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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
___________________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)    
☒   ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020
OR
☐   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from            to
Commission File Number 001-13459
__________________________________________________________________________
AMG-20201231_G1.JPG
AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware   04-3218510
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation or organization) 		(IRS Employer Identification Number)
777 South Flagler Drive, West Palm Beach, Florida, 33401
(Address of principal executive offices)
(800) 345-1100
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($0.01 par value) AMG New York Stock Exchange
5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2059 MGR New York Stock Exchange
4.750% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2060 MGRB New York Stock Exchange


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:



None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒    No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o    No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒    No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒    No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☒  
Accelerated filer ☐
 
Non-accelerated filer ☐

  Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐    No ☒
At June 30, 2020, the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price of $74.56 on June 30, 2020 on the New York Stock Exchange, was $3,462,090,036. There were 42,622,300 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding on February 18, 2021.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and delivered to stockholders in connection with the registrant’s annual meeting of stockholders, are incorporated by reference into Part III.


FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS
       
   
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77
       
   
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78

i
PART I
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain matters discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in our other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), in our press releases and in oral statements made with the approval of an executive officer may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements related to our expectations regarding the performance of our business, our financial results, our liquidity and capital resources, and other non-historical statements, and may be prefaced with words such as “outlook,” “guidance,” “believes,” “expects,” “potential,” “preliminary,” “continues,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “approximately,” “predicts,” “projects,” “positioned,” “prospects,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “pending investments,” “anticipates” or the negative version of these words or other comparable words.  Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including, among others, the factors discussed under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” These factors (among others) could affect our financial condition, business activities, results of operations, cash flows or overall financial performance and cause actual results and business activities to differ materially from historical periods and those presently anticipated and projected. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we will not undertake and we specifically disclaim any obligation to release publicly the result of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to reflect the occurrence of events, whether or not anticipated. In that respect, we caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements.
Item 1.Business
We are a leading partner to independent active investment management firms globally. Our strategy is to generate long-term value by investing in a diverse array of excellent partner-owned investment firms, which we call our “Affiliates,” through a proven partnership approach, and allocating resources across our unique opportunity set to the areas of highest growth and return. Our innovative partnership approach enables each Affiliate’s management team to own significant equity in their firm while maintaining operational and investment autonomy. In addition, we offer our Affiliates growth capital, global distribution, and other strategic value-added capabilities, which enhance the long-term growth of these independent businesses and enable them to align equity incentives across generations of principals to build enduring franchises. As of December 31, 2020, our aggregate assets under management were approximately $716 billion, across a broad range of active, return-oriented strategies.
We generate long-term value by investing in new Affiliates, existing Affiliates, and centralized capabilities through which we can leverage our scale and resources to benefit our Affiliates, and then by returning excess capital to shareholders, primarily through share repurchases. In partnering with Affiliates, we are focused on investing in leading independent investment firms around the world managing active, return-oriented strategies, including traditional, alternative, and wealth management firms. Within our target universe, we seek strong and growing firms that offer illiquid and liquid alternative strategies, global equity strategies, US equity strategies and multi-asset and fixed income strategies. Given their long-term performance records, our Affiliates are recognized as being among the industry’s leaders in their respective investment disciplines.
Through our partnership approach, we hold meaningful equity interests in each of our Affiliates, and typically each Affiliate’s management team retains a significant equity interest in their own firm. Affiliate management equity ownership (along with our long-term ownership) aligns our interests and preserves Affiliate management equity incentives, including the opportunity for Affiliate management to participate directly in the long-term future growth and profitability of their firms.
In certain cases, we invest in our Affiliates by providing growth capital or complementing their own marketing resources with our proven global distribution capabilities. We also provide succession planning solutions and advice to our Affiliates, which can include a degree of liquidity and financial diversification along with incentive alignment for next-generation partners. We take a long-term partnership approach with our Affiliates, which provides stability in facilitating succession planning across generations of Affiliate management principals. We are uniquely able to provide strategic support and expertise across various stages of our Affiliates’ growth. We believe that clients recognize certain fundamental characteristics of focused independent investment managers, especially direct equity ownership by management principals as well as investment and operational independence, as competitive advantages for these firms in achieving client investment goals and objectives, especially through alpha generation. Our investment approach preserves these essential elements for our Affiliates, and in partnering with us, our Affiliates can continue to grow while retaining their independence. Independent
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firms seeking an institutional partner are attracted to our unique partnership approach and our global reputation and track record across nearly three decades as a successful and supportive partner to boutique investment firms around the world.
We anticipate that the principal owners of independent investment firms will continue to seek access to an evolving range of growth and succession solutions. We will, therefore, continue to have a significant opportunity to invest in outstanding firms across the global asset management industry, including investment opportunities resulting from subsidiary divestitures, secondary sales and other special situations. In addition, we have the opportunity to make additional equity investments in our existing Affiliates, or invest in their growth by providing seed or other growth capital. We are well-positioned to execute upon these investment opportunities through our established process of identifying and cultivating high-quality investment prospects; our broad industry network and proprietary relationships developed with prospects over many years; our substantial experience and expertise in structuring and negotiating transactions; and our strong global reputation as an outstanding partner to our Affiliates, as well as for providing innovative solutions for the strategic needs of independent investment firms.
Investment Management Operations
Through our Affiliates, we provide a comprehensive and diverse range of active, return-oriented strategies designed to assist institutional, retail, and high net worth clients worldwide in achieving their investment objectives. We manage disciplined and focused investment strategies that address the specialized needs of institutional clients, including foundations and endowments, defined benefit and defined contribution plans for corporations and municipalities, and multi-employer plans. We provide investment management expertise to retail investors through advisory and sub-advisory services to active, return-oriented mutual funds, Undertakings for the Collective Investment of Transferable Securities (“UCITS”), collective investment trusts, and other retail products. We also provide investment management and customized investment counseling and fiduciary services to high net worth individuals, families, charitable foundations, and individually managed accounts directly and through intermediaries, including brokerage firms or other sponsors.
As of December 31, 2020, we managed approximately $716 billion in equity, alternative, and multi-asset strategies across investment styles, asset classes, and geographies. The following chart provides information regarding our equity, alternative, and multi-asset strategies as of December 31, 2020.
Assets Under Management
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Through our Affiliates, we offer investors access to a broad and diverse array of independent investment managers with distinct brands and specialized investment processes. Our Affiliates distribute their investment services and products to institutional investors through direct sales efforts and established relationships with consultants and intermediaries around the world through their own business development resources. In addition, our global distribution platform operates in major markets to extend the reach of our Affiliates’ own business development efforts, including strategy, marketing, distribution, and product development. Our Affiliates benefit from the expertise of our senior sales and marketing professionals located in the U.S., the UK, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia.
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Our Affiliates’ investment management services are also distributed globally to retail investors through our Affiliates’ own efforts and through our retail distribution platform in the form of advisory and sub-advisory services to mutual funds and other retail oriented products. Our Affiliates’ investment management services are delivered to retail investors through various intermediaries, including independent investment advisers, retirement plan sponsors, broker-dealers, major fund marketplaces, sponsors of separately managed accounts (including unified managed accounts), and bank trust departments.
Our Affiliates currently manage assets for investors in more than 50 countries, including all major developed markets.
Our Structure and Relationship with Affiliates
We maintain long-term partnerships with the management equity owners of our Affiliates, and believe that Affiliate management equity ownership (along with our long-term ownership) aligns our and our Affiliates’ interests, enhances Affiliate management equity incentives, and preserves the opportunity for Affiliate management to participate directly in the long-term future growth and profitability of their firm. Our innovative partnership approach maintains our Affiliates’ unique entrepreneurial cultures, investment independence, and operational autonomy in managing their businesses. Although the equity structure of each Affiliate investment is tailored to meet the needs of the management equity owners of the particular Affiliate, we typically maintain a meaningful equity interest in the Affiliate, with a significant equity interest retained by Affiliate management.
Each of our Affiliates operates through distinct legal entities, which affords us the flexibility to design a separate operating agreement for each Affiliate that reflects our customized arrangements with respect to governance, economic participation, equity incentives and the other terms of our relationship.  In each case, the operating agreement provides for a governance structure that gives Affiliate management the authority to manage and operate the business on a day-to-day basis.  The operating agreement also reflects the specific terms of our economic participation in the Affiliate, which, in each case, uses a “structured partnership interest” to ensure alignment of our economic interests with those of Affiliate management.
For a majority of our Affiliates, we use structured partnership interests in which we contractually share in the Affiliate’s revenue without regard to expenses. In this type of structured partnership interest, the Affiliate allocates a specified percentage of its revenue to us and Affiliate management, while using the remainder of its revenue for operating expenses and for additional distributions to Affiliate management. We and Affiliate management, therefore, participate in any increase or decrease in revenue, and only Affiliate management participates in any increase or decrease in expenses. Under these structured partnership interests our contractual share of revenue generally has priority over distributions to Affiliate management.
For other Affiliates, we use structured partnership interests in which we contractually share in the Affiliate’s revenue less agreed-upon expenses. This type of partnership interest allows us to benefit from any increase in revenue or any decrease in the agreed-upon expenses, but also exposes us to any decrease in revenue or any increase in such expenses. The degree of our exposure to expenses from these structured partnership interests varies by Affiliate and includes Affiliates in which we fully share in the expenses of the business.
When we own a controlling equity interest in an Affiliate, we consolidate the Affiliate’s financial results into our Consolidated Financial Statements. When we do not own a controlling equity interest in an Affiliate, but have significant influence, we account for our interest in the Affiliate under the equity method. Under the equity method of accounting, we do not consolidate the Affiliate’s results into our Consolidated Financial Statements. Instead, our share of earnings or losses, net of amortization and impairments, is included in Equity method loss (net) in our Consolidated Statements of Income, and our interest in these Affiliates is reported in Equity method investments in Affiliates (net) in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Whether we consolidate an Affiliate’s financial results or use the equity method of accounting, we maintain the same innovative partnership approach and provide support and assistance in substantially the same manner for all of our Affiliates. From time to time, we may restructure our interest in an Affiliate to better support the Affiliate’s growth strategy.
Competition
Our Affiliates compete with a large number of domestic and foreign investment management firms, as well as with subsidiaries of larger financial organizations. These firms may have significantly greater financial, technological, and marketing resources; captive distribution; and assets under management. Many of these firms offer an even broader array of products and services in particular investment strategies such as passively-managed products, including exchange traded funds, that typically carry lower fee rates, as well as environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) strategies and other developing strategies or trends. Certain of our Affiliates offer their investment management services to the same client types and, from
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time to time, may compete with each other for clients. In addition, there are relatively few barriers to entry for new investment management firms, especially for those looking to provide investment management services to institutional and high net worth investors. We believe that the most important factors affecting our Affiliates’ ability to compete for clients are the:
•investment performance, investment styles, and reputations of our Affiliates and their management teams;

•diversity of our Affiliates’ investment strategies and products and the continued development, either organically or through new investments, of investment strategies to meet the changing needs and risk tolerances of investors;

•depth and continuity of our and our Affiliates’ client relationships and the level of client service offered;

•maintenance of strong business relationships by us and our Affiliates with major intermediaries; and

•continued success of our and our Affiliates’ distribution efforts.
The relative importance of each of these factors can vary depending on client type and the investment management service involved, as well as general market conditions. The ability to compete with other investment management firms also depends, in part, on the relative attractiveness of our Affiliates’ active, return-oriented strategies, market trends, fees, or a combination of these factors.
We compete with a number of acquirers of and investors in boutique investment firms, including other investment management companies, private equity firms, sovereign wealth funds, and larger financial organizations. We believe that the most important factors affecting our ability to compete for future investments are the:
•breadth and depth of our relationships with boutique investment firms;

•target firms’ view of our innovative partnership approach, including our succession planning solutions and the preservation of their unique entrepreneurial cultures, investment independence, and operational autonomy in managing their businesses;

•purchase price, liquidity, equity incentive structures, and access to economies of scale that we offer (financially, operationally or otherwise) as compared to acquisition or investment arrangements offered by others; and

•reputation and performance of our Affiliates, by which target firms may judge us and our future prospects.
Government Regulation
Our Affiliates offer their investment management services and products around the world, and are subject to complex and extensive regulation by regulatory and self-regulatory authorities and exchanges in various jurisdictions. Virtually all aspects of the asset management business, including the provision of advice, investment strategies and trading, fund sponsorship, and product-related sales and distribution activities, are subject to regulation. These regulations are primarily intended to protect the clients of investment advisers and generally grant regulatory authorities broad administrative and enforcement powers.
The majority of our Affiliates are registered with the SEC as investment advisers under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”). The Advisers Act imposes numerous obligations on registered investment advisers, including fiduciary duties, compliance and disclosure obligations, and operational and recordkeeping requirements. Our Affiliates operating outside of the U.S. may be subject to the Advisers Act and are also subject to regulation by various regulatory and self-regulatory authorities and exchanges in the relevant jurisdictions, including, for those Affiliates active in the UK, the Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”). Many of our Affiliates also sponsor or advise registered and unregistered funds in the U.S. and in other jurisdictions, and are subject to regulatory requirements in the jurisdictions where those funds are sponsored or offered, including, with respect to mutual funds in the U.S., the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). The Investment Company Act governs the operations of mutual funds and imposes obligations on their advisers, including investment restrictions and other governance, compliance, reporting and fiduciary obligations relating to the management of mutual funds. Many of our Affiliates are also subject to directives and regulations in the European Union and other jurisdictions relating to funds, such as the UCITS Directive and the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (“AIFMD”), with respect to depositary functions, remuneration policies and sanctions, among other matters.
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Our Affiliates’ sales and marketing activities are subject to regulation by authorities in the jurisdictions in which they offer investment management products and services. Our Affiliates’ ability to transact business in these jurisdictions, and to conduct related cross-border activities, is subject to the continuing availability of regulatory authorizations and exemptions. Through our global distribution platform, we also engage in sales and marketing activities that extend the reach of our Affiliates’ own business development efforts, and which are subject to regulation in numerous jurisdictions. Our U.S. retail distribution subsidiary is registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act. This subsidiary sponsors mutual funds registered under the Investment Company Act, and serves as an investment adviser and/or administrator for the AMG Funds complex. In the UK, our global distribution subsidiary is regulated by the FCA. We also have global distribution subsidiaries or branches of subsidiaries regulated by the Dubai Financial Services Authority, the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong, and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, and our activities in the European Union are regulated by various regulators in European jurisdictions.
Certain of our Affiliates and our U.S. retail distribution subsidiary are subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), and related regulations, with respect to retirement plan clients. ERISA imposes duties on persons who are fiduciaries under ERISA, and prohibits certain transactions involving related parties to a retirement plan. The U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) administers ERISA and regulates investment advisers who service retirement plan clients, and has been increasingly active in proposing and adopting additional regulations applicable to the asset management industry. Certain of our Affiliates and our U.S. retail distribution subsidiary are also members of the National Futures Association and are regulated by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) with respect to the management of funds and other products that utilize futures, swaps or other CFTC-regulated instruments.
In addition, certain of our Affiliates and our U.S. retail broker-dealer subsidiary are registered broker-dealers and members of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), for the purpose of distributing funds or other products. FINRA has adopted extensive regulatory requirements relating to sales practices, registration of personnel, compliance and supervision, and compensation and disclosure. FINRA and the SEC have the authority to conduct periodic examinations of member broker-dealers, and may also conduct administrative proceedings. These broker-dealers are also subject to net capital rules in the U.S. that mandate the maintenance of certain levels of capital, and our Affiliates and our global distribution subsidiaries may also be subject to other regulatory capital requirements imposed by non-U.S. regulatory authorities.
Due to the extensive laws and regulations to which we and our Affiliates are subject, we and our Affiliates must devote substantial time, expense and effort to remain current on, and to address, legal and regulatory compliance matters. We have established compliance programs for each of our operating subsidiaries, and each of our Affiliates has established compliance programs to address regulatory compliance requirements for its operations. We and our Affiliates have experienced legal and compliance professionals in place to address these requirements, and have relationships with various legal and regulatory advisers in each of the countries where we and our Affiliates conduct business. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors”.
Human Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2020, we and our Affiliates had approximately 3,900 employees, the substantial majority of which were employed by our Affiliates and not by AMG. Through our innovative partnership approach with our Affiliates, each Affiliate’s management team retains operational autonomy in managing and operating their business on a day-to-day basis, including with respect to their human capital. AMG and Affiliates frequently share and discuss best practices in managing, aligning and engaging their respective workforce. Given this approach, the following is a discussion of AMG’s workforce, or approximately 5% of the total employees, and the policies and cultural initiatives in respect of our human capital.
Our employees and our reputation are our most important assets, and attracting, retaining, and motivating top talent to execute on our strategic business objectives is a fundamental imperative. We support that imperative through our strong values-based culture, commitment to career development and training, employee engagement, attractive compensation and benefits programs, attention to succession planning, and fostering of diversity and inclusion at all levels of our organization.
Our leadership training and sponsored skills development programs cover a wide range of subject area expertise as well as career development generally, and are anchored on a comprehensive performance review process, which includes a company-wide 360-degree review program. Further, we support employees’ educational pursuits relating to degree programs and certifications through company-supported time off for professional development and flexible work arrangements tailored to individual employees’ educational goals. We regularly conduct company-wide surveys to solicit feedback from our employees on a variety of topics, including philanthropic interests, remote working, work-from-home technology needs, flexible time off, and general job satisfaction, which help us enhance employee engagement and retention. Our 2020 anonymous employee
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engagement survey reported an employee satisfaction rating of 92%, relative to 88% in 2019, which we attribute to our focus and commitment to our employees.
We prioritize employee engagement through a range of cross-functional, multi-level communication mediums, which historically have included small working group lunches, company-wide town halls, management off-sites, and charitable volunteer activities, and more recently have continued in virtual forums. Through employee participation in our corporate philanthropic initiatives across our global offices, we are committed to giving back to the communities in which we operate, and we believe that these initiatives also support our efforts to attract and retain employees. We provide company-supported time off to encourage employees in their charitable endeavors. We also have a formal program to match employee donations to eligible non-profit institutions through AMG and The AMG Charitable Foundation. Through our matching program as well as through direct grants, AMG and The AMG Charitable Foundation have made donations to over 300 organizations around the world.
We believe diversity and inclusion result in a highly creative and innovative workforce, and are committed to fostering and promoting an inclusive and diverse work environment. We seek to recruit the best people for the job without regard to gender, ethnicity or other protected traits, and it is our policy to comply fully with all domestic, foreign and local laws relating to discrimination in the workplace. We have achieved gender diversity of approximately 40% across management positions in our workforce, and overall approximately 50% of our employees are women (in each case, excluding our U.S. retail distribution subsidiary). Further, 50% of the independent members of our Board of Directors are women, and 33% of the independent directors are ethnically diverse, in each case, above the average of S&P 500 companies. We continually seek to enhance the diversity of our employee base, as our employees around the world contribute their distinct perspectives to improve our business and the communities in which our businesses operate. Our executive management team has responsibility for diversity initiatives, in coordination with our Sustainability Committee, and reviews these initiatives with our Board of Directors at least annually.
Our Website
Our website is www.amg.com. Our website provides information about us, and, from time to time, we may use it to distribute material company information. We routinely post financial, investment performance and other important information regarding the Company in the Investor Relations section of our website and we encourage investors to consult that section regularly. The Investor Relations section of our website also includes copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, including exhibits, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished with the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We make these reports available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after our electronic filing of such materials with, or the furnishing of them to, the SEC. The information contained or incorporated on our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Item 1A.Risk Factors
We and our Affiliates face a variety of risks that are substantial and inherent in our businesses. The following are some of the more important factors that could affect our and our Affiliates’ businesses. Certain statements in “Risk Factors” are forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Statements.”
RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDUSTRY, BUSINESS AND OPERATIONS
Our financial results depend on our Affiliates’ receipt of asset and performance based fees, and are impacted by investment performance, as well as changes in fee levels, product mix and the relative levels of assets under management among our Affiliates.
Our financial results depend on our Affiliates’ receipt of asset and performance based fees, which may vary substantially from year to year. Our Affiliates’ ability to maintain current fee levels depends on a number of factors, including our Affiliates’ investment performance, as well as competition and trends in the asset management industry, including investor demand for passively-managed products, including exchange traded funds, that typically carry lower fee rates, or preferences for other developing strategies or trends. Further, different types of assets under management can generate different ratios of asset based fees to assets under management (“asset based fee ratio”), based on factors such as the investment strategy and the type of client. Thus, a change in the composition of our assets under management, either within an Affiliate or among our Affiliates, could result in a decrease in our aggregate fees even if our aggregate assets under management remains unchanged or increases. Products that use fee structures based on investment performance may also vary significantly from period to period, depending on the investment performance of the particular product. For some of our Affiliates, performance based fees include a high-watermark provision, which generally provides that if a product underperforms on an absolute basis or relative to its benchmark, it must regain such underperformance before the Affiliate will earn any performance based fees. In addition, in the ordinary course of business, our Affiliates may reduce or waive fees on certain products for particular time periods, to attract or retain assets or for other reasons. No assurances can be given that our Affiliates will be able to maintain current fee structures or levels. A reduction in the fees that our Affiliates receive could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, our structured partnership interests are tailored to meet the needs of each Affiliate and are therefore varied, and our earnings may be adversely affected by changes in the relative performance or in the relative levels and mix of assets under management among our Affiliates, independent of our aggregate operating performance measures. Further, certain Affiliates contribute more significantly to our results than other Affiliates and, therefore, changes in fee levels, product mix, assets under management or investment performance of such Affiliates could have a disproportionate adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our financial results could be adversely affected by any reduction in our assets under management, which could reduce the asset and performance based fees earned by our Affiliates.
Our financial results may be impacted by changes in the total level of our assets under management. The total level of our assets under management generally or with respect to particular products or Affiliates could be adversely affected by conditions outside of our control, including:
•a decline in the market value of our assets under management, due to declines or heightened volatility in the capital markets, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, inflation rates or the yield curve, and other market factors;
•changes in investor risk tolerance or investment preferences, which could result in investor allocations away from active, return-oriented strategies offered by our Affiliates;
•our Affiliates’ ability to attract and retain client assets and market products and services, which may be impacted by investment performance, client relationships, demand for product and service offerings, and the prices of securities generally;
•global economic conditions, which may be exacerbated by changes in the equity or debt markets;
•financial crises, political or diplomatic developments, public health crises, such as pandemics, trade wars, social or civil unrest, insurrection, war, terrorism, or natural disasters; and
•other factors that are difficult to predict.
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A reduction in our assets under management could adversely affect the fees payable to our Affiliates and, ultimately, our financial condition and results of operations. 
If our or our Affiliates’ reputations are harmed, we could suffer losses in our business and financial results.
The success of our business depends on earning and maintaining the trust and confidence of our Affiliates and our stockholders, our ability to compete for future investment opportunities, and our and our Affiliates’ reputations among existing and potential clients. Our and our Affiliates’ reputations are critical to our business and could be impacted by events that may be difficult or impossible to control, and costly or impossible to remediate. For example, alleged or actual failures by us, our Affiliates or our respective employees to comply with applicable laws, rules or regulations, errors in our public reports, cyber-attack or data breach incidents, expectations and perceptions of our or our Affiliates’ ESG practices, threatened or actual litigation against us, any of our Affiliates or our respective employees, or the public announcement and potential publicity surrounding any of these issues, even if inaccurate, satisfactorily addressed, or if no violation or wrongdoing actually occurred, could adversely impact our or our Affiliates’ reputations and their relationships with clients, our relationships with our Affiliates, and our ability to negotiate agreements with new independent investment firms, any of which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The asset management industry is highly competitive.
Our Affiliates compete with a broad range of domestic and foreign investment management firms, including public, private and client-owned investment advisers; firms managing passively-managed products, including exchange traded funds, as well as other firms managing active, return-oriented strategies; firms associated with securities broker-dealers, financial institutions, insurance companies, private equity firms, sovereign wealth funds; and other entities. These firms may have significantly greater financial, technological and marketing resources, captive distribution and assets under management, and many of these firms offer an even broader array of products and services in particular investment strategies, including ESG strategies and other developing strategies and trends. These firms may also compete by seeking to capitalize on a trend towards institutions consolidating the number of investment managers they work with. Competition from these firms may reduce the fees that our Affiliates can obtain for investment management services, or could impair our Affiliates’ ability to attract and retain client assets. We believe that our Affiliates’ ability to compete effectively with other firms depends upon our Affiliates’ strategies, investment performance, reputations, client relationships, fee structures, client-servicing capabilities, and the marketing and distribution of their investment strategies, among other factors. See “Competition” in Item 1. Our Affiliates may not compare favorably with their competitors in any or all of these categories. From time to time, our Affiliates may also compete with each other for clients.
Investment management contracts are subject to termination on short notice.
Through our Affiliates, we derive almost all of our asset and performance based fees from clients pursuant to investment management contracts. While certain of our Affiliates’ private equity and alternative products have long-term commitment periods, many of our Affiliates’ investment management contracts are terminable by the client without penalty upon relatively short notice (typically not longer than 60 days). We cannot be certain that our Affiliates will be able to retain their existing clients or attract new clients. If our Affiliates’ clients terminate their investment management contracts or withdraw a substantial amount of assets, it is likely to harm our results of operations. In addition, investment management contracts with mutual funds or other retail products are subject to annual approval by the fund’s board of directors.
We may need to raise additional capital in the future, and existing or future resources may not be available to us in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms.
While we believe that our existing cash resources and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs for normal operations for the foreseeable future, our continuing acquisitions of interests in independent investment firms and our other strategic initiatives may require additional capital. Further, we have significant repurchase obligations relating to Affiliate equity interests, and it is difficult to predict the frequency and magnitude of these repurchases. As of December 31, 2020, the current redemption value relating to Affiliate equity repurchase obligations was presented within Redeemable non-controlling interests on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and was $671.5 million, which includes $35.4 million of consolidated Affiliate sponsored investment products primarily attributable to third-party investors. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources-Affiliate Equity” in Item 7 and Notes 17 and 18 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. These obligations may require more cash than is then available from our existing cash resources and cash flows from operations. Thus, we may need to raise capital through additional borrowings or by selling shares of our common stock or other equity or debt securities, or otherwise refinance a portion of these obligations.
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As of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding debt of $2.5 billion. Our level of indebtedness may increase if we fund future investments or other expenses through borrowings. Any additional indebtedness could increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions and may require us to dedicate a greater portion of our cash flows from operations to payments on our indebtedness.
The financing activities described above could increase our Interest expense, decrease our Net income (controlling interest) or dilute the interests of our existing stockholders. In addition, our access to additional capital, and the cost of capital we are able to access, is influenced by a number of factors, including the state of global credit and equity markets, interest rates, credit spreads and our credit ratings. We are rated A3 by Moody’s Investors Service and BBB+ by S&P Global Ratings. A reduction in our credit ratings could also increase our borrowing costs under our credit facilities or, in certain cases, give rise to a termination right by the counterparty under our derivative financial instruments.
Our debt agreements impose certain covenants relating to the conduct of our business, including financial covenants under our credit facilities, any breach of which could result in the acceleration of the repayment of any amounts borrowed or outstanding thereunder.
Our debt agreements contain customary affirmative operating covenants and negative covenants that, among other things, place certain limitations on our and our subsidiaries’ ability to incur debt, merge or transfer assets, and create liens and, in the case of our credit facilities, require us to maintain specified financial ratios, including a maximum leverage ratio and a minimum interest coverage ratio. The breach of any covenant (either due to our actions or omissions or, in the case of financial covenants, due to a significant and prolonged market-driven decline in our operating results) could result in a default under the applicable debt agreement and, in the case of our credit facilities, lenders could refuse to make further extensions of credit to us. Further, in the event of certain defaults, amounts borrowed under our debt agreements, together with accrued interest and other fees, could become immediately due and payable. If any indebtedness were to become subject to accelerated repayment, we may not have sufficient liquid assets to repay such indebtedness in full.
We have substantial intangibles on our balance sheet, and any impairment of our intangibles could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
As of December 31, 2020, our total assets were $7.9 billion, of which $3.7 billion were intangibles, and $2.1 billion were equity method investments in Affiliates, an amount primarily composed of intangible assets. We cannot be certain that we will realize the value of such intangible assets. Our intangible assets may become impaired as a result of any number of factors, including changes in market conditions, declines in the value of assets under management, client attrition, product performance, reductions in fee rates and changes in strategic objectives or growth prospects of an Affiliate. An impairment of our intangible assets or an other-than-temporary decline in the value of our equity method investments could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Determining the value of intangible assets, and evaluating them for impairment, requires management to exercise significant judgment. In recent periods, we have recorded expenses to reduce the carrying value to fair value of certain Affiliates and certain acquired client relationships, and may experience similar impairment events in future reporting periods. See “Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments” in Item 7 and Notes 9 and 10 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Market risk management activities may adversely affect our liquidity and results of operations.
From time to time, we and our Affiliates seek to offset exposure to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and markets by entering into derivative financial instruments. See Note 7 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The scope of these risk management activities is selective and varies based on the level and volatility of interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and other changing market conditions. We and our Affiliates do not seek to hedge exposure to all market risks, which means that exposure to certain market risks is not limited. Further, the use of derivative financial instruments does not entirely eliminate the possibility of fluctuations in the value of the underlying position or prevent losses if the value of the position declines, and also can limit the opportunity for gain if the value of the position increases. There can be no assurance that our or our Affiliates’ derivative financial instruments will meet their overall objective or that we or our Affiliates will be successful in entering into such instruments in the future. Further, while hedging arrangements may reduce certain risks, such arrangements themselves may entail other risks, may generate significant transaction costs, and may require the posting of cash collateral. For example, if our or our Affiliates’ counterparties fail to honor their obligations in a timely manner, including any obligations to return posted collateral, our liquidity and results of operations could be adversely impacted.
The anticipated replacement of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) introduces a number of risks for us, our Affiliates and their clients, and for the global asset management industry more broadly.
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LIBOR and other financial benchmarks are currently the subject of national, international, and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. Currently, LIBOR is expected to be discontinued, but there remains uncertainty as to such timing, as well as the nature of any replacement rate. These reforms may have consequences that create uncertainties, including changes in the valuation of financial instruments linked to benchmark indices, which could impact Affiliate sponsored investment products, investments, derivatives or other instruments, and may result in pricing, operational and legal implementation risks. Further, the proposed reforms could result in an increase in our or our Affiliates’ debt service costs. While it is not currently possible to determine precisely how, or to what extent, the withdrawal and replacement of LIBOR or the alteration of any other financial benchmarks would affect us and our Affiliates, the changes may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, or an outbreak of another highly infectious or contagious disease, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As of the date of this Form 10-K, the outbreak of COVID-19, which the World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in early 2020, is ongoing. This pandemic has adversely impacted the global economy and contributed to significant volatility in equity and debt markets. Many jurisdictions continue to institute quarantines, limitations on travel, and restrictions on access to schools, offices, and other public venues. Businesses have implemented similar precautionary measures, many of which remain in effect. Such measures, as well as the general uncertainty surrounding the containment and impact of COVID-19, have created significant disruption in economic activity.
These developments, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, the timing and effectiveness of vaccines, the terms and duration of mandated shut downs and other restrictions, and the impact on the global economy and financial markets, as well as the extent of the impact on us and our Affiliates, remain difficult to predict and will depend on a number of factors, including actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties that are not within our control. If financial markets become depressed for a prolonged period as a result of the COVID-19 or another pandemic or public health crisis, our assets under management, aggregate fees, and earnings could be adversely affected and our intangible assets could become impaired. These developments could also increase our costs of capital or reduce the availability of credit, or adversely change the interest rates or credit ratings applicable to us. Further, our growth strategy depends in part upon our ability to make investments in independent investment firms and to pursue other strategic partnerships. Our ability to pursue these transactions could be impacted during the period of market and economic disruption relating to COVID-19 or another pandemic or public health crisis, as a result of the availability of capital or other factors. Additionally, although we maintain contingency plans for pandemics and we and our Affiliates have remained fully operational throughout the pandemic, the further spread of COVID-19, or an outbreak of another contagious disease, could also impact the availability of key personnel necessary to conduct our or our Affiliates’ businesses or the business and operations of third parties that perform critical services for our or our Affiliates’ businesses.
These factors and others relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, or of another highly infectious or contagious disease, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations, or cause volatility in the market price of our common stock.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR STRATEGY AND OUR STRUCTURED PARTNERSHIPS WITH AFFILIATES
Our growth strategy depends in part upon our ability to make investments in independent investment firms and to pursue other strategic partnerships.
Our continued success in investing in independent investment firms will depend upon our ability to find suitable firms in which to invest or make additional investments in our existing Affiliates, our ability to negotiate agreements with such firms on acceptable terms, and our ability to raise the capital necessary to finance such transactions. The market for acquisitions of interests in these firms is highly competitive. Many other public and private financial services companies, including commercial and investment banks, private equity firms, sovereign wealth funds, insurance companies and investment management firms, also invest in boutique investment firms and may have significantly greater resources than we do. In addition to direct competition on particular prospects, these firms can also negatively impact the volume and value of transactions more broadly. Further, our long-term innovative partnership approach with our Affiliates is designed to provide succession planning and enhanced equity incentives for management equity owners, and the management of some target firms may prefer terms and structures offered by our competitors.
The success of our investments depends on our and our Affiliates’ ability to grow their businesses and carry out their management succession plans. In addition, our investments involve a number of risks, including the existence of unknown liabilities that may arise after making an investment, some of which may depend upon factors that are not under our control.
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We may not be successful in making investments in new firms or maintaining existing investments, and any firms that we do invest in may not have favorable results or performance following our investment, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Further, the consummation of our announced investments is generally subject to a number of closing conditions, contingencies and approvals, including, but not limited to, obtaining certain consents of the independent investment firm’s clients and applicable regulatory approvals. In the event that an announced transaction is not consummated, we may experience a decline in the price of our common stock.
Our growth strategy also includes pursuing strategic partnerships in areas where we can assist our Affiliates in growing and diversifying their businesses. These strategic partnerships may involve risks and require resources and investment, and there is no certainty that such partnerships will deliver the anticipated benefits over the expected time frame or at all.
The structure of our partnership interests in our Affiliates may expose us to unanticipated changes in Affiliate revenue, operating expenses and other commitments, which we may not anticipate and may have limited ability to control.
For a majority of our Affiliates, we use structured partnership interests in which we contractually share in the Affiliate’s revenue without regard to expenses. In this type of structured partnership interest, the Affiliate allocates a specified percentage of its revenue to us and Affiliate management, while using the remainder of its revenue for operating expenses and for additional distributions to Affiliate management. In these types of structures, while our distributions generally have priority, our agreed allocations may not anticipate changes in the revenue and operating expense base of the Affiliate, and the revenue remaining after our specified share is allocated to us may not be large enough to cover all of the Affiliate’s operating expenses, which could result in a reduction of the amount allocated to us or could negatively impact the Affiliate’s operations and prospects.
For other Affiliates, we use structured partnership interests in which we contractually share in the Affiliate’s revenue less agreed-upon expenses. This type of partnership interest allows us to benefit from any increase in revenue or any decrease in the agreed-upon expenses, but also exposes us to any decrease in revenue or any increase in such expenses. The degree of our exposure to expenses from these structured partnership interests varies by Affiliate and includes Affiliates in which we fully share in the expenses of the business. In these types of structures, we may have limited or no ability to control the level of expenses at the Affiliate, and our distributions generally do not have priority. Further, the impact of Affiliate expenses on our earnings and our stock price could increase if the portion of our earnings derived from such Affiliates increases.
As a result of these factors, unanticipated changes in revenue, operating expenses or other commitments at any of our Affiliates could leave the Affiliate with a shortfall in remaining funds for distribution to us or Affiliate management, or for funding their operations. Changes in the global marketplace in particular could result in rapid changes to our Affiliates’ earnings or expenses, and our Affiliates may be unable to make appropriate expense reductions in a timely manner to respond to such changes. Any of these developments could have an adverse effect on our financial condition generally and on our results of operations for the applicable reporting period.
Additionally, regardless of the particular structure, we may elect to defer or forgo the receipt of our share of an Affiliate’s revenue or earnings, or to adjust any expenses allocated to us, to permit the Affiliate to fund expenses in light of unanticipated changes in revenue or operating expenses, with the aim of maximizing the long-term benefits. We cannot be certain that any such deferral or forbearance would be of any greater long-term benefit to us, and such a deferral or forbearance may have an adverse effect on our near- or long-term financial condition and results of operations.
We may reposition or divest our equity interests in our Affiliates, and we cannot be certain that any such repositioning or divestment will benefit us in the near- or long-term.
From time to time, we may reposition our relationships with our Affiliates, which could, among other things, include changes to our structured partnership interests, including changes in our ownership level and in the calculation of our share of revenue and/or operating expenses. Such repositioning may be done in order to address an Affiliate’s succession planning, changes in its revenue or operating expense base, strategic planning or other developments. Any repositioning of our interest in an Affiliate may result in increased exposure to changes in the Affiliate’s revenue and/or operating expenses, or in additional investments or commitments from us, or could increase or reduce our interest in the Affiliate. In some cases, this could result in the full divestment of our interest to Affiliate management or to a third party, or in our acquisition of all of the equity interests of the Affiliate. In addition, certain of our Affiliates accounted for under the equity method have customary rights in certain circumstances to sell a majority interest in their firm to a third party and to cause us to participate in such sale. Any such changes could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
We and our Affiliates rely on certain key personnel and cannot guarantee their continued service.
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We depend on the efforts of our executive officers and our other officers and employees. Our executive officers, in particular, play an important role in the stability and growth of our existing Affiliates and in identifying potential investments in independent investment firms. There is no guarantee that these executive officers will remain with the Company. We generally do not have employment agreements with our executive officers, although each has a significant deferred equity interest in the Company and is subject to non-solicitation and non-competition restrictions that may be triggered upon their departure. Further, we seek to attract and retain our key officers and employees through a number of initiatives and programs, including developing a strong values-based culture, a commitment to career development, employee engagement, attractive compensation and benefits programs, attention to succession planning, and fostering of diversity and inclusion, any of which may not be successful in contributing to the retention of such employees. Changes in our management team, in particular, may be disruptive to our business, and failure to attract and retain members of our executive or senior management team, or to effectively implement and manage appropriate succession plans, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, our Affiliates depend heavily on the services of key principals who, in many cases, have managed their firms for many years. These principals often are primarily responsible for their firm’s investment decisions. Although we use a combination of economic incentives, transfer restrictions and, in some instances, non-solicitation, non-competition and employment agreements in an effort to retain key Affiliate personnel, there is no guarantee that these principals will remain with their firms. Since certain of our Affiliates contribute more significantly to our revenue than other Affiliates, the loss of key personnel at these Affiliates could have a disproportionately adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK
Equity markets and our common stock have been volatile.
The market price of our common stock has experienced and may continue to experience volatility, and the broader equity markets have experienced and may continue to experience significant price and volume fluctuations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or other factors. In addition, announcements of our financial and operating results or other material information, including changes in net client cash flows and assets under management, changes in our financial guidance or our failure to meet such guidance, our new investments activity, changes in general conditions in the economy or the financial markets, perceptions regarding our ESG profile, and other developments affecting us, our Affiliates or our competitors, as well as geopolitical, social, regulatory, capital markets, economic, and business factors unrelated to us, could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially.
The sale or issuance of substantial amounts of our common stock, or the expectation that such sales or issuances will occur, could adversely impact the price of our common stock.
The sale or issuance of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market could adversely impact its price. In connection with our financing activities, we have issued junior convertible trust preferred securities and entered into an equity distribution program, either of which may result in the issuance of our common stock upon the occurrence of certain events. We also have exercisable options outstanding and unvested restricted stock that have been awarded under our share-based incentive plans. Additionally, we have the right to settle certain Affiliate equity repurchase obligations with shares of our common stock. Moreover, in connection with future financing activities, we may issue additional convertible securities or shares of our common stock, including through forward equity transactions. Any such issuance of shares of our common stock could have the effect of substantially diluting the interests of our current equity holders. In the event that a large number of shares of our common stock are sold or issued in the public market, or the expectation that such sales or issuances will occur, the price of our common stock may decline as a result.
Provisions in our organizational documents, Delaware law and other factors could delay or prevent a change in control of the Company, or adversely affect our financial results in periods prior to and following a change in control.
Provisions in our charter and by-laws and anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law could discourage, delay or prevent an unsolicited change in control of the Company. These provisions may also have the effect of making it more difficult for third parties to replace our executive officers without the consent of our Board of Directors. These provisions include:
•the ability of our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock and to determine the terms, rights, and preferences of the preferred stock without stockholder approval;

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•the prohibition on the right of stockholders to call meetings or act by written consent and limitations on the right of stockholders to present proposals or make nominations at stockholder meetings; and

•legal restrictions on mergers and other business combinations between us and any holder of 15 percent or more of our outstanding common stock.
Further, given our long-term innovative partnership approach with our Affiliates, which is designed to maintain their unique entrepreneurial cultures, investment independence, and operational autonomy in managing their businesses, a change in control may be viewed negatively by our Affiliates, impacting their relationships with us. Additionally, the disposition of certain of our Affiliates following a change in control could result in the immediate realization of taxes owed on any excess proceeds above our tax basis in the relevant Affiliate, which could impact the valuation a third party may apply to us in a change in control. Any of the forgoing factors may inhibit a change in control in circumstances that could give our stockholders the opportunity to realize a premium over the market price of our common stock, or may result in negative impacts on our financial results in periods prior to and following a change in control.
In addition, a change in control of the Company or the acquisition of a large ownership position in shares of our outstanding common stock by a single holder may constitute a change in control for certain of our Affiliates for purposes of the Advisers Act and the Investment Company Act. In that case, absent client consents, the Affiliate’s management agreements may be deemed to be “assigned” in violation of the agreement and, for mutual fund clients, will terminate. We cannot be certain that any required client consents (which the impacted Affiliates would need to be involved in requesting) would be obtained if such a change of control occurs. Any termination, deemed assignment or renegotiation of any of our Affiliates’ management agreements could result in a reduction in our assets under management or the fees payable to our Affiliates and, ultimately, our aggregate fees. Further, certain of our Affiliates operate regulated businesses in jurisdictions outside of the U.S. that, in some cases, require regulatory notifications and other filings if a single stockholder acquires an ownership position in the Company exceeding certain specified thresholds, regardless of whether a change in control has occurred for purposes of the Advisers Act or the Investment Company Act.  Such an ownership position could also trigger approvals under FINRA, for Affiliates operating a broker-dealer in the U.S. As a result, a large ownership position in our stock, whether or not resulting in a change of control of the Company, could result in increased regulatory reporting and compliance costs, and potential restrictions on our or our Affiliates’ business activities, and could reduce the fees that our Affiliates receive under investment management contracts, any of which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.
LEGAL AND REGULATORY RISKS
Our and our Affiliates’ businesses are highly regulated.
Our and our Affiliates’ businesses are subject to complex and extensive regulation by regulatory and self-regulatory authorities and exchanges in various jurisdictions around the world, which, for our Affiliates and our U.S. retail distribution subsidiary, include those applicable to investment advisers, as detailed in “Government Regulation” in Item 1. Applicable laws, rules and regulations impose requirements, restrictions and limitations on our and our Affiliates’ businesses, and can result in significant compliance costs. Further, this regulatory environment may be altered without notice by new laws or regulations, revisions to existing laws or regulations, or new or revised interpretations, guidance or enforcement priorities. Any determination of a failure to comply with applicable laws, rules or regulations could expose us, our Affiliates, or our respective employees to civil liability, criminal liability, or disciplinary or enforcement action, with penalties that could include the disgorgement of fees, fines, sanctions, suspensions, termination of adviser status, or censure of individual employees or revocation or limitation of business activities or registration, any of which could have an adverse impact on our stock price, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, if we, any of our Affiliates or our respective employees were to fail to comply with applicable laws, rules, or regulations, or be named as a subject of an investigation or other regulatory action, the public announcement and potential publicity surrounding any such investigation or action could have an adverse effect on our stock price and result in increased costs, even if we, our Affiliates, or our respective employees were found not to have violated such laws, rules or regulations.
Recently implemented and proposed regulations globally have called for more stringent oversight of the financial services industry in which we and our Affiliates operate. In the U.S., the new presidential administration may shift enforcement priorities under existing regulations, alter existing regulations or pursue additional rulemaking impacting the financial services industry. These regulatory developments could adversely affect our and our Affiliates’ businesses, increase compliance costs, require that we or our Affiliates curtail operations or investment offerings, or impact our and our Affiliates’ access to capital and the market for our common stock.
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Further, in recent years, regulators in the U.S., the UK and other jurisdictions have expanded rules and devoted greater resources and attention to the enforcement of anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws, and while we and our Affiliates have developed and implemented policies and procedures designed to comply with these rules, such policies and procedures may not be effective in all instances to prevent violations.
Our and our Affiliates’ international operations are subject to foreign risks, including political, regulatory, economic and currency risks.
We and certain of our Affiliates conduct business outside the U.S., and a number of our Affiliates are based outside the U.S. and, accordingly, are subject to risks inherent in doing business internationally. These risks may include difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, longer payment cycles, difficulties in collecting investment advisory fees receivable, different (and in some cases less stringent) legal, regulatory and accounting regimes, political instability, exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, expatriation controls, expropriation risks and potential adverse tax consequences. For example, our and our Affiliates’ businesses may be impacted by the terms of trade agreements negotiated by the UK in connection with its exit from the European Union, which could result in fluctuations in exchange rates, disruptions in the capital markets, changes in investor risk tolerance or investment preferences, potential regulatory shifts resulting from the UK’s status as a third-country with the European Union, increased compliance and administrative costs, or other impacts. Further, as part of our and certain of our Affiliates’ response to the UK’s exit from the European Union, we and such Affiliates have implemented changes to our business operations and, while we do not expect these changes to have a significant impact on our or our Affiliates’ businesses, these changes could result in increased compliance and administrative outsourcing and costs. Additionally, regulations in the European Union pertaining to integrating ESG topics may materially impact the asset management industry in member states that adopt such legislation. For example, the European Union’s recent action plan on financing sustainable growth includes initiatives to integrate ESG into the financial system, including such areas as MiFID2, UCITS and AIFMD regulations. Similar regulatory measures may be introduced in other jurisdictions in which we or our Affiliates currently have investments or plan to invest in the future, including in the U.S. and the UK. These types of ESG-related regulations could impact our or our Affiliates’ businesses, increases regulatory and compliance costs and adversely affect our profitability. In addition, as a result of operating internationally, certain of our Affiliates and our global distribution subsidiaries are subject to requirements under foreign regulations to maintain minimum levels of capital, and such capital requirements may be increased from time to time, which may have the effect of limiting withdrawals of capital and the payment of distributions to us. These or other risks related to our and our Affiliates’ international operations may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in tax laws or exposure to additional tax liabilities could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to income taxes as well as non-income-based taxes in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions, and our Affiliates are generally subject to taxes in the jurisdictions in which they operate. Tax laws, regulations and administrative practices in these jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, and significant judgment is required in estimating and evaluating tax provisions and accruals. Our and our Affiliates’ effective tax rates could be affected by a change in the mix of earnings with differing statutory tax rates, changes to our or their existing businesses, and changes in relevant tax, accounting or other laws, regulations, administrative practices and interpretations. In the U.S., the new presidential administration has indicated that it may raise the corporate tax rate and may pursue other tax reforms. If any such proposals are ultimately enacted into legislation, they could materially impact our tax provision, deferred tax assets, tax liabilities and effective tax rate. Further, a portion of our earnings is from outside of the U.S., and the foreign government agencies in jurisdictions in which we and our Affiliates do business continue to focus on the taxation of multinational companies, and could implement changes to their tax laws. For example, changes in the tax laws of foreign jurisdictions could arise as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting (“BEPS”) project undertaken by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”), which includes recommendations that may be adopted in various jurisdictions in which we and our Affiliates do business. Any changes to federal, state or foreign tax laws, regulations, accounting standards or administrative practices, or the release of additional guidance, interpretations or other information, could impact our estimated effective tax rate and overall tax expense, as well as our earnings estimates, and could result in adjustments to our treatment of deferred taxes, including the realization or value thereof, or in unanticipated additional tax liabilities, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we and our Affiliates may be subject to tax examinations by certain federal, state, and foreign tax authorities. We regularly assess the likely outcomes of examinations that we are subject to, in order to determine the appropriateness of our tax provision; however, tax authorities may disagree with certain positions we have taken or may take, and may assess
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additional taxes and/or penalties and interest. There can be no assurance that we will accurately predict the outcomes of any examinations and the actual outcomes could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
We or our Affiliates may be involved in legal proceedings and regulatory matters from time to time, and we may be held responsible for liabilities incurred by certain of our Affiliates.
Our operating agreements with our Affiliates provide for governance structures that give Affiliate management the authority to manage and operate their businesses on a day-to-day basis, including investment management operations, marketing, product development, client relationships, employee matters, compensation programs, and compliance activities. As a consequence, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by problems stemming from the day-to-day operations of our Affiliates that we are not involved in, and where weaknesses or failures in internal processes or systems, legal or regulatory matters, or other operational challenges could lead to a disruption or cessation of our Affiliates’ operations, liability to their clients, exposure to claims or disciplinary action, or reputational harm.
Certain of our Affiliates are limited liability companies or limited partnerships (or equivalent non-U.S. forms) of which we, or entities controlled by us, are the managing member or general partner (or equivalent). Consequently, to the extent that any of these Affiliates incur liabilities or expenses that exceed their ability to pay for them, we may be directly or indirectly liable for their payment. Similarly, an Affiliate’s payment of distributions to us may be subject to claims by potential creditors, and an Affiliate may default on distributions that are payable to us. In addition, with respect to each of these Affiliates, we may be held liable in some circumstances as a control person for the acts of the Affiliate or its employees. Further, we also conduct distribution, sales, and marketing activities through our U.S. retail distribution subsidiary and our global distribution subsidiaries, to extend the reach of our Affiliates’ own business development efforts, and any liability arising in connection with these activities, whether as a result of our own actions or the actions of our participating Affiliates, could result in direct liability to us. Accordingly, we and our Affiliates may face various claims, litigation or complaints from time to time, and we cannot predict the eventual outcome of such matters, some of which may be resolved in a manner unfavorable to us or our Affiliates, or whether any such matters could become material to a particular Affiliate or us in any reporting period. See “Legal Proceedings” in Item 3. While we and our Affiliates maintain errors and omissions and general liability insurance in amounts believed to be adequate to cover potential liabilities, we cannot be certain that we or our Affiliates will not have claims or related expenses that exceed the limits of available insurance coverage, that the insurers will remain solvent and will meet their obligations to provide coverage, or that insurance coverage will continue to be available to us and our Affiliates with sufficient limits and at a reasonable cost. Any legal proceedings or regulatory matters that we or our Affiliates are subject to could, whether with or without merit, be time consuming and expensive to defend and could divert management attention and resources, and could result in judgments, findings, settlements or allegations of wrongdoing that could adversely affect our or their reputation, current and future business relationships, and our financial condition and results of operations.
Our or our Affiliates’ controls and procedures and risk management policies may be inadequate, fail or be circumvented, and operational risk could adversely affect our or our Affiliates’ reputation and financial position.
We and our Affiliates have adopted various controls, procedures, policies, and systems to monitor and manage risk in our and their businesses. While we currently believe that our and our Affiliates’ operational controls are effective, we cannot provide assurance that those controls, procedures, policies, and systems will always be adequate to identify and manage the internal and external risks in our and our Affiliates’ various businesses. Furthermore, we or our Affiliates may have errors in business processes or fail to implement proper procedures in operating our respective businesses, which may expose us or our Affiliates to risk of financial loss or failure to comply with regulatory requirements. Additionally, although we and our Affiliates have systems and practices in place to monitor third-party service providers, such third parties are subject to similar risks. We and our Affiliates, as well as our respective service providers, are also subject to the risk that employees or contractors, or other third parties, may deliberately seek to circumvent established controls to commit fraud or act in ways that are inconsistent with our or their controls, policies and procedures. The financial and reputational impact of control failures can be significant.
In addition, our and our Affiliates’ businesses and the markets in which we and our Affiliates operate are continuously evolving. If our or our Affiliates’ risk frameworks are ineffective, either because of a failure to keep pace with changes in the financial markets, regulatory requirements, our or our Affiliates’ businesses, counterparties, clients, or service providers, or for other reasons, we or our Affiliates could incur losses, suffer reputational damage, or be out of compliance with applicable regulatory or contractual mandates or expectations.
Failure to maintain and properly safeguard an adequate technology infrastructure may limit our or our Affiliates’ growth, result in losses or disrupt our or our Affiliates’ businesses.
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Our and our Affiliates’ businesses are reliant upon financial, accounting, and technology systems and networks to process, transmit, and store information, including sensitive client and proprietary information, and to conduct many business activities and transactions with clients, advisers, regulators, vendors, and other third parties. The failure to implement, maintain, and safeguard an infrastructure commensurate with the size and scope of our and our Affiliates’ businesses could impede productivity and growth, which could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. Further, we and our Affiliates rely on third parties for certain aspects of our respective businesses, including financial intermediaries, providers of technology infrastructure, and other service providers such as broker-dealers, custodians, administrators and other agents, as well as accounting, legal and other professional advisors, and these parties are susceptible to similar risks.
Although we and our Affiliates take protective measures and endeavor to modify them as circumstances warrant, computer systems, software, networks, and mobile devices may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, data privacy or security breaches, ransomware, social engineering, unauthorized access, theft, misuse, computer viruses, or other malicious code and other events that could have a security impact. Further, although we and our Affiliates have systems and practices in place to monitor the third parties on whom we and our Affiliates rely, such third parties may have similar vulnerabilities and may lack the necessary infrastructure or resources, or may otherwise fail, to adequately protect against or respond to any cyber-attacks, data breaches, or other incidents. If any such events occur, it could jeopardize confidential, proprietary, or other sensitive information of ours, our Affiliates and our respective clients, employees or counterparties that may be stored in, or transmitted through, internal or third-party computer systems, networks, and mobile devices, or could otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our and our Affiliates’ operations or those of our respective clients or counterparties, or in the operations of third parties on whom we and our Affiliates rely. Despite efforts to ensure the integrity of systems and networks, it is possible that we, our Affiliates or our respective third-party service providers may not be able to anticipate or to implement effective preventive measures against all threats, especially because the techniques used change frequently and can originate from a wide variety of sources. The recent shift to work-from-home environments has increased exposures to these security-related risks. As a result, we or our Affiliates could experience disruption, significant losses, increased costs, reputational harm, regulatory actions, or legal liability, any of which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We or our Affiliates may be required to spend significant additional resources to modify protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures, and may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations, and potential fines, and financial losses that are either not insured against fully or not fully covered through any insurance that we or our Affiliates maintain. Further, government and regulatory oversight of data privacy in particular has been growing in recent years, including through the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation and the California Consumer Privacy Act, resulting in heightened data security and handling requirements, increased fines, and expanded incident response and reporting obligations. Recent well-publicized security breaches at other companies have exemplified security-related vulnerabilities, and may lead to further government and regulatory scrutiny and heightened security requirements.
Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2.Properties
We conduct our operations around the world using a combination of leased and owned facilities. While we believe we have suitable property resources currently, we will continue to evaluate our property needs and will adjust these resources as necessary. Our Affiliates also typically lease office space in the city or cities in which they conduct business, as appropriate for their respective business needs.
Item 3.Legal Proceedings
Governmental and regulatory authorities in the U.S. and other jurisdictions in which we and our Affiliates operate regularly make inquiries and administer examinations with respect to our and our Affiliates’ compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and from time to time, we and our Affiliates may be parties to various claims, lawsuits, complaints, regulatory investigations, and other proceedings in the ordinary course of business.
Currently, there are no such claims, lawsuits, complaints, regulatory investigations, or other proceedings against us or our Affiliates that, in our opinion, would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity, or results of operations. However, there is no assurance as to whether or not any such matters could arise or have a material effect on our or our Affiliates’ financial position, liquidity, or results of operations in any future reporting period.
Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures
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Not applicable.
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PART II

Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (symbol: AMG). As of February 18, 2021, there were 101 stockholders of record, including banks, brokers, and other financial institutions holding shares in omnibus accounts for their customers (in total representing substantially all of the beneficial holders of our common stock).
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased(1)
Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Average Price Paid Per Share
Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under Outstanding Plans or Programs(2)
October 1-31, 2020 113,256  $ 74.76  113,256  $ 74.76  3,960,298
November 1-30, 2020 483,400  87.44  483,400  87.44  3,476,898
December 1-31, 2020(3)
1,558,813  112.47  1,558,226  112.48  1,918,672
Total 2,155,469  104.88  2,154,882  104.88 
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(1)Includes shares surrendered to the Company to satisfy tax withholding and/or option exercise price obligations in connection with stock swap option exercise transactions, if any.
(2)    Our Board of Directors authorized share repurchase programs in January 2021, October 2019, and January 2019 to repurchase up to 5.0 million, 6.0 million, and 3.3 million shares of our common stock, respectively, and these authorizations have no expiry. Purchases may be made from time to time, at management’s discretion, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, including through the use of trading plans as well as pursuant to accelerated share repurchase programs or other share repurchase strategies that may include derivative financial instruments. As of December 31, 2020, we had repurchased all of the shares of the January 2019 program. As of the January 2021 authorization, there were a total of 6.9 million shares available for repurchase under our January 2021 and October 2019 share repurchase programs.
(3)    As of December 31, 2020, we had unsettled market share repurchases under a $100.0 million accelerated share repurchase program, of which 0.8 million shares are included in our total number of shares purchased during December 2020 in accordance with the upfront delivery of shares in the agreement. Under the program, which was completed on February 5, 2021, we repurchased a total of 0.9 million shares of our common stock at an average price of $110.10 per share.
Between January 1 and February 18, 2021, we repurchased 1.2 million shares of our common stock for $151.9 million, including shares repurchased in the open market, through a 10b5-1 trading plan, and pursuant to an accelerated share repurchase program.
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Performance Graph
Our peer group comprises AllianceBernstein Holding L.P., Ameriprise Financial, Inc., Ares Management Corporation, Franklin Resources, Inc., Invesco Ltd., Janus Henderson Group plc, Lazard Ltd. and T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. Prior to this year, our peer group also included Eaton Vance Corp. and Legg Mason, Inc., both of which have been, or are in the process of being, acquired. The following graph compares the cumulative stockholder return on our common stock from December 31, 2015 through December 31, 2020, with the cumulative total return, during the same period, on the Standard & Poor’s MidCap 400 Index, and our current peer group. The comparison below assumes the investment of $100 on December 31, 2015 in our common stock and each of the comparison indices and, in each case, assumes reinvestment of all dividends.
AMG-20201231_G3.JPG

    
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Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following executive overview, which summarizes the significant trends affecting our results of operations and financial condition, as well as the remainder of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of Affiliated Managers Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, should be read in conjunction with the “Forward-Looking Statements” section set forth in Part I and the “Risk Factors” section set forth in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in any more recent filings with the SEC, and with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our discussion and analysis of the key operating performance measures and financial results for fiscal year 2020 compared to fiscal year 2019 is included herein. For discussion and analysis of fiscal year 2019 compared to fiscal year 2018, please refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 of Part II in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2020.
Executive Overview
We are a leading partner to independent active investment management firms globally. Our strategy is to generate long-term value by investing in a diverse array of excellent partner-owned investment firms, which we call our “Affiliates,” through a proven partnership approach, and allocating resources across our unique opportunity set to the areas of highest growth and return. Our innovative partnership approach enables each Affiliate’s management team to own significant equity in their firm while maintaining operational and investment autonomy. In addition, we offer our Affiliates growth capital, global distribution, and other strategic value-added capabilities, which enhance the long-term growth of these independent businesses and enable them to align equity incentives across generations of principals to build enduring franchises. As of December 31, 2020, our aggregate assets under management were approximately $716 billion across a broad range of active, return-oriented strategies.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, the ongoing pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) had a significant impact on the global economy. The overall extent and duration of COVID-19, including the timing and effectiveness of vaccines, and its impact on businesses and economic activity going forward, remains difficult to predict. We and our Affiliates remain focused on the health and well-being of the individuals and families at AMG, our Affiliates, and the community at large. Given the nature of our decentralized operations and our entrepreneurial culture, we and our Affiliates remain fully operational and have experienced minimal disruption in our ability to serve our key stakeholders, most importantly our clients.  We continue to monitor the economic uncertainty related to COVID-19, and the extent of the impact on our business operations and financial results will depend on a number of factors and future developments, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. 
New Investments
In 2020, we completed minority investments in Comvest Partners, a leading middle-market private equity and credit investment firm, Inclusive Capital Partners LP, a newly founded investment firm focused on responsible capitalism and the advancement of economic and social inclusion and environmental stewardship, and Jackson Square Partners LLC, an investment manager specializing in long-only, growth-oriented equity strategies. On February 1, 2021, we completed a minority investment in Boston Common Asset Management LLC, a women-owned leader in sustainable and impact investing.
We account for these investments under the equity method of accounting. Following the close of each transaction, Affiliate management continues to hold a significant portion of the equity in their business and directs the day-to-day-operations.
Operating Performance Measures
Under accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”), we are required to consolidate certain of our Affiliates and use the equity method of accounting for others. Whether we consolidate an Affiliate or use the equity method of accounting, we maintain the same innovative partnership approach and provide support and assistance in substantially the same manner for all of our Affiliates. Furthermore, all of our Affiliates are boutique investment managers and are impacted by similar marketplace factors and industry trends. Therefore, our key aggregate operating performance measures are important in providing management with a more comprehensive view of the operating performance and material trends across our entire business.
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The following table presents our key aggregate operating performance measures:
For the Years Ended December 31,
(in billions, except as noted) 2018 2019 % Change 2020 % Change
Assets under management $ 736.0  $ 722.5  (2) % $ 716.2  (1) %
Average assets under management 819.9  758.1  (8) % 664.4  (12) %
Aggregate fees (in millions) 5,442.4  4,962.7  (9) % 4,626.4  (7) %
Assets under management and, therefore average assets under management, include the assets under management of our consolidated and equity method Affiliates, and as of October 1, 2019, exclude the assets under management of certain Affiliates in which we have repositioned our interests and that are not significant to our operating performance measures or our results of operations. Assets under management is presented on a current basis without regard to the timing of the inclusion of an Affiliate’s financial results in our operating performance measures and Consolidated Financial Statements. Average assets under management reflects the timing of the inclusion of an Affiliate’s financial results in our operating performance measures and Consolidated Financial Statements. Average assets under management for mutual funds and similar retail investment products represents an average of the daily net assets under management, while for institutional and high net worth clients, average assets under management generally represents an average of the assets at the beginning or end of each month during the applicable period.
Aggregate fees consist of the total asset and performance based fees earned by all of our consolidated and equity method Affiliates, and include the aggregate fees of certain Affiliates in which we have repositioned our interests. These Affiliates are not significant to our operating performance measures or our results of operations. For certain of our Affiliates accounted for under the equity method, we report aggregate fees and the Affiliate’s financial results in our Consolidated Financial Statements one quarter in arrears. Aggregate fees are provided in addition to, but not as a substitute for, Consolidated revenue or other GAAP performance measures.
Assets Under Management
Through our Affiliates, we provide a comprehensive and diverse range of active, return-oriented strategies designed to assist institutional, retail, and high net worth clients worldwide in achieving their investment objectives. We continue to see demand for active, return-oriented strategies, particularly in illiquid alternative and multi-asset and fixed income strategies, reflecting continued investor demand for returns that are less correlated to traditional equity markets, while we are experiencing outflows in quantitative strategies across liquid alternative strategies and equity strategies. In addition, investor demand for passively-managed products, including exchange traded funds has continued, and we have experienced outflows in certain equity strategies, consistent with this industry-wide trend. We believe the best-performing active equity managers (whether global-, regional-, or country-specific) will continue to have significant opportunities to grow as a result of net client cash inflows. We believe we are well-positioned to benefit from these trends.
The following charts present information regarding the composition of our assets under management by active, return-oriented strategy as of December 31, 2019 and 2020:

Assets Under Management by Strategy
AMG-20201231_G4.JPG
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(1)Alternatives include illiquid alternative strategies, which accounted for 13% and 14% of our assets under management as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

(2)Global equities include emerging markets strategies, which accounted for 9% of our assets under management as of both December 31, 2019 and 2020.

The following table presents changes in our assets under management by active, return-oriented strategy:
(in billions) Alternatives Global Equities U.S. Equities Multi-Asset & Fixed Income Total
December 31, 2019 $ 241.2  $ 274.9  $ 100.0  $ 106.4  $ 722.5 
   Client cash inflows and commitments 29.6  33.3  14.7  23.9  101.5 
   Client cash outflows (51.7) (61.2) (29.4) (21.0) (163.3)
        Net client cash flows (22.1) (27.9) (14.7) 2.9  (61.8)
   New investments 3.7  4.2  6.4  —  14.3 
   Market changes (3.4) 26.4  12.7  8.3  44.0 
   Foreign exchange(1)
0.9  1.3  0.3  0.2  2.7 
   Realizations and distributions (net) (2.6) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (3.2)
   Other(2)
(1.2) (0.2) (1.0) 0.1  (2.3)
December 31, 2020 $ 216.5  $ 278.5  $ 103.5  $ 117.7  $ 716.2 
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(1)Foreign exchange reflects the impact of translating into U.S. dollars the assets under management of our Affiliates whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar.
(2)Other includes assets under management attributable to product transitions and reclassifications.
The following charts present information regarding the composition of our assets under management by client type as of December 31, 2019 and 2020:
Assets Under Management by Client Type
AMG-20201231_G5.JPG






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The following table presents changes in our assets under management by client type:
(in billions) Institutional Retail High Net Worth Total
December 31, 2019 $ 407.2  $ 198.1  $ 117.2  $ 722.5 
   Client cash inflows and commitments 40.8  39.9  20.8  101.5 
   Client cash outflows (78.8) (63.3) (21.2) (163.3)
        Net client cash flows (38.0) (23.4) (0.4) (61.8)
   New investments 12.1  2.2  —  14.3 
   Market changes 22.0  12.7  9.3  44.0 
   Foreign exchange(1)
1.4  1.1  0.2  2.7 
   Realizations and distributions (net) (2.6) (0.5) (0.1) (3.2)
   Other(2)
(1.1) (0.9) (0.3) (2.3)
December 31, 2020 $ 401.0  $ 189.3  $ 125.9  $ 716.2 
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(1)Foreign exchange reflects the impact of translating into U.S. dollars the assets under management of our Affiliates whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar.
(2)Other includes assets under management attributable to product transitions and reclassifications.
Aggregate Fees
Aggregate fees consist of asset and performance based fees of our consolidated and equity method Affiliates. Asset based fees include advisory and other fees earned by our Affiliates for services provided to their clients and are typically determined as a percentage of the value of a client’s assets under management. Performance based fees are based on investment performance, typically on an absolute basis or relative to a benchmark, and are generally recognized when it is improbable that there will be a significant reversal in the amount of revenue recognized. Performance based fees are generally billed less frequently than asset based fees, and although performance based fees inherently depend on investment performance and will vary from period to period, we anticipate performance based fees will be a recurring component of our aggregate fees.
Aggregate fees are generally determined by the level of our average assets under management and the composition of these assets across our strategies that realize different asset based fee ratios and performance based fees. Our asset based fee ratio is calculated as asset based fees divided by average assets under management.
Aggregate fees were $4,626.4 million in 2020, a decrease of $336.3 million or 7% as compared to 2019. The decrease in our aggregate fees was due to a $525.0 million or 11% decrease in asset based fees, partially offset by a $188.7 million or 4% increase in performance based fees. The decrease in asset based fees was due to a decrease in our average assets under management, due to net client cash outflows principally in our quantitative strategies, and a change in the composition of our assets under management.
Financial and Supplemental Financial Performance Measures
The following table presents our key financial and supplemental financial performance measures:
For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2018 2019 % Change 2020 % Change
Net income (controlling interest) $ 243.6  $ 15.7  (94) % $ 202.2 
N.M.(1)
Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest)(2)
961.8  841.6  (12) % 798.8  (5) %
Economic net income (controlling interest)(2)
780.7  720.2  (8) % 624.4  (13) %
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(1)Percentage change is not meaningful.
(2)Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest) and Economic net income (controlling interest) are non-GAAP performance measures and are discussed in “Supplemental Financial Performance Measures.”
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Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest) is an important supplemental financial performance measure for management as it provides a comprehensive view of our share of the financial performance of our business. Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest) decreased $42.8 million or 5% in 2020. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest) was primarily due to a $336.3 million or 7% decrease in aggregate fees and a $17.5 million increase in share-based compensation principally due to an event that accelerated certain share-based compensation, partially offset by a $6.0 million decrease in travel-related expenses attributable to the controlling interest.
While Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest) decreased $42.8 million or 5% in 2020, our Net income (controlling interest) increased $186.5 million. The increase in Net income (controlling interest) was primarily due to a $300.0 million decrease in equity method intangible amortization and impairments, partially offset by a $78.6 million increase in Income tax expense attributable to the controlling interest.
We believe Economic net income (controlling interest) is an important supplemental financial performance measure because it represents our performance before non-cash expenses relating to our acquisition of interests in Affiliates and improves comparability of performance between periods. Economic net income (controlling interest) decreased $95.8 million or 13% in 2020, primarily due to a $42.8 million decrease in Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest), a $37.2 million increase in current and other deferred taxes primarily attributable to the controlling interest and a $16.1 million increase in Interest expense attributable to the controlling interest.
Results of Operations
The following discussion includes the key operating performance measures and financial results of our consolidated and equity method Affiliates. Our consolidated Affiliates’ financial results are included in our Consolidated revenue, Consolidated expenses, and Investment and other income, and our share of our equity method Affiliates’ financial results is reported, net of intangible amortization and impairments, in Equity method loss (net).
Consolidated Revenue
Our Consolidated revenue is derived from our consolidated Affiliates, primarily from asset based fees from investment management services. For these Affiliates, we typically use structured partnership interests in which we contractually share in the Affiliate’s revenue without regard to expenses. Consolidated revenue is generally determined by the level of our consolidated Affiliate average assets under management and the composition of these assets across our strategies that realize different asset based fee ratios and performance based fees.
The following table presents our consolidated Affiliate average assets under management and Consolidated revenue:
  For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions, except as noted) 2018 2019 % Change 2020 % Change
Consolidated Affiliate average assets under management (in billions) $ 419.6  $ 395.1  (6) % $ 362.6  (8) %
Consolidated revenue $ 2,378.4  $ 2,239.6  (6) % $ 2,027.5  (9) %
Our Consolidated revenue decreased $212.1 million or 9% in 2020, due to a $191.2 million or 9% decrease in asset based fees and a $20.9 million or less than 1% decrease in performance based fees. The decrease in asset based fees was due to a decrease in consolidated Affiliate average assets under management, due to net client cash outflows principally in our equity strategies, and a change in the composition of our assets under management.
Consolidated Expenses
Our Consolidated expenses are primarily attributable to the non-controlling interests of our consolidated Affiliates in which we share in revenue without regard to expenses. For these Affiliates, the amount of expenses attributable to the non-controlling interests, including compensation, is generally determined by the percentage of revenue allocated to expenses as part of the structured partnership interests in place at the respective Affiliate. Accordingly, increases in revenue generally will increase a consolidated Affiliate’s expenses attributable to the non-controlling interests and decreases in revenue will generally decrease a consolidated Affiliate’s expenses attributable to the non-controlling interests.
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The following table presents our Consolidated expenses:
For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2018 2019 % Change 2020 % Change
Compensation and related expenses $ 987.2  $ 943.0  (4) % $ 883.7  (6) %
Selling, general and administrative 417.7  376.8  (10) % 321.4  (15) %
Intangible amortization and impairments 114.8  144.5  26  % 140.5  (3) %
Interest expense 80.6  76.2  (5) % 92.3  21  %
Depreciation and other amortization 22.0  21.3  (3) % 19.1  (10) %
Other expenses (net) 69.7  57.0  (18) % 52.8  (7) %
Total consolidated expenses $ 1,692.0  $ 1,618.8  (4) % $ 1,509.8  (7) %
Compensation and related expenses decreased $59.3 million or 6% in 2020, primarily due to an $88.1 million decrease in bonus and salary expenses, principally as a result of a decline in Consolidated revenue and headcount repositioning in 2019. This decrease was partially offset by a $17.5 million increase in share-based compensation, primarily due to an event that accelerated certain share-based compensation and an $11.3 million increase in Affiliate equity compensation expense.     
Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $55.4 million or 15% in 2020, primarily due to a $21.7 million decrease in travel-related expenses, a $17.5 million decrease in sub-advisory and distribution expenses related to a decrease in certain assets under management, and a $12.1 million decrease in renewal commissions.
Intangible amortization and impairments decreased $4.0 million or 3% in 2020, primarily due to a $33.8 million reduction in amortization expense related to certain definite-lived assets being fully amortized and a $4.3 million reduction in amortization expense related to a decrease in actual and expected client attrition. These decreases were partially offset by a $34.1 million increase in expenses to reduce the carrying value of acquired client relationships at certain of our Affiliates to fair value. See Note 9 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Interest expense increased $16.1 million or 21% in 2020, primarily due to an $11.1 million increase from the termination of our pound sterling-denominated forward foreign currency contracts, a $10.3 million increase from our debt securities issued in 2020 and a $4.3 million increase from our debt securities issued in 2019. These increases were partially offset by a $9.5 million decrease from lower interest rates and lower borrowings on our senior unsecured term loan facility (the “term loan”) and senior unsecured multicurrency revolving credit facility (the “revolver” and, together with the term loan, the “credit facilities”).
Other expenses (net) decreased $4.2 million or 7% in 2020, primarily due to an $8.1 million expense recorded in 2019 to reduce certain right-of use assets to their fair value, related to the reduction in leased office space which did not reoccur and a $2.4 million gain recorded in 2020 related to changes in the value of Affiliate equity repurchase obligations. These decreases were partially offset by a $5.7 million expense recorded in 2020 related to the early termination of a lease.
There were no significant changes in Depreciation and other amortization in 2020.
Equity Method Loss (Net)
When we do not own a controlling equity interest in an Affiliate, but have significant influence, we account for our interest in the Affiliate under the equity method. Our share of earnings or losses from Affiliates accounted for under the equity method, net of amortization and impairments, is included in Equity method loss (net) in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
For a majority of these Affiliates, we use structured partnership interests in which we contractually share in the Affiliate’s revenue less agreed-upon expenses. We also use structured partnership interests in which we contractually share in the Affiliate’s revenue without regard to expenses. Our share of earnings or losses from Affiliates accounted for under the equity method, net of amortization and impairments, is included in Equity method loss (net).
Our equity method revenue is derived primarily from asset and performance based fees from investment management services. Equity method revenue incorporates the total asset and performance based fees earned by all of our Affiliates accounted for under the equity method and is generally determined by the level of our equity method Affiliate average assets under management and the composition of these assets across our strategies that realize different asset based fee ratios and performance based fees. Our Affiliates accounted for under the equity method manage a greater proportion of assets subject to
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performance based fees than our consolidated Affiliates and, as a result, equity method revenue will generally have more performance based fees than Consolidated revenue.
The following table presents equity method Affiliate average assets under management and equity method revenue, as well as equity method earnings and equity method intangible amortization and impairments, which in aggregate form Equity method loss (net):
For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions, except as noted) 2018 2019 % Change 2020 % Change
Operating Performance Measures
Equity method Affiliate average assets under management (in billions) $ 400.3  $ 363.0  (9) % $ 301.8  (17) %
Equity method revenue $ 3,064.0  $ 2,723.1  (11) % $ 2,598.9  (5) %
Financial Performance Measures
Equity method earnings $ 370.6  $ 289.4  (22) % $ 288.6  0  %
Equity method intangible amortization and impairments (370.8) (627.4) 69  % (332.0) (47) %
Equity method loss (net) $ (0.2) $ (338.0)
N.M.(1)
$ (43.4) (87) %
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(1)Percentage change is not meaningful.
Our equity method revenue decreased $124.2 million or 5% in 2020, due to a $333.8 million or 13% decrease in asset based fees, partially offset by a $209.6 million or 8% increase in performance based fees. The decrease in asset based fees was primarily due to a decrease in equity method Affiliate average assets under management, due to net client cash outflows principally in our quantitative strategies, and a change in the composition of our assets under management. These decreases were partially offset by the impact of new investments, which had higher asset based fee ratios than our average asset based fee ratio.
While equity method revenue decreased $124.2 million or 5% in 2020, equity method earnings decreased $0.8 million or less than 1%. Equity method earnings decreased less than equity method revenue on a percentage basis due to the recognition of performance based fees at Affiliates in which we hold more of an economic interest, partially offset by a decline in earnings at certain Affiliates in which we share in revenue less agreed-upon expenses.
Equity method intangible amortization and impairments decreased $295.4 million or 47% in 2020, primarily due to a $300.0 million decrease in expenses to reduce the carrying value of certain Affiliates to fair value. See Note 10 of our Consolidated Financial Statements. This decrease was partially offset by a $6.4 million increase in amortization expense due to investments in new Affiliates.
Investment and other income
The following table presents our Investment and other income:
For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2018 2019 % Change 2020 % Change
Investment and other income $ 27.4  $ 25.2  (8) % $ 34.1  35  %
Investment and other income increased $8.9 million or 35% in 2020, primarily due to a $10.8 million increase in foreign currency gains, partially offset by a $1.4 million decrease in interest income.
Income Tax Expense
The following table presents our Income tax expense:
For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2018 2019 % Change 2020 % Change
Income tax expense $ 181.3  $ 2.9  (98) % $ 81.4 
N.M.(1)
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(1)Percentage change is not meaningful.

Income tax expense increased $78.5 million in 2020, primarily due to a $265.1 million increase in income before income taxes attributable to the controlling interest and an $18.7 million increase in valuation allowances against certain state and foreign loss carryforwards. These increases were partially offset by a $3.4 million decrease in stock compensation tax shortfalls during 2020.
Net Income
The following table presents Net income, Net income (controlling interest) and Net income (non-controlling interest):
For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2018 2019 % Change 2020 % Change
Net income $ 532.3  $ 305.1  (43) % $ 427.0  40  %
Net income (non-controlling interests) 288.7  289.4  0  % 224.8  (22) %
Net income (controlling interest) 243.6  15.7  (94) % 202.2 
N.M.(1)
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(1)Percentage change is not meaningful.
Net income (controlling interest) increased $186.5 million in 2020, primarily due to a decrease in Equity method loss (net). This increase was partially offset by an increase in Income tax expense attributable to the controlling interest, an increase in share-based compensation attributable to the controlling interest and a decrease in Consolidated revenue.
Supplemental Financial Performance Measures
Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest)
As supplemental information, we provide a non-GAAP measure that we refer to as Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest). Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest) is an important supplemental financial performance measure for management as it provides a comprehensive view of our share of the financial performance of our business before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, impairments, certain Affiliate equity expenses, gains and losses on general partner and seed capital investments, and adjustments to contingent payment arrangements. We believe that many investors use this measure when assessing the financial performance of companies in the investment management industry. This non-GAAP performance measure is provided in addition to, but not as a substitute for, Net income (controlling interest) or other GAAP performance measures.
The following table presents a reconciliation of Net income (controlling interest) to Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest):
For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2018 2019 2020
Net income (controlling interest) $ 243.6  $ 15.7  $ 202.2 
Interest expense 80.6  76.2  92.3 
Income taxes 169.4  (9.1) 69.5 
Intangible amortization and impairments(1)
454.9  745.8  427.7 
Other items(2)
13.3  13.0  7.1 
Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest) $ 961.8  $ 841.6  $ 798.8 
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(1)Intangible amortization and impairments in our Consolidated Statements of Income include amortization attributable to the non-controlling interests of our consolidated Affiliates. For our Affiliates accounted for under the equity method, we do not separately report intangible amortization and impairments in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Our share of these Affiliates’ amortization is reported in Equity method loss (net). The following table presents the Intangible
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amortization and impairments shown above:
For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2018 2019 2020
Consolidated intangible amortization and impairments $ 114.8  $ 144.5  $ 140.5 
Consolidated intangible amortization and impairments (non-controlling interests) (30.7) (26.1) (44.8)
Equity method intangible amortization and impairments 370.8  627.4  332.0 
Total $ 454.9  $ 745.8  $ 427.7 
(2)Other items include depreciation and adjustments to contingent payment arrangements. Beginning with the first quarter of 2020, other items also include certain Affiliate equity expenses and gains and losses on general partner and seed capital investments. These changes were made to improve the comparability of performance between periods. Prior periods have not been revised as the amounts were not significant.    
Economic Net Income (controlling interest) and Economic Earnings Per Share
As supplemental information, we also provide non-GAAP performance measures that we refer to as Economic net income (controlling interest) and Economic earnings per share. We believe Economic net income (controlling interest) and Economic earnings per share are important measures because they represent our performance before non-cash expenses relating to the acquisition of interests in Affiliates and improve comparability of performance between periods. Economic net income (controlling interest) and Economic earnings per share are used by our management and Board of Directors as our principal performance benchmarks, including as one of the measures for aligning executive compensation with stockholder value. These non-GAAP performance measures are provided in addition to, but not as substitutes for, Net income (controlling interest) and Earnings per share (diluted) or other GAAP performance measures.
We adjust Net income (controlling interest) to calculate Economic net income (controlling interest) by adding back our share of pre-tax intangible amortization and impairments attributable to intangible assets (including the portion attributable to equity method investments in Affiliates) because these expenses do not correspond to the changes in the value of these assets, which do not diminish predictably over time. We also add back the deferred taxes attributable to intangible assets because we believe it is unlikely these accruals will be used to settle material tax obligations. Further, we add back other economic items to improve comparability of performance between periods.
Economic earnings per share represents Economic net income (controlling interest) divided by the Average shares outstanding (adjusted diluted). In this calculation, the potential share issuance in connection with our junior convertible securities is measured using a “treasury stock” method. Under this method, only the net number of shares of common stock equal to the value of these junior convertible securities in excess of par, if any, is deemed to be outstanding. We believe the inclusion of net shares under a treasury stock method best reflects the benefit of the increase in available capital resources (which could be used to repurchase shares of common stock) that occurs when these securities are converted and we are relieved of our debt obligation. This method does not take into account any increase or decrease in our cost of capital in an assumed conversion.
The following table presents a reconciliation of Net income (controlling interest) to Economic net income (controlling interest) and Economic earnings per share:
For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions, except per share data) 2018 2019 2020
Net income (controlling interest) $ 243.6  $ 15.7  $ 202.2 
Intangible amortization and impairments(1)
454.9  745.8  427.7 
Intangible-related deferred taxes 79.7  (51.3) (9.9)
Other economic items(2)
2.5  10.0  4.4 
Economic net income (controlling interest) $ 780.7  $ 720.2  $ 624.4 
Average shares outstanding (diluted) 53.8  50.6  46.7 
Stock options and restricted stock units —  —  — 
Assumed issuance of junior convertible securities shares —  —  — 
Average shares outstanding (adjusted diluted) 53.8  50.6  46.7 
Economic earnings per share $ 14.50  $ 14.22  $ 13.36 
__________________________
(1)See note (1) to the table in “Adjusted EBITDA (controlling interest).”
(2)Other economic items include non-cash imputed interest (principally related to the accounting for convertible securities and contingent payment arrangements) and certain Affiliate equity expenses. Beginning with the first quarter of 2019, other economic items also include tax windfalls and shortfalls from share-based compensation. Beginning with the first quarter of 2020, other economic items also include gains and losses on general partner and seed capital investments. These changes were made to improve the comparability of performance between periods. Prior periods have not been revised as the amounts were not significant. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, other economic items were net of income tax expense of $0.8 million, $0.7 million and $2.6 million, respectively.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We generate long-term value by investing in new Affiliate partnerships, investing in existing Affiliates, and investing in centralized capabilities through which we can leverage our scale and resources to benefit our Affiliates and enhance their long-term growth prospects. Given our annual cash generation from operations, in addition to investing for growth in our business, we are also able to return excess capital to shareholders primarily through share repurchases. We continue to manage our capital structure consistent with an investment grade company and are currently rated A3 by Moody’s Investors Service and BBB+ by S&P Global Ratings.
Cash and cash equivalents were $1,039.7 million as of December 31, 2020, and were attributable to both the controlling and non-controlling interests. In 2020, we met our cash requirements primarily through cash generated by operating activities. Our principal uses of cash in 2020 were for share repurchases, investments in existing Affiliates through repurchases of Affiliate equity interests, and investments in new Affiliates. Additionally, in 2020, we issued debt securities to enhance our balance sheet through extending duration and lower interest rates. The net cash proceeds from debt securities issued in 2020 were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness on our revolver and term loan, with a majority of the remainder retained for general corporate purposes and included in our Cash and cash equivalents balance in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020.
We expect investments in new Affiliates, investments in existing Affiliates, primarily through repurchases of Affiliate equity interests and general partner and seed capital investments, the return of capital through share repurchases, the payment of cash dividends on our common stock, repayment of debt, distributions to Affiliate equity holders, and general working capital to be the primary uses of cash for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that our current cash balance, cash flows from operations, and borrowings under our revolver, will be sufficient to support our uses of cash for the foreseeable future. In addition, we may draw funding from the debt and equity capital markets, and our credit ratings, among other factors, allow us to access these sources of funding on favorable terms.
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The following table presents operating, investing and financing cash flow activities:
For the Years Ended December 31,
(in millions) 2018 2019 2020
Operating cash flow $ 1,140.6  $ 929.1  $ 1,009.3 
Investing cash flow (18.2) (24.4) (53.7)
Financing cash flow (983.1) (934.7) (455.4)
Operating Cash Flow
Operating cash flows are calculated by adjusting Net income for other significant sources and uses of cash, significant non-cash items and timing differences in the cash settlement of assets and liabilities. 
For the year ended December 31, 2020, Cash flows from operating activities were $1,009.3 million, primarily from Net income of $427.0 million adjusted for non-cash items of $346.0 million and $236.8 million of distributions of earnings received from equity method investments. In 2020, operating cash flows were primarily attributable to the controlling interest. 
Investing Cash Flow
For the year ended December 31, 2020, Cash flows used in investing activities were $53.7 million, primarily due to investments in new Affiliates of $44.5 million and purchases of fixed assets of $8.5 million.
Financing Cash Flow
For the year ended December 31, 2020, Cash flows used in financing activities were $455.4 million, primarily due to the return of $351.9 million of capital to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends on our common stock, $306.3 million of distributions to non-controlling interests, $294.9 million of Affiliate equity repurchases, net of issuances, and a $100.0 million paydown of our term loan. Cash flows used in financing activities were partially offset by the receipt of $624.8 million of proceeds from the issuance of debt securities in 2020.
Affiliate Equity
We periodically repurchase Affiliate equity from and issue Affiliate equity to our consolidated Affiliate partners and our officers, under agreements that provide us with a conditional right to call and Affiliate equity holders with a conditional right to put their Affiliate equity interests to us at certain intervals. For Affiliates accounted for under the equity method, we do not typically have such put and call arrangements. The purchase price of these conditional purchases is generally calculated based upon a multiple of the Affiliate’s cash flow distributions, which is intended to represent fair value. Affiliate equity holders are also permitted to sell their equity interests to other individuals or entities in certain cases, subject to our approval or other restrictions.
As of December 31, 2020, the current redemption value of $671.5 million for these interests (including $35.4 million of consolidated Affiliate sponsored investment products primarily attributable to third-party investors) has been presented as Redeemable non-controlling interests. Although the timing and amounts of these purchases are difficult to predict, we paid $294.9 million for Affiliate equity repurchases, net of issuances during 2020, and we expect net repurchases of approximately $125 million of Affiliate equity in 2021. In the event of a repurchase, we become the owner of the cash flow associated with the repurchased equity. See Notes 17 and 18 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Share Repurchases
Our Board of Directors authorized share repurchase programs in January 2021, October 2019, and January 2019 to repurchase up to 5.0 million, 6.0 million, and 3.3 million shares of our common stock, respectively, and these authorizations have no expiry. Purchases may be made from time to time, at management’s discretion, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, including through the use of trading plans as well as pursuant to accelerated share repurchase programs or other share repurchase strategies that may include derivative financial instruments. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we repurchased 5.0 million shares of our common stock, at an average price per share of $86.35. As of December 31, 2020, we had repurchased all of the shares of the January 2019 program. As of the January 2021 authorization, there were a total of 6.9 million shares available for repurchase under our January 2021 and October 2019 share repurchase programs.
Debt
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The following table presents the carrying value of our outstanding indebtedness. See Note 6 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
December 31,
(in millions) 2018 2019 2020
Senior bank debt $ 780.0  $ 450.0  $ 350.0 
Senior notes 746.2  746.8  1,097.3 
Junior convertible securities 312.5  315.4  318.4 
Junior subordinated notes —  290.7  565.7 
The carrying value of our debt differs from the amount reported in the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements, as the carrying value of our debt in the table above is not reduced for debt issuance costs.
Senior Bank Debt
We have a $1.25 billion revolver and a $350.0 million term loan. The revolver matures on January 18, 2024, and the term loan, as amended, matures on January 18, 2026. Subject to certain conditions, we may increase the commitments under the revolver by up to an additional $500.0 million and may borrow up to an additional $75.0 million under the term loan.
Under the terms of the credit facilities we are required to meet two financial ratio covenants. The first of these covenants is a maximum ratio of debt to EBITDA (the “bank leverage ratio”) of 3.25x. The second covenant is a minimum EBITDA to cash interest expense ratio of 3.00x (the “bank interest coverage ratio”). For purposes of calculating these ratios, share-based compensation and certain Affiliate equity expenses are added back to Adjusted EBITDA. As of December 31, 2020, our bank leverage and bank interest coverage ratios were 1.6x and 10.1x, respectively, and we were in compliance with all of the terms of our credit facilities.
As of December 31, 2020, we had no outstanding borrowings under the revolver, and could borrow all capacity and remain in compliance with our credit facilities.
On January 8, 2021, we amended and refinanced the term loan to adjust the marginal rate by 0.075% to 0.950% and to extend the maturity by three years from January 18, 2023 to January 18, 2026. The commercial terms of the term loan otherwise remained the same.
Senior Notes and Junior Subordinated Notes
As of December 31, 2020, we had the following senior notes and junior subordinated notes outstanding, the respective principal terms of which are presented below.
2024
Senior Notes 		2025
Senior Notes 		2030
Senior Notes 		2059
Junior Subordinated Notes 		2060
Junior Subordinated Notes
Issue date February 2014 February 2015 June 2020 March 2019 September 2020
Maturity date February 2024 August 2025 June 2030 March 2059 September 2060
Par value (in millions) $ 400.0  $ 350.0  $ 350.0  $ 300.0  $ 275.0 
Stated coupon 4.25  % 3.50  % 3.30  % 5.875  % 4.750  %
Coupon frequency Semi-annually Semi-annually Semi-annually Quarterly Quarterly
Potential call date Any time Any time Any time March 2024 September 2025
Listing N.A. N.A. N.A. NYSE NYSE
In the second quarter of 2020, we used $250.0 million of the net proceeds from the 2030 senior notes to repay all of the outstanding indebtedness under our revolver, and the remaining net proceeds of $100.0 million to repay a portion of the outstanding indebtedness under the term loan.
The majority of the net proceeds from the 2060 junior subordinated notes were retained for general corporate purposes, which may include the repayment of indebtedness, share repurchases, investments in new independent investment management firms, and investments in our existing Affiliates, and were included in our Cash and cash equivalents balance as of December 31, 2020.
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Junior Convertible Securities
As of December 31, 2020, we had 5.15% junior convertible trust preferred securities outstanding (the “junior convertible securities”) with a carrying value of $318.4 million. The carrying value is accreted to the principal amount at maturity ($430.8 million) over a remaining life of approximately 17 years. Holders of the junior convertible securities have no rights to put these securities to us. Upon conversion, holders will receive cash or shares of our common stock, or a combination thereof, at our election. We may redeem the junior convertible securities, subject to our stock trading at or above certain specified levels over specified times periods, and may also repurchase junior subordinated notes in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time at management’s discretion. The junior convertible securities are considered contingent payment debt instruments under federal income tax regulations, which require us to deduct interest in an amount greater than our reported interest expense. We estimate that these deductions will generate annual deferred tax liabilities of approximately $9 million. Assuming no redemptions or repurchases, these deferred tax liabilities will be reclassified directly to stockholders’ equity if our common stock is trading above certain thresholds at the time of the conversion of the securities. If we redeem the securities or repurchase the notes at a price below such thresholds, all or a portion of these deferred tax liabilities may be reclassified to income taxes payable which is presented within Other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In August 2019, in accordance with the convertible securities indenture, we adjusted the conversion rate of the junior convertible securities as a result of the cumulative declared dividends on our common stock.
Equity Distribution Program
We have equity distribution and forward equity agreements with several major securities firms under which we may, from time to time, issue and sell shares of our common stock (immediately or on a forward basis) having an aggregate sales price of up to $500.0 million (the “equity distribution program”). As of December 31, 2020, no sales had occurred under the equity distribution program.
Derivatives
In 2020, we entered into an interest rate swap contract (the “interest rate swap”) with a financial institution, which will expire in March 2023. The interest rate swap, which is designated as a cash flow hedge, is used to exchange a portion of our LIBOR-based interest payments for fixed rate interest payments. Under the contract, we receive payments based on one month LIBOR and make payments based on an annual fixed rate of 0.5135% on a notional amount of $250.0 million.
In 2020, we terminated our forward contracts and corresponding collar contracts entered into in 2018, and we received net proceeds of $24.9 million upon settlement. See Note 7 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Commitments
See Note 8 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Leases
As of December 31, 2020, our lease obligations were $40.7 million through 2021, $69.1 million in 2022-2023, $47.4 million in 2024-2025 and $59.6 million thereafter. The portion of these lease obligations attributable to the controlling interest were $11.9 million through 2021, $19.8 million in 2022-2023, $13.5 million in 2024-2025 and $2.3 million thereafter. See Note 11 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Recent Accounting Developments
See Note 1 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments
The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP requires us to make judgments, assumptions, and estimates that affect the amounts reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. See Note 1 of our Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our significant accounting policies.
The following are our critical accounting estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements, and due to their subjectivity, actual results could differ materially from the amounts reported.
Fair Value Measurements
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Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. These standards establish a fair value hierarchy that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs.
We make judgments to determine the fair value of certain assets, liabilities, and equity interests when allocating the purchase price of our new investments, when revaluing our contingent payment arrangements, when we issue or repurchase Affiliate equity interests and when we test our goodwill, indefinite and definite-lived acquired client relationships, or equity method investments for impairment.
In determining fair values that reflect our own assumptions concerning unobservable inputs, we typically use valuation techniques, including probability-weighted discounted cash flow analyses, where we make assumptions about growth rates of assets under management, client attrition, asset and performance based fee rates, and expenses. In these analyses, we also consider historical and current market multiples, tax benefits, credit risk, interest rates, tax rates, discount rates, and discounts for lack of marketability. We consider the reasonableness of our assumptions by comparing our valuation conclusions to observed market transactions and, in certain instances, by consulting with third-party valuation firms. Changes in the assumptions used could significantly impact fair values.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from assets acquired in a business combination that are not separately recognized. We perform a qualitative impairment assessment at least annually to determine if the carrying value of our single reporting unit is in excess of its fair value. In this qualitative assessment, we typically measure the excess of the fair value of our reporting unit over its carrying value using various qualitative and quantitative factors (including our market capitalization and market multiples for asset management businesses). If there is an indication that the carrying value of the reporting unit is in excess of the fair value under this test, then we must determine if a potential impairment is more-likely-than-not. To determine if a potential impairment is more-likely-than-not, we perform a single step quantitative test with any excess of carrying value over fair value recorded as an expense in Intangible amortization and impairments.
We completed our annual goodwill impairment assessment as of September 30, 2020 and no impairment was indicated. Based on our assessment, the fair value of our reporting unit was substantially greater than its respective carrying amount, including goodwill.
Indefinite-Lived Acquired Client Relationships
Indefinite-lived acquired client relationships include investment advisory contracts between our Affiliates and their mutual funds and other retail-oriented investment products. Because these contracts are with the investment products themselves, and not with the underlying investors, and the contracts between our Affiliates and the investment products are typically renewed on an annual basis, industry practice under GAAP is to consider the contract life to be indefinite and, as a result, not amortizable.
We perform indefinite-lived acquired client relationship impairment assessments annually, or more frequently should circumstances indicate fair value has declined below the related carrying value. For purposes of our assessments, we consider various qualitative and quantitative factors (including market multiples) and determine if it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of each asset group is greater than its carrying amount. If we determine that it is likely that the fair value has declined below our related carrying value, we perform discounted cash flow analyses to determine the fair value of the asset group and record an expense in Intangible amortization and impairments to reduce the carrying value to its fair value.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded $45.3 million of expense attributable to the controlling interest ($70.7 million in aggregate) to reduce the carrying values of the assets to fair value. See Note 9 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, we completed our annual assessment of our other indefinite-lived acquired client relationships and only a significant decline in the fair values of these assets would result in an impairment.
Definite-Lived Acquired Client Relationships
Definite-lived acquired client relationships include investment advisory contracts between our Affiliates and their underlying investors, and are amortized over their expected period of economic benefit. Significant judgment is required to estimate the period that these assets will contribute to our cash flows and the pattern over which these assets will provide an economic benefit. Formally, on an annual basis, or more frequently should client attrition trends warrant a potential revision,
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we review historical and projected attrition rates and other events that may influence our projections of the future period of economic benefit that we will derive from these relationships. Changes in the expected period of economic benefit of these assets may warrant changes in the period over which the assets are amortized.
We perform definite-lived acquired client relationship impairment assessments annually, or more frequently should client attrition trends indicate fair value has declined below the related carrying value. If we determine that the fair value has declined below our related carrying value, an expense is recorded in Intangible amortization and impairments to reduce the carrying value to its fair value. We assess each of our definite-lived acquired client relationships for impairment by comparing their carrying value to the projected undiscounted cash flows of the acquired client relationships.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, we completed our annual assessment and noted that projected undiscounted cash flows over the remaining life of each of these assets exceed their carrying value and, accordingly, no impairments were identified.
Equity Method Investments in Affiliates
We periodically perform assessments to determine if the fair value of an investment may have declined below its related carrying value for our Affiliates accounted for under the equity method for a period that we consider to be other-than-temporary. Where we believe that such declines may have occurred, we determine the amount of impairment using valuation methods, such as discounted cash flow analyses. Impairments are recorded as an expense in Equity method loss (net) to reduce the carrying value of the Affiliate to its fair value.
When we test our equity method investments for impairment, we make assumptions about growth rates of projected assets under management, client attrition, asset and performance based fees, and expenses. In these analyses, we also make judgments about tax benefits, tax rates and discount rates. We consider the reasonableness of our assumptions by comparing our valuation conclusions to observed market transactions and, in certain instances, by consulting with third-party valuation firms. Changes in these assumptions could significantly impact the respective fair value of an Affiliate.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded $185.0 million of expenses to reduce the carrying value of an Affiliate to fair value. See Note 10 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, we completed our annual assessment of our other investments in Affiliates accounted for under the equity method and no other impairments were identified.
Income Taxes
We and our Affiliates are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions. Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best estimate of current and future taxes to be paid.
Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. We measure our deferred taxes based on enacted tax rates and projected state apportionment percentages for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recorded in Income tax expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income in the period in which the change in tax rates is enacted.
Our principal deferred tax assets relate to deferred compensation, state and foreign loss carryforwards, and the indirect benefits of uncertain foreign tax positions. We regularly assess the recoverability of our deferred tax assets, considering all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. A valuation allowance is utilized to adjust the carrying values of deferred tax assets to the amount that is more-likely-than-not to be realized.
We record unrecognized tax benefits based on whether it is more-likely-than-not that uncertain tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position. If it is determined an uncertain tax position is more-likely-than-not to be sustained, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.
See Note 20 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Share-Based Compensation and Affiliate Equity
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We have share-based compensation arrangements covering directors, senior management, and employees. Our share-based compensation arrangements typically vest and become fully exercisable over three to five years of continued employment and, in some cases, may require the satisfaction of certain performance conditions.
We determine the fair value of our share-based compensation arrangements on their grant date and record compensation expense based on the number of awards expected to vest. For restricted stock units, we determine the fair value of the units using our share price on the date of grant and the number of shares expected to vest. For stock options, we estimate the fair value using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires us to make assumptions about the volatility and dividend yield of our common stock and the expected life of our stock options. In measuring expected volatility, we consider both the historical volatility of our common stock, as well as the current implied volatility from traded options. For certain of our awards with performance conditions, the number of restricted stock units or stock options expected to vest may change over time depending upon the performance level achieved.
For share-based compensation arrangements without performance conditions, we recognize expense based on the number of awards expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, including grants that are subject to graded vesting. For all other arrangements, we recognize expense based on the number of awards expected to vest on a straight-line basis for each separately vesting portion of the award.
From time to time, we grant equity interests in our Affiliates to consolidated Affiliate partners and our officers, with vesting, forfeiture, and repurchase terms established at the date of grant. The fair value of the equity interests is determined as of the date of grant using a discounted cash flow analysis. Key valuation assumptions include projected assets under management, asset and performance based fees, tax rates, discount rates and discounts for lack of marketability. The use of different assumptions could change the value of these interests, including the amount of compensation expense, if any, that we may report upon their transfer or repurchase.
Redeemable non-controlling interests represent the currently redeemable value of Affiliate equity interests. We may pay for these Affiliate equity purchases in cash, shares of our common stock or other forms of consideration, at our election.
See Notes 16, 17 and 18 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Assets Under Management Market Price Risk
Our Consolidated revenue and equity method revenue are derived primarily from asset based fees that are typically determined as a percentage of the value of a client’s assets under management. Such values are affected by changes in financial markets (including declines in the capital markets, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, inflation rates or the yield curve, and other market factors) and, accordingly, declines in the financial markets may negatively impact our Consolidated revenue and equity method revenue.
As of December 31, 2020, we estimate a proportional 1% change in the value of our assets under management would have resulted in a $19.6 million annualized change in asset based fees in Consolidated revenue for our consolidated Affiliates and a $13.2 million annualized change in asset based fees in equity method revenue for our Affiliates accounted for under the equity method. This proportional increase or decrease excludes assets under management on which asset based fees are charged on committed capital.
Interest Rate Risk
We have fixed rates of interest on our senior notes, junior subordinated notes, and junior convertible securities. While a change in market interest rates would not affect the interest expense incurred on our fixed rate securities, such a change may affect the fair value of these securities. We estimate that a 1% change in interest rates would have resulted in a $107.3 million net change in the fair value of our fixed rate securities as of December 31, 2020. We pay a variable rate of interest on our credit facilities at specified rates, based either on an applicable LIBOR or prime rate, plus a marginal rate determined based on our credit rating. As of December 31, 2020, the interest rate for our outstanding borrowings under the credit facilities was LIBOR plus 0.875%. In the first quarter of 2020, we entered into an interest rate swap to exchange a portion of our LIBOR-based interest payments for fixed rate interest payments, reducing our variable interest rate exposure. We estimate that a 1% change in interest rates would have changed our annual interest expense on the outstanding balances under our credit facilities not participating in the interest rate swap by $1.0 million, as of December 31, 2020.
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Currently, LIBOR is expected to be discontinued, however, there remains uncertainty as to the timing of the transition to, as well to as the nature of, any replacement rate. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors”. We and our Affiliates have been monitoring these developments, and we currently do not expect to be significantly impacted by this transition. Our term loan and our revolver both include “fallback” language allowing for the substitution of a comparable or successor rate, as further described in the respective agreements. We will continue to monitor and evaluate our agreements and the developments with respect to LIBOR as the potential end-date for LIBOR approaches.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
The functional currency of most of our Affiliates is the U.S. dollar. Certain of our Affiliates have the pound sterling or the Canadian dollar as their functional currency, and are, therefore, impacted by movements in pound sterling and Canadian dollar to U.S. dollar foreign currency exchange rates. In addition, the valuations of our foreign Affiliates with a non-U.S. dollar functional currency change based on fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, among other factors. Changes due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates are recorded as a component of stockholders’ equity.
To illustrate the effect of possible changes in foreign currency exchange rates, we estimate a 1% change in the pound sterling and Canadian dollar to U.S. dollar exchange rates would have resulted in a $10.8 million and $2.1 million change to stockholders’ equity, respectively, based on the December 31, 2020 carrying value of Affiliates whose functional currency is the pound sterling or the Canadian dollar, and of our and our Affiliates’ pound sterling-denominated derivative financial instruments.  For the year ended December 31, 2020, we estimate a 1% change in the pound sterling and the Canadian dollar to U.S. dollar exchange rates would have resulted in $1.1 million and $0.1 million in annual changes to Income before income taxes (controlling interest), respectively.
Derivative Risk
From time to time, we and our Affiliates seek to offset exposure to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and markets by entering into derivative financial instruments. There can be no assurance that our or our Affiliates’ derivative financial instruments will meet their overall objective or that we or our Affiliates will be successful in entering into such instruments in the future.
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Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of Affiliated Managers Group, Inc. (the “Company”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting processes are designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s chief executive and chief financial officers and applied by the Company’s Board of Directors, management and other senior employees to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S.
The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurances that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the Company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements.
As of December 31, 2020, management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 was effective.
The Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing in “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Affiliated Managers Group, Inc.:
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Affiliated Managers Group, Inc. and its affiliates (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 8. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Impairment Evaluation for Equity Method Investments in Affiliates
As described in Notes 1 and 10 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s equity method investments in affiliates balance was $2,074.8 million as of December 31, 2020. Management periodically evaluates its equity method investments in affiliates for impairment by performing assessments to determine if fair value may have declined below related carrying value for a period that they consider to be other-than-temporary. In the first and fourth quarters of 2020, management concluded that due to declines in assets under management and reductions in projected growth that there were $140.0 million and $45.0 million impairments, respectively, to reduce the carrying value of an affiliate to fair value. The fair value of the investment was determined using probability-weighted discounted cash flow analyses that require assumptions such as growth rates of assets under management, client attrition, asset and performance based fee rates, expenses, tax benefits, tax rates and discount rates.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the impairment evaluation for equity method investments in affiliates is a critical audit matter are; (i) the significant judgment by management to evaluate the significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow analyses to determine the fair value of the investment which was used to determine the amount that fair value had declined below its related carrying value for a period considered to be other-than-temporary, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures related to the growth rates of assets under management and discount rates used in the impairment evaluation, and (ii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in evaluating the audit evidence obtained from these procedures.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s impairment evaluation for equity method investments in affiliates, including controls over the discounted cash flow analysis and significant assumptions used to determine the fair value of equity method investments in affiliates. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for determining the fair value of its equity method investments in affiliates, including evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow analysis, testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the discounted cash flow analysis, and evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management in developing the fair value measurement, related to the growth rates of assets under management and discount rates. Evaluating the reasonableness of the growth rates of assets under management involved considering (i) the consistency with external market and industry data, (ii) the consistency with past performance of the affiliate, and (iii) whether the growth rates were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the discount rates used to determine whether the fair value of the equity method investment had declined below its carrying value for a period considered to be other-than-temporary.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Boston, Massachusetts
February 19, 2021

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1993.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(in millions, except per share data)
  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Consolidated revenue $ 2,378.4  $ 2,239.6  $ 2,027.5 
Consolidated expenses:      
Compensation and related expenses 987.2  943.0  883.7 
Selling, general and administrative 417.7  376.8  321.4 
Intangible amortization and impairments 114.8  144.5  140.5 
Interest expense 80.6  76.2  92.3 
Depreciation and other amortization 22.0  21.3  19.1 
Other expenses (net) 69.7  57.0  52.8 
Total consolidated expenses 1,692.0  1,618.8  1,509.8 
Equity method loss (net) (0.2) (338.0) (43.4)
Investment and other income 27.4  25.2  34.1 
Income before income taxes 713.6  308.0  508.4 
Income tax expense 181.3  2.9  81.4 
Net income 532.3  305.1  427.0 
Net income (non-controlling interests) (288.7) (289.4) (224.8)
Net income (controlling interest) $ 243.6  $ 15.7  $ 202.2 
Average shares outstanding (basic) 53.6  50.5  46.5 
Average shares outstanding (diluted) 53.8  50.6  46.7 
Earnings per share (basic) $ 4.55  $ 0.31  $ 4.34 
Earnings per share (diluted) $ 4.52  $ 0.31  $ 4.33 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in millions)
  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Net income $ 532.3  $ 305.1  $ 427.0 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:      
Foreign currency translation gain (loss) (102.1) 10.9  15.2 
Change in net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments (0.1) 1.7  (1.5)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (102.2) 12.6  13.7 
Comprehensive income 430.1  317.7  440.7 
Comprehensive income (non-controlling interests) (273.7) (301.8) (228.0)
Comprehensive income (controlling interest) $ 156.4  $ 15.9  $ 212.7 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in millions, except par value)
  December 31,
  2019 2020
Assets    
Cash and cash equivalents $ 539.6  $ 1,039.7 
Receivables 417.1  421.6 
Investments in marketable securities 59.4  74.9 
Goodwill 2,651.7  2,661.4 
Acquired client relationships (net) 1,182.0  1,048.8 
Equity method investments in Affiliates (net) 2,195.6  2,074.8 
Fixed assets (net) 92.3  79.6 
Other investments 211.8  257.2 
Other assets 304.0  230.9 
Total assets $ 7,653.5  $ 7,888.9 
Liabilities and Equity    
Payable and accrued liabilities $ 634.6  $ 712.4 
Debt 1,793.8  2,312.1 
Deferred income tax liability (net) 450.2  423.4 
Other liabilities 359.1  452.2 
Total liabilities 3,237.7  3,900.1 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Redeemable non-controlling interests 916.7  671.5 
Equity:    
Common stock ($0.01 par value, 153.0 shares authorized; 58.5 shares outstanding in 2019 and 2020)
0.6  0.6 
Additional paid-in capital 707.2  728.9 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (108.8) (98.3)
Retained earnings 3,819.8  4,005.5 
4,418.8  4,636.7 
Less: Treasury stock, at cost (10.4 shares in 2019 and 14.5 shares in 2020)
(1,481.3) (1,857.0)
Total stockholders' equity 2,937.5  2,779.7 
Non-controlling interests 561.6  537.6 
Total equity 3,499.1  3,317.3 
Total liabilities and equity $ 7,653.5  $ 7,888.9 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(in millions)
  Total Stockholders’ Equity    
  Common
Stock 		Additional
Paid-In
Capital 		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss) 		Retained
Earnings 		Treasury
Stock at
Cost 		Non-
controlling
Interests 		Total
Equity
December 31, 2017 $ 0.6  $ 808.6  $ (21.8) $ 3,698.5  $ (663.7) $ 756.3  $ 4,578.5 
Net income —  —  —  243.6  —  288.7  532.3 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax —  —  (87.2) —  —  (15.0) (102.2)
Share-based compensation —  44.7  —  —  —  —  44.7 
Common stock issued under share-based incentive plans —  (11.6) —  —  6.6  —  (5.0)
Shares repurchases —  —  —  —  (489.5) —  (489.5)
Dividends ($1.20 per share)
—  —  —  (65.3) —  —  (65.3)
Issuance costs and other —  (0.5) —  —  —  —  (0.5)
Affiliate equity activity:
Affiliate equity compensation —  16.7  —  —  —  39.7  56.4 
Issuances —  (6.8) —  —  —  14.3  7.5 
Repurchases —  15.3  —  —  —  (9.0) 6.3 
Changes in redemption value of Redeemable non-controlling interests —  (30.8) —  —  —  —  (30.8)
Transfers to Redeemable non-controlling interests —  —  —  —  —  (44.8) (44.8)
Capital contributions and other —  —  —  —  —  17.8  17.8 
Distributions to non-controlling interests —  —  —  —  —  (370.5) (370.5)
December 31, 2018 $ 0.6  $ 835.6  $ (109.0) $ 3,876.8  $ (1,146.6) $ 677.5  $ 4,134.9 
Impact of adoption of new accounting standard (ASU 2018-02) —  —  —  (6.6) —  —  (6.6)
Net income —  —  —  15.7  —  289.4  305.1 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax —  —  0.2  —  —  12.4  12.6 
Share-based compensation —  49.9  —  —  —  —  49.9 
Common stock issued under share-based incentive plans —  (34.0) —  —  28.6  —  (5.4)
Shares repurchases —  2.5  —  —  (363.3) —  (360.8)
Dividends ($1.28 per share)
—  —  —  (66.1) —  —  (66.1)
Issuance costs and other —  0.1  —  —  —  —  0.1 
Affiliate equity activity:
Affiliate equity compensation —  9.6  —  —  —  30.9  40.5 
Issuances —  (3.7) —  —  —  14.9  11.2 
Repurchases —  13.2  —  —  —  (10.3) 2.9 
Changes in redemption value of Redeemable non-controlling interests —  (166.0) —  —  —  —  (166.0)
Transfers to Redeemable non-controlling interests —  —  —  —  —  (105.0) (105.0)
Capital contributions and other —  —  —  —  —  (0.3) (0.3)
Distributions to non-controlling interests —  —  —  —  —  (347.9) (347.9)
December 31, 2019 $ 0.6  $ 707.2  $ (108.8) $ 3,819.8  $ (1,481.3) $ 561.6  $ 3,499.1 
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Net income —  —  —  202.2  —  224.8  427.0 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax —  —  10.5  —  —  3.2  13.7 
Share-based compensation —  67.4  —  —  —  —  67.4 
Common stock issued under share-based incentive plans —  (40.9) —  —  34.4  —  (6.5)
Shares repurchases —  (19.9) —  —  (410.1) —  (430.0)
Dividends ($0.35 per share)
—  —  —  (16.5) —  —  (16.5)
Issuance costs and other —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Affiliate equity activity:
Affiliate equity compensation —  20.9  —  —  —  30.9  51.8 
Issuances —  (5.1) —  —  —  25.2  20.1 
Repurchases —  58.7  —  —  —  (14.5) 44.2 
Changes in redemption value of Redeemable non-controlling interests —  (59.4) —  —  —  —  (59.4)
Transfers to Redeemable non-controlling interests —  —  —  —  —  7.8  7.8 
Capital contributions and other —  —  —  —  —  4.9  4.9 
Distributions to non-controlling interests —  —  —  —  —  (306.3) (306.3)
December 31, 2020 $ 0.6  $ 728.9  $ (98.3) $ 4,005.5  $ (1,857.0) $ 537.6  $ 3,317.3 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)
  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Cash flow from (used in) operating activities:      
Net income $ 532.3  $ 305.1  $ 427.0 
Adjustments to reconcile Net income to cash flow from (used in) operating activities:      
Intangible amortization and impairments 114.8  144.5  140.5 
Depreciation and other amortization 22.0  21.3  19.1 
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) 51.9  (55.8) 26.8 
Equity method loss (net) 0.2  338.0  43.4 
Distributions of earnings received from equity method investments 466.3  252.4  236.8 
Share-based compensation and Affiliate equity expense 101.1  90.4  119.2 
Other non-cash items (2.7) (17.7) (3.0)
Changes in assets and liabilities:      
Purchases of securities by consolidated Affiliate sponsored investment products (190.8) (42.3) (110.1)
Sales of securities by consolidated Affiliate sponsored investment products 49.6  16.5  99.6 
Decrease (increase) in receivables 14.4  (15.8) 1.1 
(Increase) decrease in other assets (11.7) (51.4) 73.1 
Decrease in payables, accrued liabilities and other liabilities (6.8) (56.1) (64.2)
Cash flow from operating activities 1,140.6  929.1  1,009.3 
Cash flow from (used in) investing activities:      
Investments in Affiliates (7.3) (162.3) (44.5)
Divestments of Affiliates —  117.7  — 
Purchase of fixed assets (18.7) (9.6) (8.5)
Purchase of investment securities (40.8) (43.1) (47.7)
Sale of investment securities 48.6  72.9  47.0 
Cash flow used in investing activities (18.2) (24.4) (53.7)
Cash flow from (used in) financing activities:      
Borrowings of senior bank debt, senior notes and junior subordinated notes 1,150.0  470.7  874.8 
Repayments of senior bank debt (1,180.6) (510.0) (350.0)
Repurchase of common stock (net) (496.1) (356.1) (335.1)
Dividends paid on common stock (64.4) (65.3) (16.8)
Distributions to non-controlling interests (370.5) (347.9) (306.3)
Affiliate equity (repurchases) / issuances (net) (113.7) (135.5) (294.9)
Subscriptions to consolidated Affiliate sponsored investment products, net of redemptions 132.8  19.0  12.9 
Other financing items (40.6) (9.6) (40.0)
Cash flow used in financing activities (983.1) (934.7) (455.4)
Effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (10.1) 8.7  2.1 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 129.2  (21.3) 502.3 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 439.5  565.5  539.6 
Effect of deconsolidation of Affiliates and Affiliate sponsored investment products (3.2) (4.6) (2.2)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 565.5  $ 539.6  $ 1,039.7 
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:      
Interest paid $ 76.9  $ 84.1  $ 88.3 
Income taxes paid (refunds received), net 160.2  102.7  (12.4)
Lease liabilities paid —  35.4  39.1 
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:      
Payables recorded for Affiliate equity repurchases 36.2  19.8  22.0 
Payables recorded for share repurchases 6.9  10.6  105.6 
Payables recorded for contingent payment arrangements —  —  40.0 
Payables recorded for investments in Affiliates —  —  69.2 
Stock issued upon vesting of restricted stock units 4.7  32.7  35.6 
Stock received for tax withholdings on share-based payments 14.7  6.4  6.7 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating leases —  189.7  24.4 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(a)Organization and Nature of Operations
Affiliated Managers Group, Inc. (the “Company”) is a leading partner to independent active investment management firms globally. AMG’s strategy is to generate long-term value by investing in a diverse array of partner-owned investment firms, referred to as “Affiliates.” The Company’s Affiliates provide a comprehensive and diverse range of active, return-oriented strategies designed to assist institutional, retail, and high net worth clients worldwide in achieving their investment objectives. The Company operates in one segment, global asset management.
Each of the Company’s Affiliates operates through distinct legal entities, which affords the Company the flexibility to design a separate operating agreement for each Affiliate. Each operating agreement reflects the specific terms of the Company’s economic participation in the Affiliate, which, in each case, uses a “structured partnership interest.”
For a majority of Affiliates, the Company uses structured partnership interests in which the Company contractually shares in the Affiliate’s revenue without regard to expenses. In this type of structured partnership interest, the Affiliate allocates a specified percentage of its revenue to the Company and Affiliate management, while using the remainder of its revenue for operating expenses and for additional distributions to Affiliate management. The Company and Affiliate management, therefore, participate in any increase or decrease in revenue and only Affiliate management participates in any increase or decrease in expenses. Under these structured partnership interests, the Company’s contractual share of revenue generally has priority over distributions to Affiliate management. For other Affiliates, the Company uses structured partnership interests in which the Company contractually shares in the Affiliate’s revenue less agreed-upon expenses. This type of partnership interest allows the Company to benefit from any increase in revenue or any decrease in the agreed-upon expenses, but also exposes the Company to any decrease in revenue or any increase in such expenses. The degree of the Company’s exposure to expenses from these structured partnership interests varies by Affiliate and includes Affiliates in which the Company fully shares in the expenses of the business.
(b)Basis of Presentation and Use of Estimates
The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”). All dollar amounts, except per share data in the text and tables herein, are stated in millions unless otherwise indicated. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior period’s financial statements to conform to the current period’s presentation.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
(c)Principles of Consolidation
In evaluating whether an investment must be consolidated, the Company evaluates the risk, rewards, and significant terms of each of its Affiliates and other investments to determine if an investment is considered a voting rights entity (“VRE”) or a variable interest entity (“VIE”). An entity is a VRE when the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance its activities independently, and when the equity holders have the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns, and the right to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact its economic performance. An entity is a VIE when it lacks one or more of the characteristics of a VRE, which, for the Company, are Affiliate investments structured as partnerships (or similar entities) where the Company is a limited partner and lacks substantive kick-out or substantive participation rights over the general partner. Assessing whether an entity is a VRE or VIE involves judgment. Upon the occurrence of certain events, management reviews and reconsiders its previous conclusion regarding the status of an entity as a VRE or a VIE.
The Company consolidates VREs when it has control over significant operating, financial, and investing decisions of the entity. When the Company lacks such control, but is deemed to have significant influence, the Company accounts for the VRE under the equity method. Other investments in which the Company does not have rights to exercise significant influence are recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes in fair value included in Investment and other income on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
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The Company consolidates VIEs when it is the primary beneficiary of the entity, which is defined as having the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Substantially all of the Company’s consolidated Affiliates considered VIEs are controlled because the Company holds a majority of the voting interests or it is the managing member or general partner. Furthermore, an Affiliate’s assets can be used for purposes other than the settlement of the respective Affiliate’s obligations. The Company applies the equity method of accounting to VIEs where the Company is not the primary beneficiary, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial matters of the VIE. See Note 5.
Investments in Affiliates
Substantially all of the Company’s Affiliates are considered VIEs and are either consolidated or accounted for under the equity method. A limited number of the Company’s Affiliates are considered VREs and most of these are accounted for under the equity method.
When an Affiliate is consolidated, the portion of the earnings attributable to Affiliate management’s equity ownership is included in Net income (non-controlling interests) in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Undistributed earnings attributable to Affiliate managements’ equity ownership, along with their share of any tangible or intangible net assets, are presented within Non-controlling interests on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Affiliate equity interests where the holder has certain rights to demand settlement are presented, at their current redemption values, as Redeemable non-controlling interests on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company periodically issues, sells, and repurchases the equity of its consolidated Affiliates. Because these transactions take place between entities under common control, any gains or losses attributable to these transactions are required to be included in Additional paid-in capital on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, net of any related income tax effects in the period the transaction occurs.
When an Affiliate is accounted for under the equity method, the Company’s share of an Affiliate’s earnings or losses, net of amortization and impairments, is included in Equity method loss (net) in the Consolidated Statements of Income and the carrying value of the Affiliate is reported in Equity method investments in Affiliates (net) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred taxes recorded on intangible assets upon acquisition of an Affiliate accounted for under the equity method are presented on a gross basis within Equity method investments in Affiliates (net) and Deferred income tax liability (net) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s share of income taxes incurred directly by Affiliates accounted for under the equity method is recorded in Income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The Company periodically performs assessments to determine if fair value of an investment may have declined below its related carrying value for its Affiliates accounted for under the equity method for a period that the Company considers to be other-than temporary. Where the Company believes that such declines may have occurred, the Company determines the amount of impairment using valuation methods, such as discounted cash flow analyses. Impairments are recorded as an expense in Equity method loss (net) to reduce the carrying value of the Affiliate to its fair value.
Affiliate Sponsored Investment Products
The Company’s Affiliates sponsor various investment products where they also act as the investment adviser. These investment products are typically owned primarily by third-party investors; however, certain products are funded with general partner and seed capital investments from the Company and its Affiliates.
Third-party investors in Affiliate sponsored investment products are generally entitled to substantially all of the economics of these products, except for the asset and performance based fees earned by the Company’s Affiliates or any gains or losses attributable to the Company’s or its Affiliates’ investments in these products. As a result, the Company does not generally consolidate these products unless the Company’s or its consolidated Affiliates’ interest in the product is considered substantial. When the Company’s or its consolidated Affiliates’ interests are considered substantial and the products are consolidated, the Company retains the specialized investment company accounting principles of the underlying products, and all of the underlying investments are carried at fair value in Investments in marketable securities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with corresponding changes in the investments’ fair values included in Investment and other income. Purchases and sales of securities are presented within purchases and sales by consolidated Affiliate sponsored investment products in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and the third-party investors’ interest is recorded in Redeemable non-controlling interests. When the Company or its consolidated Affiliates no longer control these products, due to a reduction in ownership or other reasons, the products are deconsolidated with only the Company’s or its consolidated Affiliate’s investment in the product reported from the date of deconsolidation.
46
AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(d)Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments, including money market mutual funds, with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates market value due to the short-term maturity of these investments. Money market mutual funds with a floating net asset value (“NAV”) would not meet the definition of a cash equivalent if the fund has enacted liquidity fees or redemption gates.
(e)Receivables
The Company’s Affiliates earn asset and performance based fees, which are billed based on the terms of the related contracts. Billed but uncollected asset and performance based fees are presented within Receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are generally short-term in nature.
Certain of the Company’s Affiliates in the UK act as intermediaries between clients and their sponsored investment products. Normal settlement periods on transactions initiated by these clients with the sponsored investment products result in unsettled fund share receivables and payables that are presented on a gross basis within Receivables and Payables and accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The gross presentation of these receivables and offsetting payables reflects the legal relationship between the underlying investor, the Company’s Affiliates and the sponsored investment products.
(f)Investments in Marketable Securities
Realized and unrealized gains or losses on investments in marketable securities are reported within Investment and other income. Realized gains and losses are recorded on the trade date on a specific identified basis, except for consolidated Affiliate sponsored investment products, which use an average cost basis.
(g)Fair Value Measurements
The Company determines the fair value of certain investment securities and other financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. Fair value is determined based on the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the principal or most advantageous market at the measurement date, utilizing a hierarchy of three different valuation techniques:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted market prices for identical instruments in active markets;
Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs, or significant value drivers, are observable; and
Level 3 - Prices that reflect the Company’s own assumptions concerning unobservable inputs to the valuation model. In these valuation models, the Company is required to make judgments about growth rates of assets under management, client attrition, asset and performance based fee rates, and expenses. These valuation models also require judgments about tax benefits, credit risk, interest rates, tax rates, discount rates, and discounts for lack of marketability. These inputs require significant management judgment and reflect the Company’s assumptions that the Company believes market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
(h)Acquired Client Relationships and Goodwill
Each Affiliate in which the Company makes an investment has identifiable assets arising from contractual or other legal rights with their clients (“acquired client relationships”). In determining the value of acquired client relationships, the Company analyzes the net present value of these Affiliates’ existing client relationships based on a number of factors, including: the Affiliate’s historical and potential future operating performance; the Affiliate’s historical and potential future rates of attrition of existing clients; the stability and longevity of existing client relationships; the Affiliate’s recent, as well as long-term, investment performance; the characteristics of the firm’s products and investment styles; the stability and depth of the Affiliate’s management team; and the Affiliate’s history and perceived franchise or brand value.
The Company has determined that certain of its acquired client relationships meet the criteria to be considered indefinite-lived assets because the Company expects the contracts to be renewed annually and, therefore, the cash flows generated by these contracts to continue indefinitely. Accordingly, the Company does not amortize these intangible assets, but instead assesses these assets annually or more frequently whenever events or circumstances occur indicating that the recorded indefinite-lived acquired client relationship may be impaired. Each reporting period, the Company assesses whether events or circumstances have occurred that indicate that the indefinite life criteria are no longer met.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Company has determined that certain of its acquired client relationships meet the criteria to be considered definite-lived assets, including investment advisory contracts between its Affiliates and their underlying investors, and are amortized over their expected period of economic benefit. The expected period of economic benefit of definite-lived acquired client relationships is a judgment based on the historical and projected attrition rates of each Affiliate’s existing clients, and other factors that may influence the expected future economic benefit the Company will derive from these relationships. The expected lives of definite-lived acquired client relationships are analyzed annually or more frequently whenever events or circumstances have occurred that indicate the expected period of economic benefit may no longer be appropriate.
The Company assesses for the possible impairment of indefinite and definite-lived acquired client relationships annually or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If such indicators exist, the Company considers various qualitative and quantitative factors (including market multiples) to determine if the fair value of each asset is greater than its carrying value. If the carrying value is greater than the fair value, an expense would be recorded in Intangible amortization and impairments in the Consolidated Statements of Income to reduce the carrying value of the asset to fair value.
Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from assets acquired in a business combination that are not separately recognized. Goodwill is not amortized, but is instead reviewed for impairment. The Company performs an impairment assessment annually or more frequently whenever events or circumstances occur indicating that the carrying value of its single reporting unit is in excess of its fair value. In this assessment, the Company typically measures the fair value of its reporting unit using various qualitative and quantitative factors (including the Company’s market capitalization and market multiples for asset management businesses). If a potential impairment is more-likely-than-not, then the Company will perform a single step assessment with any excess of carrying value over fair value recorded as an expense in Intangible amortization and impairments.
(i)Fixed Assets
Fixed assets are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful lives of office equipment and furniture and fixtures range from two years to ten years. Computer software developed or obtained for internal use is amortized over the estimated useful life of the software, generally two years to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the term of the lease. Buildings are amortized over their expected useful lives, generally not to exceed 39 years. The costs of improvements that extend the life of a fixed asset are capitalized, while the cost of repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Land and artwork are not depreciated; artwork is included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(j)Leases
Leases are classified as either operating leases or finance leases. The Company and its Affiliates currently lease office space and equipment primarily under operating lease arrangements.  As these leases expire, it is expected that, in the normal course of business, they will be renewed or replaced.  Whether a lease is classified as an operating lease or a finance lease, the Company and its Affiliates must record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the commencement date of the lease, other than for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less. As permitted under Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2016-02 Leases (and related ASUs), the Company and its Affiliates elect not to record short-term leases with an initial lease term less than 12 months on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are reported in Other assets and Other liabilities, respectively, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. A lease liability is initially and subsequently reported at the present value of the outstanding lease payments determined by discounting those lease payments over the remaining lease term using the incremental borrowing rate of the legal entity entering into the lease as of the commencement date.  A right-of-use asset is initially reported at the present value of the corresponding lease liability plus any prepaid lease payments and initial direct costs of entering into the lease, and reduced by any lease incentives. Subsequently, a right-of-use asset is reported at the present value of the lease liability adjusted for any prepaid or accrued lease payments, remaining balances of any lease incentives received, unamortized initial direct costs of entering into the lease and any impairments of the right-of-use asset.  The Company and its Affiliates test for possible impairments of right-of-use assets annually or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a right-of-use asset may exceed its fair value.  If the carrying value of the right-of-use asset exceeds its fair value, then the carrying value of the right-of-use asset is reduced to its fair value and the expense is recorded in Other expenses (net) on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Subsequent to an impairment, the carrying value of the right-of-use asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term.
48
AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Lease liabilities and right-of-use assets based on variable lease payments that depend on an index or rate are initially measured using the index or rate at the commencement date with any subsequent changes in variable lease payments reported in Other expenses (net) as incurred. Most lease agreements for office space that are classified as operating leases contain renewal options, rent escalation clauses or other lease incentives provided by the lessor.  Lease expense is accrued to recognize lease escalation provisions and renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised, as well as lease incentives provided by the lessor, on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is reported in Other expenses (net). If a right-of-use asset is impaired, the lease expense is subsequently reported in Other expenses (net) as the straight-line amortization of the right-of-use asset and the accretion of the lease liability, thereby transitioning to a front-loaded expense recognition profile for the associated lease.
The Company and its Affiliates combine lease and non-lease components for their office space leases and separate non-lease components for their equipment leases in calculating their lease liabilities. Sublease income is reported in Investment and other income.
(k)Issuance Costs
Issuance costs related to the Company’s senior bank debt are amortized over the remaining term of the senior unsecured multicurrency revolving credit facility (the “revolver”) and the senior unsecured term loan facility (the “term loan” and, together with the revolver, the “credit facilities”), which approximates the effective interest method.  Issuance costs associated with the revolver are included in Other assets. Issuance costs associated with the term loan are included as a reduction of the related debt balance. Issuance costs associated with the Company’s senior notes, junior subordinated notes and junior convertible securities are amortized over the expected term of the security, and are included as a reduction of Debt in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The expense resulting from the amortization of these issuance costs is reported in Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
(l)Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company and its Affiliates may use derivative financial instruments to offset exposure to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and markets. The Company records derivatives in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. If the Company’s or its Affiliates’ derivative financial instruments do not qualify as cash flow, net investment or fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are recorded as a gain or loss in Investment and other income.
If the Company’s or its Affiliates’ derivative financial instruments qualify as cash flow or net investment hedges, the effective portion of the unrealized gain or loss is recorded in Other comprehensive income (loss) as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and reclassified to earnings with the hedged item. The Company assesses hedge effectiveness on a quarterly basis. For interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges, we use a qualitative method of assessing hedge effectiveness by comparing the notional amount, timing of payments, and interest rates of the swap to the interest payments hedged. If the qualitative assessment indicates ineffectiveness, then we perform a quantitative assessment which is generally measured by comparing the present value of the cumulative change in the expected future cash flows of the hedged contract with the present value of the cumulative change in the expected future cash flows of the hedged item. For net investment hedges, hedge effectiveness is measured using the spot rate method. For fair value hedges, the entire change in the fair value of the hedging instrument is presented within earnings with the hedged item, unless the changes in fair value are not equal, which would result in hedge ineffectiveness which is presented within Investment and other income. Changes in the fair values of cash flow hedges are reported in Change in net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Upon termination of cash flow hedges, any gain or loss recognized will be reclassified into earnings. Changes in the fair values of the effective net investment hedges are reported in Foreign currency translation gain (loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Upon the sale or liquidation of the underlying investment, any gain or loss remaining in Accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified to earnings.
Changes in fair value of a hedging instrument that are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, also known as excluded components, are recorded in earnings and amortized on a straight-line basis over the respective period of the contracts as a reduction to Interest expense.
(m)Revenue Recognition
Consolidated revenue primarily represents asset and performance based fees earned by the Company and its Affiliates for managing the assets of clients. Substantially all of the Company’s and its Affiliates’ contracts contain a single performance obligation, which is the provision of investment management services. Investment management, broker-dealer, and administrative services are performed and consumed simultaneously and, therefore, the Company recognizes these asset based fees ratably over time. Substantially all the Company’s asset based fees for services are based on the value of client assets over time, which are typically determined using observable market data. Services may be invoiced in advance or in arrears and are
49
AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

payable upon receipt. Any asset based fees collected in advance are deferred and recognized as the services are performed and consumed. Consolidated revenue recognized by the Company is adjusted for any expense reimbursement arrangements.
Performance based fees, including carried interests, are recognized only upon the satisfaction of performance obligations, the resolution of any constraints, which include exceeding performance benchmarks or hurdle rates that may extend over one or more reporting periods, and when it is improbable that there will be a significant reversal in the amount of revenue recognized. As a result, any performance based fees or carried interest recognized in the current reporting period may relate to performance obligations satisfied in a previous reporting period.  
The Company and its Affiliates have contractual arrangements with third parties to provide distribution-related services. Fees received and expenses incurred under these arrangements are primarily based on the value of client assets over time. Distribution-related fees are presented within Consolidated revenue gross of any related expenses when the Company and its Affiliates are the principal in their role as primary obligor under their distribution-related services arrangements. Distribution-related expenses are presented within Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The Company and its Affiliates may enter into contracts for which the costs to obtain or fulfill the contract are based upon a percentage of the value of a client’s future assets under management. The Company records these variable costs when incurred because they are subject to market volatility and are not estimable upon the inception of a contract with a client. Any expenses paid in advance are capitalized and amortized on a systematic basis, consistent with the transfer of services, which is the equivalent of recognizing the costs as incurred.
(n)Contingent Payment Arrangements
The Company periodically enters into contingent payment arrangements in connection with its investments in Affiliates. In these arrangements, the Company agrees to pay additional consideration to the sellers to the extent that certain specified financial targets are achieved. For consolidated Affiliates, the Company estimates the fair value of these potential future obligations at the time the investment in an Affiliate is consummated and records a liability in Other liabilities. The Company then accretes the obligation to its expected payment amount over the period until the arrangement is measured. If the Company’s expected payment amount subsequently changes, the obligation is reduced or increased in the current period resulting in a gain or loss, respectively. Gains and losses resulting from changes to expected payments are included in Other expenses (net) and the accretion of these obligations to their expected payment amounts are included in Interest expense. For Affiliates accounted for under the equity method of accounting, the Company records a liability in Payables and accrued liabilities when a payment becomes probable, with a corresponding increase to the carrying value of the Affiliate in Equity method investments in Affiliates (net).
(o)Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the financial reporting bases of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, using tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recorded in Income tax expense in the period when the change is enacted.
The Company regularly assesses the recoverability of its deferred income tax assets to determine whether these assets are more-likely-than-not to be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and results of recent operations. If the Company determines it would not be able to realize its deferred tax assets, it records a valuation allowance to reflect the deferred tax assets at their current value. The recording of adjustments to the valuation allowance will increase or decrease Income tax expense.
The Company records unrecognized tax benefits based on whether it is more-likely-than-not that the uncertain tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position. If it is determined that an uncertain tax position is more-likely-than-not to be sustained, the Company records the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority in Income tax expense. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are also recorded in Income tax expense.
The Company has elected to treat taxes due on U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) as a current period expense when incurred (the “period cost method”).
50
AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(p)Foreign Currency Translation
Assets and liabilities denominated in a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses denominated in a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars using average exchange rates for the relevant period. Because of the long-term nature of the Company’s investments in its Affiliates, net translation exchange gains and losses resulting from foreign currency translation are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss as a separate component of stockholders’ equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in Investment and other income.
(q)Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash investments and derivative financial instruments. The Company and its Affiliates maintain cash and cash equivalents, investments and, at times, certain derivative financial instruments with various high credit-quality financial institutions. These financial institutions are typically located in countries in which the Company and its Affiliates operate. For the Company and certain of its Affiliates, cash deposits at a financial institution may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits.
(r)Earnings Per Share
The calculation of Earnings per share (basic) is based on the weighted average number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding during the period. Earnings per share (diluted) is similar to Earnings per share (basic), but adjusts for the dilutive effect of the potential issuance of incremental shares of the Company’s common stock.
The Company had junior convertible securities outstanding during the periods presented and is required to apply the if-converted method to these securities in its calculation of Earnings per share (diluted). Under the if-converted method, shares that are issuable upon conversion are deemed outstanding, regardless of whether the securities are contractually convertible into the Company’s common stock at that time. For this calculation, the interest expense (net of tax) attributable to these dilutive securities is added back to Net income (controlling interest), reflecting the assumption that the securities have been converted. Issuable shares for these securities and related interest expense are excluded from the calculation if an assumed conversion would be anti-dilutive to diluted earnings per share.
The Company had share-based compensation awards outstanding during the periods presented with vesting provisions subject to certain performance conditions. These awards are excluded from the calculation of Earnings per share (diluted) if the performance condition has not been met as of the end of the reporting period.
(s)Share-Based Compensation Plans
The Company recognizes expenses for all share-based compensation arrangements based on the number of awards expected to vest.  The expense for awards without performance conditions is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, including grants that are subject to graded vesting. The Company recognizes expenses for all other arrangements on a straight-line basis for each separately vesting portion of the award.
Tax windfalls or shortfalls are recorded in Income tax expense and have been classified as operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Taxes paid by the Company when it withholds shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations are classified as a financing activity in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
(t)Recent Accounting Developments
Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt with Conversion and Other Options and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021 for the Company and its consolidated Affiliates, and is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023 for the Company’s Affiliates accounted for under the equity method. This standard requires use of the if-converted method for convertible instruments and the inclusion of instruments where the Company has an option to settle in cash or shares in its calculation of Earnings per share (diluted). The Company is evaluating the impact of this standard on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

In June 2020, the FASB extended the effective date of ASU 2016-02, Leases for the Company’s Affiliates accounted for under the equity method. After the extension, ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard by its equity method investments to have a significant impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020 for the Company and its consolidated Affiliates, and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2022 for the Company’s Affiliates accounted for under the equity method. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a significant impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
2.Investments in Marketable Securities
The following is a summary of the cost, gross unrealized gains, unrealized losses, and fair value of Investments in marketable securities:
December 31,
  2019 2020
Cost $ 57.9  $ 69.4 
Unrealized gains 2.1  5.5 
Unrealized losses (0.6) (0.0)
Fair value $ 59.4  $ 74.9 
As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, Investments in marketable securities include consolidated Affiliate sponsored investment products with fair values of $38.1 million and $52.3 million, respectively.
3.Other Investments
    Other investments consist of investments in funds advised by the Company’s Affiliates that are carried at NAV as a practical expedient and investments without readily determinable fair values. The income or loss related to these investments is recorded in Investment and other income.
Investments Measured at NAV as a Practical Expedient
The Company’s Affiliates sponsor investment products in which the Company and its consolidated Affiliates may make general partner and seed capital investments. The Company uses the NAV of these investments as a practical expedient for their fair values. The following table summarizes the fair values of these investments and any related unfunded commitments:
  December 31, 2019 December 31, 2020
Category of Investment Fair Value Unfunded
Commitments 		Fair Value Unfunded
Commitments
Private equity funds(1)
$ 203.3  $ 127.2  $ 235.4  $ 122.2 
Investments in other strategies(2)
8.5  —  8.0  — 
   Total(3)
$ 211.8  $ 127.2  $ 243.4  $ 122.2 
__________________________
(1)The Company accounts for its interests in private equity funds under the equity method of accounting and, therefore, uses NAV as a practical expedient, one quarter in arrears (adjusted for current period calls and distributions) to determine the fair value. These funds primarily invest in a broad range of third-party funds and direct investments. Distributions will be received as the underlying assets are liquidated over the life of the funds, which is generally up to 15 years.
(2)These are multi-disciplinary funds that invest across various asset classes and strategies, including equity, credit, and real estate. Investments are generally redeemable on a daily, monthly or quarterly basis.
(3)Fair value attributable to the controlling interest was $137.6 million and $164.4 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the Company held investments without readily determinable fair values of zero and $13.8 million, respectively. The carrying value of these investments included an upward adjustment of $5.3 million based on an observable price change during the fourth quarter of 2020.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

4.Fair Value Measurements
The following tables summarize the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
    Fair Value Measurements
  December 31, 2019
  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Financial Assets        
Investments in marketable securities $ 59.4  $ 24.4  $ 35.0  $ — 
Derivative financial instruments(1)
7.9  —  7.9  — 
Financial Liabilities(2)
       
Affiliate equity repurchase obligations $ 19.8  $ —  $ —  $ 19.8 
Derivative financial instruments 1.0  —  1.0  — 
 
    Fair Value Measurements
  December 31, 2020
  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Financial Assets        
Investments in marketable securities $ 74.9  $ 25.7  $ 49.2  $ — 
Derivative financial instruments(1)
3.5  —  3.5  — 
Financial Liabilities(2)
       
Affiliate equity repurchase obligations $ 22.0  $ —  $ —  $ 22.0 
Derivative financial instruments 4.2  —  4.2  — 
__________________________
(1)Amounts are presented within Other assets.
(2)Amounts are presented within Other liabilities.
Level 3 Financial Assets and Liabilities
The following table presents the changes in level 3 assets and liabilities for Affiliate equity repurchase obligations:
For the Years Ended December 31,
2019 2020
Balance, beginning of period $ 36.2  $ 19.8 
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses(1)
0.1  (4.3)
Purchases and issuances(2)
118.6  310.6 
Settlements and reductions (135.1) (304.1)
Balance, end of period $ 19.8  $ 22.0 
Net change in unrealized (gains) losses relating to instruments still held at the reporting date $ —  $ — 
__________________________
(1)Accretion expense for these arrangements and obligations is recorded in Interest expense.

(2)Includes transfers from Redeemable non-controlling interests.
The following table presents certain quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in valuing the Company’s recurring level 3 fair value measurements:
  Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
December 31, 2019 December 31, 2020
  Valuation
Techniques 		Unobservable Input Fair Value Range
Weighted Average(1)
Fair Value Range
Weighted Average(1)
Affiliate equity repurchase obligations Discounted cash flow
Growth rates(2)
$ 19.8 
(9)% - 7%
5% $ 22.0 
(5)% - 8%
3  %
  Discount rates  
14% - 17%
15%
14% - 16%
15  %
__________________________
(1)Calculated by comparing the relative fair value of an obligation to its respective total.

(2)Represents growth rates of asset and performance based fees.
Affiliate equity repurchase obligations include agreements to repurchase Affiliate equity. As of December 31, 2020, there were no changes to growth or discount rates that had a significant impact to Affiliate equity repurchase obligations recorded in prior periods.
Other Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value
The Company has other financial assets and liabilities, which are not required to be carried at fair value, but the Company is required to disclose their fair values. The carrying amount of Cash and cash equivalents, Receivables, and Payables and accrued liabilities approximates fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of notes receivable, which is reported in Other assets, approximates fair value because interest rates and other terms are at market rates. The carrying value of the credit facilities approximates fair value because the credit facilities have variable interest based on selected short-term rates.
The following table summarizes the Company’s other financial liabilities not carried at fair value:
  December 31, 2019 December 31, 2020
Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value Fair Value Hierarchy
Senior notes $ 746.8  $ 797.4  $ 1,097.3  $ 1,206.6  Level 2
Junior convertible securities 315.4  415.7  318.4  427.6  Level 2
Junior subordinated notes 290.7  327.7  565.7  623.1  Level 2
5.Investments in Affiliates and Affiliate Sponsored Investment Products
Investments in Affiliates
The Company’s Affiliates are consolidated or accounted for under the equity method, depending upon the underlying structure of and relationship with each Affiliate.
Substantially all of the Company’s consolidated Affiliates are considered VIEs. The unconsolidated assets, net of liabilities and non-controlling interests of Affiliates accounted for under the equity method considered VIEs, and the Company’s carrying value and maximum exposure to loss, were as follows:
December 31, 2019 December 31, 2020
Unconsolidated
VIE Net Assets 		Carrying Value and
Maximum Exposure
to Loss 		Unconsolidated
VIE Net Assets 		Carrying Value and
Maximum Exposure
to Loss
Affiliates accounted for under the equity method $ 1,141.4  $ 1,843.0  $ 1,384.2  $ 1,962.1 
As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the carrying value and maximum exposure to loss for all of the Company’s Affiliates accounted for under the equity method was $2,195.6 million and $2,074.8 million, respectively, including Affiliates accounted for under the equity method considered VREs of $352.6 million and $112.7 million, respectively.
Affiliate Sponsored Investment Products

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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Company’s carrying value, and maximum exposure to loss from unconsolidated Affiliate sponsored investment products is its, or its consolidated Affiliates’, interest in the unconsolidated net assets of the respective products. The net assets of unconsolidated VIEs attributable to Affiliate sponsored investment products, and the Company’s carrying value and maximum exposure to loss, were as follows:
  December 31, 2019 December 31, 2020
Unconsolidated
VIE Net Assets 		Carrying Value and
Maximum Exposure
to Loss 		Unconsolidated
VIE Net Assets 		Carrying Value and
Maximum Exposure
to Loss
Affiliate sponsored investment products $ 2,282.1  $ 0.9  $ 2,378.2  $ 0.9 
6.Debt
The following table summarizes the Company’s Debt:
December 31,
2019 2020
Senior bank debt $ 449.7  $ 349.8 
Senior notes 743.8  1,091.9 
Junior convertible securities 310.6  314.0 
Junior subordinated notes 289.7  556.4 
Debt $ 1,793.8  $ 2,312.1 
The Company’s senior notes, junior convertible securities, and junior subordinated notes are carried at amortized cost. Unamortized discounts and debt issuance costs are presented within the Consolidated Balance Sheets as an adjustment to the carrying value of the associated debt. As of December 31, 2020, Debt with a par value of $400.0 million and $350.0 million matures in 2024 and 2025, respectively.
Senior Bank Debt
The Company has a $1.25 billion senior unsecured multicurrency revolving credit facility and a $350.0 million senior unsecured term loan facility. The revolver matures on January 18, 2024, and the term loan, as amended, matures on January 18, 2026. Subject to certain conditions, the Company may increase the commitments under the revolver by up to an additional $500.0 million and may borrow up to an additional $75.0 million under the term loan. The Company pays interest on any outstanding obligations under the credit facilities at specified rates, based either on an applicable LIBOR or prime rate, plus a marginal rate determined based on its credit rating. As of December 31, 2020, the interest rate for the Company’s outstanding borrowings under the credit facilities was LIBOR plus 0.875%.
The credit facilities contain financial covenants with respect to leverage and interest coverage, as well as customary affirmative and negative covenants, including limitations on priority indebtedness, asset dispositions and fundamental corporate changes, and certain customary events of default.
As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the revolver. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the Company had outstanding borrowings under the term loan of $450.0 million and $350.0 million, respectively, and the weighted-average interest rate on outstanding borrowings was 2.66% and 1.02%, respectively. The Company pays commitment fees on the unused portion of its revolver. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, these fees amounted to $1.5 million.
On January 8, 2021, the Company amended and refinanced the term loan to adjust the marginal rate by 0.075% to 0.950% and to extend the maturity by three years from January 18, 2023 to January 18, 2026. The commercial terms of the term loan otherwise remained the same.
Senior Notes and Junior Subordinated Notes
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had senior notes and junior subordinated notes outstanding. The carrying value of the senior notes and junior subordinated notes is accreted to the principal amount at maturity over the remaining life of the underlying instrument.
The principal terms of the senior notes and junior subordinated notes were as follows:
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

2024
Senior Notes 		2025
Senior Notes 		2030
Senior Notes 		2059
Junior Subordinated Notes 		2060
Junior Subordinated Notes
Issue date February 2014 February 2015 June 2020 March 2019 September 2020
Maturity date February 2024 August 2025 June 2030 March 2059 September 2060
Par value (in millions) $ 400.0  $ 350.0  $ 350.0  $ 300.0  $ 275.0 
Stated coupon 4.25  % 3.50  % 3.30  % 5.875  % 4.750  %
Coupon frequency Semi-annually Semi-annually Semi-annually
Quarterly(3)
Quarterly(3)
Potential call date
Any time(1)
Any time(1)
Any time(1)
March 2024(2)
September 2025(2)
Call price
As defined(1)
As defined(1)
As defined(1)
As defined(2)
As defined(2)
Listing N.A. N.A. N.A. NYSE NYSE
__________________________
(1)The 2024, 2025 and 2030 senior notes may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at any time, in the case of the 2024 and 2025 senior notes, and at any time prior to March 15, 2030, in the case of the 2030 senior notes. In each case, the senior notes may be redeemed at a make-whole redemption price plus accrued and unpaid interest. The make-whole redemption price, in each case, is equal to the greater of 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be redeemed and the remaining principal and interest payments on the notes being redeemed (excluding accrued but unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date) discounted to their present value as of the redemption date at the applicable treasury rate plus 0.25%, in the case of the 2024 and the 2025 senior notes, and to their present value as of the redemption date on a semi-annual basis at the applicable treasury rate plus 0.40%, in the case of the 2030 senior notes.
(2)The 2059 and 2060 junior subordinated notes may be redeemed at any time, in whole or in part, on or after March 30, 2024, in the case of the 2059 junior subordinated notes, and on or after September 30, 2025, in the case of the 2060 junior subordinated notes. In each case, the junior subordinated notes may be redeemed at 100% of the principal amount of the notes being redeemed plus any accrued and unpaid interest thereon.  Prior to the applicable redemption date, at the Company’s option, the applicable junior subordinated notes may also be redeemed, in whole but not in part, at 100% of the principal amount, plus any accrued and unpaid interest, if certain changes in tax laws, regulations or interpretations occur; or at 102% of the principal amount, plus any accrued and unpaid interest, if a rating agency makes certain changes relating to the equity credit criteria for securities with features similar to the applicable notes.
(3)The Company may, at its option, and subject to certain conditions and restrictions, defer interest payments subject to the terms of the junior subordinated notes.
As of December 31, 2020, the effective interest rates of the 2024, the 2025 and the 2030 senior notes were 4.42%, 3.66% and 3.39%, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the effective interest rates of the 2059 and the 2060 junior subordinated notes were 5.90% and 4.83%, respectively.
Junior Convertible Securities
The following table summarizes the Company’s junior convertible trust preferred securities outstanding (the “junior convertible securities”). The carrying value and principal amount at maturity of the junior convertible securities were as follows:
  December 31, 2019 December 31, 2020
  Carrying
Value 		Principal Amount
at Maturity 		Carrying
Value 		Principal Amount
at Maturity
Junior convertible securities(1)
$ 315.4  $ 430.8  $ 318.4  $ 430.8 
__________________________
(1)The carrying value is accreted to the principal amount at maturity over a remaining life of 17 years.
The junior convertible securities bear interest at a rate of 5.15% per annum, payable quarterly in cash. Holders of the junior convertible securities have no rights to put these securities to the Company. Upon conversion, holders will receive cash or shares of common stock, or a combination thereof, at the Company’s election. The Company may redeem the junior convertible securities, subject to the stock trading at or above certain specified levels over specified times periods, and may also
55
AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

repurchase junior subordinated notes in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time at management’s discretion. The junior convertible securities are considered contingent payment debt instruments under federal income tax regulations, which require the Company to deduct interest in an amount greater than its reported interest expense. The Company estimates that these deductions will generate annual deferred tax liabilities of approximately $9 million. Assuming no redemptions or repurchases, these deferred tax liabilities will be reclassified directly to stockholders’ equity if the Company’s common stock is trading above certain thresholds at the time of the conversion of the securities. If the Company redeems the securities or repurchases the notes at a price below such thresholds, all or a portion of these deferred tax liabilities may be reclassified to income taxes payable which is presented within Other liabilities. In August 2019, in accordance with the convertible securities indenture, the Company adjusted the conversion rate of the junior convertible securities to 0.2558 shares of common stock per $50.00 junior convertible security, equivalent to an adjusted conversion price of $195.47 per share of common stock. The adjustment was the result of the Company’s cumulative declared dividends on its common stock since the prior adjustment. The Company may redeem the junior convertible securities if the closing price of its common stock exceeds $254.10 per share for 20 trading days in a period of 30 consecutive trading days.
7.Derivative Financial Instruments
In 2018, the Company entered into two separate pound sterling-denominated forward foreign currency contracts (the “forward contracts”) with a large financial institution (the “counterparty”). Concurrent to entering into each of the forward contracts, the Company also entered into two separate collar contracts (the “collar contracts”) with the same counterparty for the same notional amounts and expiration dates as each of the forward contracts. The combinations of the forward contracts and the collar contracts were designated as net investment hedges against fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on certain of the Company’s investments in Affiliates with the pound sterling as their functional currency.
In the first quarter of 2020, the Company terminated the forward contracts and the corresponding collar contracts, and upon settlement received net proceeds of $24.9 million. The net proceeds from the termination of the contracts are presented within sale of investment securities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The Company’s forward contracts and collar contracts with the counterparty were governed by an International Swaps and Derivative Association Master Agreement, which provided for legally enforceable rights to set-off. The terms of the contracts also required the Company and the counterparty to post cash collateral in certain circumstances throughout the duration of the contracts. As of December 31, 2019, the Company held $8.7 million of cash collateral from the counterparty, and the counterparty held no cash collateral from the Company.
In the first quarter of 2020, the Company entered into an interest rate swap contract (the “interest rate swap”) with a large financial institution (the “swap counterparty”), which will expire in March 2023. The interest rate swap, which is designated as a cash flow hedge, is used to exchange a portion of the Company’s LIBOR-based interest payments for fixed rate interest payments. Under the contract, the Company receives payments based on one month LIBOR and makes payments based on an annual fixed rate of 0.5135% on a notional amount of $250.0 million. The terms of the contract also require the Company and the swap counterparty to post cash collateral in certain circumstances throughout the duration of the contract. As of December 31, 2020, the Company held no cash collateral from the swap counterparty, and the swap counterparty held $2.2 million of cash collateral from the Company.
Certain of the Company’s Affiliates use forward foreign currency contracts to hedge the risk of foreign currency exchange rate movements, which were not significant.

The following table summarizes the Company’s and its Affiliates’ derivative financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
December 31, 2019 December 31, 2020
Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Forward contracts $ 23.8  $ (1.0) $ 3.5  $ (2.3)
Put options —  (31.0) —  — 
Call options 15.1  —  —  — 
Interest rate swap —  —  —  (1.9)
Total $ 38.9  $ (32.0) $ 3.5  $ (4.2)

The forward and collar contracts entered into in 2018 included a set-off right and were therefore, presented on a net basis in Other assets; they were $5.7 million as of December 31, 2019. The Company and certain of its consolidated Affiliates have also entered into contracts that do not include set-off rights and are, therefore, presented on a gross basis in Other assets and
56
AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Other liabilities; they were $2.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2019, and $3.5 million and $4.2 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2020.
The following table summarizes the effect of the derivative financial instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and the Consolidated Statements of Income:
For the Years Ended December 31,
2019 2020
Gain (Loss) Recorded in Other Comprehensive Income Gain Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income into Earnings
Gain Recorded in Earnings from Excluded Components(1)
Gain (Loss) Recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Gain Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Earnings
Gain Recorded in Earnings from Excluded Components(1)
Forward contracts $ (21.7) $ 0.5  $ 13.9  $ 65.4  $ 0.6  $ 2.8 
Put options 29.3  —  —  (47.7) —  — 
Call options (19.0) —  —  (1.3) —  — 
Interest rate swap —  —  —  (1.9) —  — 
Total $ (11.4) $ 0.5  $ 13.9  $ 14.5  $ 0.6  $ 2.8 
__________________________
(1)The excluded components of the forward contracts were recognized in earnings on a straight-line basis over the respective period of the contracts as a reduction to Interest expense.    
8.Commitments and Contingencies
From time to time, the Company and its Affiliates may be subject to claims, legal proceedings, and other contingencies in the ordinary course of their business activities. Any such matters are subject to various uncertainties, and it is possible that some of these matters may be resolved in a manner unfavorable to the Company or its Affiliates. The Company and its Affiliates establish accruals, as necessary, for matters for which the outcome is probable and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated.
The Company has committed to co-invest in certain Affiliate sponsored investment products. As of December 31, 2020, these unfunded commitments were $122.2 million and may be called in future periods.
In addition, as of December 31, 2020, the Company was contingently liable to make payments related to the achievement of specified financial targets by certain of its Affiliates accounted for under the equity method, of which, $37.5 million may become payable in 2022 and $77.5 million from 2023 through 2025. As of December 31, 2020, the Company expected to make payments of approximately $13 million. In the event certain financial targets are not met at one of the Company’s Affiliates, the Company may receive payments of up to $12.5 million and also has the option to reduce its ownership interest and receive an incremental payment of $25.0 million.
Affiliate equity interests provide holders at consolidated Affiliates with a conditional right to put their interests to the Company over time. See Note 18. In connection with one of the Company’s investments in an Affiliate accounted for under the equity method, a minority owner has the right to elect to sell a portion of its ownership interest in the Affiliate to the Company annually. As of December 31, 2020, the minority owner maintains a 14% ownership interest in the Affiliate. In the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company was notified by the minority owner that it may, after determining the fair market value of its interest, elect to sell a 5% ownership interest in the Affiliate to the Company. If the minority owner elects to sell this interest, the transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2021; however, the Company cannot currently predict the amount that may be paid to settle this commitment. If the minority owners sells its interest to the Company, then the Company will continue to account for the Affiliate under the equity method.
The Company and certain of its consolidated Affiliates operate under regulatory authorities that require the maintenance of minimum financial or capital requirements. Management is not aware of any significant violations of such requirements.
9.Goodwill and Acquired Client Relationships
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following tables present the changes in the Company’s consolidated Affiliates’ Goodwill and components of Acquired client relationships (net):
Goodwill
2019 2020
Balance, beginning of period $ 2,633.4  $ 2,651.7 
Foreign currency translation 18.3  11.6 
Other —  (1.9)
Balance, end of period $ 2,651.7  $ 2,661.4 
As of September 30, 2020, the Company completed its impairment assessment on goodwill and no impairment was indicated. 
  Acquired Client Relationships (Net)
  Definite-lived Indefinite-lived Total
  Gross Book
Value 		Accumulated
Amortization 		Net Book
Value 		Net Book
Value 		Net Book
Value
Balance, as of December 31, 2018 $ 1,279.8  $ (976.2) $ 303.6  $ 1,006.3  $ 1,309.9 
Intangible amortization and impairments —  (93.4) (93.4) (51.1) (144.5)
Foreign currency translation 5.1  (5.5) (0.4) 17.0  16.6 
Transfers(1)
(36.1) 36.1  —  —  — 
Balance, as of December 31, 2019 $ 1,248.8  $ (1,039.0) $ 209.8  $ 972.2  $ 1,182.0 
Intangible amortization and impairments —  (69.8) (69.8) (70.7) (140.5)
Foreign currency translation 3.5  (3.7) (0.2) 7.5  7.3 
Transfers(1)
(85.7) 85.7  —  —  — 
Balance, as of December 31, 2020 $ 1,166.6  $ (1,026.8) $ 139.8  $ 909.0  $ 1,048.8 
__________________________
(1)Transfers include acquired client relationships at Affiliates that were deconsolidated during the period.
Definite-lived acquired client relationships at the Company’s consolidated Affiliates are amortized over their expected period of economic benefit. The Company recorded amortization expense in Intangible amortization and impairments for these relationships of $114.4 million, $93.4 million and $55.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Based on relationships existing as of December 31, 2020, the Company estimates that its consolidated amortization expense will be approximately $30 million in each of 2021, 2022, and 2023, approximately $20 million in 2024 and approximately $10 million in 2025.
In the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company completed an impairment assessment of the indefinite-lived acquired client relationships at one of its Affiliates, and determined that the fair value of the asset had declined below its carrying value. Accordingly, the Company recorded an expense in Intangible amortization and impairments of $31.2 million attributable to the controlling interest ($35.0 million in aggregate) to reduce the carrying value of the asset to fair value. The decline in the fair value was a result of a projected decline in assets under management that decreased the forecasted revenue associated with the asset. The fair value of the asset was determined using a probability-weighted discounted cash flow analysis, a level 3 fair value measurement that included a projected growth rate of (9)% for assets under management, discount rate of 14.5% for asset based fees, and a market participant tax rate of 25%. No other impairments of indefinite-lived acquired client relationships were indicated.
In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company recorded an expense in Intangible amortization and impairments of $16.1 million attributable to the controlling interest and in aggregate to reduce the carrying value of an indefinite-lived acquired client relationship to zero due to the closure of certain retail investment products on its U.S. retail distribution platform.
In the second quarter of 2020, the Company agreed with a consolidated Affiliate to strategically reposition their business and to sell its equity interest in the Affiliate. The Company recorded an expense in Intangible amortization and impairments of $32.8 million attributable to the controlling interest ($60.3 million in aggregate) to reduce the carrying value of the Affiliate’s acquired client relationships to zero as of June 30, 2020. In the third quarter of 2020, the Company sold its interest in the Affiliate and the Company recorded no significant gain or loss on the transaction.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

In the third quarter of 2020, the Company completed an impairment assessment of the indefinite-lived acquired client relationships at one of its Affiliates, and determined that the fair value of the asset had declined below its carrying value. Accordingly, the Company recorded an expense in Intangible amortization and impairments of $12.5 million attributable to the controlling interest ($14.0 million in aggregate) to reduce the carrying value of the asset to fair value. The decline in the fair value was a result of a projected decline in assets under management that decreased the forecasted revenue associated with the asset. The fair value of the asset was determined using a probability-weighted discounted cash flow analysis, a level 3 fair value measurement that included a projected growth rate of (14)% for assets under management, discount rate of 15% for asset based fees, and a market participant tax rate of 25%.
In addition, in the third quarter of 2020, the Company recorded an expense in Intangible amortization and impairments of $7.4 million attributable to the controlling interest ($10.9 million in aggregate) to reduce the carrying value of an indefinite-lived acquired client relationship to zero due to the closure of one of its Affiliate’s retail investment products.
As of December 31, 2020, no other impairments of indefinite-lived acquired client relationships were indicated. If financial markets become depressed for a prolonged period as a result of the novel coronavirus global pandemic (“COVID-19”) or other factors, the fair values of these assets could drop below their carrying values resulting in future impairments.
10.Equity Method Investments in Affiliates
In the first, third and fourth quarters of 2020, the Company completed minority investments in Comvest Partners, Inclusive Capital Partners LP and Jackson Square Partners LLC (“Jackson Square”), respectively. The majority of the consideration paid for Jackson Square is deductible for U.S. tax purposes over a 15 year life. The Company’s purchase price allocation for each investment was measured using financial models that included assumptions of expected market performance, net client cash flows, and discount rates.
The financial results of certain Affiliates accounted for under the equity method are recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements one quarter in arrears.
The following table presents the change in Equity method investments in Affiliates (net):
Equity Method Investments in Affiliates (Net)
2019 2020
Balance, beginning of period $ 2,791.0  $ 2,195.6 
Earnings 289.4  288.6 
Intangible amortization and impairments (627.4) (332.0)
Distributions of earnings (252.4) (236.8)
Foreign currency translation (40.0) 5.1 
Investments in Affiliates 162.3  128.7 
Divestments of Affiliates (117.7) — 
Other (9.6) 25.6 
Balance, end of period $ 2,195.6  $ 2,074.8 
Definite-lived acquired client relationships at the Company’s Affiliates accounted for under the equity method are amortized over their expected period of economic benefit. The Company recorded amortization expense for these relationships of $97.5 million, $142.4 million and $147.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Based on relationships existing as of December 31, 2020, the Company estimates the annual amortization expense attributable to its Affiliates will be approximately $120 million in 2021 and approximately $50 million in each of 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025.
In the first quarter of 2019, the Company recorded a $415.0 million expense to reduce the carrying value of an Affiliate to fair value. In March 2019, the Company concluded that the growth expectations of the Affiliate had declined and determined that the estimated fair value of the Affiliate had also declined meaningfully. Therefore, the Company performed a valuation to determine whether the fair value of the Affiliate had declined below its carrying value. The fair value of the investment was determined using a probability-weighted discounted cash flow analysis, a level 3 fair value measurement, that included a projected compounded asset based fee growth over the first five years of (13)%, discount rates of 11% and 20% for asset and performance based fees, respectively, and a market participant tax rate of 25%. Based on the probability-weighted discounted
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

cash flow analysis, the Company concluded that the fair value of its investment had declined below its carrying value and that the decline was other-than-temporary. In October 2019, the Company sold its interest in the Affiliate.
In the third quarter of 2019, the Company recorded a $10.0 million expense to reduce the carrying value of an Affiliate to fair value. The fair value of the investment was determined using a probability-weighted discounted cash flow analysis, a level 3 fair value measurement, that included a projected growth rate of (20)%, discount rates of 11% and 20% for asset and performance based fees, respectively, and a market participant tax rate of 25%. Based on the discounted cash flow analysis, the Company concluded that the fair value of its investment had declined below its carrying value and that the decline was other-than-temporary.
In the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company recorded a $60.0 million expense to reduce the carrying value of an Affiliate to fair value. The decline in the fair value was a result of a decline in assets under management and a reduction in projected growth, which decreased the forecasted revenue associated with the investment. The fair value of the investment was determined using a discounted cash flow analysis, a level 3 fair value measurement that included a projected growth rate of 9% for assets under management, discount rates of 11% and 20% for asset and performance based fees, respectively, and a market participant tax rate of 25%. Based on the discounted cash flow analysis, the Company concluded that the fair value of its investment had declined below its carrying value and that the decline was other-than-temporary.
In the first and fourth quarters of 2020, the Company recorded expenses of $140.0 million and $45.0 million, respectively, to reduce the carrying value of an Affiliate to fair value. The decline in the fair values was a result of declines in assets under management and reductions in projected growth, which decreased the forecasted revenues associated with the investment. The fair values of the investment were determined using probability-weighted discounted cash flow analyses, level 3 fair value measurements that included projected compounded growth in assets under management over the first five years of (2)% and (5)% for the first and fourth quarters of 2020, respectively, discount rates of 11% for asset based fees, discount rates of 20% for performance based fees, and market participant tax rates of 25%. Based on the discounted cash flow analyses, the Company concluded that the fair value of its investment had declined below its carrying value at each of the respective measurement dates and that the decline was other-than-temporary.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company completed its annual assessment of its investments in Affiliates accounted for under the equity method and no other impairments were indicated. If financial markets become depressed for a prolonged period as a result of COVID-19 or other factors, or the financial performance of an Affiliate worsens as a result of net client cash outflows or performance, regardless of the performance of financial markets, the fair values of these assets could drop below their carrying values for periods considered other than temporary, resulting in future impairments.
In connection with one of the Company’s investments in an Affiliate, a minority owner has the right to elect to sell a portion of its ownership interest in the Affiliate to the Company annually. In the second quarter of 2019, the minority owner sold a 5% ownership interest in the Affiliate to the Company for $25.7 million.
In the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company recorded a liability in Other liabilities of $40.0 million, with a corresponding increase to the carrying value of the Affiliate in Equity method investments in Affiliates (net), related to the achievement of specified financial targets by the Affiliate. This payment is expected to settle in 2022.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company was obligated to make payments related to an investment in an Affiliate accounted for under the equity method. The maximum the company is obligated to pay is $35.0 million in 2021 and $37.5 million in 2022.
The following table presents summarized financial information for Affiliates accounted for under the equity method:
  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Revenue(1)
$ 3,231.7  $ 2,760.9  $ 2,659.7 
Net income(1)
1,286.1  1,061.3  1,061.8 
  December 31,
  2019 2020
Assets $ 2,718.5  $ 2,958.9 
Liabilities and Non-controlling interests 1,212.7  1,245.5 
__________________________
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(1)Revenue and net income include asset and performance based fees, the impact of consolidated sponsored investment products and investments in new Affiliates for the full-year, regardless of the date of the Company’s investment.
The Company’s share of undistributed earnings from equity method investments is recorded in Equity method investments in Affiliates (net) and was $170.6 million as of December 31, 2020.
11.Lease Commitments
The Company and its Affiliates currently lease office space and equipment under various operating leasing arrangements. For the year ended December 31, 2018, consolidated lease costs were $40.5 million. The following table presents total lease costs (net) for 2019 and 2020:
For the Years Ended December 31,
2019 2020
Operating lease costs $ 41.7  $ 37.6 
Short-term lease costs 2.1  0.8 
Variable lease costs 0.1  0.0 
Sublease income (4.4) (5.0)
Total lease costs (net) $ 39.5  $ 33.4 
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, new right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities were $26.1 million and $24.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the Company’s and its Affiliates’ weighted average operating lease term was eight years and seven years, respectively, and the weighted average operating lease discount rate was 4% as of both December 31, 2019 and 2020.
As of December 31, 2020, the maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:
Year Operating Leases
2021 $ 40.5 
2022 36.7 
2023 32.0 
2024 25.9 
2025 21.3 
Thereafter 59.6 
Total undiscounted lease liabilities(1)
$ 216.0 
__________________________
(1)Total undiscounted lease liabilities were $34.9 million greater than the operating leases recorded in Other liabilities primarily due to present value discounting. Both amounts exclude leases with initial terms of 12 months or less and leases that have not yet commenced.
In the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company recorded an $8.1 million expense to reduce the carrying value to fair value of certain of the Company’s right-of-use assets related to a reduction in leased office space. The fair values of the right-of-use assets were determined using a discounted cash flow analysis, a Level 3 fair value measurement that included market rental rates ranging from $13 to $68 per square foot (a weighted-average of $46 per square foot), weighted-average discount rates ranging from 3.3% to 5.5% and a market participant tax rate of 25%. In 2020, no impairments of right-of-use assets were indicated.
12.Fixed Assets
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Fixed assets (net) consisted of the following:
  December 31,
  2019 2020
Buildings and leasehold improvements $ 116.3  $ 116.5 
Software 52.6  55.3 
Equipment 43.0  44.3 
Furniture and fixtures 21.3  21.0 
Land, improvements and other 17.9  18.0 
Fixed assets, at cost 251.1  255.1 
Accumulated depreciation and amortization (158.8) (175.5)
Fixed assets (net) $ 92.3  $ 79.6 
13.Payables and Accrued Liabilities
Payables and accrued liabilities consisted of the following:
  December 31,
  2019 2020
Accrued compensation $ 421.5  $ 400.0 
Other 213.1  312.4 
Payables and accrued liabilities $ 634.6  $ 712.4 
14.Related Party Transactions
A prior owner of one of the Company’s consolidated Affiliates retains interests in certain of the Affiliate’s private equity partnerships and, as a result, is a related party of the Company. The prior owner’s interests are presented within Other liabilities and were $38.5 million and $35.4 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
The Company may invest from time to time in funds or products advised by its Affiliates. The Company’s executive officers and directors may invest from time to time in funds advised or products offered by its Affiliates on substantially the same terms as other investors. In addition, the Company and its Affiliates earn asset and performance based fees and incur distribution and other expenses for services provided to Affiliate sponsored investment products. Affiliate management owners and the Company’s officers may serve as trustees or directors of certain investment vehicles from which the Company or an Affiliate earns fees.
The Company has related party transactions in association with its contingent payment arrangements and Affiliate equity transactions, as more fully described in Notes 8, 10, 17 and 18.
15.Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
The Company is authorized to issue up to 150.0 million shares of voting common stock and 3.0 million shares of class B non-voting common stock.
The Company’s Board of Directors authorized share repurchase programs in October 2019 and January 2019 to repurchase up to 6.0 million and 3.3 million shares of its common stock, respectively, and these authorizations have no expiry. Purchases may be made from time to time, at management’s discretion, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, including through the use of trading plans as well as pursuant to accelerated share repurchase programs or other share repurchase strategies that may include derivative financial instruments. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had repurchased all of the shares of the January 2019 program, and there were a total of 1.9 million shares available for repurchase under the Company’s October 2019 share repurchase program.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following is a summary of the Company’s share repurchase activity:
Year Shares
Repurchased 		Average
Price
2018 3.3  $ 150.31 
2019 4.1  88.73 
2020 5.0  86.35 
Between January 1 and February 18, 2021, the Company repurchased 1.2 million shares of its common stock for $151.9 million, including shares repurchased in the open market, through a 10b5-1 trading plan, and pursuant to an accelerated share repurchase program.
Equity Distribution Program
The Company has equity distribution and forward equity agreements with several major securities firms under which it may, from time to time, issue and sell shares of its common stock (immediately or on a forward basis) having an aggregate sales price of up to $500.0 million (the “equity distribution program”). As of December 31, 2020, no sales had occurred under the equity distribution program.
Preferred Stock
The Company is authorized to issue up to 5.0 million shares of Preferred Stock. Any such Preferred Stock issued by the Company may rank prior to common stock as to dividend rights, liquidation preference or both, may have full or limited voting rights and may be convertible into shares of common stock.
Financial Instruments
The Company’s junior convertible securities contain an embedded right for holders to receive shares of the Company’s common stock under certain conditions. These arrangements, as well as the equity distribution program, meet the definition of equity and are not required to be accounted for separately as derivative financial instruments.
16.Share-Based Compensation
Share-Based Incentive Plans
The Company has established various plans under which it is authorized to grant restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options, and stock appreciation rights. The Company may also grant cash awards that can be notionally invested in one or more specified measurement funds, including the Company’s common stock. Awards granted under the Company’s share-based incentive plans typically participate in any dividends declared, but such amounts are deferred until delivery of the shares and are forfeitable if the requisite service is not satisfied. Dividends may accrue in cash or may be reinvested in the Company’s common stock.
Share-Based Compensation
The following table presents share-based compensation expense:
Year Share-Based
Compensation
Expense 		Tax Benefit
2018 $ 44.7  $ 11.2 
2019 49.9  8.2 
2020 67.4  10.3 
The excess tax benefit (deficiency) recognized from share-based incentive plans was $0.7 million, $(3.2) million, and $(3.9) million, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively.
As of December 31, 2019, the Company had unrecognized share-based compensation expense of $106.6 million. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had $86.2 million of unrecognized share-based compensation, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately three years (assuming no forfeitures).
Restricted Stock
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following table summarizes transactions in the Company’s restricted stock units:
Restricted
Stock Units 		Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Value
Unvested units—December 31, 2019 1.1  $ 123.70 
Units granted 0.4  73.75 
Units vested (0.4) 141.67 
Units forfeited (0.0) 134.52 
Performance condition changes 0.1  105.92 
Unvested units—December 31, 2020 1.2  99.46 
The Company granted restricted stock unit awards with fair values of $37.7 million, $59.7 million, and $31.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. These restricted stock units were valued based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date and the number of shares expected to vest. Restricted stock units containing vesting conditions generally require service over a period of three years to four years and may also require the satisfaction of certain performance conditions. For awards with performance conditions, the number of restricted stock units expected to vest may change over time depending upon the performance level achieved. 
The total fair value of shares vested was $5.9 million, $18.9 million, and $24.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had 3.3 million shares available for grant under its plans.
Stock Options
The following table summarizes transactions in the Company’s stock options:
Stock 
Options 		Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price 		Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life (Years)
Unexercised options outstanding—December 31, 2019 2.3  $ 85.58   
Options granted 0.2  74.31   
Options exercised (0.0) 86.78   
Options forfeited (0.0) 147.77   
Performance condition changes 0.4  74.42 
Unexercised options outstanding—December 31, 2020 2.9  82.14  5.1
Exercisable at December 31, 2020 0.4  126.95  1.7
The Company granted stock options with fair values of $1.0 million, $34.2 million, and $4.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. Stock options generally vest over a period of three years to five years and expire seven years after the grant date. All stock options have been granted with exercise prices equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Substantially all of the Company’s outstanding stock options contain both service and performance conditions. For awards with performance conditions, the number of stock options expected to vest may change over time depending upon the performance level achieved. 
The Company generally uses treasury stock to settle stock option exercises. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020 was $8.2 million, $0.2 million, and $0.0 million, respectively. The cash received for stock options exercised was $9.7 million, $0.9 million, and zero during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the intrinsic value of exercisable stock options outstanding was $0.5 million, and 1.2 million options were available for grant under the Company’s option plans.
The weighted average fair value of stock options was $48.64, $18.36, and $18.33, per option, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of options. The weighted average grant date assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted were as follows:
  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Dividend yield 0.8  % 1.7  % 1.6  %
Expected volatility(1)
25.5  % 29.4  % 30.5  %
Risk-free interest rate(2)
2.8  % 1.5  % 0.9  %
Expected life of stock options (in years)(3)
5.7 5.7 5.7
Forfeiture rate 0.0  % 0.0  % 0.0  %
__________________________
(1)Expected volatility is based on historical and implied volatility.
(2)Risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the date of grant.
(3)Expected life of options (in years) is based on the Company’s historical and expected exercise behavior.
17.Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests
Affiliate equity interests provide holders with an equity interest in one of the Company’s Affiliates, consistent with the structured partnership interests in place at the respective Affiliate. Affiliate equity holders generally have a conditional right to put their interests to the Company at certain intervals (between five years and 15 years from the date the equity interest is received by the Affiliate equity holder or on an annual basis following an Affiliate equity holder’s departure). Prior to becoming redeemable, the value of the Company’s Affiliate equity is presented within Non-controlling interests. Upon becoming redeemable, the value of these interests is reclassified and the current redemption value of these interests is presented as Redeemable non-controlling interests. Changes in the current redemption value are recorded to Additional paid-in capital. When the Company receives a put notice, and, therefore, has an unconditional obligation to repurchase Affiliate equity interests, they are reclassified to Other liabilities.
The following table presents the changes in Redeemable non-controlling interests:
  Redeemable Non-controlling Interests
  2019 2020
Balance, beginning of period(1)
$ 833.7  $ 916.7 
(Decreases) increases attributable to consolidated Affiliate sponsored investment products (69.4) 13.8 
Transfers to Other liabilities (118.6) (310.6)
Transfers from (to) Non-controlling interests 105.0  (7.8)
Changes in redemption value 166.0  59.4 
Balance, end of period(1)
$ 916.7  $ 671.5 
__________________________
(1)     As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, Redeemable non-controlling interests include consolidated Affiliate sponsored investment products primarily attributable to third-party investors of $21.6 million and $35.4 million, respectively.
18.Affiliate Equity
Affiliate equity interests are allocated income in a manner that is consistent with the structured partnership interests in place at the respective Affiliate. The Company’s Affiliates generally pay quarterly distributions to Affiliate equity holders. Distributions paid to Affiliate equity holders (non-controlling interests) were $370.5 million, $347.9 million, and $306.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively.
Affiliate equity interests provide the Company a conditional right to call (on an annual basis following an Affiliate equity holder’s departure) and Affiliate equity holders have a conditional right to put their interests at certain intervals (between five years and 15 years from the date the equity interest is received by the Affiliate equity holder or on an annual basis following an Affiliate equity holder’s departure). For Affiliates accounted for under the equity method, we do not typically have such put and call arrangements. The purchase price of these conditional purchases are generally calculated based upon a multiple of cash flow distributions, which is intended to represent fair value. Affiliate equity holders are also permitted to sell their equity interests to other individuals or entities in certain cases, subject to the Company's approval or other restrictions. The Company,
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

at its option, may pay for Affiliate equity purchases in cash, shares of its common stock or other forms of consideration, and can consent to the transfer of these interests to other individuals or entities.
The Company periodically repurchases Affiliate equity from and issues Affiliate equity to the Company’s consolidated Affiliate partners and its officers. The amount of cash paid for repurchases was $120.0 million, $146.0 million, and $315.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. The total amount of cash received for issuances was $6.3 million, $10.5 million, and $20.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. 
Sales and repurchases of Affiliate equity generally occur at fair value; however, the Company also grants Affiliate equity to its consolidated Affiliate partners and its officers as a form of compensation. If the equity is issued for consideration below the fair value of the equity, or repurchased for consideration above the fair value of the equity, the difference is recorded as compensation expense in Compensation and related expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income over the requisite service period.
The following table presents Affiliate equity compensation expense:
For the Years Ended December 31,
2018 2019 2020
Controlling interest $ 16.7  $ 9.6  $ 20.9 
Non-controlling interests 39.7  30.9  30.9 
Total $ 56.4  $ 40.5  $ 51.8 
The following table presents unrecognized Affiliate equity compensation expense:
Year Controlling Interest Remaining Life Non-controlling Interests Remaining Life
2018 $ 38.7  5 years $ 118.3  6 years
2019 40.9  4 years 124.6  6 years
2020 35.9  4 years 109.7  5 years
The Company records amounts receivable from, and payable to, Affiliate equity holders in connection with the transfer of Affiliate equity interests that have not settled at the end of the period and other related transactions. The total receivable was $14.8 million and $9.6 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and was included in Other assets. The total payable was $19.8 million and $22.0 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2020, respectively, and was included in Other liabilities.
Effects of Changes in the Company’s Ownership in Affiliates
The Company periodically acquires interests from, and transfers interests to, Affiliate equity holders. Because these transactions do not result in a change of control, any gain or loss related to these transactions is recorded to Additional paid-in capital, which increases or decreases the controlling interest’s equity. No gain or loss related to these transactions is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income or the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
While the Company presents the current redemption value of Affiliate equity within Redeemable non-controlling interests, with changes in the current redemption value increasing or decreasing the controlling interest’s equity over time, the following table presents the cumulative effect that ownership changes had on the controlling interest’s equity related only to Affiliate equity transactions that settled during the applicable periods:
  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Net income (controlling interest) $ 243.6  $ 15.7  $ 202.2 
(Decrease) increase in controlling interest paid-in capital from Affiliate equity issuances (5.0) (3.1) 1.1 
Decrease in controlling interest paid-in capital from Affiliate equity repurchases (67.9) (50.8) (239.1)
Net income (loss) (controlling interest) including the net impact of Affiliate equity transactions $ 170.7  $ (38.2) $ (35.8)
19.Benefit Plans
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The Company has a defined contribution plan that is a qualified employee profit-sharing plan, covering substantially all of its employees. Under this plan, the Company is able to make discretionary contributions for the benefit of its employees that are qualified plan participants, up to Internal Revenue Service limits. The Company’s consolidated Affiliates generally have their own qualified defined contribution retirement plans covering their respective employees or, for several Affiliates, have their employees covered under the Company’s plan. In each case, the relevant Affiliate is able to make discretionary contributions for the benefit of its employees, as applicable, that are qualified plan participants, up to Internal Revenue Service limits. Consolidated expenses related to these plans were $20.8 million, $19.4 million, and $17.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. The controlling interest’s portion of expenses related to these plans were $4.8 million, $3.6 million, and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively.
20.Income Taxes
The Company’s consolidated income tax provision includes taxes attributable to the controlling interest and, to a lesser extent, taxes attributable to non-controlling interests.
The following table presents the consolidated provision for income taxes:
  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Controlling interest:      
Current taxes $ 117.2  $ 46.5  $ 44.6 
Intangible-related deferred taxes 79.7  (51.3) (9.9)
Other deferred taxes (27.5) (4.3) 34.8 
Total controlling interest 169.4  (9.1) 69.5 
Non-controlling interests:      
Current taxes $ 12.2  $ 12.2  $ 10.0 
Deferred taxes (0.3) (0.2) 1.9 
Total non-controlling interests 11.9  12.0  11.9 
Income tax expense $ 181.3  $ 2.9  $ 81.4 
Income before income taxes (controlling interest) $ 413.0  $ 6.6  $ 271.7 
Effective tax rate (controlling interest)(1)
41.0  % (137.0) % 25.6  %
__________________________
(1)Taxes attributable to the controlling interest divided by income before income taxes (controlling interest).
The consolidated provision for income taxes consisted of the following:
  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Current:      
Federal $ 52.2  $ (18.2) $ (9.6)
State 28.6  (8.8) 17.0 
Foreign 48.6  85.7  47.2 
Total current 129.4  58.7  54.6 
Deferred:      
Federal $ 51.3  $ (23.9) $ 20.1 
State 13.2  3.4  5.4 
Foreign (12.6) (35.3) 1.3 
Total deferred 51.9  (55.8) 26.8 
Income tax expense $ 181.3  $ 2.9  $ 81.4 
For financial reporting purposes, Income before income taxes consisted of the following:
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Domestic $ 637.3  $ 152.2  $ 446.1 
International 76.3  155.8  62.2 
Total $ 713.6  $ 308.0  $ 508.3 

The following table reconciles the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate:
  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Statutory U.S. federal tax rate 21.0  % 21.0  % 21.0  %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit 3.7  3.5  3.5 
Foreign operations 1.3  (471.2) (8.5)
Compensation plans 1.6  240.6  5.8 
Changes in tax laws —  —  3.0 
Change in valuation allowances 0.0  (107.2) 6.9 
Unrecognized tax benefits 0.5  420.4  (1.1)
Affiliate divestments —  (120.4) (6.2)
Reduction in carrying value of Affiliates 13.0  —  — 
Changes in U.S. tax provision to return (1.0) (195.7) 0.8 
Other 0.9  72.0  0.4 
Effective tax rate (controlling interest) 41.0  % (137.0) % 25.6  %
Effect of income from non-controlling interests (15.6) 137.9  (9.6)
Effective tax rate 25.4  % 0.9  % 16.0  %
The Company’s effective tax rate (controlling interest) in 2018 is higher than the marginal tax rate primarily due to a $240.0 million expense recorded to reduce the carrying value of one of the Company’s Affiliates to fair value for which the Company did not recognize an income tax benefit. The effective tax rate (controlling interest) in 2019 is lower than the marginal tax rate primarily due to lower Income before income taxes, as a result of increased Intangible amortization and impairments expense, and tax benefits related to an Affiliate divestment. The effective tax rate (controlling interest) in 2020 is not significantly different from the marginal tax rate.
Deferred income tax liability (net) reflects the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and tax bases of the Company’s assets and liabilities. The significant components of the Company’s Deferred income tax liability (net) are as follows:
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

  December 31,
  2019 2020
Deferred Tax Assets    
Deferred compensation $ 13.8  $ 15.4 
State loss carryforwards 15.9  17.0 
Foreign loss carryforwards 17.7  19.7 
Tax benefit of uncertain tax positions 27.4  26.3 
Deferred income 3.0  — 
Lease liabilities 12.3  10.0 
Foreign tax credits —  8.2 
Other 2.6  — 
Total deferred tax assets 92.7  96.6 
Valuation allowance (16.9) (35.6)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance $ 75.8  $ 61.0 
Deferred Tax Liabilities    
Intangible asset amortization $ (293.7) $ (235.6)
Non-deductible intangible amortization (110.9) (116.6)
Junior convertible securities interest (91.6) (99.3)
Right-of-use assets (10.3) (7.3)
Deferred income —  (10.7)
Other (4.1) (8.5)
Total deferred tax liabilities (510.6) (478.0)
Deferred income tax liability (net)(1)
$ (434.8) $ (417.0)
__________________________
(1)As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, foreign loss carryforwards of $17.7 million and $19.7 million, respectively, net of a $2.3 million and a $13.3 million valuation allowance, respectively, are presented within Other assets as they represent a net deferred tax asset in a foreign jurisdiction.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had available state net operating loss carryforwards of $243.7 million, a majority of which will expire over ten years to 15 years. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had foreign loss carryforwards of $74.2 million, of which $64.6 million will expire over 11 years to 19 years and $9.6 million will carry forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had foreign tax credit carryforwards of $8.2 million which will expire over eight years to ten years.
The Company believed it was more-likely-than-not that the benefit from certain state and foreign loss carryforwards and foreign tax credit carryforwards would not be fully realized, and, as of December 31, 2020, had valuation allowances of $14.1 million, $13.3 million, and $8.2 million on the state and foreign loss carryforwards and the foreign tax credit carryforwards, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, there was a $7.2 million reduction and an $18.7 million increase in the valuation allowances, respectively.
The Company’s estimates and assumptions regarding the realization of its state and foreign loss carryforwards do not contemplate certain changes in ownership of the Company’s stock which could limit the utilization of these carryforwards.
The Company does not provide for U.S. income taxes on the excess of the financial reporting bases over tax bases in the Company’s investments in foreign subsidiaries considered permanent in duration. Such amount would generally become taxable upon the repatriation of assets from, or a sale or liquidation of, the foreign subsidiaries. While a determination of the potential amount of unrecognized deferred U.S. income tax liability related to these amounts is not practicable because of the numerous assumptions associated with this hypothetical calculation, as of December 31, 2020, the estimated amount of such difference was $317.1 million.
A reconciliation of the changes in unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Balance, beginning of period $ 32.4  $ 33.1  $ 65.4 
Additions based on current year tax positions 2.4  39.8  1.1 
Additions based on prior years’ tax positions 8.4  3.2  1.7 
Reduction for prior years’ tax positions (2.0) (3.5) (0.4)
Lapse of the statute of limitations (6.3) (4.0) (7.6)
Settlements (1.3) (0.4) — 
Foreign currency translation (0.5) (2.8) 3.3 
Balance, end of period $ 33.1  $ 65.4  $ 63.5 
Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020 were $33.1 million, $65.4 million, and $63.5 million, respectively, of tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the Company’s effective tax rate (controlling interest). As of December 31, 2020, certain of these benefits, if realized, would be offset by the utilization of indirect tax benefits, for which the Company has accrued deferred tax assets of $26.3 million.
The Company records accrued interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in Income tax expense. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits were $0.4 million, $8.4 million, and $0.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the Company had accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits of $10.5 million and $11.4 million, respectively.
The Company is subject to U.S. federal, state and local, and foreign income tax in multiple jurisdictions and is periodically subject to tax examinations in these jurisdictions. The completion of examinations may result in the payment of additional taxes and/or the recognition of tax benefits. The Company is generally no longer subject to income tax examinations by U.S. federal, state and local, or foreign taxing authorities for periods prior to 2016.
21.Earnings Per Share
The calculation of Earnings per share (basic) is based on the weighted average number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding during the period. Earnings per share (diluted) is similar to Earnings per share (basic), but adjusts for the dilutive effect of the potential issuance of incremental shares of the Company’s common stock. The following is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share available to common stockholders:
  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Numerator      
Net income (controlling interest) $ 243.6  $ 15.7  $ 202.2 
Interest expense on junior convertible securities, net of taxes —  —  — 
Net income (controlling interest), as adjusted $ 243.6  $ 15.7  $ 202.2 
Denominator      
Average shares outstanding (basic) 53.6  50.5  46.5 
Effect of dilutive instruments:      
Stock options and restricted stock units 0.2  0.1  0.2 
Junior convertible securities —  —  — 
Average shares outstanding (diluted) 53.8  50.6  46.7 
Average shares outstanding (diluted) in the table above excludes stock options and restricted stock units that have not met certain performance conditions and items that have an anti-dilutive effect on Earnings per share (diluted). The following is a summary of items excluded from the denominator in the table above:
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

  For the Years Ended December 31,
  2018 2019 2020
Stock options and restricted stock units 0.2  2.6  2.9 
Junior convertible securities 2.2  2.2  2.2 
The Company may settle portions of its Affiliate equity purchases in shares of its common stock. Because it is the Company’s intention to settle these potential purchases in cash, the calculation of Average shares outstanding (diluted) excludes any potential dilutive effect from possible share settlements of Affiliate equity purchases.
22.Comprehensive Income
The following tables present the tax effects allocated to each component of Other comprehensive income (loss):
  For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
  Pre-Tax Tax Expense Net of Tax
Foreign currency translation loss $ (87.0) $ (15.1) $ (102.1)
Change in net realized and unrealized loss on derivative financial instruments (0.1) —  (0.1)
Other comprehensive loss $ (87.1) $ (15.1) $ (102.2)
  For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
  Pre-Tax Tax Benefit Net of Tax
Foreign currency translation gain (loss) $ (11.4) $ 22.3  $ 10.9 
Change in net realized and unrealized gain on derivative financial instruments 1.7  —  1.7 
Other comprehensive income (loss) $ (9.7) $ 22.3  $ 12.6 
  For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
  Pre-Tax Tax (Expense) Benefit Net of Tax
Foreign currency translation gain (loss) $ 25.5  $ (10.3) $ 15.2 
Change in net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivative financial instruments (1.9) 0.4  (1.5)
Other comprehensive income (loss) $ 23.6  $ (9.9) $ 13.7 
The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes, were as follows:
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Derivative Financial Instruments Total
Balance, as of December 31, 2018 $ (188.0) $ (0.5) $ (188.5)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 10.9  2.2  13.1 
Amounts reclassified —  (0.5) (0.5)
Net other comprehensive income 10.9  1.7  12.6 
Balance, as of December 31, 2019 $ (177.1) $ 1.2  $ (175.9)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 15.2  (0.9) 14.3 
Amounts reclassified —  (0.6) (0.6)
Net other comprehensive income (loss) 15.2  (1.5) 13.7 
Balance, as of December 31, 2020 $ (161.9) $ (0.3) $ (162.2)
In connection with the adoption of ASU 2018-02 in 2019, the Company elected to reclassify to Retained earnings $6.6 million of tax effects stranded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss as a result of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on December 22, 2017.
23.Geographic Information
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

The following table presents Consolidated revenue and Fixed assets (net) of the Company by geographic location. For Affiliates, this information is primarily based on the location of the Affiliates’ headquarters.
For the Years Ended December 31,
2018 2019 2020
Consolidated revenue
United States $ 1,611.7  $ 1,642.2  $ 1,524.0 
United Kingdom 628.8  515.2  462.3 
Other 137.9  82.2  41.2 
Total $ 2,378.4  $ 2,239.6  $ 2,027.5 
December 31,
2019 2020
Fixed assets (net)
United States $ 75.6  $ 64.2 
United Kingdom 15.8  14.6 
Other 0.9  0.8 
Total $ 92.3  $ 79.6 
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Schedule II
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
(in millions) Balance
Beginning of
Period 		Additions
Charged to Costs
and Expenses 		Additions
Charged to
Other Accounts 		Deductions Balance
End of Period
Income Tax Valuation Allowance          
Year Ending December 31,          
2020 $ 16.9  $ 18.4  $ 0.3  $ —  $ 35.6 
2019 24.1  4.9  —  12.1  16.9 
2018 24.1  0.6  —  0.6  24.1 
 
Other Allowances(1)
         
Year Ending December 31,          
2020 $ 4.1  $ 3.8  $ —  $ 3.1  $ 4.8 
2019 5.0  1.0  —  1.9  4.1 
2018 3.6  6.4  —  5.0  5.0 
__________________________
(1)Other allowances represented reserves on notes received in connection with transfers of our interests in certain Affiliates, as well as other receivable amounts, which we considered uncollectible. Deductions represented the reversal of such reserves upon collection of the amounts due.
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AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A.Controls and Procedures
As required by Rule 13a-15 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as of December 31, 2020, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that (i) information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, we recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating and implementing possible controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures were designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their stated objectives, and our principal executive officer and principal financial officers concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. We review on an ongoing basis and document our disclosure controls and procedures, and our internal control over financial reporting, and we may from time to time make changes in an effort to enhance their effectiveness and ensure that our systems evolve with our business. See “Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting” in Item 8.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, has issued an audit report on our internal control over financial reporting, which is included in Item 8.
No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B.Other Information
None.
73
AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

PART III
Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information required by this Item will be set forth in our proxy statement for our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (to be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2020) (the “Proxy Statement”), and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11.Executive Compensation
Information required by this Item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Information required by this Item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence
Information required by this Item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14.Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Information required by this Item will be set forth in our Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
74
PART IV
Item 15.Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a)(1) Financial Statements: See Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2) Financial Statement Schedule required by Part II, Item 8 is included in Item 8:
Page No.
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018
75
    
(3) Exhibits: See the Exhibit Index below and incorporated by reference herein.

Item 16.Form 10-K Summary
None.
75
Exhibit Index
3.1 
3.2 
3.3 
3.4 
3.5 
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6 
4.7 
4.8 
4.9 
4.10 
4.11 
4.12 
76
4.13 
4.14 
10.1†
10.2†
10.3†
10.4†
10.5†
10.6†
10.7†
10.8†
10.9†
10.10†
10.11†
10.12†
10.13†
10.14†
10.15†
10.16†
10.17†
10.18†
10.19†
10.20†
10.21†
10.22†
10.23†
10.24†
77
10.25†
10.26†
10.27†
10.28†
10.29†
10.30†
10.31†
10.32†
10.33†
10.34 
10.35 
10.36 
10.37 
10.38 
21.1
23.1
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
101 The following financial statements from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 are filed herewith, formatted in XBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, (ii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, (iii) the Consolidated Statement of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, and (v) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
104  The cover page from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in XBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language) and contained in Exhibit 101
† Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan
* Filed herewith
** Furnished herewith
78
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
    AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC.
(Registrant)
Date: February 19, 2021   By: /s/ JAY C. HORGEN
       
Jay C. Horgen
President and Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature Title Date
/s/ JAY C. HORGEN President, Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer) and Director 		February 19, 2021
Jay C. Horgen
/s/ THOMAS M. WOJCIK Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Principal
Accounting Officer) 		February 19, 2021
Thomas M. Wojcik
/s/ KAREN L. ALVINGHAM Director February 19, 2021
Karen L. Alvingham
/s/ TRACY A. ATKINSON Director February 19, 2021
Tracy A. Atkinson
/s/ DWIGHT D. CHURCHILL Director February 19, 2021
Dwight D. Churchill
/s/ REUBEN JEFFERY III Director February 19, 2021
Reuben Jeffery III
/s/ FELIX V. MATOS RODRIGUEZ Director February 19, 2021
Felix V. Matos Rodriguez
/s/ TRACY P. PALANDJIAN Director February 19, 2021
Tracy P. Palandjian

79
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