|
Compensation
Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
The
Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors is currently, and was for the last fiscal year, composed of the following four
non-employee directors: Eric Ende, Chair, Patrick G. LePore, James Scibetta and Matthew Wikler. No member of the Compensation
Committee is or was formerly an officer or an employee of the Company during the last fiscal year. In addition, no executive officer
of the Company serves on the compensation committee or board of directors of a company for which any of the Company’s directors
serve as an executive officer. Please see Item 13.
Item
12.
|
Security
Ownership Of Certain Beneficial Owners And Management And Related Stockholder Matters.
|
The
following table sets forth the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned as of March 14, 2021 by:
●
|
each
of our stockholders who is known by us to beneficially own 5% or more of our common stock;
|
|
|
●
|
each
of our executive officers;
|
|
|
●
|
each
of our directors; and
|
|
|
●
|
all
of our directors and current executive officers as a group.
|
Beneficial
ownership is determined based on the rules and regulations of the SEC. A person has beneficial ownership of shares if such individual
has the power to vote and/or dispose of shares. This power may be sole or shared and direct or indirect. Applicable percentage
ownership in the following table is based on 204,276,412 shares outstanding as of March 14, 2021. In computing the number of shares
beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, shares of common stock that are subject to options
or warrants held by that person and exercisable as of, or within 60 days of, March 14, 2021 are counted as outstanding. These
shares, however, are not counted as outstanding for the purposes of computing the percentage ownership of any other person(s).
Except as may be indicated in the footnotes to this table and pursuant to applicable community property laws, each person named
in the table has sole voting and dispositive power with respect to the shares of common stock set forth opposite that person’s
name. Unless indicated below, the address of each individual listed below is c/o Matinas BioPharma Holdings, Inc., 1545 Route
206 South, Suite 302, Bedminster, NJ 07921.
Name
of Beneficial Owner
|
|
Number
of Shares
Beneficially Owned
|
|
|
Percentage
of Shares
Beneficially Owned
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5%
Stockholders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boxer
Capital, LLC (1)
|
|
|
11,478,634
|
|
|
|
5.6
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Directors
and Executive Officers
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jerome
D. Jabbour (2)
|
|
|
3,159,567
|
|
|
|
1.5
|
%
|
Herbert
Conrad (3)
|
|
|
5,753,293
|
|
|
|
2.8
|
%
|
Eric
Ende (4)
|
|
|
974,686
|
|
|
|
*
|
%
|
Natasha
Giordano (5)
|
|
|
63,982
|
|
|
|
*
|
%
|
Patrick
LePore (6)
|
|
|
844,666
|
|
|
|
*
|
%
|
James
Scibetta (7)
|
|
|
1,543,052
|
|
|
|
*
|
%
|
Matthew
Wikler (8)
|
|
|
916,697
|
|
|
|
*
|
%
|
James
J. Ferguson (9)
|
|
|
439,601
|
|
|
|
*
|
%
|
Keith
A. Kucinski (10)
|
|
|
570,034
|
|
|
|
*
|
%
|
Hui
Liu (11)
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
*
|
%
|
Raphael
Mannino (12)
|
|
|
2,231,444
|
|
|
|
1.1
|
%
|
Theresa
Matkovits (13)
|
|
|
590,637
|
|
|
|
*
|
%
|
Directors
and Executive Officers as a group (12 persons) (14)
|
|
|
17,087,659
|
|
|
|
8.0
|
%
|
*
Less than 1%
(1)
Based solely on information contained in a Schedule 13G/A filed on February 16, 2021. Shared voting and dispositive power of the
shares is held by Boxer Capital, LLC, Boxer Asset Management Inc. and Joe Lewis. The address for each reporting person is 11682
El Camino Real, Suite 320, San Diego, CA 92130.
(2)
Includes (i) 15 convertible preferred shares if converted to 30,000 common shares, and (ii) 2,705,243shares of common stock issuable
upon exercise of options that are exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021. Does not include 2,657,257 shares of common
stock underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021.
(3)
Includes (i) 100 convertible preferred shares if converted to 200,000 common shares, and (ii) 1,098,727 shares of common stock
issuable upon exercise of options that are exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021. Does not include 51,085 shares of
common stock underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021.
(4)
Includes (i) 12 convertible preferred shares if converted to 24,000 common shares, and (ii) 835,394 shares of common stock issuable
upon exercise of options that are exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021. Does not include 51,085 shares of common stock
underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021.
(5)
Includes 63,982 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options that are exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021.
Does not include 223,935 shares of common stock underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021.
(6)
Includes 444,666 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options that are exercisable within sixty days of March 14,
2021. Does not include 63,584 shares of common stock underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14,
2021.
(7)
Includes (i) 12 convertible preferred shares if converted to 24,000 common shares, and (ii) 897,894 shares of common stock issuable
upon exercise of options that are exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021. Does not include 51,085 shares of common stock
underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021.
(8)
Includes (i) 6 convertible preferred shares if converted to 12,000 common shares, and (ii) 660,394 shares of common stock issuable
upon exercise of options that are exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021. Does not include 76,085 shares of common stock
underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021.
(9)
Includes 439,601 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options that are exercisable within sixty days of March 14,
2021. Does not include 985,399 shares of common stock underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14,
2021.
(10)
Includes 475,534 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options that are exercisable within sixty days of March 14,
2021. Does not include 899,466 shares of common stock underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14,
2021.
(11)
Does not include 600,000 shares of common stock underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021.
(12)
Includes (i) 10 convertible preferred shares if converted to 20,000 common shares, and (ii) 781,879 shares of common stock issuable
upon exercise of options that are exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021. Does not include 353,121 shares of common stock
underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14, 2021.
(13)
Includes 590,637 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of options that are exercisable within sixty days of March 14,
2021. Does not include 884,363 shares of common stock underlying options that are not exercisable within sixty days of March 14,
2021.
(14)
See notes (2) through (13).
Securities
Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The
following table summarizes information about our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2020.
Plan Category
|
|
Number of Shares
of
Common Stock to be Issued upon
Exercise of Outstanding Options
(a)
|
|
|
Weighted-Average
Exercise Price of
Outstanding Options
(b)
|
|
|
Number of Options
Remaining
Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (excluding securities reflected in column
(a))
(c)(2)
|
|
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders(1)
|
|
|
22,550,715
|
|
|
$
|
1.26
|
|
|
|
3,020,284
|
|
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total
|
|
|
22,550,715
|
|
|
$
|
1.26
|
|
|
|
3,020,284
|
|
(1)
|
The
amounts shown in this row include securities under the Matinas BioPharma Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Incentive
Plan (the “2013 Plan”).
|
|
|
(2)
|
In
accordance with the “evergreen” provision in our 2013 Plan, an additional 8,004,537 shares were automatically
made available for issuance on the first trading day of 2021, which represents 4% of the number of shares outstanding on December
31, 2020; these shares are excluded from this calculation.
|
Item
13.
|
Certain
Relationships, Related Transactions, And Director Independence
|
Certain
Relationships and Related Party Transactions
Other
than compensation arrangements for our named executive officers and directors, there has been no transaction or series of similar
transactions, since January 1, 2020, to which we were a party or will be a party, in which:
●
|
the
amounts involved exceeded or will exceed the lesser of (i) $120,000 and (ii) one percent of the average of our total assets
at year-end for the last two completed fiscal years; and
|
|
|
●
|
any
of our directors, executive officers or holders of more than 5% of our capital stock, or any member of the immediate family
of the foregoing persons, had or will have a direct or indirect material interest.
|
Indemnification
Agreements
We
entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers. The indemnification agreements provide for
indemnification against expenses, judgments, fines and penalties actually and reasonably incurred by an indemnitee in connection
with threatened, pending or completed actions, suits or other proceedings, subject to certain limitations. The indemnification
agreements also provide for the advancement of expenses in connection with a proceeding prior to a final, non-appealable judgment
or other adjudication, provided that the indemnitee provides an undertaking to repay to us any amounts advanced if the indemnitee
is ultimately found not to be entitled to indemnification by us. The indemnification agreement set forth procedures for making
and responding to a request for indemnification or advancement of expenses, as well as dispute resolution procedures that apply
to any dispute between us and an indemnitee arising under the Indemnification Agreements.
Policies
and Procedures for Related Party Transactions
We
have adopted a policy that our executive officers, directors, nominees for election as a director, beneficial owners of more than
5% of any class of our common stock, any members of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons and any firms, corporations
or other entities in which any of the foregoing persons is employed or is a partner or principal or in a similar position or in
which such person has a 5% or greater beneficial ownership interest, which we refer to collectively as related parties, are not
permitted to enter into a transaction with us without the prior consent of our board of directors acting through the audit committee
or, in certain circumstances, the chairman of the audit committee. Any request for us to enter into a transaction with a related
party, in which the amount involved exceeds $100,000 and such related party would have a direct or indirect interest must first
be presented to our audit committee, or in certain circumstances the chairman of our audit committee, for review, consideration
and approval. In approving or rejecting any such proposal, our audit committee, or the chairman of our audit committee, is to
consider the material facts of the transaction, including, but not limited to, whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable
than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances, the extent of the benefits
to us, the availability of other sources of comparable products or services and the extent of the related party’s interest
in the transaction.
Director
Independence
Based
on information requested from and provided by each of our directors, our board of directors has determined that Messrs. Herbert
Conrad, Eric Ende, Patrick LePore, James Scibetta, Matthew Wikler and Ms. Natasha Giordano are “independent directors”
as such term is defined in the rules of The NYSE American’s corporate governance requirements and Rule 10A-3 promulgated
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Item
14.
|
Principal
Accounting Fees And Services
|
The
following table represents aggregate fees billed to the Company for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, by EisnerAmper
LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm.
|
|
Years Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
|
Audit Fees
|
|
$
|
297
|
|
|
$
|
370
|
|
Tax Fees
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Total Fees
|
|
$
|
297
|
|
|
$
|
370
|
|
Audit
Fees consist of fees billed for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual financial statements, audit of
internal controls over financial reporting, review of our interim consolidated financial statements and comfort letters.
Tax
Fees are for tax-related services related primarily to tax consulting and tax planning.
The
Audit Committee pre-approves all auditing services and any non-audit services that the independent registered public accounting
firm is permitted to render under Section 10A (h) of the Exchange Act. The Audit Committee may delegate the pre-approval to one
of its members, provided that if such delegation is made, the full Audit Committee must be presented at its next regularly scheduled
meeting with any pre-approval decision made by that member.
Part
IV
Item
15.
|
Exhibits
And Financial Statement Schedules
|
Exhibit
No.
|
|
Description
|
|
|
|
2.1
|
|
Merger Agreement, dated July 11, 2013, by and among the Company, Matinas Merger Sub, Inc., and Matinas BioPharma, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2014).
|
2.2
|
|
Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Aquarius Biotechnologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Aquarius”), Saffron Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub”) and J. Carl Craft, as the stockholder representative (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 30, 2015).
|
3.1
|
|
Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2014).
|
3.2
|
|
Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2014).
|
3.3
|
|
Certificate of Amendment, dated October 29, 2015 to Certificate of Incorporation. (incorporated herein by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 5, 2015).
|
3.4
|
|
Certificate of Designation of Series A Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 1, 2016 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|
3.5
|
|
Certificate of Designation of Series B Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 19, 2018 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|
4.1
|
|
Common Stock Specimen (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, filed March 31, 2017 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
|
4.2
|
|
Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2014).
|
4.3
|
|
Form of 2015 Investor Warrant. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the post-effective amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 filed with the SEC on April 17, 2015).
|
4.4
|
|
Form of 2015 Placement Agent Warrant. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the post-effective amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 filed with the SEC on April 17, 2015).
|
4.5
|
|
Form of 2016 Placement Agent Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on November 2, 2016).
|
4.6
|
|
Description
of Securities*
|
10.1
|
|
Matinas BioPharma Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2015.) †
|
10.2
|
|
Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2014). †
|
10.3
|
|
Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2014). †
|
10.5
|
|
Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2014). †
|
10.6
|
|
Lease, effective as of November 4, 2013, by and between the company and A-K Bedminster Associates, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on February 7, 2014).
|
10.7
|
|
Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement dated as of January 29, 2015, by and between Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey and Aquarius Biotechnologies, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2015). +
|
10.9
|
|
Lease Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2016, by and between CIP II/AR Bridgewater Holdings LLC, and Matinas BioPharma Holdings, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 28, 2017).
|
10.10
|
|
Therapeutic Development Award Agreement, dated November 19, 2020, between Matinas BioPharma Holdings, Inc. and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.*
|
10.11
|
|
At-The-Market Sales Agreement, dated July 2, 2020, between Matinas BioPharma Holdings, Inc. and BTIG, LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.01 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 2, 2020).
|
21.1
|
|
Subsidiaries
Index*
|
23.1
|
|
Consent
of EisnerAmper LLP*
|
31.1
|
|
Certification
of President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
|
31.2
|
|
Certification
of Acting Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
|
32.1
|
|
Section
1350 Certifications**
|
101
|
|
The
following financial information from the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, formatted
in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language), is filed electronically herewith: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of
December 31, 2020 and 2019; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December
31, 2020 and 2019; (iii) Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the Years Ended December
31, 2020 and 2019; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019; and (v) Notes
to Consolidated Financial Statements.*
|
+
|
Confidential
treatment has been requested for certain provisions of this Exhibit pursuant to Rule 24b-2 promulgated under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
|
†
|
Indicates
a management contract or compensation plan, contract or arrangement.
|
*
|
Filed
herewith.
|
**
|
Furnished
herewith.
|
Item
16.
|
Form
10-K Summary.
|
None.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf
by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the city of Bedminster, State of New Jersey on March 29, 2021.
|
MATINAS
BIOPHARMA HOLDINGS, INC.
|
|
|
|
|
By:
|
/s/
Jerome D. Jabbour
|
|
Name:
|
Jerome
D. Jabbour
|
|
Title:
|
Chief
Executive Officer
|
|
|
|
|
By:
|
/s/
Keith A. Kucinski
|
|
Name:
|
Keith
A. Kucinski
|
|
Title:
|
Chief
Financial Officer
|
Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf
of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Person
|
|
Capacity
|
|
Date
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
Jerome D. Jabbour
|
|
Chief
Executive Officer and Director
|
|
March
29, 2021
|
Jerome
D. Jabbour
|
|
(Principal
Executive Officer)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
Keith A. Kucinski
|
|
Chief
Financial Officer
|
|
March
29, 2021
|
Keith
A. Kucinski
|
|
(Principal
Financial and Accounting Officer)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
Herbert Conrad
|
|
Chairman
of the Board
|
|
March
29, 2021
|
Herbert
Conrad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
Patrick G. LePore
|
|
Vice
Chairman of the Board
|
|
March
29, 2021
|
Patrick
G. Lepore
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
Eric Ende
|
|
Director
|
|
March
29, 2021
|
Eric
Ende
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
Matthew A. Wikler
|
|
Director
|
|
March
29, 2010
|
Matthew
A. Wikler
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
James S. Scibetta
|
|
Director
|
|
March
29, 2021
|
James
S. Scibetta
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
Natasha Giordano
|
|
Director
|
|
March
29, 2021
|
Natacha
Giordano
|
|
|
|
|
REPORT
OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To
the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
Matinas
BioPharma Holdings, Inc.
Opinion
on the Financial Statements
We
have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Matinas BioPharma Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December
31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and
cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred
to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects,
the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the consolidated results of their operations
and their cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles
generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis
for Opinion
These
financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on
the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company
in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission
and the PCAOB.
We
conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit
to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error
or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial
reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not
for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our
audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to
error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence
regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles
used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.
We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical
Audit Matters
The
critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements
that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that
are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments.
The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken
as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit
matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Accruals
for research and development expenses
As
disclosed in the consolidated statements of operations, for the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company incurred significant
research and development (“R&D”) expenses, which amounted to approximately $14.4 million. At December 31, 2020,
the Company had accrued $1.4 million for R&D expenses on the consolidated balance sheet. A large amount of the Company’s
R&D expenses are service fees paid to contract research organizations (“CROs). The R&D activities with these CROs
are documented in contractual agreements and are typically performed over an extended period, and there may be several milestones
of the services in one agreement. Therefore, the allocation of the service expenses based on the progress of the R&D projects
and the milestones completed for the appropriate financial reporting period involved judgement and estimation.
We
identified management’s estimate of accruals for R&D expenses as a critical audit matter due to the significance of
these expenses to the financial statements and the subjectivity involved in estimating the progress of the R&D projects and
service fees accrued for the completion of milestones by the CROs. As a result, auditor judgement and additional testing were
required to perform procedures and evaluate audit evidence related to the accruals for R&D expenses.
Addressing
the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the
consolidated financial statements. Our audit procedures related to the accruals for R&D expenses included the following, among
others, (i) we obtained an understanding of management’s process and evaluated the design of controls related to the accrual
process for R&D expenses; (ii) we read selected research agreements to evaluate whether the progress and the completion of
milestones reported by the representatives of the CROs and the corresponding service fees are based on the respective contractual
terms, (iii) we sent confirmations to CROs, on a sample basis, to confirm the amount of the total R&D service fees incurred
for the year and the amounts of outstanding payables under the terms of the contracts, and (iv) we selected projects from the
open contract list at year end and made inquiries of the Company research personnel regarding the project status, and we also
inspected invoices received subsequent to year-end and additional documents and correspondence with the CROs, supporting management’s
estimate of R&D expenditures.
/s/
EisnerAmper LLP
We
have served as the Company’s auditor since 2011.
EISNERAMPER
LLP
Iselin,
New Jersey
March
29, 2021
Matinas
BioPharma Holdings, Inc.
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Matinas
BioPharma Holdings, Inc.
Consolidated
Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Matinas
BioPharma Holdings, Inc.
Consolidated
Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Matinas
BioPharma Holdings, Inc.
Consolidated
Statements of Cash Flows
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Note 1 – Description of Business
Matinas
BioPharma Holdings Inc. (“Holdings”) is a Delaware corporation formed in 2013. Holdings is the parent company of Matinas
BioPharma, Inc. (“BioPharma”), and Matinas BioPharma Nanotechnologies, Inc. (“Nanotechnologies,” formerly
known as Aquarius Biotechnologies, Inc.), its operating subsidiaries (“Nanotechnologies”, and together with “Holdings”
and “BioPharma”, “the Company” or “we” or “our” or “us”). The Company
is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a focus on identifying and developing novel pharmaceutical products.
Note
2 – Liquidity and Plan of Operations
The
Company has experienced net losses and negative cash flows from operations each period since its inception. Through December 31,
2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of approximately $107.5 million. The Company’s net loss for the years ended
December 31, 2020 and 2019 were approximately $22.4 million and $17.4 million, respectively.
The
Company has been engaged in developing LYPDISO (formerly MAT-9001), its lead product candidate, as well as its lipid nanocrystal
(“LNC”) platform delivery technology and a pipeline of associated product candidates since 2011. To date, the Company
has not obtained regulatory approval for any of its product candidates nor generated any revenue from product sales and the Company
expects to incur significant expenses to complete development of its product candidates. The Company may never be able to obtain
regulatory approval for the marketing of any of its product candidates in any indication in the United States or internationally
and there can be no assurance that the Company will generate revenues or ever achieve profitability.
Assuming
the Company obtains Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval for one or more of its product candidates, the Company
expects that its expenses will continue to increase once the Company reaches commercial launch. The Company also expects that
its research and development expenses will continue to increase as it moves forward with additional clinical studies for its current
product candidates and development of additional product candidates. As a result, the Company expects to continue to incur substantial
losses for the foreseeable future, and that these losses will be increasing.
To
continue to fund operations, on March 19, 2019, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of common stock, generating
gross cash proceeds of $30.0 million and net proceeds of approximately $27.8 million. On March 28, 2019, additional shares were
sold pursuant to an over-allotment option granted to the underwriters of the public offering, resulting in additional net proceeds
to the Company of approximately $2.3 million. In addition, on January 14, 2020, the Company completed an underwritten public offering
of common stock, generating gross cash proceeds of approximately $50.0 million and net proceeds of approximately $46.7 million.
(See Note 12 – Stockholders’ Equity).
As
of December 31, 2020, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $12.4 million, marketable securities of approximately
$46.2 million and restricted cash of approximately $0.3 million. During January 2021, the Company sold 3,023,147 shares of common
stock under its At-The-Market Sales Agreement with BTIG, LLC, generating gross proceeds of approximately $5.8 million and net
proceeds of approximately $5.6 million. The Company believes the cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities on hand are
sufficient to fund planned operations into 2024.
Note
3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis
of presentation and principles of consolidation
The
accompanying audited consolidated financial statements include the consolidated accounts of Holdings and its wholly owned subsidiaries,
BioPharma, and Nanotechnologies. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting
principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and reflect the operations of the Company
and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
COVID-19
In
March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. This contagious disease outbreak, which has continued
to spread, and any related adverse public health developments, has adversely affected workforces, economics, and financial markets
globally, potentially leading to an economic downturn.
The
Company has been actively monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact globally. The financial results for the year ended December
31, 2020 were not significantly impacted by COVID-19. However, the Company cannot predict the impact of the progression of the
COVID-19 pandemic on future results or the Company’s ability to raise capital due to a variety of factors, including but
not limited to the continued good health of Company employees, the ability of suppliers to continue to operate and deliver, the
ability of the Company to maintain operations, any further government and/or public actions taken in response to the pandemic
and ultimately the length of the pandemic.
Use
of estimates
The
preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions
that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of
revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Significant
items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the assessment of the impairment of goodwill
and intangible assets, level 3 fair value measurement of financial instruments, income tax valuations, the determination of stock-based
compensation, contingent consideration and research and development expenses.
Segment
and geographic information
Operating
segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the
chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.
The Company views its operations and manages its business in one operating and reporting segment.
Cash,
cash equivalents and restricted cash
The
Company considers all highly liquid financial instruments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased to be
cash and cash equivalents and all investments with maturities of greater than three months from date of purchase are classified
as marketable securities. Cash and cash equivalents consisted of cash in bank checking and savings accounts, money market funds
and short-term U.S. treasury bonds that mature within three months of settlement date. The Company presents restricted cash with
cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Restricted cash represents funds the Company is required
to set aside to cover building operating leases and other purposes. For a complete disclosure of the Company’s cash, cash
equivalents and restricted cash, see Note 4 – Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Marketable Securities.
Marketable
Securities
Marketable
securities, all of which are available-for-sale, consist of U.S. treasury bonds and corporate debt securities. Marketable securities
are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported as accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), except
for losses from impairments which are determined to be other-than-temporary. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged
to be other-than-temporary are included in the determination of net loss and are included in other income, net. Fair values are
based on quoted market prices at the reporting date. Interest and dividends on available-for-sale securities are included in other
income, net. For a complete disclosure of the Company’s marketable securities, see Note 4 – Cash, Cash Equivalents,
Restricted Cash and Marketable Securities.
Concentration
of credit risk
The
Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents,
restricted cash and marketable securities. Our investment policy is to invest only in institutions that meet high credit quality
standards and establishes limits on the amount and time to maturity of investments with any individual counterparty. Balances
are maintained at U.S. financial institutions and are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”)
up to regulatory limits. The Company has not experienced any credit losses associated with its balances in such accounts.
Leasehold
improvements and equipment
Equipment
and leasehold improvements are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation on equipment is computed
using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to ten years. Capitalized
costs associated with leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the estimated useful life
of the asset or the remaining term of the lease.
Goodwill
and other intangible assets
Goodwill
is recorded when consideration paid for an acquired entity exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is not
amortized but rather is assessed for impairment at least annually on a reporting unit basis, or more frequently when events and
circumstances indicate the goodwill may be impaired. U.S. GAAP provides that we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment
to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we
determine this is the case, we perform further analysis to identify and measure the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recognized,
if any.
A
reporting unit is an operating segment, or one level below an operating segment. Historically, we conducted our business in a
single operating segment and reporting unit. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company assessed goodwill impairment
by performing a qualitative test for its reporting unit. As part of the qualitative review, the Company considered its cash position
and its ability to obtain additional financing in the near term to meet its operational and strategic goals and substantiate the
value of its business. Based on the results of the Company’s assessment, it was determined that it is more-likely-than-not
that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount. There were no impairments of goodwill during the
years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. If a nonrecurring fair value measurement for a goodwill impairment was required, sufficient
information will be provided to permit reconciliation of the fair value of the asset categorized within the fair value hierarchy
as level 3 to the amounts presented in the statement of financial position.
Indefinite
lived intangible assets are composed of in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) and represent projects acquired
in a business combination that have not reached technological feasibility or that lack regulatory approval at the time of acquisition.
These IPR&D assets are reviewed for impairment annually, or sooner if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the
carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable, and upon establishment of technological feasibility or regulatory approval.
An impairment loss, if any, is calculated by comparing the fair value of the asset to its carrying value. If the asset’s
carrying value exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recorded for the difference and its carrying value is reduced accordingly.
Similar to the impairment test for goodwill, the Company may perform a qualitative approach for testing indefinite-lived intangible
assets for impairment. The Company used the qualitative approach and concluded that it was more-likely-than-not that its indefinite-lived
assets were not impaired during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Leases
In
February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) established Accounting Standards Codification
(“ASC”) Topic 842, “Leases”, by issuing Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, which
requires lessees to now recognize operating leases on the balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements.
ASC Topic 842 was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-01, Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842; ASU
No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases; and ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements. The new standard
establishes a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to recognize a ROU asset and lease liability on the
balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with
classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. Lessor accounting under
the new standard is substantially unchanged. Additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures are also required.
The
Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method, which applies the provisions
of the standard at the effective date without adjusting the comparative periods presented. The Company adopted the following practical
expedients and accounting policies elections related to this standard:
●
|
Short-term
lease accounting policy election allowing lessees to not recognize ROU assets and liabilities for leases with a term of 12
months or less;
|
●
|
The
option to not separate lease and non-lease components in the Company’s lease contracts; and
|
●
|
The
package of practical expedients applied to all of its leases, including (i) not reassessing whether any expired or existing
contracts are or contain leases, (ii) not reassessing the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and (iii)
not reassessing the capitalization of initial direct costs for any existing leases.
|
Adoption
of this standard resulted in the recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities of approximately
$4.2 million and approximately $4.5 million, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. In addition,
the Company reclassified $0.2 million from leasehold improvements & equipment to finance lease right-of-use assets in connection
with the adoption of ASC Topic 842. The Company’s accounting for finance leases remained substantially unchanged. Disclosures
related to the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases are included in Note 8, Leases.
Preferred
stock dividends
Prior
to automatic conversion on July 29, 2019, shares of Series A Preferred Stock earned dividends at a rate of 8.0% once per year
on the first, second and third anniversary of July 29, 2016, which was paid to the holders of such Series A Preferred Stock in
the form of shares of the Company’s common stock when converted. In addition, and subject to provisions detailed more fully
in Note 12, Stockholders’ Equity, shares of Series B Preferred Stock earn dividends at rates of 10%, 15% and 20% once per
year on the first, second and third anniversary, respectively, of June 19, 2018. Dividends are payable to holders of the Series
B Preferred Stock in the form of shares of the Company’s common stock. Preferred stock dividends do not require declaration
by the Board of Directors and are accrued annually as of the date the dividend is earned in an amount equal to the applicable
rate of the stated value.
Beneficial
conversion feature of convertible preferred stock
The
Company accounts for the beneficial conversion feature on its convertible preferred stock in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt
with Conversion and Other Options. The Beneficial Conversion Feature (“BCF”) of convertible preferred stock is
normally characterized as the convertible portion or feature that provides a rate of conversion that is below market value or
in-the-money when issued. The Company records a BCF related to the issuance of convertible preferred stock when issued. BCFs that
are contingent upon the occurrence of a future event are recorded when the contingency is resolved.
To
determine the effective conversion price, the Company first allocates the proceeds received to the convertible preferred stock
and then uses those allocated proceeds to determine the effective conversion price. If the convertible instrument is issued in
a basket transaction (i.e., issued along with other freestanding financial instruments), the proceeds should first be allocated
to the various instruments in the basket. Any amounts paid to the investor when the transaction is consummated (e.g., origination
fees, due diligence costs) represent a reduction in the proceeds received by the issuer. The intrinsic value of the conversion
option is measured using the effective conversion price for the convertible preferred stock on the proceeds allocated to that
instrument. The effective conversion price represents proceeds allocable to the convertible preferred stock divided by the number
of shares into which it is convertible. The effective conversion price is then compared to the per share fair value of the underlying
shares on the commitment date.
The
BCF is recognized by allocating the intrinsic value of the conversion option to additional paid-in capital, resulting in a discount
on the convertible preferred stock. This discount is accreted from the date on which the BCF is first recognized through the earliest
conversion date for instruments that do not have a stated redemption date. The intrinsic value of the BCF is recognized as a deemed
dividend on convertible preferred stock over the period specified in the guidance.
Income
taxes
Deferred
taxes are provided on a liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating
loss and tax credit carry forwards and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences
are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced
by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred
tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates.
The
Company adopted the provisions of Accounting Standard Codification 740-10 and has analyzed its filing positions in 2020 and 2019
in jurisdictions where it may be obligated to file returns. The Company believes that its income tax filing position and deductions
will be sustained on audit and does not anticipate any adjustments that will result in a material change to its financial position.
Therefore, no reserves for uncertain income tax positions have been recorded. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest
and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company had no accrual for interest or penalties as
of December 31, 2020.
Since
the Company incurred net operating losses in every tax year since inception, the 2014 through 2019 income tax returns are subject
to examination and adjustments by the IRS for at least three years following the year in which the tax attributes are utilized.
Fair
Value Measurements
As
defined in ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurement”, fair value measurements should be disclosed separately by three levels
of the fair value hierarchy. For assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, it is the Company’s policy to maximize the
use of observable inputs (quoted prices in active markets) and minimized the use of unobservable inputs (the Company’s assumptions)
when developing fair value measurements, in accordance with the established fair value hierarchy. For a complete disclosure of
the Company’s fair value measurements, see Note 5 – Fair Value Measurements.
Stock-based
compensation
Stock-based
compensation to employees consist of stock option grants and restricted shares that are recognized in the consolidated statement
of operations based on their fair values at the date of grant.
The
Company accounts for equity instruments issued to non-employees in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 505, subtopic 50,
Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees based upon the fair-value of the underlying instrument. The equity instruments,
consisting of stock options granted to consultants, are valued using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The Company calculates
the fair value of option grants utilizing the Black-Scholes pricing model and estimates the fair value of restricted stock based
upon the estimated fair value or the common stock. The amount of stock-based compensation recognized during a period is based
on the value of the portion of the awards that are ultimately expected to vest. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
The term “forfeitures” is distinct from “cancellations” or “expirations” and represents only
the unvested portion of the surrendered stock option or warrant.
The
resulting stock-based compensation expense for both employee and non-employee awards is generally recognized on a straight-line
basis over the requisite service period of the award.
Basic
and diluted net loss per common share
Net
loss per share information is determined using the two-class method, which includes the weighted-average number of shares of common
stock outstanding during the period and other securities that participate in dividends (a “participating security”).
The Company considered its Preferred Stock to be participating securities because they included rights to participate in dividends
with the common stock.
Under
the two-class method, basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net income attributable
to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The net loss attributable
to common stockholders is calculated by adjusting the net loss of the Company for the accretion on the Preferred Stock. Net losses
are not allocated to preferred stockholders as they do not have an obligation to share in the Company’s net losses. In periods
with net income attributable to common stockholders, the Company would allocate net income first to preferred stockholders based
on dividend rights under the Company’s certificate of incorporation and then to preferred and common stockholders based
on ownership interests. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed using the more dilutive of
(1) the two-class method or (2) the if-converted method.
During
the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, diluted earnings per common share is the same as basic earnings per common share because,
as the Company incurred a net loss during each period presented, the potentially dilutive securities from the assumed exercise
of all outstanding stock options, warrants and conversion of preferred stock, would have an anti-dilutive effect. The reconciliation
of the diluted shares as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows (in thousands):
Schedule of Antidilutive Securities
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
Stock options
|
|
|
22,551
|
|
|
|
17,529
|
|
Preferred Stock and accrued dividend upon conversion
|
|
|
8,722
|
|
|
|
9,154
|
|
Warrants
|
|
|
1,328
|
|
|
|
5,397
|
|
Total
|
|
|
32,601
|
|
|
|
32,080
|
|
Revenue
recognition
Pursuant
to Topic 606, the Company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to a customer in an amount that
reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be intitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this
core principle, Topic 606 outlines a five-step process for recognizing revenue from customer contracts that includes i) identification
of the contract with a customer, ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract, iii) determining the transaction
price, iv) allocating the transaction price to the separate performance obligations in the contract, and v) recognizing revenue
associated with performance obligations as they are satisfied.
At
contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and assess whether each promised
good or service is distinct and determine those that are performance obligations. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount
of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when the performance obligation is satisfied.
For
the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s revenues primarily consist of a research grant to provide research
and development services to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (“CFF”). The grant contract has a single performance obligation
that is recognized over time as the services are performed. There are no contract assets or liabilities associated with this grant.
As certain contract performance obligations in this contract were completed, it was the Company’s only contract with revenue
from a customer for 2019 and disaggregation of revenue is not required. The Company had approximately $125.0 thousand and $89.8
thousand of CFF research grant revenue for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
On
December 12, 2019, the Company entered into a feasibility study agreement (the “Agreement”) with Genentech, Inc. (“Genentech”).
This feasibility study will involve the development of oral formulations using the Company’s LNC platform delivery technology,
which enables the development of a wide range of difficult-to-deliver molecules. Under the terms of the Agreement, Genentech paid
the Company a total of $100.0 thousand for three molecules, or approximately $33.3
thousand per molecule, which will be recognized
upon the Company fulfilling its obligations for each molecule under the Agreement. The Agreement has a single performance obligation
that is recognized over time as the services are performed. There are no contract assets or liabilities associated with this Agreement.
As certain Agreement performance obligations in this agreement were completed, disaggregation of revenue is not required. As of
December 31, 2020, the Company completed the first of three molecules and the Company recognized approximately $33.3
thousand of revenue for the year ended
December 31, 2020. The Company is scheduled to complete the remaining two molecules during 2021.
Collaboration
Agreements
The
Company assess whether its collaboration agreements are subject to ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808)
based on whether they involve joint operating activities and whether both parties have active participation in the arrangement
and are exposed to significant risks and rewards. To the extent that the arrangement falls within the scope of Topic 808, the
Company will apply by analogy the unit of account guidance under Topic 606 to identify distinct performance obligations, and then
determine whether a customer relationship exists for each distinct performance obligation. If the Company determines a performance
obligation within the arrangement is with a customer, the Company applies the guidance in Topic 606. If a portion of a distinct
bundle of goods or services within an arrangement is not with a customer, then the unit of account is not within the scope of
Topic 606, and the recognition and measurement of that unit of account shall be based on analogy to authoritative accounting literature
or, if there is no appropriate analogy, a reasonable, rational, and consistently applied accounting policy election.
The
terms of such arrangements typically include payments to the Company for one or more of the following: up-front fees; development
and regulatory payments; product supply services; research and development cost reimbursements; profit-sharing arrangements; and
royalties on certain products if they are successfully commercialized. As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company
develops assumptions that require judgment to determine the standalone selling price for each performance obligation identified
in the contract. These key assumptions may include forecasted revenues, clinical development timelines and costs, reimbursement
rates for personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success.
Up-front
License Fees: If the license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance
obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company would recognize revenues from nonrefundable up-front fees allocated to
the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license, which
generally would occur at or near the inception of the contract. For licenses that are bundled with other promises, the Company
would utilize judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance
obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes
of recognizing revenues from nonrefundable up-front fees. The Company will evaluate the measure of progress at the end of each
reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.
Research
and Development Milestone Payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development milestone payments, the
Company will evaluate whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimate the amount to be included in
the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur,
the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the Company’s
or the licensee’s control, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until uncertainty
associated with the approvals has been resolved. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation, on a
relative standalone selling price basis, for which the Company will recognize revenue as or when the performance obligations under
the contract are satisfied. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achieving
such development and regulatory milestones and any related variable consideration constraint, and if necessary, adjust our estimate
of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis.
Research
and Development Cost Reimbursements: The Company’s collaboration arrangements may include promises of future clinical
development and drug safety services, as well as participation on certain joint committees. When such services are provided to
a customer or partner, and they are distinct from the licenses provided to the Company’s collaboration partners, these promises
are accounted for as a separate performance obligation which the Company estimates using internal development costs incurred and
projections through the term of the arrangements. The Company records revenues for these services as the performance obligations
are satisfied over time based on measure of progress. However, if the Company concludes that its collaboration partner is not
a customer for those collaborative research and development activities, it presents such payments as a reduction of research and
development expenses.
Research
and Development Arrangement: Under the terms of our research and development agreement with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
Therapeutics, Inc. (“CFF Agreement”), the Company did not account for this arrangement in accordance with Topic 606.
However, the Company has determined that it is a partner under a collaboration agreement as it shares in the risks and rewards
that would be received if the product is successful and commercialized. Therefore the funds received under the terms of this agreement
will be recorded as reimbursements of research and development costs and reduce the research and development expenses in the Company’s
Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income/(Loss). The Company records the reimbursements for certain materials and other
research and development costs associated with the agreement when it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of
cumulative costs have been recognized. As of December 31, 2020, the Company recognized approximately $73.4 thousand of reimbursed
research and development costs associated with the CFF Agreement. For a complete disclosure of the CFF Agreement, see Note 9 –
Collaboration Agreements, License and other Research and Development Agreements.
Research
and development expenses
Research
and development expenses primarily consist of costs associated with the preclinical and clinical development of our product candidate
portfolio, including the following:
●
|
external
research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations
(“CROs”) and other vendors and contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) for the production of
drug substance and drug product; and
|
|
|
●
|
employee-related
expenses, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation expense.
|
Research
and development expenses also include costs of acquired product licenses and related technology rights where there is no alternative
future use, costs of prototypes used in research and development, consultant fees and amounts paid to certain of our collaborative
partners.
All
research and development expenses are charged to operations as incurred in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 730, Research and Development.
The Company accounts for non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development
activities as expenses when the service has been performed or when the goods have been received, rather than when the payment
is made.
Accrued
Research and Development Expenses
As
part of the process of preparing our financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its accrued expenses. This process
involves reviewing quotations and contracts, identifying services that have been performed on the Company’s behalf and estimating
the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when the Company has not yet been invoiced or
otherwise notified of the actual cost. Certain of the Company’s service providers invoice the Company monthly in arrears
for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. The Company makes estimates of its accrued expenses as of each
balance sheet date in its financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to the Company at that time. The Company
periodically confirms the accuracy of its estimates with the service providers and adjust if necessary. The significant estimates
in the Company’s accrued research and development expenses are related to expenses incurred with respect to CROs, CMOs and
other vendors in connection with research and development and manufacturing activities.
The
Company bases its expense related to CROs and CMOs on its estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to
quotations and contracts with such vendors that conduct research and development and manufacturing activities on its behalf. The
financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment
flows. There may be instances in which payments made to the Company’s vendors will exceed the level of services provided
and result in a prepayment of the applicable research and development or manufacturing expense. In accruing service fees, the
Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period.
If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from its estimate, the Company adjust the accrual
or prepaid expense accordingly. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually
incurred, the Company’s understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing
of services performed may vary and could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period.
There have been no material changes in estimates for the periods presented.
Patent
expenses
Legal
fees and other direct costs incurred in obtaining and protecting patents are also expensed as incurred and are included in general
and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
Other
comprehensive income/(loss)
Other
comprehensive income/(loss) consists of net gains/(losses) and unrealized losses on marketable securities available-for-sale and
is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Recently
adopted accounting pronouncements
In
June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”)
2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”.
The standard represents a significant change to the impairment model for most financial assets that are measured at amortized
costs and certain other instruments from an incurred loss model to an expected loss model which will be based on an estimate of
current expected credit loss (“CECL”) and provides targeted improvements on evaluating impairment and recording credit
losses on available-for-sale debt securities through an allowance account. The guidance is effective for public entities in fiscal
years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption did not have a material
impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In
November 2019, the FASB Issued ASU 2019-11, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit
Losses”. The amendments in this standard represent changes to clarify, correct errors in, or improve the Codification. The
amendments make the Codification easier to understand and easier to apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications.
This standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019.
The adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In
August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Changes to Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements”, which
will improve the effectiveness of disclosure requirements for recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The standard
removes, modifies, and adds certain disclosure requirements, and is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those
fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In
November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-18, “Collaboration Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction between
Topic 808 and Topic 606”, to clarify when ASC 606 should be used for collaborative arrangements when the counterparty is
a customer. The Guidance precludes an entity from presenting consideration from a transaction in a collaborative arrangement as
revenue from the contracts with the customers if the counterparty is not a customer for that transaction. The guidance is effective
for public entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim period therein. The adoption did not
have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements in 2020, see Note 9 – Collaboration Agreements, License
and other Research and Development Agreements.
Recent
accounting pronouncements not yet adopted
In
December 2019, the FASB Issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes, (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes”.
This standard removes certain exceptions to the general principles and improves consistent application of and simplify GAAP for
other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. This standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim
periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this standard
will have on its consolidated financial statements.
Note
4 – Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Marketable Securities
The
Company considers all highly liquid financial instruments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased to be
cash and cash equivalents and all investments with maturities of greater than three months from date of purchase are classified
as marketable securities. Cash and cash equivalents consisted of cash in bank checking and savings accounts, money market funds
and short-term U.S. treasury bonds that mature within three months of settlement date.
Cash,
Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
The
Company presents restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Restricted cash
represents funds the Company is required to set aside to cover building operating leases and other purposes.
The
following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
to the total of the amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of December 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and December
31, 2018 (in thousands):
Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
|
|
December 31,
2020
|
|
|
December 31,
2019
|
|
|
December 31,
2018
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
|
$
|
12,432
|
|
|
$
|
22,170
|
|
|
$
|
12,447
|
|
Restricted cash included in current/long term assets
|
|
|
336
|
|
|
|
586
|
|
|
|
561
|
|
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statements of cash flows
|
|
$
|
12,768
|
|
|
$
|
22,756
|
|
|
$
|
13,008
|
|
Marketable
Securities
The
Company has classified its investments in marketable securities as available-for-sale and as a current asset. The Company’s
investments in marketable securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component
of stockholders’ equity. Unrealized gains and losses are classified as other comprehensive income (loss) and costs are determined
on a specific identification basis. Realized gains and losses from our marketable securities are recorded in other income, net.
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded unrealized gains/(losses) of approximately $237.5 thousand
and $0.9 thousand, respectively, and reclassed approximately $8.5 thousand to net loss from operations from the sale of certain
securities during 2020. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had net accumulated unrealized gains of approximately $228.2
thousand and net accumulated unrealized losses of approximately $0.9 thousand, respectively.
The
following tables summarizes the Company’s marketable securities for the year ended December 31, 2020 consisted of the following
(in thousands):
Summary of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities
|
|
Amortized Cost
|
|
|
Unrealized Gain
|
|
|
Unrealized (Loss)
|
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
U.S. Treasury Bonds
|
|
$
|
18,293
|
|
|
$
|
136
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
18,429
|
|
U.S. Government Notes
|
|
|
22,148
|
|
|
|
82
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
22,230
|
|
Corporate Debt Securities
|
|
|
4,303
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
4,306
|
|
State and Municipal Bonds
|
|
|
1,275
|
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
1,282
|
|
Total marketable securities
|
|
$
|
46,019
|
|
|
$
|
228
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
46,247
|
|
Maturities
of debt securities classified as available-for-sale were as follows at December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Schedule of Maturities of Debt Securities Available-for-sale
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
|
Net Carrying
Amount
|
|
Due within one year
|
|
$
|
31,438
|
|
|
$
|
31,602
|
|
Due after one year through five years
|
|
|
14,809
|
|
|
|
14,845
|
|
|
|
$
|
46,247
|
|
|
$
|
46,447
|
|
The
following tables summarizes the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities for the year ended December 31,
2019 consisted of the following (in thousands):
Summary of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities
|
|
Amortized Cost
|
|
|
Unrealized Gain
|
|
|
Unrealized (Loss)
|
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
|
$
|
22,169
|
|
|
$
|
1
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
22,170
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. Treasury Bonds
|
|
$
|
4,003
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(1
|
)
|
|
$
|
4,002
|
|
Corporate Debt Securities
|
|
|
1,604
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
(1
|
)
|
|
|
1,603
|
|
Total marketable securities
|
|
$
|
5,607
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(2
|
)
|
|
$
|
5,605
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities
|
|
$
|
27,776
|
|
|
$
|
1
|
|
|
$
|
(2
|
)
|
|
$
|
27,775
|
|
Maturities
of debt securities classified as available-for-sale were as follows at December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
Schedule of Maturities of Debt Securities Available-for-sale
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
|
Net
Carrying Amount
|
|
Due within one year
|
|
$
|
5,002
|
|
|
$
|
5,019
|
|
Due after one year through five years
|
|
|
603
|
|
|
|
607
|
|
|
|
$
|
5,605
|
|
|
$
|
5,626
|
|
The
Company determined that the unrealized gains and (losses) are deemed to be temporary as of December 31, 2020. Unrealized gains
and (losses) generally are the result of increases in the risk premiums required by market participants rather than an adverse
change in cash flows for a fundamental weakness in the credit quality of the issuer or underlying assets. The Company has the
ability and intent to hold these investments until maturity. The Company does not consider the investment in marketable securities
to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2020.
Note
5 - Fair Value Measurements
The
Company uses the fair value hierarchy to measure the value of its financial instruments. The fair value hierarchy is based on
inputs to valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value that are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs
reflect assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent
sources, while unobservable inputs reflect a reporting entity’s pricing based upon its own market assumptions. The basis
for fair value measurements for each level within the hierarchy is described below:
●
|
Level
1 – Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
|
|
|
●
|
Level
2 – Quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other model-derived
valuations whose inputs are directly or indirectly observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.
|
|
|
●
|
Level
3 – Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs to the valuation model are
unobservable and for which assumptions are used based on management estimates.
|
The
Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to
the extent possible as well as considers counterparty credit risk in its assessment of fair value.
The
carrying amounts of certain cash and cash equivalents, current portion of restricted cash, marketable securities, prepaid expenses
and other current assets, accounts payable, current portion of lease liability and accrued expenses approximate fair value due
to the short-term nature of these instruments.
A
summary of the assets and liabilities carried at fair value in accordance with the hierarchy defined above is as follows (in thousands):
Schedule of Fair Value Measurement of Assets and Liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
Fair Value Hierarchy
|
|
December 31, 2020
|
|
Total
|
|
|
(Level 1)
|
|
|
(Level 2)
|
|
|
(Level 3)
|
|
Assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marketable Securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. Treasury Bonds
|
|
$
|
18,429
|
|
|
$
|
18,429
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
U.S. Government Notes
|
|
|
22,230
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
22,230
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
Corporate Debt Securities
|
|
|
4,306
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
4,306
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
State and Municipal Bonds
|
|
|
1,282
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
1,282
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
46,247
|
|
|
$
|
18,429
|
|
|
$
|
27,818
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair Value Hierarchy
|
|
December 31, 2019
|
|
Total
|
|
|
(Level 1)
|
|
|
(Level 2)
|
|
|
(Level 3)
|
|
Assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
|
$
|
22,170
|
|
|
$
|
22,170
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Marketable Securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. Treasury Bonds
|
|
|
4,002
|
|
|
|
4,002
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
Corporate Debt Securities
|
|
|
1,603
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
1,603
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
27,775
|
|
|
$
|
26,172
|
|
|
$
|
1,603
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
U.S.
treasury bonds are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices for
identical assets in active markets. Marketable securities consisting of U.S. government notes, corporate debt securities and state
and municipal bonds are classified as Level 2 and are valued using quoted market prices in markets that are not active.
Note
6 – Leasehold Improvements and Equipment
Leasehold
improvements and equipment, summarized by major category, consist of the following for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(in thousands):
Schedule of Leasehold Improvements and Equipment
|
|
December 30,
2020
|
|
|
December 31,
2019
|
|
Lab equipment
|
|
$
|
1,443
|
|
|
$
|
1,437
|
|
Leasehold improvements
|
|
|
878
|
|
|
|
878
|
|
Total
|
|
|
2,321
|
|
|
|
2,315
|
|
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization
|
|
|
797
|
|
|
|
566
|
|
Leasehold improvements and equipment, net
|
|
$
|
1,524
|
|
|
$
|
1,749
|
|
Depreciation
and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was approximately $231.1 thousand and $206.0 thousand,
respectively. Due to the adoption of the new lease accounting pronouncement in January 2019 and the reclass of certain right-of-use
assets upon adoption, the Company reclassed $559 thousand and $72 thousand of assets and related accumulated depreciation, respectively.
In addition, in July 2019, the Company recorded an asset write-off of approximately $14 thousand, including $7 thousand of related
accumulated depreciation.
Note
7 – Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
Accrued
expenses and other liabilities, summarized by major category, consist of the following for years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(in thousands):
Schedule of Accrued Expenses
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
Payroll and incentives
|
|
$
|
1,094
|
|
|
$
|
978
|
|
General and administrative expenses
|
|
|
280
|
|
|
|
441
|
|
Research and development expenses
|
|
|
778
|
|
|
|
421
|
|
Deferred revenue and other deferred liabilities *
|
|
|
643
|
|
|
|
100
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
2,795
|
|
|
$
|
1,940
|
|
*
|
At
December 31, 2020, approximately $576.6 thousand is the remaining balance of the CFF Agreement’s deferred liability
and approximately $66.6 thousand is deferred revenue related to the Genentech feasibility study agreement. The $100.0 thousand
of deferred revenue at December 31, 2019 is the upfront payment for the Genentech feasibility study agreement.
|
Note
8 – Leases
The
Company has various lease agreements with terms up to 10 years, including leases of office space, a laboratory and manufacturing
facility, and various equipment. Some leases include purchase, termination or extension options for one or more years. These options
are included in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised.
Operating
lease obligations
On
November 1, 2013, the Company entered into a 7-year lease for office space in Bedminster, New Jersey which commenced in June,
2014 at a monthly rent of approximately $13,000, increasing to approximately $14,000 per month toward the end of the term, which
is May 2021. The Company was obligated to provide an initial security deposit of $300,000 to obtain the office lease space. As
of December 31, 2020, the total deposit had been returned to the Company.
On
September 23, 2020, the Company entered into an amendment to the Bedminster lease. Pursuant to the amendment, the Company will
lease an additional 3,034 rentable square feet (“Expansion Premises”). The amendment becomes effective upon the date
on which the landlord delivers to the Company the Expansion Premises, which is expected to occur in the second quarter of 2021,
and extends the term of the lease for seven years from such date. There is no renewal option, no security deposit, no residual
value or significant restrictions or covenants other than those customary in such arrangements. Except as expressly provided,
all other terms, covenants, conditions and agreements as set forth in the lease will remain unchanged and in full force and effect.
The total lease commitment over the seven-year extension period is approximately $1.8 million.
On
December 15, 2016, the Company entered into a 10-year, 3-month lease to consolidate our locations while expanding our laboratory
and manufacturing facilities. The lease began August 2017. The monthly rent will start at approximately $43,000 increasing to
approximately $64,000 in the final year. To obtain the laboratory and facility site, the Company was obligated to provide an initial
security deposit of $586,000. This deposit was subsequently reduced to $286,000. It can be further reduced by $86,000 on the next
anniversary of the rent commencement date, after which it will remain at $200,000 for the balance of the lease term.
The
assets and liabilities from operating and finance leases are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value
of remaining lease payments over the lease term using the Company’s incremental borrowing rates or implicit rates, when
readily determinable. Short-term leases, which have an initial term of 12 months or less, are not recorded on the balance sheet.
The
Company’s operating leases do not provide an implicit rate that can readily be determined. Therefore, the Company uses a
discount rate based on its incremental borrowing rate, which is determined using the average of borrowing rates explicitly stated
in the Company’s finance leases.
The
Company incurred lease expense for its operating leases of approximately $813.7 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2020
and 2019. The Company incurred amortization expense on its operating lease right-of-use assets of approximately $484.6 thousand
and $452.1 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Finance
Leases
The
Company incurred interest expense on its finance leases of approximately $6.7 thousand and $11.7 thousand for the years ended
December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company incurred amortization expense on its finance lease right-of-use assets of
approximately $59.0 thousand and $122.8 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The
following table presents information about the amount and timing of liabilities arising from the Company’s operating leases,
excluding the Expansion Premises of the amended Bedminster lease which the Company has not taken control of as of December 31,
2020, and finance leases as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands):
Schedule of Maturity of Operating and Finance Leases Liabilities
Maturity of Lease Liabilities
|
|
Operating Lease Liabilities
|
|
|
Finance Lease Liabilities
|
|
2021
|
|
$
|
685
|
|
|
$
|
34
|
|
2022
|
|
|
645
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
2023
|
|
|
677
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
2024
|
|
|
710
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
2025
|
|
|
745
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Thereafter
|
|
|
1,458
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Total undiscounted operating lease payments
|
|
$
|
4,920
|
|
|
$
|
55
|
|
Less: Imputed interest
|
|
|
1,224
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Present value of operating lease liabilities
|
|
$
|
3,696
|
|
|
$
|
55
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted average remaining lease term in years
|
|
|
6.7
|
|
|
|
1.7
|
|
Weighted average discount rate
|
|
|
8.4
|
%
|
|
|
8.1
|
%
|
The
following table presents information about the amount and timing of liabilities arising from the Company’s operating and
finance leases as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
Maturity of Lease Liabilities
|
|
Operating Lease Liabilities
|
|
|
Finance Lease Liabilities
|
|
2020
|
|
$
|
753
|
|
|
$
|
60
|
|
2021
|
|
|
685
|
|
|
|
34
|
|
2022
|
|
|
645
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
2023
|
|
|
677
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
2024
|
|
|
710
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Thereafter
|
|
|
2,203
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Total undiscounted operating lease payments
|
|
$
|
5,673
|
|
|
$
|
115
|
|
Less: Imputed interest
|
|
|
1,554
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
Present value of operating lease liabilities
|
|
$
|
4,119
|
|
|
$
|
109
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted average remaining lease term in years
|
|
|
7.5
|
|
|
|
2.2
|
|
Weighted average discount rate
|
|
|
8.4
|
%
|
|
|
7.8
|
%
|
Note
9 - Collaboration Agreements, License and Other Research and Development Agreements
Cystic
Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics Development Award
On
November 19, 2020, the Company entered into an award agreement (the “Agreement”) with Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (“CFF”),
pursuant to which it received a Therapeutics Development Award of up to $4.2 million (the “Award”) (of which $484,249
had been previously received) to support the preclinical development (the “Development Program”) of the Company’s
MAT2501 product candidate (the “Product”), a lipid nanocrystal oral formulation of the broad-spectrum aminoglycoside
amikacin, for the treatment of pulmonary non-tubercular mycobacteria infections and other pulmonary diseases (the “Field”).
The
first payment under the Agreement, in the amount of $650.0
thousand, became due upon execution of
the Agreement. The Company invoiced the CFF in November 2020 and payment was subsequently received in February 2021. At December
31, 2020, the related receivable of $650.0
thousand is included in prepaid expenses
and other current assets and the related deferred liability balance of $576.6
thousand
is included in accrued expense and other current liabilities. The remainder of the Award will be paid to the Company incrementally
in installments upon the achievement of certain milestones related to the development program and progress of the Development
Program, as set forth in the Agreement.
If
the Company ceases to use commercially reasonable efforts directed to the development of MAT2501 in the Field, (an “Interruption”)
and fails to resume the development of the Product after receiving from CFF notice of an Interruption, then the Company must either
repay the amount of the Award actually received by the Company, or grant to CFF (1) an exclusive (even as to the Company), worldwide,
perpetual, sublicensable license under technology developed under the Agreement that covers the Product for use in treating infections
in CF patients (the “CF Field”), and (2) a non-exclusive, worldwide license under certain background intellectual
property covering the Product, to the extent necessary to commercialize the Product in the CF Field.
Pursuant
to the terms of the Agreement, the Company is obligated to make royalty payments to CFF contingent upon commercialization of the
Product in the Field up to a maximum of five (5) times the Award or approximately $21.2 million (the “Royalty Cap”),
payable in three equal annual installments following the first commercial sale of the Product, the first of which is due within
90 days following the first commercial sale of the Product. The Company may also be obligated to make a payment to CFF if the
Company transfers, sells or licenses the Product in the CF Field, or if the Company enters into a change of control transaction
which will be applied against the Royalty Cap. In addition, the Company is also obligated to make up the two royalty payments
of CFF of the approximately $4.2 million each, due in the calendar years in which specific net sales milestones are achieved.
The
term of the Agreement commenced on November 19, 2020 and expires on the earlier of the date on which the Company has paid CFF
all of the fixed royalty payments set forth therein, the effective date of any license granted to CFF following an Interruption,
or upon earlier termination of the Agreement. Either CFF or the Company may terminate the agreement for cause, which includes
the Company’s material failure to achieve certain development milestones. The Company’s payment obligations survive
the termination of the Agreement.
The
Company concluded that the CFF award is in the scope of ASC 808. Accordingly, as discussed in Note 3, the award amounts received
from CFF upon achievement of certain milestones are recognized as credits to research and development expenses in the period the
Development Program’s expenses are incurred. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized $73.4 thousand,
as credits to research and development expenses related to the CFF award. In addition, the Company concluded under the guidance
in ASC 730 that it does not have an obligation to repay funds received once related research and development expenses are incurred.
Genentech
Feasibility Study Agreement
On
December 12, 2019, the Company entered into a feasibility study agreement (the “Agreement”) with Genentech, Inc. (“Genentech”).
This feasibility study agreement will involve the development of oral formulations using the Company’s LNC platform delivery
technology, which enables the development of a wide range of difficult-to-deliver molecules. Under the terms of the Agreement,
Genentech shall pay to the Company a total of $100.0 thousand for three molecules, or approximately $33.3 thousand per molecule,
which will be recognized upon the Company fulfilling its obligations for each molecule under the Agreement. On December 13, 2019,
per Genentech’s request, the Company billed Genentech for the total $100 thousand and recorded the upfront consideration
as deferred revenue, which is recorded in accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets, and will recognize it over the
term of the contract performance obligation period. As of December 31, 2020, the Company completed the first of three molecules
and the Company recognized approximately $33.3 thousand of Genentech revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company
did not complete any contract performance obligations during 2019.
Other
Research and development agreements
The
Company has financial obligations resulting from Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (“CRADAs”) entered
into with the with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (“NIH”) as follows:
●
|
On
February 19, 2016, the Company agreed to provide funds in the amount of $200,000 per year under a CRADA to support NIH investigators
in the conduct of clinical research to investigate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of LNC platform drug products
in patients with fungal, bacterial, or viral infections. The initial term of the CRADA was three years. On April 16, 2019,
the Company renewed the CRADA for an additional three years with an annual funding commitment of $200,000.
|
|
|
●
|
On
April 2, 2019, the Company agreed to provide funds in the amount of $157,405 per year under a CRADA to support NIH investigators
in the conduct of clinical research to investigate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of LNC platform drug products
in patients with fungal, bacterial, or viral infections. The term of the CRADA is three years.
|
License
agreement
Through
the acquisition of Aquarius, the Company acquired a license from Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey (successor
in interest to the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey) for the LNC platform delivery technology. The Amended and
Restated Exclusive License Agreement provides for, among other things, the payment of (1) royalties on a tiered basis between
low single digits and the mid-single digits of net sales of products using such licensed technology, (2) a one-time sales milestone
fee of $100,000 when and if sales of products using the licensed technology reach the specified sales threshold and (3) an annual
license fee of initially $10,000, increasing to the current fee amount of $50,000 over the term of the license agreement.
Note
10 – Commitments
Royalty
payment rights
On
September 12, 2016 the Company conducted a final closing of a private placement offering to accredited investors of shares of
the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock. As part of this offer, the investors received royalty payment rights if and when
the Company generates sales of its MAT2203 or MAT2501 product candidates. Pursuant to the terms of the Series A Certificate of
Designation, the Company may be required to pay royalties of up to $35 million per year. If and when the Company obtains FDA or
the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) approval of MAT2203 and/or MAT2501, which the Company does not expect to occur
before 2023, if ever, and/or if the Company generates sales of such products, or the Company receives any proceeds from the licensing
or other disposition of MAT2203 or MAT2501, the Company is required to pay to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock, subject
to certain vesting requirements, in the aggregate, a royalty (the “Royalty Payment Rights”) equal to (i) 4.5% of Net
Sales (as defined in the Series A Certificate of Designation), subject in all cases to a cap of $25 million per calendar year,
and (ii) 7.5% of Licensing Proceeds (as defined in the Series A Certificate of Designation), subject in all cases to a cap of
$10 million per calendar year. The Royalty Payment Rights will expire when the patents covering the applicable product expire,
which is currently expected to be in 2033.
Employment
agreements
The
Company also has employment agreements with certain employees which require the funding of a specific level of payments, if certain
events, such as a change in control, termination without cause or retirement, occur.
Acquisition
of Aquarius Biotechnologies, Inc. (now known as Matinas BioPharma Nanotechnologies, Inc.)
Pursuant
to the terms of the merger agreement with Aquarius Biotechnologies, Inc., the Company may be required to issue up to an additional
3,000,000 shares of our common stock upon the achievement of certain milestones. The milestone consideration consists of (i) 1,500,000
shares issuable upon the dosing of the first patient in a phase III trial sponsored by us for a product utilizing Aquarius’
proprietary LNC platform delivery technology and (ii) 1,500,000 shares issuable upon FDA approval of the first NDA submitted by
us for a product utilizing Aquarius’ proprietary LNC platform delivery technology. The Company concluded that the contingent
share issuance represented equity settled contingent consideration and have recorded the amounts to equity since inception. None
of these milestones have been reached, and accordingly, as of December 31, 2020 no additional shares have been issued.
Other
normal business operating agreements
In
addition, in the course of normal business operations, the Company enters into agreements with contract service providers to assist
in the performance of research & development and manufacturing activities. Expenditures to these third parties represent significant
costs in clinical development and may require upfront payments and long-term commitments of cash. Subject to required notice periods
and obligations under binding purchase orders, the Company can elect to discontinue the work under these agreements at any time.
Note
11 – Income Taxes
The
Company utilizes the liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and
assets are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax
basis of assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established against deferred tax assets when, based on the weight of
available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company’s
policy is to record interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as income tax expense. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019,
the Company does not believe any material uncertain tax positions were present. Accordingly, interest and penalties have not been
accrued due to an uncertain tax position.
The
components of the income tax provision are as follows (in thousands):
Schedule of Income Tax Provision
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
|
Year
Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
|
2019
|
|
Current expense (benefit):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Federal
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
State
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Foreign
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Total current expense (benefit):
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deferred expense (benefit):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Federal
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
State
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Foreign
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Total deferred expense (benefit):
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total income tax expense (benefit):
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
Deferred
income taxes reflect the net effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial
reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. A reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal rate to the Company’s
effective tax rate is as follows:
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation
|
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
Income at US Statutory Rate
|
|
|
21.00
|
%
|
|
|
21.00
|
%
|
State Taxes, net of Federal benefit
|
|
|
2.95
|
%
|
|
|
3.82
|
%
|
Permanent Differences
|
|
|
-1.28
|
%
|
|
|
-0.88
|
%
|
Tax Credits
|
|
|
0.75
|
%
|
|
|
1.06
|
%
|
Valuation Allowance
|
|
|
-24.53
|
%
|
|
|
-29.92
|
%
|
Discrete items
|
|
|
1.11
|
%
|
|
|
4.92
|
%
|
|
|
|
0.00
|
%
|
|
|
0.00
|
%
|
The
Company has no current income taxes payable other than certain state minimum taxes which are included in general and administrative
expenses.
Significant
components of the Company’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) for 2020 and 2019 consist of the following (in thousands):
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
|
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
Share-based Compensation
|
|
$
|
3,220
|
|
|
$
|
2,611
|
|
Depreciation and Amortization
|
|
|
(119
|
)
|
|
|
(219
|
)
|
Accrued Liability
|
|
|
307
|
|
|
|
275
|
|
Net Operating Loss Carry-forwards
|
|
|
19,927
|
|
|
|
15,587
|
|
R&D Credit Carryforwards
|
|
|
2,264
|
|
|
|
1,881
|
|
Other
|
|
|
(10
|
)
|
|
|
(27
|
)
|
IPR&D
|
|
|
(848
|
)
|
|
|
(848
|
)
|
ROU Asset
|
|
|
(921
|
)
|
|
|
(1,057
|
)
|
ROU Liability
|
|
|
1,045
|
|
|
|
1,158
|
|
Total Deferred tax assets
|
|
$
|
24,865
|
|
|
$
|
19,361
|
|
Valuation allowance
|
|
|
(25,206
|
)
|
|
|
(19,702
|
)
|
Net deferred tax asset (liability)
|
|
$
|
(341
|
)
|
|
$
|
(341
|
)
|
On
March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was signed into law making several changes to
the Internal Revenue Code. The changes include, but are not limited to: allowing companies to carryback certain net operating
losses, and increasing the amount of net operating loss carryforwards that corporations can use to offset taxable income. The
tax law changes in the Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s income tax provision.
In
assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion
or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the
generation of taxable income during the periods in which the temporary differences representing net future deductible amounts
become deductible, and is impacted by the Company’s ability to carryforward losses to years in which the Company has taxable
income. Due to the Company’s history of losses and lack of other positive evidence to support taxable income, the Company
has recorded a valuation allowance against those deferred tax assets that are not expected to be realized. The valuation allowance
was approximately $25.2 million and approximately $19.7 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, representing an
increase of approximately $5.5 million.
As
of December 31, 2020, the Company had Federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $38.1 million which will begin to expire in 2032. In addition, the Company has federal net operating loss carryforwards
of approximately $45.0 million which have an indefinite carryforward period. The Company also
had federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $2.3 million. The federal net operating
loss and tax credit carryforwards will expire at various dates beginning in 2033, if not utilized. The difference between the
statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate is primarily attributable to the valuation allowance offsetting deferred tax assets.
Utilization
of the net operating losses and general business tax credits carryforwards may be subject to a substantial limitation under Sections
382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 due to changes in ownership of the Company that have occurred previously or that
could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of net operating losses and general business tax credits
carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. In general, an ownership change,
as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders or public groups in the
stock of a corporation by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. The Company has not completed a study to determine
whether it had undergone an ownership change since the Company’s inception
Sale
of net operating losses (NOLs)
The
Company recognized approximately $1.1 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, in
connection with the sale of certain State of New Jersey Net Operating Losses (“NOL”) and Research and Development
(“R&D”) tax credits to a third party under the New Jersey Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program.
In addition, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, signed into law on December 22, 2017 imposes significant additional limitations on the
deductibility of interest and limits net operating loss (NOL) deductions to 80% of net taxable income for losses arising in taxable
years beginning after December 31, 2017. This NOL limitation has currently been suspended for years 2018 through 2020 as a result
of the CARES Act.
Note
12 – Stockholders’ Equity
At-The-Market
Equity Offering
On
July 2, 2020, the Company entered into an At-The-Market (“ATM”) Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”)
with BTIG, LLC (“BTIG”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, through BTIG, as sales
agent and/or principal, shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000,000, subject to certain
limitations on the amount of common stock that may be offered and sold by the Company set forth in the Sales Agreement. BTIG will
be paid a 3% commission on the gross proceeds from each sale. The Company may terminate the Sales Agreement at any time; BTIG
may terminate the Sales Agreement in certain limited circumstances. As of December 31, 2020, the Company did not sell any shares
of its common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement. During January 2021, BTIG sold 3,023,147 shares of the Company’s common
stock generating gross proceeds of approximately $5.8 million and net proceeds of approximately $5.6 million, after deducting
BTIG’s commission on gross proceeds.
Common
Stock
On
January 14, 2020, the Company closed on an underwritten public offering of 32.3 million shares of its common stock at a purchase
price of $1.55 per share. The Company generated gross proceeds of approximately $50.0 million and net proceeds of approximately
$46.7 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses. In addition, the
Company granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to approximately 4.8 million additional shares of its common stock
on the same terms and conditions. No additional shares of the Company’s common stock were sold pursuant to this option.
On
March 19, 2019, the Company closed an underwritten public offering of its common stock. This offering was made pursuant to an
underwriting agreement between the Company and BTIG, LLC. The offering resulted in the sale of 27,272,727 shares to the public
at a price of $1.10 per share. The Company generated gross proceeds of $30.0 million. Net proceeds after deducting underwriting
discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses are approximately $27.8 million. In addition, the Company granted
the underwriters a 30-day option (the “option”) to purchase up to an additional 4,090,909 shares of common stock subject
to the same terms and conditions. On March 28, 2019, an additional 2,199,259 shares were sold pursuant to the option at a price
of $1.10 per share, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $2.3 million.
Preferred
Stock
In
accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 10,000,000 preferred shares at a par value
of $0.001. In connection with a private placement of Series A Preferred Stock, on July 26, 2016, the Company filed the Series
A Certificate of Designation with the Secretary of the State of Delaware to designate the preferences, rights and limitations
of the Series A Preferred Stock. Pursuant to the Series A Certificate of Designation, the Company designated 1,600,000 shares
of the Company’s previously undesignated preferred shares as Series A Preferred Stock. In connection with a public offering
of Series B Preferred Stock, on June 19, 2018, the Company filed the Series B Certificate of Designation with the Secretary of
the State of Delaware to designate the preferences, rights and limitations of the Series B Preferred Stock. Pursuant to the Series
B Certificate of Designation, the Company designated 8,000 shares of the Company’s previously undesignated preferred shares
as Series B Preferred Stock.
Series
B Preferred Stock
On
June 19, 2018, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement with ThinkEquity, a Division of Fordham Financial Management,
Inc., as placement agent, relating to the offering, issuance and sale of up to 8,000 shares of the Company’s Series B Convertible
Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share with a stated value of $1,000 per share which are convertible into an aggregate of
up to 16,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial conversion price of $0.50 per share. The offering also
included up to an additional 7,200,000 shares of common stock issuable upon payment of dividends under the Series B Preferred
Stock. The offering closed on June 21, 2018 raising a gross amount of $8 million with net proceeds of $7.1 million after deducting
issuance costs. The placement agent received 7% commission on the gross proceeds, 1% of the gross proceeds to cover non-accountable
expenses and 240,000 warrants fair valued at approximately $89,000 treated as a reduction to gross proceeds, that are exercisable
over a 5-year period at an exercise price of $0.75 per share.
As
of December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were 4,361 shares 4,577 shares, respectively, of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding.
Conversion:
Optional
Conversion. Subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (defined below), each share of Series B Preferred Stock will be
convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at any time at the option of the holder at an initial conversion price
of $0.50 per share subject to adjustment for reverse splits, stock combinations and similar changes as provided in the Certificate
of Designation. Based on the current conversion price and number of shares outstanding, the Series B Preferred Stock is convertible
into 8,722,000 shares of common stock. Dividends will not accrue and will not be paid following optional conversion. During the
years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, 216 shares and 242 shares, respectively, of Series B preferred stock were converted into
shares of common stock.
Automatic
Conversion. Subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation described below, each share of Series B Preferred Stock shall automatically
convert into 2,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial conversion price of $0.50 per share upon the earlier
of (i) the first FDA approval of one of our product candidates, (ii) the 36-month anniversary of the of the filing of the Certificate
of Designation for the Series B Preferred Stock with the Secretary of State of Delaware (the “COD Effective Date”
which is June 19, 2018) or (iii) the consent to conversion by holders of at least 50.1% of the outstanding shares of Series B
Preferred Stock. In the event the Series B Preferred Stock automatically converts into common stock prior to the 36 month anniversary
of the COD Effective Date, the holder on the date of such conversion shall also be entitled to receive those dividends which would
have been payable after the conversion date, as if the shares of Series B Preferred Stock had remained unconverted and outstanding
through the 36 month anniversary of the COD Effective Date. Such dividend amount shall be payable as set forth above in shares
of common stock upon such automatic conversion.
Beneficial
Conversion Feature. The Optional and Automatic conversion features do not contain a BCF as the effective conversion price
for the Series B Preferred Stock at issuance was equal to the fair value of the common stock into which the preferred shares are
convertible into.
Beneficial
Ownership Limitation. The Company may not affect any optional or automatic conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock, or
issue shares of common stock as dividends and a holder does not have the right to convert any portion of the Series B Preferred
Stock to the extent that, after giving effect to such conversion such holder would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial
Ownership Limitation, or such holder, together with such holder’s affiliates, and any persons acting as a group together
with such holder or affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation. The “Beneficial
Ownership Limitation” is 4.99% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding immediately after
giving effect to the issuance of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of Series B Preferred Stock held by the applicable
holder. A holder may, prior to issuance of the Series B Preferred Stock or, with 61 days prior notice to us, elect to increase
or decrease the Beneficial Ownership Limitation; provided, however, that in no event may the Beneficial Ownership Limitation exceed
9.99%.
Liquidity
Value and Dividends:
Dividends.
Subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation described above, holders of the Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive
dividends payable in the Company’s common stock as follows: (i) a number of shares of common stock equal to 10% of the shares
of common stock underlying the Series B Preferred Stock then held by such holder on the 12 month anniversary of the COD Effective
Date, (ii) a number of shares of common stock equal to 15% of the shares of common stock underlying the Series B Preferred Stock
then held by such holder on the 24-month anniversary of the COD Effective Date and (iii) a number of shares of common stock equal
to 20% of the shares of common stock underlying the Series B Preferred Stock then held by such holder on the 36-month anniversary
of the COD Effective Date. In the event a purchaser in this offering no longer holds Series B Preferred Stock as of the 12-month
anniversary, the 24-month anniversary or the 36-month anniversary, such purchaser will not be entitled to receive any dividends
on such anniversary date. Based on an accounting of the holders of record of Series B Preferred Stock on June 19, 2019 and 2020,
the Company paid the 12-month anniversary dividend payments of 10% and 15%, respectively, totaling 946,000 shares and 1,365,600
shares, respectively, of common stock.
In
the event a fundamental transaction is consummated prior to the automatic conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock, the dividends
will be accelerated and paid to the extent not previously paid. In addition, holders of Series B Preferred Stock will be entitled
to receive dividends equal, on an as-if-converted to shares of common stock basis, and in the same form as dividends actually
paid on shares of the common stock when, as, and if such dividends are paid on shares of the common stock. Notwithstanding the
foregoing, to the extent that a holder’s right to participate in any dividend in shares of common stock to which such holder
is entitled would result in such holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then such holder shall not be entitled
to participate in any such dividend to such extent and the portion of such shares that would cause such holder to exceed the Beneficial
Ownership Limitation shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of such holder until such time, if ever, as such holder’s
beneficial ownership thereof would not result in such holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation.
Pursuant
to its Certificate of Designation, the liquidation value of a share of Series B Preferred Stock is equal to the stated value of
$1,000 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, combinations or other recapitalizations of the Series A Preferred
Stock) plus any earned but unpaid dividends.
Warrants
The
Company has issued two types of warrants: (i) investor warrants and (ii) placement agent warrants. All warrants are exercisable
immediately upon issuance and have a five-year term. The warrants may be exercised at any time in whole or in part upon payment
of the applicable exercise price until expiration. No fractional shares will be issued upon the exercise of the warrants. The
exercise price and the number of shares purchasable upon the exercise of the investor warrants are subject to adjustment upon
the occurrence of certain events, which include stock dividends, stock splits, combinations and reclassifications of the Company’s
capital stock or other similar changes to the equity structure of the Company.
For
the 20 million investor warrants issued in 2015, the Company may call the warrants at any time the common stock trades above $3.00
for twenty (20) consecutive days following the effectiveness of the registration statement covering the resale of the shares of
common stock underlying the warrants, provided that the warrants can only be called if such registration statement is current
and remains effective at the time of the call and provided further that the Company can only call the investor warrants for redemption,
if it also calls all other warrants for redemption on the terms described above. The Company did not call any warrants during
the periods ended December 31, 2019 and 2020.
The
placement agent warrants do not have a redemption feature. They may be exercised on a cashless basis at the holder’s option.
The
investor warrants and placement agent warrants are classified as equity instruments.
As
of December 31, 2020, the Company had outstanding warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,327,810 shares of common stock at exercise
prices ranging from $0.50 to $0.75 per share. A summary of warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 is presented
below, all of which are fully vested (in thousands):
Summary of Shareholders Equity Warrants Outstanding
|
|
Shares
|
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2018
|
|
|
5,799
|
|
Issued
|
|
|
-
|
|
Exercised
|
|
|
(402
|
)
|
Tendered
|
|
|
-
|
|
Expired
|
|
|
-
|
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2019
|
|
|
5,397
|
*
|
Outstanding at January 01, 2020
|
|
|
5,397
|
*
|
Issued
|
|
|
-
|
|
Exercised
|
|
|
(2,576
|
)**
|
Tendered
|
|
|
-
|
|
Expired
|
|
|
(1,493
|
)
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2020
|
|
|
1,328
|
***
|
*
|
Weighted
average exercise price for outstanding warrants is $0.62.
|
**
|
Converted
into approximately 1,737 thousand shares of common stock.
|
***
|
Weighted
average exercise price for outstanding warrants is $0.55.
|
Note
13 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
The
following table summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) by components during the years ended December
31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
Schedule of Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
|
|
Net Unrealized (Losses)/Gains
on Available-for-Sale Securities
|
|
|
Accumulated Other Comprehensive
(Loss)/Gain
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2018
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Net unrealized loss on securities available-for-sale
|
|
|
(1
|
)
|
|
|
(1
|
)
|
Reclassifications to net loss
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
Net current period other comprehensive loss
|
|
|
(1
|
)
|
|
|
(1
|
)
|
Balance, December 31, 2019
|
|
$
|
(1
|
)
|
|
$
|
(1
|
)
|
Balance, January 01, 2020
|
|
$
|
(1
|
)
|
|
$
|
(1
|
)
|
Net unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale
|
|
|
237
|
|
|
|
237
|
|
Reclassification of realized gain on securities
available-for-sale to net loss
|
|
|
(8
|
)
|
|
|
(8
|
)
|
Net current period other comprehensive income
|
|
|
229
|
|
|
|
229
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2020
|
|
$
|
228
|
|
|
$
|
228
|
|
All
components of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) are net of tax.
Note
14 – Stock-based Compensation
The
Company’s Amended and Restated 2013 Equity Compensation Plan (the “Plan”) provides for the granting of incentive
stock options, nonqualified stock options, restricted stock units, performance units, and stock purchase rights. Options under
the Plan may be granted at prices not less than 100% of the fair value of the shares on the date of grant as determined by the
Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The Compensation Committee determines the period over which the options become
exercisable subject to certain restrictions as defined in the Plan, with the current outstanding options generally vesting over
three or four years. The term of the options is no longer than ten years. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had 28,947,923
shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the Plan.
With
the approval of the Board of Directors and a majority of shareholders, effective May 8, 2014, the Plan was amended and restated.
The amendment provides for an automatic increase in the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the Plan
each January (with Board approval), commencing January 1, 2015 in an amount up to four percent (4%) of the total number of shares
of common stock outstanding on the preceding December 31st.
The
Company recognized stock-based compensation expense (options and restricted share grants) in its consolidated statements of operations
as follows (in thousands):
Schedule of Recognized Stock-Based Compensation
|
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
Research and Development
|
|
$
|
1,897
|
|
|
$
|
973
|
|
General and Administrative
|
|
|
2,668
|
|
|
|
2,012
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
4,565
|
|
|
$
|
2,985
|
|
The
following table contains information about the Company’s stock plan at December 31, 2020:
Schedule of Equity Compensation Plan by Arrangements
|
|
Awards Reserved for Issuance
|
|
|
Awards Issued &
Exercised
|
|
|
Awards Available for
Grant
|
|
2013 Equity Compensation Plan (in thousands)
|
|
|
28,948
|
*
|
|
|
25,928
|
**
|
|
|
3,020
|
|
*
|
Increased
by 6,526 thousand on January 1, 2020, representing 4% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December
31, 2019.
|
**
|
Includes
both stock grants and option grants
|
The
following table summarizes the Company’ stock option activity and related information for the period from January 1, 2019
to December 31, 2020 (options in thousands):
Schedule of Stock Option Activity
|
|
Number of Options
|
|
|
Weighted Average Exercise Price
|
|
|
Weighted Average Contractual Term in Years
|
|
Outstanding at January 1, 2019
|
|
|
13,457
|
|
|
$
|
1.13
|
|
|
|
6.2
|
|
Granted
|
|
|
4,539
|
|
|
$
|
1.05
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercised
|
|
|
(73
|
)
|
|
|
0.42
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forfeited
|
|
|
(334
|
)
|
|
$
|
1.00
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cancelled
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expired
|
|
|
(60
|
)
|
|
$
|
2.19
|
|
|
|
|
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2019
|
|
|
17,529
|
|
|
$
|
1.11
|
|
|
|
6.2
|
|
Outstanding at January 01, 2020
|
|
|
17,529
|
|
|
$
|
1.11
|
|
|
|
6.2
|
|
Granted
|
|
|
6,501
|
|
|
$
|
1.59
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercised *
|
|
|
(826
|
)
|
|
$
|
0.74
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forfeited
|
|
|
(72
|
)
|
|
$
|
1.11
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cancelled
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expired
|
|
|
(581
|
)
|
|
$
|
1.25
|
|
|
|
|
|
Outstanding at December 31, 2020
|
|
|
22,551
|
|
|
$
|
1.26
|
|
|
|
6.9
|
|
*
|
Resulted
in the issuance of approximately 782 thousand shares of common stock due to certain cashless exercises.
|
The
following table summarizes outstanding options at December 31, 2020, by their exercise price (options in thousands):
Schedule of Outstanding Options Exercise Price
Range of Exercise Prices
|
|
Number Outstanding
|
|
|
Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share
|
|
$0.41 - $0.69
|
|
|
2,682
|
|
|
$
|
0.48
|
|
$0.74 - $1.12
|
|
|
12,326
|
|
|
$
|
0.92
|
|
$1.24 - $1.61
|
|
|
2,788
|
|
|
$
|
1.33
|
|
$2.27 - $3.32
|
|
|
4,755
|
|
|
$
|
2.55
|
|
|
|
|
22,551
|
|
|
$
|
1.26
|
|
As
of December 31, 2020, the number of vested shares underlying outstanding options was 13,413,955 at a weighted average exercise
price of $1.15. The aggregate intrinsic value of in-the-money options outstanding as of December 31, 2020 was $8.0 million. The
aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the Company’s closing stock price of $1.36 on December
31, 2020, and the exercise price of options, multiplied by the number of options. As of December 31, 2020, there was approximately
$8.8 million of total unrecognized share-based compensation. Such costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average
period of approximately 2.6 years.
All
outstanding options expire ten years from date of grant. Options granted to employees prior to 2018 vest in equal monthly installments
over three years. Beginning in 2018, options granted to employees vest over four years, with 25% of the shares vesting on the
first annual anniversary of grant and the remaining shares vesting in 36 equal monthly installments over the following 3 years.
A portion of options granted to consultants vests over four years, with the remaining vesting being based upon the achievement
of certain performance milestones, which are tied to either financing or drug development initiatives.
During
the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company granted restricted stock awards for 379,385 and 441,005 shares of common
stock, respectively. These awards are typically granted to members of the Board of Directors as payment in lieu of cash fees or
as payment to a vendor pursuant to a consulting agreement. The Company values restricted stock awards at the fair market value
on the date of grant. The Company recorded the value of these restricted awards as general and administrative expense of approximately
$291.9 thousand and $360.1 thousand in the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019,
respectively. As of December 31, 2020, there was $68.5 thousand of total unrecognized compensation costs related to 100,000 non-vested
restricted stock grants which are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.8 years.
The
Company recognizes compensation expense for stock option awards and restricted stock awards on a straight-line basis over the
applicable service period of the award. The service period is generally the vesting period, with the exception of awards granted
subject to a vendor’s consulting agreement, whereby the award vesting period and the service period defined pursuant to
the terms of the consulting agreement may be different. Beginning January 1, 2020, stock options issued to consultants are recorded
at fair value on the date of grant and the award is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service
period. The following weighted-average assumptions were used to calculate share-based compensation for the comparative periods
presented:
Schedule of Share Based Payment Assumptions
|
|
For
the Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2020
|
|
|
2019
|
|
Volatility
|
|
100.5%
- 107.4
|
%
|
|
106.1%
- 111.3
|
%
|
Risk-free
interest rate
|
|
|
0.34%
- 1.74
|
%
|
|
|
1.59%
- 2.65
|
%
|
Dividend
yield
|
|
|
0.0
|
%
|
|
|
0.0
|
%
|
Expected
life
|
|
|
6.0
years
|
|
|
|
6.0
years
|
|
The
Company does not have sufficient historical information to develop reasonable expectations about future exercise patterns and
post-vesting employment termination behavior. Hence, the Company uses the “simplified method” described in Staff Accounting
Bulletin (SAB) 107 to estimated the expected term of share option grants.
The
expected stock price volatility assumption is based the Company’s historical stock price volatility.
Note
15 – Subsequent Events
During
January 2021, the Company sold 3,023,147 shares of its common stock under its ATM Sales Agreement with BTIG, LLC, generating gross
proceeds of approximately $5.8 million and net proceeds of approximately $5.6 million.
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