Securities Registration (foreign Private Issuer) (f-3)

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21, 2023

Registration No. 333-

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM F-3

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Biophytis S.A.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

France

Not Applicable

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification Number)

Biophytis S.A.

Sorbonne University—BC 9, Bâtiment A 4ème étage

4 place Jussieu

75005 Paris, France

+33 1 44 27 23 00

(Address and telephone number of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

Puglisi & Associates

850 Library Avenue, Suite 204

Newark, DE 19711

(302) 738-6680

(Name, address, and telephone number of agent for service)

Copies to:

Wendy Grasso
Reed Smith LLP
599 Lexington Avenue, 26nd Floor
New York, NY 10022
+1 (212) 521-5400

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.

If only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. ¨

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. x

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.C. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.C. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company x

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ¨

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission acting pursuant to said Section 8(a) may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to completion, dated April 21, 2023

$100,000,000

Ordinary Shares

Preferential Shares

Warrants

Debt Securities

Units

Biophytis S.A.

We may, from time to time in one or more offerings, offer and sell, together or separately, ordinary shares, which may be represented by American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), preferential shares, which may be represented by ADSs, warrants, debt securities or any combination thereof in units as described in this prospectus. Any ADS will represent a specified number of ordinary shares or preferential shares. The preferential shares may be convertible into or exchangeable for ordinary shares, the warrants may be exercisable for ordinary shares, preferential shares or debt securities and the debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for ordinary shares or preferential shares or other debt securities.

This prospectus provides a general description of the securities we may offer. We will provide the specific terms of the securities offered in one or more supplements to this prospectus. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you in connection with these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus may add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should read carefully this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, as well as the documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference, before you invest in any of our securities. This prospectus may not be used to offer or sell any securities unless accompanied by the applicable prospectus supplement.

ADSs, each representing 100 of our ordinary shares (or a right to receive 100 ordinary shares), are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “BPTS.” The last reported sale price of the ADSs on the Nasdaq Capital Market on April 20, 2023 was $3.88 per ADS.

As of April 21, 2023, the aggregate market value of our outstanding ordinary shares held by non-affiliates, or public float, was approximately $18,824,730, based on 311,416,551 of our ordinary shares outstanding, of which approximately 299,280,298 shares are held by non-affiliates, and a per share price of approximately $0.0629, which represents one one-hundredth of $6.29, which was the price of our ADSs on March 6, 2023, and which was the highest reported closing sale price of our ADSs on The Nasdaq Capital Market, the principal market for our common equity, in the 60 days prior to April 21, 2023. We have not offered any securities pursuant to General Instruction I.B.5 of Form F-3 during the prior 12 calendar month period that ends on and includes the date of this prospectus. Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.5. of Form F-3, in no event will we sell securities registered on this registration statement in a public primary offering with a value exceeding more than one-third of our public float in any 12-month period so long as our public float remains below $75 million.

We may offer and sell our securities to or through one or more agents, underwriters, dealers or other third parties or directly to one or more purchasers on a continuous or delayed basis. If agents, underwriters or dealers are used to sell our securities, we will name them and describe their compensation in a prospectus supplement. The price to the public of our securities and the net proceeds we expect to receive from the sale of such securities will also be set forth in a prospectus supplement.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before buying any of our securities, you should carefully read the discussion of material risks of investing in our securities. Please see the section entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 8 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is , 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
About this Prospectus	1
Market and Industry Data	2
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	3
About the Company	5
Risk Factors	8
Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	8
Use of Proceeds	8
Description of Share Capital	9
Description of Preferential Shares	25
Description of Warrants	27
Description of Debt Securities	28
Description of Units	35
Description of American Depositary Shares	36
Plan of Distribution	43
Limitations Affecting Shareholders of a French Company	45
Enforceability of Civil Liabilities	47
Legal Matters	48
Experts	48
Where You Can Find More Information	48
Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference	48

We are responsible for the information contained and incorporated by reference in this prospectus, in any accompanying prospectus supplement, and in any related free writing prospectus we prepare or authorize. We have not authorized anyone to give you any other information, and we take no responsibility for any other information that others may give you. If you are in a jurisdiction where offers to sell, or solicitations of offers to purchase, the securities offered by this documentation are unlawful, or if you are a person to whom it is unlawful to direct these types of activities, then the offer presented in this document does not extend to you. The information contained in this document speaks only as of the date of this document, unless the information specifically indicates that another date applies. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a shelf registration statement that we have filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Under this shelf registration, we may offer our ordinary shares or preferential shares, which may be in the form of ADSs, warrants to purchase ordinary shares, preferential shares or debt securities, debt securities, or any combination thereof in the form of units, from time to time in one or more offerings.

This prospectus only provides you with a general description of the securities that we may offer. Each time we offer a type or series of securities under this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain more specific information about the specific terms of the offering. If any such securities are to be listed or quoted on a securities exchange or quotation system, the applicable prospectus supplement will say so. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings. This prospectus may not be used to sell our securities unless accompanied by a prospectus supplement. Each such prospectus supplement and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus or in documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We urge you to carefully read this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, together with the information incorporated herein by reference as described under the headings “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation by Reference” before you invest in our securities.

We have not authorized anyone to provide you with additional information or information different from that contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus filed with the SEC. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurances as to the reliability of, any information not contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the securities offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where offers and sales of the securities are legally permitted.

The information contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus we file is accurate only as of the date on the front of the document and any information incorporated by reference in such document is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus, or any sale of a security. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date. We will update this prospectus to the extent required by law.

This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information.”

We further note that the representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any agreement that is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreement rather than establishing matters of fact. The information in the exhibits should not be read alone and instead should be read in conjunction with the information in this prospectus and other filings that we make with the SEC. Moreover, such representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date they were made. Accordingly, such representations, warranties and covenants should not be relied on as accurately representing the current state of our affairs.

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to “Biophytis,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Biophytis S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries. All references in this prospectus to “$,” “U.S. dollars,” “dollars” and “USD” mean U.S. dollars and all references to “€” and “euros” mean euros, unless otherwise noted.

Unless otherwise mentioned or unless the context requires otherwise, throughout this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, the words “Biophytis,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “the company,” “our company” or similar references refer to Biophytis S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries; and the term “securities” refers collectively to our ordinary shares, which may be in the form of ADSs, preferential shares, which may be in the form of ADSs, warrants to purchase ordinary shares, preferential shares or debt securities, debt securities, or any combination of the foregoing securities in units.

MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in this prospectus concerning our industry and the markets in which we operate, including our general expectations and market position, market opportunity and market size estimates, is based on information from independent industry analysts, third-party sources and management estimates. Management estimates are derived from publicly available information released by independent industry analysts and third-party sources, as well as data from our internal research, and are based on assumptions made by us based on such data and our knowledge of such industry and market, which we believe to be reasonable. Although we are responsible for all of the disclosures contained in this prospectus, we have not independently verified any of the data from third-party sources, nor have we ascertained the underlying economic assumptions relied upon therein. In addition, while we believe the market opportunity information included in this prospectus is generally reliable and is based on reasonable assumptions, such data involves risks and uncertainties, including those discussed under the heading "Risk Factors."

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus includes certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), concerning our business, operations and financial performance and condition as well as our plans, objectives and expectations for our business operations and financial performance and condition. Any statements that are not of historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. You can identify these forward-looking statements by words such as “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “may,” “could,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “aims,” or other similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

the timing, progress and results of clinical trials for our drug candidates, including statements regarding the timing of initiation and completion of clinical trials, dosing of subjects and the period during which the results of the clinical trials will become available;

the potential impact of COVID-19 on our clinical trials and our operations generally;

the timing, scope or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals for our drug candidates;

our ability to successfully commercialize our drug candidates;

potential benefits of the clinical development and commercial experience of our management team;

our ability to effectively market any drug candidates that receive regulatory approval, emergency use authorization, or conditional marketing authorization on our own or through third parties;

our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy;

our expectation regarding the safety and efficacy of our drug candidates;

the potential clinical utility and benefits of our drug candidates;

our ability to advance our drug candidates through various stages of development, especially through pivotal safety and efficacy trials;

the likelihood of success and difficulty in ensuring success of clinical investigations;

our estimates regarding the potential market opportunity for our drug candidates;

developments and projections relating to our competitors or our industry;

our ability to become profitable;

our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;

our ability to secure additional financing when needed on acceptable terms;

the impact of government laws and regulations in the United States, France and foreign countries;

the implementation of our business model, strategic plans for our business, drug candidates and technology;

our intellectual property position;

our ability to rely on orphan drug designation for market exclusivity;

our ability to attract or retain key employees, advisors or consultants; and

whether we are classified as a passive foreign investment company for current and future periods.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events, competitive dynamics and industry change, and depend on economic circumstances that may or may not occur in the future or may occur on longer or shorter timelines than anticipated. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this prospectus, we caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that are in some cases beyond our control. All of our forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results to differ materially from our expectations.

Any forward-looking statements that we make in this prospectus speak only as of the date of such statement, and we undertake no obligation to update such statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data. You should, however, review the factors and risks we describe in the reports we will file from time to time with the SEC after the date of this prospectus. See “Where You Can Find More Information.”

You should also read carefully the factors described in the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus, in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022 and in the other documents that we file with the SEC after the date of this prospectus that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus to better understand the risks and uncertainties inherent in our business and underlying any forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified timeframe, or at all.

ABOUT THE COMPANY

Our Company

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development of therapeutics that are aimed at slowing the degenerative processes associated with aging and improving functional outcomes for patients suffering from age-related diseases, including severe respiratory failure in patients suffering from COVID-19. Our goal is to become a leader in the emerging field of aging science by delivering life-changing therapies to the growing number of patients in need. To accomplish this goal, we have assembled an experienced and skilled group of industry professionals, scientists, clinicians and key opinion leaders from leading industry and academic institutions around the world.

A number of degenerative diseases associated with aging have been characterized in the last century, including sarcopenia and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The pathophysiology of these and many other age-related diseases is not yet well understood, and effective treatment options are lacking. The global population of people over the age of 60 is expected to double from approximately 962 million in 2017 to 2.1 billion by 2050, according to estimates from the United Nations’ World Population Prospects: the 2017 Revision. We believe that the need for effective therapeutics for age-related diseases will continue to grow throughout the 21^st century. In addition, healthcare costs, including costs associated with treatments and long-term care for age-related diseases associated with this demographic shift, are expected to rise proportionally, as effective treatment options are currently lacking. We believe that developing treatments to slow disease progression and reduce the risk of severe disability associated with age-related diseases is of the utmost importance.

As we age, our physical, respiratory, visual and cognitive performances gradually decline due, in part, to the cumulative deleterious effect of multiple biological and environmental stresses, including current and emerging viral infections, to which we are exposed during our lifetime. The functional decline can be much faster in some individuals as a consequence of, among other things, the degenerative processes affecting specific cells, tissues and organs. Through evolution, cells, tissues and organisms have developed natural means or pathways to counteract and balance the effects of the many stresses they face. This natural ability to compensate for stress and remain functional, called biological resilience, degrades over time. The decline in biological resilience contributes to the acceleration of these degenerative processes and the impairment of functional performances, which, in turn, can lead to severe disability, reduced health-span and ultimately death. This occurs as we age, but can occur at a younger age, when genetic mutations exist, or in the case of infection and inflammation.

Our lead drug candidate, Sarconeos (BIO101), is a plant-derived pharmaceutical-grade purified 20-hydroxyecdysone that is an orally administered small molecule.

The initial indication we are seeking approval for is sarcopenia, an age-related degeneration of skeletal muscle, which is characterized by a loss of muscle mass, strength and function in elderly people (adults 65 years of age and older) leading to reduced mobility, or mobility disability, and increased risk of adverse health events and hospitalization, and potential death resulting from falls, fractures, and physical disability. There is currently no approved medication for sarcopenia, which is present in the elderly (greater than 65 years old) with an estimated prevalence range between six to 22% worldwide.

Sarconeos (BIO101) is also being developed to treat patients with severe respiratory manifestations of COVID-19. Our therapeutic approach is aimed at targeting and activating key biological resilience pathways that can protect against and counteract the effects of the multiple biological and environmental stresses, including inflammatory, oxidative, metabolic and viral stresses that lead to age-related diseases. We have conducted the COVA study, a global, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, group-sequential, and adaptive two-part Phase 2-3 study, in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Final results from this study were released on February 2, 2023. The study met its pre-defined primary endpoint demonstrating a statistically significant difference between Sarconeos (BIO101) and placebo in the proportion of patients with respiratory failure or early death at day 28, representing a relative reduction of risk of 44% (p=0.043, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test). Moreover, the analysis of time to respiratory failure or early death had shown significant differences over 28 days in the Kaplan Meier curves for Sarconeos (BIO101) versus placebo (p=0.022). The pre-specified analysis of time to death over the complete follow-up period over 90 days showed that mortality rate with Sarconeos (BIO101) was reduced compared to placebo in the ITT population (p=0.083) and in the PP population (p=0.038).

Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus and its variants experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness and to be at risk of respiratory failure. Based on the positive data from our COVA Phase 2-3 study, we initiated the Early Access Program regulatory path in France in March 2023. We intend to renew the expanded access program to treat hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms that are mechanically ventilated with Sarconeos (BIO101) in Brazil as we did initially received approval for such a program in January 2022. We also continue to prepare conditional marketing authorization applications in Europe and in the US due to the health emergency

We are also developing Sarconeos (BIO101) for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (“DMD”), a rare genetic neuromuscular disease in male children and young adults, which is characterized by an accelerated degeneration of muscle and is responsible for a loss of mobility, respiratory failure and cardiomyopathy, leading to premature death. There is currently no cure and limited treatment options for DMD, which affects approximately 2.8 out of 100,000 people worldwide (approximately 20,000 new cases annually worldwide), based on our estimates from publicly available information.

Our second drug candidate, Macuneos (BIO201), is an orally administered small molecule in development for the treatment of retinopathies. It is a plant-derived pharmaceutical-grade purified norbixin. We have completed preclinical cellular and animal studies of Macuneos (BIO201) for the treatment of retinopathies. While we are still in the early stages of development, we believe that the results from our preclinical studies support continued investigation into whether Macuneos (BIO201) may stimulate biological resilience and protect the retina against phototoxic damage that leads to vision loss. The initial indication we plan to seek approval for is dry AMD, a common eye disorder among people over the age of 50 that affects central vision, impairing functions such as reading, driving, and facial recognition, and has a major impact on quality of life and the ability to live independently. There are currently no approved treatments for dry AMD. Based on our estimates from publicly available information, AMD affects approximately 8.5% of the global population (ages 45 to 85) and is expected to increase over time as the population ages.

We are also exploring Macuneos (BIO201) as a potential treatment for Stargardt disease, which shares many of the characteristics of dry AMD. Stargardt disease is the most common form of inherited macular degeneration that typically develops in childhood and leads to vision loss and, in some cases, blindness.

We hold exclusive commercialization rights through licenses for each of our drug candidates. We currently plan to develop our drug candidates through clinical PoC (typically Phase 2), and then seek licensing and/or partnership opportunities for further clinical development through regulatory approval and commercialization.

We have developed our lead clinical drug candidate Sarconeos (BIO101), preclinical drug candidate Macuneos (BIO201), and a preclinical pipeline of life-cycle extension products, consisting of BIO103 and BIO203, through a drug discovery platform in collaboration with Sorbonne University in Paris, France based on work with medicinal plants. Plants are major sources of small molecules, called secondary metabolites, which they produce as a defense mechanism to various environmental stresses, including attack from predatory and pathogenic species (e.g., insects, bacteria and fungi). Our drug discovery platform is based on a reverse pharmacology approach that tests a collection of bioactive secondary metabolites along with chemical analogs that we have synthesized in phenotypic screens of various age-related diseases. Our long-term goal is to advance the field of aging science with the continued discovery and development of new drug candidates that treat age-related diseases by stimulating biological resilience pathways that are involved in the aging process and/or age-related diseases.

We have assembled an executive team of scientific, clinical, and business leaders with broad expertise in biotechnology and clinical drug development (see Item 6.A for more information on our directors and senior management).

Our Clinical Pipeline

We are developing a portfolio of programs targeting biological resilience pathways that slow the degenerative processes associated with aging and improve functional outcomes for patients suffering from age-related diseases. Our current pipeline of drug candidates is illustrated below.

Recent Developments

On March 30, 2023, we effected a change to the ratio of our ADSs to ordinary shares from one ADS representing 10 ordinary shares to one ADS representing 100 ordinary shares.

On April 17 ; 2023, the board of directors, acting upon delegation of the shareholder meeting held on the same day, reduced the share capital from EUR 62,283,310.20 to EUR 3,114,165.51 by way of cancellation of losses. The capital reduction was effected by reducing the par value of the ordinary shares from EUR 0.20 to EUR 0.01.

Company Information

We were incorporated as a société anonyme under the laws of France on September 27, 2006. We are registered at the Paris Registre du Commerce et des Sociétés under the number 492 002 225. Our principal executive offices are located at Sorbonne University-BC 9, Bâtiment A 4ème étage, 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France and our telephone number is +33 1 44 27 23 00. Our website address is www.biophytis.com. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Puglisi & Associates, 850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, Delaware 19711. The reference to our website is an inactive textual reference only and the information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of this prospectus and should not be considered a part of this prospectus or any supplement to this prospectus.

Our ordinary shares are listed on Euronext Growth Paris (Ticker: ALBPS - ISIN: FR0012816825). The ADSs (American Depositary Shares) are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (Ticker: BPTS – ISIN: US09076G1040) since February 10, 2021.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference, and other documents we file with the SEC that are incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, before making an investment decision. Each of the risks described could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations, or the trading price of our securities. In such case, you could lose all or a portion of your original investment. See “Where You Can Find More Information.”

OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

We may from time to time, offer and sell any combination of the securities described in this prospectus up to a total dollar amount of $100,000,000 in one or more offerings. The securities offered under this prospectus may be offered separately, together, or in separate series, and in amounts, at prices, and on terms to be determined at the time of sale. We will keep the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part effective until such time as all of the securities covered by this prospectus have been disposed of pursuant to and in accordance with such registration statement.

USE OF PROCEEDS

Unless otherwise set forth in a prospectus supplement, we currently intend to use the net proceeds of any offering of securities for working capital and other general corporate purposes. Accordingly, we will have significant discretion in the use of any net proceeds. We may provide additional information on the use of the net proceeds from the sale of the offered securities in an applicable prospectus supplement relating to the offered securities.

DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL

The following description of our share capital summarizes certain provisions of our articles of associations. Such summaries do not purport to be complete and are subject to, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of our articles of association, copies of which have been filed with the SEC. Holders of ADSs will be able to exercise their rights with respect to the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs only in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for more information.

General

As of April 21, our outstanding share capital consisted of a total of 311,416,551 issued and fully paid ordinary shares, with nominal value €0.01 per share. We have no preferred shares outstanding.

Under French law, our articles of association set forth only our issued and outstanding share capital as of the date of the articles of association. Our fully diluted share capital represents all issued and outstanding shares, as well as all potential shares which may be issued upon exercise of outstanding employee warrants, employee share options and non-employee warrants, as granted by our board of directors.

We are entitled under French law to issue preferred shares but our articles of association do not currently specify specific characteristics or rights attached to any specific category of preferred shares, which would be determined by the extraordinary general meeting convened for such purpose.

Key Provisions of Our Articles of Association and French Law Affecting Our Ordinary Shares

The description below reflects the terms of our articles of association, and summarizes the material rights of holders of our ordinary shares under French law. This is only a summary and is not intended to be exhaustive. For further information, please refer to the full version of our articles of association, which are included Exhibit 1.1 to the annual report on Form 20-F of which this description is also an exhibit.

Corporate Purpose (Article 2 of the Articles of Association)

Our corporate purpose in France and abroad includes:

the creation, operation, leasing, lease management of all operating assets, factories, institutions, the taking of stakes in any company, as well as all attached or connected commercial, financial, industrial, securities and property operations, relating directly or indirectly to the activity of research production, distribution and marketing of any product and service beneficial to human or animal health;

the research and development of drug candidates and nutraceuticals, particularly in the field of age-related diseases; and

all financial, commercial, industrial, civil, securities or property operations, which may be associated directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, with one or other of the purposes specified above or any other similar or related purpose.

Directors

Quorum and Voting (Article 17 of the Articles of Association). The board of directors may only deliberate validly if at least half of the directors are present or considered to be present, subject to the adjustments made by the internal regulations (règlement intérieur) in the event of use of videoconferencing or another means of telecommunication.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of association and subject to the adjustments made by the internal regulations in the event of use of videoconferencing or other means of telecommunications, decisions are taken by majority of votes of members who are present or represented or regarded as present. In the event of a tied vote, the Chairman of the session will have the deciding vote.

For the calculation of the quorum and majority, directors participating in the board meeting by videoconference or telecommunications media will be regarded as present under the conditions defined by the internal regulations of the board of directors. However, the effective presence or presence by representation will be necessary for all board of director decisions regarding the drafting of the annual financial statements and consolidated accounts and the drawing up of the management report and the report on the management of the group, as well as for decisions regarding the dismissal of the Chairman of the board of directors, the CEO and, as the case may be, the Deputy CEO.

Directors' Voting Powers on Proposal, Arrangement or Contract in which any Director Is Materially Interested (Article 21 of the Articles of Association). Except for those relating to current operations concluded under normal conditions, any agreement entered into, directly or indirectly through an intermediary, between the Company and any of our directors, CEO, deputy CEOs or with a shareholder holding more than 10% of the voting rights of the Company, or in the case of a corporate shareholder, the company which controls it, will be subject to prior authorization by the board of directors.

Agreements between the Company and another company will also be subject to prior authorization, if the CEO, one of the deputy CEOs or a director of the Company is the owner, partner with unlimited liability, manager, director, member of the supervisory board or, in general, a director of the Company.

Directors (other than legal entities) are forbidden from taking out loans in any form from the Company, to be granted current account or overdraft by it, or arranging for the Company to guarantee or endorse any commitments with regard to third parties.

Directors' Compensation (Article 20 of the Articles of Association). The General Meeting may allocate to the directors, as remuneration for their activities, by way of attendance fees, a fixed annual sum, which this meeting will determine without being bound by previous decisions. The amount of the same shall be attributed to operating expenses.

The board of directors will freely distribute among its members the global overall amounts allocated to directors in the form of attendance fees; it may notably allocate to the directors who are members of study committees, a higher share than that of the other directors.

The board of directors may allocate exceptional remuneration for assignments or mandates entrusted to the directors. The board of directors may authorize the reimbursement of travel costs and expenses incurred by the directors in the interest of the Company.

Board of Directors' Borrowing Powers. There are currently no limits imposed on the amounts of loans or borrowings that the board of directors may approve.

Directors' Age Limits. There are currently no age limits imposed for service on our board of directors. The Chairman of the board of directors must be under 75. The number of directors aging above 75 shall not be greater than one third of the total number of directors.

Directors' Share Ownership Requirements. None.

Rights, Preferences and Restrictions Attaching to Ordinary Shares

Dividends (Article 34 of the By-laws). We may only distribute dividends out of our "distributable profits," plus any amounts held in our reserves that the shareholders decide to make available for distribution, other than those reserves that are specifically required by law.

"Distributable profits" consists of (a) the profits for the last closed financial period increased by (b) any retained earnings, less (c) losses carried forward increased by (d) amounts to be placed in reserve pursuant to the law or the articles of association.

Legal Reserve. Pursuant to French law, we must allocate 5% of our unconsolidated net profit for each year to our legal reserve fund before dividends may be paid with respect to that year. Funds must be allocated until the amount in the legal reserve is equal to 10% of the aggregate par value of the issued and outstanding share capital. This restriction on the payment of dividends also applies to our French subsidiary on an unconsolidated basis.

Approval of Dividends. Pursuant to French law, our board of directors may propose a dividend for approval by the shareholders at the annual ordinary general meeting.

Upon recommendation of our board of directors, our shareholders may decide to allocate all or part of any distributable profits to special or general reserves, to carry them forward to the next fiscal year as retained earnings or to allocate them to the shareholders as dividends. However, dividends may not be distributed when our net assets are or would become as a result of such distribution lower than the amount of the share capital plus the amount of the legal reserves which, under French law, may not be distributed to shareholders.

Our board of directors may distribute interim dividends after the end of the fiscal year but before the approval of the financial statements for the relevant fiscal year when the interim balance sheet, established during such year and certified by an auditor, reflects that we have earned distributable profits since the close of the last financial year, after recognizing the necessary depreciation and provisions and after deducting prior losses, if any, and the sums to be allocated to reserves, as required by law or the by-laws, and including any retained earnings. The amount of such interim dividends may not exceed the amount of the profit so defined.

Distribution of Dividends. Dividends are distributed to shareholders pro rata according to their respective holdings of shares. In the case of interim dividends, distributions are made to shareholders on the date set by our board of directors during the meeting in which the distribution of interim dividends is approved. The actual dividend payment date is decided by the shareholders at an ordinary general shareholders' meeting or by our board of directors in the absence of such a decision by the shareholders. Shareholders that own shares on the actual payment date are entitled to the dividend.

Dividends may be paid in cash or, if the shareholders' meeting so decides, in kind, provided that all shareholders receive a whole number of assets of the same nature paid in lieu of cash.

Timing of Payment. Pursuant to French law, dividends must be paid within a maximum of nine months after the close of the relevant fiscal year, unless extended by court order. Dividends not claimed within five years after the payment date shall be deemed to expire and revert to the French state.

Voting Rights (Article 14 of the Articles of Association). The voting rights attached to ordinary shares or dividend shares is proportional to the amount of capital they represent. Each share is entitled to one vote.

A double voting right has been established for all registered and fully paid-up shares registered in the name of the same beneficiary for at least two years.

Under French law, treasury shares or shares held by entities controlled by us are not entitled to voting rights and do not count for quorum purposes.

Rights to Share in Our Profit. Each share entitles its holder to a portion of the corporate profits and assets proportional to the amount of share capital represented thereby.

Rights to Share in the Surplus in the Event of Liquidation. If we are liquidated, any assets remaining after payment of the debts, liquidation expenses and all of the remaining obligations will first be used to repay in full the par value of our shares. Any surplus will be distributed pro rata among shareholders in proportion to the number of shares respectively held by them, taking into account, where applicable, of the rights attached to shares of different classes.

Repurchase and Redemption of Shares. Under French law, we may acquire our own shares for the following purposes only:

to decrease our share capital, provided that such a decision is not driven by losses and that a purchase offer is made to all shareholders on a pro rata basis, with the approval of the shareholders at an extraordinary general meeting; in this case, the shares repurchased must be cancelled within one month from the expiry of the purchase offer;

to provide shares for distribution to employees or managers under a profit-sharing, free share or share option plan; in this case the shares repurchased must be distributed within 12 months from their repurchase failing which they must be cancelled;

to meet obligations arising from debt securities that are exchangeable into equity instruments; or

under a buy-back program to be authorized by the shareholders in accordance with the provisions of Article L. 22-10-62 of the French Commercial Code and in accordance with the general regulations of, and market practices accepted by the Financial Markets Authority (AMF). This authorization may only be given for a period not exceeding eighteen months.

Under The Market Abuse Regulation (MAR) and in accordance with the General Regulations of the AMF (Réglement Général de l'AMF), a corporation shall report to the competent authority of the trading value on which the shares have been admitted to trading or are traded, no later than by the end of the seventh daily market session following the date of the execution of the transaction, all the transactions relating to the buy-back program, in a detailed form and in an aggregated form.

No such repurchase of shares may result in us holding, directly or through a person acting on our behalf, more than 10% of our issued share capital. Shares repurchased by us continue to be deemed "issued" under French law but are not entitled to dividends or voting rights so long as we hold them directly or indirectly, and we may not exercise the preemptive rights attached to them.

Sinking Fund Provisions. Our articles of association do not provide for any sinking fund provisions.

Liability to Further Capital Calls. Shareholders are liable for corporate liabilities only up to the par value of the shares they hold; they are not liable to further capital calls.

Requirements for Holdings Exceeding Certain Percentages. None except as described below under "—Form, Holding and Transfer of Shares—Ownership of Shares by Non-French Persons".

Actions Necessary to Modify Shareholders' Rights

Shareholders' rights may be modified as allowed by French law. Only the extraordinary shareholders' meeting is authorized to amend any and all provisions of our articles of association. It may not, however, increase shareholder commitments without the prior approval of each shareholder.

Special Voting Rights of Warrant Holders

Under French law, the holders of warrants of the same class (i.e., warrants that were issued at the same time and with the same rights), including founders' warrants, are entitled to vote as a separate class at a general meeting of that class of warrant holders under certain circumstances, principally in connection with any proposed modification of the terms and conditions of the class of warrants or any proposed issuance of preferred shares or any modification of the rights of any outstanding class or series of preferred shares.

Rules for Admission to and Calling Annual Shareholders' Meetings and Extraordinary Shareholders' Meetings

Access to, Participation in and Voting Rights at Shareholders' Meetings (Articles 27 &28 of the Articles of Association). Shareholders' meetings are composed of all shareholders. Each shareholder has the right to attend the meetings and participate in the discussions (1) personally, or (2) by granting proxy to any individual or legal entity of his choosing; or (3) by sending a proxy to the company without indication of the mandate, or (4) by voting by correspondence, or (5) by videoconference or another means of telecommunication in accordance with applicable laws that allow identification. For any proxy given by a shareholder without indication of the mandate, the chairman of the general meeting shall cast a vote in favor of the adoption of the draft resolutions presented or approved by the board of directors and a vote against the adoption of all other draft resolutions. The board of directors organizes, in accordance with legal and regulatory requirements, the participation and vote of the shareholders at the meeting, assuring, in particular, the effectiveness of the means of identification.

Participation in shareholders' general meetings, in any form whatsoever, is subject to registration or registration of shares under the conditions and time limits provided for applicable laws.

The final date for returning voting ballots by correspondence is set by the board of directors and disclosed in the notice of meeting published in the French Journal of Mandatory Statutory Notices (BALO). This date cannot be earlier than three days prior to the meeting.

The shareholder having voted by correspondence will no longer be able to participate directly in the meeting or to be represented. In the case of returning the proxy form and the voting by correspondence form, the proxy form is taken into account, subject to the votes cast in the voting by correspondence form.

Any shareholder may be represented at meetings by any individual or legal entity of his choosing, by means of a proxy form which is addressed to him by us (1) at his request, addressed to us by any means. This request must be received at the registered office at least five days before the date of the meeting; or (2) at our initiative.

The proxy is only valid for a single meeting or for successive meetings convened with the same agenda. It can also be granted for two meetings, one ordinary, the other extraordinary, held on the same day or within a period of 15 days.

Any shareholder may vote by correspondence by means of a voting form, which is sent by us (1) upon request, addressed in writing (this request must be received at the registered office at least six days before the date of the meeting); or (2) at our initiative; or (3) in appendix to a proxy voting form under the conditions provided for by current laws and requirements. In any case this voting form is available on our website at least 21 days before the date of the meeting.

The voting by correspondence form addressed by a shareholder is only valid for a single meeting or for successive meetings convened with the same agenda.

Notice of Annual Shareholders' Meetings. Shareholders' meetings are convened by our board of directors, or, failing that, by the statutory auditors, or by a court appointed agent or liquidator in certain circumstances. Meetings are held at our registered offices or at any other location indicated in the convening notice. A convening notice is published in the French Journal of Mandatory Statutory Notices (Bulletin des Annonces Légales Obligatoires (BALO)) at least 35 days prior to a meeting, as well as on our website at least 21 days prior to the meeting. In addition to the particulars relative to the company, it indicates, notably, the meeting's agenda and the draft resolutions that will be presented. The requests for recording of issues or draft resolutions on the agenda must be addressed to the company under the conditions provided for in the current legislation.

Subject to special legal provisions, the meeting notice is sent out at least 15 days prior to the date of the meeting, by means of a notice inserted both in a legal announcement bulletin of the registered office department and in the French Journal of Mandatory Statutory Notices (BALO). Further, the holders of registered shares for at least a month at the time of the latest of the insertions of the notice of meeting shall be summoned individually, by regular letter (or by registered letter if they request it and include an advance of expenses) sent to their last known address. This notice may also be transmitted by electronic means of telecommunication, in lieu of any such mailing, to any shareholder requesting it beforehand by registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt in accordance with legal and regulatory requirements, specifying his e-mail address. The latter may at any time expressly request by registered letter to the Company with acknowledgment of receipt that the aforementioned means of telecommunication should be replaced in the future by a mailing.

The convening notice must also indicate the conditions under which the shareholders may vote by correspondence and the places and conditions in which they can obtain voting forms by mail.

The convening notice may be addressed, where appropriate, with a proxy form and a voting by correspondence form, under the conditions specified in our bylaws, or with a voting by correspondence form alone, under the conditions specified in our bylaws. When the shareholders' meeting cannot deliberate due to the lack of the required quorum, the second meeting must be called at least ten days in advance in the same manner as used for the first notice.

Agenda and Conduct of Annual Shareholders' Meetings. The agenda of the shareholders' meeting shall appear in the notice to convene the meeting and is set by the author of the notice. The shareholders' meeting may only deliberate on the items on the agenda except for the removal of directors and the appointment of their successors which may be put to vote by any shareholder during any shareholders' meeting. One or more shareholders representing a percentage of share capital required by French law, and acting in accordance with legal requirements and within applicable time limits, may request the inclusion of items or proposed resolutions on the agenda.

Shareholders' meetings shall be chaired by the Chairman of the board of directors or, in his or her absence, the meeting itself shall elect a Chairman. Vote counting shall be performed by the two members of the meeting who are present and accept such duties, who represent, either on their own behalf or as proxies, the greatest number of votes.

Ordinary Shareholders' Meeting. Ordinary shareholders' meetings are those meetings called to make any and all decisions that do not amend our by-laws. An ordinary meeting shall be convened at least once a year within six months of the end of each fiscal year in order to approve the annual and consolidated accounts for the relevant fiscal year or, in case of postponement, within the period established by court order. Upon first notice, the meeting may validly deliberate only if the shareholders present or represented by proxy or voting by mail, by videoconference or by means of telecommunication (to the extent the board of directors authorizes it when convening the shareholders) represent at least one-fifth of the shares entitled to vote. Upon second notice, no quorum is required. Decisions are made by a majority of the votes held by the shareholders present, or represented by proxy, or voting by mail, by videoconference or by means of telecommunications (to the extent the board of directors authorizes it when convening the shareholders). Pursuant to the French Law n° 2019-744, dated July 19, 2019, abstention from voting, blank votes or null votes by those present or those represented by proxy or voting by email are no longer counted as votes against the resolution submitted to a shareholder vote at any type of meeting.

Extraordinary Shareholders' Meeting. Only an extraordinary shareholders' meeting is authorized to amend our by-laws. It may not, however, increase shareholder commitments without the approval of each shareholder. Subject to the legal provisions governing share capital increases from reserves, profits or share premiums, the resolutions of the extraordinary meeting shall be valid only if the shareholders present, represented by proxy or voting by mail, by videoconference or by means of telecommunication (to the extent the board of directors authorizes it when convening the shareholders) represent at least one-fourth of all shares entitled to vote upon first notice, or one-fifth upon second notice. If the latter quorum is not reached, the second meeting may be postponed to a date no later than two months after the date for which it was initially called. Decisions are made by a two-thirds majority of the votes held by the shareholders present, represented by proxy, or voting by mail, by videoconference or by means of telecommunication (to the extent the board of directors authorizes it when convening the shareholders). Pursuant to the French Law n° 2019-744, dated July 19, 2019, abstention from voting, blank votes or null votes by those present or those represented by proxy or voting by email are no longer counted as votes against the resolution submitted to a shareholder vote at any type of meeting.

Mechanisms for Delaying, Deferring or Preventing a Change in Control of the Company

Provisions contained in our Articles of Association and/or French corporate law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so might be beneficial to our shareholders. In addition, provisions of our bylaws impose various procedural and other requirements, which could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain corporate actions. These provisions include the following:

under French law, the owner of 90% of voting rights of a public company listed on a regulated market in a Member State of the European Union or in a state party to the European Economic Area, or EEA, Agreement, including France, has the right to force out minority shareholders following a tender offer made to all shareholders;

under French law, a non-resident of France as well as any French entity controlled by non-French residents may have to file an administrative notice with French authorities in connection with a direct or indirect investment in us, as defined by administrative rulings;

a merger (i.e., in a French law context, a stock for stock exchange following which our company would be dissolved into the acquiring entity and our shareholders would become shareholders of the acquiring entity) of our company into a company incorporated in the European Union would require the approval of our board of directors as well as a two-thirds majority of the votes held by the shareholders present, represented by proxy or voting by mail at the relevant meeting;

under French law, a cash merger is treated as a share purchase and would require the consent of each participating shareholder;

our shareholders have granted and may grant in the future our board of directors broad authorizations to increase our share capital or to issue additional ordinary shares or other securities, such as warrants, to our shareholders, the public or qualified investors, including as a possible defense following the launching of a tender offer for our shares;

our shareholders have preferential subscription rights on a pro rata basis on the issuance by us of any additional securities for cash or a set-off of cash debts, which rights may only be waived by the extraordinary general meeting (by a two-thirds majority vote) of our shareholders or on an individual basis by each shareholder;

our board of directors has the right to appoint directors to fill a vacancy created by the resignation or death of a director, for the remaining duration of such director's term of office, provided that prior to such decision of the board of directors, the number of directors remaining in office exceeds the minimum required by law and by the bylaws, and subject to the subsequent approval by the shareholders of such appointment at the next shareholders' meeting, which prevents shareholders from having the sole right to fill vacancies on our board of directors;

our board of directors can be convened by our chairman (directly or upon request of our managing director), or, when no board meeting has been held for more than three consecutive months, by directors representing at least one third of the total number of directors;

our board of directors meetings can only be regularly held if at least half of the directors attend either physically or by way of videoconference or teleconference enabling the directors' identification and ensuring their effective participation in the board's decisions;

our shares are nominative or bearer, if the legislation so permits, according to the shareholder's choice;

under French law, certain investments in any entity governed by French law relating to certain strategic industries (such as research and development in biotechnologies and activities relating to public health) and activities by individuals or entities not French, not resident in France or controlled by entities not French or not resident in France are subject to prior authorization of the Ministry of Economy;

approval of at least a majority of the votes held by shareholders present, represented by a proxy, or voting by mail at the relevant ordinary shareholders' general meeting is required to remove directors with or without cause;

advance notice is required for nominations to the board of directors or for proposing matters to be acted upon at a shareholders' meeting, except that a vote to remove and replace a director can be proposed at any shareholders' meeting without notice;

our bylaws can be changed in accordance with applicable laws;

the crossing of certain thresholds has to be disclosed and can impose certain obligations;

transfers of shares shall comply with applicable insider trading rules and regulations and, in particular, with the Market Abuse Directive and Regulation dated April 16, 2014; and

pursuant to French law, our bylaws, including the sections relating to the number of directors and election and removal of a director from office, may only be modified by a resolution adopted by two-thirds of the votes of our shareholders present, represented by a proxy or voting by mail at the meeting.

Declaration of Crossing of Ownership Thresholds

Set forth below is a summary of certain provisions of our articles of association and of the French Commercial Code applicable to us. This summary is not intended to be a complete description of applicable rules under French law.

Our articles of association provide that any individual or legal entity coming to directly or indirectly own, alone or in concert, a number of shares representing a fraction of our capital or voting rights equal to 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 33.33%, 50%, 66.66%, 90% or 95% inform us of the total number of shares and voting rights and of securities giving access to the capital or voting rights that it owns immediately or over time, within a period of four trading days from the crossing of the said holding thresholds.

This obligation also applies under the same conditions when crossing each of the above-mentioned thresholds in a downward direction.

In case of failure to declare, shares or voting rights exceeding the fraction that should have been declared are deprived of voting rights at General Meetings of Shareholders for any meeting that would be held until the expiry of a period of two years from the date of regularization of the notification in accordance with Article L. 233-14 of the French Commercial Code, if the failure to declare has been determined.

These requirements are without prejudice to the threshold crossing declarations provided for under French law which impose a declaration to us and to the AMF upon crossing of the following thresholds no later than the Fourth trading day following the crossing: 50% and 95% of the capital or voting rights.

Further, and subject to certain exemptions, any shareholder crossing, alone or acting in concert, the 50% threshold shall file a mandatory public tender offer.

Changes in Share Capital

Increases in Share Capital. Pursuant to French law, our share capital may be increased only with shareholders' approval at an extraordinary general shareholders' meeting following the recommendation of our board of directors. The shareholders may delegate to our board of directors either the authority (délégation de compétence) or the power (délégation de pouvoir) to carry out any increase in share capital.

Increases in our share capital may be effected by:

issuing additional shares;

increasing the par value of existing shares;

creating a new class of equity securities; and

exercising the rights attached to securities giving access to the share capital.

Increases in share capital by issuing additional securities may be effected through one or a combination of the following:

in consideration for cash;

in consideration for assets contributed in kind;

through an exchange offer;

by conversion of previously issued debt instruments;

by capitalization of profits, reserves or share premium; and

subject to certain conditions, by way of offset against debt incurred by us.

Decisions to increase the share capital through the capitalization of reserves, profits and/or share premium require shareholders' approval at an extraordinary general shareholders' meeting, acting under the quorum and majority requirements applicable to ordinary shareholders' meetings. Increases effected by an increase in the par value of shares require unanimous approval of the shareholders, unless effected by capitalization of reserves, profits or share premium. All other capital increases require shareholders' approval at an extraordinary general shareholders' meeting acting under the regular quorum and majority requirements for such meetings.

Reduction in Share Capital. Pursuant to French law, any reduction in our share capital requires shareholders' approval at an extraordinary general shareholders' meeting following the recommendation of our board of directors. The share capital may be reduced either by decreasing the par value of the outstanding shares or by reducing the number of outstanding shares. The number of outstanding shares may be reduced by the repurchase and cancellation of shares. Holders of each class of shares must be treated equally unless each affected shareholder agrees otherwise.

Preferential Subscription Right. According to French law, if we issue additional securities for cash, current shareholders will have preferential subscription rights to these securities on a pro rata basis. Preferential subscription rights entitle the individual or entity that holds them to subscribe pro rata based on the number of shares held by them to the issuance of any securities increasing, or that may result in an increase of, our share capital by means of a cash payment or a set-off of cash debts. The preferential subscription rights are transferable during the subscription period relating to a particular offering. Since October 1, 2016, preferential subscription rights may only be exercised two business days prior to the day on which the subscription is opened until the second business day prior to its closing. Thus, the preferential subscription rights are transferable during the same period as their period of exercise. In accordance with French law, the period of exercise shall be no less than five business days.

The preferential subscription rights with respect to any particular offering may be waived at an extraordinary general meeting by a two-thirds vote of our shareholders or individually by each shareholder. Our board of directors and our independent auditors are required by French law to present reports to the shareholders' meeting that specifically address any proposal to waive the preferential subscription rights.

Our current shareholders waived their preferential subscription rights with respect to this offering at an extraordinary general shareholders' general meeting held on June 21, 2022.

In the future, to the extent permitted under French law, we may seek shareholder approval to waive preferential subscription rights at an extraordinary general shareholders' meeting in order to authorize the board of directors to issue additional shares and/or other securities convertible or exchangeable into shares.

Form, Holding and Transfer of Shares

Form of Shares. The shares are nominative or bearer, if the legislation so permits, according to the shareholder's choice.

Further, in accordance with applicable laws, we may request at any time from the central depository responsible for holding our Shares, the information referred to in Article L. 228-2 of the French Commercial Code. Thus, we are, in particular and at any time, entitled to request the name and year of birth or, in the case of a legal entity, the name and the year of incorporation, nationality and address of holders of securities conferring immediate or long-term voting rights at its General Meetings of Shareholders and the amount of securities owned by each of them and, where applicable, the restrictions that the securities could be affected by.

Holding of Shares. In accordance with French law concerning the "dematerialization" of securities, the ownership rights of shareholders are represented by book entries instead of share certificates. Shares issued are registered in individual accounts opened by us or any authorized intermediary, in the name of each shareholder and kept according to the terms and conditions laid down by the legal and regulatory provisions.

Ownership of Shares by Non-French Persons. Neither French law nor our articles of association limit the right of non-residents of France or non-French persons to own or, where applicable, to vote our securities. However, (a) any non-French citizen, (b) any French citizen not residing in France, (c) any non-French entity or (d) any French entity controlled by one of the aforementioned persons or entities may have to file a declaration for statistical purposes with the Bank of France (Banque de France) within twenty working days following the date of certain direct foreign investments in us, including any purchase of our ADSs. In particular, such filings are required in connection with investments exceeding €15,000,000 that lead to the acquisition of at least 10% of our share capital or voting rights or cross such 10% threshold. Violation of this filing requirement may be sanctioned by five years of imprisonment and a fine of up to twice the amount of the relevant investment. This amount may be increased fivefold if the violation is made by a legal entity.

Moreover, under French law, certain investments in any entity governed by a French law relating to certain strategic industries (such as research and development in biotechnologies and activities relating to public health) and activities by individuals or entities not French, not resident in France or controlled by entities not French or not resident in France are subject to prior authorization of the Ministry of Economy.

Assignment and Transfer of Shares. Shares are freely negotiable, subject to applicable legal and regulatory provisions. French law notably provides for standstill obligations and prohibition of insider trading.

Registration Rights

None of our security holders possess registration rights.

Differences in Corporate Law

The laws applicable to French sociétés anonymes differ from laws applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of certain differences between the provisions of the French Commercial Code applicable to us and the Delaware General Corporation Law relating to shareholders' rights and protections.

	France	Delaware
Number of Directors	Under French law, a société anonyme must have at least three and may have up to 18 directors. The number of directors is fixed by or in the manner provided in the by-laws.	Under Delaware law, a corporation must have at least one director and the number of directors shall be fixed by or in the manner provided in the by-laws.

Director Qualifications	Under French law, a corporation may prescribe qualifications for directors under its by-laws. In addition, under French law, members of a board of directors of a corporation may be legal entities (with the exception of the Chairman of the board of directors), and such legal entities may designate an individual to represent them and to act on their behalf at meetings of the board of directors.	Under Delaware law, a corporation may prescribe qualifications for directors under its certificate of incorporation or by-laws.

Removal of Directors	Under French law, directors may be removed from office, with or without cause, at any shareholders' meeting without notice or justification, by a simple majority vote of the shareholders present and voting at the meeting in person or by proxy.	Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, directors may be removed from office, with or without cause, by a majority stockholder vote, though in the case of a corporation whose board is classified, stockholders may effect such removal only for cause.

Vacancies on the Board of Directors	Under French law, vacancies on the board of directors resulting from death or a resignation, provided that at least three directors remain in office, may be filled by a majority of the remaining directors pending ratification by the shareholders by the next shareholders' meeting.	Under Delaware law, vacancies on a corporation's board of directors, including those caused by an increase in the number of directors, may be filled by a majority of the remaining directors.

Annual General Meeting	Under French law, the annual general meeting of shareholders shall be held at such place, on such date and at such time as decided each year by the board of directors and notified to the shareholders in the convening notice of the annual meeting, within six months after the close of the relevant fiscal year unless such period is extended by court order.	Under Delaware law, the annual meeting of stockholders shall be held at such place, on such date and at such time as may be designated from time to time by the board of directors or as provided in the certificate of incorporation or by the by-laws.

General Meeting	Under French law, general meetings of the shareholders may be called by the board of directors or, failing that, by the statutory auditors, or by a court appointed agent or liquidator in certain circumstances, or by the majority shareholder in capital or voting rights following a public tender offer or exchange offer or the transfer of a controlling block on the date decided by the board of directors or the relevant person.	Under Delaware law, special meetings of the stockholders may be called by the board of directors or by such person or persons as may be authorized by the certificate of incorporation or by the by-laws.

	France	Delaware
Notice of General Meetings	A convening notice is published in the French Journal of Mandatory Statutory Notices (BALO) at least 35 days prior to a meeting and made available on the website of the company at least 21 days prior to the meeting. Subject to special legal provisions, the meeting notice is sent out at least 15 days prior to the date of the meeting, by means of a notice inserted both in a legal announcement bulletin of the registered office department and in the French Journal of Mandatory Statutory Notices (BALO). Further, the holders of registered shares for at least a month at the time of the latest of the insertions of the notice of meeting shall be summoned individually, by regular letter (or by registered letter if they request it and include an advance of expenses) sent to their last known address. This notice may also be transmitted by electronic means of telecommunication, in lieu of any such mailing, to any shareholder requesting it beforehand by registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt in accordance with legal and regulatory requirements, specifying his e-mail address.	Under Delaware law, written notice of any meeting of the stockholders must be given to each stockholder entitled to vote at the meeting not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting and shall specify the place, date, hour, and purpose or purposes of the meeting.

	The convening notice must also indicate the conditions under which the shareholders may vote by correspondence and the places and conditions in which they can obtain voting forms by mail.

	The notice must specify the name of the company, its legal form, share capital, registered office address, registration number with the French Registry of Commerce and Companies (registre du commerce et des sociétés), the place, date, hour and agenda of the meeting and its nature (ordinary and/or extraordinary meeting).

Proxy	Each shareholder has the right to attend the meetings and participate in the discussions (i) personally, or (ii) by granting proxy to any individual or legal entity of his choosing; or (iii) by sending a proxy to the company without indication of the mandate, or (iv) by voting by correspondence, or (v) by videoconference or another means of telecommunication in accordance with applicable laws that allow identification.	Under Delaware law, at any meeting of stockholders, a stockholder may designate another person to act for such stockholder by proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period.

	France	Delaware
	The proxy is only valid for a single meeting or for successive meetings convened with the same agenda. It can also be granted for two meetings, one ordinary, the other extraordinary, held on the same day or within a period of 15 days.

Shareholder action by written consent	Under French law, shareholders' action by written consent is not permitted in a société anonyme.	Under Delaware law, a corporation's certificate of incorporation (1) may permit stockholders to act by written consent if such action is signed by all stockholders, (2) may permit stockholders to act by written consent signed by stockholders having the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to take such action at a meeting or (3) may prohibit actions by written consent.

Preemptive Rights	Under French law, in case of issuance of additional shares or other securities for cash or set-off against cash debts, the existing shareholders have preferential subscription rights to these securities on a pro rata basis unless such rights are waived by a two-thirds majority of the votes held by the shareholders present at the extraordinary meeting deciding or authorizing the capital increase, voting in person or represented by proxy or voting by mail. In case such rights are not waived by the extraordinary general meeting, each stockholder may individually either exercise, assign or not exercise its preferential rights.	Under Delaware law, unless otherwise provided in a corporation's certificate of incorporation, a stockholder does not, by operation of law, possess preemptive rights to subscribe to additional issuances of the corporation's stock.

Sources of Dividends	Under French law, dividends may only be paid by a French société anonyme out of "distributable profits," plus any distributable reserves and "distributable premium" that the shareholders decide to make available for distribution, other than those reserves that are specifically required by law. "Distributable profits" consist of the unconsolidated net profits of the relevant corporation for each fiscal year, as increased or reduced by any profit or loss carried forward from prior years.	Under Delaware law, dividends may be paid by a Delaware corporation either out of (1) surplus or (2) in case there is no surplus, out of its net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and/or the preceding fiscal year, except when the capital is diminished by depreciation in the value of its property, or by losses, or otherwise, to an amount less than the aggregate amount of capital represented by issued and outstanding stock having a preference on the distribution of assets.

	France		Delaware
	"Distributable premium" refers to the contribution paid by the stockholders in addition to the par value of their shares for their subscription that the stockholders decide to make available for distribution.

	Except in case of a share capital reduction, no distribution can be made to the stockholders when the net equity is, or would become, lower than the amount of the share capital plus the reserves which cannot be distributed in accordance with the law or the by- laws. Since October 1, 2016, preferential subscription rights may only be exercised two business days prior to the day on which the subscription is opened until the second business day prior to its closing. Thus, the preferential subscription rights are transferable during the same period as their period of exercise. In accordance with French law, the period of exercise shall be no less than 5 business days.

Repurchase of Shares	Under French law, a corporation may acquire its own shares. Such acquisition may be challenged on the ground of market abuse regulations. However, the Market Abuse Regulation 596/2014 of April 16, 2014 (MAR) provides for safe harbor exemptions when the acquisition is made for the following purposes only:		Under Delaware law, a corporation may generally redeem or repurchase shares of its stock unless the capital of the corporation is impaired or such redemption or repurchase would impair the capital of the corporation.

	•	to decrease its share capital, provided that such decision is not driven by losses and that a purchase offer is made to all shareholders on a pro rata basis, with the approval of the shareholders at the extraordinary general meeting deciding the capital reduction;

	•	with a view to distributing within one year of their repurchase the relevant shares to employees or managers under a profit- sharing, free share or share option plan;

	•	to meet obligations arising from debt securities that are exchangeable into equity instruments; or

	•	under a buy-back program to be authorized by the shareholders in accordance with the provisions of Article L. 22-10-62 of the French Commercial Code and in accordance with the general regulations of the Financial Markets Authority (AMF).

	France	Delaware
	A simple exemption is provided when the acquisition is made under a buy-back program to be authorized by the shareholders in accordance with the provisions of Article L. 22-10-62 of the French Commercial Code and in accordance with the General Regulations of the Financial Markets Authority (AMF).

	A simple exemption is provided when the acquisition is made under a buy-back program to be authorized by the shareholders in accordance with the provisions of Article L. 22-10-62 of the French Commercial Code and in accordance with the General Regulations of the Financial Markets Authority (AMF).

	No such repurchase of shares may result in the company holding, directly or through a person acting on its behalf, more than 10% of its issued share capital.

Liability of Directors and Officers	Under French law, the directors and the officers are individually or jointly and severally liable, as the case may be, to the company or to third parties, either for breaches of the laws or regulations applicable to société anonyme, or for breaches of the Articles of Association, or for misconduct in their management. In addition, French law provides for cases of criminal liability of the directors and officers. The by-laws may not include any provisions limiting the liability of directors.	Under Delaware law, a corporation's certificate of incorporation may include a provision eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director to the corporation and its stockholders for damages arising from a breach of fiduciary duty as a director. However, no provision can limit the liability of a director for:

		•	any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders;

		•	acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;

		•	intentional or negligent payment of unlawful dividends or stock purchases or redemptions; or

		•	any transaction from which the director derives an improper personal benefit.

	France		Delaware
Voting Rights	French law provides that, unless otherwise provided in the by-laws, each shareholder is entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such shareholder.		Delaware law provides that, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, each stockholder is entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder.

Shareholder Vote on Certain Transactions	Generally, under French law, completion of a merger, dissolution, sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of a corporation's assets requires:		Generally, under Delaware law, unless the certificate of incorporation provides for the vote of a larger portion of the stock, completion of a merger, consolidation, sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of a corporation's assets or dissolution requires:


	·	the approval of the board of directors; and

	·	approval by a two-thirds majority of the votes held by the shareholders present, represented by proxy or voting by mail at the relevant meeting.	·	the approval of the board of directors; and

			·	approval by the vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding stock or, if the certificate of incorporation provides for more or less than one vote per share, a majority of the votes of the outstanding stock of a corporation entitled to vote on the matter.

Dissent or Dissenters Appraisal Rights	French law does not provide for any such right but provides that a merger is subject to shareholders' approval by a two-thirds majority vote as stated above.	Under Delaware law, a holder of shares of any class or series has the right, in specified circumstances, to dissent from a merger or consolidation by demanding payment in cash for the stockholder's shares equal to the fair value of those shares, as determined by the Delaware Chancery Court in an action timely brought by the corporation or a dissenting stockholder.

		Delaware law grants these appraisal rights only in the case of mergers or consolidations and not in the case of a sale or transfer of assets or a purchase of assets for stock. Further, no appraisal rights are available for shares of any class or series that is listed on a national securities exchange or held of record by more than 2,000 stockholders, unless the agreement of merger or consolidation requires the holders to accept for their shares anything other than:

		•	shares of stock of the surviving corporation;

		•	shares of stock of another corporation that are either listed on a national securities exchange or held of record by more than 2,000 stockholders;

	France	Delaware
		•	cash in lieu of fractional shares of the stock described in the two preceding bullet points; or

		•	any combination of the above.

		In addition, appraisal rights are not available to holders of shares of the surviving corporation in specified mergers that do not require the vote of the stockholders of the surviving corporation.

Standard of Conduct for Directors	French law does not contain specific provisions setting forth the standard of conduct of a director. However, directors have a duty to act without self-interest, on a well-informed basis and they cannot make any decision against a corporation's corporate interest (intérêt social).	Delaware law does not contain specific provisions setting forth the standard of conduct of a director. The scope of the fiduciary duties of directors is generally determined by the courts of the State of Delaware. In general, directors have a duty to act without self-interest, on a well- informed basis and in a manner they reasonably believe to be in the best interest of the stockholders.

Shareholder Suits	The plaintiff must remain a shareholder through the duration of the legal action. There is no other case where shareholders may initiate a derivative action to enforce a right of a corporation. A shareholder may alternatively or cumulatively bring individual legal action against the directors, provided he has suffered distinct damages from those suffered by the corporation. In this case, any damages awarded by the court are paid to the relevant shareholder.	Under Delaware law, a stockholder may initiate a derivative action to enforce a right of a corporation if the corporation fails to enforce the right itself. The complaint must:

		•	state that the plaintiff was a stockholder at the time of the transaction of which the plaintiff complains or that the plaintiff's shares thereafter devolved on the plaintiff by operation of law; and

		•	allege with particularity the efforts made by the plaintiff to obtain the action the plaintiff desires from the directors and the reasons for the plaintiff's failure to obtain the action; or

		•	state the reasons for not making the effort.

		•	Additionally, the plaintiff must remain a stockholder through the duration of the derivative suit. The action will not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the Delaware Court of Chancery.

Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation	Under French law, any modification of the information reflected on the certificate of incorporation at the time of registration (i.e. legal form, registered office, share capital, year-end, company's name, directors, statutory auditors) must be filed with the French Registry of Commerce and Companies.	Under Delaware law, generally a corporation may amend its certificate of incorporation if:

		•	its board of directors has adopted a resolution setting forth the amendment proposed and declared its advisability; and

	France	Delaware
		•	the amendment is adopted by the affirmative votes of a majority (or greater percentage as may be specified by the corporation) of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment and a majority (or greater percentage as may be specified by the corporation) of the outstanding shares of each class or series of stock, if any, entitled to vote on the amendment as a class or series.

Amendment of By-laws	Under French law, only the extraordinary shareholders' meeting is authorized to adopt or amend the by-laws.	Under Delaware law, the stockholders entitled to vote have the power to adopt, amend or repeal by-laws. A corporation may also confer, in its certificate of incorporation, that power upon the board of directors.

Legal Name; Formation; Fiscal Year; Registered Office

Our legal and commercial name is Biophytis S.A. We were incorporated as a société par actions simplifiée under the laws of the French Republic on September 27, 2006 for a period of 99 years expiring on September 26, 2105, unless dissolved in advance or extended. The Company was transformed into a société anonyme on May 22, 2015. We are registered at the Paris Commerce and Companies Register under the number 492 002 225. Our principal executive offices are located at Sorbonne University—BC 9, Bâtiment A 4ème étage, 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France and our telephone number is +33 1 44 27 23 00. Our registered office is 14, Avenue de l'Opéra, Paris, France. Our website address is www.biophytis.com. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Puglisi & Associates. Our fiscal year ends December 31.

Listing

ADSs, each representing 10 of our ordinary shares (or a right to receive 10 ordinary shares), are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “BPTS.” Our ordinary shares are currently listed on Euronext Growth Paris under the symbol "ALBPS."

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for the ADSs is Computershare, Inc. Our share register is currently maintained by Uptevia, 89-91, rue Gabriel Péri, 92120 Montrouge, France, registered under n°439 430 976. The share register reflects only record owners of our ordinary shares. Holders of ADSs will not be treated as one of our shareholders and their names will therefore not be entered in our share register. The depositary, the custodian or their nominees will be the holder of the shares underlying the ADSs. Holders of the ADSs have a right to receive the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERENTIAL SHARES

We may issue preferential shares (including preferential shares represented by ADSs). The particular terms of each issue or series of preferential shares will be described in the related prospectus supplement. This description will include, where applicable, a description of:

the title and nominal value of the preferential shares;

the number of preferential shares we are offering;

the liquidation preference per preferential share, if any;

the issue price per preferential share (or if applicable, the calculation formula of the issue price per preferential share);

whether preferential subscription rights will be issued to existing shareholders;

the dividend rate per preferential share, dividend period and payment dates and method of calculation for dividends;

whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative and, if cumulative, the date from which dividends will accumulate;

our right, if any, to defer payment of dividends and the maximum length of any such deferral period;

the relative ranking and preferences of the preferential shares as to dividend rights (preferred dividend if any) and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up the Company;

the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any;

the provisions for redemption or repurchase, if applicable, and any restrictions on our ability to exercise those redemption and repurchase rights;

any listing of the preferential shares on any securities exchange or market;

whether the preferential shares will be convertible into our ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) or preferential shares of another category, and, if applicable, conditions of an automatic conversion into ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs), if any, the conversion period, the conversion price, or how such price will be calculated, and under what circumstances it may be adjusted;

voting rights, if any, of the preferential shares;

preemption rights, if any;

other restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment, if any;

whether interests in the preferential shares will be represented by ADSs;

a discussion of any material or special U.S. federal and French income tax considerations applicable to the preferential shares;

any limitations on issuances of any class or series of preferential shares ranking senior to or on a parity with the series of preferential shares being issued as to dividend rights and rights if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our affairs;

any rights attached to the preferential shares regarding the corporate governance of our company, which may include, for example representation rights to the board of directors; and

any other specific terms, rights, preferences, privileges, qualifications or restrictions of the preferential shares.

Prior to issuing preferential shares, we must convene an extraordinary shareholders meeting at which shareholders would determine the terms and conditions of the preferential shares, decide the issuance of the preferential shares or delegate authority to the board of directors to decide the issuance and vote to modify the articles of association in order to include the characteristics and particular rights of the preferential shares.

The extraordinary shareholders meeting would also decide the maximum aggregate amount of share capital increases which we may carry out by issuing preferential shares, which may not exceed a specified amount of gross issue proceeds to be determined.

The issuance of preferential shares could adversely affect the voting power of holders of ordinary shares and ADSs and reduce the likelihood that holders of ordinary shares and ADSs will receive dividend payments and payments upon liquidation. The issuance could have the effect of decreasing the market price of our ADSs. The issuance of preferential shares also could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of our company.

DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS

We may issue warrants for the purchase of our ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs), preferential shares (including preferential shares represented by ADSs), debt securities, or any combination of the foregoing. Each warrant will entitle the holder to purchase the number of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs), preferential shares (including preferential shares represented by ADSs), debt securities, or combination thereof, as the case may be, at the exercise price and in the manner specified in the prospectus supplement relating to such warrants. Warrants may be exercised at any time up to the date and time specified in the applicable warrant agreement and set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Warrants will be issued under one or more warrant agreements to be entered into between the Company and one or more purchasers of such warrants or a bank or trust company acting as warrant agent. The material terms and provisions of such warrants to be issued and a description of the material provisions of the applicable warrant agreement will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. The form of warrant agreement that will be entered into with respect to a particular offering of warrants will be filed as an exhibit to a post-effective amendment to, or incorporated by reference into, the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the terms of any warrants in respect of which this prospectus and such prospectus supplement is being delivered, which terms may include the following if applicable to those warrants:

the title and aggregate number of the warrants;

the price or prices at which such warrants will be issued;

the currency or currency unit in which the warrants are denominated;

if the warrants are for the purchase of ordinary shares, the number of ordinary shares that may be purchased upon exercise of each warrant; the price, or the manner of determining the price, at which the ordinary shares may be purchased upon the exercise of the warrants;

if the warrants are for the purchase of preferential shares, the designation and terms of the series of preferential shares, and the number of such preferential shares, purchasable upon exercise of the warrants; the price, or the manner of determining the price, at which the preferential shares may be purchased upon exercise of the warrants;

if the warrants are for the purchase of debt securities, the exercise price for the debt securities, the amount of debt securities to be received upon exercise, and a description of the series of debt securities;

the price at which the securities purchasable upon exercise of such warrants may be purchased;

if other than cash, the manner in which the exercise price of the warrants may be paid; and any maximum or minimum number of warrants that may be exercisable at any one time;

the time or times at which, or period or periods during which, the warrants may be exercised and the expiration date of the warrants;

the terms of any right of the Company to redeem the warrants;

the terms of any right of the Company to accelerate the exercise of the warrants upon the occurrence of certain events;

whether the warrants will be sold with any other securities, and the date, if any, on and after which the warrants and the other related securities will be separately transferable;

whether the warrants will be issued in registered or bearer form and information with respect to book-entry procedures, if any;

a discussion of certain material tax, accounting and other special considerations, procedures and limitations relating to the warrants; and

any other terms of the warrants, including terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of such warrants.

DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES

We may offer debt securities. The following description of debt securities sets forth the material terms and provisions of the debt securities to which any prospectus supplement may relate. Our debt securities would be issued under an indenture between us and a trustee. The debt securities we may offer may be convertible into common stock or other securities. The indenture, a form of which is included as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, will be executed at the time we issue any debt securities. Any supplemental indentures will be filed with the SEC on a Form 6-K or by a post-effective amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

The particular terms of the debt securities offered by any prospectus supplement, and the extent to which the general provisions described below may apply to the offered debt securities, will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. The indenture will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the “Trust Indenture Act”). The terms of the debt securities will include those stated in the indenture and those made part of the indenture by reference to the Trust Indenture Act.

Because the following summaries of the material terms and provisions of the indenture and the related debt securities are not complete, you should refer to the form of the indenture and the debt securities for complete information on some of the terms and provisions of the indenture, including definitions of some of the terms used below, and the debt securities.

General

The provisions of the indenture do not limit the aggregate principal amount of debt securities which may be issued thereunder. Unless otherwise provided in a prospectus supplement, the debt securities will be our direct, unsecured and unsubordinated general obligations and will have the same rank in liquidation as all of our other unsecured and unsubordinated debt. The debt securities may be convertible into common stock or other securities if specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Payments

We may issue debt securities from time to time in one or more series. The provisions of the indenture allow us to “reopen” a previous issue of a series of debt securities and issue additional debt securities of that series. The debt securities may be denominated and payable in U.S. dollars or other currencies. We may also issue debt securities from time to time with the principal amount or interest payable on any relevant payment date to be determined by reference to one or more currency exchange rates, securities or baskets of securities, commodity prices or indices. Holders of these types of debt securities will receive payments of principal or interest that depend upon the value of the applicable currency, security or basket of securities, commodity or index on the relevant payment dates.

Debt securities may bear interest at a fixed rate, which may be zero, a floating rate, or a rate which varies during the lifetime of the debt security. Debt securities bearing no interest or interest at a rate that at the time of issuance is below the prevailing market rate may be sold at a discount below their stated principal amount.

Terms Specified in the Applicable Prospectus Supplement

The applicable prospectus supplement will contain, where applicable, the following terms of, and other information relating to, any offered debt securities:

the specific designation;

any limit on the aggregate principal amount of the debt securities, their purchase price and denomination;

the currency in which the debt securities are denominated and/or in which principal, premium, if any, and/or interest, if any, is payable;

the date of maturity;

the interest rate or rates or the method by which the calculation agent will determine the interest rate or rates, if any;

the interest payment dates, if any;

the place or places for payment of the principal of and any premium and/or interest on the debt securities;

any repayment, redemption, prepayment or sinking fund provisions, including any redemption notice provisions;

whether we will issue the debt securities in registered form or bearer form or both and, if we are offering debt securities in bearer form, any restrictions applicable to the exchange of one form for another and to the offer, sale and delivery of those debt securities in bearer form;

whether we will issue the debt securities in definitive form and under what terms and conditions;

the terms on which holders of the debt securities may convert or exchange these securities into or for common stock or other securities, any specific terms relating to the adjustment of the conversion or exchange feature and the period during which the holders may make the conversion or exchange;

information as to the methods for determining the amount of principal or interest payable on any date and/or the currencies, securities or baskets of securities, commodities or indices to which the amount payable on that date is linked;

any agents for the debt securities, including trustees, depositaries, authenticating or paying agents, transfer agents or registrars;

whether and under what circumstances we will pay additional amounts on debt securities for any tax, assessment or governmental charge withheld or deducted and, if so, whether we will have the option to redeem those debt securities rather than pay the additional amounts;

any material United States federal income tax or other income tax consequences, including, but not limited to:

tax considerations applicable to any discounted debt securities or to debt securities issued at par that are treated as having been issued at a discount for United States federal income tax purposes; and

tax considerations applicable to any debt securities denominated and payable in non-United States currencies;

whether certain payments on the debt securities will be guaranteed under a financial insurance guarantee policy and the terms of that guarantee;

whether the debt securities will be secured;

any applicable selling restrictions; and

any other specific terms of the debt securities, including any modifications to or additional events of default, covenants or modified or eliminated acceleration rights, and any terms required by or advisable under applicable laws or regulations.

Some of the debt securities may be issued as original issue discount securities. Original issue discount securities bear no interest or bear interest at below-market rates and may be sold at a discount below their stated principal amount. The applicable prospectus supplement will contain information relating to income tax, accounting, and other special considerations applicable to original issue discount securities.

Registration and Transfer of Debt Securities

Holders may present debt securities for exchange, and holders of registered debt securities may present these securities for transfer, in the manner, at the places and subject to the restrictions stated in the debt securities and described in the applicable prospectus supplement. We will provide these services without charge except for any tax or other governmental charge payable in connection with these services and subject to any limitations or requirements provided in the indenture or the supplemental indenture or issuer order under which that series of debt securities is issued. Holders may transfer debt securities in bearer form and/or the related coupons, if any, by delivery to the transferee. If any of the securities are held in global form, the procedures for transfer of interests in those securities will depend upon the procedures of the depositary for those global securities.

Events of Default

The indenture provides holders of debt securities with remedies if we fail to perform specific obligations, such as making payments on the debt securities, or if we become bankrupt. Holders should review these provisions and understand which actions trigger an event of default and which actions do not. The indenture permits the issuance of debt securities in one or more series, and, in many cases, whether an event of default has occurred is determined on a series-by-series basis.

An event of default is defined under the indenture, with respect to any series of debt securities issued under the indenture, as any one or more of the following events, subject to modification in a supplemental indenture, each of which we refer to in this prospectus as an event of default, having occurred and be continuing:

default is made for more than 30 days in the payment of interest, premium or principal in respect of the securities;

we fail to perform or observe any of our other obligations under the securities and this failure has continued for the period of 60 days next following the service on us of notice requiring the same to be remedied;

our bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization under any applicable bankruptcy, insolvency or insolvency related reorganization law;

an order is made or an effective resolution is passed for the winding up or liquidation of us; or

any other event of default provided in the supplemental indenture or issuer order, if any, under which that series of debt securities is issued.

Acceleration of Debt Securities Upon an Event of Default

The indenture provides that, unless otherwise set forth in a supplemental indenture:

if an event of default occurs due to the default in payment of principal of, or any premium or interest on, any series of debt securities issued under the indenture, or due to the default in the performance or breach of any other covenant or warranty of us applicable to that series of debt securities but not applicable to all outstanding debt securities issued under the indenture occurs and is continuing, either the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each affected series, voting as one class, by notice in writing to us may declare the principal of and accrued interest on the debt securities of such affected series (but not any other debt securities issued under the indenture) to be due and payable immediately;

if an event of default occurs due to specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization of us, the principal of all debt securities and interest accrued on the debt securities to be due and payable immediately; and

if an event of default due to a default in the performance of any other of the covenants or agreements in the indenture applicable to all outstanding debt securities issued under the indenture occurs and is continuing, either the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of all outstanding debt securities issued under the indenture for which any applicable supplemental indenture does not prevent acceleration under the relevant circumstances, voting as one class, by notice in writing to us may declare the principal of all debt securities and interest accrued on the debt securities to be due and payable immediately.

Annulment of Acceleration and Waiver of Defaults

In some circumstances, if any and all events of default under the indenture, other than the non-payment of the principal of the securities that has become due as a result of an acceleration, have been cured, waived or

otherwise remedied, then the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of all series of outstanding debt securities affected, voting as one class, may annul past declarations of acceleration or waive past defaults of the debt securities.

Indemnification of Trustee for Actions Taken on Your Behalf

The indenture provides that the trustee shall not be liable with respect to any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction of the holders of debt securities issued under the indenture relating to the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred upon the trustee. In addition, the indenture contains a provision entitling the trustee, subject to the duty of the trustee to act with the required standard of care during a default, to be indemnified to its satisfaction by the holders of debt securities issued under the indenture before proceeding to exercise any right or power at the request of holders. Subject to these provisions and specified other limitations, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of each series of outstanding debt securities of each affected series, voting as one class, may direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee.

Limitation on Actions by You as an Individual Holder

The indenture provides that no individual holder of debt securities may institute any action against us under the indenture, except actions for payment of overdue principal and interest, unless the following actions have occurred:

the holder must have previously given written notice to the trustee of the continuing default;

the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each affected series, treated as one class, must have:

requested the trustee to institute that action; and

offered the trustee indemnity satisfactory to it;

the trustee must have failed to institute that action within 60 days after receipt of the request referred to above; and

the holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each affected series, voting as one class, must not have given directions to the trustee inconsistent with those of the holders referred to above.

The indenture contains a covenant that we will file annually with the trustee a certificate of no default or a certificate specifying any default that exists.

Discharge, Defeasance and Covenant Defeasance

We have the ability to eliminate most or all of our obligations on any series of debt securities prior to maturity if we comply with the following provisions:

Discharge of Indenture. We may discharge all of our obligations, other than as to transfers and exchanges, under the indenture after we have:

paid or caused to be paid the principal of and interest on all of the outstanding debt securities in accordance with their terms;

delivered to the trustee for cancellation all of the outstanding debt securities; or

irrevocably deposited with the trustee cash or, in the case of a series of debt securities payable only in U.S. dollars, U.S. government obligations in trust for the benefit of the holders of any series of debt securities issued under the indenture that have either become due and payable, or are by their terms due and payable, or are scheduled for redemption, within one year, in an amount certified to be sufficient to pay on each date that they become due and payable, the principal of and interest on, and any mandatory sinking fund payments for, those debt securities. However, the deposit of cash or U.S. government obligations for the benefit of holders of a series of debt securities that are due and payable, or are scheduled for redemption, within one year will discharge obligations under the indenture relating only to that series of debt securities.

Defeasance of a Series of Securities at Any Time. We may also discharge all of our obligations, other than as to transfers and exchanges, under any series of debt securities at any time, which we refer to as defeasance in this prospectus. We may be released with respect to any outstanding series of debt securities from the obligations imposed by any covenants and elect not to comply with those covenants without creating an event of default. Discharge under those procedures is called covenant defeasance.

Defeasance or covenant defeasance may be effected only if, among other things:

we irrevocably deposit with the trustee cash or, in the case of debt securities payable only in U.S. dollars, U.S. government obligations, as trust funds in an amount certified to be sufficient to pay on each date that they become due and payable, the principal of and interest on, and any mandatory sinking fund payments for, all outstanding debt securities of the series being defeased; and

we deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel to the effect that:

the holders of the series of debt securities being defeased will not recognize income, gain or loss for United States federal income tax purposes as a result of the defeasance or covenant defeasance;

the defeasance or covenant defeasance will not otherwise alter those holders’ United States federal income tax treatment of principal and interest payments on the series of debt securities being defeased; and

in the case of a defeasance, this opinion must be based on a ruling of the Internal Revenue Service or a change in United States federal income tax law occurring after the date of this prospectus, since that result would not occur under current tax law.

Modification of the Indenture

Modification without Consent of Holders. We and the trustee may enter into supplemental indentures without the consent of the holders of debt securities issued under the indenture to:

secure any debt securities;

evidence the assumption by a successor corporation of our obligations;

add covenants for the protection of the holders of debt securities;

cure any ambiguity or correct any inconsistency;

establish the forms or terms of debt securities of any series; or

evidence the acceptance of appointment by a successor trustee.

Modification with Consent of Holders. We and the trustee, with the consent of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of each affected series of outstanding debt securities, voting as one class, may add any provisions to, or change in any manner or eliminate any of the provisions of, the indenture or modify in any manner the rights of the holders of those debt securities. However, we and the trustee may not make any of the following changes to any outstanding debt security without the consent of each holder that would be affected by the change:

extend the final maturity of the security;

reduce the principal amount;

reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of interest;

reduce any amount payable on redemption;

change the currency in which the principal, including any amount of original issue discount, premium, or interest on the security is payable;

modify or amend the provisions for conversion of any currency into another currency;

reduce the amount of any original issue discount security payable upon acceleration or provable in bankruptcy;

alter the terms on which holders of the debt securities may convert or exchange debt securities for common stock or other securities, other than in accordance with the antidilution provisions or other similar adjustment provisions included in the terms of the debt securities;

impair the right of any holder to institute suit for the enforcement of any payment on any debt security when due; or

reduce the percentage of debt securities the consent of whose holders is required for modification of the indenture.

Form of Debt Security

Each debt security will be represented either by a certificate issued in definitive form to a particular investor or by one or more global securities representing the entire issuance of securities. Both certificated securities in definitive form and global securities may be issued either:

in registered form, where our obligation runs to the holder of the security named on the face of the security; or

in bearer form, where our obligation runs to the bearer of the security.

Definitive securities name you or your nominee as the owner of the security, other than definitive bearer securities, which name the bearer as owner, and in order to transfer or exchange these securities or to receive payments other than interest or other interim payments, you or your nominee must physically deliver the securities to the trustee, registrar, paying agent or other agent, as applicable.

Global securities name a depositary or its nominee as the owner of the debt securities represented by these global securities, other than global bearer securities, which name the bearer as owner. The depositary maintains a computerized system that will reflect each investor’s beneficial ownership of the securities through an account maintained by the investor with its broker/dealer, bank, trust company or other representative, as we explain more fully below.

Global Securities

Registered Global Securities. We may issue the debt securities in the form of one or more fully registered global securities that will be deposited with a depositary or its nominee identified in the applicable prospectus supplement and registered in the name of that depositary or nominee. In those cases, one or more registered global securities will be issued in a denomination or aggregate denominations equal to the portion of the aggregate principal or face amount of the securities to be represented by registered global securities. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole for securities in definitive registered form, a registered global security may not be transferred except as a whole by and among the depositary for the registered global security, the nominees of the depositary or any successors of the depositary or those nominees. If not described below, any specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to any securities to be represented by a registered global security will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to those securities. We anticipate that the following provisions will apply to all depositary arrangements:

Ownership of beneficial interests in a registered global security will be limited to persons, called participants, that have accounts with the depositary or persons that may hold interests through participants. Upon the issuance of a registered global security, the depositary will credit, on its book-entry registration and transfer system, the participants’ accounts with the respective principal or face amounts of the securities beneficially owned by the participants. Any dealers, underwriters or selling agents participating in the distribution of the securities will designate the accounts to be credited. Ownership of beneficial interests in a registered global security will be shown on, and the transfer of ownership interests will be effected only through, records maintained by the depositary, with respect to interests of participants, and on the records of participants, with respect to interests of persons holding through participants. The laws of some jurisdictions may require that some purchasers of securities take physical delivery of these securities in definitive form. These laws may impair your ability to own, transfer or pledge beneficial interests in registered global securities. So long as the depositary, or its nominee, is the registered owner of a registered global security, that depositary or its nominee, as the case may be, will be considered the sole owner or holder of the securities represented by the registered global security for all purposes under the indenture.

Except as described below, owners of beneficial interests in a registered global security will not be entitled to have the securities represented by the registered global security registered in their names, will not receive or be entitled to receive physical delivery of the securities in definitive form and will not be considered the owners or holders of the securities under the indenture. Accordingly, each person owning a beneficial interest in a registered global security must rely on the procedures of the depositary for that registered global security and, if that person is not a participant, on the procedures of the participant through which the person owns its interest, to exercise any rights of a holder under the indenture. We understand that under existing industry practices, if we request any action of holders or if an owner of a beneficial interest in a registered global security desires to give or take any action that a holder is entitled to give or take under the indenture, the depositary for the registered global security would authorize the participants holding the relevant beneficial interests to give or take that action, and the participants would authorize beneficial owners owning through them to give or take that action or would otherwise act upon the instructions of beneficial owners holding through them.

Principal, premium, if any, and interest payments on debt securities represented by a registered global security registered in the name of a depositary or its nominee will be made to the depositary or its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered owner of the registered global security. None of us, the trustee or any other agent of us or agent of the trustee will have any responsibility or liability for any aspect of the records relating to payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in the registered global security or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to those beneficial ownership interests. We expect that the depositary for any of the securities represented by a registered global security, upon receipt of any payment of principal, premium, interest or other distribution of underlying securities or other property to holders on that registered global security, will immediately credit participants’ accounts in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in that registered global security as shown on the records of the depositary. We also expect that payments by participants to owners of beneficial interests in a registered global security held through participants will be governed by standing customer instructions and customary practices, as is now the case with the securities held for the accounts of customers in bearer form or registered in “street name”, and will be the responsibility of those participants.

If the depositary for any of these securities represented by a registered global security is at any time unwilling or unable to continue as depositary or ceases to be a clearing agency registered under the Exchange Act, and a successor depositary registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act is not appointed by us within 90 days, we will issue securities in definitive form in exchange for the registered global security that had been held by the depositary. In addition, we may, at any time and in our sole discretion, decide not to have any of the securities represented by one or more registered global securities. If we make that decision, we will issue securities in definitive form in exchange for all of the registered global security or securities representing those securities. Any securities issued in definitive form in exchange for a registered global security will be registered in the name or names that the depositary gives to the relevant trustee or other relevant agent of ours or theirs. It is expected that the depositary’s instructions will be based upon directions received by the depositary from participants with respect to ownership of beneficial interests in the registered global security that had been held by the depositary.

Bearer Global Securities. The securities may also be issued in the form of one or more bearer global securities that will be deposited with a common depositary for the Euroclear System and Clearstream Banking, société anonyme or with a nominee for the depositary identified in the prospectus supplement relating to those securities. The specific terms and procedures, including the specific terms of the depositary arrangement, with respect to any securities to be represented by a bearer global security will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to those securities.

New York Law to Govern

The indenture and the debt securities will be governed by the laws of the State of New York.

DESCRIPTION OF UNITS

We may issue units consisting of ordinary shares (including ordinary shares represented by ADSs), preferential share (including preferential shares represented by ADSs), warrants or debt securities, in any combination. Each unit will be issued so that the holder of the unit is also the holder of each security included in the unit. Thus, the holder of a unit will have the rights and obligations of a holder of each security included in the unit. The unit agreement under which a unit is issued may provide that the securities included in the unit may not be held or transferred separately, at any time or at any time before a specified date.

We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of units being offered, including:

the designation and terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances those securities may be held or transferred separately;

any provisions of the governing unit agreement; and

any provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units or of the securities comprising the units.

The provisions described in this section, as well as those set forth in any prospectus supplement or as described under “Description of Capital Stock,” “Description of Preferential Shares,” “Description of Warrants, and “Description of Debt Securities” will apply to each unit, as applicable, and to any ordinary shares, preferential shares, warrants or debt securities included in each unit, as applicable.

Unit Agent

The name and address of the unit agent for any units we offer will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Issuance in Series

We may issue units in such amounts and in such numerous distinct series as we determine.

Enforceability of Rights by Holders of Units

Each unit agent will act solely as our agent under the applicable unit agreement and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust with any holder of any unit. A single bank or trust company may act as unit agent for more than one series of units. A unit agent will have no duty or responsibility in case of any default by us under the applicable unit agreement or unit, including any duty or responsibility to initiate any proceedings at law or otherwise, or to make any demand upon us. Any holder of a unit may, without the consent of the related unit agent or the holder of any other unit, enforce by appropriate legal action its rights as holder under any security included in the unit.

DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES

The Bank of New York Mellon, as depositary, registers and delivers our ordinary share ADSs. Each ADS represents 10 ordinary shares (or a right to receive 10 ordinary shares) deposited with Societe Generale, as custodian for the depositary in France. Each ADS will also represent any other securities, cash or other property which may be held by the depositary. The deposited shares together with any other securities, cash or other property held by the depositary are referred to as the deposited securities. The depositary's office at which the ADSs will be administered and its principal executive office are located at 240 Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10286.

An ADS holder may hold ADSs either (A) directly (i) by having an American Depositary Receipt, also referred to as an ADR, which is a certificate evidencing a specific number of ADSs, registered in the ADS holder’s name, or (ii) by having uncertificated ADSs registered in the ADS holder’s name, or (B) indirectly by holding a security entitlement in ADSs through the ADS holder’s broker or other financial institution that is a direct or indirect participant in The Depository Trust Company, also called DTC. If an ADS holder hold ADSs directly, he or she is a registered ADS holder. If an investor holds the ADSs indirectly, the investor must rely on the procedures of his or her broker or other financial institution to assert the rights of ADS holders described in this section.

Registered holders of uncertificated ADSs will receive statements from the depositary confirming their holdings.

ADS holders will not be treated as shareholders and ADS holders will not have shareholder rights. French law governs shareholder rights. The depositary will be the holder of the shares underlying the ADSs. As a registered holder of ADSs, the ADS holders will have ADS holder rights. A deposit agreement among us, the depositary, ADS holders and all other persons indirectly or beneficially holding ADSs sets out ADS holder rights as well as the rights and obligations of the depositary. New York law governs the deposit agreement and the ADSs.

The following is a summary of the material provisions of the deposit agreement with The Bank of New York Mellon.

Dividends and Other Distributions

How will ADS holders receive dividends and other distributions on the shares?

The depositary has agreed to pay or distribute to ADS holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on shares or other deposited securities, upon payment or deduction of its fees and expenses. ADS holders will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of shares the ADSs represent.

Distributions of Cash

The depositary will convert any cash dividend or other cash distribution we pay on the shares into U.S. dollars, if it can do so on a reasonable basis and can transfer the U.S. dollars to the United States. If that is not possible or if any government approval is needed and cannot be obtained, the deposit agreement allows the depositary to distribute the foreign currency only to those ADS holders to whom it is possible to do so. It will hold the foreign currency it cannot convert for the account of the ADS holders who have not been paid. It will not invest the foreign currency and it will not be liable for any interest.

Before making a distribution, any withholding taxes, or other governmental charges that must be paid will be deducted. The depositary will distribute only whole U.S. dollars and cents and will round fractional cents to the nearest whole cent. If the exchange rates fluctuate during a time when the depositary cannot convert the foreign currency, ADS holders may lose some of the value of the distribution.

Distributions of Shares

The depositary may, and will if the company so requests in writing, distribute additional ADSs representing any shares we distribute as a dividend or free distribution. The depositary will only distribute whole ADSs. It will sell shares which would require it to deliver a fraction of an ADS (or ADSs representing those shares) and distribute the net proceeds in the same way as it does with cash. If the depositary does not distribute additional ADSs, the outstanding ADSs will also represent the new shares. The depositary may sell a portion of the distributed shares (or ADSs representing those shares) sufficient to pay its fees and expenses in connection with that distribution.

Distribution of Rights

If we offer holders of our securities any rights to subscribe for additional shares or any other rights, the depositary may (i) exercise those rights on behalf of ADS holders, (ii) distribute those rights to ADS holders or (iii) sell those rights and distribute the net proceeds to ADS holders, in each case after deduction or upon payment of its fees and expenses. To the extent the depositary does not do any of those things, it will allow the rights to lapse. In that case, ADS holders will receive no value for them. The depositary will exercise or distribute rights only if we ask it to and provide satisfactory assurances to the depositary that it is legal to do so. If the depositary will exercise rights, it will purchase the securities to which the rights relate and distribute those securities or, in the case of shares, new ADSs representing the new shares, to subscribing ADS holders, but only if ADS holders have paid the exercise price to the depositary. U.S. securities laws may restrict the ability of the depositary to distribute rights or ADSs or other securities issued on exercise of rights to all or certain ADS holders, and the securities distributed may be subject to restrictions on transfer.

Other Distributions

The depositary will send to ADS holders anything else we distribute on deposited securities by any means it thinks is legal, fair and practical. If it cannot make the distribution in that way, the depositary has a choice. It may decide to sell what we distributed and distribute the net proceeds, in the same way as it does with cash. Or, it may decide to hold what we distributed, in which case ADSs will also represent the newly distributed property. However, the depositary is not required to distribute any securities (other than ADSs) to ADS holders unless it receives satisfactory evidence from us that it is legal to make that distribution. The depositary may sell a portion of the distributed securities or property sufficient to pay its fees and expenses in connection with that distribution. U.S. securities laws may restrict the ability of the depositary to distribute securities to all or certain ADS holders, and the securities distributed may be subject to restrictions on transfer.

The depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any ADS holders. We have no obligation to register ADSs, shares, rights or other securities under the Securities Act. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, shares, rights or anything else to ADS holders. This means that ADS holders may not receive the distributions we make on our shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to ADS holders.

Deposit, Withdrawal and Cancellation

How are ADSs issued?

The depositary will deliver ADSs if you or your broker deposits shares or evidence of rights to receive shares with the custodian. Upon payment of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, the depositary will register the appropriate number of ADSs in the names you request and will deliver the ADSs to or upon the order of the person or persons that made the deposit.

How can ADS holders withdraw the deposited securities?

ADS holders may surrender ADSs to the depositary for the purpose of withdrawal. Upon payment of its fees and expenses and of any taxes or charges, such as stamp taxes or stock transfer taxes or fees, the depositary will deliver the shares and any other deposited securities underlying the ADSs to the ADS holder or a person the ADS holder designates at the office of the custodian. Or, at the ADS holder’s request, risk and expense, the depositary will deliver the deposited securities at its office, if feasible. However, the depositary is not required to accept surrender of ADSs to the extent it would require delivery of a fraction of a deposited share or other security. The depositary may charge ADS holders a fee and its expenses for instructing the custodian regarding delivery of deposited securities.

How do ADS holders interchange between certificated ADSs and uncertificated ADSs?

ADS holders may surrender their ADR to the depositary for the purpose of exchanging their ADR for uncertificated ADSs. The depositary will cancel that ADR and will send to the ADS holder a statement confirming that the ADS holder is the registered holder of uncertificated ADSs. Upon receipt by the depositary of a proper instruction from a registered holder of uncertificated ADSs requesting the exchange of uncertificated ADSs for certificated ADSs, the depositary will execute and deliver to the ADS holder an ADR evidencing those ADSs.

Voting Rights

How do ADS holders vote?

ADS holders may instruct the depositary how to vote the number of deposited shares their ADSs represent. If we request the depositary to solicit ADS holders’ voting instructions (and we are not required to do so), the depositary will notify the ADS holders of a shareholders' meeting and send or make voting materials available to them. Those materials will describe the matters to be voted on and explain how ADS holders may instruct the depositary how to vote. For instructions to be valid, they must reach the depositary by a date set by the depositary. The depositary will try, as far as practical, subject to the laws of France and the provisions of our articles of association or similar documents, to vote or to have its agents vote the shares or other deposited securities as instructed by ADS holders. If we do not request the depositary to solicit voting instructions from our ADS holders, ADS holders may still send voting instructions, and, in that case, the depositary may try to vote as instructed, but it is not required to do so.

Except by instructing the depositary as described above, ADS holders won't be able to exercise voting rights unless they surrender their ADSs and withdraw the shares. However, ADS holders may not know about the meeting enough in advance to withdraw the shares. In any event, the depositary will not exercise any discretion in voting deposited securities and it will only vote or attempt to vote as instructed or as described in the following sentence. If (i) we asked the depositary to solicit voting instructions at least 45 days before the meeting date, (ii) the depositary does not receive voting instructions from the ADS holder by the specified date and (iii) we confirm in writing to the depositary that:

we wish to receive a proxy to vote uninstructed shares;

we reasonably do not know of any substantial shareholder opposition to a particular question; and

the particular question is not materially adverse to the interests of shareholders,

the depositary will consider the ADS holder to have instructed it to give, and it will give, a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the number of deposited securities represented by the ADS holder’s ADSs as to that question.

We cannot assure ADS holders that they will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that they can instruct the depositary to vote their shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that ADS holders may not be able to exercise voting rights and there may be nothing they can do if their shares are not voted as requested.

In order to give ADS holders a reasonable opportunity to instruct the depositary as to the exercise of voting rights relating to deposited securities, if we request the depositary to act, we agree to give the depositary notice of any such meeting and details concerning the matters to be voted upon at least 45 days in advance of the meeting date.

Fees and Expenses

Persons depositing or withdrawing shares or ADS holders must pay:		For:
$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs)		Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of shares or rights or other property Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates

$.05 (or less) per ADS		Any cash distribution to ADS holders

A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to ADS holder had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs		Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities (including rights) that are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders

$.05 (or less) per ADS per calendar year		Depositary services

Registration or transfer fees		Transfer and registration of shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when the ADS holder deposits or withdraws shares

Expenses of the depositary		Cable (including SWIFT) and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement) Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars

Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian has to pay on any ADSs or shares underlying ADSs, such as stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes		As necessary

Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities		As necessary

The depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may collect any of its fees by deduction from any cash distribution payable (or by selling a portion of securities or other property distributable) to ADS holders that are obligated to pay those fees. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.

From time to time, the depositary may make payments to us to reimburse us for costs and expenses generally arising out of establishment and maintenance of the ADS program, waive fees and expenses for services provided to us by the depositary or share revenue from the fees collected from ADS holders. In performing its duties under the deposit agreement, the depositary may use brokers, dealers, foreign currency dealers or other service providers that are owned by or affiliated with the depositary and that may earn or share fees, spreads or commissions.

The depositary may convert currency itself or through any of its affiliates, or the custodian or we may convert currency and pay U.S. dollars to the depository. Where the depository converts currency itself or through any of its affiliates, the depository acts as principal for its own account and not as agent, advisor, broker or fiduciary on behalf of any other person and earns revenue, including, without limitation, transaction spreads, that it will retain for its own account. The revenue is based on, among other things, the difference between the exchange rate assigned to the currency conversion made under the deposit agreement and the rate that the depositary or its affiliate receives when buying or selling foreign currency for its own account. The depositary makes no representation that the exchange rate used or obtained by it or its affiliates in any currency conversion under the deposit agreement will be the most favorable rate that could be obtained at the time or that the method by which that rate will be determined will be the most favorable to ADS holders, subject to the depositary's obligation under to act without negligence or bad faith. The methodology used to determine exchange rates used in currency made by the depositary is available upon request. Where the custodian converts currency, the custodian has no obligation to obtain the most favorable rate that could be obtained at the time or to ensure that the method by which that rate will be determined will be the most favorable to ADS holders, and the depositary makes no representation that the rate is the most favorable rate and will not be liable for any direct or indirect losses associated with the rate. In certain instances, the depositary may receive dividends or other distributions in U.S. dollars that represent the proceeds of a conversion of foreign currency or translation from foreign currency at a rate that was obtained or determined by us and, in such cases, the depositary will not engage in, or be responsible for, any foreign currency transactions and neither it nor we make any representation that the rate obtained or determined by us is the most favorable rate and neither it nor we will be liable for any direct or indirect losses associated with the rate.

Payment of Taxes

ADS holders will be responsible for any taxes or other governmental charges payable on the ADSs or on the deposited securities represented by any of the ADSs. The depositary may refuse to register any transfer of the ADSs or allow ADS holders to withdraw the deposited securities represented by the ADSs until those taxes or other charges are paid. It may apply payments owed to ADS holders or sell deposited securities represented by the ADSs to pay any taxes owed and the ADS holder will remain liable for any deficiency. If the depositary sells deposited securities, it will, if appropriate, reduce the number of ADSs to reflect the sale and pay to ADS holders any proceeds, or send to ADS holders any property, remaining after it has paid the taxes.

Tender and Exchange Offers; Redemption, Replacement or Cancellation of Deposited Securities

The depositary will not tender deposited securities in any voluntary tender or exchange offer unless instructed to do by an ADS holder surrendering ADSs and subject to any conditions or procedures the depositary may establish.

If deposited securities are redeemed for cash in a transaction that is mandatory for the depositary as a holder of deposited securities, the depositary will call for surrender of a corresponding number of ADSs and distribute the net redemption money to the holders of called ADSs upon surrender of those ADSs.

If there is any change in the deposited securities such as a sub-division, combination or other reclassification, or any merger, consolidation, recapitalization or reorganization affecting the issuer of deposited securities in which the depositary receives new securities in exchange for or in lieu of the old deposited securities, the depositary will hold those replacement securities as deposited securities under the deposit agreement. However, if the depositary decides, after consultation with the company to the extent practicable, it would not be lawful and practical to hold the replacement securities because those securities could not be distributed to ADS holders or for any other reason, the depositary may instead sell the replacement securities and distribute the net proceeds upon surrender of the ADSs.

If there is a replacement of the deposited securities and the depositary will continue to hold the replacement securities, the depositary may distribute new ADSs representing the new deposited securities or ask ADS holders to surrender their outstanding ADRs in exchange for new ADRs identifying the new deposited securities.

If there are no deposited securities underlying ADSs, including if the deposited securities are cancelled, or if the deposited securities underlying ADSs have become apparently worthless, the depositary may call for surrender or of those ADSs or cancel those ADSs upon notice to the ADS holders.

Amendment and Termination

How may the deposit agreement be amended?

We may agree with the depositary to amend the deposit agreement and the ADRs without the ADS holders’ consent for any reason. If an amendment adds or increases fees or charges, except for taxes and other governmental charges or expenses of the depositary for registration fees, facsimile costs, delivery charges or similar items, or prejudices a substantial right of ADS holders, it will not become effective for outstanding ADSs until 30 days after the depositary notifies ADS holders of the amendment. At the time an amendment becomes effective, ADS holders are considered, by continuing to hold ADSs, to agree to the amendment and to be bound by the ADRs and the deposit agreement as amended.

How may the deposit agreement be terminated?

The depositary will initiate termination of the deposit agreement if we instruct it to do so. The depositary may initiate termination of the deposit agreement if:

60 days have passed since the depositary told us it wants to resign but a successor depositary has not been appointed and accepted its appointment;

we delist our shares from an exchange on which they were listed and do not list the shares on another exchange;

we appear to be insolvent or enter insolvency proceedings;

all or substantially all the value of the deposited securities has been distributed either in cash or in the form of securities;

there are no deposited securities underlying the ADSs or the underlying deposited securities have become apparently worthless; or

there has been a replacement of deposited securities.

If the deposit agreement will terminate, the depositary will notify ADS holders at least 90 days before the termination date. At any time after the termination date, the depositary may sell the deposited securities. After that, the depositary will hold the money it received on the sale, as well as any other cash it is holding under the deposit agreement, unsegregated and without liability for interest, for the pro rata benefit of the ADS holders that have not surrendered their ADSs. Normally, the depositary will sell as soon as practicable after the termination date.

After the termination date and before the depositary sells, ADS holders can still surrender their ADSs and receive delivery of deposited securities, except that the depositary may refuse to accept a surrender for the purpose of withdrawing deposited securities or reverse previously accepted surrenders of that kind if it would interfere with the selling process. The depositary may refuse to accept a surrender for the purpose of withdrawing sale proceeds until all the deposited securities have been sold. The depositary will continue to collect distributions on deposited securities, but, after the termination date, the depositary is not required to register any transfer of ADSs or distribute any dividends or other distributions on deposited securities to the ADSs holder (until they surrender their ADSs) or give any notices or perform any other duties under the deposit agreement except as described in this paragraph.

Limitations on Obligations and Liability

Limits on our Obligations and the Obligations of the Depositary; Limits on Liability to Holders of ADSs

The deposit agreement expressly limits our obligations and the obligations of the depositary. It also limits our liability and the liability of the depositary. We and the depositary:

are only obligated to take the actions specifically set forth in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith, and the depositary will not be a fiduciary or have any fiduciary duty to holders of ADSs;

are not liable if we are or it is prevented or delayed by law or by events or circumstances beyond our or its control from performing our or its obligations under the deposit agreement;

are not liable if we or it exercises discretion permitted under the deposit agreement;

are not liable for the inability of any holder of ADSs to benefit from any distribution on deposited securities that is not made available to holders of ADSs under the terms of the deposit agreement, or for any special, consequential or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement;

have no obligation to become involved in a lawsuit or other proceeding related to the ADSs or the deposit agreement on the ADS holder’s behalf or on behalf of any other person;

may rely upon any documents we believe or it believes in good faith to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper person;

are not liable for the acts or omissions of any securities depository, clearing agency or settlement system; and

the depositary has no duty to make any determination or provide any information as to our tax status, or any liability for any tax consequences that may be incurred by ADS holders as a result of owning or holding ADSs or be liable for the inability or failure of an ADS holder to obtain the benefit of a foreign tax credit, reduced rate of withholding or refund of amounts withheld in respect of tax or any other tax benefit. In the deposit agreement, we and the depositary agree to indemnify each other under certain circumstances.

Requirements for Depositary Actions

Before the depositary will deliver or register a transfer of ADSs, make a distribution on ADSs, or permit withdrawal of shares, the depositary may require:

payment of stock transfer or other taxes or other governmental charges and transfer or registration fees charged by third parties for the transfer of any shares or other deposited securities;

satisfactory proof of the identity and genuineness of any signature or other information it deems necessary; and

compliance with regulations it may establish, from time to time, consistent with the deposit agreement, including presentation of transfer documents.

The depositary may refuse to deliver ADSs or register transfers of ADSs when the transfer books of the depositary or our transfer books are closed or at any time if the depositary or we think it advisable to do so.

Right to Receive the Shares Underlying ADSs

ADS holders have the right to cancel the ADSs and withdraw the underlying shares at any time except:

when temporary delays arise because: (i) the depositary has closed its transfer books or we have closed our transfer books; (ii) the transfer of shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders' meeting; or (iii) we are paying a dividend on our shares;

when the ADS holder owes money to pay fees, taxes and similar charges; or

when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of shares or other deposited securities.

This right of withdrawal may not be limited by any other provision of the deposit agreement.

Direct Registration System

In the deposit agreement, all parties to the deposit agreement acknowledge that the Direct Registration System, also referred to as DRS, and Profile Modification System, also referred to as Profile, will apply to the ADSs. DRS is a system administered by DTC that facilitates interchange between registered holding of uncertifiated ADSs and holding of security entitlements in ADSs through DTC and a DTC participant. Profile is a feature of DRS that allows a DTC participant, claiming to act on behalf of a registered holder of uncertificated ADSs, to direct the depositary to register a transfer of those ADSs to DTC or its nominee and to deliver those ADSs to the DTC account of that DTC participant without receipt by the depositary of prior authorization from the ADS holder to register the transfer.

In connection with an in accordance with the arrangements and procedures relating to DRS/Profile, the parties to the deposit agreement understand that the depositary will not determine whether the DTC participant that is claiming to be acting on behalf of an ADS holder in requesting registration of transfer and delivery as described in the paragraph above has the actual authority to act on behalf of the ADS holder (notwithstanding any requirements under the Uniform Commercial Code). In the deposit agreement, the parties agree that the depositary's reliance on and compliance with instructions received by the depositary through the DRS/Profile system and in accordance with the deposit agreement will not constitute negligence or bad faith on the part of the depositary.

Shareholder communications; inspection of register of holders of ADSs

The depositary will make available for ADS holders’ inspection at its office all communications that it receives from us as a holder of deposited securities that we make generally available to holders of deposited securities. The depositary will send ADS holders copies of those communications or otherwise make those communications available to them if they ask it to. ADS holders have a right to inspect the register of holders of ADSs, but not for the purpose of contacting those holders about a matter unrelated to our business or the ADSs.

Jury Trial Waiver

The deposit agreement provides that, to the extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable case law. By agreeing to the jury trial waiver provision in the deposit agreement, ADS holders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with or the depositary's compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We may offer and sell the securities in one or more of the following ways (or in any combination) from time to time:

through underwriters or dealers;

directly to a limited number of purchasers or to a single purchaser;

in block transactions;

in “at the market offerings,” within the meaning of Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities Act, to or through a market maker or into an existing trading market on an exchange or otherwise;

through agents; or

through any other method permitted by applicable law and described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

The prospectus supplement will state the terms of the offering of the securities, including:

the name or names of any underwriters, dealers or agents;

the purchase price of such securities and the proceeds to be received by us, if any;

any underwriting discounts or agency fees and other items constituting underwriters’ or agents’ compensation;

any public offering price;

any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers; and

any securities exchanges on which the securities may be listed.

Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may be changed from time to time.

If underwriters are used in the sale, the securities will be acquired by the underwriters for their own account and may be resold from time to time in one or more transactions, including:

negotiated transactions;

at a fixed public offering price or prices, which may be changed;

at market prices prevailing at the time of sale;

at prices related to prevailing market prices; or

at negotiated prices.

Unless otherwise stated in a prospectus supplement, the obligations of the underwriters to purchase any securities will be conditioned on customary closing conditions and the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of such series of securities, if any are purchased.

The securities may be sold through agents from time to time. The prospectus supplement will name any agent involved in the offer or sale of the securities and any commissions paid to them. Generally, any agent will be acting on a commercially reasonable efforts basis for the period of its appointment.

Sales to or through one or more underwriters or agents in at-the-market offerings will be made pursuant to the terms of a distribution agreement with the underwriters or agents. Such underwriters or agents may act on an agency basis or on a principal basis. During the term of any such agreement, shares may be sold on a daily basis on any stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the ordinary shares are traded, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise as agreed with the underwriters or agents. The distribution agreement will provide that any ordinary share sold will be sold at negotiated prices or at prices related to the then prevailing market prices for our ordinary shares. Therefore, exact figures regarding proceeds that will be raised or commissions to be paid cannot be determined at this time and will be described in a prospectus supplement. Pursuant to the terms of the distribution agreement, we may also agree to sell, and the relevant underwriters or agents may agree to solicit offers to purchase, blocks of our ordinary shares or other securities. The terms of each such distribution agreement will be described in a prospectus supplement.

We may authorize underwriters, dealers or agents to solicit offers by certain purchasers to purchase the securities at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. The contracts will be subject only to those conditions set forth in the prospectus supplement, and the prospectus supplement will set forth any commissions paid for solicitation of these contracts.

Underwriters and agents may be entitled under agreements entered into with us to indemnification by us against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or to contribution with respect to payments which the underwriters or agents may be required to make.

The prospectus supplement may also set forth whether or not underwriters may over-allot or effect transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the market price of the securities at levels above those that might otherwise prevail in the open market, including, for example, by entering stabilizing bids, effecting syndicate covering transactions or imposing penalty bids.

Underwriters and agents may be customers of, engage in transactions with, or perform services for us and our affiliates in the ordinary course of business.

Each series of securities will be a new issue of securities and will have no established trading market, other than our ordinary shares, which are listed on Nasdaq. Any underwriters to whom securities are sold for public offering and sale may make a market in the securities, but such underwriters will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time without notice. The securities, other than our ordinary shares, may or may not be listed on a national securities exchange.

LIMITATIONS AFFECTING SHAREHOLDERS OF A FRENCH COMPANY

Ownership of ADSs or Ordinary Shares by Non-French Residents

Neither the French Commercial Code nor our bylaws presently impose any restrictions on the rights of non-French residents or non-French shareholders to own and vote shares. However, any person who comes to hold or ceases to hold a number of shares representing a fraction equal to 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 33.33%, 50%, 66.66%, 90% or 95% of our share capital or voting rights must inform us at the latest before the close of business on the fourth trading day following the threshold crossing. In addition, any person who comes to hold or ceases to hold a fraction equal to 50% or 95% of our share capital or voting rights is required to inform the French Stock Exchange Authority (Autorité des marchés financiers).

Moreover, the French Monetary and Financial Code (CMF) provides for statistical reporting requirements. Transactions by which non-French residents acquire at least 10% of our share capital or voting rights, or cross the 10% threshold, of a French resident company, are considered as foreign direct investments in France and are subject to statistical reporting requirements (Articles R. 152-1; R.152-3 and R. 152-11 of the CMF). When the investments exceeds €15,000,000, companies must declare foreign transactions directly to the Banque de France within 20 business days following the date of certain direct foreign investments in us, including any purchase of ADSs. Failure to comply with such statistical reporting requirement may be sanctioned by five years imprisonment and a fine of a maximum amount equal to twice the amount which should have been reported, in accordance with Article L 165-1 of the CMF. This amount may be increased fivefold if the violation is made by a legal entity.

Certain foreign investments in companies incorporated under French law are subject to the prior authorization of the French Minister of the Economy, where all or a part of the target's business and activity relate to a strategic section, such as (i) national defense; (ii) essential infrastructure and services related to energy, transportation, public health, telecommunications, etc.; and (iii) research and development activities related to critical technologies including cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, robotics, semiconductors, etc and biotechnology since order of April 27, 2020 relating to foreign investment in France which completed the list of "critical technologies" protected under Article R. 151-3 of the CMF. As a consequence, crossing directly or indirectly, alone or in concert, for non-EU or non-EEA investors, the threshold of 25% of the voting rights of an entity under French law active in the R&D biotechnology sector is an investment subject to prior authorization by the French Minister of Economy (Article R.151-2 of the CMF). Additionally, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the French government has replaced the 25% threshold of voting rights by a 10% threshold of voting rights for non-EU and non-EEA investments in French listed companies at least until December 31, 2023 (decree not published yet). In the absence of such authorization, the relevant investment shall be deemed null and void. The relevant investor may be found criminally liable and may be sanctioned with a fine not to exceed the greater of the following amounts: (i) twice the amount of the relevant investment, (ii) 10% of the annual turnover before tax of the target company or (iii) €5,000,000 for a company.

Foreign Exchange Controls

Under current French foreign exchange control regulations there are no limitations on the amount of cash payments that we may remit to residents of foreign countries. Laws and regulations concerning foreign exchange controls do, however, require that all payments or transfers of funds made by a French resident to a non-resident such as dividend payments be handled by an accredited intermediary. All registered banks and substantially all credit institutions in France are accredited intermediaries.

Availability of Preferential Subscription Rights

Our shareholders will have the preferential subscription rights described under "Description of Share Capital—Key Provisions of Our Bylaws and French Law Affecting Our Ordinary Shares—Changes in Share Capital—Preferential Subscription Right." Under French law, shareholders have preferential rights to subscribe for cash (including by way of set-off against receivables held by the subscriber against the company) issues of new shares or other securities giving rights to acquire additional shares on a pro rata basis. Holders of our securities in the United States (which may be in the form of shares or ADSs) may not be able to exercise preferential subscription rights for their securities unless a registration statement under the Securities Act is effective with respect to such rights or an exemption from the registration requirements imposed by the Securities Act is available. We may, from time to time, issue new shares or other securities giving rights to acquire additional shares (such as warrants) at a time when no registration statement is in effect and no Securities Act exemption is available. If so, holders of our securities in the United States will be unable to exercise any preferential subscription rights and their interests will be diluted. We are under no obligation to file any registration statement in connection with any issuance of new shares or other securities. We intend to evaluate at the time of any rights offering the costs and potential liabilities associated with registering the rights, as well as the indirect benefits to us of enabling the exercise by holders of shares and holders of ADSs in the United States of the subscription rights, and any other factors we consider appropriate at the time, and then to make a decision as to whether to register the rights. We cannot assure you that we will file a registration statement.

For holders of our ordinary shares represented by ADSs, the depositary may make these rights or other distributions available to ADS holders. If the depositary does not make the rights available to ADS holders and determines that it is impractical to sell the rights, it may allow these rights to lapse. In that case ADS holders will receive no value for them. The section of this prospectus titled "Description of American Depositary Shares—Dividends and Other Distributions" explains in detail the depositary's responsibility in connection with a rights offering. See also "Risk Factors—The right as a holder of ADSs to participate in any future preferential subscription rights or to elect to receive dividends in shares may be limited, which may cause dilution to the holdings of purchasers of ADSs in the offering."

ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

We are a société anonyme, or S.A., organized under the laws of France. The majority of our directors and officers are citizens and residents of countries other than the United States, and the majority of our assets are located outside of the United States. Accordingly, U.S. investors may find it difficult and may be unable:

to effect service of process upon or obtain jurisdiction over our company or our officers and directors in U.S. courts in actions predicated on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws;

to enforce, either inside or outside the United States, judgments obtained in U.S. or non-U.S. courts in actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us or our officers and directors;

to bring an original action in a French court to enforce liabilities based upon the U.S. federal securities laws against us or our officers or directors; and/or

to enforce against us or our directors in non-U.S. courts, including French courts, judgments of U.S. courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws.

Nevertheless, a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not predicated solely upon the U.S. federal securities laws, would be recognized and enforced in France provided that a French judge considers that this judgment meets the French legal requirements concerning the recognition and the enforcement of foreign judgments and is capable of being immediately enforced in the United States. In the absence of a bilateral international convention, a French court is therefore likely to grant the enforcement of a foreign judgment without a review of the merits of the underlying claim, only if (1) the U.S. federal or state court has jurisdiction, (2) that judgment does not contravene international public order and public policy of France and (3) that judgement is not tainted with fraud .

We have been informed by Reed Smith LLP, our counsel, that there is doubt as to enforceability in France, either in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, of civil liabilities predicated in the U.S. federal securities laws.

In addition, actions in the United States under the U.S. federal securities laws could be affected under certain circumstances by the French law No. 68-678 of July 26, 1968 as amended by French Law No. 80-538 of July 16, 1980, which may preclude or restrict the obtaining of evidence in France or from French persons in connection with those actions. Each of the foregoing statements also applies to our auditors.

LEGAL MATTERS

Certain legal matters with respect to the validity of certain of the offered securities will be passed upon for us by Reed Smith LLP, Paris, France and Reed Smith LLP, New York, New York. If the validity of any securities is also passed upon by counsel for the underwriters of an offering of those securities, that counsel will be named in the prospectus supplement relating to that offering.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of Biophytis S.A. as of December 31, 2021 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2021 appearing in Biophytis S.A.’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022, have been audited by Ernst & Young et Autres, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report thereon included therein, and incorporated herein by reference. Such consolidated financial statements are incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

The offices of Ernst & Young et Autres are located at 1/2 place des Saisons, 92400 Courbevoie, Paris La Défense 1, France.

The consolidated financial statements of Biophytis S.A. as of December 31, 2022, and for the year then ended, have been incorporated by reference herein in reliance upon the report of KPMG S.A., independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated by reference herein, and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

The offices of KPMG S.A. are located at 2, avenue Gambetta, CS 60055, 92066 Paris-la-Défense, France.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-3 under the Securities Act, including amendments and relevant exhibits and schedules, covering the underlying securities offered hereby. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement on Form F-3, summarizes material provisions of contracts and other documents that we refer to in the prospectus. Since this prospectus does not contain all of the information contained in the registration statement, you should read the registration statement and its exhibits and schedules for further information with respect to us and the securities offered hereby.

We file annual reports on Form 20-F and other information with the SEC and furnish reports on Form 6-K to the SEC. We are not required to disclose certain other information that is required from U.S. domestic issuers. Also, as a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules of the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing of proxy statements to shareholders and our directors, senior management and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

As a foreign private issuer, we are also exempt from the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) which, generally, are meant to ensure that select groups of investors are not privy to specific information about an issuer before other investors. We are, however, still subject to the anti-fraud and anti-manipulation rules of the SEC, such as Rule 10b-5. Since many of the disclosure obligations required of us as a foreign private issuer are different than those required by other U.S. domestic reporting companies, our shareholders, potential shareholders and the investing public in general should not expect to receive information about us in the same amount and at the same time as information is received from, or provided by, other U.S. domestic reporting companies. We are liable for violations of the rules and regulations of the SEC which do apply to us as a foreign private issuer.

Our SEC filings are available to the public over the Internet at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. You may also access our SEC filings at our website www.biophytis.com. Our website and the information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference in, and are not considered part of, this prospectus. You should not rely on our website or any such information in making your decision whether to purchase our securities.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference the information we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document that we have filed separately with the SEC. You should read the information incorporated by reference because it is an important part of this prospectus. We incorporate by reference the following information or documents that we have filed with the SEC:

Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on April 19, 2023; and

Reports of Foreign Private Issuers on Form 6-K furnished to the SEC on January 31, 2023 (interim financial report, excluding the Statement by the person responsible for the half-year financial report and the Statutory Auditors' limited review report on the half-year condensed consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS standards as adopted in the European Union) and February 2, 2023 (excluding the statement of management); and

the descriptions of our ordinary shares and ADSs contained in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed with the SEC on February 4, 2021 as updated by the description of our ordinary shares and ADSs contained in Exhibit 2.3 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the SEC on March 12, 2021.

All annual reports on Form 20-F and any amendment thereto and any report on Form 6-K (or portion thereof) that expressly indicates it is being incorporated by reference in this prospectus, in each case, that we file with or furnish to the SEC prior to the termination or completion of the offering under this prospectus (including all such reports or documents we may file with or furnish to the SEC on or after the date on which the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part is first filed with the SEC and prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement), will also be incorporated by reference into this prospectus and deemed to be part of this prospectus from the date of the filing or furnishing of such reports and documents. Unless expressly incorporated by reference, nothing in this prospectus shall be deemed to incorporate by reference information furnished to, but not filed with, the SEC.

Any statement contained in any document incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement modifies or supersedes such statement. Any statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.

All of the documents that are incorporated by reference are available at the website maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. In addition, copies of all documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, other than exhibits to those documents unless such exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference in this prospectus, will be provided at no cost to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a copy of this prospectus is delivered on the written or oral request of that person made to: Biophytis S.A., Sorbonne University-BC 9, Bâtiment A 4ème étage, 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France, Attention: Chief Executive Officer.

PART II INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS.

Item 8. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.

Under French law, provisions of bylaws that limit the liability of directors are prohibited. However, French law allows sociétés anonymes to contract for and maintain liability insurance against civil liabilities incurred by any of their directors and officers involved in a third-party action, provided that they acted in good faith and within their capacities as directors or officers of the company. Criminal liability cannot be indemnified under French law, whether directly by the company or through liability insurance.

We have liability insurance for our directors and officers. We also entered into agreements with our directors and executive officers to provide contractual indemnification. With certain exceptions and subject to limitations on indemnification under French law, these agreements provide for indemnification for damages and expenses including, among other things, attorneys' fees, judgments and settlement amounts incurred by any of these individuals in any action or proceeding arising out of his or her actions in that capacity.

These agreements may discourage shareholders from bringing a lawsuit against our directors and executive officers for breach of their fiduciary duty. These provisions also may have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and executive officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our shareholders. Furthermore, a shareholder's investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these insurance agreements.

Item 9. Exhibits.

See the Exhibit Index on page II-3 for a list of exhibits filed as part of this Registration Statement on Form F-3.

Item 10. Undertakings.

(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;

(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement;

(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement;

Provided, however, that paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (ii), and (iii) of this section do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.

(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(4) To file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement to include any financial statements required by Item 8.A. of Form 20-F at the start of any delayed offering or throughout a continuous offering.

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Financial statements and information otherwise required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act need not be furnished, provided, that the registrant includes in the prospectus, by means of a post-effective amendment, financial statements required pursuant to this paragraph (a)(4) and other information necessary to ensure that all other information in the prospectus is at least as current as the date of those financial statements. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to registration statements on Form F-3, a post-effective amendment need not be filed to include financial statements and information required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act or Rule 3-19 of Regulation S-X if such financial statements and information are contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in the Form F-3.

(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser:

(i) Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and

(ii) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.

(6) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;

(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and

(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

(b) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(c) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, the registrant has been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act, and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number		Description of Exhibit

1.1*		Form of Underwriting Agreement

4.1		Articles of Association of Biophytis S.A. (English translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F/A for the year ended December 31, 2021)

4.2		Form of Deposit Agreement, among Biophytis S.A. and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F/A for the year ended December 31, 2021 (File No. 001-38974))

4.3		Form of American Depositary Receipt (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F/A for the year ended December 31, 2021)

4.5*		Form of Warrant Agreement (including Warrant Certificate)

4.6		Form of Indenture (including form of debt securities)

4.7*		Form of Unit Agreement

5.1		Opinion of Reed Smith LLP (France)

5.2		Opinion of Reed Smith LLP (U.S.)

23.1		Consent of Ernst & Young et Autres, independent registered public accounting firm

23.2		Consent of KPMG SA, independent registered public accounting firm

23.3		Consents of Reed Smith LLP (France) (included in Exhibit 5.1)

23.4		Consent of Reed Smith (U.S.) (including in Exhibit 5.2)

24.1		Powers of Attorney (included on the signature page)

25.1**		Form T-1 Statement of Eligibility of Trustee for Indenture under the Trustee Indenture Act of 1939

*	To be filed, if necessary, as an exhibit to a post-effective amendment to this registration statement or as an exhibit to a report filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and incorporated herein by reference.

**	To be filed pursuant to Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form F-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Paris, France on the April 21, 2023.


	BIOPHYTIS S.A.

	By:	/s/ Stanislas Veillet
	Name:	Stanislas Veillet
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer and Chairman

POWER OF ATTORNEY

Each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Stanislas Veillet as his attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any or all amendments or post-effective amendments to this registration statement, or any registration statement for the same offering that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto such attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary in connection with such matters and hereby ratifying and confirming all that such attorney-in-fact and agent or his substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signatures	Title	Date

/s/ Stanislas Veillet	Chief Executive Officer and Chairman	April 21, 2023
Stanislas Veillet	(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Philippe Rousseau	Chief Financial Officer	April 21, 2023
Philippe Rousseau	(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

/s/ Claude Allary	Director	April 21, 2023
Claude Allary

/s/ Dimitri Batsis	Director	April 21, 2023
Dimitri Batsis

/s/ Nadine Coulm	Director	April 21, 2023
Nadine Coulm

/s/ Jean Mariani	Director	April 21, 2023
Jean Mariani

SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE IN THE UNITED STATES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the undersigned, the registrant’s duly authorized representative in the United States, has signed this registration statement in the City of Newark, Delaware on April 21, 2023.