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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q 
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ___________to ______________
Commission file number: 001-37534
PLANET FITNESS, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Delaware   38-3942097
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)   (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
4 Liberty Lane West, Hampton, NH 03842
(Address of Principal Executive Offices and Zip Code)
(603) 750-0001
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: 
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, $0.0001 Par Value PLNT New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒     No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒     No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer   ☒    Accelerated filer   ☐
       
Non-accelerated filer   ☐    Smaller reporting company   ☐
             
Emerging growth company   ☐        
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒
As of October 30, 2020 there were 81,815,125 shares of the Registrant’s Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding and 4,705,375 shares of the Registrant’s Class B Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding.


PLANET FITNESS, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
  
2

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by us, contain statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based on our current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the future of our business, future plans and strategies, and other future conditions. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “envision,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “contemplate” and other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements we make regarding:
•future financial position;
•business strategy;
•budgets, projected costs and plans;
•future industry growth;
•financing sources;
•potential return of capital initiatives;
•the impact of litigation, government inquiries and investigations;
•the impact of the novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) and actions taken in response; and
•all other statements regarding our intent, plans, beliefs or expectations or those of our directors or officers.
We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. Important factors that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, risks and uncertainties associated with the following:
•our dependence on the operational and financial results of, and our relationships with, our franchisees and the success of their new and existing stores;
•damage to our brand and reputation;
•our ability to successfully implement our growth strategy, including our and our franchisees’ ability to identify and secure suitable sites for new franchise stores;
•technical, operational and regulatory risks related to our third-party providers’ systems and our own information systems, including failures, interruptions or security breaches of such systems;
•our and our franchisees’ ability to attract and retain members;
•the high level of competition in the health club industry generally;
•our reliance on a limited number of vendors, suppliers and other third-party service providers;
•our substantial increased indebtedness as a result of our refinancing and securitization transactions and our ability to incur additional indebtedness or refinance that indebtedness in the future;
•our future financial performance and our ability to pay principal and interest on our indebtedness;
•our corporate structure and tax receivable agreements;
•the duration and impact of COVID-19, which has resulted and may continue to result in store closures and a decrease in our net membership base and may give rise to or heighten one or more of the other risks and uncertainties described above; and
•the other factors identified under the heading “Risk Factors” herein and in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q represent our views as of the date of this Report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.
3
PART I-FINANCIAL INFORMATION
1. Financial Statements
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Condensed consolidated balance sheets
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts) 
  September 30, December 31,
  2020 2019
Assets    
Current assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents
$ 419,658  $ 436,256 
Restricted cash
81,944  42,539 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for bad debts of $65 and $111 at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively
11,899  42,268 
Inventory
1,806  877 
Prepaid expenses
15,274  8,025 
Other receivables
20,513  9,226 
Income tax receivables 10,036  947 
Total current assets 561,130  540,138 
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $97,832 and $73,621 at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively
159,053  145,481 
Right-of-use assets, net 163,119  155,633 
Intangible assets, net 221,286  233,921 
Goodwill 227,821  227,821 
Deferred income taxes 467,229  412,293 
Other assets, net 1,914  1,903 
Total assets $ 1,801,552  $ 1,717,190 
Liabilities and stockholders’ deficit
Current liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt
$ 17,500  $ 17,500 
Accounts payable
19,783  21,267 
Accrued expenses
25,669  31,623 
Equipment deposits
1,522  3,008 
Restricted liabilities – national advertising fund
3,446  — 
Deferred revenue, current
23,921  27,596 
Payable pursuant to tax benefit arrangements, current
8,027  26,468 
Other current liabilities
20,497  18,016 
Total current liabilities 120,365  145,478 
Long-term debt, net of current maturities 1,679,191  1,687,505 
Borrowings under Variable Funding Notes 75,000  — 
Lease liabilities, net of current portion 165,372  152,920 
Deferred revenue, net of current portion 33,002  34,458 
Deferred tax liabilities 1,194  1,116 
Payable pursuant to tax benefit arrangements, net of current portion 447,979  400,748 
Other liabilities 2,368  2,719 
Total noncurrent liabilities 2,404,106  2,279,466 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Stockholders’ equity (deficit):
Class A common stock, $.0001 par value - 300,000 authorized, 80,473 and 78,525 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively
8  8 
Class B common stock, $.0001 par value - 100,000 authorized, 6,044 and 8,562 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively
1  1 
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income
(38) 303 
Additional paid in capital
40,671  29,820 
Accumulated deficit
(760,268) (736,587)
Total stockholders’ deficit attributable to Planet Fitness Inc. (719,626) (706,455)
Non-controlling interests
(3,293) (1,299)
Total stockholders’ deficit (722,919) (707,754)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit $ 1,801,552  $ 1,717,190 
 See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
4
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Condensed consolidated statements of operations
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)
 
  For the three months ended
September 30, 		For the nine months ended
September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Revenue:    
Franchise $ 47,171  $ 53,443  $ 112,296  $ 164,624 
Commission income 48  614  483  2,673 
National advertising fund revenue 12,538  12,652  26,509  36,986 
Corporate-owned stores 28,289  40,742  78,224  118,481 
Equipment 17,337  59,364  55,335  174,528 
Total revenue 105,383  166,815  272,847  497,292 
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue 15,302  46,194  45,625  135,071 
Store operations 21,371  22,295  62,209  63,363 
Selling, general and administrative 18,295  20,928  51,143  57,944 
National advertising fund expense 20,157  12,652  46,240  36,986 
Depreciation and amortization 13,636  11,832  39,436  32,316 
Other loss (gain) 580  (147) 606  99 
Total operating costs and expenses 89,341  113,754  245,259  325,779 
Income from operations 16,042  53,061  27,588  171,513 
Other expense, net:
Interest income 349  1,808  2,635  5,585 
Interest expense (20,686) (14,807) (61,394) (44,192)
Other expense (24) (61) (784) (4,824)
Total other expense, net (20,361) (13,060) (59,543) (43,431)
(Loss) income before income taxes (4,319) 40,001  (31,955) 128,082 
(Benefit) provision for income taxes (1,035) 10,309  (7,069) 26,924 
Net (loss) income (3,284) 29,692  (24,886) 101,158 
Less net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests (173) 3,915  (1,205) 13,128 
Net (loss) income attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc. $ (3,111) $ 25,777  (23,681) $ 88,030 
Net (loss) income per share of Class A common stock:
Basic $ (0.04) $ 0.31  $ (0.30) $ 1.05 
Diluted $ (0.04) $ 0.31  $ (0.30) $ 1.04 
Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding:
Basic 80,221  83,157  79,763  83,700 
Diluted 80,221  83,807  79,763  84,354 
 
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
5
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss)
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands)
 
  For the three months ended
September 30, 		For the nine months ended
September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Net (loss) income including non-controlling interests $ (3,284) $ 29,692  $ (24,886) $ 101,158 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net:
Foreign currency translation adjustments 19  (62) (341) 95 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net 19  (62) (341) 95 
Total comprehensive (loss) income including non-controlling
interests
(3,265) 29,630  (25,227) 101,253 
Less: total comprehensive (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests (173) 3,915  (1,205) 13,128 
Total comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Planet Fitness,
Inc.
$ (3,092) $ 25,715  $ (24,022) $ 88,125 
 
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
6
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Condensed consolidated statements of cash flows
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands)
  For the nine months ended September 30,
  2020 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:    
Net (loss) income $ (24,886) $ 101,158 
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 39,436  32,316 
Amortization of deferred financing costs 4,801  4,014 
Amortization of asset retirement obligations 48  178 
Deferred tax (benefit) expense (7,506) 15,666 
(Gain) loss on re-measurement of tax benefit arrangement (502) 4,638 
Provision for bad debts (45) 13 
Equity-based compensation 3,564  3,565 
Other (93) (428)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, excluding effects of acquisitions:
Accounts receivable 28,146  12,779 
Inventory (929) 2,509 
Other assets and other current assets (11,364) (4,628)
National advertising fund 3,446  — 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses (11,148) (12,939)
Other liabilities and other current liabilities 461  1,510 
Income taxes (1,885) 3,047 
Payable pursuant to tax benefit arrangements (18,396) (17,476)
Equipment deposits (1,486) 658 
Deferred revenue (5,052) 6,103 
Leases and deferred rent 1,275  54 
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities (2,115) 152,737 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Additions to property and equipment (36,719) (37,138)
Acquisition of franchises —  (14,801)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment 282  84 
Purchase of intellectual property —  (300)
Net cash used in investing activities (36,437) (52,155)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Principal payments on capital lease obligations (118) (59)
Proceeds from borrowings under Variable Funding Notes 75,000  — 
Repayment of long-term debt (13,125) (9,000)
Proceeds from issuance of Class A common stock 1,881  1,892 
Repurchase and retirement of Class A common stock —  (157,945)
Dividend equivalent payments (227) (229)
Distributions to Continuing LLC Members (1,658) (5,499)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 61,753  (170,840)
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (394) 370 
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 22,807  (69,888)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period 478,795  320,139 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period $ 501,602  $ 250,251 
Supplemental cash flow information:
Net cash paid for income taxes $ 2,319  $ 9,061 
Cash paid for interest $ 56,750  $ 40,335 
Non-cash investing activities:
Non-cash additions to property and equipment $ 7,629  $ 4,837 
 See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
7
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Condensed consolidated statements of changes in equity (deficit)
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands) 
  Class A
common stock 		Class B
common stock 		Accumulated
other
comprehensive
(loss) income 		Additional paid-
in capital 		Accumulated
deficit 		Non-controlling
interests 		Total (deficit)
equity
  Shares Amount Shares Amount
Balance at December 31, 2019 78,525  $ 8  8,562  $ 1  $ 303  $ 29,820  $ (736,587) $ (1,299) $ (707,754)
Net loss
—  —  —  —  —  —  (23,681) (1,205) (24,886)
Equity-based compensation expense
—  —  —  —  —  3,564  —  —  3,564 
Exchanges of Class B common stock
2,518  —  (2,518) —  —  (1,526) —  1,526  — 
Exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted share units and ESPP share purchase
97  —  —  —  —  2,153  —  —  2,153 
Repurchase and retirement of Class A common stock
(667) —  —  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Tax benefit arrangement liability and deferred taxes arising from exchanges of Class B common stock
—  —  —  —  —  6,660  —  —  6,660 
Non-cash adjustments to VIEs
—  —  —  —  —  —  —  (657) (657)
Distributions paid to members of Pla-Fit Holdings
—  —  —  —  —  —  —  (1,658) (1,658)
Other comprehensive income (loss) —  —  —  —  (341) —  —  —  (341)
Balance at September 30, 2020 80,473  $ 8  6,044  $ 1  $ (38) $ 40,671  $ (760,268) $ (3,293) $ (722,919)
 
  Class A
common stock 		Class B
common stock 		Accumulated
other
comprehensive
(loss) income 		Additional paid-
in capital 		Accumulated
deficit 		Non-controlling
interests 		Total (deficit)
equity
  Shares Amount Shares Amount
Balance at December 31, 2018 83,584  $ 9  9,448  $ 1  $ 94  $ 19,732  $ (394,410) $ (8,215) $ (382,789)
Net income
—  —  —  —  —  —  88,030  13,128  101,158 
Equity-based compensation expense
—  —  —  —  —  3,565  —  —  3,565 
Exchanges of Class B common stock
886  —  (886) —  —  (1,172) —  1,172  — 
Exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted share units and ESPP share purchase
99  —  —  —  —  2,035  —  —  2,035 
Repurchase and retirement of Class A common stock
(2,796) (1) —  —  —  273  (157,945) (273) (157,946)
Tax benefit arrangement liability and deferred taxes arising from exchanges of Class B common stock
—  —  —  —  —  2,807  —  —  2,807 
Non-cash adjustments to VIEs
—  —  —  —  —  —  —  (3,836) (3,836)
Distributions paid to members of Pla-Fit Holdings
—  —  —  —  —  —  —  (5,499) (5,499)
Cumulative effect adjustment - ASC 842
—  —  —  —  —  —  (1,713) —  (1,713)
Forfeiture of dividend equivalents —  —  —  —  —  —  6  —  6 
Other comprehensive income
—  —  —  —  95  —  —  —  95 
Balance at September 30, 2019 81,773  $ 8  8,562  $ 1  $ 189  $ 27,240  $ (466,032) $ (3,523) $ (442,117)
8
  Class A
common stock 		Class B
common stock 		Accumulated
other
comprehensive
(loss) income 		Additional paid-
in capital 		Accumulated
deficit 		Non-controlling
interests 		Total (deficit)
equity
  Shares Amount Shares Amount
Balance at June 30, 2020 79,994  $ 8  6,500  $ 1  $ (57) $ 38,900  $ (757,139) $ (3,413) $ (721,700)
Net loss
—  —  —  —  —  —  (3,111) (173) (3,284)
Equity-based compensation expense
—  —  —  —  —  1,071  —  —  1,071 
Exchanges of Class B common stock
456  —  (456) —  —  (570) —  570  — 
Exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted share units and ESPP share purchase
23  —  —  —  —  800  —  —  800 
Tax benefit arrangement liability and deferred taxes arising from exchanges of Class B common stock
—  —  —  —  —  470  —  —  470 
Non-cash adjustments to VIEs
—  —  —  —  —  —  —  (219) (219)
Distributions paid to members of Pla-Fit Holdings
—  —  —  —  —  —  —  (58) (58)
Other
—  —  —  —  —  —  (18) —  (18)
Other comprehensive income
—  —  —  —  19  —  —  —  19 
Balance at September 30, 2020 80,473  $ 8  6,044  $ 1  $ (38) $ 40,671  $ (760,268) $ (3,293) $ (722,919)
  Class A
common stock 		Class B
common stock 		Accumulated
other
comprehensive
(loss) income 		Additional paid-
in capital 		Accumulated
deficit 		Non-controlling
interests 		Total (deficit)
equity
  Shares Amount Shares Amount
Balance at June 30, 2019 83,995  $ 8  8,582  $ 1  $ 251  $ 24,495  $ (333,870) $ (5,257) $ (314,372)
Net income
—  —  —  —  —  —  25,777  3,915  29,692 
Equity-based compensation expense
—  —  —  —  —  1,286  —  —  1,286 
Exchanges of Class B common stock
20  —  (20) —  —  —  —  —  — 
Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted share units
30  —  —  —  —  826  —  —  826 
Repurchase and retirement of Class A common stock
(2,272) —  —  —  —  209  (157,945) (209) (157,945)
Tax benefit arrangement liability and deferred taxes arising from exchanges of Class B common stock
—  —  —  —  —  424  —  —  424 
Non-cash adjustments to VIEs
—  —  —  —  —  —  —  (215) (215)
Distributions paid to members of Pla-Fit Holdings
—  —  —  —  —  —  —  (1,757) (1,757)
Forfeiture of dividend equivalents —  —  —  —  —  —  6  —  6 
Other comprehensive income
—  —  —  —  (62) —  —  —  (62)
Balance at September 30, 2019 81,773  $ 8  8,562  $ 1  $ 189  $ 27,240  $ (466,032) $ (3,523) $ (442,117)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
9
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)


(1) Business Organization
Planet Fitness, Inc. (the “Company”), through its subsidiaries, is a franchisor and operator of fitness centers, with more than 14.1 million members and 2,086 owned and franchised locations (referred to as stores) in 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Canada, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Mexico and Australia as of September 30, 2020.
In March 2020, the Company proactively closed all of its stores system wide in response to the novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) pandemic in order to promote the health and safety of its members, team members and their communities. As of September 30, 2020, 1,983 stores had reopened, of which 1,884 were franchisee-owned stores and 99 were corporate-owned stores.
The Company serves as the reporting entity for its various subsidiaries that operate three distinct lines of business:
•Licensing and selling franchises under the Planet Fitness trade name.
•Owning and operating fitness centers under the Planet Fitness trade name.
•Selling fitness-related equipment to franchisee-owned stores.
The Company was formed as a Delaware corporation on March 16, 2015 for the purpose of facilitating an initial public offering (the “IPO”), which was completed on August 11, 2015 and related transactions in order to carry on the business of Pla-Fit Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries (“Pla-Fit Holdings”). As of August 5, 2015, in connection with the recapitalization transactions that occurred prior to the IPO, the Company became the sole managing member and holder of 100% of the voting power of Pla-Fit Holdings. Pla-Fit Holdings owns 100% of Planet Intermediate, LLC, which has no operations but is the 100% owner of Planet Fitness Holdings, LLC, a franchisor and operator of fitness centers through its subsidiaries. With respect to the Company, Pla-Fit Holdings and Planet Intermediate, LLC, each entity owns nothing other than the respective entity below it in the corporate structure and each entity has no other material operations.
The Company is a holding company whose principal asset is a controlling equity interest in Pla-Fit Holdings. As the sole managing member of Pla-Fit Holdings, the Company operates and controls all of the business and affairs of Pla-Fit Holdings, and through Pla-Fit Holdings, conducts its business. As a result, the Company consolidates Pla-Fit Holdings’ financial results and reports a non-controlling interest related to the portion of limited liability company units of Pla-Fit Holdings (“Holdings Units”) not owned by the Company. Unless otherwise specified, “the Company” refers to both Planet Fitness, Inc. and Pla-Fit Holdings throughout the remainder of these notes.
As of September 30, 2020, Planet Fitness, Inc. held 100.0% of the voting interest and 93.0% of the economic interest of Pla-Fit Holdings and the holders of Holdings Units of Pla-Fit Holdings (the “Continuing LLC Owners”) held the remaining 7.0% economic interest in Pla-Fit Holdings.

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(a) Basis of presentation and consolidation
The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, these interim financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the periods presented have been reflected. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The condensed consolidated financial statements as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “Annual Report”) filed with the SEC on February 28, 2020. Operating results for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year.
10
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

As discussed in Note 1, Planet Fitness, Inc. consolidates Pla-Fit Holdings. The Company also consolidates entities in which it has a controlling financial interest, the usual condition of which is ownership of a majority voting interest. The Company also considers for consolidation certain interests where the controlling financial interest may be achieved through arrangements that do not involve voting interests. Such an entity, known as a variable interest entity (“VIE”), is required to be consolidated by its primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is considered to possess the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses or the rights to receive benefits from the VIE that are significant to it. The principal entities in which the Company possesses a variable interest include franchise entities and certain other entities. The Company is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary for Planet Fitness franchise entities. Therefore, these entities are not consolidated.
The results of the Company have been consolidated with Matthew Michael Realty LLC (“MMR”), PF Melville LLC (“PF Melville”), and Planet Fitness NAF, LLC (the “NAF”) based on the determination that the Company is the primary beneficiary with respect to these VIEs. MMR and PF Melville are real estate holding companies that derive a majority of their financial support from the Company through lease agreements for corporate stores. See Note 3 for further information related to the Company’s VIEs. The NAF is an advertising fund on behalf of which the Company typically collects 2% of gross monthly membership dues from franchisees, in accordance with the provisions of the franchise agreements, and uses the amounts received to support our national marketing campaigns, its social media platforms and the development of local advertising materials.
(b) Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although these estimates are based on management’s knowledge of current events and actions it may undertake in the future, they may ultimately differ from actual results. Significant areas where estimates and judgments are relied upon by management in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, valuation of assets and liabilities in connection with acquisitions, valuation of equity-based compensation awards, the evaluation of the recoverability of goodwill and long-lived assets, including intangible assets, income taxes, including deferred tax assets and liabilities and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits, the liability for the Company’s tax benefit arrangements, and the value of the lease liability and related right-of-use asset recorded in accordance with ASC 842 (see Note 7).
(c) Fair Value
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels are defined as follows:
Level 1—Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2—Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3—Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.
 
The carrying value and estimated fair value of long-term debt as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were as follows:
September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Carrying value
Estimated fair value(1)
Carrying value
Estimated fair value(1)
Long-term debt $ 1,721,875  $ 1,672,404  $ 1,735,000  $ 1,765,805 
Variable Funding Notes $ 75,000  $ 75,000  $ —  $ — 
(1) The Company’s Variable Funding Notes are a variable rate loan and the fair value of this loan approximates book value based on the borrowing rates currently available for variable rate loans obtained from third party lending institutions. The estimated fair value of our fixed rate long-term debt is estimated primarily based on current bid prices for our long-term debt. Judgment is required to develop these estimates. As such, the fair value of our long-term debt is classified within Level 2, as defined under U.S. GAAP.
11
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the fair value of our long-term debt has fluctuated significantly and may continue to fluctuate based on market conditions and other factors, including changes in the target federal funds rate.
(d) Recent accounting pronouncements
The FASB issued ASU No. 2017-4, Intangibles–Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, in January 2017. This guidance eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value, essentially eliminating step two from the goodwill impairment test. The new standard requires goodwill impairment to be based upon the results of step one of the impairment test, which is defined as the excess of the carrying value of a reporting unit over its fair value. The impairment charge will be limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2020 noting no material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, in August 2018. The guidance helps align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2020 on a prospective basis, noting no material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, in December 2019. The amendments in this Update simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. This guidance will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.
(3) Variable Interest Entities
The carrying values of VIEs included in the consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are as follows: 
  September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
  Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
PF Melville $ 2,563  $ —  $ 2,682  $ — 
MMR 2,126  —  2,206  — 
Total $ 4,689  $ —  $ 4,888  $ — 
 
The Company also has variable interests in certain franchisees mainly through the guarantee of lease agreements up to a maximum period of ten years with earlier expiration dates possible if certain conditions are met. The Company’s maximum obligation, as a result of its guarantees of leases, is approximately $14,345 and $10,309 as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
The amount of the Company’s maximum obligation represents a loss that the Company could incur from the variability in credit exposure without consideration of possible recoveries through insurance or other means. In addition, the amount bears no relation to the estimated fair value of the guarantees, which is not material.
12
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(4) Acquisitions
New Jersey Acquisition
On December 16, 2019, the Company purchased from one of its franchisees certain assets associated with twelve franchisee-owned stores in New Jersey for a cash payment of $37,812. As a result of the transaction, the Company incurred a loss on unfavorable reacquired franchise rights of $1,810. The loss incurred reduced the net purchase price to $36,002. The Company financed the purchase through cash on hand. The acquired stores are included in the Corporate-owned stores segment.
The purchase consideration was allocated as follows:
Amount
Fixed assets $ 3,044 
Reacquired franchise rights 9,480 
Customer relationships 940 
Favorable leases, net 1,508 
Reacquired area development rights 90 
Other assets 314 
Goodwill 21,069 
Liabilities assumed, including deferred revenues (443)
$ 36,002 
The goodwill created through the purchase is attributable to the assumed future value of the cash flows from the stores acquired. The goodwill is amortizable and deductible for tax purposes over 15 years.
The acquisition was not material to the results of operations of the Company.
Maine Acquisition
On May 30, 2019, the Company purchased from one of its franchisees certain assets associated with four franchisee-owned stores in Maine for a cash payment of $14,801. The Company financed the purchase through cash on hand. The acquired stores are included in the Corporate-owned stores segment.
The purchase consideration was allocated as follows:
Amount
Fixed assets $ 999 
Reacquired franchise rights 6,740 
Customer relationships 30 
Unfavorable leases, net (140)
Other assets 78 
Goodwill 7,239 
Liabilities assumed, including deferred revenues (145)
$ 14,801 
The goodwill created through the purchase is attributable to the assumed future value of the cash flows from the stores acquired. The goodwill is amortizable and deductible for tax purposes over 15 years.
The acquisition was not material to the results of operations of the Company.

13
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(5) Goodwill and Intangible Assets
A summary of goodwill and intangible assets at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 is as follows: 
September 30, 2020 Weighted
average
amortization
period (years) 		Gross
carrying
amount 		Accumulated
amortization 		Net carrying
Amount
Customer relationships 11.0 $ 174,033  $ (121,709) $ 52,324 
Reacquired franchise rights 8.0 37,660  (15,298) 22,362 
  211,693  (137,007) 74,686 
Indefinite-lived intangible:
Trade and brand names N/A 146,600  —  146,600 
Total intangible assets $ 358,293  $ (137,007) $ 221,286 
Goodwill $ 227,821  $ —  $ 227,821 
 
December 31, 2019 Weighted
average
amortization
period (years) 		Gross
carrying
amount 		Accumulated
amortization 		Net carrying
Amount
Customer relationships 11.0 $ 174,033  $ (112,114) $ 61,919 
Reacquired franchise rights 8.0 37,660  (12,258) 25,402 
  211,693  (124,372) 87,321 
Indefinite-lived intangible:
Trade and brand names N/A 146,600  —  146,600 
Total intangible assets   $ 358,293  $ (124,372) $ 233,921 
Goodwill   $ 227,821  $ —  $ 227,821 
 The Company determined that no impairment charges were required during any periods presented.
Amortization expense related to the intangible assets totaled $4,222 and $4,160 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively and $12,666 and $12,186 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The anticipated annual amortization expense related to intangible assets to be recognized in future years as of September 30, 2020 is as follows:
  Amount
Remainder of 2020 $ 4,211 
2021 16,636 
2022 16,728 
2023 16,558 
2024 14,067 
Thereafter 6,486 
Total $ 74,686 
14
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(6) Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consists of the following: 
  September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
2018-1 Class A-2-I notes $ 563,500  $ 567,813 
2018-1 Class A-2-II notes 612,500  617,187 
2019-1 Class A-2 notes 545,875  550,000 
Borrowings under Variable Funding Notes 75,000  — 
Total debt, excluding deferred financing costs 1,796,875  1,735,000 
Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization (25,184) (29,995)
Total debt 1,771,691  1,705,005 
Current portion of long-term debt 17,500  17,500 
Long-term debt and borrowings under Variable Funding Notes, net of current portion $ 1,754,191  $ 1,687,505 
Future annual principal payments of long-term debt as of September 30, 2020 are as follows: 
  Amount
Remainder of 2020 $ 4,375 
2021 17,500 
2022 568,063 
2023 86,750 
2024 11,750 
Thereafter 1,108,437 
Total $ 1,796,875 
On August 1, 2018, Planet Fitness Master Issuer LLC (the “Master Issuer”), a limited-purpose, bankruptcy remote, wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of Pla-Fit Holdings, LLC, entered into a base indenture and a related supplemental indenture (collectively, the “2018 Indenture”) under which the Master Issuer may issue multiple series of notes. On the same date, the Master Issuer issued Series 2018-1 4.262% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes, Class A-2-I (the “2018 Class A-2-I Notes”) with an initial principal amount of $575,000 and Series 2018-1 4.666% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes, Class A-2-II (the “2018 Class A-2-II Notes” and, together with the 2018 Class A-2-I Notes, the “2018 Notes”) with an initial principal amount of $625,000. In connection with the issuance of the 2018 Notes, the Master Issuer also entered into a revolving financing facility that allows for the incurrence of up to $75,000 in revolving loans and/or letters of credit under the Master Issuer’s Series 2018-1 Variable Funding Senior Notes, Class A-1 (the “Variable Funding Notes”). The Company fully drew down on the Variable Funding Notes on March 20, 2020. Outstanding amounts under the Variable Funding Notes bear interest at a variable rate, which is currently 2.28%. On December 3, 2019 the Master Issuer issued Series 2019-1 3.858% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes, Class A-2 (the “2019 Notes” and, together with the 2018 Notes, the “Notes”) with an initial principal amount of $550,000. The 2019 Notes were issued under the 2018 Indenture and a related supplemental indenture dated December 3, 2019 (together, the “Indenture”). Together the Notes and Variable Funding Notes will be referred to as the “Securitized Senior Notes”.
The Notes were issued in a securitization transaction pursuant to which most of the Company’s domestic revenue-generating assets, consisting principally of franchise-related agreements, certain corporate-owned store assets, equipment supply agreements and intellectual property and license agreements for the use of intellectual property, were assigned to the Master Issuer and certain other limited-purpose, bankruptcy remote, wholly-owned indirect subsidiaries of the Company that act as guarantors of the Securitized Senior Notes and that have pledged substantially all of their assets to secure the Securitized Senior Notes.
Interest and principal payments on the Notes are payable on a quarterly basis. The requirement to make such quarterly principal payments on the Notes is subject to certain financial conditions set forth in the Indenture. The legal final maturity date of the 2018 Notes is in September 2048, but it is anticipated that, unless earlier prepaid to the extent permitted under the Indenture, the 2018 Class A-2-I Notes will be repaid in September 2022 and the 2018 Class A-2-II Notes will be repaid in September 2025. The legal final maturity date of the 2019 Notes is in December 2049, but it is anticipated that, unless earlier prepaid to the extent permitted under the Indenture, the 2019 Notes will be repaid in December 2029 (together, the “Anticipated Repayment
15
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Dates”). If the Master Issuer has not repaid or refinanced the Notes prior to the respective Anticipated Repayment Dates, additional interest will accrue pursuant to the Indenture.

As noted above, the Company borrowed the full $75,000 in Variable Funding Notes on March 20, 2020. The Variable Funding Notes accrue interest at a variable interest rate based on (i) the prime rate, (ii) overnight federal funds rates, (iii) the London interbank offered rate for U.S. Dollars, or (iv) with respect to advances made by conduit investors, the weighted average cost of, or related to, the issuance of commercial paper allocated to fund or maintain such advances, in each case plus any applicable margin and as specified in the Variable Funding Notes. As of September 30, 2020, the applicable borrowing rate is 2.28%. There is a commitment fee on the unused portion of the Variable Funding Notes of 0.5% based on utilization. It is anticipated that the principal and interest on the Variable Funding Notes will be repaid in full on or prior to September 2023, subject to two additional one-year extension options. Following the anticipated repayment date (and any extensions thereof) additional interest will accrue on the Variable Funding Notes equal to 5.0% per year.

In connection with the issuance of the 2018 Notes and 2019 Notes, the Company incurred debt issuance costs of $27,133 and $10,577, respectively. The debt issuance costs are being amortized to “Interest expense” through the Anticipated Repayment Dates of the Notes utilizing the effective interest rate method.
The Securitized Senior Notes are subject to covenants and restrictions customary for transactions of this type, including (i) that the Master Issuer maintains specified reserve accounts to be used to make required payments in respect of the Securitized Senior Notes, (ii) provisions relating to optional and mandatory prepayments and the related payment of specified amounts, including specified make-whole payments in the case of the Notes under certain circumstances, (iii) certain indemnification payments in the event, among other things, the assets pledged as collateral for the Securitized Senior Notes are in stated ways defective or ineffective, (iv) a cap on non-securitized indebtedness of $50,000 (provided that the Company may incur non-securitized indebtedness in excess of such amount, subject to the leverage ratio cap described below, under certain conditions, including if the relevant lenders execute a non-disturbance agreement that acknowledges the bankruptcy-remote status of the Master Issuer and its subsidiaries and of their respective assets), (v) a leverage ratio cap incurrence test on the Company of 7.0x (calculated without regard for any indebtedness subject to the $50,000 cap) and (vi) covenants relating to recordkeeping, access to information and similar matters.
Pursuant to a parent company support agreement, the Company has agreed to cause its subsidiary to perform each of its obligations (including any indemnity obligations) and duties under the Management Agreement and under the contribution agreements entered into in connection with the securitized financing facility, in each case as and when due. To the extent that such subsidiary has not performed any such obligation or duty within the prescribed time frame after such obligation or duty was required to be performed, the Company has agreed to either (i) perform such obligation or duty or (ii) cause such obligations or duties to be performed on the Company’s behalf.
The Securitized Senior Notes are also subject to customary rapid amortization events provided for in the Indenture, including events tied to failure to maintain stated debt service coverage ratios, certain manager termination events, an event of default, and the failure to repay or refinance the Notes on the applicable scheduled Anticipated Repayment Dates. The Securitized Senior Notes are also subject to certain customary events of default, including events relating to non-payment of required interest, principal, or other amounts due on or with respect to the Securitized Senior Notes, failure to comply with covenants within certain time frames, certain bankruptcy events, breaches of specified representations and warranties, failure of security interests to be effective, and certain judgments.
In accordance with the Indenture, certain cash accounts have been established with the Indenture trustee (the “Trustee”) for the benefit of the trustee and the noteholders, and are restricted in their use. The Company holds restricted cash which primarily represents cash collections held by the Trustee, interest, principal, and commitment fee reserves held by the Trustee related to the Securitized Senior Notes. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had restricted cash held by the Trustee of $65,936, which includes pre-funding of principal and interest payments through the March 5, 2021 payment date. Restricted cash has been combined with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period balances in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
(7) Leases
The Company leases space to operate corporate-owned stores, equipment, office, and warehouse space. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For leases beginning in 2019 and later, we account for fixed lease and non-lease components together
16
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

as a single, combined lease component. Variable lease costs, which may include common area maintenance, insurance, and taxes are not included in the lease liability and are expensed in the period incurred.
Our corporate-owned store leases generally have remaining terms of one to ten years, and typically include one or more renewal options, with renewal terms that can generally extend the lease term from three to ten years or more. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. The Company includes options to renew in the expected term when they are reasonably certain to be exercised. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term.
Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date. Operating lease liabilities represent the present value of lease payments not yet paid. Operating lease ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset and are based upon the operating lease liabilities adjusted for prepayments or accrued lease payments, initial direct costs and lease incentives. To determine the present value of lease payments not yet paid, we estimate incremental secured borrowing rates corresponding to the maturities of the leases based upon interpolated rates using our Class A-2 Notes.
The Company has certain non-real estate leases that are accounted for as finance leases under ASC 842, which is similar to the accounting for capital leases under the previous standard. These leases are immaterial, and therefore the Company has not included them in them in the tables below, except for their location on the consolidated balance sheet.
Our leases typically contain rent escalations over the lease term. We recognize expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Additionally, tenant incentives used to fund leasehold improvements are recognized when earned and reduce our ROU asset related to the lease. These tenant incentives are amortized as reduction of rent expense over the lease term.
Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
Leases Classification September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Assets
Operating lease assets Right of use asset, net $ 163,119  $ 155,633 
Finance lease assets Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation 269  309 
Total lease assets $ 163,388  $ 155,942 
Liabilities
Current:
Operating Other current liabilities $ 18,402  $ 16,755 
Noncurrent:
Operating Lease liabilities, net of current portion 165,372  152,920 
Financing Other liabilities 293  333 
Total lease liabilities $ 184,067  $ 170,008 
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) - operating leases 8.8
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases 5.1  %

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the components of lease cost were as follows:
Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Operating lease cost $ 6,717  $ 5,317  $ 19,065  $ 15,117 
Variable lease cost 2,795  2,118  7,625  6,091 
Total lease cost $ 9,512  $ 7,435  $ 26,690  $ 21,208 
17
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)


The Company’s costs related to short-term leases, those with a duration between one and twelve months, were immaterial.

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information related to leases were as follows:
Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2020 2019 2020 2019
Cash paid for lease liabilities $ 6,177  $ 4,958  $ 17,575  $ 14,323 
Operating assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities $ 20,261  $ 16,173  $ 29,483  $ 19,154 

As of September 30, 2020, maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:
Amount
Remainder of 2020 $ 6,395 
2021 28,027 
2022 28,606 
2023 28,150 
2024 26,636 
Thereafter 117,980 
Total lease payments $ 235,794 
Less: imputed interest 51,727 
Present value of lease liabilities $ 184,067 

As of September 30, 2020, operating lease payments exclude approximately $4,777 of legally binding minimum lease payments for leases signed but not yet commenced.
(8) Revenue recognition
Contract Liabilities
Contract liabilities consist primarily of deferred revenue resulting from initial and renewal franchise fees and area development agreement (“ADA”) fees paid by franchisees, as well as transfer fees, which are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying franchise agreement. Also included are corporate-owned store enrollment fees, annual fees and monthly fees as well as deferred equipment rebates relating to our equipment business. We classify these contract liabilities as deferred revenue in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Additionally, as of September 30, 2020, due to temporary store closures in March as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, approximately $2,200 remains of deferred revenue from March related to monthly membership billings of corporate-owned store and franchise revenue that the Company will recognize as the stores reopen.
The following table reflects the change in contract liabilities between December 31, 2019 and September 30, 2020.
Contract liabilities
Balance at December 31, 2019 $ 62,054 
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability at the beginning of the year (21,994)
Increase, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period 16,863 
Balance at September 30, 2020 $ 56,923 
The following table illustrates estimated revenues expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of September 30, 2020. The Company has elected to exclude short term contracts, sales and usage based royalties and any other variable consideration recognized on an “as invoiced” basis.
18
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Contract liabilities to be recognized in: Amount
Remainder of 2020 $ 16,902 
2021 7,995 
2022 3,670 
2023 3,536 
2024 3,288 
Thereafter 21,532 
Total $ 56,923 
(9) Related Party Transactions
Activity with entities considered to be related parties is summarized below: 
  For the three months ended
September 30, 		For the nine months ended
September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Franchise revenue $ 224  $ 505  $ 724  $ 1,735 
Equipment revenue —  883  93  2,325 
Total revenue from related parties $ 224  $ 1,388  $ 817  $ 4,060 
Additionally, the Company had deferred franchise agreement and area development agreement revenue from related parties of $185 and $256 as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
The Company had payables to related parties pursuant to tax benefit arrangements of $32,960 and $53,491, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively (see Note 12).
The Company provides administrative services to the NAF and typically charges NAF a fee for providing these services, but temporarily suspended charging them in June 2020 for the remainder of the year as a result of COVID-19. The services provided include accounting services, information technology, data processing, product development, legal and administrative support, and other operating expenses, which amounted to $0 and $402 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $793 and $1,771 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
In the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company incurred approximately $0 and $60, respectively, which is included within selling, general and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations, for corporate travel to a third-party company which is affiliated with our Chief Executive Officer.
In May 2020, the Company provided a short-term loan of approximately $8,950 to its third party payment processor related to amounts drafted by franchisee-owned stores in March that were not collected as part of the typical monthly process as a result of the impact of COVID-19. The third party payment processor has begun its repayment of this loan and the Company expects repayment will occur over several months. As of September 30, 2020, approximately $6,762 of the loan balance is outstanding and is included within other receivables on the balance sheet.
(10) Stockholder’s Equity
Pursuant to the exchange agreement between the Company and the Continuing LLC Owners, the Continuing LLC Owners (or certain permitted transferees thereof) have the right, from time to time and subject to the terms of the exchange agreement, to exchange their Holdings Units, along with a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock, for shares of Class A common stock (or cash at the option of the Company) on a one-for-one basis, subject to customary conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends, reclassifications and similar transactions. In connection with any exchange of Holdings Units for shares of Class A common stock by a Continuing LLC Owner, the number of Holdings Units held by the Company is correspondingly increased as it acquires the exchanged Holdings Units, and a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock are canceled.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, certain existing holders of Holdings Units exercised their exchange rights and exchanged 2,517,659 Holdings Units for 2,517,659 newly-issued shares of Class A common stock. Simultaneously, and in connection with these exchanges, 2,517,659 shares of Class B common stock were surrendered by the holders of Holdings Units that exercised their exchange rights and canceled. Additionally, in connection with these exchanges, Planet Fitness, Inc. received 2,517,659 Holdings Units, increasing its total ownership interest in Pla-Fit Holdings.
19
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

As a result of the above transactions, as of September 30, 2020:
•Holders of our Class A common stock owned 80,473,011 shares of our Class A common stock, representing 93.0% of the voting power in the Company and, through the Company, 80,473,011 Holdings Units representing 93.0% of the economic interest in Pla-Fit Holdings; and
•the Continuing LLC Owners collectively owned 6,044,261 Holdings Units, representing 7.0% of the economic interest in Pla-Fit Holdings, and 6,044,261 shares of our Class B common stock, representing 7.0% of the voting power in the Company.
Share repurchase program
2019 share repurchase program
On November 5, 2019, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program of up to $500,000.
On December 4, 2019, the Company entered into a $300,000 accelerated share repurchase agreement (the “2019 ASR Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“JPMC”). Pursuant to the terms of the 2019 ASR Agreement, on December 5, 2019, the Company paid JPMC $300,000 upfront in cash and received 3,289,924 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, which were retired, and the Company elected to record as a reduction to retained earnings of $240,000. Final settlement of the ASR Agreement occurred on March 2, 2020. At final settlement, JPMC delivered 666,961 additional shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, based on a weighted average cost per share of $75.82 over the term of the 2019 ASR Agreement, which were retired. This had been evaluated as an unsettled forward contract indexed to our own stock, with $60,000 classified as a reduction to retained earnings at the original date of payment.
On March 18, 2020, the Company announced the suspension of its 2019 share repurchase program. If the 2019 share repurchase program is reinstated, the timing of purchases and amount of stock repurchased will be subject to the Company’s discretion and will depend on market and business conditions, the Company’s general working capital needs, stock price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. Our ability to repurchase shares at any particular time is also subject to the terms of the Indenture governing the Securitized Senior Notes. Purchases may be effected through one or more open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, transactions structured through investment banking institutions, or a combination of the foregoing. The Company may reinstate or terminate the program at any time.
2018 share repurchase program
On August 3, 2018, our board of directors approved an increase to the total amount of the previously approved share repurchase program to $500,000.
On November 13, 2018, the Company entered into a $300,000 accelerated share repurchase agreement (the “2018 ASR Agreement”) with Citibank, N.A. (“Citibank”). Pursuant to the terms of the 2018 ASR Agreement, on November 14, 2018, the Company paid Citibank $300,000 upfront in cash and received 4,607,410 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, which were retired, and the Company elected to record as a reduction to retained earnings of $240,000. Final settlement of the 2018 ASR Agreement occurred on April 30, 2019. At final settlement, Citibank delivered 524,124 additional shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, based on a weighted average cost per share of $58.46 over the term of the 2018 ASR agreement, which were retired. This had been evaluated as an unsettled forward contract indexed to our own stock, with $60,000 classified as a reduction to retained earnings at the original date of payment.
During the three months ended September 30, 2019, the Company purchased 2,272,001 shares of its Class A common stock for an average purchase price of $69.51 per share, completing its previously approved $500,000 share repurchase program.
Preferred stock
The Company had 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized and none issued or outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.
(11) Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share of Class A common stock is computed by dividing net income attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc. by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding during the same period. Diluted earnings per share of Class A common stock is computed by dividing net income attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc. by the weighted-average number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding adjusted to give effect to potentially dilutive securities.
20
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Shares of the Company’s Class B common stock do not share in the earnings or losses attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc. and are therefore not participating securities. As such, separate presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share of Class B common stock under the two-class method has not been presented. Shares of the Company’s Class B common stock are, however, considered potentially dilutive shares of Class A common stock because shares of Class B common stock, together with the related Holdings Units, are exchangeable into shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis.
The following table sets forth reconciliations used to compute basic and diluted earnings per share of Class A common stock:  
  Three months ended
September 30, 		Nine months ended
September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Numerator    
Net (loss) income $ (3,284) $ 29,692  $ (24,886) $ 101,158 
Less: net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests (173) 3,915  (1,205) 13,128 
Net (loss) income attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc. $ (3,111) $ 25,777  $ (23,681) $ 88,030 
Denominator
Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - basic 80,220,503  83,157,430  79,763,279  83,699,609 
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options —  606,888  —  609,788 
Restricted stock units —  42,588  —  44,775 
Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - diluted 80,220,503  83,806,906  79,763,279  84,354,172 
(Loss) earnings per share of Class A common stock - basic $ (0.04) $ 0.31  $ (0.30) $ 1.05 
(Loss) earnings per share of Class A common stock - diluted $ (0.04) $ 0.31  $ (0.30) $ 1.04 
Potentially dilutive stock options of 486,255 and 525,697 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and restricted stock units of 36,431 and 38,737 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 were not included in the computation of diluted loss per share because the inclusion thereof would be antidilutive.
Weighted average shares of Class B common stock of 6,291,348 and 8,579,094 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and 6,854,501 and 8,798,695 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, were evaluated under the if-converted method for potential dilutive effects and were determined to be anti-dilutive. Weighted average stock options outstanding of 177,970 and 76,455 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and 158,304 and 50,063 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, were evaluated under the treasury stock method for potential dilutive effects and were determined to be anti-dilutive. Weighted average restricted stock units outstanding of 0 and 713 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and 170 and 1,688 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, were evaluated under the treasury stock method for potential dilutive effects and were determined to be anti-dilutive.
(12) Income Taxes
The Company is the sole managing member of Pla-Fit Holdings, which is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. As a partnership, Pla-Fit Holdings is not subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by Pla-Fit Holdings is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its members, including the Company, on a pro-rata basis.
Planet Fitness, Inc. is subject to U.S. federal income taxes, in addition to state and local income taxes with respect to our allocable share of any taxable income of Pla-Fit Holdings. The Company’s effective tax rate was 24.0% and 25.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to state and local taxes, partially offset by income attributable to non-controlling interests. The Company’s effective tax rate was 22.1% and 21.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to state and local taxes, the recognition of a tax expense from the remeasurement of the Company's net deferred tax assets, partially offset by income attributable to non-controlling interests. The Company was also subject to taxes in foreign jurisdictions.
21
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Net deferred tax assets of $466,035 and $411,177 as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, relate primarily to the tax effects of temporary differences in the book basis as compared to the tax basis of our investment in Pla-Fit Holdings as a result of the secondary offerings, other exchanges, recapitalization transactions and the IPO.
As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the total liability related to uncertain tax positions was $420. The Company recognizes interest accrued and penalties, if applicable, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Interest and penalties for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were not material.
Tax benefit arrangements
The Company’s acquisition of Holdings Units in connection with the IPO and future and certain past exchanges of Holdings Units for shares of the Company’s Class A common stock (or cash at the option of the Company) are expected to produce and have produced favorable tax attributes. In connection with the IPO, the Company entered into two tax receivable agreements. Under the first of those agreements, the Company generally is required to pay to certain existing and previous equity owners of Pla-Fit Holdings (the “TRA Holders”) 85% of the applicable tax savings, if any, in U.S. federal and state income tax that the Company is deemed to realize as a result of certain tax attributes of their Holdings Units sold to the Company (or exchanged in a taxable sale) and that are created as a result of (i) the exchanges of their Holdings Units for shares of Class A common stock and (ii) tax benefits attributable to payments made under the tax receivable agreement (including imputed interest). Under the second tax receivable agreement, the Company generally is required to pay to TSG AIV II-A L.P and TSG PF Co-Investors A L.P. (the “Direct TSG Investors”) 85% of the amount of tax savings, if any, that the Company is deemed to realize as a result of the tax attributes of the Holdings Units held in respect of the Direct TSG Investors’ interest in the Company, which resulted from the Direct TSG Investors’ purchase of interests in Pla-Fit Holdings in 2012, and certain other tax benefits. Under both agreements, the Company generally retains the benefit of the remaining 15% of the applicable tax savings.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, 2,517,659 Holdings Units were exchanged by the TRA Holders for newly issued shares of Class A common stock, resulting in an increase in the tax basis of the net assets of Pla-Fit Holdings subject to the provisions of the tax receivable agreements. As a result of the change in Planet Fitness, Inc.’s ownership percentage of Pla-Fit Holdings, we recorded a decrease to our net deferred tax assets of $1,828 during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. As a result of these exchanges, during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we also recognized deferred tax assets in the amount of $56,177, and corresponding tax benefit arrangement liabilities of $47,689, representing approximately 85% of the tax benefits due to the TRA Holders. The offset to the entries recorded in connection with exchanges was to equity.
As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had a liability of $456,006 and $427,216, respectively, related to its projected obligations under the tax benefit arrangements. Projected future payments under the tax benefit arrangements are as follows:
  Amount
Remainder of 2020 $ 8,027 
2021 — 
2022 22,202 
2023 28,088 
2024 35,545 
Thereafter 362,144 
Total $ 456,006 
(13) Commitments and contingencies
From time to time, and in the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to various claims, charges, and litigation, such as employment-related claims and slip and fall cases.
On September 3, 2020, the Company and other defendants received a final amendment to the joint and several judgment against them in the amount of $5,426, inclusive of accrued interest, in a civil action brought by a former employee. As of September 30, 2020, the Company has estimated its obligation related to this matter to be approximately $1,956, which is included in other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. In connection with 2012 acquisition of Pla-Fit Holdings on November 8, 2012, the sellers are obligated to indemnify the Company related to this specific matter. The Company has therefore recorded an offsetting indemnification receivable of $1,956 in other receivables on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet, for which it has determined to record a full reserve as a result of potential uncertainty around collectability. The Company has incurred, and may incur in the future, legal costs on behalf of the defendants in the case, which
22
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

include a related party. These costs have not been and are not expected to be material in the future. The Company notes that one of the defendants is a current executive of the Company and as such has determined to include this as a related party transaction.
The Company is not currently aware of any other legal proceedings or claims that the Company believes will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position or result of operations.
Mexico Acquisition
On March 19, 2020, a franchisee in Mexico exercised a put option that requires the Company to acquire their franchisee-owned stores in Mexico. The transaction has not closed as of September 30, 2020 as the parties are in dispute over the final terms of the transaction and related matters. The Company analyzed the contract and estimates that the purchase price will approximate fair value of the acquired assets.
(14) Segments
The Company has three reportable segments: (i) Franchise; (ii) Corporate-owned stores; and (iii) Equipment.  
The Company’s operations are organized and managed by type of products and services and segment information is reported accordingly. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (the “CODM”) is its Chief Executive Officer. The CODM reviews financial performance and allocates resources by reportable segment. There have been no operating segments aggregated to arrive at the Company’s reportable segments.
The Franchise segment includes operations related to the Company’s franchising business in the United States, Puerto Rico, Canada, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Mexico and Australia, including revenues and expenses from the NAF. The Corporate-owned stores segment includes operations with respect to all corporate-owned stores throughout the United States and Canada. The Equipment segment primarily includes the sale of equipment to our United States franchisee-owned stores.
The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 2. The Company evaluates the performance of its segments and allocates resources to them based on revenue and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, referred to as Segment EBITDA. Revenues for all operating segments include only transactions with unaffiliated customers and include no intersegment revenues.
The tables below summarize the financial information for the Company’s reportable segments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. The “Corporate and other” category, as it relates to Segment EBITDA, primarily includes corporate overhead costs, such as payroll and related benefit costs and professional services which are not directly attributable to any individual segment.
 
  Three months ended
September 30, 		Nine months ended
September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Revenue    
Franchise segment revenue - U.S. $ 58,615  $ 65,494  $ 136,776  $ 200,111 
Franchise segment revenue - International 1,142  1,215  2,512  4,172 
Franchise segment total 59,757  66,709  139,288  204,283 
Corporate-owned stores - U.S. 27,806  39,637  76,616  115,178 
Corporate-owned stores - International 483  1,105  1,608  3,303 
Corporate-owned stores total 28,289  40,742  78,224  118,481 
Equipment segment - U.S. 17,337  59,364  55,335  174,528 
Equipment segment total 17,337  59,364  55,335  174,528 
Total revenue $ 105,383  $ 166,815  $ 272,847  $ 497,292 
Franchise segment revenue includes franchise revenue, NAF revenue, and commission income.
Franchise revenue includes revenue generated from placement services of $1,455 and $4,277 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $4,335 and $12,112 for the nine months September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
23
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

  Three months ended
September 30, 		Nine months ended
September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Segment EBITDA    
Franchise $ 31,111  $ 44,328  $ 71,386  $ 141,548 
Corporate-owned stores 5,711  16,799  11,376  50,505 
Equipment 2,271  13,741  9,948  40,920 
Corporate and other (9,439) (10,036) (26,470) (33,968)
Total Segment EBITDA $ 29,654  $ 64,832  $ 66,240  $ 199,005 
 
The following table reconciles total Segment EBITDA to (loss) income before taxes:
  Three months ended
September 30, 		Nine months ended
September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Total Segment EBITDA $ 29,654  $ 64,832  $ 66,240  $ 199,005 
Less:
Depreciation and amortization 13,636  11,832  39,436  32,316 
Other expense (24) (61) (784) (4,824)
Income from operations 16,042  53,061  27,588  171,513 
Interest income 349  1,808  2,635  5,585 
Interest expense (20,686) (14,807) (61,394) (44,192)
Other expense (24) (61) (784) (4,824)
(Loss) income before income taxes $ (4,319) $ 40,001  $ (31,955) $ 128,082 
The following table summarizes the Company’s assets by reportable segment: 
  September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Franchise $ 174,700  $ 193,504 
Corporate-owned stores 466,179  471,234 
Equipment 171,224  197,656 
Unallocated 989,449  854,796 
Total consolidated assets $ 1,801,552  $ 1,717,190 
The table above includes $850 and $1,039 of long-lived assets located in the Company’s international corporate-owned stores as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. All other assets are located in the U.S.
The following table summarizes the Company’s goodwill by reportable segment: 
  September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
Franchise $ 16,938  $ 16,938 
Corporate-owned stores 118,217  118,217 
Equipment 92,666  92,666 
Consolidated goodwill $ 227,821  $ 227,821 

24
Planet Fitness, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated financial statements
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(15) Corporate-Owned and Franchisee-Owned Stores
The following table shows changes in our corporate-owned and franchisee-owned stores for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
  For the three months ended
September 30, 		For the nine months ended
September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Franchisee-owned stores:        
Stores operated at beginning of period 1,960  1,779  1,903  1,666 
New stores opened 27  39  86  157 
Stores debranded, sold or consolidated(1)
(2) (1) (4) (6)
Stores operated at end of period(2)
1,985  1,817  1,985  1,817 
Corporate-owned stores:
Stores operated at beginning of period 99  80  98  76 
New stores opened 2  2  3  2 
Stores acquired from franchisees —  —  —  4 
Stores operated at end of period(2)
101  82  101  82 
Total stores:
Stores operated at beginning of period 2,059  1,859  2,001  1,742 
New stores opened 29  41  89  159 
Stores acquired, debranded, sold or consolidated(1)
(2) (1) (4) (2)
Stores operated at end of period(2)
2,086  1,899  2,086  1,899 
 (1)     The term “debrand” refers to a franchisee-owned store whose right to use the Planet Fitness brand and marks has been terminated in accordance with the franchise agreement. The Company retains the right to prevent debranded stores from continuing to operate as fitness centers. The term “consolidated” refers to the combination of a franchisee’s store with another store located in close proximity with our prior approval. This often coincides with an enlargement, re-equipment and/or refurbishment of the remaining store.
(2)    The “stores operated” include stores that have closed temporarily related to the COVID-19 pandemic. All stores were closed in March 2020 in response to COVID-19, and as of September 30, 2020 1,983 were re-opened and operating, of which 1,884 were franchisee-owned stores and 99 were corporate-owned stores.
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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Planet Fitness, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Overview
We are one of the largest and fastest-growing franchisors and operators of fitness centers in the United States by number of members and locations, with a highly recognized national brand. Our mission is to enhance people’s lives by providing a high-quality fitness experience in a welcoming, non-intimidating environment, which we call the Judgement Free Zone, where anyone—and we mean anyone—can feel they belong. Our bright, clean stores are typically 20,000 square feet, with a large selection of high-quality, purple and yellow Planet Fitness-branded cardio, circuit- and weight-training equipment and friendly staff trainers who offer unlimited free fitness instruction to all our members in small groups through our PE@PF program. We offer this differentiated fitness experience at only $10 per month for our standard membership. This exceptional value proposition is designed to appeal to a broad population, including occasional gym users and the approximately 80% of the U.S. and Canadian populations over age 14 who are not gym members, particularly those who find the traditional fitness club setting intimidating and expensive. We and our franchisees fiercely protect Planet Fitness’ community atmosphere—a place where you do not need to be fit before joining and where progress toward achieving your fitness goals (big or small) is supported and applauded by our staff and fellow members.
As of September 30, 2020, we had more than 14.1 million members and 2,086 stores in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Canada, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Mexico and Australia. Of our 2,086 stores, 1,985 are franchised and 101 are corporate-owned. As of September 30, 2020, we had commitments to open more than 1,000 new stores under existing ADAs.
COVID-19 Impact
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic related to the COVID-19 outbreak. The pandemic has caused unprecedented economic volatility and uncertainty, which has negatively impacted our recent operating results. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we proactively closed all of our stores system wide in March 2020. Our stores began reopening in early May as local guidelines allowed, and as of September 30, 2020, 1,983 of our stores were open and operating, of which 1,884 were franchisee-owned stores and 99 were corporate-owned stores. As COVID-19 continues to impact areas in which our stores operate, certain of our stores have had to re-close, and additional stores may have to re-close, pursuant to local guidelines. As previously announced, members will not be charged membership dues while our stores are closed and will be credited for any membership dues paid for periods when our stores were closed. We have experienced and continue to expect to experience decreased new store development and remodels, as well as decreased replacement equipment sales for 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
We continue to reopen stores as local authorities issue guidelines authorizing the reopening of fitness centers and we determine it is safe to do so. As stores reopened we have recognized franchise revenue and corporate-owned store revenue associated with any March membership dues collected prior to store closures. We continue to defer revenue for stores that have not yet reopened. We may have to defer further revenue in the future for stores that are required to re-close.
The duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the extent of its impact on our business cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. We anticipate that the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to negatively impact our operating results in future periods. As a result of COVID-19 we have experienced to date, and may continue to experience, a decrease in our net membership base. We previously withdrew our 2020 full-year guidance and are not providing updated guidance at this time due to continued uncertainty around the duration and impact of COVID-19.
We have taken the following actions to efficiently manage the business, as well as increase liquidity and financial flexibility in order to mitigate the current and anticipated future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business:
•Board of Director and Executive Compensation: In March, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Financial and Chief Digital and Information Officers significantly reduced their base salaries, and the base salaries of other members of senior management were reduced in graduated amounts. These salaries were reinstated beginning in September. The Board of Directors suspended payment of the annual retainer to non-employee directors during the second and third quarters of 2020, and plans to resume payment in the fourth quarter.
•Corporate-owned stores: We temporarily furloughed all employees except the store manager at each corporate-owned store location while the stores were closed. These employees were able to continue receiving benefits from the Company during store closures. As of September 30, 2020, 99 of our 101 corporate-owned stores have reopened.
•Corporate Office: Our corporate headquarters has reopened, with some employees continuing to work remotely. During the quarter ended September 30, 2020, we completed a reduction in force of approximately 15% of our corporate headquarters employees.
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•Credit Facility: We fully drew down our $75.0 million Variable Funding Notes in March to provide additional liquidity and flexibility.
•Share Repurchase: We have suspended share repurchases to preserve liquidity and flexibility.
•Capital Expenditures: Capital expenditures may be deferred, including new corporate-owned store openings and investments in existing corporate-owned stores.
Although we expect the COVID-19 pandemic to continue to negatively impact the Company’s operations and cash flows, based on management’s current expectations and currently available information, the Company believes current cash and cash from operations will be sufficient to meet its operating cash requirements, planned capital expenditures and interest and principal payments for at least the next twelve months.
Our segments
We operate and manage our business in three business segments: Franchise, Corporate-owned stores and Equipment. Our Franchise segment includes operations related to our franchising business in the United States, Puerto Rico, Canada, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Mexico and Australia, including revenues and expenses from the NAF. Our Corporate-owned stores segment includes operations with respect to all corporate-owned stores throughout the United States and Canada. The Equipment segment primarily includes the sale of equipment to our United States franchisee-owned stores. We evaluate the performance of our segments and allocate resources to them based on revenue and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, referred to as Segment EBITDA. Revenue and Segment EBITDA for all operating segments include only transactions with unaffiliated customers and do not include intersegment transactions. The tables below summarize the financial information for our segments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019. “Corporate and other,” as it relates to Segment EBITDA, primarily includes corporate overhead costs, such as payroll and related benefit costs and professional services that are not directly attributable to any individual segment.
  Three months ended
September 30, 		Nine months ended
September 30,
(in thousands) 2020 2019 2020 2019
Revenue        
Franchise segment $ 59,757  $ 66,709  $ 139,288  $ 204,283 
Corporate-owned stores segment 28,289  40,742  78,224  118,481 
Equipment segment 17,337  59,364  55,335  174,528 
Total revenue $ 105,383  $ 166,815  $ 272,847  $ 497,292 
Segment EBITDA    
Franchise $ 31,111  $ 44,328  $ 71,386  $ 141,548 
Corporate-owned stores 5,711  16,799  11,376  50,505 
Equipment 2,271  13,741  9,948  40,920 
Corporate and other (9,439) (10,036) (26,470) (33,968)
Total Segment EBITDA(1)
$ 29,654  $ 64,832  $ 66,240  $ 199,005 

(1)Total Segment EBITDA is equal to EBITDA, which is a metric that is not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Refer to “—Non-GAAP financial measures” for a definition of EBITDA and a reconciliation to net (loss) income, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure.

27
A reconciliation of income (loss) from operations to Segment EBITDA is set forth below: 
(in thousands) Franchise Corporate-owned
stores 		Equipment Corporate and
other 		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2020          
Income (loss) from operations $ 29,156  $ (2,088) $ 1,009  $ (12,035) $ 16,042 
Depreciation and amortization 1,955  7,650  1,262  2,769  13,636 
Other income (expense) —  149  —  (173) (24)
Segment EBITDA(1)
$ 31,111  $ 5,711  $ 2,271  $ (9,439) $ 29,654 
Three months ended September 30, 2019
Income (loss) from operations $ 42,356  $ 9,987  $ 12,479  $ (11,761) $ 53,061 
Depreciation and amortization 1,980  6,937  1,262  1,653  11,832 
Other (expense) income (8) (125) —  72  (61)
Segment EBITDA(1)
$ 44,328  $ 16,799  $ 13,741  $ (10,036) $ 64,832 
Nine months ended September 30, 2020
Income (loss) from operations $ 65,624  $ (10,186) $ 6,161  $ (34,011) $ 27,588 
Depreciation and amortization 5,846  22,235  3,787  7,568  39,436 
Other expense (84) (673) —  (27) (784)
Segment EBITDA(1)
$ 71,386  $ 11,376  $ 9,948  $ (26,470) $ 66,240 
Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Income (loss) from operations $ 135,606  $ 31,558  $ 37,135  $ (32,786) $ 171,513 
Depreciation and amortization 5,952  18,673  3,782  3,909  32,316 
Other (expense) income (10) 274  3  (5,091) (4,824)
Segment EBITDA(1)
$ 141,548  $ 50,505  $ 40,920  $ (33,968) $ 199,005 

(1)Total Segment EBITDA is equal to EBITDA, which is a metric that is not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Refer to “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a definition of EBITDA and a reconciliation to net (loss) income, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure.
How we assess the performance of our business
In assessing the performance of our business, we consider a variety of performance and financial measures. The key measures for determining how our business is performing include the number of new store openings, same store sales for both corporate-owned and franchisee-owned stores, system-wide sales, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, Segment EBITDA, Adjusted net (loss) income, and Adjusted net (loss) income per share, diluted. See “—Non-GAAP financial measures” below for our definition of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted net (loss) income, and Adjusted net (loss) income per share, diluted and why we present EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted net (loss) income, and Adjusted net (loss) income per share, diluted, and for a reconciliation of our EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted net (loss) income to net (loss) income, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and a reconciliation of Adjusted net (loss) income per share, diluted to net (loss) income per share, diluted, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Number of new store openings
The number of new store openings reflects stores opened during a particular reporting period for both corporate-owned and franchisee-owned stores. Opening new stores is an important part of our growth strategy and we expect the majority of our future new stores will be franchisee-owned. Before we obtain the certificate of occupancy or report any revenue for new corporate-owned stores, we incur pre-opening costs, such as rent expense, labor expense and other operating expenses. Some of our stores open with an initial start-up period of higher than normal marketing and operating expenses, particularly as a percentage of monthly revenue. New stores may not be profitable and their revenue may not follow historical patterns.
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The following table shows the change in our corporate-owned and franchisee-owned store base for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019: 
  Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Franchisee-owned stores:    
Stores operated at beginning of period 1,960  1,779  1,903  1,666 
New stores opened 27  39  86  157 
Stores debranded, sold or consolidated(1)
(2) (1) (4) (6)
Stores operated at end of period(2)
1,985  1,817  1,985  1,817 
Corporate-owned stores:
Stores operated at beginning of period 99  80  98  76 
New stores opened 2  2  3  2 
Stores acquired from franchisees —  —  —  4 
Stores operated at end of period(2)
101  82  101  82 
Total stores:
Stores operated at beginning of period 2,059  1,859  2,001  1,742 
New stores opened 29  41  89  159 
Stores acquired, debranded, sold or consolidated(1)
(2) (1) (4) (2)
Stores operated at end of period(2)
2,086  1,899  2,086  1,899 

(1)The term “debrand” refers to a franchisee-owned store whose right to use the Planet Fitness brand and marks has been terminated in accordance with the franchise agreement. We retain the right to prevent debranded stores from continuing to operate as fitness centers. The term “consolidated” refers to the combination of a franchisee’s store with another store located in close proximity with our prior approval. This often coincides with an enlargement, re-equipment and/or refurbishment of the remaining store.
(2)The “stores operated” includes stores that have closed temporarily related to the COVID-19 pandemic. All stores were closed in March 2020 in response to COVID-19, and as of September 30, 2020, 1,983 were re-opened and operating, of which 1,884 were franchisee-owned stores and 99 were corporate-owned stores.
Same store sales
Same store sales refers to year-over-year sales comparisons for the same store sales base of both corporate-owned and franchisee-owned stores. We define the same store sales base to include those stores that have been open and for which monthly membership dues have been billed for longer than 12 months. We measure same store sales based solely upon monthly dues billed to members of our corporate-owned and franchisee-owned stores.
Several factors affect our same store sales in any given period, including the following:
•the number of stores that have been in operation for more than 12 months;
•the percentage mix and pricing of PF Black Card and standard memberships in any period;
•growth in total net memberships per store;
•consumer recognition of our brand and our ability to respond to changing consumer preferences;
•overall economic trends, particularly those related to consumer spending;
•our and our franchisees’ ability to operate stores effectively and efficiently to meet consumer expectations;
•marketing and promotional efforts;
•local competition;
•trade area dynamics; and
•opening of new stores in the vicinity of existing locations.
Consistent with common industry practice, we present same store sales as compared to the same period in the prior year and which is calculated for a given period by including only sales from stores that had sales in the comparable months of both years. Same store sales of our international stores are calculated on a constant currency basis, meaning that we translate the current year’s same store sales of our international stores at the same exchange rates used in the prior year. Since opening new stores will be a significant component of our revenue growth, same store sales is only one measure of how we evaluate our performance.
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Stores acquired from or sold to franchisees are removed from the franchisee-owned or corporate-owned same store sales base, as applicable, upon the ownership change and for the 12 months following the date of the ownership change. These stores are included in the corporate-owned or franchisee-owned same store sales base, as applicable, following the 12th month after the acquisition or sale. These stores remain in the system-wide same store sales base in all periods.
As a result of the closure of all of our stores due to COVID-19 in March 2020, a majority of stores remained closed for a portion of the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Because less than 50% of our stores in the same store sales base billed monthly membership dues in all of the months included in the nine months ending September 30, 2020, we are not providing same store sales comparisons for that period. For the three months ending September 30, 2020, since more than 50% of our stores in the same store sales base billed monthly membership dues in all three months, we have provided same store sales comparisons for those stores that were open during both the current and prior year periods.
The following table shows our same store sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
  Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Same store sales data    
Same store sales growth:    
Franchisee-owned stores (5.6) % 8.1  %
NC(1)
9.1  %
Corporate-owned stores (6.6) % 4.9  %
NC(1)
6.2  %
Total stores (5.6) % 7.9  %
NC(1)
8.9  %
Number of stores in same store sales base:
Franchisee-owned stores 1,366  1,562 
NC(1)
1,562 
Corporate-owned stores 50  73 
NC(1)
73 
Total stores 1,416  1,639 
NC(1)
1,639 
(1) No comparison
Total monthly dues and annual fees from members (system-wide sales)
We define system-wide sales as total monthly dues and annual fees billed by us and our franchisees. System-wide sales is an operating measure that includes sales by franchisees that are not revenue realized by the Company in accordance with GAAP, as well as sales by our corporate-owned stores. While we do not record sales by franchisees as revenue, and such sales are not included in our consolidated financial statements, we believe that this operating measure aids in understanding how we derive royalty revenue and is important in evaluating our performance. We review the total amount of dues we collect from our members on a monthly basis, which allows us to assess changes in the performance of our corporate-owned and franchisee-owned stores from period to period, any competitive pressures, local or regional membership traffic patterns and general market conditions that might impact our store performance. We collect monthly dues on or around the 17th of every month. We collect annual fees once per year from each member based upon when the member signed his or her membership agreement. System-wide sales were $661 million and $781 million, during the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $1,663 million and $2,430 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Non-GAAP financial measures
We refer to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as we use these measures to evaluate our operating performance and we believe these measures provide useful information to investors in evaluating our performance. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are supplemental measures of our performance that are neither required by, nor presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as substitutes for U.S. GAAP metrics such as net (loss) income or any other performance measures derived in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Also, in the future we may incur expenses or charges such as those used to calculate Adjusted EBITDA. Our presentation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or nonrecurring items. We have also disclosed Segment EBITDA as an important financial metric utilized by the Company to evaluate performance and allocate resources to segments in accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting. As part of such disclosure in “Our Segments” within Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, the Company has provided a reconciliation from income from operations to Total Segment EBITDA, which is equal to the Non-GAAP financial metric EBITDA.
We define EBITDA as net (loss) income before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. We believe that EBITDA, which eliminates the impact of certain expenses that we do not believe reflect our underlying business performance, provides useful information to investors to assess the performance of our segments as well as the business as a whole. Our board of directors also uses EBITDA as a key metric to assess the performance of management. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net (loss)
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income before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, adjusted for the impact of certain additional non-cash and other items that we do not consider in our evaluation of ongoing performance of the Company’s core operations. These items include certain purchase accounting adjustments, stock offering-related costs, and certain other charges and gains. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA is an appropriate measure of operating performance in addition to EBITDA because it eliminates the impact of other items that we believe reduce the comparability of our underlying core business performance from period to period and is therefore useful to our investors in comparing the core performance of our business from period to period.
A reconciliation of net (loss) income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA is set forth below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
  Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
(in thousands)    
Net (loss) income $ (3,284) $ 29,692  $ (24,886) $ 101,158 
Interest income (349) (1,808) (2,635) (5,585)
Interest expense 20,686  14,807  61,394  44,192 
(Benefit) provision for income taxes (1,035) 10,309  (7,069) 26,924 
Depreciation and amortization 13,636  11,832  39,436  32,316 
EBITDA $ 29,654  $ 64,832  $ 66,240  $ 199,005 
Purchase accounting adjustments-revenue(1)
70  275  216  524 
Purchase accounting adjustments-rent(2)
130  108  400  348 
Severance costs(3)
830  —  990  — 
Pre-opening costs(4)
699  826  1,214  1,021 
Tax benefit arrangement remeasurement(5)
—  (214) (502) 4,638 
Other(6)
598  (104) 691  55 
Adjusted EBITDA $ 31,981  $ 65,723  $ 69,249  $ 205,591 
 
(1)Represents the impact of revenue-related purchase accounting adjustments associated with the 2012 Acquisition. At the time of the 2012 Acquisition, the Company maintained a deferred revenue account, which consisted of deferred ADA fees, deferred franchise fees, and deferred enrollment fees that the Company billed and collected up front but recognizes for U.S. GAAP purposes at a later date. In connection with the 2012 Acquisition, it was determined that the carrying amount of deferred revenue was greater than the fair value assessed in accordance with ASC 805—Business Combinations, which resulted in a write-down of the carrying value of the deferred revenue balance upon application of acquisition push-down accounting under ASC 805. These amounts represent the additional revenue that would have been recognized in these periods if the write-down to deferred revenue had not occurred in connection with the application of acquisition pushdown accounting.
(2)Represents the impact of rent-related purchase accounting adjustments. In accordance with guidance in ASC 805 – Business Combinations, in connection with the 2012 Acquisition, the Company’s deferred rent liability was required to be written off as of the acquisition date and rent was recorded on a straight-line basis from the acquisition date through the end of the lease term. This resulted in higher overall recorded rent expense each period than would have otherwise been recorded had the deferred rent liability not been written off as a result of the acquisition push down accounting applied in accordance with ASC 805. Adjustments of $43, $44, $124, and $173 in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, reflect the difference between the higher rent expense recorded in accordance with U.S. GAAP since the acquisition and the rent expense that would have been recorded had the 2012 Acquisition not occurred. Adjustments of $87, $64, $276, and $216 in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, are due to the amortization of favorable and unfavorable leases. All of the rent related purchase accounting adjustments are adjustments to rent expense which is included in store operations on our consolidated statements of operations.
(3)Represents severance expense recorded in connection with a reduction in force and an equity award modification.
(4)Represents costs associated with new corporate-owned stores incurred prior to the store opening, including payroll-related costs, rent and occupancy expenses, marketing and other store operating supply expenses.
(5)Represents gains and losses related to the adjustment of our tax benefit arrangements primarily due to changes in our effective tax rate.
(6)Represents certain other charges and gains that we do not believe reflect our underlying business performance. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, this amount primarily includes expense of $1,956 that represents a reserve against an indemnification receivable, partially offset by a $1,358 one-time employee retention payroll tax credit received in connection with the CARES Act.
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Our presentation of Adjusted net (loss) income and Adjusted net (loss) income per share, diluted, assumes that all net (loss) income is attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc., which assumes the full exchange of all outstanding Holdings Units for shares of Class A common stock of Planet Fitness, Inc., adjusted for certain non-recurring items that we do not believe directly reflect our core operations. Adjusted net (loss) income per share, diluted, is calculated by dividing Adjusted net (loss) income by the total shares of Class A common stock outstanding plus any dilutive options and restricted stock units as calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP and assuming the full exchange of all outstanding Holdings Units and corresponding Class B common stock as of the beginning of each period presented. Adjusted net (loss) income and Adjusted net (loss) income per share, diluted, are supplemental measures of operating performance that do not represent, and should not be considered, alternatives to net (loss) income and earnings per share, as calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We believe Adjusted net (loss) income and Adjusted net (loss) income per share, diluted, supplement U.S. GAAP measures and enable us to more effectively evaluate our performance period-over-period. A reconciliation of Adjusted net (loss) income to net (loss) income, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, and the computation of Adjusted net (loss) income per share, diluted, are set forth below.
  Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) 2020 2019 2020 2019
Net (loss) income $ (3,284) $ 29,692  $ (24,886) $ 101,158 
(Benefit) provision for income taxes, as reported (1,035) 10,309  (7,069) 26,924 
Purchase accounting adjustments-revenue(1)
70  275  216  524 
Purchase accounting adjustments-rent(2)
130  108  400  348 
Severance costs(3)
830  —  990  — 
Pre-opening costs(4)
699  826  1,214  1,021 
Tax benefit arrangement remeasurement(5)
—  (214) (502) 4,638 
Other(6)
598  (104) 691  55 
Purchase accounting amortization(7)
4,211  4,146  12,635  12,429 
Adjusted (loss) income before income taxes $ 2,219  $ 45,038  $ (16,311) $ 147,097 
Adjusted income tax (benefit) expense(8)
595  11,980  (4,371) 39,128 
Adjusted net (loss) income $ 1,624  $ 33,058  $ (11,940) $ 107,969 
Adjusted net (loss) income per share, diluted $ 0.02  $ 0.36  $ (0.14) $ 1.16 
Adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding(9)
86,512  92,386  86,618  93,153 
 
(1)Represents the impact of revenue-related purchase accounting adjustments associated with the 2012 Acquisition. At the time of the 2012 Acquisition, the Company maintained a deferred revenue account, which consisted of deferred ADA fees, deferred franchise fees, and deferred enrollment fees that the Company billed and collected up front but recognizes for U.S. GAAP purposes at a later date. In connection with the 2012 Acquisition, it was determined that the carrying amount of deferred revenue was greater than the fair value assessed in accordance with ASC 805—Business Combinations, which resulted in a write-down of the carrying value of the deferred revenue balance upon application of acquisition push-down accounting under ASC 805. These amounts represent the additional revenue that would have been recognized in these periods if the write-down to deferred revenue had not occurred in connection with the application of acquisition pushdown accounting.
(2)Represents the impact of rent-related purchase accounting adjustments. In accordance with guidance in ASC 805 – Business Combinations, in connection with the 2012 Acquisition, the Company’s deferred rent liability was required to be written off as of the acquisition date and rent was recorded on a straight-line basis from the acquisition date through the end of the lease term. This resulted in higher overall recorded rent expense each period than would have otherwise been recorded had the deferred rent liability not been written off as a result of the acquisition push down accounting applied in accordance with ASC 805. Adjustments of $43, $44, $124, and $173 in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, reflect the difference between the higher rent expense recorded in accordance with U.S. GAAP since the acquisition and the rent expense that would have been recorded had the 2012 Acquisition not occurred. Adjustments of $87, $64, $276, and $216 in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, are due to the amortization of favorable and unfavorable leases. All of the rent related purchase accounting adjustments are adjustments to rent expense which is included in store operations on our consolidated statements of operations.
(3)Represents severance expense recorded in connection with a reduction in force and an equity award modification.
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(4)Represents costs associated with new corporate-owned stores incurred prior to the store opening, including payroll-related costs, rent and occupancy expenses, marketing and other store operating supply expenses.
(5)Represents gains and losses related to the adjustment of our tax benefit arrangements primarily due to changes in our effective tax rate.
(6)Represents certain other charges and gains that we do not believe reflect our underlying business performance. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, this amount primarily includes expense of $1,956 that represents a reserve against an indemnification receivable, partially offset by a $1,358 one-time employee retention payroll tax credit received in connection with the CARES Act.
(7)Includes $3,096, $3,096, $9,288, and $9,288 of amortization of intangible assets, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, recorded in connection with the 2012 Acquisition, and $1,115, $1,052, $3,346 and $2,867 of amortization of intangible assets for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, recorded in connection with historical acquisitions of franchisee-owned stores. The adjustment represents the amount of actual non-cash amortization expense recorded, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, in each period.
(8)Represents corporate income taxes at an assumed effective tax rate of 26.8% and 26.6% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, applied to adjusted income (loss) before income taxes.
(9)Assumes the full exchange of all outstanding Holdings Units and corresponding shares of Class B common stock for shares of Class A common stock of Planet Fitness, Inc.

A reconciliation of net (loss) income per share, diluted, to Adjusted net (loss) income per share, diluted is set forth below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
  For the three months ended
September 30, 2020 		For the three months ended
September 30, 2019
(in thousands, except per share amounts) Net loss Weighted Average Shares Net loss per share, diluted Net income Weighted Average Shares Net income per share, diluted
Net (loss) income attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc.(1)
$ (3,111) 80,221  $ (0.04) $ 25,777  83,807  $ 0.31 
Assumed exchange of shares(2)
(173) 6,291  3,915  8,579 
Net (loss) income (3,284) 29,692 
Adjustments to arrive at adjusted
   income before income taxes(3)
5,503  15,346 
Adjusted income before income taxes 2,219    45,038 
Adjusted income tax expense(4)
595  11,980 
Adjusted net income $ 1,624  86,512  $ 0.02  $ 33,058  92,386  $ 0.36 
(1)Represents net (loss) income attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc. and the associated weighted average shares, diluted of Class A common stock outstanding.
(2)Assumes the full exchange of all outstanding Holdings Units and corresponding shares of Class B common stock for shares of Class A common stock of Planet Fitness, Inc. Also assumes the addition of net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests corresponding with the assumed exchange of Holdings Units and Class B common shares for shares of Class A common stock.
(3)Represents the total impact of all adjustments identified in the adjusted net (loss) income table above to arrive at adjusted (loss) income before income taxes.
(4)Represents corporate income taxes at an assumed effective tax rate of 26.8% and 26.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, applied to adjusted (loss) income before income taxes.
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For the nine months ended
September 30, 2020 		For the nine months ended
September 30, 2019
(in thousands, except per share amounts) Net loss Weighted Average Shares Net loss per share, diluted Net income Weighted Average Shares Net income per share, diluted
Net (loss) income attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc.(1)
$ (23,681) 79,763  $ (0.30) $ 88,030  84,354  $ 1.04 
Assumed exchange of shares(2)
(1,205) 6,855  13,128  8,799 
Net (loss) income (24,886) 101,158 
Adjustments to arrive at adjusted (loss)
   income before income taxes(3)
8,575  45,939 
Adjusted (loss) income before income taxes (16,311) 147,097 
Adjusted income tax (benefit) expense(4)
(4,371) 39,128 
Adjusted net (loss) income $ (11,940) 86,618  $ (0.14) $ 107,969  93,153  $ 1.16 

(1)Represents net (loss) income attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc. and the associated weighted average shares, diluted of Class A common stock outstanding.
(2)Assumes the full exchange of all outstanding Holdings Units and corresponding shares of Class B common stock for shares of Class A common stock of Planet Fitness, Inc. Also assumes the addition of net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests corresponding with the assumed exchange of Holdings Units and Class B common shares for shares of Class A common stock.
(3)Represents the total impact of all adjustments identified in the adjusted net (loss) income table above to arrive at adjusted (loss) income before income taxes.
(4)Represents corporate income taxes at an assumed effective tax rate of 26.8% and 26.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, applied to adjusted (loss) income before income taxes.

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Results of operations
The following table sets forth our condensed consolidated statements of operations as a percentage of total revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
  Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Revenue:    
Franchise revenue 44.8  % 32.0  % 41.2  % 33.1  %
Commission income —  % 0.4  % 0.2  % 0.5  %
National advertising fund revenue 11.9  % 7.6  % 9.7  % 7.4  %
Franchise segment 56.7  % 40.0  % 51.1  % 41.0  %
Corporate-owned stores 26.8  % 24.4  % 28.7  % 23.9  %
Equipment 16.5  % 35.6  % 20.2  % 35.1  %
Total revenue 100.0  % 100.0  % 100.0  % 100.0  %
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue 14.5  % 27.7  % 16.7  % 27.2  %
Store operations 20.3  % 13.4  % 22.8  % 12.7  %
Selling, general and administrative 17.4  % 12.5  % 18.7  % 11.7  %
National advertising fund expense 19.1  % 7.6  % 16.9  % 7.4  %
Depreciation and amortization 12.9  % 7.1  % 14.5  % 6.5  %
Other loss (gain) 0.6  % (0.1) % 0.2  % —  %
Total operating costs and expenses 84.8  % 68.2  % 89.8  % 65.5  %
Income from operations 15.2  % 31.8  % 10.2  % 34.5  %
Other income (expense), net:
Interest income 0.3  % 1.1  % 1.0  % 1.1  %
Interest expense (19.6) % (8.9) % (22.5) % (8.9) %
Other expense —  % —  % (0.3) % (1.0) %
Total other expense, net (19.3) % (7.8) % (21.8) % (8.8) %
(Loss) income before income taxes (4.1) % 24.0  % (11.6) % 25.7  %
(Benefit) provision for income taxes (1.0) % 6.2  % (2.6) % 5.4  %
Net (loss) income (3.1) % 17.8  % (9.0) % 20.3  %
Less net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests (0.2) % 2.3  % (0.4) % 2.6  %
Net (loss) income attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc. (2.9) % 15.5  % (8.6) % 17.7  %

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The following table sets forth a comparison of our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
  Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
(in thousands)    
Revenue:    
Franchise revenue $ 47,171  $ 53,443  $ 112,296  $ 164,624 
Commission income 48  614  483  2,673 
National advertising fund revenue 12,538  12,652  26,509  36,986 
Franchise segment 59,757  66,709  139,288  204,283 
Corporate-owned stores 28,289  40,742  78,224  118,481 
Equipment 17,337  59,364  55,335  174,528 
Total revenue 105,383  166,815  272,847  497,292 
Operating costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue 15,302  46,194  45,625  135,071 
Store operations 21,371  22,295  62,209  63,363 
Selling, general and administrative 18,295  20,928  51,143  57,944 
National advertising fund expense 20,157  12,652  46,240  36,986 
Depreciation and amortization 13,636  11,832  39,436  32,316 
Other loss (gain) 580  (147) 606  99 
Total operating costs and expenses 89,341  113,754  245,259  325,779 
Income from operations 16,042  53,061  27,588  171,513 
Other income (expense), net:
Interest income 349  1,808  2,635  5,585 
Interest expense (20,686) (14,807) (61,394) (44,192)
Other expense (24) (61) (784) (4,824)
Total other expense, net (20,361) (13,060) (59,543) (43,431)
(Loss) income before income taxes (4,319) 40,001  (31,955) 128,082 
(Benefit) provision for income taxes (1,035) 10,309  (7,069) 26,924 
Net (loss) income (3,284) 29,692  (24,886) 101,158 
Less net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests (173) 3,915  (1,205) 13,128 
Net (loss) income attributable to Planet Fitness, Inc. $ (3,111) $ 25,777  $ (23,681) $ 88,030 
Comparison of the three months ended September 30, 2020 and three months ended September 30, 2019
Revenue
Total revenues were $105.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $166.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $61.4 million, or 36.8%.
Franchise segment revenue was $59.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $66.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $7.0 million, or 10.4%.
Franchise revenue was $47.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $53.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $6.3 million or 11.7%. Included in franchise revenue is royalty revenue of $43.1 million, franchise and other fees of $2.6 million, and placement revenue of $1.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to royalty revenue of $46.0 million, franchise and other fees of $3.2 million, and placement revenue of $4.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. Of the $43.1 million in franchise royalty revenue, $3.9 million represents the recognition of revenue that was deferred in March related to temporary store closures as stores reopened. The franchise revenue decreases in the three months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019 were primarily due to COVID-19 related store closures beginning in March 2020, as well as reduced membership levels, partially offset by higher royalties on annual fees as a result of catch-up annual fee billings from periods when stores were closed, as they reopen.
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Commission income, which is included in our franchise segment, was $0 in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $0.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease was primarily attributable to fewer franchisees on our commission structure compared to the prior year period and store closures associated with COVID-19.
National advertising fund revenue was $12.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $12.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019. Of the $12.5 million in national advertising fund revenue, $1.2 million was due to the recognition of revenue that was deferred in March 2020 related to temporary store closures, which was recognized as stores reopened. The decrease in national advertising fund revenue in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily a result of the temporary closures beginning in March 2020 related to COVID-19, partially offset by a higher national advertising fund rate of 3.25% beginning in September 2020 and continuing for the remainder of the year, as approved by a vote of the franchisees to help offset lost national advertising fund revenues during the closure period.
Revenue from our corporate-owned stores segment was $28.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $40.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $12.5 million, or 30.6%. Of the $28.3 million in corporate-owned store revenue, $2.2 million was due to the recognition of revenue that was deferred in March related to temporary store closures as stores reopened. The decrease was primarily a result of temporary store closures related to COVID-19 beginning in March 2020, as well as reduced membership levels, partially offset by revenue as a result of the acquisition of 12 franchisee-owned stores on December 16, 2019, and the opening of nine new corporate-owned stores since July 1, 2019.
Equipment segment revenue was $17.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $59.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $42.0 million, or 70.8%. The decrease was driven by lower equipment sales to new and existing franchisee-owned stores in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019 primarily as a result of COVID-19 related closures beginning in March 2020, and the 12-month extension we gave to franchisees for all new store development and re-equipment investment obligations.
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue was $15.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $46.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $30.9 million, or 66.9%. Cost of revenue, which primarily relates to our equipment segment, decreased as a result of lower equipment sales to new and existing franchisee-owned stores in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019 as a result of COVID-19 related closures beginning in March 2020.
Store operations
Store operation expenses, which relate to our corporate-owned stores segment, were $21.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $22.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $0.9 million, or 4.1%. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower operating and marketing expenses as a result of COVID-19 related closures beginning in March 2020, partially offset by higher expenses as a result of the acquisition of 12 franchisee-owned stores on December 16, 2019, and the opening of nine new corporate-owned stores since July 1, 2019.
Selling, general and administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses were $18.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $20.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $2.6 million, or 12.6%. The $2.6 million decrease was primarily due to lower variable compensation expense, decreased travel and lower equipment placement expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2020 related to COVID-19 compared to the prior year quarter.
National advertising fund expense
National advertising fund expense was $20.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $12.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, as a result of increased advertising and marketing expenses.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense consists of the depreciation of property and equipment, including leasehold and building improvements and equipment. Amortization expense consists of amortization related to our intangible assets, including customer relationships and non-compete agreements.
Depreciation and amortization expense was $13.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $11.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $1.8 million, or 15.2%. The increase was primarily attributable to franchisee-store acquisitions, the opening of corporate-owned stores since July 1, 2019 and depreciation of new information systems assets.
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Other loss (gain)
Other loss (gain) was a loss of $0.6 in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to a gain of $0.1 in the three months ended September 30, 2019. In the three months ended September 30, 2020, this includes expense of $2.0 million that represents a reserve against an indemnification receivable, partially offset by a $1.4 million employee retention payroll tax credit received in connection with the CARES Act.
Interest income
Interest income was $0.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $1.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, primarily as a result of lower interest rates in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019.
Interest expense
Interest expense primarily consists of interest on long-term debt as well as the amortization of deferred financing costs.  
Interest expense was $20.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $14.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019. The increase is primarily attributable to the issuance of $550.0 million of 2019 Notes in December 2019.
Other expense
Other expense was zero in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $0.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019.
(Benefit) provision for income taxes
Provision for income taxes was a benefit of $1.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to expense of $10.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $11.3 million. The decrease in the provision for income taxes was primarily attributable to the Company’s net loss in the three months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to net income during three months ended September 30, 2019, primarily as a result of COVID-19 related closures beginning in March 2020.
Segment results
Franchise
Segment EBITDA for the franchise segment was $31.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $44.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $13.2 million, or 29.8%. The franchise segment EBITDA decrease in the three months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily due to reduced revenue from COVID-19 related store closures beginning in March 2020, as well as reduced membership levels, partially offset by higher royalties on annual fees as a result of catch-up annual fee billings from periods when stores were closed, as they reopen and lower franchise-related payroll and operational expenses. Depreciation and amortization was $2.0 million in both the three months ended September 30, 2020 and the three months ended September 30, 2019.
Corporate-owned stores
Segment EBITDA for the corporate-owned stores segment was $5.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $16.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $11.1 million, or 66.0%. The corporate-owned store segment EBITDA decrease was primarily due to lower revenue as a result of COVID-19 related store closures beginning in March 2020, as well as reduced membership levels. Depreciation and amortization was $7.7 million and $6.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase in depreciation and amortization was primarily attributable to the stores acquired and opened since July 1, 2019.
Equipment
Segment EBITDA for the equipment segment was $2.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $13.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $11.5 million, or 83.5%, $8.5 million of which was driven by lower equipment sales to new and existing franchisee-owned stores in the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019 as a result of COVID-19 related closures beginning in March 2020. An additional $3.0 million of such decrease was due to the 15% discount offered to franchisees for equipment orders placed in 2020. Depreciation and amortization was $1.3 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.
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Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and nine months ended September 30, 2019
Revenue
Total revenues were $272.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $497.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $224.4 million, or 45.1%.
Franchise segment revenue was $139.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $204.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $65.0 million, or 31.8%.
Franchise revenue was $112.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $164.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $52.3 million or 31.8%. Included in franchise revenue is royalty revenue of $98.7 million, franchise and other fees of $9.2 million, and placement revenue of $4.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to royalty revenue of $139.8 million, franchise and other fees of $12.7 million, and placement revenue of $12.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The franchise revenue decreases in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were primarily due to COVID-19 related store closures beginning in March 2020, as well as reduced membership levels.
Commission income, which is included in our franchise segment, was $0.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $2.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The $2.2 million decrease was primarily attributable to fewer franchisees on our commission structure compared to the prior year period and store closures associated with COVID-19.
National advertising fund revenue was $26.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $37.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in national advertising fund revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily a result of the temporary closures beginning in March 2020 related to COVID-19.
Revenue from our corporate-owned stores segment was $78.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $118.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $40.3 million, or 34.0%. The decrease was primarily attributable to store closures associated with COVID-19, as well as reduced membership levels, partially offset as a result of the acquisition of four franchisee-owned stores on May 30, 2019, the acquisition of 12 franchisee-owned stores on December 16, 2019, and the opening of nine new corporate-owned stores since January 1, 2019.
Equipment segment revenue was $55.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $174.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $119.2 million, or 68.3%. The decrease was driven by lower equipment sales to new and existing franchisee-owned stores in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 primarily as a result of COVID-19 related closures beginning in March 2020, and the 12-month extension we gave to franchisees for all new store development and re-equipment investment obligations.
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue was $45.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $135.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $89.4 million, or 66.2%. Cost of revenue, which primarily relates to our equipment segment, decreased as a result of lower equipment sales to new and existing franchisee-owned stores in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as a result of COVID-19 related closures beginning in March 2020.
Store operations
Store operation expenses, which relate to our corporate-owned stores segment, were $62.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $63.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $1.2 million, or 1.8%. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower operating and marketing expenses as a result of COVID-19 related closures beginning in March 2020, partially offset by higher expenses as a result of the acquisition of four franchisee-owned stores on May 30, 2019, the acquisition of 12 franchisee-owned stores on December 16, 2019, and the opening of nine new corporate-owned stores since January 1, 2019.
Selling, general and administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses were $51.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $57.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $6.8 million, or 11.7%. The $6.8 million decrease was primarily due to lower variable compensation expense, reduced travel and lower equipment placement expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 related to COVID-19 compared to the prior year quarter.
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National advertising fund expense
National advertising fund expense was $46.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $37.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, as a result of increased advertising and marketing expenses.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense consists of the depreciation of property and equipment, including leasehold and building improvements and equipment. Amortization expense consists of amortization related to our intangible assets, including customer relationships and non-compete agreements.
Depreciation and amortization expense was $39.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $32.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $7.1 million, or 22.0%. The increase was primarily attributable to the acquisition and opening of corporate-owned stores since January 1, 2019 and depreciation on new information systems assets.
Other loss
Other loss was $0.6 in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $0.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. In the nine months ended September 30, 2020, this includes expense of $2.0 million that represents a reserve against an indemnification receivable, partially offset by a $1.4 million employee retention payroll tax credit received in connection with the CARES Act.
Interest income
Interest income was $2.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $5.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, primarily as a result of lower interest rates in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Interest expense
Interest expense primarily consists of interest on long-term debt as well as the amortization of deferred financing costs.  
Interest expense was $61.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $44.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase is primarily attributable to the issuance of $550.0 million of 2019 Notes in December 2019.
Other expense
Other expense was $0.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and $4.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Other expense was primarily attributable to foreign currency losses, partially offset by a gain on the remeasurement of our tax benefit arrangements due to changes in our effective tax rate in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. In the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the other expense is attributable to the remeasurement of our tax benefit arrangements primarily due to changes in our effective tax rate.
(Benefit) provision for income taxes
The provision for income taxes was a benefit of $7.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to expense of $26.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in the provision for income taxes was primarily attributable to the Company’s net loss in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, primarily as a result of COVID-19 related closures beginning in March 2020.
Segment results
Franchise
Segment EBITDA for the franchise segment was $71.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $141.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $70.2 million, or 49.6%. The franchise segment EBITDA decrease in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily due to COVID-19 related store closures beginning in March 2020, as well as reduced membership levels, partially offset by lower franchise-related payroll and operational expenses. Depreciation and amortization was $5.8 million and $6.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
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Corporate-owned stores
Segment EBITDA for the corporate-owned stores segment was $11.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $50.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $39.1 million, or 77.5%. The corporate-owned store segment EBITDA decrease was primarily due to COVID-19 related store closures beginning in March 2020, as well as reduced membership levels. Depreciation and amortization was $22.2 million and $18.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase in depreciation and amortization was primarily attributable the acquisition and opening of corporate-owned stores since January 1, 2019.
Equipment
Segment EBITDA for the equipment segment was $9.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $40.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $31.0 million, or 75.7%, driven by lower equipment sales to new and existing franchisee-owned stores in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 primarily as a result of COVID-19 related closures beginning in March 2020. Depreciation and amortization was $3.8 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.
Liquidity and capital resources
As of September 30, 2020, we had $419.7 million of cash and cash equivalents.
We require cash principally to fund day-to-day operations, to finance capital investments, to service our outstanding debt and tax benefit arrangements and to address our working capital needs. Based on our current level of operations, we believe that with the available cash balance, the cash generated from our operations, and amounts we have drawn under our Variable Funding Notes will be adequate to meet our anticipated debt service requirements and obligations under the tax benefit arrangements, capital expenditures and working capital needs for at least the next 12 months. We believe that we will be able to meet these obligations even if we continue to experience a reduction in sales and profits as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our ability to continue to fund these items and continue to reduce debt could be adversely affected by the occurrence of any of the events described under “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, “Risk Factors” in the Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and “Risk factors” in the Annual Report. There can be no assurance that our business will generate sufficient cash flows from operations or otherwise to enable us to service our indebtedness, including our Securitized Senior Notes, or to make anticipated capital expenditures. Our future operating performance and our ability to service, extend or refinance our indebtedness will be subject to future economic conditions and to financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, including potential future impacts related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The following table presents summary cash flow information for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
 
  Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)
2020 2019
Net cash (used in) provided by:    
Operating activities $ (2,115) $ 152,737 
Investing activities (36,437) (52,155)
Financing activities 61,753  (170,840)
Effect of foreign exchange rates on cash (394) 370 
Net increase (decrease) in cash $ 22,807  $ (69,888)
Operating activities
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net cash used in operating activities was $2.1 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $152.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $154.9 million. Of the decrease, $146.3 million is due to lower net (loss) income after adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash provided by operating activities in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019, and $8.5 million is due to unfavorable changes in working capital primarily from other assets, other current assets and deferred revenue, partially offset by favorable changes in working capital primarily in accounts receivable.
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Investing activities
Cash flow used in investing activities related to the following capital expenditures for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019: 
  Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)
2020 2019
New corporate-owned stores and corporate-owned stores not yet opened $ 11,071  $ 10,570 
Existing corporate-owned stores 15,456  12,775 
Information systems 9,853  12,726 
Corporate and all other 339  1,067 
Total capital expenditures $ 36,719  $ 37,138 
 
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net cash used in investing activities was $36.4 million compared to $52.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $15.7 million. The primary driver for the decrease in cash used in investing activities was the acquisition of franchisee-owned stores in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to $0 in the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
Financing activities
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, net cash provided by financing activities was $61.8 million compared to cash used of $170.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $232.6 million. The primary driver of the increase in nine months ended September 30, 2020 was the Company’s incurrence of $75.0 million of borrowings under its Variable Funding Notes, partially offset by principal payments on long-term debt compared to a decrease in cash from financing activities in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, primarily as a result of a $157.9 million share repurchase and principal payments on long-term debt.
Securitized Financing Facility
On August 1, 2018, the Master Issuer, a limited-purpose, bankruptcy remote, wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of Pla-Fit Holdings, LLC, entered into the 2018 Indenture under which the Master Issuer may issue multiple series of notes. On the same date, the Master Issuer issued the 2018 Class A-2-I Notes with an initial principal amount of $575 million and the 2018 Class A-2-II Notes with an initial principal amount of $625 million. In connection with the issuance of the 2018 Notes, the Master Issuer also entered into the Variable Funding Notes that allow for the incurrence of up to $75 million in revolving loans and/or letters of credit, which the Company fully drew down on March 20, 2020. On December 3, 2019 the Master Issuer issued the 2019 Notes with an initial principal amount of $550 million. The 2019 Notes were issued under the Indenture. The Securitized Senior Notes were issued in a securitization transaction pursuant to which most of the Company’s domestic revenue-generating assets, consisting principally of franchise-related agreements, certain corporate-owned store assets, equipment supply agreements and intellectual property and license agreements for the use of intellectual property, were assigned to the Master Issuer and certain other limited-purpose, bankruptcy remote, wholly-owned indirect subsidiaries of the Company (the “securitization entities”) that act as guarantors of the Securitized Senior Notes and that have pledged substantially all of their assets to secure the Securitized Senior Notes.
Interest and principal payments on the Notes are payable on a quarterly basis. The requirement to make such quarterly principal payments on the Notes is subject to certain financial conditions set forth in the Indenture. The legal final maturity date of the 2018 Notes is in September 2048, but the Anticipated Repayment Dates of the 2018 Class A-2-I Notes and the 2018 Class A-2-II Notes are September 2022 and September 2025 respectively, unless earlier prepaid to the extent permitted under the Indenture. The legal final maturity date of the 2019 Notes is in December 2049, but it is anticipated that, unless earlier prepaid to the extent permitted under the Indenture, the 2019 Notes will be repaid in December 2029. If the Master Issuer has not repaid or refinanced the Notes prior to the respective Anticipated Repayment Dates, additional interest will accrue pursuant to the Indenture.
The Variable Funding Notes will accrue interest at a variable interest rate based on (i) the prime rate, (ii) overnight federal funds rates, (iii) the London interbank offered rate for U.S. Dollars, or (iv) with respect to advances made by conduit investors, the weighted average cost of, or related to, the issuance of commercial paper allocated to fund or maintain such advances, in each case plus any applicable margin and as specified in the Variable Funding Notes. There is a commitment fee on the unused portion of the Variable Funding Notes of 0.5% based on utilization. It is anticipated that the principal and interest on the Variable Funding Notes will be repaid in full on or prior to September 2023, subject to two additional one-year extension options. Following the anticipated repayment date (and any extensions thereof) additional interest will accrue on the Variable Funding Notes equal to 5.0% per year.
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In connection with the issuance of the 2018 Notes and 2019 Notes, the Company incurred debt issuance costs of $27.1 million and $10.6 million, respectively. The debt issuance costs are being amortized to “Interest expense” through the Anticipated Repayment Dates of the Notes utilizing the effective interest rate method.
The Securitized Senior Notes are subject to covenants and restrictions customary for transactions of this type, including (i) that the Master Issuer maintains specified reserve accounts to be used to make required payments in respect of the Securitized Senior Notes, (ii) provisions relating to optional and mandatory prepayments and the related payment of specified amounts, including specified make-whole payments in the case of the Notes under certain circumstances, (iii) certain indemnification payments in the event, among other things, the assets pledged as collateral for the Securitized Senior Notes are in stated ways defective or ineffective, (iv) a cap on non-securitized indebtedness of $50 million (provided that the Company may incur non-securitized indebtedness in excess of such amount, subject to the leverage ratio cap described below, under certain conditions, including if the relevant lenders execute a non-disturbance agreement that acknowledges the bankruptcy-remote status of the Master Issuer and its subsidiaries and of their respective assets), (v) a leverage ratio cap on the Company of 7.0x (calculated without regard for any indebtedness subject to the $50 million cap) and (vi) covenants relating to recordkeeping, access to information and similar matters.
Pursuant to a parent company support agreement, we have agreed to cause our subsidiary to perform each of its obligations (including any indemnity obligations) and duties under the Management Agreement and under the contribution agreements entered into in connection with the securitized financing facility, in each case as and when due. To the extent that our subsidiary has not performed any such obligation or duty within the prescribed time frame after such obligation or duty was required to be performed, we have agreed to either (i) perform such obligation or duty or (ii) cause such obligations or duties to be performed on our behalf.
The Securitized Senior Notes are also subject to customary rapid amortization events provided for in the Indenture, including events tied to failure to maintain stated debt service coverage ratios, certain manager termination events, an event of default, and the failure to repay or refinance the Notes on the applicable scheduled Anticipated Repayment Dates. The Securitized Senior Notes are also subject to certain customary events of default, including events relating to non-payment of required interest, principal, or other amounts due on or with respect to the Securitized Senior Notes, failure to comply with covenants within certain time frames, certain bankruptcy events, breaches of specified representations and warranties, failure of security interests to be effective, and certain judgments.
In accordance with the Indenture, certain cash accounts have been established with the Trustee for the benefit of the trustee and the noteholders, and are restricted in their use. The Company holds restricted cash which primarily represents cash collections held by the Trustee, interest, principal, and commitment fee reserves held by the Trustee related to the Securitized Senior Notes. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had restricted cash held by the Trustee of $65.9 million, which includes pre-funding of principal and interest payments through the remainder of 2020. Restricted cash has been combined with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period balances in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Off-balance sheet arrangements
As of September 30, 2020, our off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of guarantees of lease agreements for certain franchisees up to a maximum period of ten years with earlier expiration dates possible if certain conditions are met. Our maximum total obligation under these lease guarantee agreements is approximately $14.3 million and would only require payment upon default by the primary obligor. The estimated fair value of these guarantees at September 30, 2020 was not material, and no accrual has been recorded for our potential obligation under these arrangements.
Critical accounting policies and use of estimates
There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and use of estimates from those described under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report.  
 
ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk
Interest rate risk
The securitized financing facility includes the Series 2018-1 Senior Class A-2 Notes which are comprised of fixed interest rate notes and the Variable Funding Notes which allow for the incurrence of up to $75.0 million in revolving loans and/or letters of credit under the Variable Funding Notes, which is fully drawn. The issuance of the fixed-rate Class A-2 Notes has reduced the Company’s exposure to interest rate increases that could adversely affect its earnings and cash flows. An increase in the effective interest rate applied to borrowings under the Variable Funding Notes of 100 basis points would result in a $0.8 million increase in pre-tax interest expense on an annualized basis.
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Foreign exchange risk
We are exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar, which is the functional currency of our Canadian entities. Our sales, costs and expenses of our Canadian subsidiaries, when translated into U.S. dollars, can fluctuate due to exchange rate movement. As of September 30, 2020, a 10% increase or decrease in the exchange rate of the U.S. and Canadian dollar would increase or decrease net income by a negligible amount.
Inflation risk
Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our income from continuing operations, we have a substantial number of hourly employees in our corporate-owned stores that are paid wage rates at or based on the applicable federal or state minimum wage. Any increases in these minimum wages will subsequently increase our labor costs. We may or may not be able to offset cost increases in the future.
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ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.
Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of September 30, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits with the Securities and Exchange Commission is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II-OTHER INFORMATION
 
 
ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings
We are currently involved in various claims and legal actions that arise in the ordinary course of business, most of which are covered by insurance. We do not believe that the ultimate resolution of these actions will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources nor do we believe that there is a reasonable possibility that we will incur material loss as a result of such actions. However, a significant increase in the number of these claims or an increase in amounts owing under successful claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 
 
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors.
The risk factors set forth below are in addition and serve as an update to the risk factors previously disclosed in Item 1A “Risk Factors” in Part I of our Annual Report.

Our business and results of operations have been and are expected to continue to be materially impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
The outbreak of disease caused by COVID-19, which has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, continues to impact worldwide economic activity. A public health pandemic such as COVID-19 poses the risk that we or our employees, franchisees, members, suppliers and other partners may be prevented from conducting business activities for an indefinite period of time, including due to shutdowns, travel restrictions, social distancing requirements, stay at home orders and advisories and other restrictions that may be suggested or mandated by governmental authorities. The COVID-19 pandemic may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in the ‘‘Risk Factors’’ section of our 2019 Form 10-K, such as those relating to our growth strategy, international operations, our ability to attract and retain members, our supply chain, health and safety risks to our members, loss of key employees and changes in consumer preferences, as well as risks related to our significant indebtedness, including our ability to generate sufficient cash and comply with the terms of and restrictions under the agreements governing such indebtedness.
The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic remains highly uncertain and difficult to predict. However, the continued spread of the virus and the measures taken in response to it have disrupted our operations and have adversely impacted our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we proactively closed all of our stores system-wide beginning in mid-March 2020, temporarily furloughed a majority of our corporate-owned store employees while corporate-owned stores remained closed, suspended billing membership fees to members while stores were closed and temporarily suspended sales and installation of equipment. As COVID-19 continues to impact areas in which our stores operate, certain of our stores have had to re-close, and additional stores may have to re-close, pursuant to local guidelines. As a result of COVID-19 we have also experienced to date, and may continue to experience, a decrease in our net membership base. The significance of the ultimate operational and financial impact to us will depend on how long and widespread the disruptions caused by COVID-19, and the corresponding response to contain the virus and treat those affected by it, prove to be.
ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
 
The following table provides information regarding purchases of shares of our Class A common stock by us and our “affiliated purchasers” (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended September 30, 2020.
 
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid Per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(1)
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(1)
07/01/20 - 07/31/20 —  $ —  —  $200,000,000
08/01/20 - 08/31/20 —  —  —  200,000,000 
09/01/20 - 09/30/20 —  —  —  200,000,000 
Total —  $ —  — 

(1)On November 5, 2019, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program of $500,000,000. Purchases may be effected through one or more open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, transactions structured through investment banking institutions, or a
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combination of the foregoing. On March 18, 2020, the Company announced the suspension of its share repurchase program. The Company may reinstate or terminate the program at any time.

In connection with our IPO, we and the existing holders of Holdings Units entered into an exchange agreement under which they (or certain permitted transferees) have the right, from time to time and subject to the terms of the exchange agreement, to exchange their Holdings Units, together with a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock, for shares of our Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to customary conversion rate adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends, reclassifications and other similar transactions. As an existing holder of Holdings Units exchanges Holdings Units for shares of Class A common stock, the number of Holdings Units held by Planet Fitness, Inc. is correspondingly increased, and a corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock are canceled.
 
ITEM 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
 
ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
None.
 
ITEM 5. Other Information.
None.
 
ITEM 6. Exhibits
    Description of Exhibit Incorporated
      Herein by Reference
Exhibit           Exhibit Filed
Number Exhibit Description   Form File No. Filing Date Number Herewith
31.1         X
             
31.2         X
             
32.1         X
             
32.2         X
             
101 The following financial statements from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Consolidated Statements of Changes in' Equity (Deficit), and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags         X
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
X

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
        Planet Fitness, Inc.
        (Registrant)
     
Date: November 6, 2020       /s/ Thomas Fitzgerald
        Thomas Fitzgerald
        Chief Financial Officer
(On behalf of the Registrant and as Principal Financial Officer)

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