TKLF Yoshitsu Company Ltd

Item 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business

We operate in a highly competitive market and our failure to compete effectively could adversely affect our results of operations.

The beauty and health products markets in Japan, China, Canada, and the U.S. are fragmented and highly competitive. We primarily compete against other offline and online retailers and wholesalers of beauty and health products, but also increasingly face competition from retail pharmacies, discount stores, convenience stores, and supermarkets as we increase our offerings of sundry products and other products. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Competition.” Our current or future competitors may have longer operating histories, greater brand recognition, better supplier relationships, larger customer bases, more cost-effective fulfillment capabilities, or greater financial, technical, or marketing resources than we do. Competitors may leverage their brand recognition, experience, and resources to compete with us in a variety of ways, including investing more heavily in research and development and making acquisitions for the expansion of their products. Some of our competitors may be able to secure more favorable terms from suppliers, devote greater resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing or inventory policies, and devote substantially more resources to their store and website development than us. In addition, new and enhanced technologies may increase the competition in the online retail market. Increased competition may reduce our profitability, market share, customer base, and brand recognition. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, and such competitive pressures could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to timely gauge beauty trends and react to changing consumer preferences in a timely manner, our sales will decrease.

We believe our success depends in substantial part on our ability to:

If we are unable to anticipate and fulfill the merchandise needs of the regions in which our products are sold, our net sales may decrease and we may be forced to increase markdowns of slow-moving merchandise, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be subject to product liability claims if our customers are harmed by the products sold through our distribution channels.

We sell products manufactured by third parties, some of which may be defectively designed or manufactured, of inferior quality, or counterfeit. For example, beauty products in general, regardless of their authenticity or quality, may cause allergic reactions or other illness that may be severe for certain customers. Sales and distributions of products in our directly-operated physical stores, online stores, and franchise stores, or to our wholesale customers could expose us to product liability claims relating to personal injury and may require product recalls or other actions. Third parties that suffered such injury may bring claims or legal proceedings against us as the retailer of the products. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations regarding Product Quality and Customer Protection.” Although we would have legal recourse against the manufacturers or suppliers of such products under Japanese law, attempting to enforce our rights against the manufacturers or suppliers may be expensive, time-consuming, and ultimately futile. Defective, inferior, or counterfeit products or negative publicity as to personal injury caused by products we sell may adversely affect consumer perceptions of our Company or our products, which could harm our reputation and brand image. In addition, we do not currently maintain any third-party liability insurance or product liability insurance with respect to the products we sell. As a result, any material product liability claim or litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Even unsuccessful claims could result in the expenditure of funds and management time and effort in defending them and could have a negative impact on our reputation and results of operations.

We rely substantially on short-term borrowings to fund our operations, and the failure to renew these short-term borrowings or the failure to continue to obtain financing on favorable terms, if at all, may adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

Our liquidity relies significantly on short-term borrowings. As of March 31, 2022, we had approximately $40.3 million in short-term borrowings outstanding. As of the date of this annual report, we have borrowed additional $20.5 million under the credit line of our short-term syndicated loan. As of March 31, 2021, we had approximately $65.1 million in short-term borrowings outstanding. As of the date of this annual report, we repaid all of our outstanding $65.1 million short-term borrowings as of March 31, 2021 upon their maturity. As of March 31, 2020, we had approximately $58.6 million in short-term borrowings outstanding. As of the date of this annual report, we repaid all of our outstanding $58.6 million short-term borrowings as of March 31, 2020 upon their maturity. As of the date of this annual report, we have secured an aggregate amount of $61.5 million short-term borrowings as working capital for six months to one year. We expect that we will be able to renew all of the existing bank loans upon their maturity based on our past experience and outstanding credit history. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to renew these loans in the future as they mature. If we are unable to renew these bank loans in the future, our liquidity position would be adversely affected, and we may be required to seek more expensive sources of short-term or long-term funding to finance our operations.

Further financing may also not be available to us on favorable terms, if at all. If we are unable to obtain short-term financing in an amount sufficient to support our operations, it may be necessary, to suspend or curtail our operations, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. In that event, current shareholders would likely experience a loss of most of or all of their investment.

Our substantial indebtedness could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

As of March 31, 2022, we had approximately $40.3 million in short-term borrowings and $20.6 million in long-term borrowings outstanding.

The amount of our debt could have significant consequences on our operations, including:

Any of these factors and other consequences that may result from our substantial indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows impacting our ability to meet our payment obligations under our debts. Our ability to meet our payment obligations under our outstanding indebtedness depends on our ability to generate significant cash flow in the future. This, to some extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, and regulatory factors as well as other factors that are beyond our control.

The business operations and results of operations of our directly-operated physical stores and wholesale operations in Japan are susceptible to adverse impact caused by pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread throughout the world and resulted in the implementation of significant governmental measures, including lockdowns, closures, quarantines, and travel bans, intended to control the spread of the virus. Companies are also taking precautions, such as requiring employees to work remotely, imposing travel restrictions, and temporarily closing businesses.

The COVID-19 pandemic has materially and adversely affected our business operations and operating results. Our total revenue only increased by $6,921,954, or 3.1%, from $221,514,742 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 to $228,436,696 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Together with the increase in our operating expenses, our net income decreased from $5,522,601 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 to $3,272,569 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, representing a decrease of 40.7%. For additional information, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—D. Trend Information—COVID-19 Affecting Our Results of Operations.”

As of the date of this annual report, the daily life of Japanese residents is largely back to its normal state, but the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan is still not completely under control. The Japanese government reopened its borders to holders of long-term visitor, business or student visas on June 1, 2022, as well as to tourists on guided tours on June 10, 2022. However, independent tourists are not yet granted entry. The COVID-19 pandemic in many other countries, including China, the United States, and Canada, is still not under control and there have been business closures and a substantial reduction in economic activity in these countries. Additionally, new strains of COVID-19 are surfacing, and the approved vaccines may not be effective on these new strains. As a result, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our results of operations in fiscal year 2023 will depend on the future developments of the pandemic, including new information concerning the global severity of and actions taken to contain the pandemic, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable.

Our long-term success is highly dependent on our ability to successfully identify and secure appropriate sites and timely develop and expand our operations in existing and new markets.

One of the key means of achieving our growth strategies will be through opening and operating new stores on a profitable basis for the foreseeable future. We opened three new directly-operated physical stores and 10 new online stores, and added four new franchise stores during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, we added a franchise store in Canada, but we did not open any new directly-operated physical store and closed a franchise store in the U.S. and a franchise store in Hong Kong due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the period from April 1, 2021 to the date of this annual report, we opened one new directly-operated physical store in Japan, opened three new overseas online stores and two new domestic online stores, added six franchise stores, and developed 16 new wholesale customers. We identify target markets, taking into account numerous factors, such as the locations of our current stores, demographics, traffic patterns, information gathered from various sources, and, recently, whether known consumer patterns will remain at the same level as prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and if we need to modify the layout of our new stores to minimize contact with customers. We may not be able to open our planned new stores within budget or on a timely basis, if at all, given the uncertainty of these factors, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. As we operate more stores, our rate of expansion relative to the size of our store base will eventually decline.

The number and timing of new stores opened during any given period may be negatively impacted by a number of factors, including:

Unavailability of attractive store locations, delays in the acquisition or opening of new stores, delays or costs resulting from a decrease in commercial development due to capital constraints, difficulties in staffing and operating new store locations, or lack of customer acceptance of stores in new market areas may negatively impact our new store growth and the costs or the profitability associated with new stores.

Additionally, customer trends, preferences, and demand may vary significantly by region, and our experience in the markets in which our products are currently sold may not be applicable in other regions or countries. As a result, we may not be able to leverage our experience to expand into other parts of Japan and overseas. When we enter new markets, we may face intense competition from companies with greater experience or an established presence in the targeted geographical areas or from other companies with similar expansion targets. In addition, our business model may not be successful in new and untested markets and markets with a different business environment. We may not be able to grow our revenue in the new cities we enter, but we will incur substantial costs in connection with any such expansion. Consequently, we cannot assure you that we will achieve our planned growth or, even if we are able to grow our store base as planned, that any new stores will be profitable, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We lease a substantial amount of space and are required to make substantial lease payments under our operating leases. Any failure to make these lease payments when due would likely harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We lease the premises of all our physical store locations. Many of our lease agreements have escalating rent provisions over the initial term and any extensions. As our stores mature and as we expand our store base, our lease expenses, and our cash outlays for rent under our lease agreements will increase. Our substantial operating lease obligations could have significant negative consequences, including:

If an existing or future store is not profitable, and we decide to close it, we may nonetheless remain obligated to perform our obligations under the applicable lease including, among other things, paying the base rent for the balance of the lease term. Moreover, even if a lease has an early cancellation clause, we may not satisfy the contractual requirements for early cancellation under that lease.

We depend on our cash flow from operations to pay our lease obligations, finance our growth capital strategy, and fulfill our other cash needs. If our business does not generate sufficient cash flow from operating activities, we may not be able to achieve our growth plans, fund our other liquidity and capital needs, or ultimately service our lease obligations, which would materially and adversely affect our business.

Unexpected termination of our leases, failure to renew our leases, or failure to renew our leases at acceptable terms could materially and adversely affect our business.

We lease the premises of all of our directly-operated physical stores. As a result, we may be subject to compulsory acquisition, closure, or demolition of any of the properties on which our stores are situated. Although we may receive liquidated damages or compensation if our leases are terminated unexpectedly, we may be forced to suspend operations of the relevant store and divert management attention, time, and costs to find a new site and relocate our store, which will negatively affect our business and results of operations.

We enter into leases of approximately one to 15 years with an option to renew for our directly-operated physical stores. Rent for our leases is typically a fixed amount and subject to annual or biennially incremental increase as stipulated in the lease agreements. We cannot assure you that we would be able to renew the relevant lease agreements without substantial additional cost or increase in the rental cost payable by us. If a lease agreement is renewed at a rent substantially higher than the current rate, or currently existing favorable terms granted by the lessor are not extended, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If we are unable to renew the leases for our store sites, we will have to close or relocate the store, which could subject us to additional costs, expenses, and risks, and loss of existing customers, and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. In addition, the relocated store may not perform as well as the existing store.

Our earnings and business growth strategy depend in part on the success of our franchisees, and we may be harmed by actions taken by our franchisees, or employees of our franchisees, that are outside of our control.

A significant portion of our revenue is generated by sales to our franchise stores. As of the date of this annual report, we have one franchisee operating eight franchise stores in the U.S., one operating four franchise stores in Canada, and one operating one franchise store in the U.K. Franchisees are independent operators, and their employees are not our employees. We license certain trademarks, such as “東京生活館” and “REIWATAKIYA,” and sell our products to the franchisees, but the quality of franchise store operations, and its effect on our brand, may be diminished by any number of factors beyond our control. Additionally, franchisees may not operate their stores in a manner consistent with our standards and requirements or they or their employees may take other actions that adversely affect the value of our brand. In such event, our business and reputation may suffer, and as a result our revenue could decline.  

While we try to ensure that franchisees maintain the quality of our brand and comply with their trademark license agreements, franchisees may take actions that adversely affect the value of our intellectual property or reputation or that are inconsistent with their contractual obligations. Although our trademark license agreements permit us to terminate the agreement under certain circumstances, including violation of the agreement by a franchisee and deterioration of financial conditions of a franchisee, there can be no assurance that such remedy will be available or sufficient to prevent or undo harm to our brand and protect our intellectual property.

Our franchisees may not operate their franchises successfully. Since we currently have only three franchisees operating our franchise stores, if one of them were to become insolvent, choose to not renew their trademark license agreement with us, or otherwise were unable or unwilling to pay us amounts due to us pursuant to the terms of their agreements, our business and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

The operation of our franchise stores relies significantly on three franchisees and if any of them terminate their trademark license agreements with us and if we are unable to find suitable replacements, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

A significant portion of our revenue is generated by sales to our franchise stores, the operation of which relies on our three existing franchisees. As of the date of this annual report, we have one franchisee operating eight franchise stores in the U.S., one operating four franchise stores in Canada, and one operating one franchise store in the U.K. Our trademark license agreements with these franchisees have a term of one year and automatically renew for successive one-year terms, unless either party notifies the other of its intention to the contrary in writing no later than two months before the expiration of the current term. Our franchisees may determine to terminate their agreements with us for a number of reasons, including low sales volumes or high costs, or their failure to secure lease renewals. If any of our three franchisees terminate their trademark license agreements with us or request more favorable terms than the ones we currently have to continue such agreements, our business and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Any decrease in customer traffic in the shopping malls or street locations in which our stores are located could cause our sales to be less than expected.

Our stores are typically located in shopping malls or street locations near busy commercial districts or popular tourism attractions. Sales at these stores are derived, to a significant degree, from the volume of customer traffic in those locations and surrounding areas. Our stores benefit from the current popularity of shopping malls and street locations near busy commercial districts or popular tourism attractions as shopping destinations and their ability to generate customer traffic in the vicinity of our stores. Our sales volume and customer traffic may be adversely affected by, among other things:

A reduction in customer traffic as a result of these or any other factors could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, severe weather conditions and other catastrophic occurrences in areas in which we have stores may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Such conditions may result in physical damage to our stores, loss of inventory, decreases in customer traffic, and closure of one or more of our stores. Any of these factors may disrupt our business and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The ongoing need for renovations and other capital improvements at our stores could have a material adverse effect on us, including our financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations.

To improve the in-store experience of our customers, our physical stores have an ongoing need for maintenance and renovations and other capital improvements, including replacement, from time to time, of furniture, fixtures, and equipment. These capital improvements may give rise to the following risks:

The costs of all these capital improvements or any of the above noted factors could have a material adverse effect on us, including our financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations.

We rely on our relationships with suppliers to purchase high-quality beauty and health products on reasonable terms. If these relationships were to be impaired, or if certain suppliers were unable to supply sufficient merchandise to keep pace with our growth plans, we may not be able to obtain a sufficient selection or volume of merchandise on reasonable terms, and we may not be able to respond promptly to changing trends in beauty products or health products, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, our business, and financial performance.

We have no long-term supply agreements or exclusive arrangements with our suppliers and, therefore, our success depends on maintaining good relationships with our suppliers. Our business depends to a significant extent on the willingness and ability of our suppliers to supply us with a sufficient selection and volume of products to stock our stores. Some of our suppliers that have many other customers may not have the capacity to supply us with sufficient merchandise to keep pace with our growth plans. We have also entered into supply agreements with certain well-known Japanese brands, such as Shiseido, Sato, Kao, and Kosé, which have allowed us to benefit from the growing popularity of such brands. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, our product sales attributable to these brands accounted for approximately 22.89%, 65.35%, and 49.63% of our total product sales, respectively. Any of our suppliers could in the future decide to scale back or end its relationship with us and strengthen its relationship with our competitors, which could negatively impact the revenue we earn from the sale of products from such supplier. If we fail to maintain strong relationships with our existing suppliers or fail to continue acquiring and strengthening relationships with additional suppliers of beauty and health products, our ability to obtain a sufficient amount and variety of merchandise on reasonable terms may be limited, which could have a negative impact on our competitive position.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, three suppliers accounted for approximately 30.1%, 19.7%, and 17.9% of our total purchases. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, two suppliers accounted for approximately 34.9% and 28.2% of our total purchases, respectively. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, four suppliers accounted for approximately 25.9%, 17.1%, 15.3%, and 13.4% of our total purchases, respectively. The loss of or a reduction in the amount of merchandise made available to us by any one of these key suppliers, or by any of our other suppliers, could have an adverse effect on our business.

The capacity of our distribution and order fulfillment infrastructure may not be adequate to support our recent growth and expected future growth plans, which could prevent the successful implementation of these plans or cause us to incur costs to expand this infrastructure, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We currently operate one distribution center, which houses the distribution operations for our physical stores together with the order fulfillment operations of our online stores. We plan to open a new distribution center in the U.S. in 2022 to support and replenish inventory at our franchise stores in the U.S. and Canada. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Growth Strategies—Enhancing Our Technology Platform and Infrastructure.” If we are unable to successfully implement the expansion of our distribution infrastructure or upgrade of our information systems, the efficient flow of our merchandise could be disrupted. In order to support our recent and expected future growth and to maintain the efficient operation of our business, additional distribution centers may need to be added in the future. Our failure to expand our distribution capacity on a timely basis to keep pace with our anticipated growth in stores could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Any significant interruption in the operations of our distribution center could disrupt our ability to deliver merchandise to our stores and customers in a timely manner, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our directly-operated physical stores, online stores, and sales to our franchise stores and wholesale customers are supported by our distribution center located near our headquarters in Tokyo. This dependence on a distribution center, combined with the fact that we are a retailer and wholesaler carrying approximately 35,000 stock keeping units (“SKUs”) of beauty products that change on a regular basis in response to beauty trends, makes the success of our operations particularly vulnerable to disruptions in our distribution system. Any significant interruption in the operation of our distribution infrastructure, including events beyond our control, such as disruptions in our information systems, disruptions in operations due to fire or other catastrophic events, labor disagreements, or shipping problems, could drastically reduce our ability to receive and process orders and provide products to our stores and customers. This could result in lost sales and a loss of customer loyalty, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Increased distribution costs or disruption of product transportation could adversely affect our business and financial results.

Distribution costs have historically fluctuated significantly over time, particularly in connection with oil prices, and increases in such costs could result in reduced profits. In addition, certain factors affecting distribution costs are controlled by third-party carriers. To the extent that the market price for fuel or freight or the number or availability of carriers fluctuates, our distribution costs could be affected. In addition, temporary or long-term disruption of product transportation due to weather-related problems, strikes, lockouts, or other events could impair our ability to supply products affordably and in a timely manner or at all. Any increases in the cost of transportation, and any disruption in transportation, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Any material disruption of our information systems could materially and adversely affect our business operations and negatively impact our financial results.

We are increasingly dependent on a variety of information systems to effectively manage the operations of our growing store base and fulfill customer orders from our online stores. In addition, we have identified the need to expand and upgrade our information systems to support recent and expected future growth, including the opening of our new distribution center in September 2021. As part of this expansion of our information systems, we have modified our warehouse management system to support our new distribution center. The failure of our information systems to perform as designed, including the failure of our warehouse management system to operate as expected during the holiday season or to support our new distribution center, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of our operations. Any material disruption of our information systems could disrupt our ability to track, record, and analyze the merchandise that we sell and could negatively impact our operations, shipment of goods, ability to process financial information and credit card transactions, and our ability to receive and process online orders or engage in normal business activities. Moreover, security breaches or leaks of proprietary information, including leaks of customers’ private data, could result in liability, decrease customer confidence in our company, and weaken our ability to compete in the marketplace, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to conduct our marketing activities cost-effectively, our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

We have incurred expenses on a variety of marketing and brand promotion efforts designed to enhance our brand recognition and increase sales of our products. Our marketing and promotional activities may not be well received by customers and may not result in the increased levels of product sales that we anticipate. We incurred $2,847,383, $3,680,768, and $1,328,269 in promotion and advertising expenses during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Marketing approaches and tools in the beauty and health products markets in Japan, China, Canada, and the U.S. are evolving. This further requires us to enhance our marketing approaches and experiment with new marketing methods to keep pace with industry developments and customer preferences, which may not be as cost-effective as our marketing activities in the past and may lead to significantly higher marketing expenses in the future. We cannot assure you that we can produce, or benefit from, unique and effective marketing campaigns in the future. Failure to refine our existing marketing approaches or to introduce new effective marketing approaches in a cost-effective manner could reduce our market share, cause our net revenue to decline, and negatively impact our profitability.

If we fail to effectively manage our inventory, our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business requires us to manage a large volume of inventory effectively. We depend on our forecasts of demand for and popularity of various products to make purchase decisions and to manage our inventory. Demand for products, however, can change significantly between the time inventory is ordered and the date of sale. Demand may be affected by seasonality, new product launches, rapid changes in product cycles and pricing, product defects, changes in consumer spending patterns, changes in consumer preferences with respect to our products, and other factors, and our customers may not order products in the quantities that we expect. It may be difficult to accurately forecast demand, and determine appropriate amounts of inventory for our products. In addition, in order to secure more favorable commercial terms, we may need to continue to enter into supply arrangements without unconditional return clauses or with more restrictive return policies.

If we fail to effectively manage our inventory or obtain favorable credit terms with third-party suppliers, we may be subject to a heightened risk of inventory obsolescence, a decline in inventory value, and significant inventory write-downs or write-offs. In addition, if we are required to lower sale prices in order to reduce inventory levels or to pay higher prices to our suppliers in order to secure the right to return products to our suppliers, our profit margins might be negatively affected. Any of the above may materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Most of our directly-operated physical stores are located in Japan, and our current business and future growth could be materially and adversely affected if we experience a decline in customers in Japan.

Most of our directly-operated physical stores are located in Japan. We also have the broadest product offerings in our Japanese physical stores, and generated 9.5%, 19.3%, and 39.8% of our revenue in Japan during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 respectively. We expect to continue to derive a substantial portion of our revenue from Japan in the near future. Our current business and future growth could be materially and adversely affected if we experience a decline in consumer sales or customer engagement in Japan.

Due to the importance of the Japanese market to our business, we are also subject to macroeconomic risks specific to Japan. See “—A downturn in the economy of the markets in which our products are sold may affect consumer purchases of discretionary items, such as beauty and health products, which could delay our growth strategy and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, profitability, and cash flows.”

Sales to the China market represented approximately 84.5%, 77.0%, and 55.4% of our revenue for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, and we expect such sales to continue to represent a significant part of our revenue and any negative impact to our ability to sell our products to customers based in China could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

To date we have generated a significant portion of our revenue from sales to the China market. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, sales to the China market accounted for approximately 84.5%, 77.0%, and 55.4% of our revenue, respectively. We expect such sales to continue to comprise a significant part of our revenue going forward. As a result, any unforeseen events or circumstances that negatively impact our ability to sell our products to customers based in China would materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. These negative events and circumstances include, but may not be limited to, the following:

Our business is geographically concentrated, which subjects us to greater risks from changes in local or regional conditions.

In addition to our operations in Japan and our sales to consumers in China, we sell our products to consumers in the U.S., Canada, and the U.K. Due to this geographic concentration, our results of operations and financial conditions are subject to greater risks from changes in general economic and other conditions in these countries, than the operations of more geographically diversified competitors. These risks include:

As a result of the geographic concentration of our business, we face a greater risk of a negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects in the event that any of the countries to which we sell our products is more severely impacted by any such adverse condition, as compared to other countries.

A downturn in the economy of the markets in which our products are sold may affect consumer purchases of discretionary items, such as beauty and health products, which could delay our growth strategy and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, profitability, and cash flows.

We appeal to a wide demographic consumer profile and offer a broad selection of Japanese beauty and health products. A downturn in the economy of the markets in which our products are sold could adversely impact consumer purchases of discretionary items, such as beauty and health products. Factors that could affect consumers’ willingness to make such discretionary purchases include general business conditions, levels of employment, interest rates and tax rates, the availability of consumer credit, and consumer confidence in future economic conditions. In the event of an economic downturn, consumer spending habits could be adversely affected and we could experience lower than expected net sales, which could force us to delay or slow our growth strategy and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, profitability, and cash flows.

In recent years, the economic indicators in Japan have also shown mixed signs, and future growth of the Japanese economy is subject to many factors beyond our control. The current administration of Prime Minster Fumio Kishida and the former administration of Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe have introduced policies to combat deflation and promote economic growth. In addition, the Bank of Japan introduced a plan for quantitative and qualitative monetary easing in April 2013 and announced a negative interest rate policy in January 2016. However, the long-term impact of these policy initiatives on Japan’s economy remains uncertain. The impact of the U.K.’s exit from the European Union (“Brexit”) on the Japanese economy and on the value of the Japanese yen against currencies of other countries in which we generate revenue, in both the short and long term, is also uncertain. In addition, the occurrence of pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the occurrence of large-scale natural disasters, such as earthquakes and typhoons, as well as an increase in the consumption tax rate, which took place in April 2014 with a further increase in October 2019, may also adversely impact the Japanese economy, potentially impacting consumer spending, and advertising spending by businesses. Any future deterioration of the Japanese or global economy may result in a decline in consumption that would have a negative impact on demand for our products and their prices.

If the relevant PRC regulatory agencies were to determine that we are subject to the cybersecurity review or other regulations and policies that have been issued by the Cyberspace Administration of China, our business, financial conditions, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

On April 27, 2020, the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”), along with 11 other authorities, promulgated the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, effective on June 1, 2020, which are applicable to “critical information infrastructure operators” (“CIIO”) who purchase network products and services in China. On July 10, 2021, the CAC released a revised draft for comments of the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which expanded the scope of review to include data processors who engage in data processing activities that affect or may affect the national security of China. On December 28, 2021, the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) was promulgated and took effect on February 15, 2022

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China adopted and promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC (the “PIPL”), which became effective on November 1, 2021. The PIPL applies to the activities of processing the personal information of individuals inside China that are carried out outside China “for the purpose of providing products or services to individuals inside China,” or those constituting “analysis or evaluation of the behaviors of individuals inside China.” The “processing of personal information” includes, but is not limited to, the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, disclosure, and deletion of personal information.

The regulations and policies that have been issued by the CAC to date do not apply to us for the following reasons: for online sales in China, we have entrusted the operations of all of our online stores on Tmall Global, JD Worldwide, Pinduoduo, and other online platforms in China to third-party Chinese e-commerce marketplace operators (the “Entrusted Third Parties”) pursuant to cooperation agreements between us and the Entrusted Third Parties. Consumer purchase data and personal information generated by these online stores are collected, used, managed, and stored in China by the Entrusted Third Parties, and we only receive necessary information, such as the numbers and types of products ordered from the Entrusted Third Parties in order to complete orders for these online stores. We have no right to obtain any personal information of Chinese consumers from the Entrusted Third Parties. In addition, our PRC legal counsel, Finance & Commerce Law Firm of China, has advised us that our PRC subsidiary, Qingzhiliangpin, is not a CIIO and does not collect or process personal information of individuals inside China in its business. As a result of the foregoing, (i) we are not subject to the cybersecurity review as required by the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) and (ii) we are not subject to the PIPL since we have not engaged in activities of processing personal information of individuals inside China or those constituting analysis or evaluation of the behaviors of individuals inside China.

There remains uncertainty, however, inherent in relying on an opinion of counsel in connection with whether aspects of our business could be subject to Chinese laws and regulations. The PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, may not reach the same conclusion as our PRC counsel has and they may adopt new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementation and interpretation related to the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version), or the PIPL. In light of the significance of online sales in China to our business, if the CAC or other relevant PRC regulatory agencies were to determine that we are subject to the cybersecurity review as required by Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version) or the PIPL, we may be required to suspend part of our operations or experience other disruptions to our operations. Cybersecurity review could also result in negative publicity with respect to our Company and diversion of our managerial and financial resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial conditions, and results of operations.

Our management has a limited history managing rapid expansion. If we cannot effectively and efficiently manage our growth strategy, our results of operations or profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

We have been growing rapidly in recent years, and we intend to continue to expand our business by opening new physical and online stores. Since this rapid expansion is a new strategy for us and our management has a limited history managing such an expansion, we may not be able to adapt quickly to such major business change, compete successfully in new markets, build our brand in new countries or areas, or generate sufficient net income from our new stores. As a result, it is difficult for us to predict our results of operations with respect to our newly opened stores and you should not rely on our historical results of operations as an indication of our future financial performance. 

This growth strategy has placed, and will continue to place, substantial demands on our managerial, operational, technological, and other resources. Our growth strategy will also place significant demands on us to maintain the quality of our product and customer services to ensure that our brand does not suffer as a result of any deviations, whether actual or perceived, in the quality of our product and customer services. To accommodate our growth, we anticipate that we will need to implement a variety of new and upgraded operational and financial systems, procedures, and controls, including the improvement of our accounting and other internal management systems. We will also need to continue to expand, train, manage, and motivate our workforce and manage our relationships with customers, suppliers, and other service providers. As we selectively increase our product offerings, we will need to work with different groups of new suppliers efficiently and establish and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with our existing and new suppliers. All of these endeavors involve risks and will require substantial management effort and significant additional expenditures. We cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively manage our growth or execute our strategies effectively, and any failure to do so may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and profitability.

We may be unsuccessful in expanding and operating our business internationally, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We plan to add an aggregate of 15 new franchise stores in the U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the U.K., Malaysia, and Taiwan during the next three years. The entry and operation of our business in these markets could cause us to be subject to unexpected, uncontrollable, and rapidly changing events and circumstances outside Japan. As we grow our international operations, we may need to recruit and hire new product development, sales, marketing, and support personnel in the countries in which we have or will establish new stores or otherwise have a significant presence. Entry into new international markets typically requires the establishment of new marketing and distribution channels. In addition, the opening of a new store typically results in initial recruiting and training expenses and reduced labor efficiencies. Our ability to continue to expand into international markets involves various risks, including the possibility that our expectations regarding the level of returns we will achieve on such expansion will not be achieved in the near future, or ever, and that competing in markets with which we are unfamiliar may be more difficult than anticipated. If we are less successful than we expect in a new market, we may not be able to realize an adequate return on our initial investment and our operating results could suffer.

Our international operations may also fail due to other risks inherent in foreign operations, including:

Our current and any future international expansion plans will require management attention and resources and may be unsuccessful. We may find it impossible or prohibitively expensive to continue expanding internationally or we may be unsuccessful in our attempt to do so, and our results of operations could be adversely impacted.

If we are unable to provide a high-quality customer experience, our business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The success of our business largely depends on our ability to provide a high-quality customer experience, which in turn depends on a variety of factors. These factors include our ability to continue to offer authentic products at competitive prices, source products to respond to customer demand and preferences, maintain the quality of our products, provide clean and attractive physical stores and reliable and user-friendly website interfaces for our customers to visit and purchase products, and provide timely and reliable delivery for products in our online stores and high-quality after-sales service. If our customers are not satisfied with our products or customer service experience, or the prices at which we offer the products, or our internet platform for online stores is severely interrupted or otherwise fail to meet our customers’ expectations, our reputation and customer loyalty could be adversely affected.

We rely on contracted third-party delivery service providers to deliver our products sold through our online stores. Interruptions to or failures in the delivery services could prevent the timely or successful delivery of our products. These interruptions or failures may be due to unforeseen events that are beyond our control or the control of our third-party delivery service providers, such as inclement weather, natural disasters, or labor unrest. If our products are not delivered on time or are delivered in a damaged state, customers may refuse to accept our products and have less confidence in our services. Furthermore, the delivery personnel of contracted third-party delivery service providers act on our behalf and interact with our customers directly. Any failure to provide high-quality delivery services to our customers may negatively impact the shopping experience of our customers, damage our reputation, and cause us to lose customers.

In addition, we hire third-party e-commerce marketplace operators to operate our online stores and depend on online customer service representatives from these third-party e-commerce marketplace operators to provide live assistance to our online customers 24 hours a day, seven days a week. We used approximately 15 customer service representatives from third-party e-commerce marketplace operators as of March 31, 2022. If these customer service representatives fail to provide satisfactory service, or if wait times are too long due to the high volume of requests from customers at peak times, our brand and customer loyalty may be adversely affected. In addition, any negative publicity or poor feedback regarding our customer service may harm our brand and reputation and in turn cause us to lose customers and market share.

As a result, if we are unable to continue to provide, or maintain, a high-quality customer service, we may not be able to retain existing customers or attract new customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations.

Failure to maintain or enhance our brands or image could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We believe our “晴の良品,” “東京生活館,” and other brands are well-recognized among our customers and other Japanese beauty and health product industry players, such as other Japanese beauty and health product retailers in the local markets our products are sold in. Our brands are integral to our sales and marketing efforts. Our continued success in maintaining and enhancing our brands and image depends to a large extent on our ability to satisfy consumer needs by further developing and maintaining the quality of our products, as well as our ability to respond to competitive pressures. If we are unable to satisfy consumer needs or if our public image or reputation were otherwise diminished, our business transactions with our customers may decline, which could in turn adversely affect our results of operations.

Failure to obtain and maintain required licenses and permits or to comply with liquor, pharmaceutical, medical device, and other regulations could lead to the loss of our liquor, pharmaceutical, and other licenses and, thereby, harm our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

The sale of beauty and health products are subject to various government regulations in the markets in which our products are sold, including those relating to the sale of pharmaceuticals, and medical devices. In addition, we also sell liquor in certain of our stores, which is also subject to government regulation. In addition, such regulations are subject to change from time to time. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations.” The failure to obtain and maintain licenses, permits, and approvals relating to such regulations could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Licenses may be revoked, suspended, or denied renewal for cause at any time if governmental authorities determine that our conduct violates applicable regulations. Difficulties or failure to maintain or obtain the required licenses, permits, and approvals could adversely affect us or cause a delay or result in our decision to cancel the opening of new stores, either of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Data security breaches and attempts thereof could negatively affect our reputation, credibility, and business.

The third-party e-commerce marketplace operators for our online stores collect and store personal information relating to our customers, including their personally identifiable information, and rely on third parties for the various social media tools and websites we use as part of our marketing strategy. Customers are increasingly concerned over the security of personal information transmitted over the Internet (or through other mechanisms), consumer identity theft, and user privacy. Any perceived, attempted, or actual unauthorized disclosure of personally identifiable information regarding our employees, customers, or website visitors could harm our reputation and credibility, reduce our online sales, impair our ability to attract website visitors, reduce our ability to attract and retain customers, and could result in litigation against us or the imposition of significant fines or penalties. We cannot assure you that any of our third-party service providers with access to such personally identifiable information will maintain policies and practices regarding data privacy and security in compliance with all applicable laws, or that they will not experience data security breaches or attempts thereof which could have a corresponding adverse effect on our business.

Recently, data security breaches suffered by well-known companies and institutions have attracted a substantial amount of media attention, prompting new foreign, national, provincial or state, and local laws and legislative proposals addressing data privacy and security, as well as increased data protection obligations imposed on merchants by credit card issuers. As a result, we may become subject to more extensive requirements to protect the customer information that we process in connection with the purchase of our products, resulting in increased compliance costs.

A breach of security of confidential customer information related to our electronic processing of credit and debit card transactions, or a breach of security of our employee information, could substantially affect our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

A significant portion of the sales in our stores are by credit or debit cards. Other retailers have experienced security breaches in which credit and debit card information has been stolen. We may in the future become subject to claims for purportedly fraudulent transactions arising out of the actual or alleged theft of credit or debit card information, and we may also be subject to lawsuits or other proceedings relating to these types of incidents. We may ultimately be held liable for the unauthorized use of a cardholder’s credit card information in an illegal activity and be required by card issuers to pay charge-back fees. In addition, many of the jurisdictions in which our products are sold, including Japan, Nevada, and New York, have enacted legislation requiring notification of security breaches involving personal information, including credit and debit card information. Any such claim or proceeding could cause us to incur significant expenses, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Further, adverse publicity resulting from these allegations may have a material adverse effect on our Company and could substantially affect our reputation, business, financial condition, or results of operations.

If we are unable to attract, train, assimilate, and retain employees that embody our culture, including store personnel, store managers, and senior managers, we may not be able to grow or successfully operate our business.

Our success depends in part upon our ability to attract, train, assimilate, and retain a sufficient number of employees, including store personnel and store managers, who understand and appreciate our culture, are able to represent our brand effectively and establish credibility with our customers. If we are unable to hire and retain store personnel capable of consistently providing a high level of customer service, as demonstrated by their enthusiasm for our culture, understanding of our customers, and knowledge of the products we offer, our ability to open new stores may be impaired, the performance of our existing and new stores could be materially adversely affected, and our brand image may be negatively impacted. Our growth strategy will require us to attract, train, and assimilate even more personnel. Any failure to meet our staffing needs or any material increases in team member turnover rates could have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations.

We place substantial reliance on the retail and wholesale industry experience and knowledge of our senior management team as well as their relationships with other industry participants. Mr. Mei Kanayama, our representative director, is particularly important to our future success due to his substantial experience and reputation in the retail and wholesale markets. We do not carry, and do not intend to procure, key person insurance on any of our senior management team. The loss of the services of one or more members of our senior management team due to their departure, or otherwise, could hinder our ability to effectively manage our business and implement our growth strategies. Finding suitable replacements for our current senior management could be difficult, and competition for such personnel of similar experience is intense. If we fail to retain our senior management, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our private label products may not appeal to our customers, and may compete with our brand partners.

We recently started to cooperate with suppliers to develop our own private label beauty and other products. However, there is no assurance that our private label product offerings will generate customer interest and meet consumer needs or expectations. If we are unable to generate sufficient sales of our private label products, we may fail to cover our development, manufacturing, and marketing costs and expenses with respect to these products, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Moreover, as we sell both branded products sourced from our suppliers and our private label products through our distribution channels, we are likely to face competition from our suppliers. Branded products may have an advantage over our private label products primarily due to name recognition, even though private label products are typically more competitively priced compared to branded products. In addition, selling private label products may harm our relationship with our suppliers. If we lose our suppliers or if our relationships with our suppliers deteriorate, our business may be adversely affected. See “—We rely on our relationships with suppliers to purchase high-quality beauty and health products on reasonable terms. If these relationships were to be impaired, or if certain suppliers were unable to supply sufficient merchandise to keep pace with our growth plans, we may not be able to obtain a sufficient selection or volume of merchandise on reasonable terms, and we may not be able to respond promptly to changing trends in beauty products or health products, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, our business, and financial performance.”

Fluctuation of the value of the Japanese yen against certain foreign currencies may have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations.

Some of our foreign operations’ functional currencies are not the Japanese yen, and the financial statements of such foreign operations prepared initially using their functional currencies are translated into Japanese yen. Since the currency in which sales are recorded may not be the same as the currency in which expenses are incurred, foreign exchange rate fluctuations may materially affect our results of operations. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, 90.5%, 80.7%, and 60.2%, respectively, of our revenue was derived from markets outside of Japan. We expect that an increasing portion of our revenue and expenses in the future will be denominated in currencies other than the Japanese yen. Accordingly, our consolidated financial results and assets and liabilities may be materially affected by changes in the exchange rates of foreign currencies in which we conduct our business.

Future acquisitions may have a material adverse effect on our ability to manage our business and our results of operations and financial condition.

We may acquire businesses, technologies, services, or products which are complementary to our core Japanese beauty and health product retail and wholesale business. Future acquisitions may expose us to potential risks, including risks associated with the integration of new operations, services, and personnel, unforeseen or hidden liabilities, the diversion of resources and management attention from our existing business and technology, our potential inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset new costs, the costs and expenses incurred in connection with such acquisitions, or the potential loss of or harm to relationships with suppliers, employees, and customers resulting from our integration of new businesses.

Any of the potential risks listed above could have a material adverse effect on our ability to manage our business or our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we may need to fund any such acquisitions through the incurrence of additional debt or the sale of additional debt or equity securities, which would result in increased debt service obligations, including additional operating and financing covenants, or liens on our assets, that would restrict our operations, or dilution to our shareholders. 

Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares and the Trading Market

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of the ADSs could adversely affect their market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of the ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of the ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. As of the date of this annual report, 36,250,054 of our Ordinary Shares are issued and outstanding, and 6,250,000 are freely tradable. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of the ADSs.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they publish a negative report regarding the ADSs, the price of the ADSs and trading volume could decline.

Any trading market for the ADSs may depend in part on the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade us, the price of the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price of the ADSs and the trading volume to decline.

The market price of the ADSs may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.

From the closing of our initial public offering on January 13, 2022 to July 27, 2022, the trading price of the ADSs has ranged from $1.1 to $43.0 per ADS. The trading price of the ADSs is likely to continue to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in Japan that have listed their securities in the United States.

In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for the ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Stock prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, stockholders have filed securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business, and adversely affect our business.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls or fail to remediate the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that has been identified, we may fail to meet our reporting obligations or be unable to accurately report our results of operations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

We used to be a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures. Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. However, in preparing our consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, we have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and other control deficiencies. The material weakness identified was a lack of internal accounting staff and resources with appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting and compliance requirements. Following the identification of the material weakness and control deficiencies, we plan to continue to take remedial measures including: (i) hiring more qualified accounting personnel with relevant U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting experience and qualifications to strengthen the financial reporting function and to set up a financial and system control framework; and (ii) implementing regular and continuous U.S. GAAP accounting and financial reporting training programs for our accounting and financial reporting personnel. However, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. Our failure to correct the material weakness or our failure to discover and address any other material weaknesses or control deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ADSs, may be materially and adversely affected. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting significantly hinders our ability to prevent fraud.

In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company,” as such term is defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the “JOBS Act,” in April 2027, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated, or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational, and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation in a timely manner.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Despite recent reforms made possible by the JOBS Act, compliance with these rules and regulations will nonetheless increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs and investor relations and public relations costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, or costly, and increase demand on our systems and resources, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual reports and reports of foreign private issuer with respect to our business and operating results as well as proxy statements.

As a result of disclosure of information in the Form 20-F and in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition are more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business, brand and reputation, and results of operations.

Being a public company and these new rules and regulations make it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors and senior management.

As a foreign private issuer, we have followed home country practice even though we are considered a “controlled company” under Nasdaq corporate governance rules, which could adversely affect our public shareholders.

Our largest shareholder owns more than a majority of the voting power of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. Under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group, or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards, including the requirements that:

As a foreign private issuer, however, Nasdaq corporate governance rules allow us to follow corporate governance practice in our home country, Japan, with respect to appointments to our board of directors and committees. We have followed home country practice as permitted by Nasdaq rather than relying on the “controlled company” exception to the corporate governance rules. See “—Because we are a foreign private issuer and have taken advantage of exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you will have less protection than you would have if we were a domestic issuer.” Accordingly, you would not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the operation, development, and growth of our business and, as a result, we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in the ADSs as a source for any future dividend income. Accordingly, the return on your investment in the ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of the ADSs. There is no guarantee that the ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in the ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in the ADSs.

Rights of shareholders under Japanese law may be different from rights of shareholders in other jurisdictions.

Our articles of incorporation, as amended (the “Articles of Incorporation”) and the Companies Act of Japan (the “Companies Act”) govern our corporate affairs. Legal principles relating to matters such as the validity of corporate procedures, directors’ and executive officers’ fiduciary duties, and obligations and shareholders’ rights under Japanese law may be different from, or less clearly defined than, those that would apply to a company incorporated in any other jurisdiction. Shareholders’ rights under Japanese law may not be as extensive as shareholders’ rights under the law of other countries. For example, under the Companies Act, only holders of 3% or more of our total voting rights or our outstanding shares are entitled to examine our accounting books and records. Furthermore, there is a degree of uncertainty as to what duties the directors of a Japanese stock company may have in response to an unsolicited takeover bid, and such uncertainty may be more pronounced than that in other jurisdictions.

As holders of ADSs, you may have fewer rights than holders of our Ordinary Shares and must act through the depositary to exercise those rights.

The rights of shareholders under Japanese law to take actions, including voting their shares, receiving dividends and distributions, bringing derivative actions, examining our accounting books and records, and exercising appraisal rights, are available only to shareholders of record. ADS holders are not shareholders of record. The depositary, through its custodian agents, is the record holder of our Ordinary Shares underlying the ADSs. ADS holders will not be able to bring a derivative action, examine our accounting books and records, or exercise appraisal rights through the depositary.

Holders of ADSs may exercise their voting rights only in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. If we instruct the depositary to ask for your voting instructions, upon receipt of voting instructions from the ADS holders in the manner set forth in the deposit agreement, the depositary will make efforts to vote the Ordinary Shares underlying the ADSs in accordance with the instructions of the ADS holders. The depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to ADS holders or carry out their voting instructions in a timely manner. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast, or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, holders of ADSs may not be able to exercise their right to vote. 

ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Ordinary Shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, owners and holders of ADSs irrevocably waive the right to a jury trial for any claim that they may have against us or the depositary arising from or relating to our Ordinary Shares, the ADSs, or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

However, ADS holders will not be deemed, by agreeing to the terms of the deposit agreement, to have waived our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. In fact, ADS holders cannot waive our or the depositary’s compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. If we or the depositary opposed a demand for jury trial relying on jury trial waiver mentioned above, it is up to the court to determine whether such waiver was enforceable considering the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law.

If this jury trial waiver provision is prohibited by applicable law, an action could nevertheless proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a jury trial waiver under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by a federal court or by the United States Supreme Court. Nonetheless, we believe that a jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, or by a federal or state court in the City of New York. In determining whether to enforce a jury trial waiver provision, New York courts will consider whether the visibility of the jury trial waiver provision within the agreement is sufficiently prominent such that a party has knowingly waived any right to trial by jury. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. In addition, New York courts will not enforce a jury trial waiver provision in order to bar a viable setoff or counterclaim sounding in fraud or one which is based upon a creditor’s negligence in failing to liquidate collateral upon a guarantor’s demand, or in the case of an intentional tort claim, none of which we believe are applicable in the case of the deposit agreement or the ADSs. If you or any other owners or holders of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary relating to the matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other owner or holder may not have the right to a jury trial regarding such claims, which may limit and discourage lawsuits against us or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may have different outcomes compared to that of a jury trial, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

Nevertheless, if the jury trial waiver provision is not enforced, to the extent a court action proceeds, it would proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any owner or holder of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

Holders of ADSs may not receive distributions on our Ordinary Shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to such holders.

Subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, the depositary has agreed to pay holders of ADSs the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian for the ADSs receives on the Ordinary Shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses and any taxes or other government charges. Holders of ADSs will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of our Ordinary Shares that such ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible for making such payments or distributions if it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act, but that are not properly registered or distributed pursuant to an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary is not responsible for making a distribution available to any holders of ADSs if any government approval or registration required for such distribution cannot be obtained after reasonable efforts made by the depositary. We have no obligation to take any other action to permit distributions on our Ordinary Shares to holders of ADSs. This means that holders of ADSs may not receive the distributions we make on our Ordinary Shares if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to such holders. These restrictions may materially reduce the value of the ADSs.

Holders of ADSs may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs.

ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer, or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

We may amend the deposit agreement without consent from holders of ADSs and, if such holders disagree with our amendments, their choices will be limited to selling the ADSs or cancelling and withdrawing the underlying our Ordinary Shares.

We may agree with the depositary to amend the deposit agreement without consent from holders of ADSs. If an amendment increases fees to be charged to ADS holders or prejudices a substantial existing right of ADS holders, it will not become effective until 30 days after the depositary notifies ADS holders of the amendment. At the time an amendment becomes effective, ADS holders are considered, by continuing to hold their ADSs, to have agreed to the amendment and to be bound by the amended deposit agreement. If holders of ADSs do not agree with an amendment to the deposit agreement, their choices will be limited to selling the ADSs or cancelling and withdrawing the underlying our Ordinary Shares. No assurance can be given that a sale of ADSs could be made at a price satisfactory to the holder in such circumstances.

We are incorporated in Japan, and it may be more difficult to enforce judgments obtained in courts outside Japan.

We are incorporated in Japan as a stock company with limited liability. All of our directors are non-U.S. residents, and a substantial portion of our assets and the personal assets of our directors and senior management are located outside the United States. As a result, when compared to a U.S. company, it may be more difficult for investors to effect service of process in the United States upon us or to enforce against us, our directors or senior management, judgments obtained in U.S. courts predicated upon civil liability provisions of the federal or state securities laws of the U.S. or similar judgments obtained in other courts outside Japan. There is doubt as to the enforceability in Japanese courts, in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, of civil liabilities predicated solely upon the federal and state securities laws of the United States.

Dividend payments and the amount you may realize upon a sale of our Ordinary Shares or the ADSs that you hold will be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen.

Cash dividends, if any, in respect of our Ordinary Shares represented by the ADSs will be paid to the depositary in Japanese yen and then converted by the depositary or its agents into U.S. dollars, subject to certain conditions and the terms of the deposit agreement. Accordingly, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Japanese yen and the U.S. dollar will affect, among other things, the amounts a holder of ADSs will receive from the depositary in respect of dividends, the U.S. dollar value of the proceeds that a holder of ADSs would receive upon sale in Japan of our Ordinary Shares obtained upon cancellation and surrender of ADSs and the secondary market price of ADSs. Such fluctuations will also affect the U.S. dollar value of dividends and sales proceeds received by holders of our Ordinary Shares.

If we cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and we would incur significant additional legal, accounting, and other expenses that we would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our senior management, directors, and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States domestic issuers, and we are not required to disclose in our periodic reports all of the information that United States domestic issuers are required to disclose. We may cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer in the future, in which case we would incur significant additional expenses that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Because we are a foreign private issuer and have taken advantage of exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you will have less protection than you would have if we were a domestic issuer.

Nasdaq listing rules require listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of its board members be independent. As a foreign private issuer, however, we are permitted to, and we have followed home country practice in lieu of the above requirements. The corporate governance practice in our home country, Japan, does not require a majority of our board to consist of independent directors. Thus, although a director must act in the best interests of the company, it is possible that fewer board members will be exercising independent judgment and the level of board oversight on the management of our company may decrease as a result. In addition, Nasdaq listing rules also require U.S. domestic issuers to have an audit committee, a compensation committee, and a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors, and an audit committee with a minimum of three members. We, as a foreign private issuer, are not subject to these requirements. Consistent with corporate governance practices in Japan, we have a three-member board of corporate auditors instead of an audit committee and we do not have a standalone compensation committee or nomination and corporate governance committee of our board. As a result of these exemptions, investors would have less protection than they would have if we were a domestic issuer. Nasdaq listing rules may require shareholder approval for certain corporate matters, such as requiring that shareholders be given the opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and material revisions to those plans, certain ordinary share issuances. We intend to comply with the requirements of Nasdaq listing rules in determining whether shareholder approval is required on such matters.

If we cannot continue to satisfy the continued listing requirements and other rules of Nasdaq, the ADSs may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of the ADSs and your ability to sell them.

The ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We cannot assure you that the ADSs will continue to be listed on Nasdaq. In order to maintain our listing on Nasdaq, we will be required to comply with certain rules of Nasdaq, including those regarding minimum stockholders’ equity, minimum share price, minimum market value of publicly held shares, and various additional requirements. We may not be able to continue to satisfy these requirements and applicable rules. If we are unable to satisfy Nasdaq criteria for maintaining our listing, the ADSs could be subject to delisting.

If Nasdaq subsequently delists the ADSs from trading, we could face significant consequences, including:

We are an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, and we have taken advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies, which will make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

We are an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This will make comparison of our financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Because we are an “emerging growth company”, we may not be subject to requirements that other public companies are subject to, which could affect investor confidence in us and the ADSs.

For as long as we remain an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, we will elect to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. Because of these lessened regulatory requirements, our shareholders would be left without information or rights available to shareholders of other public companies. If some investors find the ADSs less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for the ADSs and the ADS price may be more volatile.

If we are classified as a passive foreign investment company, United States taxpayers who own the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares may have adverse United States federal income tax consequences.

A non-U.S. corporation such as ourselves will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which is known as a PFIC, for any taxable year if, for such year, either:

Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents and royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business), and gains from the disposition of passive assets.

If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. taxpayer who holds the ADSs or our Ordinary Shares, the U.S. taxpayer may be subject to increased U.S. federal income tax liability and may be subject to additional reporting requirements.

Based on our operations and the composition of our assets, it is possible that, for our 2023 taxable year or for any subsequent year, more than 50% of our assets may be assets which produce passive income, in which case we would be deemed a PFIC, which could have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences for U.S. taxpayers who are shareholders. We will make this determination following the end of any particular tax year.

The classification of certain of our income as active or passive, and certain of our assets as producing active or passive income, and hence whether we are or will become a PFIC, depends on the interpretation of certain United States Treasury Regulations as well as certain IRS guidance relating to the classification of assets as producing active or passive income. Such regulations and guidance are potentially subject to different interpretations. If due to different interpretations of such regulations and guidance the percentage of our passive income or the percentage of our assets treated as producing passive income increases, we may be a PFIC in one or more taxable years.

For a more detailed discussion of the application of the PFIC rules to us and the consequences to U.S. taxpayers if we were or are determined to be a PFIC, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—PFIC.”

U.S. HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISERS ABOUT THE PFIC RULES, THE POTENTIAL APPLICABILITY OF THESE RULES TO THE COMPANY CURRENTLY AND IN THE FUTURE, AND THEIR FILING OBLIGATIONS IF THE COMPANY IS A PFIC.