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Income tax (provision) benefit reflects a tax rate of 21%.
Manufacturing equipment includes certain components of production equipment that are constructed of precious metals. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the carrying value of precious metals was $3.4 billion and $3.5 billion, respectively, and significantly lower than the fair market value. Depletion expense for precious metals for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $27 million, $28 million and $24 million, respectively.
Amount for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily represents the gain recognized from the initial public offering of an investment.
Includes cash, other receivables, prepaid expenses and current portion of long-term derivative assets.
Finance lease costs were not material for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Preferred Stock was anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.
Amounts are net of total tax benefit of $22 million, primarily driven by $29 million and $24 million related to foreign currency translation adjustments and the hedging component, respectively, offset by negative impacts of $31 million related to retirement plans.
Long-lived assets primarily include investments, plant and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets.
Amount represents the negative impact of a cumulative adjustment recorded during the first quarter of 2020 to reduce revenue in the amount of $105 million. The adjustment was associated with a previously recorded commercial benefit asset, reflected as a prepayment, to a customer with a long-term supply agreement that is exiting its production of LCD panels.
This amount primarily represents the impact of foreign currency adjustments in the Display Technologies segment.
Includes non-current corporate assets, including goodwill, other intangible assets, pension assets, long-term derivative assets, operating leases and deferred income taxes.
Other liabilities as of December 31, 2021 include a $17 million put option pursuant to the Share Repurchase Agreement with SDC, which was measured using significant other observable (Level 2) inputs. Refer to Note 17 (Shareholders' Equity) to the consolidated financial statements for additional information
A loss of $14 million was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into other expense, net, resulting from the de-designation of certain cash flow hedges during the year ended December 31, 2020.
As of December 31, 2022, derivatives designated as hedging instruments include foreign exchange cash flow hedges with gross notional amounts of $419 million and fair value hedges of leased precious metals with a gross notional amount of 23,152 troy ounces. As of December 31, 2021, derivatives designated as hedging instruments include foreign exchange cash flow hedges with gross notional amounts of $780 million and fair value hedges of leased precious metals with a gross notional amount of 7,559 troy ounces. Other assets include designated derivatives pertaining to precious metals lease contracts in the amounts of $64 million and $5 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Amounts are net of total tax expense of $22 million, primarily driven by $55 million related to foreign currency translation adjustments; embedded in this number are positive impacts of $5 million related to the hedging component and $28 million related to retirement plans.
Research, development and engineering expenses include direct project spending that is identifiable to a segment.
Includes the deemed surrender to the Company of common stock to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations
Depreciation expense for Corning’s reportable segments and Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses includes an allocation of depreciation of corporate property not specifically identifiable to a segment.
Activity reflected in cost of sales.
Tax effect of reclassifications are disclosed separately within the footnote.
This category includes industrial, office, apartments, hotels, infrastructure and retail investments which are limited partnerships predominately in the U.S. The inputs are valued by discounted cash flow analysis; comparable sale analysis and periodic external appraisals.
Treasury stock includes the deemed surrender to the Company of common stock to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations.
Derivative assets and liabilities include foreign exchange contracts which are measured using observable inputs for similar assets and liabilities.
Represents other corporate investments. Asset balance does not include equity method affiliate liability balance of $270 million for HSG in 2019. HSG became a fully consolidated subsidiary of Corning on September 9, 2020.
Japanese yen-denominated option contracts include zero-cost collars, purchased call options and put options. With respect to the zero-cost collars, the gross notional amount includes the value of both the put and call options. However, due to the nature of the zero-cost collars, only the put or the call option can be exercised at maturity.
Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to the statement of income.
Segment assets include inventory, accounts receivable, property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, and associated equity companies.
Refer to Note 16 (Shareholders’ Equity) in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Represents corporate property not specifically identifiable to an operating segment.
Amount represents the pre-tax gain recorded on Corning’s previously held equity investment in HSG recorded in 2020. Refer to Note 4 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on this transaction.
Refer to Note 2 (Restructuring, Impairment and Other Charges and Credits) to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on restructuring activities and impairment.
Amount does not include research, development, and engineering expense related to restructuring, impairment and other charges and credits.
This category includes venture capital, leverage buyouts and distressed debt limited partnerships invested primarily in U.S. companies. The inputs are valuedby discounted cash flow analysis and comparable sale analysis.
Finance leases were not material as of December 31, 2022.
Excludes interest rate swap gains, bond discounts and deferred expenses.
The income tax benefit realized from share-based compensation was $16 million, $37 million and $12 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Other is comprised of intangible assets related to developed technologies and intellectual know-how.
Net sales are attributed to countries based on location of customer.
Includes approximately $48 million, $36 million and $58 million of interest costs that were capitalized as part of property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, during the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Amount represents the negative impact of a cumulative adjustment recorded during the first quarter of 2020 to reduce revenue in the amount of $105 million. The adjustment was associated with a previously recorded commercial benefit asset, reflected as a prepayment, to a customer with a long-term supply agreement that substantially exited its production of LCD panels.
Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Other foreign currencies option contracts are purchased basket options that include a basket of underlying currencies, including the Japanese yen, South Korean won, Chinese yuan, euro, and British pound, and each basket option have been settled against U.S. dollars.
These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in net periodic pension cost. Refer to Note 12 (Employee Retirement Plans) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.
Refer to Note 11 (Debt) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Tax effects related to equity method affiliates are not significant in the reported periods.
Approximately $48 million $36 million and $58 million of interest costs were capitalized as part of property, plant and equipment during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Denominational currencies for average rate forward contracts include the Chinese yuan, New Taiwan dollar, euro and British pound.
Corning obtained a controlling interest in HSG during the third quarter of 2020 and has consolidated results in Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses beginning on September 9, 2020. Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Purchase obligations are enforceable and legally binding obligations which primarily consist of raw material and energy-related take-or-pay contracts.
Refer to Note 16 (Shareholders’ Equity) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
Corning obtained a controlling interest in HSG during the third quarter of 2020 and has consolidated results in Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses since September 9, 2020. Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
Includes impact of intercompany asset sales.
Equity securities with readily available fair values that were measured using Level 1 inputs were reclassified from investments to other current assets and subsequently sold for $84 million during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Amounts are net of total tax expense of $4 million, primarily driven by $51 million related to retirement plans, offset by positive impacts of $44 million and $3 million related to foreign currency translation adjustments and the hedging component, respectively.
All amounts are after tax. Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to accumulated other comprehensive loss.
Corning obtained a controlling interest in HSG during the third quarter of 2020 and has consolidated results in Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses since September 9, 2020. Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Amount represents the negative impact of a cumulative adjustment to reduce revenue in the amount of $105 million recorded during the first quarter of 2020. The adjustment was associated with a previously recorded commercial benefit asset, reflected as a prepayment, to a customer with a long-term supply agreement that substantially exited its production of LCD panels.
Cash payments for operating leases have been classified as operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows. Principal and interest payments for finance leases have been classified as financing activities and operating activities, respectively, on the consolidated statements of cash flows, and were not material for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
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PART I
Corning Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiaries are hereinafter sometimes referred to as the “Company,” the “Registrant,” “Corning,” “we,” “our,” or “us.”
This report contains forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties. These statements relate to plans, objectives, expectations and estimates and may contain words such as “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” or similar expressions. Actual results could differ materially from what is expressed or forecasted in forward-looking statements. Some of the factors that could contribute to these differences include those discussed under “Forward-Looking Statements,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and elsewhere in this report.
Item 1. Business
General
Corning traces its origins to a glass business established in 1851. The present corporation was incorporated in the State of New York in December 1936. The Company’s name was changed from Corning Glass Works to Corning Incorporated on April 28, 1989.
Corning is vital to progress – in the industries we help advance and in the world we share. For more than 170 years, Corning has combined its unparalleled expertise in glass science, ceramic science and optical physics with deep manufacturing and engineering capabilities to develop category-defining products that transform industries and enhance people’s lives. Our materials science and manufacturing expertise, boundless curiosity and commitment to purposeful invention place us at the center of the way the world works, learns and lives. In addition, our sustained investment in research, development and engineering capabilities means we are always ready to solve the toughest challenges alongside our customers.
Our capabilities are versatile and synergistic, allowing Corning to evolve to meet changing market needs, while also helping customers capture new opportunities in dynamic industries. Today, Corning’s markets include optical communications, mobile consumer electronics, display technology, automotive emissions control, laboratory products and other glass products. Corning’s industry-leading products include damage-resistant cover glass for mobile devices; precision glass for advanced displays; optical fiber and cable, wireless technologies and connectivity solutions for state-of-the-art communications networks; trusted products to accelerate drug discovery and delivery; and clean-air technologies for cars and trucks.
Corning manufactures products at 124 plants in 15 countries and operates in five reportable segments: Optical Communications, Display Technologies, Specialty Materials, Environmental Technologies and Life Sciences.
Optical Communications Segment
We invented the world’s first low-loss optical fiber in 1970. Since that milestone, we have continued to pioneer optical fiber, cable and connectivity solutions. As global demand driven by video usage grows exponentially, telecommunications networks continue to migrate from copper to optical-based systems that can deliver the required cost-effective capacity. Our experience puts us in a unique position to design and deliver optical solutions that reach every edge of the communications network.
The Optical Communications segment is divided into two main product groupings – carrier network and enterprise network. The carrier network group consists primarily of products and solutions for optical-based communications infrastructure for services such as video, data and voice communications. The enterprise network group consists primarily of optical-based communication networks sold to businesses, governments and individuals for their own use.
Our carrier network product portfolio encompasses an array of optical fiber products, including Vascade® optical fibers for use in submarine networks; LEAF® optical fiber for long-haul, regional and metropolitan networks; SMF-28® ULL and TXF® fiber for more scalable long-haul and regional networks; SMF-28e+™ single-mode optical fiber providing additional transmission wavelengths in metropolitan and access networks and ClearCurve® ultra-bendable single-mode fiber for use in multiple-dwelling units and fiber-to-the-home applications. For high performance across the range of long-haul, metro, access and fiber-to-the-home network applications, SMF-28® Ultra and SMF-28® Contour fibers deliver industry-leading attenuation, compatibility and improved macrobend performance in one fiber. A portion of our optical fiber is sold directly to end users and third-party cablers globally. Our remaining fiber production is cabled internally and sold to end users as either bulk cable or as part of an integrated optical solution. Our cable products, including the RocketRibbon® and miniXtend® portfolios, support various outdoor, indoor/outdoor and indoor applications and include a broad range of loose tube, ribbon and drop cable designs with flame-retardant versions available for indoor and indoor/outdoor use including 5G networks.
In addition to optical fiber and cable, our carrier network product portfolio also includes hardware and equipment products, including cable assemblies, fiber-optic hardware, fiber-optic connectors, optical components and couplers, closures, network interface devices and other accessories. These products may be sold as individual components or as part of integrated optical connectivity solutions designed for various carrier network applications. Examples of these solutions include our Evolv™ platform, which provides pre-connectorized solutions for cost-effectively deploying fiber-to-the-home and 5G networks; and the Centrix platform, which provides a fiber management system with industry-leading density and innovative jumper routing that can be deployed in a wide variety of carrier switching centers.
In addition to our optical-based portfolio, our carrier network portfolio also contains select copper-based products including subscriber demarcation, connection and protection devices, xDSL (different variations of digital subscriber lines) passive solutions and outside plant enclosures.
Our enterprise network portfolio leverages optical fiber products, including ClearCurve® ultra-bendable multimode fiber for private and hyperscale data centers and other enterprise network applications.
Our hardware and equipment for enterprise network applications include cable assemblies, fiber-optic hardware, fiber-optic connectors, optical components and couplers, closures and other accessories. These products may be sold as individual components or as part of integrated optical connectivity solutions designed for various network applications, including hyperscale data centers. Examples of enterprise network solutions include the EDGE® platform, which provides high-density pre-connectorized cabling solutions for data center applications, supporting a path to speeds of 400G and beyond and Everon™ Network Solutions, which provide next-generation cellular connectivity products for interior spaces of all sizes.
Our optical fiber manufacturing facilities are in North Carolina, China, India and a new facility in Poland as of the third quarter of 2022. Cabling operations are in North Carolina, Poland and smaller regional locations. Our manufacturing operations for hardware and equipment products are in Texas, Mexico, Brazil, Germany, Poland and China.
Patent protection is important to the segment’s operations. The segment has an extensive portfolio of patents relating to its products, technologies and manufacturing processes. The segment licenses certain of its patents to third parties and generates revenue from these licenses, although the royalty income is not currently material to this segment’s operating results. We are licensed to use certain patents owned by others, which are considered important to the segment’s operations. Refer to the material under the heading “Patents and Trademarks” for more information.
The Optical Communications segment represented
34% of Corning’s total segment net sales in
2022.
Display Technologies Segment
The Display Technologies segment manufactures glass substrates for flat panel displays, including liquid crystal displays (“LCDs”) and organic light-emitting diodes (“OLEDs”) that are used primarily in televisions, notebook computers, desktop monitors, tablets and handheld devices. This segment develops, manufactures and supplies high quality glass substrates using technology expertise and a proprietary fusion manufacturing process, which we invented and is the cornerstone of our technology leadership in the display glass industry. Our highly automated process yields glass substrates with a pristine surface and excellent thermal stability and dimensional uniformity – essential attributes in the production of large, high-performance display panels. Our fusion process is scalable and we believe it is the most cost-effective process for producing large size substrates.
We are recognized as a world leader in precision glass innovations that enable our customers to produce larger, thinner, more flexible and higher-resolution displays. Some of the product innovations we have launched over the past ten years utilizing our world-class processes and capabilities include the following:
• |
Corning® EAGLE XG® Slim Glass, Corning’s flagship display glass product enabling thinner televisions and monitors with larger-sized screens; it is trusted by the world’s leading panel makers for LCD displays with more than 30 billion square feet sold; |
• |
Corning® Astra® Glass, an innovative glass solution designed to meet the emerging needs for high-resolution displays. This glass has been optimized for oxide thin-film transistor (“TFT”) backplanes, but enables a range of high-resolution applications from the top end of amorphous silicon (“s-Si”) TFT backplanes through low temperature poly-silicon (“LTPS”) backplanes, as well as other applications requiring precision glass; |
• |
Corning® Lotus™ NXT Glass, a high-performance display glass designed to withstand the harshest panel manufacturing process enabling highest-resolution displays in smaller and flexible devices; and |
• |
The world’s first Gen 10 and Gen 10.5 glass substrate sizes in support of improved efficiency in manufacturing large-sized displays. |
We have display glass manufacturing operations in China, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan, and service our glass customers in all regions, utilizing our manufacturing facilities throughout Asia.
Patent protection and proprietary trade secrets are important to the Display Technologies segment’s operations. Refer to the material under the heading “Patents and Trademarks” for more information.
The Display Technologies segment represented 22% of Corning’s total segment net sales in 2022.
Specialty Materials Segment
The Specialty Materials segment manufactures products that provide more than 150 material formulations for glass, glass ceramics and crystals, as well as precision metrology instruments and software to meet requirements for unique customer needs. Consequently, this segment operates in a wide variety of commercial and industrial markets including materials optimized for mobile consumer electronics, semiconductor equipment optics and consumables, aerospace and defense optics, radiation shielding products, sunglasses and telecommunications components.
Our highly durable glass, known as Corning® Gorilla® Glass, is a chemically strengthened thin glass designed specifically to function as a cover, or back-enclosure glass, for mobile consumer electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablets, laptops and smartwatches. Elegant and lightweight, Corning® Gorilla® Glass is durable enough to resist many real-world events that commonly cause wear or scratch damage and glass failure, while providing optical clarity, touch sensitivity and RF transparency, thus enabling exciting new applications in technology and design. In 2022, Corning unveiled its newest glass innovation, Corning® Gorilla® Glass Victus® 2, which delivers improved cover glass drop performance on rough surfaces like concrete, while preserving the scratch resistance of Corning® Gorilla® Glass Victus®. Corning® Gorilla® Glass is manufactured in the United States (“U.S.”), South Korea and Taiwan.
We invented the world’s first transparent, color-free glass-ceramic suitable for smartphone applications, which is featured as “Ceramic Shield” on the front cover of the latest iPhone models. We partnered with Apple to develop and scale the manufacturing of Ceramic Shield, which offers unparalleled durability and toughness.
Our semiconductor optics include high-performance optical materials including Corning® HPFS® Fused Silica and Corning® ULE® Ultra-Low Expansion Glass, optical-based metrology instruments and custom optical assemblies for applications in the global semiconductor industry. Our semiconductor optics products are manufactured in New York.
We also manufacture ultra-flat, ultra-thin glass wafers and substrates for a variety of applications including augmented reality, advanced semiconductor packaging, 3D sensing and more. These products are manufactured in New York, France and China.
Other specialty glass products include tinted sunglasses and radiation shielding products that are made in France.
Patent protection is important to the segment’s operations. The segment has a growing portfolio of patents relating to its products, technologies and manufacturing processes. Brand recognition and loyalty, through well-known trademarks, are important to the segment. Refer to the material under the heading “Patents and Trademarks” for more information.
The Specialty Materials segment represented 14% of Corning’s total segment net sales in 2022.
Environmental Technologies Segment
The Environmental Technologies segment manufactures ceramic substrates and filter products for emissions control in mobile applications around the world. In the early 1970s, we developed an economical, high-performance cellular ceramic substrate that is now the standard for catalytic converters in vehicles worldwide. As global emissions control regulations tighten, we have continued to develop more effective and durable ceramic substrate and filter products for gasoline and diesel applications, most recently launching low-mass Corning® FLORA® substrates and Corning® DuraTrap® GC gasoline particulate filters. We manufacture substrate and filter products in New York, Virginia, China and Germany. We sell our ceramic substrate and filter products worldwide to catalyzers and manufacturers of emission control systems who then sell to automotive and diesel vehicle or engine manufacturers. Although most sales are made to the emission control systems manufacturers, the use of our substrates and filters is generally required by the specifications of the automotive and diesel vehicle or engine manufacturers.
Patent protection is important to the segment’s operations. The segment has an extensive portfolio of patents relating to its products, technologies and manufacturing processes. We are licensed to use certain patents owned by others, which are also considered important to the segment’s operations. Refer to the material under the heading “Patents and Trademarks” for more information.
The Environmental Technologies segment represented 11% of Corning’s total segment net sales in 2022.
Life Sciences Segment
As a leading developer, manufacturer and global supplier of laboratory products for over 105 years, the Life Sciences segment works with researchers and drug manufacturers seeking to drive innovation, increase efficiencies, reduce costs and compress timelines. Using unique expertise in the fields of materials science, polymer surface science, cell culture and cell biology, the segment provides innovative solutions that improve productivity and enable breakthrough research for traditional small molecule, or chemical, drugs, biologics, vaccines and emerging cell and gene therapies.
Life Sciences products include consumables, such as plastic vessels, liquid handling plastics, specialty surfaces, cell culture media and serum, as well as general labware, glassware and equipment. These products are used for drug discovery research and development, compound screening, diagnostics, advanced cell culture research, genomics applications and mass production of cells for clinical trials and bioproduction.
We sell life sciences products under the Corning®, Falcon®, PYREX® and Axygen® brands. The products are marketed globally, primarily through distributors, to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, contract manufacturing organizations, central testing labs, academic institutions, hospitals, government entities and other facilities. We manufacture these products in California, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Utah, Virginia, China, France, Mexico, Brazil and Poland.
Patent protection is important to the segment’s operations. The segment has a growing portfolio of patents relating to its products, technologies and manufacturing processes. Brand recognition and loyalty, through well-known trademarks, are important to the segment. Refer to the material under the heading “Patents and Trademarks” for more information.
The Life Sciences segment represented 8% of Corning’s total segment net sales in 2022.
Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses
All other businesses that do not meet the quantitative threshold for separate reporting have been grouped as Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses. This group is primarily comprised of the results of Hemlock Semiconductor Group (“HSG”), which we obtained a controlling interest in during the third quarter of 2020 and have consolidated its results beginning on September 9, 2020. Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on this transaction.
HSG is a leading provider of high-purity polysilicon products for the solar power and electronics industries. HSG operates in the solar power market, as polysilicon is needed in the manufacturing process to produce sustainable solar power cell, panels and arrays, and the electronics markets, as polysilicon is used to create fabricated wafers and integrated circuit chips used by leading semiconductor manufacturers.
Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses also includes our pharmaceutical technologies business, which produces high-quality pharmaceutical glass tubing and vials to meet the rigorous needs of the pharmaceutical industry; our automotive glass solutions business, which enhances vehicle exteriors and interiors with innovations that enable lightweight, damage-resistant windows and displays; as well as other businesses and certain corporate investments.
Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses represented 11% of Corning’s total segment net sales in 2022.
Additional explanation regarding Corning and its five reportable segments, as well as financial information about geographic areas, is presented in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 19 (Reportable Segments) in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Competition
We compete with many large and varied manufacturers, both domestic and foreign. Some of these competitors are larger than us, and some have broader product lines. We strive to maintain and improve our market position through technology and product innovation. For the foreseeable future, our competitive advantage lies in our commitment to research and development, deep customer relationships, reliability of supply, product quality, superior customer service and technical specification of our products. There is no assurance that we will be able to maintain or improve our market position or competitive advantage.
Optical Communications Segment
We maintain a leadership position in the segment’s principal product groups, which include carrier and enterprise networks. The competitive landscape includes industry consolidation, pricing pressure and competition for the innovation of new products. These competitive conditions are likely to persist. Our large-scale manufacturing experience, fiber process, technology leadership and intellectual property provide cost advantages relative to several of our competitors. Our principal competitors include CommScope, Inc. and Prysmian Group S.p.A.
Display Technologies Segment
We are the largest worldwide producer of glass substrates for flat panel displays. The environment for high-performance display glass substrate products is very competitive and we have maintained our competitive advantages by investing in new products, continually improving our proprietary fusion manufacturing process and providing a consistent and reliable supply of high quality products. Our process allows us to deliver glass that is larger, thinner and lighter, with exceptional surface quality and without heavy metals. Our principal competitors include AGC Inc. and Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd.
Specialty Materials Segment
We have deep capabilities in materials science, optical design, shaping, coating, finishing, metrology and optical system assembly. Our products and capabilities in this segment position us to meet the needs of a broad array of markets, including semiconductor, aerospace, defense, industrial, commercial and telecommunications. Our principal competitors include Schott AG, AGC Inc., Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd. and Heraeus.
Environmental Technologies Segment
We maintain a strong position in the worldwide market for automotive ceramic substrate and filter products, as well as in the heavy-duty and light-duty diesel vehicle markets. Our competitive advantage in automotive ceramic substrate products for catalytic converters and filter products for particulate emissions in exhaust systems is based on an advantaged product portfolio, collaborative engineering design services, customer service and support, strategic global presence and continued product innovation. Our principal competitors include NGK Insulators, Ltd. and Ibiden Co., Ltd.
Life Sciences Segment
We seek to maintain a competitive advantage by emphasizing product quality, global distribution, supply chain efficiency, a broad product line, technical support and superior product attributes. Our principal competitors include Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Avantor, Inc., Greiner AG, Eppendorf AG, Sarstedt AG and Danaher Corporation. Corning also faces competition from large distributors that have pursued backward integration or introduced private label products.
Raw Materials
Our manufacturing processes and products require access to uninterrupted power sources, significant quantities of industrial water, certain precious metals and various batch materials. Availability of resources, such as ores, minerals, polymers, lithium, helium and processed chemicals, required in our manufacturing operations appear to be adequate. From time to time, our suppliers may experience capacity limitations in their own operations or may eliminate certain product lines. We have adequate programs to ensure a reliable supply of raw and batch materials, as well as precious metals which are used in our production processes. For many of our materials, we have alternate suppliers that would allow operations to continue without interruption in the event of specific materials shortages.
Certain key materials and proprietary equipment used in the manufacturing of products are currently sole-sourced or available only from a limited number of suppliers. To minimize this risk, we closely monitor raw materials and equipment with limited availability or sole-sourced suppliers. However, any future difficulty in obtaining sufficient and timely delivery, or inflationary pricing, of components and/or raw materials could result in lost revenue due to delays or reductions in product shipments, or reductions in gross margin.
Patents and Trademarks
Inventions by members of our research and engineering staff continue to be important to our growth. Patents have been granted on many of these inventions in the U.S. and other countries. Some of these patents have been licensed to other manufacturers. Many of our earlier patents have now expired, but we continue to seek and obtain patents protecting our innovations. In 2022, we were granted about 470 patents in the U.S. and over 1,450 patents in countries outside the U.S.
Each business segment possesses a patent portfolio that provides certain competitive advantages in protecting our innovations. We have historically enforced, and will continue to enforce, our intellectual property rights. At the end of 2022, we owned about 12,465 unexpired patents in various countries, of which about 4,470 were U.S. patents. Between 2023 and 2025, approximately 650, or 5%, of these worldwide patents will expire, while at the same time we intend to seek patents protecting our newer innovations. Worldwide, we have about 8,480 patent applications in process, with about 2,170 in process in the U.S. Our patent portfolio will continue to provide a competitive advantage in protecting our innovation, although our competitors in each of our businesses are actively seeking patent protection as well.
While each of our reportable segments has numerous patents in various countries, no one patent is considered material to any segment. Important U.S.-issued patents in our reportable segments include the following:
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Optical Communications: patents relating to (i) multimode and single mode optical fiber products including low-loss optical fiber, large effective area optical fiber and other high data rate optical fiber, and processes and equipment for manufacturing optical fiber, including methods for making optical fiber preforms and methods for drawing, cooling and winding optical fiber; (ii) optical fiber ribbons and methods for making such ribbon, indoor and outdoor fiber optic cable products and methods for making and installing optical fiber cable; (iii) optical fiber connectors and factory-terminated assemblies, hardware, termination and storage and associated methods of manufacture; and (iv) optical fiber and hybrid fiber-coax wireless communication systems. |
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Display Technologies: patents relating to glass compositions and methods for the use and manufacture of glass substrates for display applications. |
• |
Specialty Materials: patents relating to protective cover glass materials and coatings, ophthalmic glasses and polarizing dyes and semiconductor/microlithography optics and blanks, metrology instrumentation and laser/precision optics, glass polarizers, specialty fiber and refractories. |
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Environmental Technologies: patents relating to cellular ceramic honeycomb products, together with ceramic batch and binder system compositions, honeycomb extrusion and firing processes, and honeycomb extrusion dies and equipment for the high-volume, low-cost manufacture of such products. |
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Life Sciences: patents relating to methods and apparatus for the manufacture and use of scientific laboratory equipment including multiwell plates and cell culture products, as well as equipment and processes for cell and gene therapy research. |
The following table presents the approximate number of patents granted to our reportable segments:
|
|
Number of patents worldwide |
|
|
U.S. patents |
|
|
Important U.S. patents expiring between 2023 and 2025 |
|
Optical Communications |
|
|
4,584 |
|
|
|
2,135 |
|
|
|
27 |
|
Display Technologies |
|
|
1,168 |
|
|
|
159 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
Specialty Materials |
|
|
2,645 |
|
|
|
816 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
Environmental Technologies |
|
|
965 |
|
|
|
359 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
Life Sciences |
|
|
551 |
|
|
|
152 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
Many of our patents are used in operations or are licensed for use by others, and we are licensed to use patents owned by others. We have entered into cross-licensing arrangements with some major competitors, but the scope of such licenses has been limited to specific product areas or technologies.
Our principal trademarks include the following: Axygen, Celcor, ClearCurve, Corning, DuraTrap, Eagle XG, Edge8, Everon, Evolv, Falcon, Gorilla, Guardiant, HPFS, Leaf, PYREX, RocketRibbon, SMF-28e, Steuben, UniCam, Valor, Velocity, Victus and Viridian.
Protection of the Environment
We have an extensive program to ensure that our facilities comply with state, federal and foreign pollution-control regulations. This program has resulted in capital and operating expenditures each year. To maintain compliance with such regulations, capital expenditures for pollution control in operations were approximately $20.5 million in 2022 and are estimated to be $29.7 million in 2023.
Our 2022 consolidated operating results were charged with approximately $60.2 million for depreciation, maintenance, waste disposal and other operating expenses associated with pollution control.
Human Capital Management Overview
At Corning, we are proud of the life-changing innovations we bring to the world. Our unparalleled expertise in our core technologies along with deep manufacturing and engineering capabilities require a talent strategy focused on attracting and retaining exceptional people, fostering a culture that enables innovation and collaboration and supporting long and successful careers.
Each of our 57,500 full- and part-time employees in 44 countries make an important contribution, whether in one of our manufacturing or processing facilities, research labs, sales offices or other facilities. Approximately 65% of all employees are in production and maintenance roles and an estimated 58% of those employees are represented by a union or works council. Our global workforce is concentrated in North America, the Asia Pacific region and EMEA.
Values
Corning is guided by an enduring set of Values that defines our relationship with employees, customers and our communities: Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, Innovation, Independence and the Individual. Our Values are the key to our business success, a source of pride and excitement for our employees and the factor that ultimately sets us apart from our competitors. In short, we believe that how we do things is as important as what we do. We measure how we live our Values through the annual Corporate Values Survey. We use the results to see what actions can be taken to improve living the Values. Corning employees all contribute to the success of the Company by Living our Values—all seven, all the time, all around the world.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
We are focused on leveraging globally diverse teams and creating an inclusive environment for all. Our global workforce is comprised of 62% men and 38% women. In all regions of the world, we are continuing to invest in building our pipeline of female and minority talent through targeted recruitment efforts, mentoring and coaching programs, networking opportunities, personalized development plans and proactive career management. As a result of these efforts, we have made significant diversity gains within our leadership teams. Since 2010, gender and ethnic diversity among members of the Corporate Management Group, which includes about 230 of the Company’s top global leaders, increased from 28% to 51%; corporate officer diverse representation has increased from 21% to 42%.
In 2022, we continued to maintain 100% pay equity for all salaried men and women in our worldwide operations and pay equity across minority groups compared with white salaried employees in the U.S. We furthered our longstanding commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion (“DE&I”) in 2020 by creating the Office of Racial Equality and Social Unity (“ORESU”) to further our goal of a more equitable and inclusive culture at Corning and beyond. The efforts of this office have not only impacted policies, practices, communications and our corporate culture, but have championed diversity and inclusion in the communities in which our employees live and work. Since its creation, in addition to driving inclusive mindsets through the global deployment of a DE&I curriculum within Corning, ORESU’s external efforts have focused on building equity in education and economic development through continuous professional development, DE&I programs for educators and continued collaboration with community partners.
Corning proudly sponsors 15 different Employee Resource Groups (“ERGs”) with 51 chapters worldwide. They represent employees who are women, Black, Asian, Latino, Native American, people with disabilities, members of the LGBTQ+ community and veterans, among others. The ERGs are vital in raising awareness, recruiting and retaining diverse talent and inspiring corporate leadership to adopt new policies, practices and services.
Talent Management
Each year we formally evaluate the talent implications of our strategic business plans and align our actions and objectives accordingly. As businesses grow organically or through acquisition, we create human capital objectives to ensure we have the right people with the right skills in place to deliver that growth.
Corning strives to attract and recruit diverse qualified candidates to maintain our culture of innovation and to foster creativity. We have created a strategic talent pipeline through internships, co-ops, rotational leadership programs and partnerships with various universities, including Historically Black Colleges & Universities. In addition, we collaborate with organizations such as the Society of Women Engineers, The Association of Latino Professionals for America, National Society of Black Engineers and military veterans’ groups to introduce us to qualified, diverse candidates.
We conduct a climate survey each year at the enterprise level, analyzing results by business and region. Businesses also conduct pulse surveys as needed, to measure engagement, satisfaction and alignment with our Values. It is important to Corning that employees continue to grow and develop, pursuing their careers at the Company over the long-term. We offer a variety of developmental programs and experiences targeted to all levels in the organization. We provide on-the-job learning experience, mentoring and career planning to ensure immediate application and lasting impact. Talent retention is an ongoing important focus area which aligns with our strategy of encouraging and supporting longer-term careers with Corning. Historically, our talent retention has been consistently higher than the markets in which we compete for talent. Like many other companies, 2022 yielded some recruitment and retention challenges primarily in specific locations within our US operations. However, our Human Resource teams mobilized quickly with plans in place to address those issues. In 2022, salaried talent retention remained strong at 94%.
At Corning, the health and safety of our workforce is always of paramount consideration. Our safety standards meet, and often exceed, local regulatory standards. Corning’s Total Recordable Incident Rate (“TRIR”) performance is at world class levels with a Company-wide TRIR of just 0.46 in 2022. Globally, we promote employee health and wellbeing through wellness programs which vary by region such as nutrition, mental health and fitness-related offerings, smoking cessation programs and smoke free campuses. With the continuation of the pandemic in 2022, we continued our Responsible Corning program initiated in 2020. In addition, we encouraged COVID vaccinations and boosters among our employees and in the communities in which we operate.
Executive Officers of the Registrant
Jaymin Amin Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer
Dr. Amin joined Corning in 1997 as a senior research scientist. He held numerous operational roles within Photonics before joining Corning Specialty Materials in 2004. He led product and process development, product engineering and commercial technology for Gorilla Glass and later for Mobile Consumer Electronics. In 2020, Dr. Amin was appointed vice president and general manager, Corning Gorilla Glass, Mobile Consumer Electronics, and in June 2022 he was appointed senior vice president and chief technology officer. Age 54.
John P. Bayne, Jr. Senior Vice President and General Manager, Mobile Consumer Electronics
Mr. Bayne joined Corning in 1995 as the Fallbrook plant controller, and in 1997 became an international business controller in the Optical Fiber division. From 1999 to 2003 he held a variety of management positions in Photonic Technologies. In 2003 he joined Display Technologies and in 2006, he was named president, Display Technologies, China. In 2009 he became director of strategy, Display Technologies. In 2012 he was appointed vice president and general manager for High Performance Displays and in 2014 he assumed responsibility for the Advanced Glass Innovations group. In 2015 Mr. Bayne was named vice president and general manager of the Gorilla Glass business. He was appointed senior vice president and general manager of Mobile Consumer Electronics in April 2020. Age 56.
Stefan Becker Senior Vice President, Finance and Corporate Controller
Mr. Becker joined Corning in 2000 through Corning’s acquisition of Siemens Communication Cable Division. From 2001 to 2005, he held positions as manager, Planning and Analysis and later director of Finance, Corning Cable Systems. He joined the Display Technologies division in 2005 as U.S. Controller. In 2007 he was appointed CFO, Corning Display Technologies Taiwan. In 2009 he was named director of Finance, Corning Display Technologies (“CDT”) and in 2010 was appointed division controller, CDT. Between 2012 and 2015, he served as international division vice president, Finance, Corning Glass Technologies. Mr. Becker was appointed Corning’s operations controller in 2015 and senior vice president in 2019. In 2021 he was appointed senior vice president, Finance, and corporate controller and in February 2022 he was named principal accounting officer. Age 51.
Michael A. Bell Senior Vice President and General Manager, Optical Communications
Mr. Bell joined Corning in 1991 as a process engineer for the Telecommunications Cable Plant in Hickory, North Carolina. He has held a variety of positions in manufacturing and engineering. He was appointed to CCS Americas Cable Manufacturing Manager in 2004, which expanded to include hardware manufacturing in 2009. In 2012 he was appointed senior vice president and general manager, Optical Connectivity Solutions for Corning Optical Communications. He was appointed senior vice president and general manager, Optical Communications in 2020. Age 58.
Cheryl C. Capps Senior Vice President and Chief Supply Chain Officer
Ms. Capps joined Corning in 2011 as vice president, procurement and transportation and in 2018 she was appointed senior vice president, global supply chain. Since joining Corning, Ms. Capps has worked to develop the capabilities within the global supply management function and across the corporation to transform supply chain into a competitive advantage for enabling innovation, growth and financial success. She has many years of diverse leadership experience in business management, strategic planning, manufacturing, supply chain, quality, research and development. Ms. Capps was appointed senior vice president and chief supply chain officer in 2020. Age 61.
Martin J. Curran Executive Vice President and Innovation Officer
Mr. Curran joined Corning in 1984 and has held a variety of roles in finance, manufacturing and marketing. He has served as senior vice president, general manager for Corning Cable Systems Hardware and Equipment Operations in the Americas, responsible for operations in Hickory, North Carolina; Keller, Texas; Reynosa, Mexico; Shanghai, China; and the Dominican Republic. In 2007, he was appointed senior vice president and general manager of Corning Optical Fiber. Mr. Curran was appointed executive vice president and innovation officer in 2012. Age 64.
Jeffrey W. Evenson Executive Vice President and Chief Strategy Officer
Dr. Evenson joined Corning in 2011 as senior vice president and operations chief of staff. In 2015, he was named chief strategy officer. He was appointed executive vice president in 2018. He oversees corporate strategy, corporate communications and advanced analytics. Prior to joining Corning, Dr. Evenson was a senior vice president with Sanford C. Bernstein & Co., LLC, where he served as a senior analyst. Before that, Dr. Evenson was a partner at McKinsey & Company, where he led technology and market assessment for early-stage technologies. Age 57.
Li Fang President and General Manager, International
Mr. Fang joined Corning International in 1997 as business development manager, China. In 1999 he transferred to the Environmental Products Division and became production manager of Corning Environmental Technologies’ (CET) China Plant - Corning (Shanghai) Company Ltd. In July 2004, he was appointed operations manager and in October 2004 he was appointed director of operations and plant manager of Corning (Shanghai) Company Ltd. In 2007, Mr. Fang was appointed vice president, Corning Display Technologies China, and director of commercial operations, government affairs and supply chain. In 2009 he was named president, Corning Display Technologies China. In 2012 Mr. Fang was appointed president and general manager of Corning Greater China. Age 60.
Robert P. France Senior Vice President, Human Resources
Mr. France joined Corning in 2000 as a commercial Human Resources manager for Optical Fiber. He moved to Display Technologies in 2004 as the division Human Resources manager. He was Human Resources director for Corning Glass Technologies and Asia from 2004 to 2016. From 2016 to 2018, Mr. France was Human Resources senior vice president for Corning Optical Communications, responsible for leading all aspects of the Human Resources function across several businesses and had HR Generalist responsibility for the Corning China organization. In 2018 he was appointed vice president, Human Resources and was appointed senior vice president, Human Resources in 2019. Age 57.
Lawrence D. McRae Vice Chairman and Corporate Development Officer
Mr. McRae joined Corning in 1985 and has held a broad range of leadership positions in finance, sales, marketing and general management across Corning’s businesses. In 1995 he was appointed vice president of Corning Consumer Products Company and president of Revere Ware Corporation. He then moved to Telecommunications Products, where he served as division vice president, Global Development, from 1996 to 2000. He was appointed vice president Corporate Development in 2000 and progressed through a series of senior leadership positions. Mr. McRae has led strategy and corporate development since 2010. He was named vice chairman in 2015 and corporate development officer in 2020. Age 64.
Anne Mullins Senior Vice President
Ms. Mullins served as Corning’s senior vice president & chief digital & information officer from 2019 to November 2022. In this role, she was responsible for leading the strategic direction of Corning’s global information technology function and evolving the Company’s digital footprint. Prior to joining Corning, Ms. Mullins served as chief information officer for Lockheed Martin and previously served as Lockheed Martin’s chief information security officer. Age 60.
Eric S. Musser President and Chief Operating Officer
Mr. Musser joined Corning in 1986 and served in a variety of manufacturing and general management roles in Corning’s Optical Communications businesses. In 2005, he was named vice president and general manager of Optical Fiber. Mr. Musser served as general manager, Corning Greater China from 2007 to 2012 and president of Corning International from 2012 to 2014. In 2014, he was appointed executive vice president, Corning Technologies and International. In 2020, he was appointed president & chief operating officer. Age 63.
Avery H. Nelson III Senior Vice President and General Manager, Automotive
Mr. Nelson joined Corning in 1991 as shift supervisor at the Harrodsburg, Kentucky plant and subsequently served in progressive roles in Corning Display Technologies. In 2007, he joined CET as general manager, Corning (Shanghai) Company Limited. In 2009, he became general manager and regional director of China and India, CET. In 2010 he returned to the U.S. as program director, CET. In 2011, he assumed the role of business director, AAA Corning® Gorilla® Glass, New Business Development. Later that year, he was appointed division vice president, Heavy Duty Diesel (HDD). In 2013, he was appointed division vice president and business director. In 2014, Mr. Nelson was appointed vice president and general manager for Environmental Technologies and in 2018 he was named senior vice president and general manager, CET. He was appointed senior vice president and general manager, Automotive in 2020. Age 54.
Edward A. Schlesinger Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Mr. Schlesinger joined Corning in 2013 as senior vice president and chief financial officer of Corning Optical Communications. He was appointed vice president and corporate controller in September 2015 and principal accounting officer in December 2015. He was named senior vice president in 2019. In February 2022, he was appointed executive vice president and chief financial officer. Prior to joining Corning, Mr. Schlesinger served as Vice President, Finance and Sector Chief Financial Officer for the Climate Solutions Sector for Ingersoll Rand. Mr. Schlesinger’s financial career spans more than 20 years, with extensive expertise in accounting, technical financial management and reporting. Age 55.
Soumya Seetharam Senior Vice President and Chief Digital & Information Officer
Ms. Seetharam joined Corning in November 2022 as senior vice president and chief digital & information officer. Prior to joining Corning, she was vice president and general manager IT at Intel Corporation. She also served as chief systems officer at Anadarko Petroleum Corporation and senior director of Global Project Management Office and Business Intelligence at Baker Hughes. She spent 14 years in various divisions at General Electric (GE), including positions as Client CIO – GE Oil & Gas, IT Leader, IT program manager and Six Sigma Black Belt. She brings deep experience in information technology, digital and systems transformation and risk governance to Corning. Age 47.
Lewis A. Steverson Executive Vice President and Chief Legal & Administrative Officer
Mr. Steverson joined Corning in 2013 as senior vice president and general counsel. In 2018 he was named executive vice president and general counsel. He was appointed chief legal & administrative officer in 2020. Prior to joining Corning, Mr. Steverson served as senior vice president, general counsel, and corporate secretary of Motorola Solutions, Inc. During his 18 years with Motorola, he held a variety of law leadership roles across the company’s numerous business units. Prior to Motorola, Mr. Steverson was in private practice at the law firm of Arnold & Porter. Age 59.
Ronald L. Verkleeren Senior Vice President and General Manager, Life Sciences Technologies
Mr. Verkleeren joined Corning in 2001 in the Optical Communications segment. He joined the Life Sciences segment in 2004 and has held a variety of progressive roles in that segment. In 2010, he was named division vice president and director of Advanced Life Sciences. In 2012 he was named division vice president and program director for Corning Pharmaceutical Technologies. In 2015, Mr. Verkleeren became vice president and general manager of the Pharmaceutical Technologies division. He was appointed senior vice president & general manager, Life Sciences Technologies in 2020. Age 52.
Wendell P. Weeks Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Mr. Weeks joined Corning in 1983 in the finance group. He has held a variety of financial, business development, commercial and general management roles. He was named vice president and general manager of the Optical Fiber business in 1996 and president of Corning’s Optical Communications division in 2001. He became Corning’s president and chief operation officer in 2002. Mr. Weeks has been a member of Corning’s Board of Directors since December 2000. He was named chief executive officer in 2005 and chairman of the board in 2007. Mr. Weeks is a director of Amazon.com, Inc. Age 63.
John Z. Zhang Senior Vice President and General Manager, Display Technologies
Mr. Zhang joined Corning in 2008 as director, corporate development. In 2009, he was appointed director, corporate development Asia Pacific. In 2010, he further expanded his role to lead the strategy & corporate development organization of Corning International. In 2014, he was named deputy general manager, Corning Display Technologies. In 2015, Mr. Zhang was elected senior vice president and general manager, Corning Display Technologies. Age 50.
Document Availability
A copy of Corning’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) is available upon written request to Corporate Secretary, Corning Incorporated, One Riverfront Plaza, Corning, NY 14831. The Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934 and other filings are available as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed or furnished to the SEC, and can be accessed electronically free of charge at www.SEC.gov, or through the Investor Relations page on Corning’s website at www.corning.com. The information contained on the Company’s website is not included in, or incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Other
Additional information in response to Item 1 is found in Note 19 (Reportable Segments) in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
We operate in rapidly changing economic, political and technological environments that present numerous risks. Our operations and financial results are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those described below, that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, our ability to successfully execute our strategy and the trading price of our common stock or debt. The following discussion identifies the most significant factors that may adversely affect the Company. This information should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) and the consolidated financial statements and related notes incorporated by reference into this report. The following discussion of risks is not all inclusive but is designed to highlight what we believe are important factors to consider, as these factors could cause our future results to differ from those in our forward-looking statements and from historical trends.
Risks Related to Our Business
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted, and may continue to impact, the global economy and disrupt our operations and supply chains, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations
COVID-19 has impacted and may further impact the global economy and could have additional impacts on economic growth, the proper functioning of financial and capital markets, foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. The pandemic has resulted in authorities around the world implementing numerous unprecedented measures such as travel restrictions, quarantines, shelter in place orders, vaccine mandates and facility shutdowns. These measures have impacted, and may continue to impact our workforce, operations and supply chains, and those of our customers, contract manufacturers and suppliers, particularly in the event of a significant global resurgence of the illness or similar global health crisis. There is considerable uncertainty regarding the duration, scope and severity of the pandemic and the impacts on our business and the global economy from the effects of the ongoing pandemic and response measures.
Inflationary price pressures and uncertain availability of commodities, raw materials, utilities, labor or other inputs used by us and our suppliers, or instability in logistics and related costs, among other factors, could negatively impact our profitability
Increases in the price of commodities, raw materials, utilities, labor or other inputs that we or our suppliers use in manufacturing and supplying products, components and parts, along with logistics and other related costs, may lead to higher production and shipping costs for our products, parts and components. Further, increasing global demand for, and uncertain supply of, such materials could disrupt our or our suppliers’ ability to obtain such materials in a timely manner to meet our supply needs and/or could lead to increased costs. Any increase in the cost of inputs to our production could lead to higher costs for our products and could negatively impact our operating results, future profitability and ability to successfully deliver on our strategy. Increasing our prices to our customers may cause certain of our customers to push out, cancel or refrain from purchasing our products, which could materially adversely impact demand for our products, and thereby also negatively impact our operating results, future profitability and ability to successfully deliver on our strategy.
Factors such as supply chain disruptions, manufacturing interruptions or delays, or the failure to accurately forecast customer demand, could affect our ability to meet customer demand, lead to higher costs, or result in excess or obsolete inventory; if we are unable to obtain the necessary equipment, raw and batch materials, natural resources, utilities and other essentials required in our products or processes, our business will be negatively impacted
Corning’s business relies on the timely supply of materials, equipment, services and related products to meet the changing technical and volume requirements of its customers, which depends in part on the timely delivery of materials, equipment and services, from suppliers and contract manufacturers. Significant or sudden increases in demand for such materials, equipment and services, as well as delays in and unpredictability of shipments due to transportation interruptions, have resulted in, and may continue to result in, a shortage of materials, equipment and services needed to manufacture Corning’s products. Such shortages have adversely impacted, and may continue to adversely impact, our suppliers’ ability to meet our demand requirements and Corning’s manufacturing operations and its ability to meet customer demand. Some key materials, equipment and services are subject to long lead-times or are available only from a single supplier or limited group of suppliers and we may not be able to find alternate sources in a timely manner. Volatility of demand for manufacturing equipment can increase capital, technical, operational and other risks for Corning and for companies throughout our supply chain, and may cause some suppliers to exit businesses, scale back or cease operations, which could impact our ability to meet customer demand.
Our ability to meet customer demand depends, in part, on our ability to obtain timely and adequate delivery of equipment, raw and batch materials, natural resources or utilities, equipment, parts and components from our suppliers. We may experience shortages that could adversely affect our operations. A reduction, interruption or delay of supply, or a significant increase in the price for supplies, such as manufacturing equipment, precious metals, raw materials, utilities including energy and industrial water, could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Corning may also experience significant interruptions of its manufacturing operations, delays in its ability to deliver products or services, increased costs or customer order cancellations as a result of:
• |
The failure or inability to accurately forecast demand and obtain sufficient quantities of materials, equipment and services on a cost-effective basis; |
• |
Volatility in the availability and cost of materials, equipment and services, including rising prices due to inflation or scarcity of availability; |
• |
Difficulties or delays in obtaining required import or export approvals; |
• |
Shipment delays due to transportation interruptions or capacity constraints; |
• |
A worldwide shortage of semiconductor components or other issues; |
• |
Information technology or infrastructure failures, including those of a third-party supplier or service provider; and |
• |
Natural disasters, the impacts of climate change, or other events beyond Corning’s control (such as earthquakes, utility interruptions, tsunamis, hurricanes, typhoons, floods, storms or extreme weather conditions, fires, regional economic downturns, regional or global health epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical turmoil, increased trade restrictions between the U.S. and China and other countries, social unrest, political instability, terrorism, or acts of war) in locations where it or its customers or suppliers have manufacturing, research, engineering or other operations. |
Corning’s Display Technologies segment generates a significant amount of the Company’s profits and cash flow; any significant decrease in display glass pricing or market share could have a material and negative impact on our financial results
Corning’s ability to generate profits and operating cash flow depends largely on the profitability of our display glass business, which is subject to continuous pricing pressure due to factors such as industry competition, potential over-capacity, and development of new technologies. If we are not able to achieve proportionate reductions in costs and/or increases in volume to offset ongoing pricing pressure, it could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.
Because we have a concentrated customer base, future sales and cash flows could be negatively impacted by the actions or loss of one or more key customers
A relatively small number of end customers account for a high percentage of our net sales. This concentration subjects us to a variety of risks including:
• |
The loss or insolvency of one or more of our key customers, could result in a substantial loss of sales and reduction in anticipated cash flows; |
• |
Customers may possess substantial leverage in negotiating contractual obligations, including liability provisions; and |
• |
Mergers and consolidations between customers could result in further concentration of the customer base. |
The following table details the number of combined customers of our reportable segments that accounted for a large percentage of segment net sales:
|
|
Number of combined end customers |
|
% of total segment net sales in 2022 |
Optical Communications |
|
2 |
|
26% |
Display Technologies |
|
2 |
|
37% |
Specialty Materials |
|
2 |
|
49% |
Environmental Technologies |
|
3 |
|
74% |
Life Sciences |
|
2 |
|
37% |
Events outside of Corning’s control, or those of our contract manufacturers, could cause a disruption to our manufacturing operations and our ability to serve our customers, resulting in a negative impact to Corning’s net sales, net income, asset values and liquidity
Disruption to our manufacturing operations, or those of our contract manufacturers, could significantly impact Corning’s ability to supply its customers and could produce a near-term severe impact on our individual business units and the Company. Given the geographical concentration of certain of the Company’s and our contract manufacturers’ plants in Asia Pacific, the highly engineered nature of the facilities and the globally dispersed talent required to run these facilities, any event that adversely affects or restricts movement into or out of a specific geographic area where we, our contract manufacturers, suppliers, or customers have a presence, could adversely impact our results. Due to the specialized nature of our products and single-site manufacturing locations, in the event such a location experiences disruption, it may not be possible to find replacement capacity or substitute production from other facilities.
We may experience difficulties in enforcing our intellectual property rights, which could result in loss of market share, and we may be subject to claims of infringement of the intellectual property rights of others
We rely on patent and trade secret laws, copyright, trademark, confidentiality procedures, controls and contractual commitments to protect our intellectual property rights. Despite our efforts, these protections may be limited and we may encounter difficulties in protecting our intellectual property rights or obtaining rights to additional intellectual property necessary to permit us to continue or expand our businesses. We cannot provide assurance that the patents that we hold or may obtain will provide meaningful protection against our competitors. Changes in or enforcement of laws concerning intellectual property may affect our ability to prevent or address the misappropriation of, or the unauthorized use of, our intellectual property, potentially resulting in loss of market share. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. Litigation is inherently uncertain and outcomes are unpredictable. If we cannot protect our intellectual property rights against unauthorized copying or use, or other misappropriation, we may not remain competitive.
The intellectual property rights of others could inhibit our ability to introduce new products. Other companies hold patents on technologies used in our industries and are aggressively seeking to expand, enforce and license their patent portfolios. We periodically receive notices from, or have lawsuits filed against us by third parties claiming infringement, misappropriation or other misuse of their intellectual property rights and/or breach of our agreements with them. These third parties often include entities that do not have the capabilities to design, manufacture, or distribute products or entities that acquire intellectual property, including patents, for the sole purpose of monetizing their acquired intellectual property through asserting claims of infringement and misuse. Such claims of infringement or misappropriation may result in loss of revenue, substantial costs, or lead to monetary damages or injunctive relief against us.
Information technology dependency and cybersecurity vulnerabilities could lead to reduced revenue, liability claims, competitive or reputational harm, and result in material adverse effects on our operations and financial results
The Company is dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure (“IT systems”) owned and operated by the Company or managed by third-party service providers, suppliers and contract manufacturers. IT systems enable us to conduct, monitor and/or protect our business, operations, systems, data and other assets. In the ordinary course of our business, we and our providers collect, process, transmit and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, as well as personally identifiable information. Intrusion into a supplier or contract manufacturer system not integrated with a Corning IT system could result in service disruption and/or loss of financial control.
Our IT systems, and those of our providers, may be vulnerable to compromise or disruption due to human error or malfeasance, outdated applications, computer viruses or malware (e.g., ransomware), natural disasters, unauthorized access, cyber-attacks and other similar incidents and disruptions. Increased work-from-home, at both the Company and our providers, presents additional operational risk. Companies that provide utilities, water, transportation, natural gas and other resources and services across our supply chain, are critical to our manufacturing operations and are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. From time to time, both we and certain of our providers, have been subject to cyberattacks and security incidents. We may be unable to anticipate, detect, prevent or remediate future attacks, particularly as attackers are becoming more sophisticated in their ability to circumvent controls and remove forensic evidence.
Any significant disruption, breakdown, intrusion, interruption or corruption, data breach, or compromise to the accessibility, security or integrity of our or our providers’ IT systems, or the misappropriation or disclosure of any confidential, proprietary or personally identifiable information, could result in the loss of data or intellectual property, equipment or systems damage, downtime, safety related issues and could have a material adverse effect on our business, including by harming our competitive position and reputation, disrupting our manufacturing, reducing the value of our investment in research and development and other strategic initiatives, impairing our ability to access suppliers, contract manufacturers, customers and cloud-based services, subjecting us to litigation or regulatory investigations or fines, increasing the costs of compliance and remediation, or otherwise adversely affecting our business. We may be required to invest significant additional resources to comply with evolving cybersecurity regulations and to modify and enhance our IT systems, information security and controls, and to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities. Any losses, costs or liabilities may not be covered by, or may exceed the coverage limits of, any, or all, of our applicable insurance policies.
We may not earn a positive return from our research, development and engineering investments
Developing our products through our innovation model of research and development is costly and often involves a long investment cycle. We make significant investments in research, development and engineering that may not earn an economic return. If our investments do not provide a pipeline of products or technologies that our customers demand or lower our manufacturing costs, or if our products or technologies become obsolete, it could negatively impact our revenue and operating margins for both near- and long-term.
Our innovation model depends on our ability to attract and retain specialized expertise
Our innovation model requires us to employ highly specialized experts in glass science, ceramic science and optical physics to conduct our research and development and engineer our products and design our manufacturing facilities. The loss of the services of any member of our key research and development or engineering team without adequate replacement, or the inability to attract new qualified personnel, could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial performance.
We are subject to strict environmental regulations and regulatory changes that could result in fines or restrictions that interrupt our operations
Some of our manufacturing processes generate chemical waste, wastewater, other industrial waste or greenhouse gases, and we are subject to numerous laws and regulations relating to the use, storage, discharge and disposal of such substances. We have installed anti-pollution equipment for the treatment of chemical waste and wastewater at our facilities. We have taken steps to control and reduce the amount of greenhouse gases created by our manufacturing operations. However, we cannot provide assurance that environmental claims will not be brought against us or that government regulators will not take steps to adopt more stringent environmental standards.
Any failure on our part to comply with any present or future environmental regulations could result in the assessment of damages or imposition of fines against us, or the suspension/cessation of production or operations. In addition, environmental regulations could require us to acquire costly equipment, incur other significant compliance expenses or limit or restrict production or operations and thus materially and negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in regulations and the regulatory environment in the U.S. and the many other countries in which we operate, such as those resulting from the regulation and impact of climate change, CO2 abatement and emission reduction targets, may affect our businesses and results in adverse ways by, among other things, substantially increasing manufacturing costs, limiting availability of scarce resources, especially energy, or requiring limitations on production or sales of our products or those of our customers.
General Risk Factors
We may have additional tax liabilities
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and many foreign jurisdictions and are commonly audited by various tax authorities. There are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax treatment is uncertain. Judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax, assessments, audits and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals, or result in the forfeiture of funds deposited with the relevant government authorities. The results of an audit or litigation could have a material effect on our financial statements in the period or periods for which such a determination is made.
The U.S., other countries and international organizations, such as Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, may change their laws or issue new international tax standards that may also impact our taxes.
As a global company, we face many risks which could adversely impact our operations and financial results
We are a global company and derive a substantial portion of our revenue from, and have significant operations, outside of the U.S. Our international operations include manufacturing, assembly, sales, research and development, customer support and shared administrative service centers. Additionally, we rely on a global supply chain for key components and capabilities that are central to our ability to invent, make and sell products.
Compliance with laws and regulations increases our costs. We are subject to both U.S. laws and the local laws where we operate which, among other things, include data privacy requirements, employment and labor laws, tax laws, anti-competition regulations, prohibitions on payments to governmental officials, import and trade restrictions and export requirements. Non-compliance or violations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or employees, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Such violations could result in prohibitions on our ability to offer our products and services in one or more countries and could also materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our businesses and operating results. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and manage these risks.
Corning is exposed to risks associated with an uncertain, recessionary and inflationary global economy
Uncertain or adverse economic and business conditions, including uncertainties and volatility in the financial markets, national debt, fiscal or monetary concerns, availability of government incentives, inflation and rising interest rates in various regions, could materially adversely impact Corning’s operating results. Markets for our products depend largely on business and consumer spending and demand for network capacity, electronics and automotive products. Uncertain or adverse economic and recessionary business conditions, among other factors, that could result in decreases in consumer spending and demand, or cause us to pass on increased costs to our customers, may cause certain of our customers to push out, cancel or refrain from purchasing our products, which could materially adversely impact demand for our products and our operating results.
Similarly, changes that result in sudden increases in consumer demand for electronic products have resulted in, and may continue to result in, a shortage of parts and materials needed to manufacture our products or the products in which our products are used. Such shortages, as well as shipment delays due to transportation interruptions, have adversely impacted, and may continue to adversely impact, our ability to meet our demand requirements.
Uncertain economic and industry conditions also make it more challenging for Corning to forecast its operating results, make business decisions and identify and prioritize the risks that may affect its businesses, sources and uses of cash, financial condition and results of operations. If Corning does not appropriately manage its business operations in response to changing economic and industry conditions, it could have a significant negative impact on its business performance and financial condition. Even during periods of economic uncertainty or lower revenues, Corning must continue to invest in research and development and maintain a global business infrastructure to compete effectively and support its customers, which can have a negative impact on its operating margins and earnings.
We are also subject to a variety of other risks in managing a global organization, including those related to:
• |
The economic and political conditions in each country or region and relationships among countries; |
• |
Complex regulatory requirements affecting international trade and investment, including anti-dumping laws, export controls, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and local laws prohibiting improper payments. Our operations may be adversely affected by changes in the substance or enforcement of these regulatory requirements, and by actual or alleged violations of them; |
• |
Fluctuations in currency exchange rates, convertibility of currencies and restrictions involving the movement of funds between jurisdictions and countries; |
• |
Governmental protectionist policies and sovereign and political risks that may adversely affect Corning’s profitability and assets; |
• |
Tariffs, trade duties and other trade barriers including anti-dumping and countervailing duties; |
• |
Geographical concentration of our factories and operations, and regional shifts in our customer base; |
• |
Periodic health epidemic or pandemic concerns, such as COVID-19; |
• |
Political unrest, geopolitical tensions, confiscation or expropriation of assets by foreign governments, terrorism and the potential for other hostilities; |
• |
Difficulty in protecting intellectual property, sensitive commercial and operations data and information technology systems; |
• |
Differing legal systems, including protection and treatment of intellectual property and patents; |
• |
Complex, changing or competing tax regimes; |
• |
Difficulty in collecting obligations owed to us; |
• |
Natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, tsunamis and windstorms; and |
• |
Potential loss of utilities or other disruptions affecting manufacturing. |
We have significant exposure to foreign currency movements
A large portion of our sales, profit and cash flows are transacted in non-U.S. dollar currencies. The Company expects to continue to experience fluctuations in the U.S. dollar value of these activities if it is not possible, cost-effective or should we not elect to hedge certain currency exposure. Additionally, gains or losses may be experienced if the underlying exposure which has been hedged increases or decreases significantly.
The ultimate realized gain or loss with respect to currency fluctuations will generally depend on the size and type of cross-currency exposure that we have, the changes in exchange rates associated with those exposures, whether we have entered into foreign currency contracts to offset these exposures and other factors.
These factors, which are variable and generally outside of our control, could materially impact our results of operations, anticipated future results, financial position and cash flows.
We may have significant exposure to counterparties of our related derivatives portfolio
We maintain a significant portfolio of over-the-counter derivatives to hedge our projected currency exposure. We are exposed to potential losses in the event of non-performance by our counterparties to these derivative contracts. Any failure of a counterparty to pay on such a contract when due could materially impact our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
Current or future litigation or regulatory investigations may harm our financial condition or results of operations
As a global technology and manufacturing company, we are engaged in various litigations and regulatory matters. Litigation and regulatory proceedings may be uncertain, and adverse rulings could occur, resulting in significant liabilities, penalties or damages. Any such substantial legal liability or regulatory action could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and reputation.
Our business is subject to various governmental regulations, and compliance with these regulations may cause us to incur significant expense. If we fail to maintain compliance with applicable regulations, we may be forced to cease the manufacture and distribution of certain products, and we could be subject to administrative proceedings and civil or criminal penalties
Our products and operations are also subject to regulation by U.S. and non‐U.S. regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. From time to time, we may also be involved or required to participate in regulatory investigations or inquiries, into certain of our contracting and business practices, which may evolve into legal or other administrative proceedings. Growing public concern over concentration of economic power in corporations is likely to result in increased anti‐competition legislation, regulation, administrative rule making and enforcement activity. Involvement in regulatory investigations or inquiries, can be costly, lengthy, complex and time consuming, diverting the attention and energies of our management and technical personnel. If any pending or future governmental investigations result in an unfavorable resolution, we could be required to cease the manufacture and sale of the subject products or technology, pay fines or disgorge profits or other payments and/or cease certain conduct and/or modify our contracting or business practices, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be obligated to indemnify our current or former directors or employees, or former directors or employees of companies that we have acquired, in connection with regulatory investigations. These liabilities could be substantial and may include, among other things, the cost of government, law enforcement or regulatory investigations and civil or criminal fines and penalties.
Our global operations are subject to extensive trade and anti-corruption laws and regulations
Due to the international scope of our operations, we are subject to a complex system of import- and export-related laws and regulations, including U.S. regulations issued by Customs and Border Protection, the Bureau of Industry and Security, the Office of Anti-boycott Compliance, the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls and the Office of Foreign Assets Control, as well as the counterparts of these agencies in other countries. Any alleged or actual violation by an employee or the Company may subject us to government scrutiny, investigation and civil and criminal penalties, and may limit our ability to import or export our products or to provide services outside the U.S. We cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our operations might be subject to, based on the way existing laws might be administered or interpreted.
In addition, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar foreign anti-corruption laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments or providing anything of value to improperly influence foreign government officials to obtain or retain business or obtain an unfair advantage. Recent years have seen a substantial increase in the global enforcement of anti-corruption laws. Our continued operation and expansion outside the U.S., including in developing countries, could increase the risk of alleged violations. Violations of these laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, could disrupt our business, and result in an adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations or financial condition.
Moreover, several of our key customers are domiciled in areas of the world with laws, rules and business practices that may notably differ from those in the U.S., and we face the reputational and legal risk that our related partners may violate applicable laws, rules and business practices.
International trade policies may negatively impact our ability to sell and manufacture our products outside of the U.S.
Government policies on international trade and investment such as import quotas, tariffs and capital controls, whether adopted by individual governments or addressed by regional trade blocs, can affect the demand for our products and services, impact the competitive position of our products or prevent us, our equity affiliates or joint ventures, from being able to sell and manufacture products in certain countries. The implementation of more restrictive trade policies, such as higher tariffs or new barriers to entry, together with anti-dumping claims, duties, slowed regulatory approvals and other restrictions, in countries in which we import raw materials and components or sell large quantities of products and services could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. For example, a country’s adoption of nationalistic policies or retaliation by another government against such policies could have a negative impact on our results of operations. Further, these actions in conjunction with any trade tensions may restrict us from participating in a specific market or may prevent us from competing effectively.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
We operate 124 manufacturing plants and processing facilities in 15 countries, of which approximately 32% are in the U.S. We own approximately 53% of our executive and corporate buildings, with 93% located in and around Corning, New York. We also own approximately 64% of our sales and administrative office square footage, 81% of our research and development square footage, 66% of our manufacturing square footage and 7% of our warehousing square footage.
Manufacturing, sales and administrative, research and development facilities and warehouse facilities have an aggregate floor space of approximately 65.8 million square feet. The following table presents the distribution of this total area:
(million square feet) |
|
Total |
|
|
Domestic |
|
|
Foreign |
|
Manufacturing |
|
|
55.7 |
|
|
|
20.7 |
|
|
|
35.0 |
|
Sales and administrative |
|
|
2.4 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
Research and development |
|
|
3.9 |
|
|
|
1.9 |
|
|
|
2.0 |
|
Warehouse |
|
|
3.8 |
|
|
|
3.0 |
|
|
|
0.8 |
|
Total |
|
|
65.8 |
|
|
|
27.4 |
|
|
|
38.4 |
|
Total assets and capital expenditures by reportable segment are included in Note 19 (Reportable Segments) in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Information concerning lease commitments is included in Note 6 (Leases) in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Corning is a defendant in various lawsuits and is subject to various claims that arise in the normal course of business, the most significant of which are summarized in Note 13 (Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees) in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the likelihood that the ultimate disposition of these matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, liquidity, or results of operations, is remote.
Environmental Litigation
Corning has been designated by federal or state governments under environmental laws, including Superfund, as a potentially responsible party that may be liable for cleanup costs associated with 19 hazardous waste sites. It is Corning’s policy to accrue for its estimated liability related to such hazardous waste sites and other environmental liabilities related to property owned by Corning based on expert analysis and continual monitoring by both internal and external consultants. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Corning had accrued approximately $109 million and $55 million, respectively, for the estimated undiscounted liability for environmental cleanup and related litigation. Based upon the information developed to date, management believes that the accrued reserve is a reasonable estimate of the Company’s liability.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure
Not applicable.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Organization
Corning Incorporated is a provider of high-performance glass for notebook computers, flat panel desktop monitors, display televisions and other information display applications; carrier network and enterprise network products for the telecommunications industry; ceramic substrates for gasoline and diesel engines in automotive and heavy-duty vehicle markets; laboratory products for the scientific community and specialized polymer products for biotechnology applications; advanced optical materials for the semiconductor industry and the scientific community; polycrystalline silicon products and other technologies. In these notes, the terms “Corning,” “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” mean Corning Incorporated and subsidiary companies.
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the consolidated accounts of Corning Incorporated and its subsidiaries that are consolidated in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All intercompany accounts, transactions and profits have been eliminated. Investments in partially-owned affiliates are accounted for by the equity method when the Company exercises significant influence, which typically occurs when its ownership interest exceeds 20% and the Company does not have a controlling interest. The Company’s share of earnings or losses of these affiliated companies is included in the consolidated operating results.
The Company consolidates variable interest entities (“VIEs”) when it has the power to direct the significant activities of the entity and the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits from the entity that may be significant. The Company did not have any material consolidated or nonconsolidated VIEs in its operations for the presented reporting periods.
On September 9, 2020, Hemlock Semiconductor Group (“HSG”) redeemed the entire ownership interest of DuPont in HSG with a value of $250 million (the “Redemption”). Upon completion of the Redemption, Corning obtained a 100% interest in HS LLC and an 80.5% interest in HSO LLC, which are affiliated entities within HSG. Since September 9, 2020, HSG’s results have been consolidated in Corning’s consolidated financial statements and included within Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses. Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on the results of operations, financial position, or changes in shareholders’ equity.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and related notes. Significant estimates and assumptions in these consolidated financial statements include estimates associated with revenue recognition, restructuring charges, goodwill and long-lived asset impairment tests, estimates of fair value of acquired assets and liabilities, estimates of fair value of investments, equity interests, environmental and legal liabilities, income taxes and deferred tax valuation allowances, assumptions used in calculating pension and other postretirement employee benefit expenses and the fair value of share-based compensation. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be different from these estimates.
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Revenue Recognition
Most of the Company’s revenue is generated by delivery of products to customers and recognized at a point in time based on evaluation of when the customer obtains control of the products. Revenue is recognized when all performance obligations under the terms of a contract are satisfied and control of the product has been transferred to the customer. If customer acceptance clauses are present and it cannot be objectively determined that control has been transferred, revenue is only recorded when customer acceptance is received and all performance obligations have been satisfied. Sales of goods typically do not include multiple product and/or service elements. Shipping and handling fees are treated as fulfillment costs and not as separate performance obligations under the terms of revenue contracts due to the perfunctory nature of the shipping and handling obligations.
Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration expected in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Sales tax, value-added tax and other taxes are collected concurrently with revenue-producing activities and excluded from revenue. Incidental contract costs that are not material in the context of the delivery of goods and services are recognized as an expense.
At the time revenue is recognized, allowances are recorded with the related reduction to revenue for estimated product returns, allowances and price discounts based upon historical experience and related terms of customer arrangements. Where product warranties are offered, liabilities are established for estimated warranty costs based upon historical experience and specific warranty provisions. Warranty liabilities are adjusted when experience indicates the expected outcome will differ from initial estimates of the liability. Product warranty liabilities were not material as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
In addition, the Company has contractual arrangements with certain customers, mainly related to Telecommunications products and comprised of design, installation, training and software maintenance services, in which revenue is recognized over time. The performance obligations under these contracts generally require services to be performed over time, resulting in either a straight-line amortization method or an input method using incurred and forecasted expense to predict revenue recognition patterns which follows satisfaction of the performance obligation. Corning’s other revenue was not material for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Contract Assets and Liabilities
Contract assets, such as incremental costs to obtain or fulfill contracts, are an insignificant component of Corning’s revenue recognition process. Most of Corning’s fulfillment costs as a manufacturer of products are classified as inventory, fixed assets and intangible assets, which are accounted for under the respective guidance for those asset types. Other fulfillment costs are immaterial due to the nature of the products and their respective manufacturing processes.
Contract liabilities include customer deposits, deferred revenue and other advanced payments. Customer deposits are primarily related to Display products and deferred revenue is primarily related to HSG. Other advanced payments are not significant to operations and are recorded within other accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred. Research and development costs totaled $0.9 billion, $0.8 billion and $1.0 billion for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions
The determination of the functional currency for Corning’s foreign subsidiaries is made based on the appropriate economic factors. For most foreign operations, the local currencies are generally considered to be the functional currencies. Corning’s most significant exception is a Taiwanese subsidiary, which uses the Japanese yen as its functional currency. For all transactions denominated in a currency other than a subsidiary’s functional currency, foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses are included in income for the period in which the exchange rates changed. A net foreign currency remeasurement gain of $130 million, gain of $126 million and loss of $37 million was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Foreign subsidiary functional currency balance sheet accounts have been translated at period-end exchange rates, and statement of operations accounts have been translated using average exchange rates for the period. Translation gains and losses are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in shareholders’ equity. The effects of remeasuring non-functional currency assets and liabilities into the functional currency are included in current earnings, except for those related to intra-entity foreign currency transactions of a long-term investment nature which are recorded together with translation gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive loss in shareholders’ equity. Upon sale or substantially complete liquidation of an investment in a foreign entity, the amount of net translation gains or losses that have been accumulated in other comprehensive loss attributable to that investment are reported as a gain or loss for the period in which the sale or liquidation occurs.
Share-Based Compensation
Corning maintains long-term incentive plans (the “Plans”) for key employees and non-employee members of its Board of Directors. The Plans are established to grant equity-based compensation awards, including time-based restricted stock and restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units, stock options, stock appreciation rights or a combination of awards (collectively, “share-based awards”).
Share-based compensation cost is allocated to cost of sales, selling, general and administrative expenses and research, development and engineering expenses in the consolidated statements of income.
The cost of share-based compensation awards is equal to the fair value of the award at the grant date and compensation expense is recognized for awards expected to ultimately vest. The number of awards expected to vest equals the total awards granted less an estimation of the number of forfeitures expected to occur prior to vesting. The Company reassesses the probability of vesting at each reporting period and adjusts share-based compensation expense based on its probability assessment.
The forfeiture rate is calculated based on over 15 years of historical data and is adjusted if actual forfeitures differ significantly from the original estimates. The effect of any change in estimated forfeitures would be recognized through a cumulative adjustment that would be included in compensation cost in the period of the change in estimate. For awards containing retirement provisions that are granted to retirement eligible employees, share-based compensation expense is recognized over the period in which the required performance is expected to be met.
During the requisite service period, the Company also recognizes a deferred income tax benefit for the expense recognized. At the time of subsequent vesting, exercise, forfeiture, or expiration of an award, the difference between the Company’s actual income tax deduction, if any, and the previously accrued income tax benefit is recognized in income tax expense/benefit during the current period.
Time-Based Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
Time-based restricted stock and restricted stock units are issued by the Company on a discretionary basis, and are payable in shares of the Company’s common stock upon vesting. The fair value is based on the closing market price of the Company’s stock on the grant date. For awards granted to non-employee members of the Company’s Board of Directors, as there are no vesting terms, the Company recognizes the compensation expense immediately.
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units
Performance-based restricted stock units are earned upon the achievement of certain targets and are payable in shares of the Company’s common stock upon vesting, typically over a three year period. The fair value is based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date and assumes that the target payout level will be achieved.
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Stock Options
Corning’s stock option plans provide non-qualified and incentive stock options to purchase authorized but unissued common shares, or treasury shares, at the closing market price on the grant date and generally become exercisable in tranches from one year to five years from the grant date. The maximum term of non-qualified and incentive stock options is 10 years from the grant date. An award is considered vested when the employee’s retention of the award is no longer contingent on providing subsequent service (the “non-substantive vesting period approach”).
Corning uses a multiple-point Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate the fair value of stock options, which incorporates assumptions including expected volatility, dividend yield, risk-free rate, expected term and forfeiture rates. Corning utilizes a blended approach for calculating the volatility assumption, which is based on the weighted average of the short-term implied volatility, the most recent volatility for the period equal to the expected term and the most recent 15-year historical volatility. The risk-free rate used is the implied rate for a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond with a term equal to the option’s expected term. The expected term is the period the options are expected to be outstanding and is calculated using a combination of historical exercise experience adjusted to reflect the current vesting period of options being valued and partial life cycles of outstanding options.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash. Securities with contractual maturities of three months or less, when purchased, are considered cash equivalents. The carrying amount of these securities approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments.
The following table presents supplemental disclosures of cash flow information (in millions):
| | Year ended December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Non-cash transactions: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Accruals for capital expenditures | | $ | 414 | | | $ | 357 | | | $ | 231 | |
Cash paid for interest and income taxes: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest (1) | | $ | 275 | | | $ | 287 | | | $ | 298 | |
Income taxes, net of refunds received | | $ | 426 | | | $ | 377 | | | $ | 220 | |
(1) | Includes approximately $48 million, $36 million and $58 million of interest costs that were capitalized as part of property, plant and equipment during the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. |
Trade Accounts Receivable, net of Doubtful Accounts
The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on the best estimate of the amount of probable lifetime credit losses in existing accounts receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience and expected future default rate by industry. In addition, in circumstances where the Company is made aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, a specific allowance is established. The Company does not have any significant off-balance-sheet credit exposure related to its customers.
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in, first-out method.
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net of Accumulated Depreciation
Land, buildings and equipment, including precious metals, are recorded at cost. Depreciation is based on the estimated useful lives of the respective assets using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives generally range from 10 to 40 years for buildings and improvements and 2 to 20 years for equipment, excluding precious metals as discussed below. Interest on borrowings is capitalized during the active construction period of major capital projects, added to the cost of the underlying assets and amortized over the useful lives of the assets.
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Included in the subcategory of equipment are the following types of assets (excluding precious metals):
Asset type | | Range of useful life (in years) | |
Computer hardware and software | | 3 to 7 | |
Manufacturing equipment | | 2 to 15 | |
Furniture and fixtures | | 5 to 10 | |
Transportation equipment | | 3 to 20 | |
Manufacturing equipment includes certain components of production equipment that are constructed of precious metals. These assets are not depreciated because they have very low physical losses and are repeatedly reclaimed and reused in the Company’s manufacturing processes over a very long useful life. The physical loss of precious metals in the manufacturing and reclamation process is treated as depletion and these losses are accounted for as a period expense based on actual units lost. Precious metals are integral to many glass production processes and are only acquired to support operations. These metals are not held for trading or other purposes.
Leases
Corning leases certain real estate, vehicles and equipment from third parties, which are classified as operating or finance leases. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and the corresponding lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments for all leases with terms longer than twelve months. To determine the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available on the lease commencement date or the implicit rate if it is readily determinable. The Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components of a contract for its leases.
Renewal and termination options are included in the calculation of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities when considered to be reasonably certain to be exercised.
Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term for operating leases. Interest expense and amortization of the right-of-use assets relating to finance leases are calculated and recognized using the effective interest and straight-line methods, respectively.
Corning does not have any significant agreements as a lessor.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The recoverability of long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, is reviewed when events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate the carrying value of the asset or asset group may not be recoverable. When impairment indicators are present, the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, including the eventual disposition of the asset group at market value, is compared to the assets’ carrying value to determine if the asset group is recoverable. For an asset group that fails the test of recoverability, the estimated fair value of long-lived assets is determined using an income approach that starts with the forecast of all the expected future net cash flows, including the eventual disposition at market value of long-lived assets, and considers the fair market value of all precious metals, if applicable. The recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived assets is assessed at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. If there is an impairment, a loss is recorded to reflect the difference between the assets’ fair value and carrying value.
The Company is required to assess the recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived assets when an indicator of impairment has been identified. The Company performs this review each quarter and exercises judgment in assessing whether impairment indicators are present. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Corning incurred a long-lived asset impairment and disposal loss for an asset group related to the reassessment and reprioritization of research and development programs relating to a business within Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses. Refer to Note 2 (Restructuring, Impairment and Other Charges and Credits) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Goodwill
Goodwill is the excess of cost of an acquired entity over the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill relates, and is assigned directly, to a specific reporting unit. Reporting units are either operating segments or one level below the operating segment. Impairment testing for goodwill is done at a reporting unit level. Goodwill is reviewed for indicators of impairment quarterly, or if an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate that the carrying amount may be impaired. Corning also performs a detailed quantitative impairment test every three years, even if there are no impairment indicators present. This calculation is used as a quantitative validation of the qualitative process; this process does not represent an election to perform the quantitative impairment test in place of the qualitative review.
The qualitative process includes an extensive review of expectations for the long-term growth of the businesses and forecasted future cash flows. If required to perform the quantitative impairment analysis, the valuation method is an income approach using a discounted cash flow model in which cash flows anticipated over several periods, plus a terminal value at the end of that time horizon, are discounted to their present value using an appropriate rate of return. Estimates are based upon historical experience, current knowledge from commercial relationships and available external information about future trends. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, a loss is recorded to reflect the difference between the fair value and carrying value. The most recent quantitative test was performed in 2020 and the fair value of the Company’s reporting units significantly exceeded the respective carrying values.
Government Assistance
The Company receives government assistance, typically in the form of cash incentives primarily for capital expansion projects. Cash incentives received are classified as a liability and recognized when it is probable that the Company will comply with any contractual conditions. Cash incentives relating to the purchase of property, plant and equipment are deducted from the cost of the relevant asset. Cash incentives relating to project costs or other expenses are recognized in the statements of income as a deduction to the related expense.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, cash incentives recognized as a reduction of property, plant and equipment or in net income were not material. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $92 million classified within other accrued liabilities and $74 million classified within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet for cash incentives received, which primarily relate to capital expansion projects within Display Technologies and Pharmaceutical Technologies and are expected to be realized over the next 1-2 years.
Environmental Liabilities
The Company accrues for its environmental investigation, remediation, operating and maintenance costs when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. For environmental matters, the most likely cost to be incurred is accrued based on an evaluation of currently available facts with respect to each individual site, current laws and regulations and prior remediation experience. For sites with multiple potentially responsible parties, the Company considers its likely proportionate share of the anticipated remediation costs and the ability of the other parties to fulfill obligations in establishing a provision for those costs. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely to occur than another, the minimum undiscounted amount is accrued. When future liabilities are determined to be reimbursable by insurance coverage, an accrual is recorded for the potential liability and a receivable is recorded related to the insurance reimbursement when reimbursement is virtually certain.
The uncertain nature inherent in such remediation and the possibility that initial estimates may not reflect the outcome could result in additional costs being recognized by the Company in future periods.
Equity Method Investments
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Corning had investments in affiliated companies accounted for by the equity method totaling $261 million and $264 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 Corning had sales to affiliated companies of $228 million, $312 million and $253 million, respectively.
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Equity method investments are reviewed for impairment on a periodic basis, or if an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate the carrying amount may be impaired. This assessment is based on a review of the equity investments’ performance and a review of indicators of impairment to determine whether there is evidence of a loss in value. For an equity investment with impairment indicators, the fair value is measured based on discounted cash flows, or other appropriate valuation methods, depending on the nature of the company involved. If it is probable that the carrying amount of the investment cannot be recovered, the impairment is considered other-than-temporary and recorded in earnings, and the equity investment balance is reduced to its fair value.
All equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method are measured at fair value with changes therein reflected in net income. The Company utilizes the measurement alternative for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values and measures these investments at cost less impairment, plus or minus observable price changes in orderly transactions. These investments were not material as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Employee Retirement Plans
Corning offers employee retirement plans consisting of defined benefit pension plans covering certain domestic and international employees and postretirement plans that provide health care and life insurance benefits for eligible retirees and dependents. The costs and obligations related to these benefits reflect the Company’s assumptions related to general economic conditions, particularly interest rates, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increase for employees and health care cost trend rates. The cost of providing plan benefits depends on demographic assumptions including retirements, mortality, turnover and plan participation.
Costs for defined benefit pension plans consist of two elements: (1) on-going costs recognized quarterly, which are comprised of service and interest costs, expected return on plan assets and amortization of prior service costs; and (2) mark-to-market gains and losses outside of the corridor, where the corridor is equal to 10% of the greater of the benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets at the beginning of the year, which are recognized annually in the fourth quarter of each year. These gains and losses result from changes in actuarial assumptions and the differences between actual and expected return on plan assets. Any interim remeasurement, triggered by a curtailment, settlement or significant plan change, as well as any true-up to the annual valuation, is recognized as a mark-to-market adjustment in the quarter in which such event occurs.
Costs for postretirement benefit plans consist of on-going costs recognized quarterly, and are comprised of service and interest costs, amortization of prior service costs and amortization of actuarial gains and losses. Actuarial gains and losses resulting from changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in shareholders’ equity on an annual basis and amortized into operating results over the average remaining service period of employees expected to receive benefits under the plans, to the extent such gains and losses are outside the corridor.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and for differences between the carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Valuation allowances are established when management is unable to conclude that it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset will ultimately be realized based upon the available evidence, including consideration of tax planning strategies.
The effective tax rate reflects the assessment of the ultimate outcome of tax audits. In evaluating the tax benefits associated with the Company’s various tax filing positions, a tax benefit for uncertain tax positions is recorded using the highest cumulative tax benefit that is more likely than not to be realized. Adjustments are made to the asset or liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the period in which the return containing the tax position is filed or when new information becomes available. The liability for unrecognized tax benefits, including accrued penalties and interest, is included in other accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and within income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.
Discrete events such as audit settlements or changes in tax laws are recognized in the period in which they occur.
Generally, Corning will indefinitely reinvest the foreign earnings of: (1) any subsidiary that lacks sufficient local statutory earnings from which to make a distribution or otherwise lacks the ability to repatriate its earnings, (2) any subsidiary where Corning’s intention is to reinvest those earnings in operations, (3) legal entities for which Corning holds a non-controlling interest, (4) any subsidiary with an accumulated deficit in earnings and profits, or (5) any subsidiary where a future distribution would trigger a significant net cost.
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)
Fair Value Measurements
Major categories of financial assets and liabilities, including short-term investments, other assets and derivatives, are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis when impaired, which include long-lived assets, goodwill, equity method investments, other investments and asset retirement obligations.
Fair value is the price that would be received from selling an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required to be recorded at fair value, the principal, or most advantageous, market in which Corning would transact is analyzed. Assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions and risk of non-performance, are considered.
A three-level valuation hierarchy, based upon the observable and unobservable inputs, is used for fair value measurements. Observable inputs are based on market data or independent sources while unobservable inputs are based on the Company’s own market assumptions. Once inputs have been characterized, the inputs are prioritized into one of three broad levels used to measure fair value: Level 1, quoted market prices in active markets for identical instruments, Level 2, significant other observable inputs and Level 3, significant unobservable inputs.
Derivative Instruments
The Company enters into a variety of foreign exchange forward contracts and foreign exchange option contracts to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. Financial exposure is managed in accordance with corporate policies and procedures. The Company also utilizes derivatives that are bifurcated from its precious metals lease contracts to manage the exposure of its separate accounting pool of leased precious metals to changes in market prices.
All derivatives are recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are not recognized in current operating results but are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Amounts related to cash flow hedges are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss when the underlying hedged item impacts earnings. This reclassification is recorded within the same line item of the consolidated statements of income where the underlying hedged transaction was recorded, typically sales, cost of sales or other income (expense), net. Changes in the fair value, excluding the time value component, of derivatives designated as fair value hedges are recognized in current operating results within other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are recognized within translated earnings contract gain (loss), net and other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income.
New Accounting Standards
In November 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2021-10 Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance (“ASU 2021-10”). ASU 2021-10 requires business entities to disclose information in the notes to the financial statements about certain types of government assistance. The annual disclosure requirements apply to transactions with a government that are accounted for by analogizing either a grant or a contribution model. The adoption of ASU 2020-10 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
Recently issued accounting standards are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
2. Restructuring, Impairment and Other Charges and Credits
The following table presents the restructuring, impairment and other charges and credits (in millions):
| | Year ended December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Severance | | $ | 70 | | | $ | (13 | ) | | $ | 148 | |
Asset impairment | | | | | | | | | | | 217 | |
Capacity optimization | | | 219 | | | | 46 | | | | 304 | |
Other charges and credits | | | 125 | | | | 77 | | | | 158 | |
Total restructuring, impairment and other charges and credits | | $ | 414 | | | $ | 110 | | | $ | 827 | |
Corning periodically assesses the operating efficiency and cost structure of the Company’s asset base and global workforce and takes appropriate actions to align corporate resources with the business environment.
2022
Corning recorded $414 million in severance, accelerated depreciation, asset write-offs and other related charges for the year ended December 31, 2022. Capacity optimization charges include accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs associated with the exit of certain facilities, product lines and other exit activities primarily within Display Technologies, Specialty Materials and an emerging growth business. Severance charges were recorded across all segments and as of December 31, 2022, the severance accrual is not material and is expected to be settled within the next twelve months.
2020
In 2020 and in response to uncertain global economic conditions, Corning undertook actions to transform the Company’s cost structure and improve operational efficiency. These actions included a corporate-wide workforce reduction program, write-offs of certain assets and accelerated depreciation associated with the capacity optimization of certain manufacturing facilities as well as other exit charges and credits.
Severance
During the second quarter of 2020, Corning implemented a corporate-wide workforce reduction program. Severance charges were primarily incurred to facilitate realignment of capacity in the Asia regions for the Display Technologies segment, optimize the Optical Communications segment and contain corporate costs.
Asset Impairment
During the year ended December 31, 2020, Corning incurred a long-lived asset impairment and disposal loss for an asset group related to the reassessment of research and development programs relating to a business within Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses. Given the economic environment and market opportunities, Corning discontinued its investment in these research and development programs. The impairment analysis and disposition of certain assets resulted in a total pre-tax charge of $217 million, which was substantially all the carrying value, inclusive of an insignificant amount of goodwill. The fair value of the asset group for the impairment analysis was measured using unobservable (Level 3) inputs.
Capacity Optimization
Capacity optimization for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily includes accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs associated with the exit of certain facilities and other exit activities in the Display Technologies and Specialty Materials business segments.
2. Restructuring, Impairment and Other Charges and Credits (Continued)
The following tables present the impact and respective location of total restructuring, impairment and other charges and credits in the consolidated statements of income (in millions):
| | Year ended December 31, 2022 | |
| | | | | | Selling, | | | Research, | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | general | | | development | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | and | | | and | | | | | | | | | |
| | Gross | | | administrative | | | engineering | | | | | | | | | |
| | margin (1) | | | expenses | | | expenses | | | Other | | | Total | |
Severance | | $ | 25 | | | $ | 32 | | | $ | 13 | | | | | | | $ | 70 | |
Capacity optimization | | | 215 | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | 219 | |
Other charges and credits | | | 97 | | | | 15 | | | | 3 | | | $ | 10 | | | | 125 | |
Total restructuring, impairment and other charges and credits | | $ | 337 | | | $ | 51 | | | $ | 16 | | | $ | 10 | | | $ | 414 | |
| | Year ended December 31, 2021 | |
| | | | | | Selling, | | | Research, | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | general | | | development | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | and | | | and | | | | | | | | | |
| | Gross | | | administrative | | | engineering | | | | | | | | | |
| | margin (1) | | | expenses | | | expenses | | | Other | | | Total | |
Severance | | $ | (6 | ) | | $ | (5 | ) | | $ | (2 | ) | | | | | | $ | (13 | ) |
Capacity optimization | | | 36 | | | | 7 | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | 46 | |
Other charges and credits | | | 50 | | | | (5 | ) | | | | | | $ | 32 | | | | 77 | |
Total restructuring, impairment and other charges and credits | | $ | 80 | | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 32 | | | $ | 110 | |
| | Year ended December 31, 2020 | |
| | | | | | Selling, | | | Research, | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | general | | | development | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | and | | | and | | | | | | | | | |
| | Gross | | | administrative | | | engineering | | | | | | | | | |
| | margin (1) | | | expenses | | | expenses | | | Other | | | Total | |
Severance | | $ | 83 | | | $ | 34 | | | $ | 31 | | | | | | | $ | 148 | |
Asset impairment | | | | | | | 6 | | | | 211 | | | | | | | | 217 | |
Capacity optimization | | | 288 | | | | 16 | | | | | | | | | | | | 304 | |
Other charges and credits | | | 72 | | | | 60 | | | | 5 | | | $ | 21 | | | | 158 | |
Total restructuring, impairment and other charges and credits | | $ | 443 | | | $ | 116 | | | $ | 247 | | | $ | 21 | | | $ | 827 | |
(1) | Activity reflected in cost of sales. |
3. HSG Transactions and Acquisitions
During 2020, HSG entered into a series of agreements with DuPont resulting in a change in control of HSG and its consolidation into Corning. Through the agreements, HSG acquired DuPont’s TCS manufacturing assets, which was determined to be a business and recorded as a business combination. The fair value of the purchase price was $255 million. In conjunction with this acquisition, HSG settled the pre-existing TCS relationship (“TCS Settlement”) for a contractual amount of $175 million, which was determined to have a fair value of $200 million. Corning’s share of the pre-tax loss related to the TCS Settlement was $81 million and was recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2020.
In addition, on September 9, 2020, HSG redeemed DuPont’s entire ownership of HSG with a value of $250 million. Upon completion of the Redemption, Corning obtained a 100% interest in HS LLC and 80.5% interest in HSO LLC. Corning accounted for the Redemption under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with business combinations without the transfer of net cash consideration. The Redemption price of $250 million approximated the fair value of Corning’s equity interest in HSG immediately preceding the Redemption. The fair value of Corning’s equity interest in HSG was estimated by applying the income approach, which was based on significant assumptions such as projected revenue and discount rate. The Company used a discount rate of 16.5% and terminal growth rate of zero. As no net-cash consideration was transferred, the fair value of Corning’s previously held equity interest in HSG was used to measure the goodwill resulting from the Redemption and the Company’s controlling interest after the Redemption.
Corning recognized a pre-tax gain of $498 million on its previously held equity investment in HSG as a result of the consolidation resulting from the Redemption. The gain was calculated based on the difference between the fair value and carrying value of the equity method investment immediately preceding the Redemption and included within the transaction-related gain, net in the consolidated statements of income for the year ended December 31, 2020.
The following table presents the calculation of the gain on previously owned equity (in millions):
Fair value of previously held equity investment | | $ | 250 | |
Equity investment liability balance as of acquisition date | | | (248 | ) |
Corning's gain on previously held equity investment | | $ | 498 | |
Since September 9, 2020, HSG’s results have been consolidated in Corning’s consolidated financial statements and included within Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses. The amount of HSG’s net income is not material to Corning’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020.
4. Revenue
Revenue Disaggregation Table
The following table shows revenue by major product categories, similar to the Company’s reportable segment disclosure. Within each product category, contract terms, conditions and economic factors affecting the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty around revenue recognition and cash flows are substantially similar. The commercial markets and selling channels are also similar. Except for an insignificant number of Telecommunications products, product category revenues are recognized at the point in time when control transfers to the customer.
The following table presents revenues by product category (in millions):
| | Year ended December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Telecommunication products | | $ | 5,023 | | | $ | 4,349 | | | $ | 3,563 | |
Display products | | | 2,829 | | | | 3,666 | | | | 3,077 | |
Specialty glass products | | | 1,996 | | | | 2,008 | | | | 1,884 | |
Environmental substrate and filter products | | | 1,492 | | | | 1,584 | | | | 1,333 | |
Life science products | | | 1,187 | | | | 1,232 | | | | 981 | |
Polycrystalline silicon products (1) | | | 1,191 | | | | 892 | | | | 194 | |
All other products (1) | | | 471 | | | | 351 | | | | 271 | |
Total Revenue | | $ | 14,189 | | | $ | 14,082 | | | $ | 11,303 | |
(1) | Corning obtained a controlling interest in HSG during the third quarter of 2020 and has consolidated results in Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses beginning on September 9, 2020. Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. |
Customer Deposits
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Corning had customer deposits of approximately $1.3 billion. Most of these customer deposits were non-refundable and allowed customers to secure rights to products produced by Corning under long-term supply agreements. The duration of these long-term supply agreements ranges up to 10 years. As products are shipped to customers, Corning will recognize revenue and reduce the amount of the customer deposit liability.
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, customer deposits recognized were $198 million and $216 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $1.1 billion was recorded in other long-term liabilities. The remaining $132 million and $223 million, respectively, were recorded in other accrued liabilities.
Deferred Revenue
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Corning had deferred revenue of approximately $869 million and $912 million, respectively. Deferred revenue was primarily related to the performance obligations of non-refundable consideration previously received by HSG from its customers under long term supply agreements.
Deferred revenue is tracked on a per-customer contract-unit basis. As customers take delivery of the committed volumes under the terms of the contract, a per-unit amount of deferred revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods is transferred to the customer based upon the units shipped compared to the remaining contractual units. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the amount of deferred revenue recognized in the consolidated statements of income was not material.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $725 million and $764 million, respectively, were recorded in other liabilities and $144 million and $148 million, respectively, were recorded in other accrued liabilities.
The value of unsatisfied performance obligations is not disclosed for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which revenue has been recognized at an amount for which the right exists to invoice for services performed.
Significant Customers
For 2022, 2021 and 2020, no customer met or exceeded 10% of Corning’s consolidated net sales.
5. Inventories
Inventories consisted of the following (in millions):
| | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
Finished goods | | $ | 1,315 | | | $ | 1,215 | |
Work in process | | | 571 | | | | 358 | |
Raw materials and accessories | | | 537 | | | | 427 | |
Supplies and packing materials | | | 481 | | | | 481 | |
Inventories | | $ | 2,904 | | | $ | 2,481 | |
6. Leases
The following table presents the components of lease cost (in millions) (1):
| | Year ended December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Operating lease cost | | $ | 147 | | | $ | 139 | | | $ | 133 | |
Variable lease cost | | | 51 | | | | 59 | | | | 41 | |
Short-term lease cost | | | 2 | | | | 2 | | | | 4 | |
Total lease cost | | $ | 200 | | | $ | 200 | | | $ | 178 | |
(1) | Finance lease costs were not material for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. |
The following table presents the components of cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities (in millions) (1):
| | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Operating cash outflows from operating leases | | $ | 116 | | | $ | 134 | | | $ | 121 | |
(1) | Cash payments for operating leases have been classified as operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows. Principal and interest payments for finance leases have been classified as financing activities and operating activities, respectively, on the consolidated statements of cash flows, and were not material for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. |
The following table presents supplemental consolidated balance sheet information (in millions, except lease term and discount rate) (1):
| | | December 31, | |
| Location of lease balances | | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | Other assets | | $ | 842 | | | $ | 741 | |
Operating lease liabilities - current | Other current liabilities | | $ | 111 | | | $ | 94 | |
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent | Other liabilities | | $ | 795 | | | $ | 691 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) | | | | 14.3 | | | | 12.9 | |
Weighted-average discount rate | | | | 4.2 | % | | | 4.0 | % |
(1) | Finance leases were not material as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. |
6. Leases (Continued)
As of December 31, 2022, maturities of operating lease liabilities are as follows (in millions) (1):
| | December 31, 2022 | |
2023 | | $ | 136 | |
2024 | | $ | 106 | |
2025 | | $ | 92 | |
2026 | | $ | 83 | |
2027 | | $ | 71 | |
After 2027 | | $ | 756 | |
Total operating payments | | $ | 1,244 | |
Less: imputed discount | | $ | 338 | |
Present value of lease payments | | $ | 906 | |
(1) | Finance leases were not material as of December 31, 2022. |
As of December 31, 2022, Corning had additional operating leases, primarily for new production facilities, that have not yet commenced or been recorded, of approximately $168 million on an undiscounted basis. These operating leases will commence in 2023 with lease terms of 10 to 20 years.
7. Income Taxes
The following table presents the components of income before income taxes (in millions):
| | Year ended December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
U.S. companies | | $ | 1,157 | | | $ | 1,282 | | | $ | (62 | ) |
Non-U.S. companies | | | 640 | | | | 1,144 | | | | 696 | |
Income before income taxes | | $ | 1,797 | | | $ | 2,426 | | | $ | 634 | |
The following table presents the current and deferred amounts of the provision for income taxes (in millions):
| | Year ended December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Current: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Federal | | $ | (191 | ) | | $ | (172 | ) | | $ | 88 | |
State and municipal | | | (16 | ) | | | (13 | ) | | | (16 | ) |
Foreign | | | (250 | ) | | | (290 | ) | | | (203 | ) |
Deferred: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Federal | | | 52 | | | | (97 | ) | | | 7 | |
State and municipal | | | 8 | | | | (7 | ) | | | 3 | |
Foreign | | | (14 | ) | | | 88 | | | | 10 | |
Provision for income taxes | | $ | (411 | ) | | $ | (491 | ) | | $ | (111 | ) |
Amounts reflected in the preceding tables are based on the location of the taxing authorities.
7. Income Taxes (Continued)
The following table presents the reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to the effective tax rate:
| | Year ended December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate | | | 21.0 | % | | | 21.0 | % | | | 21.0 | % |
State income tax, net of federal effect | | | 0.7 | | | | 1.0 | | | | 1.4 | |
Audit settlements & change in reserve | | | 3.7 | | | | 1.6 | | | | 12.1 | |
Differential arising from foreign earnings (1) | | | 2.2 | | | | 2.0 | | | | 14.9 | |
Valuation allowance | | | 2.1 | | | | (0.5 | ) | | | 2.5 | |
Intercompany loan adjustment | | | 0.6 | | | | | | | | 6.1 | |
Tax credits | | | (3.3 | ) | | | (2.6 | ) | | | (29.2 | ) |
Foreign derived intangible income | | | (2.7 | ) | | | (1.3 | ) | | | | |
Stock compensation | | | (0.8 | ) | | | (1.5 | ) | | | (1.7 | ) |
Remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities | | | (0.1 | ) | | | | | | | (13.2 | ) |
Legal entity rationalization | | | | | | | | | | | (2.2 | ) |
Non-deductible expenses | | | | | | | 1.4 | | | | 6.9 | |
Global intangible low-taxed income | | | | | | | 0.2 | | | | (0.5 | ) |
Other items, net | | | (0.5 | ) | | | (1.1 | ) | | | (0.6 | ) |
Effective tax rate | | | 22.9 | % | | | 20.2 | % | | | 17.5 | % |
(1) | Includes impact of intercompany asset sales. |
On September 9, 2020, Corning obtained a 100% controlling interest in HS LLC and an 80.5% controlling interest in HSO LLC. As a result, the deferred tax liability on the outside basis difference between book and tax basis for Corning’s investment in HS LLC and HSO LLC was adjusted by approximately $116 million.
Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company distributed approximately $534 million from foreign subsidiaries to their respective U.S. parent companies. As of December 31, 2022, Corning has approximately $1.3 billion of indefinitely reinvested foreign earnings. It remains impracticable to calculate the tax cost of repatriating unremitted earnings which are considered indefinitely reinvested.
7. Income Taxes (Continued)
The following table presents the tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards that gave rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities (in millions):
| | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
Loss and tax credit carryforwards | | $ | 281 | | | $ | 375 | |
Other assets | | | 232 | | | | 200 | |
Research and development capitalization | | | 280 | | | | 81 | |
Asset impairments and restructuring reserves | | | 41 | | | | 30 | |
Postretirement medical and life benefits | | | 102 | | | | 154 | |
Other accrued liabilities | | | 311 | | | | 354 | |
Other employee benefits | | | 346 | | | | 329 | |
Gross deferred tax assets | | | 1,593 | | | | 1,523 | |
Valuation allowances | | | (166 | ) | | | (138 | ) |
Total deferred tax assets | | | 1,427 | | | | 1,385 | |
Intangible and other assets | | | (108 | ) | | | (103 | ) |
Fixed assets | | | (289 | ) | | | (300 | ) |
Finance leases | | | (200 | ) | | | (174 | ) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | | | (597 | ) | | | (577 | ) |
Net deferred tax assets | | $ | 830 | | | $ | 808 | |
Net deferred tax assets on the consolidated balance sheets consisted of the following (in millions):
| | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
Deferred tax assets | | $ | 1,073 | | | $ | 1,066 | |
Other liabilities | | | (243 | ) | | | (258 | ) |
Net deferred tax assets | | $ | 830 | | | $ | 808 | |
The following table presents details of the deferred tax assets for loss and tax credit carryforwards (in millions):
| | | | | | Expiration | |
| | Total | | | | 2023-2027 | | | | 2028-2032 | | | | 2033-2042 | | | Indefinite | |
Net operating losses | | $ | 278 | | | $ | 94 | | | $ | 27 | | | $ | 24 | | | $ | 133 | |
Tax credits | | | 3 | | | | | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | | $ | 281 | | | $ | 94 | | | $ | 30 | | | $ | 24 | | | $ | 133 | |
The following table presents the changes in the deferred tax valuation allowance (in millions):
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Balance as of January 1 | | $ | 138 | | | $ | 167 | | | $ | 215 | |
Additions | | | 81 | | | | 13 | | | | 27 | |
Reductions | | | (53 | ) | | | (42 | ) | | | (75 | ) |
Balance as of December 31 | | $ | 166 | | | $ | 138 | | | $ | 167 | |
7. Income Taxes (Continued)
The following table presents the reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits (in millions):
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Balance as of January 1 | | $ | 178 | | | $ | 131 | | | $ | 62 | |
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year | | | 10 | | | | 54 | | | | 19 | |
Additions for tax positions of prior years | | | 24 | | | | 17 | | | | 53 | |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | | | (5 | ) | | | (21 | ) | | | | |
Settlements and lapse of statute of limitations | | | (1 | ) | | | (3 | ) | | | (3 | ) |
Balance as of December 31 | | $ | 206 | | | $ | 178 | | | $ | 131 | |
During 2020, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) opened an audit for tax years 2015-2018. The Company does not expect additional material exposure for the tax years under audit. However, if upon conclusion of these matters, the ultimate determination of taxes owed is for an amount materially different than the current position, the overall tax expense and effective tax rate could be materially impacted in the period of adjustment.
The additions for tax positions of prior years were primarily due to tax audits, development of tax court cases and tax law changes in various jurisdictions.
Included in the balance as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are $169 million, $120 million and $102 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits that would impact the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized.
Accrued interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions are recognized as part of tax expense. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 the amount recognized in interest expense and accrued for the payment of interest and penalties was not material.
It is possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change due to one or more of the following events during the next twelve months: audit activity, tax payments, or final decisions in matters that are the subject of controversy in various jurisdictions. The Company believes that adequate tax reserves are provided for these matters. However, if upon conclusion of these matters, the ultimate determination of taxes owed is for an amount materially different than the current reserves, the Company’s overall tax expense and effective tax rate could be materially impacted in the period of adjustment. As of December 31, 2022, the Company is not expecting any significant movements in the uncertain tax benefits in the next twelve months.
Corning Incorporated, as the common parent company, and all 80%-or-more-owned of its U.S. subsidiaries join in the filing of consolidated U.S. federal income tax returns. The statute of limitations is closed for all periods ending through December 31, 2012. All returns for periods ended through December 31, 2014, have been audited by and settled with the IRS.
Corning Incorporated and its U.S. subsidiaries file income tax returns on a combined, unitary or stand-alone basis in multiple state and local jurisdictions, which generally have statutes of limitations ranging from 3 to 5 years. Various state income tax returns are currently in the process of examination or administrative appeal. The Company does not expect any material proposed adjustments from any of these audits.
Corning’s foreign subsidiaries file income tax returns in the countries where their operations are located. Generally, these countries have statutes of limitations ranging from 3 to 10 years. The statute of limitations is closed through the following years in these major jurisdictions: China (2008), Japan (2014), Taiwan (2016) and South Korea (2013).
Corning Precision Materials, a South Korean subsidiary, is currently appealing certain tax assessments and tax refund claims for tax years 2010 through 2018. The Company is required to deposit the disputed tax amounts with the South Korean government as a condition of its appeal of any tax assessment. Corning believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will prevail in the appeals process. The non-current receivable balance was $349 million and $350 million as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, for the amount on deposit with the South Korean government.
8. Property, Plant and Equipment, Net of Accumulated Depreciation
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation consisted of the following (in millions):
| | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
Land | | $ | 420 | | | $ | 441 | |
Buildings | | | 5,963 | | | | 6,145 | |
Equipment (1) | | | 20,800 | | | | 21,208 | |
Construction in progress | | | 2,335 | | | | 1,979 | |
Subtotal | | | 29,518 | | | | 29,773 | |
Accumulated depreciation | | | (14,147 | ) | | | (13,969 | ) |
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation (2) | | $ | 15,371 | | | $ | 15,804 | |
(1) | Manufacturing equipment includes certain components of production equipment that are constructed of precious metals. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the carrying value of precious metals was $3.4 billion and $3.5 billion, respectively, and significantly lower than the fair market value. Depletion expense for precious metals for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $27 million, $28 million and $24 million, respectively. |
(2) | Approximately $48 million, $36 million and $58 million of interest costs were capitalized as part of property, plant and equipment during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. |
9. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions):
| | Optical Communications | | | Display Technologies | | | Specialty Materials | | | Life Sciences | | | Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses | | | Total | |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | | $ | 943 | | | $ | 132 | | | $ | 150 | | | $ | 618 | | | $ | 617 | | | $ | 2,460 | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment and other | | | (28 | ) | | | (7 | ) | | | | | | | (2 | ) | | | (2 | ) | | | (39 | ) |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | | $ | 915 | | | $ | 125 | | | $ | 150 | | | $ | 616 | | | $ | 615 | | | $ | 2,421 | |
Acquired goodwill | | | 4 | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment and other | | | (14 | ) | | | (4 | ) | | | | | | | (10 | ) | | | (4 | ) | | | (32 | ) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | | $ | 905 | | | $ | 121 | | | $ | 151 | | | $ | 606 | | | $ | 611 | | | $ | 2,394 | |
Corning’s gross goodwill balance and accumulated impairment losses were $8.9 billion and $6.5 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Accumulated impairment losses were generated primarily through goodwill impairments related to the Optical Communications segment.
9. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (Continued)
Other Intangible Assets, Net
Other intangible assets, net consisted of the following (in millions):
| | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
| | Gross | | | Accumulated amortization | | | Net | | | Gross | | | Accumulated amortization | | | Net | |
Amortized intangible assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Patents, trademarks & trade names | | $ | 496 | | | $ | 300 | | | $ | 196 | | | $ | 498 | | | $ | 279 | | | $ | 219 | |
Customer lists and other (1) | | | 1,461 | | | | 628 | | | | 833 | | | | 1,464 | | | | 535 | | | | 929 | |
Other intangible assets, net | | $ | 1,957 | | | $ | 928 | | | $ | 1,029 | | | $ | 1,962 | | | $ | 814 | | | $ | 1,148 | |
(1) | Other consists of intangible assets related to developed technologies and intellectual know-how. |
Corning’s amortized intangible assets are primarily related to Optical Communications, Life Sciences and certain businesses within Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses. The net carrying amount of intangible assets decreased during the year, primarily driven by amortization of $123 million, offset by acquisitions of $9 million.
Annual amortization expense is expected to be approximately $119 million, $123 million, $121 million, $101 million and $94 million for years 2023 through 2027, respectively.
10. Other Assets and Other Liabilities
Other assets consisted of the following (in millions):
| | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
Current assets: | | | | | | | | |
Derivative instruments (Note 14) | | $ | 454 | | | $ | 336 | |
Other current assets | | | 703 | | | | 690 | |
Other current assets | | $ | 1,157 | | | $ | 1,026 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Non-current assets: | | | | | | | | |
Derivative instruments (Note 14) | | $ | 224 | | | $ | 164 | |
South Korean tax deposits (Note 7) | | | 349 | | | | 350 | |
Operating leases (Note 6) | | | 842 | | | | 741 | |
Investments | | | 360 | | | | 318 | |
Other non-current assets | | | 404 | | | | 483 | |
Other assets | | $ | 2,179 | | | $ | 2,056 | |
10. Other Assets and Other Liabilities (Continued)
Other liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):
| | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
Current liabilities: | | | | | | | | |
Wages and employee benefits | | $ | 727 | | | $ | 824 | |
Income taxes (Note 7) | | | 127 | | | | 196 | |
Derivative instruments (Note 14) | | | 174 | | | | 144 | |
Deferred revenue (Note 4) | | | 144 | | | | 148 | |
Customer deposits (Note 4) | | | 132 | | | | 223 | |
Share repurchase liability (Note 16) | | | 506 | | | | 506 | |
Short-term leases (Note 6) | | | 111 | | | | 94 | |
Other current liabilities | | | 1,226 | | | | 1,004 | |
Other accrued liabilities | | $ | 3,147 | | | $ | 3,139 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Non-current liabilities: | | | | | | | | |
Defined benefit pension plan liabilities (Note 12) | | $ | 668 | | | $ | 707 | |
Derivative instruments (Note 14) | | | 17 | | | | 49 | |
Deferred revenue (Note 4) | | | 725 | | | | 764 | |
Customer deposits (Note 4) | | | 1,137 | | | | 1,072 | |
Share repurchase liability (Note 16) | | | 17 | | | | 517 | |
Deferred tax liabilities (Note 7) | | | 243 | | | | 258 | |
Long-term leases (Note 6) | | | 795 | | | | 691 | |
Other non-current liabilities | | | 1,353 | | | | 1,134 | |
Other liabilities | | $ | 4,955 | | | $ | 5,192 | |
11. Debt
Debt consisted of the following (in millions):
| | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Long-term debt | | | | | | | | |
Medium-term notes, average rate 7.66%, due through 2023 | | $ | 45 | | | $ | 45 | |
Debentures, 6.85%, due 2029 | | | 159 | | | | 160 | |
Debentures, callable, 7.25%, due 2036 | | | 249 | | | | 249 | |
Debentures, 4.70%, due 2037 | | | 296 | | | | 296 | |
Debentures, 5.75%, due 2040 | | | 396 | | | | 396 | |
Debentures, 4.75%, due 2042 | | | 496 | | | | 496 | |
Debentures, 5.35%, due 2048 | | | 544 | | | | 544 | |
Debentures, 3.90%, due 2049 | | | 395 | | | | 395 | |
Debentures, 4.375%, due 2057 | | | 743 | | | | 743 | |
Debentures, 5.85%, due 2068 | | | 297 | | | | 297 | |
Debentures, 5.45%, due 2079 | | | 1,086 | | | | 1,086 | |
Yen-denominated debentures, 0.698%, due 2024 | | | 160 | | | | 182 | |
Yen-denominated debentures, 0.722%, due 2025 | | | 76 | | | | 87 | |
Yen-denominated debentures, 0.992%, due 2027 | | | 358 | | | | 407 | |
Yen-denominated debentures, 1.043%, due 2028 | | | 232 | | | | 264 | |
Yen-denominated debentures, 1.219%, due 2030 | | | 190 | | | | 216 | |
Yen-denominated debentures, 1.153%, due 2031 | | | 237 | | | | 270 | |
Yen-denominated debentures, 1.583%, due 2037 | | | 76 | | | | 86 | |
Yen-denominated debentures, 1.513%, due 2039 | | | 45 | | | | 51 | |
Financing Leases, average discount rate 4.4%, due through 2044 | | | 190 | | | | 183 | |
Other, average rate 3.93%, due through 2043 | | | 641 | | | | 591 | |
Total long-term debt, including current portion | | | 6,911 | | | | 7,044 | |
Less current portion of long-term debt | | | 224 | | | | 55 | |
Long-term debt | | $ | 6,687 | | | $ | 6,989 | |
Based on borrowing rates currently available to us for loans with similar terms and maturities, the fair value of long-term debt was $6.1 billion and $8.3 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, compared to recorded book values of $6.7 billion and $7.0 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company measures the fair value of its long-term debt using Level 2 inputs based primarily on current market yields for its existing debt traded in the secondary market.
On a quarterly basis, Corning will recognize the foreign currency translation gains and losses resulting from changes in exchanges rates within accumulated other comprehensive loss in shareholders’ equity. Cash proceeds from loans and debt issuances are disclosed as financing activities, and cash payments for interest and bond redemptions are disclosed as operating activities and financing activities, respectively, in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Corning did not have outstanding commercial paper as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, Corning amended and restated its existing revolving credit agreement, which provides a committed $1.5 billion unsecured multi-currency line of credit, primarily to extend the term to 2027. Additionally, Corning amended and restated its 25 billion Japanese yen liquidity facility, equivalent to approximately $191 million, primarily to extend the term to 2025. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no outstanding amounts under either the amended and restated or the existing facilities.
11. Debt (Continued)
Corning is the obligor to unsecured variable rate loan facilities, with an aggregate capacity of 4,645 million Chinese yuan, equivalent to approximately $673 million, whose proceeds are used for capital investment and general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, these facilities had variable rates ranging from 3.3% to 4.3% and 3.8% to 4.5%, respectively, and maturities ranging from 2023 to 2032. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, amounts outstanding under these facilities totaled $352 million and $277 million, respectively.
The following table presents debt maturities by year as of December 31, 2022 (in millions) (1):
2023 | | | 2024 | | | 2025 | | | 2026 | | | 2027 | | | Thereafter | |
$ | 224 | | | $ | 284 | | | $ | 169 | | | $ | 29 | | | $ | 403 | | | $ | 5,845 | |
(1) | Excludes impact of an interest rate swap, bond discounts and deferred expenses. |
Debt Issuances and Redemptions
During the year ended December 31, 2021, Corning redeemed $375 million of 2.9% debentures due in 2022 and $250 million of 3.7% debentures due in 2023, paying premiums of $10 million and $19 million, respectively, by exercising the make-whole call. The bond redemptions resulted in an $11 million and $20 million loss, respectively.
Losses on bond redemption have been recorded within other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income.
12. Employee Retirement Plans
Defined Benefit Plans
Corning has defined benefit pension plans covering certain domestic and international employees. The Company may contribute, as necessary, an amount exceeding the minimum requirements to achieve the Company’s long-term funding targets. During the year ended December 31, 2022, voluntary cash contributions were not material to domestic and international defined benefit plans. During the year ended December 31, 2021, cash contributions of $24 million were made to international pension plans. In 2023, the Company plans to make cash contributions of $49 million to international pension plans.
Corning offers postretirement plans that provide health care and life insurance benefits for retirees and eligible dependents. Certain employees may become eligible for such postretirement benefits upon reaching retirement age and service requirements. In 2022 and 2021, no voluntary cash contributions were made to domestic postretirement plans. For current retirees (including surviving spouses) and active employees eligible for the salaried retiree medical program, Corning has placed a “cap” on the amount to be contributed toward retiree medical coverage in the future. The cap is equal to 120% of the 2005 contributions toward retiree medical benefits. Once contributions toward salaried retiree medical costs reach this cap, impacted retirees will have to pay the excess amount in addition to their regular contributions for coverage. This cap was attained for post-65 retirees in 2008 and attained for pre-65 retirees in 2010. Furthermore, employees hired or rehired on or after January 1, 2007 will be eligible for Corning retiree medical benefits upon retirement; however, these employees will pay 100% of the cost.
12. Employee Retirement Plans (Continued)
Obligations and Funded Status
The following table presents the change in benefit obligation and the funded status of the defined benefit pension and post-retirement benefit plans (in millions):
| | Domestic pension benefits | | | International pension benefits | | | Postretirement benefits | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Change in benefit obligation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year | | $ | 4,075 | | | $ | 4,203 | | | $ | 736 | | | $ | 778 | | | $ | 654 | | | $ | 764 | |
Service cost | | | 105 | | | | 102 | | | | 22 | | | | 25 | | | | 9 | | | | 10 | |
Interest cost | | | 98 | | | | 78 | | | | 11 | | | | 10 | | | | 15 | | | | 15 | |
Plan participants’ contributions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | | | | 7 | |
Plan amendments | | | 28 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Actuarial gain | | | (925 | ) | | | (107 | ) | | | (137 | ) | | | (17 | ) | | | (209 | ) | | | (105 | ) |
Other | | | 3 | | | | | | | | (1 | ) | | | (2 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Benefits paid | | | (202 | ) | | | (201 | ) | | | (21 | ) | | | (26 | ) | | | (42 | ) | | | (37 | ) |
Foreign currency translation | | | | | | | | | | | (61 | ) | | | (32 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Benefit obligation at end of year | | $ | 3,182 | | | $ | 4,075 | | | $ | 549 | | | $ | 736 | | | $ | 434 | | | $ | 654 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Change in plan assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | | $ | 3,598 | | | $ | 3,575 | | | $ | 584 | | | $ | 598 | | | $ | 9 | | | $ | 30 | |
Actual (loss) gain on plan assets | | | (728 | ) | | | 208 | | | | (139 | ) | | | (2 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Employer contributions | | | 15 | | | | 16 | | | | 8 | | | | 31 | | | | 31 | | | | 9 | |
Plan participants’ contributions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | | | | 7 | |
Benefits paid | | | (202 | ) | | | (201 | ) | | | (21 | ) | | | (26 | ) | | | (42 | ) | | | (37 | ) |
Foreign currency translation | | | | | | | | | | | (51 | ) | | | (17 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Fair value of plan assets at end of year | | $ | 2,683 | | | $ | 3,598 | | | $ | 381 | | | $ | 584 | | | $ | 5 | | | $ | 9 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Funded status at end of year | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Fair value of plan assets | | $ | 2,683 | | | $ | 3,598 | | | $ | 381 | | | $ | 584 | | | $ | 5 | | | $ | 9 | |
Benefit obligations | | | (3,182 | ) | | | (4,075 | ) | | | (549 | ) | | | (736 | ) | | | (434 | ) | | | (654 | ) |
Funded status of plans | | $ | (499 | ) | | $ | (477 | ) | | $ | (168 | ) | | $ | (152 | ) | | $ | (429 | ) | | $ | (645 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Noncurrent asset | | | | | | | | | | $ | 26 | | | $ | 100 | | | | | | | | | |
Current liability | | $ | (18 | ) | | $ | (15 | ) | | | (7 | ) | | | (7 | ) | | $ | (22 | ) | | $ | (23 | ) |
Noncurrent liability | | | (481 | ) | | | (462 | ) | | | (187 | ) | | | (245 | ) | | | (407 | ) | | | (622 | ) |
Recognized liability | | $ | (499 | ) | | $ | (477 | ) | | $ | (168 | ) | | $ | (152 | ) | | $ | (429 | ) | | $ | (645 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net actuarial loss (gain) | | $ | 259 | | | $ | 272 | | | $ | (2 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | (226 | ) | | $ | (22 | ) |
Prior service cost (credit) | | | 44 | | | | 22 | | | | (1 | ) | | | 1 | | | | (15 | ) | | | (20 | ) |
Amounts recognized at end of year | | $ | 303 | | | $ | 294 | | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | (2 | ) | | $ | (241 | ) | | $ | (42 | ) |
12. Employee Retirement Plans (Continued)
Across total pension benefits, an actuarial gain of $1.1 billion was recognized in 2022 primarily due to increases in bond yields during the year, leading to a domestic and international plan weighted-average discount rates that were 263 and 126 basis points higher, respectively, than the prior year. In 2021, an actuarial gain of $124 million was recognized primarily due to increases in bond yields during the year, leading to domestic and international plan weighted-average discount rates that were 37 and 18 basis points higher, respectively, than the prior year. The accumulated benefit obligation for defined benefit pension plans was $3.5 billion and $4.5 billion as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
For postretirement benefits, an actuarial gain of $209 million was recognized in 2022 due to current year increases in bond yields, leading to a weighted-average discount rate that was 259 basis points higher than the prior year. In 2021, an actuarial gain of $105 million was recognized due to current year increases in bond yields, leading to a weighted-average discount rate that was 30 basis points higher than the prior year.
The following table presents information for pension plans where the projected benefit obligation or the accumulated benefit obligation exceeded the fair value of plan assets (in millions):
| | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
Projected benefit obligation | | $ | 3,406 | | | $ | 4,358 | |
Fair value of plan assets | | $ | 2,712 | | | $ | 3,627 | |
Accumulated benefit obligation | | $ | 3,238 | | | $ | 4,110 | |
Fair value of plan assets | | $ | 2,712 | | | $ | 3,627 | |
The following table presents the components of net periodic benefit expense (income) for employee retirement plans, which other than the service cost component is recorded in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income (in millions):
| | Domestic pension benefits | | | International pension benefits | | | Postretirement benefits | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Service cost | | $ | 105 | | | $ | 102 | | | $ | 92 | | | $ | 22 | | | $ | 25 | | | $ | 26 | | | $ | 9 | | | $ | 10 | | | $ | 9 | |
Interest cost | | | 98 | | | | 78 | | | | 110 | | | | 11 | | | | 10 | | | | 12 | | | | 15 | | | | 15 | | | | 20 | |
Expected return on plan assets | | | (210 | ) | | | (209 | ) | | | (186 | ) | | | (9 | ) | | | (7 | ) | | | (9 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) | | | 6 | | | | 4 | | | | 6 | | | | (1 | ) | | | (1 | ) | | | (1 | ) | | | (5 | ) | | | (6 | ) | | | (5 | ) |
Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (5 | ) | | | 2 | | | | 1 | |
Recognition of actuarial loss | | | 29 | | | | 10 | | | | 12 | | | | 8 | | | | 1 | | | | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total net periodic benefit expense (income) | | $ | 28 | | | $ | (15 | ) | | $ | 34 | | | $ | 31 | | | $ | 28 | | | $ | 38 | | | $ | 14 | | | $ | 21 | | | $ | 25 | |
Settlement charge | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Special termination benefit charge | | | 2 | | | | | | | | 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | |
Total expense (income) | | $ | 30 | | | $ | (15 | ) | | $ | 42 | | | $ | 33 | | | $ | 28 | | | $ | 38 | | | $ | 14 | | | $ | 21 | | | $ | 26 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Curtailment effects | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $ | (4 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Settlements | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Current year actuarial loss (gain) | | $ | 16 | | | $ | (105 | ) | | $ | 94 | | | | (27 | ) | | $ | (7 | ) | | | (11 | ) | | $ | (209 | ) | | $ | (105 | ) | | $ | 58 | |
Amortization of actuarial gain (loss) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | | | | (2 | ) | | | (1 | ) |
Recognition of actuarial (loss) gain | | | (29 | ) | | | (10 | ) | | | (12 | ) | | | 20 | | | | (1 | ) | | | (10 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Current year prior service cost | | | 28 | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit | | | (6 | ) | | | (4 | ) | | | (6 | ) | | | 1 | | | | 1 | | | | 1 | | | | 5 | | | | 6 | | | | 5 | |
Total recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income | | $ | 9 | | | $ | (119 | ) | | $ | 77 | | | $ | 5 | | | $ | (7 | ) | | $ | (24 | ) | | $ | (199 | ) | | $ | (101 | ) | | $ | 62 | |
12. Employee Retirement Plans (Continued)
Corning uses a hypothetical yield curve and associated spot rate curve to discount the plan’s projected benefit payments. Once the present value of projected benefit payments is calculated, the suggested discount rate is equal to the level rate that results in the same present value. The yield curve is based on actual high-quality corporate bonds across the full maturity spectrum, which also includes private placements and eurobonds that are denominated in U.S. currency. The curve is developed from yields on hundreds of bonds from four grading sources, Moody’s, S&P, Fitch and the Dominion Bond Rating Service. A bond will be included if at least half of the grades from these sources are Aa, non-callable bonds. The very highest 10% yields and the lowest 40% yields are excluded from the curve to eliminate outliers in the bond population.
Mortality is one of the key assumptions used in valuing liabilities of retirement plans. It is used to assign a probability of payment for benefits that are contingent upon participants’ survival. To make this assumption, benefit plan sponsors typically use a base mortality table and an improvement scale to mortality rates for future anticipated changes to historical death rates.
As of December 31, 2021, Corning updated the adjustment factors applied to its base mortality assumption (PRI-2012 white collar table and PRI-2012 blue collar table for non-union and union participants, respectively) to value its U.S. benefit plan obligation, with no change in 2022. In addition, Corning also updated to the MP-2020 projection scale and the mortality assumption applied to disabled participants (PRI-2012 disabled mortality base table with future improvements using MP-2020) for the year ended December 31, 2020, with no change in 2021 or 2022. As the Society of Actuaries publishes additional mortality improvement scales and base mortality tables, Corning considers these revised schedules in setting its mortality assumptions.
Measurement of postretirement benefit expense is based on assumptions used to value the postretirement benefit obligation at the beginning of the year.
The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations:
| | Pension benefits | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Domestic | | | International | | | Postretirement benefits | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Discount rate | | | 5.50 | % | | | 2.87 | % | | | 2.50 | % | | | 2.46 | % | | | 1.20 | % | | | 1.02 | % | | | 5.58 | % | | | 2.99 | % | | | 2.69 | % |
Rate of compensation increase | | | 3.48 | % | | | 3.50 | % | | | 4.16 | % | | | 3.73 | % | | | 3.63 | % | | | 3.55 | % | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash balance crediting rate | | | 4.14 | % | | | 3.86 | % | | | 3.84 | % | | | 0.82 | % | | | 0.91 | % | | | 0.94 | % | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Employee contributions crediting rate | | | 4.62 | % | | | 1.57 | % | | | 0.62 | % | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit expense (income):
| | Pension benefits | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Domestic | | | International | | | Postretirement benefits | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Discount rate | | | 2.88 | % | | | 2.50 | % | | | 3.28 | % | | | 1.20 | % | | | 1.02 | % | | | 1.34 | % | | | 2.99 | % | | | 2.69 | % | | | 3.41 | % |
Expected return on plan assets | | | 6.00 | % | | | 6.00 | % | | | 6.00 | % | | | 1.64 | % | | | 1.26 | % | | | 1.71 | % | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Rate of compensation increase | | | 3.50 | % | | | 4.16 | % | | | 3.50 | % | | | 3.63 | % | | | 3.55 | % | | | 2.96 | % | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash balance crediting rate | | | 3.86 | % | | | 3.84 | % | | | 3.94 | % | | | 0.91 | % | | | 0.94 | % | | | 0.97 | % | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Employee contributions crediting rate | | | 1.57 | % | | | 0.62 | % | | | 2.03 | % | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The following table presents the assumed health care trend rates:
Assumed health care trend rates as of December 31 | | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year (pre-65 / post-65 retirees) | | 7.00% / 4.25% | | | 6.25% / 6.25% | |
Ultimate health care trend rate | | 5 | % | | 5 | % |
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate | | 2031 | | | 2027 | |
12. Employee Retirement Plans (Continued)
Plan Assets
The Company’s primary objective is to ensure the plan has sufficient return on assets to fund the plan’s current and future obligations as they become due. Investments are primarily made in public securities to ensure adequate liquidity to support benefit payments. Domestic and international stocks provide diversification to the portfolio. The target allocation range equity investment is 40% which includes large, mid and small-cap companies and investments in both developed and emerging markets. The target allocation for bond investments is 60%, which predominately includes corporate bonds. Long-duration fixed income assets are utilized to mitigate the sensitivity of funding ratios to changes in interest rates.
The following table presents the fair values of domestic defined benefit and post-retirement benefit plan assets, by asset category (in millions):
| | December 31, 2022 | | | December 31, 2021 | |
| | Total | | | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Level 3 | | | Total | | | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Level 3 | |
Equity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
U.S. companies | | $ | 1,168 | | | $ | 63 | | | $ | 1,105 | | | | | | | $ | 977 | | | $ | 20 | | | $ | 957 | | | | | |
International companies | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 234 | | | | | | | | 234 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Fixed income: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
U.S. treasury bonds | | | 400 | | | | 400 | | | | | | | | | | | | 256 | | | | 256 | | | | | | | | | |
U.S. corporate bonds | | | 1,060 | | | | | | | | 1,060 | | | | | | | | 1,770 | | | | | | | | 1,770 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Preferred securities | | | 1 | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | 11 | | | | | | | | 11 | | | | | |
Private equity (1) | | | 24 | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 24 | | | | 41 | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 41 | |
Real estate (2) | | | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | | | | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | |
Cash equivalents | | | 28 | | | | 28 | | | | | | | | | | | | 308 | | | | 308 | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | $ | 2,688 | | | $ | 491 | | | $ | 2,166 | | | $ | 31 | | | $ | 3,607 | | | $ | 584 | | | $ | 2,972 | | | $ | 51 | |
(1) | This category includes venture capital, leverage buyouts and distressed debt limited partnerships invested primarily in U.S. companies. The inputs are valued by discounted cash flow analysis and comparable sale analysis. |
(2) | This category includes industrial, office, apartments, hotels, infrastructure and retail investments which are limited partnerships predominately in the U.S. The inputs are valued by discounted cash flow analysis; comparable sale analysis and periodic external appraisals. |
The following table presents the fair values of international defined benefit plan assets, by asset category (in millions):
| | December 31, 2022 | | | December 31, 2021 | |
| | Total | | | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Level 3 | | | Total | | | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Level 3 | |
Fixed income: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
International fixed income | | $ | 87 | | | $ | 87 | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 500 | | | $ | 416 | | | $ | 84 | | | | | |
Insurance contracts | | | 192 | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 192 | | | | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 2 | |
Mortgages | | | 42 | | | | | | | | | | | | 42 | | | | 22 | | | | | | | | | | | | 22 | |
Cash equivalents | | | 48 | | | | 48 | | | | | | | | | | | | 60 | | | | 60 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other | | | 12 | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total | | $ | 381 | | | $ | 136 | | | $ | - | | | $ | 245 | | | $ | 584 | | | $ | 476 | | | $ | 84 | | | $ | 24 | |
12. Employee Retirement Plans (Continued)
The following table presents the changes in the fair value of the defined benefit plans’ Level 3 assets (in millions):
| | Domestic | | | International | |
| | Private equity | | | Real estate | | | Mortgages | | | Insurance contracts | | | Other | |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | | $ | 51 | | | $ | 140 | | | $ | 20 | | | $ | 3 | | | | | |
Actual return on plan assets relating to assets still held at the reporting date | | | 21 | | | | 1 | | | | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
Actual return on plan assets relating to assets sold during the reporting period | | | | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Asset (sales) purchases | | | (31 | ) | | | (135 | ) | | | | | | | (1 | ) | | | | |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | | $ | 41 | | | $ | 10 | | | $ | 22 | | | $ | 2 | | | | | |
Actual return on plan assets relating to assets still held at the reporting date | | | (8 | ) | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | |
Actual return on plan assets relating to assets sold during the reporting period | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | |
Asset (sales) purchases | | | (9 | ) | | | (3 | ) | | | 18 | | | | 190 | | | $ | 11 | |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | | $ | 24 | | | $ | 7 | | | $ | 42 | | | $ | 192 | | | $ | 11 | |
Credit Risk
54% of domestic plan assets are invested in bonds with an average credit rating of AA-. These bonds are subject to both credit and default risk and changes in the risk could lead to a decline in the value of these bonds.
Liquidity Risk
1% of the domestic securities are invested in Level 3 securities. These are long-term investments in private equity and private real estate investments that may not mature or be sellable in the near-term without significant loss.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the amount of Corning common stock included in equity securities was not significant.
Cash Flow Data
The following table presents the gross benefit payments expected to be paid for domestic and international defined benefit pension plans and the postretirement medical and life plans (in millions):
| | Expected benefit payments | |
| | Domestic pension benefits | | | International pension benefits | | | Postretirement benefits | |
2023 | | $ | 242 | | | $ | 27 | | | $ | 29 | |
2024 | | $ | 243 | | | $ | 34 | | | $ | 29 | |
2025 | | $ | 254 | | | $ | 34 | | | $ | 30 | |
2026 | | $ | 260 | | | $ | 38 | | | $ | 30 | |
2027 | | $ | 265 | | | $ | 38 | | | $ | 31 | |
2028-2032 | | $ | 1,393 | | | $ | 213 | | | $ | 156 | |
Other Benefit Plans
Corning offers defined contribution plans covering employees meeting certain eligibility requirements. Total consolidated defined contribution plan expense was $117 million, $98 million and $76 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
13. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees
Guarantees
The Company is required, at the time a guarantee is issued, to recognize a liability for the fair value or market value of the obligation it assumes. In the normal course of business, the Company does not routinely provide significant third-party guarantees. Generally, third-party guarantees provided by Corning are limited to certain financial guarantees, including stand-by letters of credit and performance bonds, and the incurrence of contingent liabilities in the form of purchase price adjustments related to attainment of milestones. These guarantees have various terms and none of these guarantees are individually significant. The Company believes a significant majority of these guarantees and contingent liabilities will expire without being funded.
Purchase Commitments
Purchase obligations are enforceable and legally binding obligations. The Company has purchase commitments primarily for raw materials and energy-related take-or-pay contracts. Commitments made under these obligations as of December 31, 2022 are as follows (in millions):
| | Amount of commitment expiration per period | |
| | Less than 1 year | | | 1 to 3 years | | | 3 to 5 years | | | 5 years and thereafter | |
Purchase obligations | | $ | 230 | | | $ | 212 | | | $ | 102 | | | $ | 453 | |
Litigation, Environmental and Indemnifications
Corning is a defendant in various lawsuits and is subject to various claims that arise in the normal course of business, the most significant of which are summarized below. In the opinion of management, the likelihood that the ultimate disposition of these matters will have a material adverse effect on Corning’s consolidated financial position, liquidity, or results of operations, is remote.
Dow Corning Chapter 11 Related Matters
Until June 1, 2016, Corning and The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) each owned 50% of the common stock of Dow Corning Corporation (“Dow Corning”). On May 31, 2016, Corning and Dow realigned their ownership interest in Dow Corning. Following the realignment, Corning no longer owned any interest in Dow Corning. With the realignment, Corning agreed to indemnify Dow for 50% of Dow Corning’s non-ordinary course, pre-closing liabilities to the extent such liabilities exceed the amounts reserved for them by Dow Corning as of May 31, 2016, subject to certain conditions and limits. Corning does not believe that its indemnity obligation will be material.
Dow Corning Environmental Claims
In September 2019, Dow formally notified Corning of certain environmental matters for which Dow asserts that it has or will experience losses arising from remediation and response at a number of sites. In the event Dow is liable for these claims, Corning may be required to indemnify Dow for up to 50% of that liability, subject to certain conditions and limits. As of December 31, 2022, Corning has determined a potential liability for these environmental matters is probable, and the amount reserved is not material.
Environmental Litigation
Corning has been designated by federal or state governments under environmental laws, including Superfund, as a potentially responsible party that may be liable for cleanup costs associated with 19 hazardous waste sites. It is Corning’s policy to accrue for its estimated liability related to such hazardous waste sites and other environmental liabilities related to property owned by Corning based on expert analysis and continual monitoring by both internal and external consultants. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Corning had accrued approximately $109 million and $55 million, respectively, for the estimated undiscounted liability for environmental cleanup and related litigation. Based upon the information developed to date, management believes that the accrued reserve is a reasonable estimate of the Company’s liability.
14. Hedging Activities
Corning is primarily exposed to foreign currency risks due to fluctuations in exchange rates. These fluctuations affect the Company’s financial instruments and transactions denominated in foreign currencies, which impact earnings.
The most significant foreign currency exposures relate to the Japanese yen, South Korean won, new Taiwan dollar, Chinese yuan, the euro and British pound. Corning seeks to mitigate the impact of exchange rate movements in the income statement by using over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivative instruments including foreign exchange forward and option contracts. In general, the expirations of these contracts coincide with the timing of the underlying foreign currency commitments and transactions.
Corning is exposed to potential losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to these derivative contracts. However, this risk is minimized by maintaining a portfolio with a diverse group of highly-rated major financial institutions. The Company does not expect to record any losses due to counterparty default. Neither the Company nor its counterparties are required to post collateral for these financial instruments. The Company qualified for and elected the end-user exception to the mandatory swap clearing requirement of the Dodd-Frank Act.
Designated Hedges
Corning uses OTC foreign exchange forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges to reduce the risk that movements in exchange rates will adversely affect the net cash flows resulting from the sale of products to customers and purchases from suppliers. The total gross notional values for foreign currency cash flow hedges are $419 million and $780 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, with maturities through 2024. Corning defers gains and losses related to the cash flow hedges into accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheets until the hedged item impacts earnings. As of December 31, 2022, the amount expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months is a pre-tax gain of $20 million.
Corning has entered into leases of precious metals, with maturities through 2025. To offset the risk of changes in the fair value of the Company’s separate accounting pool of leased precious metals due to adverse changes in the respective market prices, Corning designated the bifurcated embedded derivatives included in these leases as fair value hedges. The gain or loss on the derivatives, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in current earnings. The amounts representing the time value component of the derivatives are excluded from the assessment of effectiveness and amortized in earnings. The impact of the excluded component on Corning’s other comprehensive income and earnings is not material. The carrying amount of the leased precious metals pool, which is included within property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation in the consolidated balance sheets, is $278 million and $107 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The carrying amount of the leased precious metals pool includes cumulative fair value losses of $95 million and $5 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Corning uses regression analysis or the critical term match method to assess initial hedge effectiveness. Following the inception of a hedging relationship, hedge effectiveness is assessed quarterly based on qualitative factors.
Undesignated Hedges
Corning uses OTC foreign exchange forward and option contracts not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes to offset economic currency risks. The undesignated hedges limit exposure to foreign functional currency fluctuations related to certain subsidiaries’ monetary assets, monetary liabilities and net earnings in foreign currencies.
A significant portion of the Company’s non-U.S. revenue and expenses are denominated in Japanese yen, South Korean won, new Taiwan dollar, Chinese yuan and euro. When this revenue and these expenses are translated back to U.S. dollars, the Company is exposed to foreign exchange rate movements. To protect translated earnings against movements in these currencies, the Company has entered into a series of average rate forwards and option contracts. Most of these contracts hedge a significant portion of the Company’s exposure to the Japanese yen, with maturities through 2024, and South Korean won, with maturities through 2026.
14. Hedging Activities (Continued)
The following table summarizes the total gross notional value for translated earnings contracts as of
December 31, 2022 and
2021 (in billions):
| | | | | | | | |
| | Year ended December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
Average rate forward contracts: | | | | | | | | |
Japanese yen-denominated | | $ | 0.1 | | | $ | 2.9 | |
South Korean won-denominated | | | 2.1 | | | | 1.2 | |
Other foreign currencies (1) | | | 0.7 | | | | 0.3 | |
Option contracts: | | | | | | | | |
Japanese yen-denominated (2) | | | 4.6 | | | | 3.6 | |
Other foreign currencies (3) | | | | | | | 0.9 | |
Total gross notional value for translated earning contracts | | $ | 7.5 | | | $ | 8.9 | |
(1) | Denominational currencies for average rate forward contracts include the Chinese yuan, New Taiwan dollar, euro and British pound. |
(2) | Japanese yen-denominated option contracts include purchased put and call options and zero-cost collars. With respect to the zero-cost collars, the gross notional amount includes the value of the put and call options. However, due to the nature of zero-cost collars, only the put or the call option can be exercised at maturity. |
(3) | Other foreign currencies option contracts are purchased basket options that include a basket of underlying currencies, including the Japanese yen, South Korean won, Chinese yuan, euro and British pound, and each basket option have been settled against U.S. dollars. |
The fair values of these derivative contracts are recorded as either assets (gain position) or liabilities (loss position) on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of the derivative contracts are recorded currently in earnings within translated earnings contract gain (loss), net in the consolidated statements of income.
The following table summarizes the notional amounts and respective fair values of Corning’s derivative financial instruments on a gross basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in millions):
| | | | | | | | | Asset derivatives | | Liability derivatives | |
| | Notional amount | | | | Fair value | | | | Fair value | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | Balance sheet location | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | Balance sheet location | | 2022 | | | 2021 | |
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign exchange and precious metals lease contracts (1) | | $ | 419 | | | $ | 780 | | Other current assets | | $ | 26 | | | $ | 49 | | Other accrued liabilities | | $ | (1 | ) | | $ | (2 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | Other assets | | | 78 | | | | 10 | | Other liabilities | | | | | | | (9 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Foreign exchange contracts | | | 2,231 | | | | 3,864 | | Other current assets | | | 44 | | | | 91 | | Other accrued liabilities | | | (49 | ) | | | (95 | ) |
Translated earnings contracts | | | 7,543 | | | | 8,899 | | Other current assets | | | 384 | | | | 196 | | Other accrued liabilities | | | (124 | ) | | | (47 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | Other assets | | | 146 | | | | 154 | | Other liabilities | | | (17 | ) | | | (40 | ) |
Total derivatives | | $ | 10,193 | | | $ | 13,543 | | | | $ | 678 | | | $ | 500 | | | | $ | (191 | ) | | $ | (193 | ) |
(1) | As of December 31, 2022, derivatives designated as hedging instruments include foreign exchange cash flow hedges with gross notional amounts of $419 million and fair value hedges of leased precious metals with a gross notional amount of 23,152 troy ounces. As of December 31, 2021, derivatives designated as hedging instruments include foreign exchange cash flow hedges with gross notional amounts of $780 million and fair value hedges of leased precious metals with a gross notional amount of 7,559 troy ounces. Other assets include designated derivatives pertaining to precious metals lease contracts in the amounts of $64 million and $5 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. |
14. Hedging Activities (Continued)
The following tables summarize the effect in the consolidated statements of income relating to Corning’s derivative financial instruments (in millions). The accumulated derivative gain included in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is $19 million and $52 million, respectively.
Derivatives hedging relationships | | Gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) | | Location of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income | | Gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income | |
for cash flow and fair value hedges | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | | effective (ineffective) | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Net sales | | $ | 52 | | | $ | 14 | | | $ | (6 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost of sales | | | 32 | | | | 39 | | | | 13 | |
Foreign exchange and precious metals lease contracts | | $ | 52 | | | $ | 47 | | | $ | (19 | ) | Other income (expense), net (1) | | | (3 | ) | | | (1 | ) | | | (14 | ) |
Total cash flow and fair value hedges | | $ | 52 | | | $ | 47 | | | $ | (19 | ) | | | $ | 81 | | | $ | 52 | | | $ | (7 | ) |
| | | Gain (loss) recognized in income | |
Undesignated derivatives | Location of gain (loss) recognized in income | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Foreign exchange contracts | Other income (expense), net | | $ | 46 | | | $ | 38 | | | $ | (93 | ) |
Translated earnings contracts | Translated earnings contract gain (loss), net | | | 351 | | | | 354 | | | | (38 | ) |
Total undesignated | | $ | 397 | | | $ | 392 | | | $ | (131 | ) |
(1) | A loss of $14 million was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into other income (expense), net, resulting from the de-designation of certain cash flow hedges during the year ended December 31, 2020. |
15. Fair Value Measurements
The following table provides the fair value measurement information for the Company’s major categories of financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis (in millions):
| | | | | | Fair value measurements at reporting date | | | | | | | Fair value measurements at reporting date | |
| | December 31, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2022 | | | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Level 3 | | | 2021 | | | Level 1 | | | Level 2 | | | Level 3 | |
Current assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other current assets (1) | | $ | 505 | | | $ | 2 | | | $ | 454 | | | $ | 49 | | | $ | 352 | | | $ | 10 | | | $ | 336 | | | $ | 6 | |
Non-current assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other assets (1) | | $ | 225 | | | | | | | $ | 224 | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | 175 | | | | | | | $ | 164 | | | $ | 11 | |
Current liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other accrued liabilities (1) | | $ | 174 | | | | | | | $ | 174 | | | | | | | $ | 144 | | | | | | | $ | 144 | | | | | |
Non-current liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other liabilities (1) | | $ | 34 | | | | | | | $ | 34 | | | | | | | $ | 66 | | | | | | | $ | 66 | | | | | |
(1) | Derivative assets and liabilities include foreign exchange and precious metals lease contracts which are measured using observable inputs for similar assets and liabilities. |
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Non-Recurring Basis
There were no significant financial assets or liabilities measured on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
16. Shareholders’ Equity
Common Stock Dividends
On February 8, 2023, Corning’s Board of Directors declared a $0.28 per share common stock dividend.
Fixed Rate Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A
The Company had 2,300 outstanding shares of Fixed Rate Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, Series A (the “Preferred Stock”) as of December 31, 2020. On January 16, 2021, the Preferred Stock became convertible into 115 million common shares. On April 5, 2021 Corning and Samsung Display Co., Ltd. (“SDC”) executed the Share Repurchase Agreement (“SRA”), and the Preferred Stock was fully converted as of April 8, 2021. Immediately following the conversion, Corning repurchased and retired 35 million of the common shares held by SDC for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.5 billion, of which approximately $507 million was paid on both April 8, 2022 and 2021. The remaining payment of approximately $507 million will be paid on April 8, 2023. The 35 million common shares repurchased by Corning were excluded from the weighted-average common shares outstanding for the calculation of the Company’s basic and diluted earnings per share starting on April 8, 2021.
The remaining 80 million common shares were accounted for as a conversion of Preferred Stock and resulted in an increase of common stock and additional paid-in-capital based on the carrying value of the Preferred Stock. These common shares were included in the weighted-average common shares outstanding for the calculation of the Company’s basic and diluted earnings per share.
Pursuant to the SRA, with respect to the 80 million common shares outstanding held by SDC:
• | SDC has the option to sell an additional 22 million common shares to Corning in specified tranches from time to time in calendar years 2024 through 2027. Corning may, at its sole discretion, elect to repurchase such common shares. If Corning elects not to repurchase the common shares and SDC sells the common shares on the open market, Corning will be required to pay SDC a make-whole payment, subject to a 5% cap of the repurchase proceeds that otherwise would have been paid by Corning. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the fair value of the option was $17 million, when measured using significant other observable inputs. |
• | The remaining 58 million shares of common shares are subject to a seven-year lock-up period expiring in 2027. |
Share Repurchase Program
In 2019, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $5.0 billion of additional common stock upon the completion of the 2018 repurchase plan (“2019 Authorization”).
In addition to the common shares repurchased under the SRA as discussed above, the Company repurchased 6.0 million, 7.3 million and 4.1 million shares of common stock under its 2019 Authorization for approximately $221 million, $274 million and $105 million, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2022, approximately $3.3 billion remains available under the Company’s 2019 Authorization.
16. Shareholders’ Equity (Continued)
The following table presents changes in capital stock (in millions):
| | Common stock | | | Treasury stock | |
| | Shares | | | Par value | | | Shares | | | Cost | |
Balance as of December 31, 2019 | | | 1,718 | | | $ | 859 | | | | (956 | ) | | $ | (19,812 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Shares issued to benefit plans and for option exercises | | | 8 | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
Shares purchased for treasury | | | | | | | | | | | (4 | ) | | | (105 | ) |
Other, net (1) | | | | | | | | | | | (1 | ) | | | (11 | ) |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | | | 1,726 | | | $ | 863 | | | | (961 | ) | | $ | (19,928 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Shares issued to benefit plans and for option exercises | | | 9 | | | | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
Shares purchased for treasury | | | | | | | | | | | (7 | ) | | | (274 | ) |
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock | | | 115 | | | | 58 | | | | | | | | | |
Repurchase of converted common stock | | | (35 | ) | | | (18 | ) | | | | | | | | |
Other, net (1) | | | | | | | | | | | (2 | ) | | | (61 | ) |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | | | 1,815 | | | $ | 907 | | | | (970 | ) | | $ | (20,263 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Shares issued to benefit plans and for option exercises | | | 5 | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
Shares purchased for treasury | | | | | | | | | | | (6 | ) | | | (221 | ) |
Other, net (1) | | | | | | | | | | | (1 | ) | | | (48 | ) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | | | 1,820 | | | $ | 910 | | | | (977 | ) | | $ | (20,532 | ) |
(1) | Includes the deemed surrender to the Company of common stock to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations |
16. Shareholders’ Equity (Continued)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The following table presents the changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, including the proportionate share of equity method investee’s accumulated other comprehensive loss (in millions) (1):
| | Foreign currency translation adjustments and other | | | Unamortized actuarial gains (losses) and prior service (costs) credits | | | Net unrealized losses on investments | | | Realized and unrealized (losses) gains on derivatives | | | Accumulated other comprehensive loss | |
Balance as of December 31, 2019 | | $ | (857 | ) | | $ | (362 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | 51 | | | $ | (1,171 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (2) | | $ | 511 | | | $ | (106 | ) | | | | | | $ | (14 | ) | | $ | 391 | |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (5) | | | | | | | 18 | | | | | | | | 5 | | | | 23 | |
Equity method affiliates (6) | | | 17 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17 | |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) | | | 528 | | | | (88 | ) | | | — | | | | (9 | ) | | | 431 | |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | | $ | (329 | ) | | $ | (450 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | 42 | | | $ | (740 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications (3) | | $ | (582 | ) | | $ | 178 | | | | | | | $ | 43 | | | $ | (361 | ) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss (5) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (52 | ) | | | (52 | ) |
Equity method affiliates (6) | | | (22 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (22 | ) |
Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income | | | (604 | ) | | | 178 | | | | — | | | | (9 | ) | | | (435 | ) |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | | $ | (933 | ) | | $ | (272 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | 33 | | | $ | (1,175 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications (4) | | $ | (762 | ) | | $ | 151 | | | | | | | $ | 31 | | | $ | (580 | ) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (5) | | | | | | | 3 | | | | | | | | (61 | ) | | | (58 | ) |
Equity method affiliates (6) | | | (17 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (17 | ) |
Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income | | | (779 | ) | | | 154 | | | | — | | | | (30 | ) | | | (655 | ) |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | | $ | (1,712 | ) | | $ | (118 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | 3 | | | $ | (1,830 | ) |
(1) | All amounts are after tax. Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to accumulated other comprehensive loss. |
(2) | Amounts are net of total tax expense of $22 million, primarily driven by $55 million related to foreign currency translation adjustments; embedded in this number are positive impacts of $5 million related to the hedging component and $28 million related to retirement plans. |
(3) | Amounts are net of total tax expense of $4 million, primarily driven by $51 million related to retirement plans, offset by positive impacts of $44 million and $3 million related to foreign currency translation adjustments and the hedging component, respectively. |
(4) | Amounts are net of total tax benefit of $22 million, primarily driven by $29 million and $24 million related to foreign currency translation adjustments and the hedging component, respectively, offset by negative impacts of $31 million related to retirement plans. |
(5) | Tax effect of reclassifications are disclosed separately within the footnote. |
(6) | Tax effects related to equity method affiliates are not significant in the reported periods. |
16. Shareholders’ Equity (Continued)
The following table presents reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) by component (in millions) (1):
| | Amount reclassified from AOCI | | | Affected line item | |
| | Year ended December 31, | | | in the consolidated | |
Details about AOCI Components | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | | | statements of income | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Amortization of net actuarial loss | | $ | (4 | ) | | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | (23 | ) | | (2) | | |
Amortization of prior service credit | | | | | | | 3 | | | | | | | (2) | | |
| | | (4 | ) | | | — | | | | (23 | ) | | Total before tax | |
| | | 1 | | | | | | | | 5 | | | Tax benefit | |
| | $ | (3 | ) | | $ | — | | | $ | (18 | ) | | Net of tax | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Realized gains (losses) on designated hedges | | $ | 52 | | | $ | 14 | | | $ | (6 | ) | | Sales | |
| | | 32 | | | | 39 | | | | 13 | | | Cost of sales | |
| | | (3 | ) | | | | | | | (14 | ) | | Other expense, net | |
| | | 81 | | | | 53 | | | | (7 | ) | | Total before tax | |
| | | (20 | ) | | | (1 | ) | | | 2 | | | Tax (expense) benefit | |
| | $ | 61 | | | $ | 52 | | | $ | (5 | ) | | Net of tax | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Total reclassifications for the period | | $ | 58 | | | $ | 52 | | | $ | (23 | ) | | Net of tax | |
(1) | Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to the statement of income. |
(2) | These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in net periodic pension cost. Refer to Note 12 (Employee Retirement Plans) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional details. |
17. Earnings Per Common Share
Basic earnings per common share are computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per common share assumes the issuance of common shares for all potentially dilutive securities outstanding.
The following table presents the reconciliation of the amounts used to compute basic and diluted earnings per common share from operations (in millions, except per share amounts):
|
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
|
|
2022 |
|
|
2021 |
|
|
2020 |
|
Net income attributable to Corning Incorporated |
|
$ |
1,316 |
|
|
$ |
1,906 |
|
|
$ |
512 |
|
Less: Series A convertible preferred stock dividend |
|
|
|
|
|
|
24 |
|
|
|
98 |
|
Less: Excess consideration paid for redemption of preferred shares (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
803 |
|
|
|
|
|
Net income available to common shareholders - basic |
|
|
1,316 |
|
|
|
1,079 |
|
|
|
414 |
|
Net income available to common shareholders - diluted |
|
$ |
1,316 |
|
|
$ |
1,079 |
|
|
$ |
414 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic |
|
|
843 |
|
|
|
828 |
|
|
|
761 |
|
Effect of dilutive securities: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stock options and other dilutive securities |
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
16 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted |
|
|
857 |
|
|
|
844 |
|
|
|
772 |
|
Basic earnings per common share |
|
$ |
1.56 |
|
|
$ |
1.30 |
|
|
$ |
0.54 |
|
Diluted earnings per common share |
|
$ |
1.54 |
|
|
$ |
1.28 |
|
|
$ |
0.54 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Anti-dilutive potential shares excluded from diluted earnings per common share: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Series A convertible preferred stock dividend (1)(2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
115 |
|
Employee stock options and awards |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
Total |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
117 |
|
(1) |
Refer to Note 16 (Shareholders’ Equity) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information. |
(2) |
For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Preferred Stock was anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. |
18. Share-Based Compensation
The following table presents share-based compensation cost and the unrecognized compensation cost by award type (in millions):
| | Amount of share-based compensation cost recognized | | | Unrecognized compensation cost | | | Weighted-average remaining term in years | |
| | Year ended December 31, | | | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | | | 2022 | |
Time-based restricted stock and restricted stock units | | $ | 111 | | | $ | 94 | | | $ | 95 | | | $ | 150 | | | | 2.7 | |
Performance-based restricted stock units | | | 52 | | | | 79 | | | | 81 | | | | 17 | | | | 1.4 | |
Stock Options | | | 7 | | | | 9 | | | | 23 | | | | 2 | | | | 0.4 | |
Other | | | 5 | | | | 8 | | | | 8 | | | | | | | | | |
Total share-based compensation cost (1) | | $ | 175 | | | $ | 190 | | | $ | 207 | | | | | | | | | |
(1) | The income tax benefit realized from share-based compensation was $16 million, $37 million and $12 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. |
As of December 31, 2022, there were approximately 32 million unissued common shares available for future grants authorized under the Plans.
Incentive Stock Plans
Time-Based Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
The following table summarizes the changes in non-vested time-based restricted stock and restricted stock units during the year ended December 31, 2022:
| | Number of shares (in thousands) | | | Weighted-average grant-date fair value | |
Non-vested shares and share units as of December 31, 2021 | | | 10,594 | | | $ | 25.83 | |
Granted | | | 4,680 | | | | 33.82 | |
Vested | | | (3,626 | ) | | | 25.44 | |
Forfeited | | | (349 | ) | | | 28.44 | |
Non-vested shares and share units as of December 31, 2022 | | | 11,299 | | | $ | 29.19 | |
The total fair value of time-based restricted stock and restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $93 million, $88 million and $38 million, respectively.
18. Share-Based Compensation (Continued)
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units
The following table summarizes the changes in non-vested performance-based restricted stock units during the year ended December 31, 2022:
| | Number of shares (in thousands) | | | Weighted-average grant-date fair value | |
Non-vested share units as of December 31, 2021 | | | 3,684 | | | $ | 34.17 | |
Granted | | | 1,764 | | | | 40.74 | |
Vested | | | (140 | ) | | | 32.21 | |
Performance adjustments | | | (556 | ) | | | 38.77 | |
Forfeited | | | (56 | ) | | | 34.50 | |
Non-vested share units as of December 31, 2022 | | | 4,696 | | | $ | 35.41 | |
The total fair value of performance-based restricted stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $5 million and $3 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2020, there were no performance-based restricted stock units that vested.
Stock Options
The following table summarizes information concerning stock options as of December 31, 2022 and the related activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:
| | Number of shares (in thousands) | | | Weighted-average exercise price | | | Weighted-average remaining contractual term in years | | | Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands) | |
Options Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 | | | 11,904 | | | $ | 22.31 | | | | | | | | | |
Exercised | | | (2,010 | ) | | | 19.80 | | | | | | | | | |
Forfeited and expired | | | (229 | ) | | | 18.66 | | | | | | | | | |
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | | | 9,665 | | | | 22.92 | | | | 5.78 | | | $ | 89,986 | |
Options expected to vest as of December 31, 2022 | | | 9,650 | | | | 22.92 | | | | 5.78 | | | | 89,805 | |
Options exercisable as of December 31, 2022 | | | 7,895 | | | | 23.65 | | | | 5.43 | | | | 68,233 | |
The aggregate intrinsic value (market value of stock less option exercise price) in the preceding table represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on the Company’s closing stock price as of December 30, 2022, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their “in-the-money” options as of that date.
There were no options granted in 2022 or 2021. The weighted-average grant-date fair value for options granted during the year ended December 31, 2020 was $3.67. The total fair value of options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $20 million, $16 million and $31 million, respectively.
Proceeds received from the exercise of stock options were $40 million, with a corresponding realized tax benefit of $5 million, for the year ended December 31, 2022. The total intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $36 million, $100 million and $99 million, respectively.
18. Share-Based Compensation (Continued)
The following inputs were used for the valuation of option grants under the stock option plans awarded during 2020:
Expected volatility and Weighted-average volatility | | | 32.9 | % |
Expected dividends | | | 4.48 | % |
Risk-free rate and Average risk-free rate | | | 0.5 | % |
Expected term (in years) | | | 7.4 | |
Pre-vesting executive departure rate | | | 0.6 | % |
Pre-vesting non-executive departure rate | | | 2.5 | % |
19. Reportable Segments
The Company has determined that it has five reportable segments for financial reporting purposes, as follows:
• | Optical Communications – manufactures carrier network and enterprise network components for the telecommunications industry. |
• | Display Technologies – manufactures glass substrates for flat panel liquid crystal displays and other high-performance display panels. |
• | Specialty Materials – manufactures products that provide material formulations for glass, glass ceramics and fluoride crystals to meet demand for unique customer needs. |
• | Environmental Technologies – manufactures ceramic substrates and filters for emission control systems. |
• | Life Sciences – manufactures glass and plastic labware, equipment, media, serum and reagents enabling workflow solutions for drug discovery and bioproduction. |
All other businesses that do not meet the quantitative threshold for separate reporting have been grouped as Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses. The net sales for this group are primarily attributable to HSG, which is an operating segment that produces solar and semiconductor products. The emerging growth businesses primarily consist of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Auto Glass Solutions and the Emerging Innovations Group.
Financial results for the reportable segments and Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses are prepared on a basis consistent with the internal disaggregation of financial information to assist the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in making internal operating decisions. As a significant portion of segment revenues and expenses are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, management believes it is important to understand the impact on segment net sales and segment net income of translating these currencies into U.S. dollars. Therefore, the Company utilizes constant-currency reporting for Display Technologies, Specialty Materials, Environmental Technologies and Life Sciences segments to exclude the impact on segment sales and segment net income (loss) from the Japanese yen, South Korean won, Chinese yuan, new Taiwan dollar and the euro, as applicable to the segment. The most significant constant-currency adjustment relates to the Japanese yen exposure within the Display Technologies segment. Management utilizes constant-currency reporting based on internally-derived rates, as detailed below, which are closely aligned with the currencies we have hedged.
The Company believes that the use of constant-currency reporting allows management to understand segment results without the volatility of currency fluctuation, analyze underlying trends in the businesses and establish operational goals and forecasts. Further, it reflects the underlying economics of the translated earnings contracts used to mitigate the impact of changes in currency exchange rates on our earnings and cash flows.
Constant-currency rates are as follows and are applied to all periods presented:
Currency | | Japanese yen | | Korean won | | Chinese yuan | | New Taiwan dollar | | Euro |
Rate | | ¥107 | | ₩1,175 | | ¥6.7 | | NT$31 | | €.81 |
19. Reportable Segments (Continued)
In addition, certain income and expenses are excluded from segment net income (loss) and included in the unallocated amounts in the reconciliation of reportable segment net income (loss) to consolidated net income. These items are not used by the CODM in allocating resources or evaluating the results of the segments and include the following: the impact of translating the Japanese yen-denominated debt; the impact of the translated earnings contracts; acquisition-related costs; certain discrete tax items and other tax-related adjustments; restructuring, impairment and other charges and credits; certain litigation, regulatory and other legal matters; pension mark-to-market adjustments; and other non-recurring non-operational items. Although these amounts are excluded from segment results, they are included in reported consolidated results.
Corning's administrative and staff functions are performed on a centralized basis and such costs and expenses are allocated among the segments differently than they would for stand-alone financial reporting purposes. These include certain costs and expenses of shared services, such as information technology, human resources, legal, finance and supply chain management. Expenses that are not allocated to the segments are included in the reconciliation of reportable segment net income to consolidated net income. Segment net income (loss) may not be consistent with measures used by other companies.
The following provides historical segment information as described above:
Segment Information (in millions)
| | Optical Communications | | | Display Technologies | | | Specialty Materials | | | Environmental Technologies | | | Life Sciences | | | Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses (1) | | | Total | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the year ended December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Segment net sales | | $ | 5,023 | | | $ | 3,306 | | | $ | 2,002 | | | $ | 1,584 | | | $ | 1,228 | | | $ | 1,662 | | | $ | 14,805 | |
Depreciation (2) | | $ | 249 | | | $ | 547 | | | $ | 155 | | | $ | 128 | | | $ | 60 | | | $ | 146 | | | $ | 1,285 | |
Research, development and engineering expenses (3) | | $ | 230 | | | $ | 124 | | | $ | 222 | | | $ | 98 | | | $ | 37 | | | $ | 163 | | | $ | 874 | |
Income tax provision (4) | | $ | (180 | ) | | $ | (203 | ) | | $ | (90 | ) | | $ | (78 | ) | | $ | (40 | ) | | $ | (24 | ) | | $ | (615 | ) |
Net income | | $ | 661 | | | $ | 769 | | | $ | 340 | | | $ | 292 | | | $ | 153 | | | $ | 39 | | | $ | 2,254 | |
Investment in affiliated companies, at equity | | $ | 3 | | | $ | 102 | | | $ | 8 | | | | | | | $ | 4 | | | $ | 144 | | | $ | 261 | |
Segment assets (5) | | $ | 3,295 | | | $ | 8,104 | | | $ | 2,419 | | | $ | 2,061 | | | $ | 862 | | | $ | 2,136 | | | $ | 18,877 | |
Capital expenditures | | $ | 368 | | | $ | 495 | | | $ | 306 | | | $ | 110 | | | $ | 116 | | | $ | 218 | | | $ | 1,613 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the year ended December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Segment net sales | | $ | 4,349 | | | $ | 3,700 | | | $ | 2,008 | | | $ | 1,586 | | | $ | 1,234 | | | $ | 1,243 | | | $ | 14,120 | |
Depreciation (2) | | $ | 224 | | | $ | 605 | | | $ | 161 | | | $ | 139 | | | $ | 52 | | | $ | 134 | | | $ | 1,315 | |
Research, development and engineering expenses (3) | | $ | 216 | | | $ | 110 | | | $ | 208 | | | $ | 111 | | | $ | 33 | | | $ | 160 | | | $ | 838 | |
Income tax (provision) benefit (4) | | $ | (152 | ) | | $ | (249 | ) | | $ | (99 | ) | | $ | (72 | ) | | $ | (51 | ) | | $ | 11 | | | $ | (612 | ) |
Net income (loss) | | $ | 553 | | | $ | 960 | | | $ | 371 | | | $ | 269 | | | $ | 194 | | | $ | (51 | ) | | $ | 2,296 | |
Investment in affiliated companies, at equity | | $ | 3 | | | $ | 109 | | | $ | 6 | | | | | | | $ | 4 | | | $ | 142 | | | $ | 264 | |
Segment assets (5) | | $ | 3,183 | | | $ | 8,672 | | | $ | 2,328 | | | $ | 2,150 | | | $ | 791 | | | $ | 2,024 | | | $ | 19,148 | |
Capital expenditures | | $ | 301 | | | $ | 710 | | | $ | 183 | | | $ | 228 | | | $ | 128 | | | $ | 149 | | | $ | 1,699 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
For the year ended December 31, 2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Segment net sales | | $ | 3,563 | | | $ | 3,172 | | | $ | 1,884 | | | $ | 1,370 | | | $ | 998 | | | $ | 465 | | | $ | 11,452 | |
Depreciation (2) | | $ | 242 | | | $ | 548 | | | $ | 162 | | | $ | 132 | | | $ | 50 | | | $ | 81 | | | $ | 1,215 | |
Research, development and engineering expenses (3) | | $ | 204 | | | $ | 99 | | | $ | 155 | | | $ | 100 | | | $ | 26 | | | $ | 170 | | | $ | 754 | |
Income tax (provision) benefit (4) | | $ | (101 | ) | | $ | (190 | ) | | $ | (113 | ) | | $ | (52 | ) | | $ | (37 | ) | | $ | 58 | | | $ | (435 | ) |
Net income (loss) | | $ | 366 | | | $ | 717 | | | $ | 423 | | | $ | 197 | | | $ | 139 | | | $ | (214 | ) | | $ | 1,628 | |
Investment in affiliated companies, at equity | | $ | 3 | | | $ | 107 | | | $ | 4 | | | | | | | $ | 2 | | | $ | 142 | | | $ | 258 | |
Segment assets (5) | | $ | 2,868 | | | $ | 8,842 | | | $ | 2,571 | | | $ | 1,986 | | | $ | 683 | | | $ | 2,157 | | | $ | 19,107 | |
Capital expenditures | | $ | 127 | | | $ | 311 | | | $ | 125 | | | $ | 159 | | | $ | 83 | | | $ | 123 | | | $ | 928 | |
(1) | Corning obtained a controlling interest in HSG during the third quarter of 2020 and has consolidated results in Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses since September 9, 2020. Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. |
(2) | Depreciation expense for Corning’s reportable segments and Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses includes an allocation of depreciation of corporate property not specifically identifiable to a segment. |
(3) | Research, development and engineering expenses include direct project spending that is identifiable to a segment. |
(4) | Income tax (provision) benefit reflects a tax rate of 21%. |
(5) | Segment assets include inventory, accounts receivable, property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, and associated equity companies. |
19. Reportable Segments (Continued)
The following table presents a reconciliation of net sales of reportable segments to consolidated net sales (in millions):
| | Year ended December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Net sales of reportable segments | | $ | 13,143 | | | $ | 12,877 | | | $ | 10,987 | |
Net sales of Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses (1) | | | 1,662 | | | | 1,243 | | | | 465 | |
Impact of constant currency reporting (2) | | | (616 | ) | | | (38 | ) | | | (44 | ) |
Cumulative adjustment related to customer contract (3) | | | | | | | | | | | (105 | ) |
Consolidated net sales | | $ | 14,189 | | | $ | 14,082 | | | $ | 11,303 | |
(1) | Corning obtained a controlling interest in HSG during the third quarter of 2020 and has consolidated results in Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses since September 9, 2020. Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information. |
(2) | This amount primarily represents the impact of foreign currency adjustments in the Display Technologies segment. |
(3) | Amount represents the negative impact of a cumulative adjustment recorded during the first quarter of 2020 to reduce revenue in the amount of $105 million. The adjustment was associated with a previously recorded commercial benefit asset, reflected as a prepayment, to a customer with a long-term supply agreement that substantially exited its production of LCD panels. |
The following table presents a reconciliation of net income of reportable segments to consolidated net income (in millions):
| | Year ended December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Net income of reportable segments | | $ | 2,215 | | | $ | 2,347 | | | $ | 1,842 | |
Net income (loss) of Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses (1) | | | 39 | | | | (51 | ) | | | (214 | ) |
Unallocated amounts: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Impact of constant currency reporting not included in segment net income (loss) | | | (480 | ) | | | (87 | ) | | | (22 | ) |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency hedges related to translated earnings | | | 348 | | | | 354 | | | | (46 | ) |
Translation gain (loss) on Japanese yen-denominated debt | | | 191 | | | | 180 | | | | (86 | ) |
Litigation, regulatory and other legal matters | | | (100 | ) | | | (16 | ) | | | (144 | ) |
Research, development, and engineering expense (2)(3) | | | (163 | ) | | | (151 | ) | | | (150 | ) |
Transaction-related gain, net (4) | | | | | | | | | | | 498 | |
Amortization of intangibles | | | (123 | ) | | | (129 | ) | | | (121 | ) |
Interest expense, net | | | (237 | ) | | | (265 | ) | | | (261 | ) |
Income tax benefit | | | 204 | | | | 120 | | | | 324 | |
Pension mark-to-market | | | (11 | ) | | | (32 | ) | | | (31 | ) |
Cumulative adjustment related to customer contract (5) | | | | | | | | | | | (105 | ) |
Severance (charges) credits (3) | | | (70 | ) | | | 13 | | | | (148 | ) |
Asset impairment (3) | | | | | | | | | | | (217 | ) |
Capacity realignment and other charges and credits (3) | | | (344 | ) | | | (123 | ) | | | (462 | ) |
Bond redemption loss (6) | | | | | | | (31 | ) | | | (22 | ) |
Gain (loss) on investments (7) | | | 8 | | | | (23 | ) | | | 107 | |
Gain on sale of business | | | 53 | | | | 54 | | | | | |
Other corporate items | | | (214 | ) | | | (254 | ) | | | (230 | ) |
Net income | | $ | 1,316 | | | $ | 1,906 | | | $ | 512 | |
(1) | Corning obtained a controlling interest in HSG during the third quarter of 2020 and has consolidated results in Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses since September 9, 2020. Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. |
(2) | Amount does not include research, development and engineering expense related to restructuring, impairment and other charges and credits and pension mark-to-market. |
(3) | Refer to Note 2 (Restructuring, Impairment and Other Charges and Credits) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on restructuring activities and impairment. |
(4) | Amount represents the pre-tax gain recorded on Corning’s previously held equity investment in HSG recorded in 2020. Refer to Note 3 (HSG Transactions and Acquisitions) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. |
(5) | Amount represents the negative impact of a cumulative adjustment to reduce revenue in the amount of $105 million recorded during the first quarter of 2020. The adjustment was associated with a previously recorded commercial benefit asset, reflected as a prepayment, to a customer with a long-term supply agreement that substantially exited its production of LCD panels. |
(6) | Refer to Note 11 (Debt) in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. |
(7) | Amount for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily represents the gain recognized from the initial public offering of an investment. |
19. Reportable Segments (Continued)
The following table presents a reconciliation of total assets of reportable segments to consolidated total assets (in millions):
| | December 31, | |
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
Total assets of reportable segments | | $ | 16,741 | | | $ | 17,124 | | | $ | 16,950 | |
Total assets of Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses | | | 2,136 | | | | 2,024 | | | | 2,157 | |
Unallocated amounts: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Current assets (1) | | | 2,823 | | | | 3,163 | | | | 3,434 | |
Investments (2) | | | 99 | | | | 54 | | | | 177 | |
Property, plant and equipment, net (3) | | | 1,385 | | | | 1,426 | | | | 1,463 | |
Other non-current assets (4) | | | 6,315 | | | | 6,363 | | | | 6,594 | |
Total assets | | $ | 29,499 | | | $ | 30,154 | | | $ | 30,775 | |
(1) | Includes cash, other receivables, prepaid expenses and current portion of long-term derivative assets. |
(2) | Represents other corporate investments. HSG became a fully consolidated subsidiary of Corning on September 9, 2020. |
(3) | Represents corporate property not specifically identifiable to an operating segment. |
(4) | Includes goodwill, other intangible assets, pension assets, long-term derivative assets, operating leases and deferred income taxes. |
19. Reportable Segments (Continued)
The following table presents selected financial information about the Company’s product lines and reportable segments (in millions):
| | Year ended December 31, | |
Revenue from external customers | | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Optical Communications | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Carrier network | | $ | 3,760 | | | $ | 3,200 | | | $ | 2,612 | |
Enterprise network | | | 1,263 | | | | 1,149 | | | | 951 | |
Total Optical Communications | | | 5,023 | | | | 4,349 | | | | 3,563 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Display Technologies | | | 3,306 | | | | 3,700 | | | | 3,172 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Specialty Materials | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Corning® Gorilla® Glass | | | 1,331 | | | | 1,403 | | | | 1,420 | |
Advanced optics and other specialty glass | | | 671 | | | | 605 | | | | 464 | |
Total Specialty Materials | | | 2,002 | | | | 2,008 | | | | 1,884 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Environmental Technologies | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Automotive and other | | | 934 | | | | 936 | | | | 883 | |
Diesel | | | 650 | | | | 650 | | | | 487 | |
Total Environmental Technologies | | | 1,584 | | | | 1,586 | | | | 1,370 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Life Sciences | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Labware | | | 657 | | | | 671 | | | | 552 | |
Cell culture products | | | 571 | | | | 563 | | | | 446 | |
Total Life Science | | | 1,228 | | | | 1,234 | | | | 998 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Polycrystalline Silicon | | | 1,191 | | | | 892 | | | | 194 | |
Other | | | 471 | | | | 351 | | | | 271 | |
Total Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses | | | 1,662 | | | | 1,243 | | | | 465 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net sales of reportable segments | | | 13,143 | | | | 12,877 | | | | 10,987 | |
Net sales of Hemlock and Emerging Growth Businesses | | | 1,662 | | | | 1,243 | | | | 465 | |
Impact of constant currency reporting (1) | | | (616 | ) | | | (38 | ) | | | (44 | ) |
Cumulative adjustment related to customer contract (2) | | | | | | | | | | | (105 | ) |
Consolidated net sales | | $ | 14,189 | | | $ | 14,082 | | | $ | 11,303 | |
(1) | This amount primarily represents the impact of foreign currency adjustments in the Display Technologies segment. |
(2) | Amount represents the negative impact of a cumulative adjustment recorded during the first quarter of 2020 to reduce revenue in the amount of $105 million. The adjustment was associated with a previously recorded commercial benefit asset, reflected as a prepayment, to a customer with a long-term supply agreement that is exiting its production of LCD panels. |
19. Reportable Segments (Continued)
The following table presents information relating to the Company’s operations by geographic area (in millions):
| | 2022 | | | 2021 | | | 2020 | |
| | Net sales (1) | | | Long-lived assets (2) | | | Net sales (1) | | | Long-lived assets (2) | | | Net sales (1) | | | Long-lived assets (2) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
North America: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
United States | | $ | 5,149 | | | $ | 8,937 | | | $ | 4,539 | | | $ | 8,600 | | | $ | 3,412 | | | $ | 8,718 | |
Canada | | | 503 | | | | 99 | | | | 472 | | | | 114 | | | | 274 | | | | 121 | |
Mexico | | | 96 | | | | 180 | | | | 93 | | | | 289 | | | | 75 | | | | 239 | |
Total North America | | | 5,748 | | | | 9,216 | | | | 5,104 | | | | 9,003 | | | | 3,761 | | | | 9,078 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Asia Pacific: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Japan | | | 617 | | | | 429 | | | | 780 | | | | 496 | | | | 505 | | | | 583 | |
Taiwan | | | 813 | | | | 1,696 | | | | 983 | | | | 1,923 | | | | 887 | | | | 2,247 | |
China | | | 4,435 | | | | 4,794 | | | | 4,495 | | | | 4,966 | | | | 3,734 | | | | 4,469 | |
Korea | | | 514 | | | | 3,294 | | | | 640 | | | | 3,479 | | | | 748 | | | | 3,597 | |
Other | | | 729 | | | | 81 | | | | 459 | | | | 84 | | | | 340 | | | | 83 | |
Total Asia Pacific | | | 7,108 | | | | 10,294 | | | | 7,357 | | | | 10,948 | | | | 6,214 | | | | 10,979 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Europe: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Germany | | | 539 | | | | 459 | | | | 462 | | | | 500 | | | | 378 | | | | 579 | |
Other | | | 1,116 | | | | 937 | | | | 925 | | | | 910 | | | | 838 | | | | 931 | |
Total Europe | | | 1,655 | | | | 1,396 | | | | 1,387 | | | | 1,410 | | | | 1,216 | | | | 1,510 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
All Other | | | 294 | | | | 67 | | | | 272 | | | | 68 | | | | 261 | | | | 83 | |
Total | | $ | 14,805 | | | $ | 20,973 | | | $ | 14,120 | | | $ | 21,429 | | | $ | 11,452 | | | $ | 21,650 | |
(1) | Net sales are attributed to countries based on location of customer. |
(2) | Long-lived assets primarily include investments, plant and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets. |