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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration No. 333-216806
CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE
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Title of each class of securities
to be registered
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Amount to be
registered(1)
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Proposed maximum
offering price per
share
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Proposed maximum
aggregate offering
price(1)
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Amount of
registration
fee(2)
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Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share
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6,670,000
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$17.07
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$113,856,900
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$13,799.46
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(1)
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Includes
870,000 shares of Class A common stock that may be sold upon exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares.
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(2)
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Calculated
in accordance with Rule 457(r) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
Table of Contents
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT (to Prospectus dated March 17, 2017)
5,800,000 Shares
Ladder Capital Corp
Class A Common Stock
Ladder Capital Corp is offering 5,800,000 shares of its Class A common stock.
Our
Class A common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") under the symbol "LADR."
We
have two authorized classes of common stock: Class A and Class B. Holders of our Class A common stock and holders of our Class B common stock are each
entitled to one vote per share of the applicable class of common stock. All such holders vote together as a single class. However, holders of our Class B common stock do not have any right to
receive dividends or distributions upon our liquidation or winding up. Together with one LP Unit (as defined herein), each share of Class B common stock is, from time to time,
exchangeable for one share of Class A common stock, subject to equitable adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications.
The
underwriters have agreed to purchase shares of our Class A common stock at a price of $17.07 per share, which will result in approximately $99.0 million of aggregate
proceeds to us before expenses. The underwriters may offer the shares of Class A common stock from time to time for sale to purchasers in one or more transactions directly or through agents, or
through brokers in brokerage transactions on the NYSE or to dealers in negotiated transactions or in a combination of such methods of sale, at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed, or at
market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to such prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. See "Underwriting" in this prospectus supplement.
The
underwriters have an option to purchase up to an additional 870,000 shares from us within 30 days from the date of this prospectus supplement.
In
order to preserve our status as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes, among other purposes, our charter imposes certain restrictions on ownership of
our common stock. See "Description of Capital StockAnti-Takeover Effects of Certain Provisions of Delaware Law and our Certificate of Incorporation and BylawsREIT-related
Restrictions on the Ownership of and ability to Transfer our Class A Common Stock" in the accompanying prospectus.
Investing in our Class A common stock involves risks. See "Risk Factors" beginning on page S-11 of this prospectus supplement and
page 2 of the accompanying prospectus to read about risks that you should consider before buying shares of our Class A common stock.
Delivery of the Class A common stock will be made on or about November 16, 2018.
Neither
the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of
this prospectus supplement. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
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Citigroup
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Deutsche Bank Securities
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Barclays
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BTIG
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Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC
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Wells Fargo Securities
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The date of this prospectus supplement is November 13, 2018.
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Prospectus Supplement
Prospectus
S-i
Table of Contents
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus form part of a registration statement on Form S-3 we filed on March 17,
2017 as a "well-known seasoned issuer" as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act, using a "shelf" registration process. This document consists of two parts. The first part is this
prospectus supplement, which describes the specific terms of this offering and also adds to and updates information contained in the accompanying prospectus. The second part is the accompanying
prospectus, which describes more general information about securities we may offer from time to time, some of which may not apply to this offering. You should read both this prospectus supplement and
the accompanying prospectus, together with the additional information described below under the caption "Where You Can Find More Information."
If
the information set forth in this prospectus supplement varies from the information set forth in the accompanying prospectus, you should rely on the information set forth in this
prospectus supplement. Any statement made in this prospectus supplement or in a document incorporated or deemed to be
incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus supplement to the extent that a statement contained in this
prospectus supplement or in any other subsequently filed document that is also incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement modifies or supersedes that
statement. Any statement so modified or superseded will not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus supplement.
You
should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and any related free writing prospectus
required to be filed with the SEC. We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide you with information that is different. If anyone provides you with additional or different
information, you should not rely on it. Neither we nor the underwriters are making an offer to sell the Class A common stock in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. The
information contained or incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, and any related free writing prospectus is accurate only as of their respective dates
and except as required by law we are not obligated, and do not intend to, update or revise this document as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Our business, financial condition,
results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.
S-ii
Table of Contents
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION
We believe that our financial statements and other financial data included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement have been
prepared in a manner that complies, in all material respects, with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and the regulations published by the SEC, with the
exception of the presentation of the non-GAAP measures discussed below.
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
We refer to the terms "core earnings," "cost of funds," "interest income, net of cost of funds," "adjusted leverage" and other non-GAAP measures
in various places in this prospectus
supplement. These are supplemental financial measures that are not presented in accordance with GAAP. Any analysis of non-GAAP financial measures should be used only supplementally with results
presented in accordance with GAAP, and you should primarily rely on our GAAP results. Our measurement of core earnings, cost of funds and interest income, net of cost of funds may not be comparable to
those of other companies. For a description of how these measures are defined and the reasons that we believe this information is useful to management and to investors, see
"SummarySummary Consolidated Financial Data."
MARKET, RANKING AND OTHER INDUSTRY DATA
This prospectus supplement includes or incorporates by reference industry data and forecasts that we obtained from industry publications and
surveys, public filings and internal Company sources. Industry publications and surveys and forecasts generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to
be reliable, but there can be no assurance as to the accuracy or completeness of the included information. Statements as to our ranking, market position and market estimates are based on independent
industry publications, government publications, third-party forecasts and management's good faith estimates and assumptions about our markets and our internal research. We have not independently
verified such third-party information nor have we ascertained the underlying economic assumptions relied upon in those sources, and neither we nor the underwriters can assure you of the accuracy or
completeness of such information contained in this prospectus supplement. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding our market, industry or similar data presented herein, such data involve
risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the headings "Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors" in this prospectus supplement
or incorporated by reference herein.
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE
We are incorporating by reference specified documents that we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you
by referring you to those documents that are considered part of this prospectus supplement. We incorporate by reference into this prospectus supplement the documents listed below (other than portions
of these documents that are either (1) described in paragraph (e) of Item 201 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the
"Securities Act"), or paragraphs (d)(1)-(3) and (e)(5) of Item 407 of Regulation S-K or (2) deemed to have been furnished and not filed in accordance with SEC rules,
including Current Reports on Form 8-K furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 (including any financial statements or exhibits relating thereto furnished pursuant to
Item 9.01), unless otherwise indicated therein:
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Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2018 (our "Annual
Report");
S-iii
Table of Contents
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Those portions of our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 26, 2018 (the "2018 Proxy
Statement") specifically incorporated by reference in our Annual Report;
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Our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on May 4, 2018, for
the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018, filed with the SEC on August 2, 2018, and for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018, filed with the SEC on November 2,
2018 (collectively, our "Quarterly Reports");
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Our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 16, 2018, January 19, 2018, January 25, 2018,
June 8, 2018 and July 23, 2018; and
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The description of our Class A common stock in the Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on February 4,
2014 (File No. 001-36299).
We
also incorporate by reference the information contained in all other documents we file with the SEC pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") (other than portions of these documents that are either (1) described in paragraph (e) of Item 201 of Regulation S-K or
paragraphs (d)(1)-(3) and (e)(5) of Item 407 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC or (2) deemed to have been furnished and not filed in accordance with SEC rules,
including Current Reports on Form 8-K furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 (including any financial statements or exhibits relating thereto furnished pursuant to
Item 9.01), unless otherwise indicated therein), after the date hereof, and prior to the filing of a
post-effective amendment that indicates that all securities offered hereunder have been sold or which deregisters all securities then remaining unsold.
Any
statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus will be deemed to be modified
or superseded for purposes of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus supplement or any other subsequently filed document
that is deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement modifies or supersedes the statement. Any statement so modified or superseded will not be deemed, except as so modified
or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus supplement.
Our
filings with the SEC, including our Annual Report, and amendments to those filings, are available free of charge on our website
www.laddercapital.com
as soon as reasonably practicable after they are
filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.
The information
contained on our website is not intended to form a part of, or be incorporated by reference into, this prospectus supplement
. You may also obtain a copy of these filings
at no cost by writing or telephoning us at the following address:
Ladder
Capital Corp
345 Park Avenue, 8th Floor
New York, New York 10154
Attention: Investor Relations
Telephone: (917) 369-3207
Except
for the documents incorporated by reference as noted above, we do not intend to incorporate into this prospectus supplement any of the information included on our website.
S-iv
Table of Contents
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated herein by reference include forward-looking statements
within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this prospectus
supplement, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, strategy and plans, and our expectations for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The
words "anticipate," "estimate," "expect," "project," "plan," "intend," "believe," "may," "might," "will," "should," "can have," "likely," "continue," "design" and other words and terms of similar
expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.
We
have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition,
results of operations, strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives and financial needs.
Although
we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results could differ from those expressed in our forward-looking statements.
Our future financial position and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to change and inherent risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section
entitled "Risk Factors" herein and in our Annual Report, which is incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. You should consider our forward-looking statements in light of a number of
factors that may cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements including, but not limited to:
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changes in general economic conditions, in our industry and in the commercial finance and the real estate markets;
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changes to our business and investment strategy;
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our ability to obtain and maintain financing arrangements;
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the financing and advance rates for our assets;
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our actual and expected leverage and liquidity;
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the adequacy of collateral securing our loan portfolio and a decline in the fair value of our assets;
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interest rate mismatches between our assets and our borrowings used to fund such investments;
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changes in interest rates and the market value of our assets;
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changes in prepayment rates on our mortgages and the loans underlying our mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities;
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the effects of hedging instruments and the degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not protect us from interest rate and credit risk
volatility;
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the increased rate of default or decreased recovery rates on our assets;
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the adequacy of our policies, procedures and systems for managing risk effectively;
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a potential downgrade in the credit ratings assigned to our investments;
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our compliance with, and the impact of and changes in, governmental regulations, tax laws and rates, accounting guidance and similar matters;
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our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for U.S. federal income tax purposes and our ability and
the ability of our subsidiaries to operate in compliance with REIT requirements;
S-v
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our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to maintain our and their exemptions from registration under the Investment Company Act of
1940, as amended;
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potential liability relating to environmental matters that impact the value of properties we may acquire or the properties underlying our
investments;
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the inability of insurance covering real estate underlying our loans and investments to cover all losses;
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the availability of investment opportunities in mortgage-related and real estate-related instruments and other securities;
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fraud by potential borrowers;
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the availability of qualified personnel;
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the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and/or estimates concerning the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which are subject to change based
on further analysis and/or IRS guidance;
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the degree and nature of our competition;
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the market trends in our industry, interest rates, real estate values, the debt securities markets or the general economy; and
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the other risk factors set forth herein and in our public filings with the SEC.
You
should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. In addition, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness
of any of these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus supplement are made as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update or supplement
any forward-looking statements.
See
"Risk Factors" herein and incorporated from our Annual Report and the other filings we make with the SEC for a more complete discussion of the risks and uncertainties mentioned above
and for a discussion of other risks and uncertainties. All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements as well as others made
in this prospectus supplement and our Annual Report and hereafter in our other SEC filings and public communications. You should evaluate all forward-looking statements made by us in the context of
these risks and uncertainties. Note that forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this
prospectus supplement or, in the case of documents incorporated by reference, the date of any such document. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly correct or update any forward-looking
statements.
S-vi
Table of Contents
SUMMARY
The following summary highlights information contained elsewhere or incorporated by reference into this prospectus
supplement. It may not contain all the information that may be important to you. You should read this entire prospectus supplement carefully, including the section titled "Risk Factors" and our
historical consolidated financial statements and related notes incorporated by reference to our Annual Report. Ladder Capital Finance Holdings LLLP ("LCFH") is a Delaware limited liability limited
partnership. Ladder Capital Corp, a Delaware corporation, is a holding company and its primary assets are a controlling equity interest in LCFH and in each series thereof, directly or indirectly.
Unless the context indicates otherwise, references in this prospectus supplement to "Ladder," "Ladder Capital," the "Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to Ladder Capital Corp and its consolidated
subsidiaries. Certain figures included in this prospectus supplement have been subject to rounding adjustments. Therefore, figures shown as totals in certain tables may not sum due to
rounding.
Our Company
We are a leading commercial real estate finance company structured as an internally-managed REIT. We conduct our business through three
commercial real estate-related business lines: loans, securities, and real estate investments. We believe that our in-house origination platform, ability to flexibly allocate capital among
complementary product lines, credit-centric underwriting approach, access to diversified financing sources, and experienced management team position us well to deliver attractive returns on equity to
our shareholders through economic and credit cycles.
Our
businesses, including balance sheet lending, conduit lending, securities investments, and real estate investments, provide for a stable base of net interest and rental income. We
have originated $22.4 billion of commercial real estate loans from our inception through September 30, 2018. During this timeframe, we also acquired $10.1 billion of investment
grade-rated securities secured by first mortgage loans on commercial real estate and $1.7 billion of selected net leased and other real estate assets.
As
part of our commercial mortgage lending operations, we originate conduit loans, which are first mortgage loans on stabilized, income producing commercial real estate properties that
we intend to make available for sale in commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") securitizations. From our inception in October 2008 through September 30, 2018, we originated
$15.3 billion of conduit loans, $15.0 billion of which were sold into 56 CMBS securitizations, making us, by volume, the second largest non-bank contributor of loans to CMBS
securitizations in the United States in such period. Our sales of loans into securitizations are generally, historically accounted for as true sales, not financings, and we generally retain no ongoing
interest in loans which we securitize unless we are required to do so as
issuer pursuant to the risk retention requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. The securitization of conduit loans enables us to reinvest our equity capital into new loan originations or allocate it to
other investments.
We
are led by a disciplined and highly aligned management team. As of September 30, 2018, our management team and directors held interests in our Company comprising 12.1% of our
total equity. On average, our management team members have 29 years of experience in the industry. Our management team includes Brian Harris, Chief Executive Officer; Pamela McCormack,
President; Marc Fox, Chief Financial Officer; Thomas Harney, Head of Merchant Banking & Capital Markets; and Robert Perelman, Head of Asset Management. Additional officers of Ladder include
Kelly Porcella, General Counsel and Secretary, and Kevin Moclair, Chief Accounting Officer.
As
of September 30, 2018, we had $6.4 billion in total assets and $1.6 billion of total equity. As of that date, our assets included $4.2 billion of loans,
$1.0 billion of securities and $1.0 billion of real estate.
S-1
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We
are organized and conduct our operations to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). As such, we will generally not be subject to U.S.
federal income tax on that portion of our net income that is distributed to shareholders if we distribute at least 90% of our taxable income and comply with certain other requirements.
We
have a diversified and flexible financing strategy supporting our business operations, including significant committed term financing from leading financial institutions, senior
corporate notes and the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB"). As of September 30, 2018, we had $4.8 billion of debt financing outstanding and $2.2 billion of committed, undrawn funding
capacity available.
Corporate Information
Ladder Capital Corp was formed in May 2013. Our principal executive offices are located at 345 Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York,
New York 10154, and our telephone number is (917) 369-3207. We maintain a website at
www.laddercapital.com
.
The information contained on our website is not
intended to form a part of, or be incorporated by reference into, this prospectus supplement or the accompanying
prospectus.
S-2
Table of Contents
THE OFFERING
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Issuer
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Ladder Capital Corp
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Class A common stock offered by us
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5,800,000 shares of Class A common stock (or 6,670,000 shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase
additional shares in full).
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Option to purchase additional shares
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870,000 shares of Class A common stock.
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Class A common stock to be outstanding immediately after completion of this offering
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103,941,899 shares of Class A common stock (or 104,811,899 shares if the underwriters exercise their option to
purchase additional shares in full).
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Class B common stock to be outstanding immediately after completion of this offering
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13,117,419 shares of Class B common stock, equal to one share per LP Unit (as defined herein) (other than
any LP Units owned by us or our direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries).
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Voting
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One vote per share; holders of Class A and Class B common stock vote together as a single class.
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Use of proceeds
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We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering, after deducting estimated offering expenses, will be approximately
$98.5 million (or approximately $113.4 million if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full).
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We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering to make additional investments, consistent with our investment policy,
and for general corporate purposes, including but not limited to repayment of existing indebtedness. See "Use of Proceeds."
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Dividends
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Consistent with our REIT status, we declare regular quarterly distributions to our stockholders. We may on occasion also
declare a REIT compliance "true-up" distribution, if necessary. Such additional distributions may be payable primarily in cash or stock, to provide for meaningful capital retention, and may be subject to a cash/stock election. The timing and amount
of future distributions is based on a number of factors, including, among other things, our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition and contractual restrictions. All dividend declarations are
subject to the approval of our Board of Directors. Generally, we expect the majority of our distributions to be taxable as dividends to our stockholders, whether paid in cash or a combination of cash and stock, and not as a tax-free return of capital
or a capital gain.
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On November 1, 2018, our Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.57 per share of Class A common stock, which will be payable
on January 24, 2019 to Class A common stockholders of record as of December 10, 2018. The dividend declared consists of a cash dividend of $0.34 and a stock dividend of $0.23, subject to stockholder elections.
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NYSE symbol
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"LADR."
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Risk Factors
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For a discussion of risks relating to us, our business and an investment in our Class A common stock, see "Risk
Factors" in this prospectus supplement and our Annual Report and all other information set forth in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement before investing in our Class A common stock.
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Voting power held by holders of Class A common stock immediately after completion of this
offering
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88.8% (or 88.9% if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full).
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Voting power held by holders of Class B common stock immediately after completion of this offering
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11.2% (or 11.1% if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full).
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Exchange rights of the Continuing LCFH Limited Partners
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Pursuant to the Third Amended and Restated Limited Liability Limited Partnership Agreement effective as of December 31,
2014 (as amended, the "LLLP Agreement") of LCFH, all assets and liabilities of LCFH were allocated on its books and records to two series of LCFH, consisting of "Series REIT" and "Series TRS." Each outstanding limited partnership interest in LCFH was
converted into one limited partnership unit of Series REIT (a "Series REIT LP Unit") and one limited partnership unit of Series TRS (a "Series TRS LP Unit" and, together with a Series REIT LP Unit, an "LP Unit"). Certain pre-IPO
holders of limited partnership units in LCFH (the "Continuing LCFH Limited Partners") may from time to time, subject to certain conditions, exchange one LP Unit, together with one share of our Class B common stock, for one share of our
Class A common stock, subject to equitable adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications. Any shares of Class B common stock included in an exchange will be cancelled. See "Certain Relationships and Related
TransactionsThird Amended and Restated Limited Liability Limited Partnership Agreement of LCFH" set forth in our 2018 Proxy Statement, incorporated by reference herein.
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Unless
otherwise indicated, the information presented in this prospectus supplement:
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bases the number of shares of our Class A common stock outstanding immediately before the closing of this offering on 98,141,899 shares
of our Class A common stock outstanding as of October 31, 2018;
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excludes shares of Class A common stock reserved for future issuance under our 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as defined in our Annual
Report); and
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excludes the notional shares of our Class A common stock under our 2014 Deferred Compensation Plan (as defined in our Annual Report
incorporated herein by reference).
S-5
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SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The following tables set forth our summary consolidated financial data as of and for the periods indicated. The consolidated financial
information may not be indicative of our future financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. The statements of operating data and balance sheet data for the years ended
December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement. The statements of
operating data and balance sheet data for the periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes incorporated by
reference in this prospectus supplement.
Our
unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, include all
adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the information set forth therein. Results for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may
be expected for the 2018 fiscal year. Certain measures are not defined in GAAP and have not been derived from our consolidated financial statements.
The
following summary consolidated financial data are qualified in their entirety by reference to, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited and unaudited consolidated
financial statements and related notes and the information under "Risk Factors" herein and in our Annual Report and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations" in our Annual Report and Quarterly Reports, incorporated by reference herein, and other financial information included in this prospectus supplement. Historical results included below and
elsewhere in this prospectus supplement are not necessarily indicative of our future performance.
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For the nine months ended
September 30,
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For the year ended
December 31,
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($ in thousands, except per share data)
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2018
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2017
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2017
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2016
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2015
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(unaudited)
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(unaudited)
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Operating Data:
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Interest income
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$
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253,822
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$
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190,315
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$
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263,667
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$
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236,372
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$
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241,539
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Interest expense
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144,606
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104,561
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146,118
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120,827
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113,303
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Net interest income
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109,216
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85,754
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117,549
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115,545
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128,236
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Provision for loan losses
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|
13,600
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(300
|
)
|
|
(600
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
|
|
|
95,616
|
|
|
85,754
|
|
|
117,549
|
|
|
115,245
|
|
|
127,636
|
|
Total other income
|
|
|
226,909
|
|
|
117,033
|
|
|
186,470
|
|
|
163,312
|
|
|
201,221
|
|
Total costs and expenses
|
|
|
122,017
|
|
|
117,624
|
|
|
170,428
|
|
|
158,517
|
|
|
168,166
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income before taxes
|
|
|
200,508
|
|
|
85,163
|
|
|
133,591
|
|
|
120,040
|
|
|
160,691
|
|
Income tax expense (benefit)
|
|
|
5,679
|
|
|
4,654
|
|
|
7,712
|
|
|
6,320
|
|
|
14,557
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income
|
|
|
194,829
|
|
|
80,509
|
|
|
125,879
|
|
|
113,720
|
|
|
146,134
|
|
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated joint ventures
|
|
|
(16,132
|
)
|
|
(133
|
)
|
|
(226
|
)
|
|
138
|
|
|
(1,568
|
)
|
Net (income) attributed to non-controlling interest in operating partnership
|
|
|
(22,786
|
)
|
|
(21,205
|
)
|
|
(30,377
|
)
|
|
(47,131
|
)
|
|
(70,745
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income attributed to Class A common shareholders
|
|
$
|
155,911
|
|
$
|
59,171
|
|
$
|
95,276
|
|
$
|
66,727
|
|
$
|
73,821
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Earnings per share:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
|
|
$
|
1.62
|
|
$
|
0.75
|
|
$
|
1.16
|
|
$
|
1.08
|
|
$
|
1.43
|
|
Diluted
|
|
$
|
1.61
|
|
$
|
0.74
|
|
$
|
1.13
|
|
$
|
1.06
|
|
$
|
1.42
|
|
Weighted average shares outstanding:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
|
|
|
96,317,513
|
|
|
79,416,957
|
|
|
81,902,524
|
|
|
61,998,089
|
|
|
51,702,188
|
|
Diluted
|
|
|
110,482,991
|
|
|
109,857,679
|
|
|
109,704,880
|
|
|
107,638,788
|
|
|
51,870,808
|
|
Dividends per share of Class A common stock
|
|
$
|
0.965
|
|
$
|
0.900
|
|
$
|
1.215
|
|
$
|
1.285
|
|
$
|
2.225
|
|
S-6
Table of Contents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the nine months ended
September 30,
|
|
For the year ended
December 31,
|
|
($ in thousands, except per share data)
|
|
2018
|
|
2017
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
|
|
|
(unaudited)
|
|
(unaudited)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance Sheet Data (at end of period):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
|
$
|
49,625
|
|
$
|
48,894
|
|
$
|
76,674
|
|
$
|
44,615
|
|
$
|
108,959
|
|
Restricted cash
|
|
|
35,288
|
|
|
48,483
|
|
|
106,009
|
|
|
44,813
|
|
|
53,835
|
|
Mortgage loan receivables held for investment, net, at amortized cost:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortgage loans held by consolidated subsidiaries
|
|
|
3,805,387
|
|
|
2,846,940
|
|
|
3,282,462
|
|
|
2,000,095
|
|
|
1,742,345
|
|
Provision for loan
losses
|
|
|
(17,600
|
)
|
|
(4,000
|
)
|
|
(4,000
|
)
|
|
(4,000
|
)
|
|
(3,700
|
)
|
Mortgage loan receivables held for sale
|
|
|
375,162
|
|
|
584,248
|
|
|
230,180
|
|
|
357,882
|
|
|
571,764
|
|
Real estate securities
|
|
|
978,289
|
|
|
1,172,297
|
|
|
1,106,517
|
|
|
2,100,947
|
|
|
2,407,217
|
|
Real estate and related lease intangibles, net
|
|
|
1,000,010
|
|
|
1,041,901
|
|
|
1,032,041
|
|
|
822,338
|
|
|
834,779
|
|
Total assets
|
|
|
6,425,745
|
|
|
5,941,785
|
|
|
6,025,615
|
|
|
5,578,337
|
|
|
5,895,212
|
|
Debt obligations, net:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Secured and unsecured debt obligations
|
|
|
4,757,633
|
|
|
4,275,285
|
|
|
4,379,826
|
|
|
3,942,138
|
|
|
4,274,723
|
|
Liability for transfers not considered sales
|
|
|
|
|
|
62,915
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities
|
|
|
4,872,102
|
|
|
4,459,955
|
|
|
4,537,469
|
|
|
4,068,783
|
|
|
4,403,804
|
|
Total shareholders' equity
|
|
|
1,356,346
|
|
|
1,135,278
|
|
|
1,234,968
|
|
|
971,390
|
|
|
828,215
|
|
Total noncontrolling interest in operating partnership
|
|
|
187,469
|
|
|
334,763
|
|
|
240,861
|
|
|
533,246
|
|
|
657,380
|
|
Total noncontrolling interest in consolidated joint ventures
|
|
|
9,828
|
|
|
11,788
|
|
|
12,317
|
|
|
4,918
|
|
|
5,813
|
|
Total equity
|
|
|
1,553,643
|
|
|
1,481,830
|
|
|
1,488,146
|
|
|
1,509,554
|
|
|
1,491,408
|
|
Other Financial Data (unaudited):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Core earnings(1)
|
|
$
|
177,631
|
|
$
|
118,392
|
|
$
|
178,749
|
|
$
|
158,213
|
|
$
|
191,451
|
|
Cost of funds(2)
|
|
|
(150,395
|
)
|
|
(116,354
|
)
|
|
(161,438
|
)
|
|
(150,697
|
)
|
|
(140,123
|
)
|
Interest income, net of cost of funds(2)
|
|
|
103,427
|
|
|
73,961
|
|
|
102,229
|
|
|
85,675
|
|
|
101,416
|
|
Adjusted leverage (at end of period)(3)
|
|
|
2.6x
|
|
|
2.9x
|
|
|
2.5x
|
|
|
2.6x
|
|
|
2.9x
|
|
Other Financial and Credit Metrics (at end of period) (unaudited):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-funding debt to equity
|
|
|
0.8x
|
|
|
0.8x
|
|
|
0.8x
|
|
|
0.4x
|
|
|
0.4x
|
|
Debt to equity
|
|
|
3.1x
|
|
|
2.9x
|
|
|
3.0x
|
|
|
2.6x
|
|
|
2.9x
|
|
Debt to equity, excluding non-recourse liabilities for transfers not considered sales and including other debt obligations associated with transfers not
considered sales
|
|
|
3.1x
|
|
|
2.9x
|
|
|
3.0x
|
|
|
2.6x
|
|
|
2.9x
|
|
Tangible equity to assets
|
|
|
24.7
|
%
|
|
25.5
|
%
|
|
25.2
|
%
|
|
27.6
|
%
|
|
25.8
|
%
|
Unrestricted cash and investment grade securities as a % of total assets
|
|
|
16.0
|
%
|
|
20.6
|
%
|
|
19.6
|
%
|
|
38.5
|
%
|
|
42.7
|
%
|
Amount of undrawn committed repurchase agreement financings
|
|
$
|
1,200,108
|
|
$
|
1,236,980
|
|
$
|
1,651,347
|
|
$
|
1,254,520
|
|
$
|
918,964
|
|
Amount of undrawn committed FHLB financings
|
|
|
721,522
|
|
|
536,000
|
|
|
630,000
|
|
|
338,931
|
|
|
380,413
|
|
Cash Flow Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net cash provided by (used in):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating activities(4)
|
|
$
|
(51,339
|
)
|
$
|
(316,378
|
)
|
$
|
11,985
|
|
$
|
338,427
|
|
$
|
(38,307
|
)
|
Investing activities(4)
|
|
|
(320,031
|
)
|
|
23,171
|
|
|
(306,635
|
)
|
|
36,284
|
|
|
34,650
|
|
Financing activities
|
|
|
273,600
|
|
|
301,156
|
|
|
387,905
|
|
|
(448,077
|
)
|
|
22,000
|
|
-
(1)
-
We
present core earnings, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, as a supplemental measure of our performance. We define core earnings as income before taxes
adjusted for: (i) real estate depreciation and amortization; (ii) the impact of derivative gains and losses related to the hedging of assets on our balance sheet as of the end of the
specified accounting period; (iii) unrealized gains/(losses) related to our investments in Agency interest-only securities and passive interests in unconsolidated joint ventures;
(iv) economic gains on securitization transactions not recognized under GAAP accounting for which risk has substantially transferred during the period and the exclusion of resultant GAAP
recognition of the related economics during the subsequent periods; (v) non-cash stock-based compensation; and (vi) certain one-time transactional items.
For
core earnings, we include adjustments for Economic Gains on Securitization transactions not recognized under GAAP accounting for which risk has substantially transferred during the period and
exclusion of resultant GAAP recognition of the related economics during the subsequent periods. This adjustment is reflected in core earnings when there is a true risk transfer on the mortgage loan
transfer and settlement. Historically, this has represented the impact of economic gains on (discounts) on intercompany loans secured by our own real estate which we had not previously recognized
because such gains were eliminated in consolidation. Conversely, if the economic risk was not substantially transferred, no adjustments to net income would be made relating to those transactions for
core earnings purposes. Management believes recognizing these
S-7
Table of Contents
amounts
for core earnings purposes in the period of transfer of economic risk is a reasonable supplemental measure of our performance.
As
discussed in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report, incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement, we do not designate derivatives
as hedges to qualify for hedge accounting and therefore any net payments under, or fluctuations in the fair value of, our derivatives are recognized currently in our income statement. However,
fluctuations in the fair value of the related assets are not included in our income statement. We consider the gain or loss on our hedging positions related to assets that we still own as of the
reporting date to be "open hedging positions." While recognized for GAAP purposes, we exclude the results on the hedges from core earnings until the related asset is sold and the hedge position is
considered "closed," whereupon they would then be included in core earnings in that period. These are reflected as "Adjustments for unrecognized derivative results" for purposes of computing core
earnings for the period. We believe that excluding these specifically identified gains and losses associated with the open hedging positions adjusts for timing differences between when we recognize
changes in the fair values of our assets and changes in the fair value of the derivatives used to hedge such assets.
As
more fully discussed in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report, incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement, our investments in
Agency interest-only securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. We believe that excluding these specifically identified gains and losses
associated with the Agency interest-only securities adjusts for timing differences between when we recognize changes in the fair values of our assets.
Set
forth below is an unaudited reconciliation of income before taxes to core earnings:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the nine months
ended
September 30,
|
|
For the year ended
December 31,
|
|
($ in thousands)
|
|
2018
|
|
2017
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
|
Income before taxes
|
|
$
|
200,508
|
|
$
|
85,163
|
|
$
|
133,591
|
|
$
|
120,040
|
|
$
|
160,691
|
|
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated joint ventures and operating partnership (GAAP)(A)
|
|
|
(16,155
|
)
|
|
(157
|
)
|
|
(258
|
)
|
|
109
|
|
|
(1,568
|
)
|
Our share of real estate depreciation, amortization and gain adjustments(B)
|
|
|
2,398
|
|
|
26,519
|
|
|
35,891
|
|
|
33,828
|
|
|
28,704
|
|
Adjustments for unrecognized derivative results(C)
|
|
|
(16,320
|
)
|
|
(6,489
|
)
|
|
(10,139
|
)
|
|
(11,105
|
)
|
|
(10,213
|
)
|
Unrealized (gain) loss on agency IO securities
|
|
|
(456
|
)
|
|
(1,034
|
)
|
|
(1,405
|
)
|
|
56
|
|
|
1,249
|
|
Adjustment for economic gain on securitization transactions not recognized under GAAP for which risk has been substantially transferred, net of
reversal/amortization
|
|
|
(530
|
)
|
|
2,968
|
|
|
1,026
|
|
|
(482
|
)
|
|
802
|
|
Non-cash stock-based compensation
|
|
|
8,186
|
|
|
11,422
|
|
|
20,043
|
|
|
19,039
|
|
|
10,277
|
|
One-time transactional adjustments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(3,272)
|
(D)
|
|
1,509
|
(E)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Core earnings
|
|
$
|
177,631
|
|
$
|
118,392
|
|
$
|
178,749
|
|
$
|
158,213
|
|
$
|
191,451
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-
(A)
-
Includes
$23 thousand, $24 thousand, $32 thousand and $29 thousand of net income attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated
joint ventures which are included in net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in operating partnership on the consolidated statements of income for the nine months ended
September 30, 2018 and 2017 and the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
S-8
Table of Contents
-
(B)
-
The
following is a reconciliation of GAAP depreciation and amortization to our share of real estate depreciation, amortization and gain adjustments amounts presented
in the computation of core earnings in the preceding table ($ in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the nine
months ended
September 30,
|
|
For the year ended
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2018
|
|
2017
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
|
Total GAAP depreciation and amortization
|
|
$
|
31,896
|
|
$
|
29,323
|
|
$
|
40,332
|
|
$
|
39,447
|
|
$
|
39,061
|
|
Less: Depreciation and amortization related to non-rental property fixed assets
|
|
|
(56
|
)
|
|
(70
|
)
|
|
(93
|
)
|
|
(114
|
)
|
|
(108
|
)
|
Less: Non-controlling interest in consolidated joint ventures' share of accumulated depreciation and amortization and unrecognized passive interest in
unconsolidated joint ventures
|
|
|
(2,447
|
)
|
|
(824
|
)
|
|
(1,290
|
)
|
|
(2,519
|
)
|
|
(2,830
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Our share of real estate depreciation and amortization
|
|
$
|
29,393
|
|
$
|
28,429
|
|
$
|
38,949
|
|
$
|
36,814
|
|
$
|
36,123
|
|
Realized gain from accumulated depreciation and amortization on real estate sold (see below)
|
|
|
(27,553
|
)
|
|
(1,459
|
)
|
|
(2,277
|
)
|
|
(3,007
|
)
|
|
(7,965
|
)
|
Less: Non-controlling interest in consolidated joint ventures' share of accumulated depreciation and amortization on real estate sold
|
|
|
1,844
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
546
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Our share of accumulated depreciation and amortization on real estate sold
|
|
$
|
(25,709
|
)
|
$
|
(1,447
|
)
|
$
|
(2,260
|
)
|
$
|
(2,986
|
)
|
$
|
(7,419
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less: Operating lease income on above/below market intangible amortization
|
|
|
(1,286
|
)
|
|
(463
|
)
|
|
(798
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Our share of real estate depreciation, amortization and gain adjustments
|
|
$
|
2,398
|
|
$
|
26,519
|
|
$
|
35,891
|
|
$
|
33,828
|
|
$
|
28,704
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GAAP
gains/losses on sales of real estate include the effects of previously recognized real estate depreciation and amortization. For purposes of core earnings, our share of real estate depreciation
and amortization is eliminated and, accordingly, the resultant gains/losses also must be adjusted. Following is a reconciliation of the related consolidated GAAP amounts to the amounts reflected in
core earnings:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GAAP realized gain on sale of real estate, net
|
|
$
|
96,341
|
|
$
|
7,790
|
|
$
|
11,423
|
|
$
|
20,636
|
|
$
|
40,386
|
|
Adjusted gain/loss on sale of real estate for purposes of core earnings
|
|
|
(70,632
|
)
|
|
(6,343
|
)
|
|
(9,163
|
)
|
|
(17,650
|
)
|
|
(32,967
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Our share of accumulated depreciation and amortization on real estate sold
|
|
$
|
25,709
|
|
$
|
1,447
|
|
$
|
2,260
|
|
$
|
2,986
|
|
$
|
7,419
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-
(C)
-
The
following is a reconciliation of GAAP net results from derivative transactions to our unrecognized derivative result presented in the computation of core
earnings in the preceding table ($ in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net results from derivative transactions
|
|
$
|
29,156
|
|
$
|
(18,352
|
)
|
$
|
(12,641
|
)
|
$
|
(1,409
|
)
|
$
|
(38,937
|
)
|
Hedging interest expense
|
|
|
5,789
|
|
|
12,573
|
|
|
15,320
|
|
|
29,870
|
|
|
26,820
|
|
Hedging realized result
|
|
|
(18,625
|
)
|
|
12,268
|
|
|
7,460
|
|
|
(17,356
|
)
|
|
22,330
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adjustments for unrecognized derivative results
|
|
$
|
16,320
|
|
$
|
6,489
|
|
$
|
10,139
|
|
$
|
11,105
|
|
$
|
10,213
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-
(D)
-
As
more fully discussed in Note 16, Income Taxes, to our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report, we recorded an additional
$3.3 million income tax expense for a proposed tax settlement for pre-acquisition liabilities on certain corporate entities acquired in the reorganization transactions in connection with our
IPO. We also recorded other income of $3.3 million relating to the expected recovery of these amounts pursuant to indemnification. While these items are presented on a gross basis, there was no
impact to either net income or core earnings. Accordingly, since pre-tax income excludes the tax effect but includes the recovery of $3.3 million pursuant to the indemnification, the recovery
amount has been excluded from core earnings.
S-9
Table of Contents
-
(E)
-
One-time
transactional adjustment for costs related to restructuring for our REIT related operations. All costs were expensed and accrued for in the period during
which they were incurred.
-
(2)
-
We
present cost of funds, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, as a supplemental measure of our cost of debt financing. We define cost of funds as interest expense
as reported on our consolidated statements of income adjusted to exclude interest expense related to liabilities for transfers not considered sales and include the net interest expense component
resulting from our hedging activities, which is currently included in net results from derivative transactions on our consolidated statements of income. Interest income, net of cost of funds, which is
a non-GAAP financial measure, is defined as interest income, less interest income related to mortgage loans transferred but not considered sold less cost of funds. Set forth below is the
reconciliation of interest expense to cost of funds:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the nine months
ended
September 30,
|
|
For the year ended
December 31,
|
|
($ in thousands)
|
|
2018
|
|
2017
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
|
Interest expense
|
|
$
|
(144,606
|
)
|
$
|
(104,561
|
)
|
$
|
(146,118
|
)
|
$
|
(120,827
|
)
|
$
|
(113,303
|
)
|
Interest expense related to liability for loan transferred but not considered sales
|
|
|
|
|
|
780
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest expense component of hedging activities(A)
|
|
|
(5,789
|
)
|
|
(12,573
|
)
|
|
(15,320
|
)
|
|
(29,870
|
)
|
|
(26,820
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost of funds
|
|
$
|
(150,395
|
)
|
$
|
(116,354
|
)
|
$
|
(161,438
|
)
|
$
|
(150,697
|
)
|
$
|
(140,123
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income
|
|
$
|
253,822
|
|
$
|
190,315
|
|
$
|
263,667
|
|
$
|
236,372
|
|
$
|
241,539
|
|
Cost of funds
|
|
|
(150,395
|
)
|
|
(116,354
|
)
|
|
(161,438
|
)
|
|
(150,697
|
)
|
|
(140,123
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income, net of cost of funds
|
|
$
|
103,427
|
|
$
|
73,961
|
|
$
|
102,229
|
|
$
|
85,675
|
|
$
|
101,416
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the nine
months ended
September 30,
|
|
For the year ended
December 31,
|
|
($ in thousands)
|
|
2018
|
|
2017
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
|
Net result from derivative transactions
|
|
$
|
29,156
|
|
$
|
(18,352
|
)
|
$
|
(12,641
|
)
|
$
|
(1,409
|
)
|
$
|
(38,937
|
)
|
Hedging realized result
|
|
|
(18,625
|
)
|
|
12,268
|
|
|
7,460
|
|
|
(17,356
|
)
|
|
22,330
|
|
Hedging unrecognized result
|
|
|
(16,320
|
)
|
|
(6,489
|
)
|
|
(10,139
|
)
|
|
(11,105
|
)
|
|
(10,213
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest expense component of hedging activities
|
|
$
|
(5,789
|
)
|
$
|
(12,573
|
)
|
$
|
(15,320
|
)
|
$
|
(29,870
|
)
|
$
|
(26,820
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-
(3)
-
We
present adjusted leverage, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, as a supplemental measure of our performance. We define adjusted leverage as the ratio of
(i) debt obligations, net of deferred financing costs, adjusted for non-recourse indebtedness related to securitizations that is consolidated on our GAAP balance sheet to (ii) GAAP total
equity. We believe adjusted leverage assists investors in comparing our leverage across reporting periods on a consistent basis by excluding non-recourse debt related to securitized loans. Set forth
below is an unaudited computation of adjusted leverage:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the nine
months ended
September 30,
|
|
For the year ended
December 31,
|
|
($ in thousands)
|
|
2018
|
|
2017
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
|
Debt obligations, net
|
|
$
|
4,757,633
|
|
|
4,338,200
|
|
$
|
4,379,826
|
|
$
|
3,942,138
|
|
$
|
4,274,723
|
|
Less: collateralized loan obligation debt(A)
|
|
|
(672,001
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
(688,479
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adjusted debt obligation
|
|
|
4,085,632
|
|
|
4,338,200
|
|
|
3,691,347
|
|
|
3,942,138
|
|
|
4,274,723
|
|
Total Equity
|
|
|
1,553,643
|
|
|
1,481,830
|
|
|
1,488,146
|
|
|
1,509,554
|
|
|
1,491,408
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adjusted leverage
|
|
|
2.6
|
|
|
2.9
|
|
|
2.5
|
|
|
2.6
|
|
|
2.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-
(A)
-
As
more fully discussed in Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report, incorporated by reference in this prospectus
supplement, we contributed over $888.4 million of balance sheet loans into two collateralized loan obligation ("CLO") securitizations that remain on our balance sheet for accounting purposes,
but should be excluded from debt obligations for adjusted leverage calculation purposes.
-
(4)
-
In
2017, we adopted Accounting Standards Update 2016-15,
Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash
Payments
. The only significant impact was the reclassification of a portion of payments received in interest only securities previously reflected as operating cash inflows under
prevailing industry practice to investing cash inflows. Please refer to recently adopted accounting pronouncements in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in our
Annual Report, incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement.
S-10
Table of Contents
RISK FACTORS
Investing in our Class A common stock involves a number of risks. Before you purchase our Class A common
stock, you should carefully consider the risks described below and the other information contained in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement, including our consolidated financial
statements and accompanying notes. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described in the section entitled "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report, as supplemented and modified by the
information below. If any of those or the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operation or cash flows could be materially adversely affected. In any such
case, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Risks Related to the Offering and Our Class A Common Stock
The market price and trading volume of our Class A common stock may be volatile, which could result in
rapid and substantial losses for our stockholders.
The market price of our Class A common stock may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading
volume in our Class A common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our Class A common stock declines significantly, you may be
unable to sell your Class A common stock at or above your purchase price, if at all. We cannot assure you that the market price of our Class A common stock will not fluctuate or decline
significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect the price of our Class A common stock or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our
Class A common stock include: variations in our quarterly operating results; failure to meet our earnings estimates; publication of research reports about us or the investment management
industry or the failure of securities analysts to cover our Class A common stock after the offering; additions or departures of our executive officers and other key management personnel;
adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we may incur or securities we may issue in the future; actions by stockholders; changes in market valuations of similar companies; speculation in the press
or investment community; changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations or differing interpretations thereof affecting our business or enforcement of these laws and regulations, or announcements
relating to these matters; adverse publicity about the financial advisory industry generally or individual scandals, specifically; and general market and economic conditions. In addition, our Board
Authorization Policy, adopted by the Board of Directors on October 30, 2014, authorizes the Company to make up to $50.0 million in repurchases of our Class A common stock from
time to time without further approval. The existence of this authorization and any repurchases pursuant thereto could affect our stock price and increase stock price volatility and could potentially
reduce the market liquidity for our Class A common stock. Additionally, we are permitted to and could discontinue Class A common stock repurchases at any time and any such
discontinuation could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline.
Future offerings of debt securities, which would rank senior to our Class A common stock upon our
liquidation, and future offerings of equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior to our Class A common stock for the purposes of dividend and liquidating
distributions, may adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.
In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by making offerings of debt or additional equity securities, including but not
limited to commercial paper,
medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes and classes of preferred stock or common stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and lenders with respect to our other borrowings will
receive a distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of our Class A common stock. Additional equity offerings would dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders and may
reduce the market price of our Class A common stock. Moreover, any issuance of preferred stock by us may have a preference on liquidating distributions and on dividend payments that could limit
our ability to make a dividend distribution to
S-11
Table of Contents
the
holders of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate
the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our Class A common stock bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting
their stock holdings in us.
Our Class A common stock price may decline due to the large number of shares eligible for future sale
and for exchange into Class A common stock, and your ownership may be diluted.
We have filed with the SEC a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, registering shares of our Class A common stock to be issued
and sold by us from time to time in the future, and shares of our Class A common stock held or to be held by certain of our stockholders. The market price of our Class A common stock
could decline as a result of sales of a large number of shares of our Class A common stock or an exchange of a large number of LP Units and shares of our Class B common stock into
Class A common stock, or the perception that such sales or exchanges could occur. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell
equity securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. These sales or exchanges, or the possibility that these sales or exchanges may occur, also might make it more difficult
for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate.
Our
charter authorizes us to issue additional shares of Class A common stock and options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to Class A common stock for the
consideration and on the terms and conditions established by our board of directors in its sole discretion. In accordance with the Delaware General Corporation Law ("DGCL") and the
provisions of our charter, we may also issue preferred stock that has designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties that are different from, and may be senior to, those applicable to shares of
Class A common stock. Similarly, the LLLP Agreement permits Series REIT and Series TRS to issue an unlimited number of additional LP Units with designations, preferences, rights, powers
and duties that are different from, and may be senior to, those applicable to the LP Units, and which may be exchangeable for shares of our Class A common stock.
We
and each of our officers and directors have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to offer, sell, pledge, contract to sell (including any short sale), grant
any option to purchase or otherwise dispose of any shares of Class A common stock (the "Lock-Up Securities") (including, without limitation, shares of our Class A common stock which may
be deemed to be beneficially owned currently or hereafter in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, shares of Class A common stock which may be issued upon exercise of a stock
option or warrant and any other security convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Class A common stock, including shares of Class B common stock and the LP Units), or enter
into any hedging transaction relating to the Lock-Up Securities or other transaction which is designed to or reasonably expected to lead to or result in a disposition of the Lock-Up Securities for a
period of 45 days after the date of this prospectus supplement without the prior written consent of Citigroup Global Markets Inc. Subject to the restrictions contained in these agreements, we
and our stockholders may in the future sell additional shares of our Class A common stock. In addition, after the expiration of the 45-day lock-up period, the shares of Class A common
stock issuable upon exchange of LP Units and shares of our Class B common stock will be eligible for resale from time to time, subject to certain contractual and Securities Act
restrictions.
You may be diluted by the future issuance of additional Class A common stock in connection with our
incentive plans, acquisitions or otherwise.
After the offering, we will have an aggregate of 493,357,665 shares (or 492,487,665 shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase
additional shares in full) of Class A common stock
S-12
Table of Contents
authorized
but unissued, including 13,117,419 shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exchange of LP Units and shares of Class B common stock that will be held by the
Continuing LCFH Limited Partners. Our charter authorizes us to issue shares of Class A common stock and options, rights, warrants and appreciation rights relating to Class A common stock
for the consideration and on the terms and conditions established by our Board of Directors in its sole discretion, whether in connection with acquisitions or otherwise. Any Class A common
stock that we issue, including under our 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan or other equity incentive plans that we may adopt in the future, would dilute the percentage ownership held by the investors who
purchase Class A common stock in the offering.
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change in
control.
Our charter and by-laws may delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that a stockholder may consider favorable by permitting our board of
directors to issue one or more series of preferred stock, requiring advance notice for stockholder proposals and nominations, and placing limitations on convening stockholder meetings. In addition, we
are subject to provisions of the DGCL that restrict certain business combinations with interested stockholders. These provisions may also discourage acquisition proposals or delay or prevent a change
in control, which could harm our stock price.
S-13
Table of Contents
USE OF PROCEEDS
We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering, after deducting estimated offering expenses, will be approximately $98.5 million
(or approximately $113.4 million if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full). We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to make additional
investments, consistent with our investment policy, and for general corporate purposes, including but not limited to repayment of existing indebtedness.
S-14
Table of Contents
CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth our consolidated cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of September 30, 2018 (i) on an
actual basis and (ii) on an as adjusted basis to give effect to the sale of the shares of Class A common stock offered hereby. This information should be read in conjunction with
"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report and Quarterly Reports and the historical consolidated financial statements and related
notes incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of September 30, 2018
|
|
($ in thousands)
|
|
Actual
(unaudited)
|
|
As adjusted
(unaudited)
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
|
$
|
84,913
|
|
$
|
84,913
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Debt:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Secured debt(1)(2)
|
|
|
3,603,359
|
|
|
3,504,853
|
|
Revolving credit facility
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Senior unsecured notes(3)
|
|
|
1,154,274
|
|
|
1,154,274
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total debt obligation
|
|
$
|
4,757,633
|
|
$
|
4,659,127
|
|
Shareholders' equity:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share, 600,000,000 shares authorized; 100,842,335 and 106,642,335 shares issued; and 98,142,513 and
103,942,513 shares outstanding
|
|
|
99
|
|
|
105
|
|
Class B common stock, par value $0.001 per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 13,117,419 shares issued and outstanding
|
|
|
13
|
|
|
13
|
|
Additional paid-in capital
|
|
|
1,375,016
|
|
|
1,473,516
|
|
Treasury stock, 2,699,822 shares, at cost
|
|
|
(32,793
|
)
|
|
(32,793
|
)
|
Retained earnings (dividends in excess of earnings)
|
|
|
22,593
|
|
|
22,593
|
|
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
|
|
|
(8,582
|
)
|
|
(8,582
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Shareholders' equity
|
|
|
1,356,346
|
|
|
1,454,852
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total capitalization
|
|
$
|
6,113,979
|
|
$
|
6,113,979
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-
(1)
-
Secured
debt includes repurchase facilities, borrowings from the FHLB, mortgage loan financing, CLO debt and participation financing-mortgage loan receivable.
-
(2)
-
Presented
net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $3.5 million for CLO debt as of September 30, 2018 and unamortized debt issuance cost of
$1.0 million for mortgage loan financing.
-
(3)
-
Presented
net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $11.9 million as of September 30, 2018.
S-15
Table of Contents
U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the Class A common stock of Ladder.
For purposes of this section under the heading "U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations," references to "Ladder," "we," "our" and "us" generally mean only Ladder and not its subsidiaries or other lower
tier entities, except as otherwise indicated. This summary is based upon the Code, the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of the Treasury (the "Treasury"), rulings and other administrative
pronouncements issued by the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS"), and judicial decisions, all as currently in effect, and all of which are subject to differing interpretations or to change, possibly
with retroactive effect. No assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any of the tax consequences described below. We have not
sought and do not intend to seek an advance ruling from the IRS regarding our ability to qualify as a REIT. The summary is also based upon the assumption that we and our subsidiaries and affiliated
entities will operate in accordance with our and their applicable organizational documents. This summary is for general information only and is not tax advice. It does not discuss any state, local, or
non-U.S. tax consequences relevant to us or an investment in our Class A common stock, and it does not purport to discuss all aspects of U.S. federal
income taxation that may be important to a particular investor in light of its investment or tax circumstances or to investors subject to special tax rules, such
as:
-
-
financial institutions;
-
-
insurance companies;
-
-
broker-dealers;
-
-
regulated investment companies;
-
-
partnerships and trusts;
-
-
persons who hold our stock on behalf of other persons as nominees;
-
-
persons who receive our stock through the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation;
-
-
persons holding our stock as part of a "straddle," "hedge," "conversion transaction," "synthetic security" or other integrated investment; and
-
-
persons that are required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income as a result of such income being recognized on an
applicable financial statement;
and,
except to the extent discussed below:
-
-
tax-exempt organizations; and
-
-
foreign investors.
This
summary assumes that investors will hold our Class A common stock as a capital asset, which generally means as property held for investment.
The U.S. federal income tax treatment of holders of our stock depends in some instances on determinations of fact and interpretations of complex provisions of
U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. In addition, the tax consequences to any particular stockholder of holding and disposing of our Class A
common stock will depend on the stockholder's particular tax circumstances. You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign income and other tax
consequences to you in light of your particular investment or tax circumstances of acquiring, holding, exchanging, or otherwise disposing of our Class A common stock.
S-16
Table of Contents
Taxation of Ladder Capital Corp
We elected to be subject to tax as a REIT commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2015. We believe that, commencing with such
taxable year, we have been organized and have operated in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the applicable provisions of the Code. We intend to continue to operate in such a
manner to continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT.
The
law firm of Kirkland & Ellis LLP has acted as our tax counsel in connection with our election to be taxed as a REIT. In connection with this offering, we expect to
receive an opinion of Kirkland & Ellis LLP to the effect that, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2015, we have been organized in conformity with the requirements
for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code, and that our actual method of operation has enabled us and our proposed method of operation will enable us to meet the requirements for
qualification and taxation as a REIT. It must be emphasized that the opinion of Kirkland & Ellis LLP will be based on various assumptions relating to our organization and operation, and
will be conditioned upon fact-based representations and covenants made by our management regarding our organization, assets, and income, and the present and future conduct of our business operations.
While we intend to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, and the possibility of
future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given by Kirkland & Ellis LLP or by us that we will qualify as a REIT for any particular year. The opinion will be expressed as
of the date issued. Kirkland & Ellis LLP has no obligation to advise us or our stockholders of any subsequent change in the matters stated, represented or assumed, or of any subsequent
change in the applicable law. You should be aware that opinions of counsel are not binding on the IRS, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge the conclusions set forth in such
opinions. In addition, Kirkland & Ellis LLP's opinion does not foreclose the possibility that we may have to utilize one or more REIT savings provisions discussed below, which could
require the payment of an excise or penalty tax (which could be significant in amount) in order to maintain our REIT qualification.
Our
qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual operating results, distribution levels, and diversity of stock and asset
ownership, various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Code, the compliance with which will not be reviewed by Kirkland & Ellis LLP. Our ability to qualify as a REIT
also requires that we satisfy certain asset tests, some of which depend upon the fair market values of assets that we own directly or indirectly. Such values may not be susceptible to a precise
determination. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of our operations for any taxable year will satisfy such requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT.
Taxation of REITs in general
As indicated above, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, various qualification
requirements imposed upon REITs by the Code. The material qualification requirements are summarized below under "Requirements for qualificationGeneral." While we intend to
operate so that we qualify as a REIT, no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge our qualification, or that we will be able to operate in accordance with the REIT requirements in the
future. See "Failure to qualify."
Provided
that we qualify as a REIT, we will be entitled to a deduction for dividends that we pay and therefore will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our taxable
income that is currently distributed to our stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the "double taxation" at the corporate and stockholder levels that generally results from investment
in a corporation. In general, the income that we generate is taxed only at the stockholder level upon a distribution of dividends to our stockholders.
S-17
Table of Contents
Currently,
most U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts or estates are taxed on corporate dividends at a maximum regular U.S. federal income tax rate of 20%. With limited
exceptions, however, dividends from us or from other entities that are taxed as REITs are generally not eligible for this rate and will continue to be taxed at rates applicable to ordinary income,
which will be as high as 37%. However, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, non-corporate taxpayers may deduct up to 20% of certain qualified
business income, including "qualified REIT dividends" (generally, dividends received by a REIT stockholder that are not designated as capital gain dividends or qualified dividend income), subject to
certain limitations, resulting in an effective maximum U.S. federal income tax rate of 29.6% on such income. See "Taxation of stockholdersTaxation of taxable U.S.
HoldersDistributions."
Any
net operating losses, foreign tax credits and other tax attributes generally do not pass through to our stockholders, subject to special rules for certain items such as the capital
gains that we recognize. See "Taxation of stockholdersTaxation of taxable U.S. HoldersDistributions." Provided we qualify as a REIT, we will nonetheless be
subject to U.S. federal tax in the following circumstances:
-
-
We will be taxed at regular corporate rates on any undistributed net taxable income, including undistributed net capital gain.
-
-
For taxable years prior to January 1, 2018, we may be subject to the "alternative minimum tax" on our items of tax preference, if any.
-
-
If we have net income from prohibited transactions, which are, in general, sales or other dispositions of inventory or property held primarily
for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, other than foreclosure property, such income will be subject to a 100% tax. See "Prohibited transactions," and
"Foreclosure property" below.
-
-
If we elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with a foreclosure of a mortgage loan or certain leasehold terminations as
"foreclosure property," we may thereby avoid the 100% tax on gain from a resale of that property (if the sale would otherwise constitute a prohibited transaction), but the income from the sale or
operation of the property may be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax at the highest applicable rate (currently 21%).
-
-
If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, as discussed below, but nonetheless maintain our qualification as
a REIT because we satisfy other requirements, we will be subject to a 100% tax on an amount based on the magnitude of the failure, as adjusted to reflect the profit margin associated with our gross
income.
-
-
If we derive "excess inclusion income" from an interest in certain mortgage loan securitization structures (i.e., a taxable mortgage
pool ("TMP") or a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit ("REMIC")), we could be subject to corporate level U.S. federal income tax at the highest applicable rate to the
extent that such income is allocable to specified types of tax exempt stockholders known as "disqualified organizations" that are not subject to unrelated business income tax. See
"Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income" below.
-
-
If we violate the asset tests (other than certain
de minimis
violations) or other requirements
applicable to REITs, as described below, and yet maintain our qualification as a REIT because there is reasonable cause for the failure and other applicable requirements are met, we may be subject to
a penalty tax. In that case, the amount of the penalty tax will be at least $50,000 per failure, and, in the case of certain asset test failures, will be determined as the amount of net income
generated by the assets in question multiplied by the highest corporate tax rate (currently 21%) if that amount exceeds $50,000 per failure.
-
-
If we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of: (i) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year;
(ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year; and
S-18
Table of Contents
(iii) any
undistributed net taxable income from prior periods, we will be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the sum of: (a) the
amounts that we actually distributed and (b) the amounts we retained and upon which we paid income tax at the corporate level.
-
-
We may be required to pay monetary penalties to the IRS in certain circumstances, including if we fail to meet record-keeping requirements
intended to monitor our compliance with rules relating to the composition of a REIT's stockholders, as described below in "Requirements for qualificationGeneral."
-
-
A 100% tax may be imposed on transactions between us and a TRS that do not reflect arm's-length terms.
-
-
If we sell any of our existing appreciated assets or if we acquire appreciated assets from a corporation that is not a REIT (i.e., a
corporation taxable under subchapter C of the Code) in a transaction in which the adjusted tax basis of the assets in our hands is determined by reference to the adjusted tax basis of the
assets in the hands of the subchapter C corporation, we may be subject to tax on such appreciation at the highest U.S. federal corporate income tax rate then applicable if we subsequently
recognize gain on a disposition of any such assets during the five-year period following their acquisition from the subchapter C corporation.
-
-
The earnings of our TRSs will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax to the extent that such subsidiaries are subchapter C
corporations.
In
addition, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of other taxes, including payroll taxes and state, local, and foreign income, property and other taxes on our assets and
operations. We could also be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not presently contemplated.
Requirements for qualificationGeneral
The Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association:
-
1.
-
that
is managed by one or more trustees or directors;
-
2.
-
the
beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares, or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest;
-
3.
-
that
would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for its election to be subject to tax as a REIT;
-
4.
-
that
is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to specific provisions of the Code;
-
5.
-
the
beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons;
-
6.
-
in
which, during the last half of each taxable year, not more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer
"individuals" (as defined in the Code to include specified tax-exempt entities); and
-
7.
-
that
meets other tests described below, including with respect to the nature of its income and assets.
The
Code provides that conditions (1) through (4) must be met during the entire taxable year, and that condition (5) must be met during at least 335 days of a
taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Conditions (5) and (6) need not be met during a corporation's initial tax year as a REIT
(which, in our case, was 2015). Our charter provides restrictions regarding the ownership and transfers of our stock, which are intended to assist us in satisfying the stock ownership requirements
described in conditions (5) and (6) above.
S-19
Table of Contents
To
monitor compliance with the stock ownership requirements, we generally are required to maintain records regarding the actual ownership of our stock. To do so, we must demand written
statements each year from the record holders of significant percentages of our stock pursuant to which the record holders must disclose the actual owners of the stock (i.e., the persons
required to include our dividends
in their gross income). We must maintain a list of those persons failing or refusing to comply with this demand as part of our records. We could be subject to monetary penalties if we fail to comply
with these record-keeping requirements. If you fail or refuse to comply with the demands, you will be required by Treasury regulations to submit a statement with your tax return disclosing your actual
ownership of our stock and other information.
In
addition, a corporation generally may not elect to become a REIT unless its taxable year is the calendar year. We adopted December 31 as our year-end, and thereby satisfy this
requirement.
Effect of subsidiary entities
Ownership of partnership interests.
We are a partner in entities that are treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes
(e.g., directly in our Series REIT operating partnership and indirectly through a TRS in our Series TRS operating partnership). Treasury regulations provide that we are deemed to own our
proportionate share of our Series REIT operating partnership's assets, and to earn our proportionate share of such partnership's income, for purposes of the asset and gross income tests applicable to
REITs. Our proportionate share of our Series REIT operating partnership's assets and income is based on our capital interest in the partnership (except that for purposes of the 10% value test,
described below, our proportionate share of the partnership's assets is based on our proportionate interest in the equity and certain debt securities issued by the partnership). In addition, the
assets and gross income of the partnership are deemed to retain the same character in our hands. Thus, our proportionate share of the assets and items of income of any of our subsidiary partnerships
generally will be treated as our assets and items of income for purposes of applying the REIT requirements.
We
generally have control of our operating partnerships and the subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies and intend to operate them in a manner consistent with the
requirements for our qualification as a REIT. If we become a limited partner or non-managing member in any partnership or limited liability company and such entity takes or expects to take actions
that could jeopardize our status as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. In addition, it is possible that a partnership or limited liability
company could take an action which could cause us to fail a gross income or asset test, and that we would not become aware of such action in time to dispose of our interest in the partnership or
limited liability company or take other corrective action on a timely basis. In that case, we could fail to qualify as a REIT unless we were entitled to relief, as described below.
Disregarded subsidiaries.
If we own a corporate subsidiary that is a "qualified REIT subsidiary," that subsidiary is generally
disregarded for U.S.
federal income tax purposes, and all of the subsidiary's assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit are treated as our assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit,
including for purposes of the gross income and asset tests applicable to REITs. A qualified REIT subsidiary is any corporation, other than a TRS (as described below), that is directly or indirectly
wholly-owned by a REIT. Other entities that are wholly-owned by us, including single member limited liability companies that have not elected to be taxed as corporations for U.S. federal income tax
purposes, are also generally disregarded as separate entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including for purposes of the REIT income and asset tests. Disregarded subsidiaries, along with any
partnerships in which we hold an equity interest, are sometimes referred to herein as "pass-through subsidiaries."
In
the event that a disregarded subsidiary of ours ceases to be wholly-ownedfor example, if any equity interest in the subsidiary is acquired by a person other than us or
another disregarded subsidiary
S-20
Table of Contents
of
oursthe subsidiary's separate existence would no longer be disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Instead, the subsidiary would have multiple owners and would be treated as
either a partnership or a taxable corporation. Such an event could, depending on the circumstances, adversely affect our ability to satisfy the various asset and gross income requirements applicable
to REITs, including the requirement that REITs generally may not own, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the securities of another corporation. See "Asset tests" and
"Income tests."
Taxable subsidiaries.
In general, we may jointly elect with a subsidiary corporation, whether or not wholly-owned (including a
corporation owned by
our operating partnership), to treat such subsidiary corporation as a TRS. We generally may not own more than 10% of the securities of a taxable corporation, as measured by voting power or value,
unless we and such corporation elect to treat such corporation as a TRS. The separate existence of a TRS or other taxable corporation is not ignored for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly,
a TRS or other taxable subsidiary corporation generally is subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on its earnings, which may reduce the cash flow that we and our subsidiaries generate in the
aggregate, and may reduce our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We
are not treated as holding the assets of a TRS or other taxable subsidiary corporation or as receiving any income that the subsidiary earns. Rather, the stock issued by a taxable
subsidiary to us is
an asset in our hands, and we treat the dividends paid to us from such taxable subsidiary, if any, as income. This treatment can affect our income and asset test calculations, as described below.
Because we do not include the assets and income of TRSs or other taxable subsidiary corporations on a look-through basis in determining our compliance with the REIT requirements, we may use such
entities to undertake indirectly activities that the REIT rules might otherwise preclude us from doing directly or through pass-through subsidiaries. For example, we may use TRSs or other taxable
subsidiary corporations to perform services or conduct activities that give rise to certain categories of income such as management fees or to conduct activities that, if conducted by us directly,
would be treated in our hands as prohibited transactions.
The
TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further,
the rules impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT or the REIT's tenants (if any) that are not conducted on an arm's-length basis. We intend that all of our
transactions with our TRSs, if any, will be conducted on an arm's-length basis. We may make loans to certain of our TRSs. Deductions for interest paid on any such loan by a TRS may be limited to the
sum of (i) the interest income of the TRS for the taxable year, and (ii) 30% of the adjusted taxable income for the taxable year.
Income tests
To qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy two gross income requirements on an annual basis. First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable
year, excluding gross income from sales of inventory or dealer property in "prohibited transactions," discharge of indebtedness and certain hedging transactions, generally must be derived from
investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property, including interest income derived from mortgage loans secured by real property (including certain types of mortgage-backed
securities), "rents from real property," dividends received from other REITs, and gains from the sale of real property, mortgages on real property, and shares in other REITs, as well as specified
income from temporary investments. Second, at least 95% of our gross income in each taxable year, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions, discharge of indebtedness and certain hedging
transactions, must be derived from some combination of income that qualifies under the 75% gross income test described above, as well as other dividends, interest, and gain from the sale or
disposition of stock or securities, which need not have any relation to real
S-21
Table of Contents
property.
Income and gain from certain hedging transactions will be excluded from both the numerator and the denominator for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests.
Interest income.
Interest income constitutes qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test (as described above)
to the
extent that the obligation upon which such interest is paid is secured by a mortgage on real property. If we receive interest income with respect to a mortgage loan that is secured by both real
property and other property, and the highest principal amount of the loan outstanding during a taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property on the date that we acquired or
originated the mortgage loan, the interest income will generally be apportioned between the real property and the other collateral, and our income from the arrangement will qualify for purposes of the
75% gross income test only to the extent that the interest is allocable to the real property. See "Interest and REMIC apportionment." Even if a loan is not secured by real property, or is
undersecured (such that all or a portion of the interest thereon does not qualify for the 75% gross income test), the income that it generates may nonetheless qualify for purposes of the 95% gross
income test.
We
may invest in U.S. Agency and non-U.S. Agency mortgage-backed securities that are either mortgage pass-through certificates or CMOs. We expect that such mortgage-backed securities
will be treated either as interests in a grantor trust or as interests in a REMIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In the case of mortgage-backed securities treated as interests in grantor
trusts, we would be treated as owning an undivided beneficial ownership interest in the mortgage loans held by the grantor trust. The interest on such mortgage loans would be qualifying income for
purposes of the 75% gross income test to the extent that the obligation is secured by real property, as discussed above. In the case of mortgage-backed securities treated as interests in a REMIC,
income derived from REMIC interests will generally be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income tests. If less than 95% of the assets of the REMIC are real estate assets,
however, then only a proportionate part of our interest in the REMIC and income derived from the interest will qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test. In addition, some REMIC
securitizations include imbedded interest swap or cap contracts or other derivative instruments that potentially could produce non-qualifying income for the holder of the related REMIC securities. We
expect that substantially all of our income from mortgage-backed securities will be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests.
Interest
income constitutes qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test to the extent that the obligation upon which such interest is paid is secured by a
mortgage on real property. If we receive interest income with respect to a mortgage loan that is secured by both real property and other property, and the highest principal amount of the loan
outstanding during a taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property on the date that we acquired or originated the mortgage loan, the interest income generally will be apportioned
between the real property and the other collateral, and our income from the arrangement will qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test only to the extent that the interest is allocable to the
real property. In certain cases, personal property collateral securing a loan that we hold may be treated as real property for purposes of the foregoing rules. In addition, in certain cases (unless a
safe harbor applies pursuant to IRS guidance), the modification of a debt instrument could result in the conversion of the interest paid on the instrument from qualifying income to wholly or partially
non qualifying income, which may require that we dispose of the debt instrument or contribute it to a TRS in order to satisfy the income tests described above. Moreover, the IRS has taken the position
that, for purposes of the REIT income tests, the principal amount of a loan is equal to its face amount, even in situations where the loan was acquired at a significant discount. Under this position,
a portion of the income generated by the instrument would not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test in cases where the underlying
real property has declined in value. Even if a loan is not secured by real property, or is undersecured, the income that it generates may nonetheless qualify for purposes of the 95% gross income test.
S-22
Table of Contents
To
the extent that the terms of a loan provide for contingent interest that is based on the cash proceeds realized upon the sale of the property securing the loan, income attributable to
the participation feature will be treated as gain from sale of the underlying property, which generally will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests provided that
the property is not held as inventory or dealer property. To the extent that we derive interest income from a mortgage loan, or income from the rental of real property, where all or a portion of the
amount of interest or rental income payable is contingent, such income generally will qualify for purposes of the gross income tests only if it is based upon the gross receipts or sales, and not the
net income or profits, of the borrower or lessee. This limitation does not apply, however, where the borrower or lessee leases substantially all of its interest in the property to tenants or
subtenants, to the extent that the rental income derived by the borrower or lessee, as the case may be, would qualify as rents from real property had we earned the income directly.
We
may invest in mezzanine loans, which are loans secured by equity interests in an entity that directly or indirectly owns real property, rather than by a direct mortgage of the real
property. The IRS has issued Revenue Procedure 2003 65 (the "Revenue Procedure"), which provides a safe harbor applicable to mezzanine loans. Under the Revenue Procedure, if a mezzanine loan meets
each of the requirements contained in the Revenue Procedure, (1) the mezzanine loan will be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the asset tests described below, and
(2) interest derived from the mezzanine loan will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe harbor on
which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. We intend to structure any investments in mezzanine loans in a manner that complies with the various requirements
applicable to our qualification as a REIT. To the extent that any of our mezzanine loans do not meet all of the requirements for reliance on the safe harbor set forth in the Revenue Procedure,
however, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge the tax treatment of these loans.
Rents from real property.
Rents received by us, if any, will qualify as "rents from real property" in satisfying the gross income
requirements
described above only if several conditions are met. If rent is partly attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease of real property, the portion of the rent that is attributable
to the personal property will not qualify as "rents from real property" unless it constitutes 15% or less of the total rent received under the lease. In addition, the amount of rent must not be based
in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. Amounts received as rent, however, generally will not be excluded from rents from real property solely by reason of being based on fixed
percentages of gross receipts or sales. Moreover, for rents received by us, if any, to qualify as "rents from real property," we generally must not operate or manage the property or furnish
or render services to the tenants of such property, other than through an "independent contractor" from which we derive no revenue. We are permitted, however, to perform services that are "usually or
customarily rendered" in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only and which are not otherwise considered rendered to the occupant of the property. In addition, we may directly or
indirectly provide non customary services to tenants of our properties without disqualifying all of the rent from the property if the payments for such services does not exceed 1% of the total gross
income from the property. For purposes of this test, we are deemed to have received income from such non customary services in an amount at least 150% of the direct cost of providing the services.
Moreover, we are generally permitted to provide services to tenants or others through a TRS without disqualifying the rental income received from tenants for purposes of the income tests. Also, rental
income will qualify as rents from real property only to the extent that we do not directly or constructively hold a 10% or greater interest, as measured by vote or value, in the lessee's equity.
Dividend income.
We may directly or indirectly receive distributions from TRSs or other corporations that are not REITs or qualified
REIT
subsidiaries. These distributions generally are treated as dividend income to the extent of the earnings and profits of the distributing corporation.
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Such
distributions will generally constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Any dividends that we receive from a REIT,
however, will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 95% and 75% gross income tests.
Fee income.
Fees will generally be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests if they are received in
consideration
for entering into an agreement to make a loan secured by real property and the fees are not determined by income and profits. Other fees generally will not be qualifying income for purposes of either
gross income test. Any fees earned by a TRS, however, will not be included for purposes of the gross income tests.
Hedging transactions.
Any income or gain that we or our pass-through subsidiaries derive from instruments that hedge certain specified
risks will be
excluded from gross income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests, provided that specified requirements are met, including the requirement that the instrument is entered into during
the ordinary course of our business and that the instrument be properly identified as a hedge along with the risk that it hedges within prescribed time periods. Income and gain from all other hedging
transactions will not be qualifying income for either the 95% or 75% gross income test. See "Derivatives and Hedging Transactions."
Failure to satisfy the gross income tests.
If we fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% or 95% gross income tests for any taxable year,
we may still
qualify as a REIT for such year if we are entitled to relief under applicable provisions of the Code. These relief provisions will generally be available if: (i) our failure to meet these tests
was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect; and (ii) following our identification of the failure to meet the 75% or 95% gross income test for any taxable year, we file a
schedule with the IRS setting forth each item of our gross income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income test for such taxable year in accordance with Treasury regulations yet to be issued. It is
not possible to state whether we would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions in all circumstances. If these relief provisions are inapplicable to a particular set of circumstances, we
will not qualify as a REIT. Even where these relief provisions apply, the Code imposes a tax based upon the amount by which we fail to satisfy the particular gross income test.
Timing differences between receipt of cash and recognition of income.
Due to the nature of the assets in which we will invest, we may
be required to
recognize taxable income from those assets in advance of our receipt of cash flow on or proceeds from disposition of such assets, and may be required to report taxable income in early periods that
exceeds the economic income ultimately realized on such assets.
We
may acquire mortgage-backed securities in the secondary market for less than their face amount. In addition, pursuant to our ownership of certain mortgage-backed securities, we may be
treated as holding certain debt instruments acquired in the secondary market for less than their face amount. The discount at which such securities or debt instruments are acquired may reflect doubts
about their ultimate collectability rather than current market interest rates. The amount of such discount may nevertheless generally be treated as "market discount" for U.S. federal income tax
purposes. Accrued market discount is generally recognized as income when, and to the extent that, any payment of principal on the mortgage-backed security or debt instrument is made. If we collect
less on the mortgage-backed security or debt instrument than our purchase price plus the market discount we had previously reported as income, we may not be able to benefit from any offsetting loss
deductions.
Moreover,
some of the mortgage-backed securities that we acquire may have been issued with original issue discount. In general, we will be required to accrue original issue discount
based on the constant yield to maturity of the securities, and to treat it as taxable income in accordance with applicable U.S. federal income tax rules even though smaller or no cash payments are
received on such securities. As in the case of the market discount discussed in the preceding paragraph, the constant yield in question will be determined and we will be taxed based on the assumption
that all future payments due on the mortgage-backed securities in question will be made, with consequences similar to those described in the previous paragraph if all payments on the securities are
not made.
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In addition, pursuant to our ownership of certain mortgage-backed securities, we may be treated as holding distressed debt investments that are subsequently
modified by agreement with the borrower. If the amendments to the outstanding debt are "significant modifications" under the applicable Treasury regulations, the modified debt may be considered to
have been reissued to us in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower. In that event, we may be required to recognize taxable gain to the extent the principal amount of the modified debt exceeds our
adjusted tax basis in the unmodified debt, even if the value of the debt or the payment expectations have not changed. Following such a taxable modification, we would hold the modified loan with a
cost basis equal to its principal amount for U.S. federal tax purposes. To the extent that such modifications are made with respect to a debt instrument held by a TRS that is treated as a dealer or
trader and that makes an election to use mark-to-market accounting, such TRS would be required at the end of each taxable year, including the taxable year in which any such modification were made, to
mark the modified debt instrument to its fair market value as if the debt instrument were sold. In that case, the TRS could recognize a loss at the end of the taxable year in which the modifications
were made to the extent that the fair market value of such debt instrument at such time was less than the instrument's tax basis.
In
addition, in the event mortgage-backed securities, or any debt instruments we are treated as holding pursuant to our investments in mortgage-backed securities, are delinquent as to
mandatory principal and interest payments, we may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as
taxable income as it accrues, despite doubt as to its ultimate collectability. Similarly, we may be required to accrue interest income with respect to subordinate mortgage-backed securities at the
stated rate regardless of whether corresponding cash payments are received.
Finally,
we may be required under the terms of indebtedness that we incur to use cash received from interest payments to make principal payments on that indebtedness, with the effect of
recognizing income but not having a corresponding amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Due
to each of these potential timing differences between income recognition or expense deduction and cash receipts or disbursements, there is a significant risk that we may have
substantial taxable income in excess of cash available for distribution. In that event, we may need to borrow funds or take other action to satisfy the REIT distribution requirements for the taxable
year in which this "phantom income" is recognized. See "Taxation of Ladder Capital CorpAnnual distribution requirements."
Asset tests
At the close of each calendar quarter, we must also satisfy five tests relating to the nature of our assets. First, at least 75% of the value of
our total assets must be represented by some combination of "real estate assets," cash, cash items, U.S. government securities, and, under some circumstances, stock or debt instruments purchased with
new capital. For this purpose, real estate assets include some kinds of mortgage-backed securities and mortgage loans, as well as interests in real property (and certain ancillary personal property),
stock of other corporations that qualify as REITs, and debt instruments (whether or not secured by real property) that are issued by a "publicly offered REIT"
(
i.e.
, a REIT that is required to file annual and periodic reports with the SEC under the Exchange Act). Assets that do not qualify for purposes of the
75% asset test are subject to the additional asset tests described below.
Second,
the value of any one issuer's securities that we own may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets.
Third,
we may not own more than 10% of any one issuer's outstanding securities, as measured by either voting power or value. The 5% and 10% asset tests do not apply to real estate
assets, securities of TRSs and qualified REIT subsidiaries and the value prong of the 10% asset test does not apply to "straight debt" having specified characteristics and to certain other securities
described below. Solely
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for
purposes of the 10% asset test, the determination of our interest in the assets of a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interest will be based on our proportionate
interest in any securities issued by the partnership or limited liability company, excluding for this purpose certain securities described in the Code.
Fourth,
the aggregate value of all securities of TRSs that we hold may not exceed 25% (or, for our 2018 and subsequent taxable years, 20%) of the value of our total assets.
Fifth,
no more than 25% of the total value of our assets may be represented by "nonqualified publicly offered REIT debt instruments" (i.e., real estate assets that would cease to
be real estate assets if debt instruments issued by publicly offered REITs were not included in the definition of real estate assets).
Notwithstanding
the general rule, as noted above, that for purposes of the REIT income and asset tests we are treated as owning our proportionate share of the underlying assets of a
subsidiary partnership, if we hold indebtedness issued by a partnership, the indebtedness will be subject to, and may cause a violation of, the asset tests unless the indebtedness is a qualifying
mortgage asset or other conditions are met. Similarly, although stock of a non-publicly offered REIT is a qualifying asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, any non-mortgage debt that is issued by
a non-publicly offered REIT may not so qualify (such debt, however, will not be treated as "securities" for purposes of the 10% asset value test, as explained below).
Certain
securities will not cause a violation of the 10% asset value test described above. Such securities include instruments that constitute "straight debt," which term generally
excludes, among other things, securities having contingency features. A security does not qualify as "straight debt" where a REIT (or a controlled TRS of the REIT) owns other securities of the same
issuer which do not qualify as straight debt, unless the value of those other securities constitute, in the aggregate, 1% or less of the total value of that issuer's outstanding securities. In
addition to straight debt, the Code provides that certain other securities will not violate the 10% asset value test. Such securities include: (i) any loan made to an individual or an estate;
(ii) certain rental agreements pursuant to which one or more payments are to be made in subsequent years (other than agreements between a REIT and certain persons related to the REIT under
attribution rules); (iii) any obligation to pay rents from real property; (iv) securities issued by governmental entities that are not dependent in whole or in part on the profits of (or
payments made by) a non-governmental entity; (v) any security (including debt securities) issued by another REIT; and (vi) any debt instrument issued by a partnership if the
partnership's income is of a nature that it would satisfy the 75% gross income test described above under "Income tests." In applying the 10% asset value test, a debt security issued by a
partnership is not taken into account to the extent, if any, of the REIT's proportionate interest in the equity and certain debt securities issued by that partnership.
We
invest in Agency and non-Agency mortgage-backed securities that are either mortgage pass-through certificates or CMOs. We expect that these securities will be treated either as
interests in grantor trusts or as interests in REMICs for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In the case of mortgage-backed securities treated as interests in grantor trusts, we would be treated as
owning an undivided beneficial ownership interest in the mortgage loans held by the grantor trust. Such mortgage loans will generally qualify as real estate assets to the extent that they are secured
by real property. We expect that substantially all of our mortgage-backed securities treated as interests in grantor trusts will qualify as real estate assets.
In
the case of mortgage-backed securities treated as interests in a REMIC, such interests will generally qualify as real estate assets. If less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC are real
estate assets, however, then only a proportionate part of our interest in the REMIC and income derived from the interest will qualify for purposes of the REIT asset tests.
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If
we hold a "residual interest" in a REMIC from which we derive "excess inclusion income," we will be required to either distribute the excess inclusion income or pay tax on it (or a
combination of the two), even though we may not receive the income in cash. To the extent that distributed excess inclusion income is allocable to a particular stockholder, the income:
(i) would not be allowed to be offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder; (ii) would be subject to tax as unrelated business taxable income in the hands
of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from U.S. federal income tax; and (iii) would result in the application of U.S. federal income tax withholding at the maximum
rate (30%), without reduction pursuant to any otherwise applicable income tax treaty or other exemption, to the extent allocable to most types of foreign stockholders. Moreover, any excess inclusion
income that we receive that is allocable to specified categories of tax-exempt investors which are not subject to unrelated business income tax ("UBIT"), such as government entities or charitable
remainder trusts, may be subject to corporate-level income tax in our hands, whether or not it is distributed.
In
addition, certain of our mezzanine loans may qualify for the safe harbor in the Revenue Procedure pursuant to which certain loans secured by a first priority security interest in
ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability company will be treated as qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% real estate asset test and the 10% vote or value test. See
"Income Tests." We may make some mezzanine loans that do not qualify for that safe harbor and that do not qualify as "straight debt" securities or for one of the other exclusions from the
definition of "securities" for purposes of the 10% asset value test. We intend to make such investments in such a manner as not to fail the asset tests described above, and we believe that our
existing investments satisfy such requirements. We believe that our holdings of securities and other assets will comply with the foregoing REIT asset requirements, and we intend to monitor compliance
on an ongoing basis.
We
enter into sale and repurchase agreements under which we nominally sell certain of our mortgage-backed securities to a counterparty and simultaneously enter into an agreement to
repurchase the sold assets in exchange for a purchase price that reflects a financing charge. Economically, these agreements are financings, which are secured by the securities "sold" pursuant
thereto. We believe that we will be treated for REIT asset and income test purposes as the owner of the securities that are the subject of any such agreement notwithstanding that such agreements may
transfer record ownership of the assets to the counterparty during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the IRS could assert that we did not own the mortgage-backed securities
during the term of the sale and repurchase agreement, in which case we could fail to qualify as a REIT.
No
independent appraisals have been obtained to support our conclusions as to the value of our total assets or the value of any particular security or securities. Moreover, values of
some assets, including instruments issued in securitization transactions, may not be susceptible to a precise determination, and values are subject to change in the future. Furthermore, the proper
classification of an instrument as debt or equity for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT asset requirements.
Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not contend that our interests in our subsidiaries or in the securities of other issuers will not cause a violation of the REIT asset tests.
However,
certain relief provisions are available to allow REITs to satisfy the asset requirements or to maintain REIT qualification notwithstanding certain violations of the asset and
other requirements. One such provision allows a REIT which fails one or more of the asset requirements to nevertheless maintain its REIT qualification if: (i) the REIT provides the IRS with a
description of each asset causing the failure; (ii) the failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect; (iii) the REIT pays a tax equal to the greater of (a) $50,000
per failure, and (b) the product of the net income generated by the assets that caused the failure multiplied by the highest applicable corporate tax rate (currently 21%); and (iv) the
REIT either disposes of the assets causing the failure within six months
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after
the last day of the quarter in which it identifies the failure, or otherwise satisfies the relevant asset tests within that time frame.
In
the case of
de minimis
violations of the 10% and 5% asset tests, a REIT may maintain its qualification despite a violation of such
requirements if: (i) the value of the assets causing the violation does not exceed the lesser of 1% of the REIT's total assets and $10,000,000; and (ii) the REIT either disposes of the
assets causing the failure within six months after the last day of the quarter in which it identifies the failure, or the relevant tests are otherwise satisfied within that time frame.
If
we should fail to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a calendar quarter, such a failure would not cause us to lose our REIT qualification if we: (i) satisfied the asset
tests at the close of the preceding calendar quarter; and (ii) the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset requirements was not wholly or partly caused by an acquisition of
non-qualifying assets, but instead arose from changes in the market value of our assets. If the condition described in (ii) were not satisfied, we still could avoid disqualification by
eliminating any discrepancy within 30 days after the close of the calendar quarter in which it arose or by making use of relief provisions described below.
Annual distribution requirements
In order to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends, to our stockholders in an amount at
least equal to:
-
(a)
-
the
sum of:
-
(i)
-
90%
of our net taxable income, computed without regard to our net capital gain and the deduction for dividends paid, and
-
(ii)
-
90%
of our net income, if any, (after tax) from foreclosure property (as described below), minus
-
(b)
-
the
sum of specified items of non-cash income.
We
generally must make these distributions in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if declared before we timely file our tax return for the year and if
paid with or before the first regular dividend payment after such declaration.
To
the extent that we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our REIT taxable income, as adjusted, we will be subject to tax at ordinary corporate tax rates on the retained
portion. We may elect to retain, rather than distribute, our net long-term capital gains and pay tax on such gains. In this case,
we could elect for our stockholders to include their proportionate shares of such undistributed long-term capital gains in income, and to receive a corresponding credit for their share of the tax that
we paid. Our stockholders would then increase their adjusted basis of their stock by the difference between: (a) the amounts of capital gain dividends that we designated and that they include
in their taxable income, and (b) the tax that we paid on their behalf with respect to that income.
To
the extent that in the future we may have available net operating losses carried forward from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that we must make in
order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Such losses, however, will generally not affect the character, in the hands of our stockholders, of any distributions that are actually made as
ordinary dividends or capital gains. See "Taxation of stockholdersTaxation of taxable U.S. HoldersDistributions."
If
we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of: (i) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year; (ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for
such year; and (iii) any undistributed net taxable income from prior periods, we will be subject to a non-deductible 4% excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the sum of:
(a) the amounts actually
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distributed,
plus (b) the amounts of income we retained and on which we have paid U.S. federal corporate income tax.
As
discussed above under "Income testsTiming differences between receipt of cash and recognition of income," it is possible that, from time to time, we may not
have sufficient cash to meet the distribution requirements due to timing differences between our actual receipt of cash and our inclusion of items in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In
the event that such timing differences occur, in order to meet the distribution requirements, it might be necessary for us to arrange for short-term, or possibly long-term, borrowings, or to pay
dividends in the form of taxable in-kind distributions of property. Alternatively, we may declare a taxable dividend payable in cash or stock at the election of each stockholder, where the aggregate
amount of cash to be distributed in such dividend may be subject to limitation. In such case, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, taxable stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to
include the full amount of the dividend as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits.
We
may be able to rectify a failure to meet the distribution requirements for a year by paying "deficiency dividends" to stockholders in a later year, which may be included in our
deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. In this case, we may be able to avoid losing REIT qualification or being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends, subject to the 4%
excise tax described
above. We will be required to pay interest based on the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency dividends.
Prohibited transactions
Net income that we derive from a prohibited transaction is subject to a 100% tax. The term "prohibited transaction" generally includes a sale or
other disposition of property (other than foreclosure property, as discussed below) that is held as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business by us or
by a borrower that has issued a shared appreciation mortgage or similar debt instrument to us. We intend to conduct our operations so that no asset that we own (or are treated as owning) will be
treated as, or as having been, held as inventory or for sale to customers, and that a sale of any such asset will not be treated as having been in the ordinary course of our business. Whether property
is held as inventory or "primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business" depends on the particular facts and circumstances. No assurance can be given that any property
that we sell will not be treated as inventory or property held for sale to customers, or that we can comply with certain safe-harbor provisions of the Code that would prevent such treatment. The 100%
tax does not apply to gains from the sale of property that is held through a TRS or other taxable corporation, although such income will be subject to tax in the hands of the corporation at regular
corporate rates. We intend to structure our activities to avoid prohibited transaction characterization.
Foreclosure property
Foreclosure property is real property and any personal property incident to such real property: (i) that we acquire as the result of
having bid in the property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced the property to ownership or possession by agreement or process of law, after a default (or upon imminent default) on a lease of
the property or a mortgage loan held by us and secured by the property; (ii) for which we acquired the related loan or lease at a time when default was not imminent or anticipated; and
(iii) with respect to which we made a proper election to treat the property as foreclosure property. We generally will be subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate (currently 21%) on any net
income from foreclosure property, including any gain from the disposition of the foreclosure property, other than income that would otherwise be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income
test. Any gain from the sale of property for which a foreclosure property election has been made will not be subject to the 100% tax on gains from prohibited transactions described
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above,
even if the property would otherwise constitute inventory or dealer property. Because we will invest primarily in mortgage-backed securities, we do not anticipate receiving any income from
foreclosure property that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test.
Derivatives and hedging transactions
We may enter into hedging transactions with respect to interest rate exposure on one or more of our assets or liabilities. Any such hedging
transactions could take a variety of forms, including the use of derivative instruments such as interest rate swap contracts, interest rate cap or floor contracts, futures or forward contracts, and
options. Except to the extent provided by Treasury regulations, any income from a hedging transaction (including gain from the sale, disposition, or termination of a position in such a transaction)
will not constitute gross income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income test if we properly identify the transaction as specified in applicable Treasury regulations and we enter into such
transaction (i) in the normal course of our business primarily to manage risk of interest rate changes or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary
obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets; (ii) primarily to manage risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be
qualifying income under the 75% or 95% income tests; or (iii) in connection with the extinguishment of indebtedness with respect to which we have entered into a qualified hedging position
described in clause (i) or the disposition of property with respect to which we have entered into a qualified hedging position described in clause (ii), primarily to manage the risks of
such hedging positions. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of both
of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that will not jeopardize our qualification as a REIT. We may conduct some or all of our hedging
activities (including hedging activities relating to currency risk) through a TRS or other corporate entity, the income from which may be subject to U.S. federal income tax, rather than by
participating in the arrangements directly or through pass-through subsidiaries. No assurance can be given, however, that our hedging activities will not give rise to income that does not qualify for
purposes of either or both of the REIT gross income tests, or that our hedging activities will not adversely affect our ability to satisfy the REIT qualification requirements.
Taxable mortgage pools and excess inclusion income
An entity, or a portion of an entity, may be classified as a TMP, under the Code if:
-
-
substantially all of its assets consist of debt obligations or interests in debt obligations;
-
-
more than 50% of those debt obligations are real estate mortgages or interests in real estate mortgages as of specified testing dates;
-
-
the entity has issued debt obligations (liabilities) that have two or more maturities; and
-
-
the payments required to be made by the entity on its debt obligations (liabilities) "bear a relationship" to the payments to be received by
the entity on the debt obligations that it holds as assets.
Under
Treasury regulations, if less than 80% of the assets of an entity (or a portion of an entity) consist of debt obligations, these debt obligations are considered not to comprise
"substantially all" of its assets, and therefore the entity would not be treated as a TMP. Our financing and securitization arrangements may give rise to TMPs, with the consequences as described
below.
Where
an entity, or a portion of an entity, is classified as a TMP, it is generally treated as a taxable corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In the case of a REIT, or a
portion of a REIT, or a disregarded subsidiary of a REIT, that is a TMP, however, special rules apply. The TMP is not treated as a corporation that is subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax, and
the TMP
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classification
does not adversely affect the qualification of the REIT. Rather, the consequences of the TMP classification would, in general, except as described below, be limited to the stockholders
of the REIT.
A
portion of the REIT's income from the TMP arrangement could be treated as "excess inclusion income." The REIT's excess inclusion income, including any excess inclusion income from a
residual interest in a REMIC, must be allocated among its stockholders in proportion to dividends paid. The REIT is required to notify stockholders of the amount of "excess inclusion income" allocated
to them. A stockholder's share of excess inclusion income:
-
-
cannot be offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder;
-
-
is subject to tax as UBIT in the hands of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from U.S. federal income tax; and
-
-
results in the application of U.S. federal income tax withholding at the maximum rate (30%), without reduction for any otherwise applicable
income tax treaty or other exemption, to the extent allocable to most types of foreign stockholders.
See
"Taxation of stockholders." To the extent that excess inclusion income is allocated to a tax-exempt stockholder of a REIT that is not subject to unrelated business
income tax (such as a government entity or charitable remainder trust), the REIT may be subject to tax on this income at the highest applicable corporate tax rate (currently 21%). In that case, the
REIT could reduce distributions to such stockholders by the amount of such tax paid by the REIT attributable to such stockholder's ownership. Treasury regulations provide that such a reduction in
distributions does not give rise to a preferential dividend that could adversely affect the REIT's compliance with its distribution requirements. See "Taxation of Ladder Capital
CorpAnnual distribution requirements."
The
manner in which excess inclusion income is calculated, or would be allocated to stockholders, including allocations among shares of different classes of stock, is not clear under
current law. As required by IRS guidance, we intend to make such determinations using a reasonable method. Tax-exempt investors, foreign investors and taxpayers with net operating losses should
carefully consider the tax consequences described above, and are urged to consult their tax advisors.
If
a subsidiary partnership of ours that we do not wholly-own, directly or through one or more disregarded entities, were a TMP, the foregoing rules would not apply. Rather, the
partnership that is a TMP would be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and potentially would be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax or withholding tax. In addition,
this characterization would alter our income and asset test calculations, and could adversely affect our compliance with those requirements. We intend to monitor the structure of any TMPs in which we
have an interest to ensure that they will not adversely affect our qualification as a REIT.
Asset-backed securities
Investments in asset-backed securities, or "ABS", generally are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test applicable to REITs and
generally do not generate qualifying income for purposes of the 75% income test applicable to REITs. As a result, we may be limited in our ability to invest in such assets.
Failure to qualify
If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification other than the income or asset tests, we could avoid disqualification if
our failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. Relief provisions are available for failures of the income tests and asset
tests, as described above in "Income tests" and "Asset tests."
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If
we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year, and the relief provisions described above do not apply, we would be subject to tax on our taxable income at regular
corporate rates. We cannot deduct distributions to stockholders in any year in which we are not a REIT, nor would we be required to make distributions in such a year. In this situation, to the extent
of current and accumulated earnings and profits, distributions to most domestic stockholders that are U.S. individuals, trusts or estates will generally be taxable at the preferential income tax rates
(i.e., the 20% maximum regular federal rate) for qualified dividends. In addition, subject to the limitations of the Code, corporate distributees may be eligible for the dividends received
deduction. Unless we are entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions, we would also be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year
during which we lost qualification. It is not possible to state whether, in all circumstances, we would be entitled to this statutory relief.
Tax Aspects of Our Operating Partnerships and any Subsidiary Partnerships
All of our investments are held through two series of LCFH, Series REIT of LCFH and Series TRS of LCFH. Series REIT holds an interest in Series
TRS through a TRS. In addition, our operating partnerships may hold certain of their investments indirectly through subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies which we expect will be
treated as partnerships or disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In general, entities that are treated as partnerships or disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes
are "pass-through" entities which are not required to pay U.S. federal income tax. Rather, partners or members of such entities are allocated their shares of the items of income, gain, loss, deduction
and credit of the partnership or limited liability company, and are potentially required to pay tax on this income, without regard to whether they receive a distribution from the partnership or
limited liability company. We will include in our income our share of these partnership and limited liability company items for purposes of the various gross income tests, the computation of our REIT
taxable income, and the REIT distribution requirements. Moreover, for purposes of the asset tests, we will include our pro rata share of assets held by our operating partnerships, including their
share of their subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies, based on our capital interest in each such entity. See "Taxation of Ladder Capital Corp."
Entity Classification
Our interests in our operating partnerships and the subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies involve special tax considerations,
including the possibility that the IRS might challenge the status of these entities as partnerships (or disregarded entities), as opposed to associations taxable as corporations for U.S. federal
income tax purposes. If our operating partnerships or a subsidiary partnership or limited liability company were treated as an association, they would be taxable as a corporation and would be required
to pay an entity-level tax on their income. In addition,
the IRS could challenge the treatment of our series partnerships as separate entities. In this situation, the character of our assets and items of gross income would change and could prevent us from
satisfying the REIT asset tests and possibly the REIT income tests. See "Taxation of Ladder Capital CorpAsset tests" and "Income tests." This, in turn, could
prevent us from qualifying as a REIT. See "Failure to qualify" for a discussion of the effect of our failure to meet these tests. In addition, a change in the tax status or tax treatment
of our operating partnerships, a subsidiary partnership or limited liability company might be treated as a taxable event. If so, we might incur a distribution requirement or tax liability without any
related cash distributions. We believe that our operating partnerships and each of our other partnerships and limited liability companies (for which we do not make an election to be treated as
corporations for federal income tax purposes) will be classified as partnerships or disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
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Allocations of Income, Gain, Loss and Deduction
A partnership agreement (or, in the case of a limited liability company treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the
limited liability company agreement) will generally determine the allocation of partnership income and loss among partners. Generally, Section 704(b) of the Code and the Treasury regulations
thereunder require that partnership allocations respect the economic arrangement of the partners. If an allocation of partnership income or loss does not comply with the requirements of
Section 704(b) of the Code and the Treasury regulations thereunder, the item subject to the allocation will be reallocated in accordance with the partners' interests in the partnership. This
reallocation will be determined by taking into account all of the facts and circumstances relating to the economic arrangement of the partners with respect to such item. Our operating partnerships'
allocations of taxable income and loss are intended to comply with the requirements of Section 704(b) of the Code and the Treasury regulations thereunder.
New Partnership Audit Rules
The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 changed the rules applicable to U.S. federal income tax audits of partnerships (such as our operating
partnership). Under such rules (which are generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017), among other changes and subject to certain exceptions, any audit adjustment
to any item or amount with respect to the partnership which is relevant in determining the tax liability of any partner (and any partner's distributive share thereof) is determined, and taxes,
interest, or penalties attributable thereto are assessed and collected, at the partnership level. These rules could result in our operating partnership or other partnerships in which we directly or
indirect invest being required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties as a result of an audit adjustment, and we, as a direct or indirect partner of these partnerships, could be required to
bear the economic burden of those taxes, interest, and penalties even though we, as a REIT, may not otherwise have been required to pay additional corporate-level taxes as a result of the related
audit adjustment. The changes created by these rules are sweeping and in many respects dependent on the promulgation of future regulations or other guidance by the U.S. Treasury. Investors are urged
to consult their tax advisors with respect to these changes and their potential impact on their investment in our common stock.
Taxation of stockholders
Taxation of taxable U.S. Holders
As used herein, the term "U.S. Holder" means a holder of our Class A common stock who for U.S. federal income tax purposes
is:
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an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;
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a corporation (or entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in the United States or under the
laws of the United States, or of any state thereof, or the District of Columbia;
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an estate, the income of which is includable in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or
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a trust if (i) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S.
fiduciaries have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or (ii) the trust has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S.
person.
If
a partnership, including for this purpose any entity or arrangement that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, holds our Class A common stock, the
tax treatment
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of
a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. An investor that is a partnership and the partners in such partnership
should consult their tax advisors about the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our Class A common stock.
Distributions.
So long as we qualify as a REIT, the distributions that we make to our U.S. Holders out of current or accumulated
earnings and profits
that we do not designate as capital gain dividends will generally be taken into account by such stockholders as ordinary income and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for
corporations. With limited exceptions, our dividends are not eligible for taxation at the preferential income tax rates (i.e., the 20% maximum regular U.S. federal rate) for qualified dividends
received by most domestic U.S. Holders that are individuals, trusts and estates from taxable C corporations. However, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before
January 1, 2026, non-corporate taxpayers may deduct up to 20% of certain qualified business income, including "qualified REIT dividends" (generally, dividends received by a REIT stockholder
that are not
designated as capital gain dividends or qualified dividend income), subject to certain limitations, resulting in an effective maximum U.S. federal income tax rate of 29.6% on such income.
Additionally, such U.S. Holders are taxed at the preferential rates on dividends designated by and received from REITs to the extent that the dividends are attributable
to:
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income retained by the REIT in the prior taxable year on which the REIT was subject to corporate level income tax (less the amount of tax);
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dividends received by the REIT from TRSs or other taxable C corporations; or
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income in the prior taxable year from the sales of "built-in gain" property acquired by the REIT from C corporations in carryover basis
transactions (less the amount of corporate tax on such income).
Distributions
that we designate as capital gain dividends generally will be taxed to our U.S. Holders as long-term capital gains, to the extent that such distributions do not exceed our
actual net capital gain for the taxable year, without regard to the period for which the U.S. Holder that receives such distribution has held its stock. We may elect to retain and pay taxes on some or
all of our net long-term capital gains, in which case provisions of the Code will treat our U.S. Holders as having received, solely for tax purposes, our undistributed capital gains, and the U.S.
Holders will receive a corresponding credit for taxes that we paid on such undistributed capital gains. See "Taxation of Ladder Capital CorpAnnual distribution requirements."
Corporate U.S. Holders may be required to treat up to 20% of some capital gain dividends as ordinary income. Long-term capital gains are generally taxable at maximum regular U.S. federal rates of 20%
in the case of stockholders that are individuals, trusts or estates, and 21% in the case of stockholders that are corporations. Capital gains attributable to the sale of depreciable real property held
for more than 12 months are subject to a 25% maximum regular U.S. federal income tax rate for taxpayers who are taxed as individuals, to the extent of previously claimed depreciation
deductions.
Distributions
in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will generally represent a return of capital and will not be taxable to a U.S. Holder to the extent that the
amount of such distributions does not exceed the adjusted basis of the U.S. Holder's shares in respect of which the distributions were made. Rather, the distribution will reduce the adjusted basis of
the U.S. Holder's shares. To the extent that such distributions exceed the adjusted basis of a U.S. Holder's shares, such holder generally must include such distributions in income as long-term
capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the shares have been held for one year or less. In addition, any dividend that we declare
in October, November or December of any year and that is payable to a stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month will be treated as both paid by us and received by the stockholder on
December 31 of such year, provided that we actually pay the dividend before the end of January of the following calendar year.
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To
the extent that we have available net operating losses and capital losses carried forward from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that we must make in
order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Any net operating losses generated in years beginning after December 31, 2017 will only be able to offset 80% of our net taxable income
(determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction). See "Taxation of Ladder Capital CorpAnnual distribution requirements." Such losses, however, are not passed
through to stockholders and do not offset income of stockholders from other sources, nor would such losses affect the character of any distributions that we make, which are generally subject to tax in
the hands of stockholders to the extent that we have current or accumulated earnings and profits.
Dispositions of Ladder stock.
If a U.S. Holder sells or disposes of shares of our stock, it will generally recognize gain or loss for
U.S. federal
income tax purposes in an amount equal to the difference between the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received on the sale or other disposition and the stockholder's adjusted
tax basis in the shares of Ladder stock. In general, capital gains recognized by individuals, trusts or estates upon the sale or disposition of our stock will be subject to a maximum regular U.S.
federal income tax rate of 20% if the stock is held for more than one year, and will be taxed at ordinary income rates (of up to 37%) if the stock is held for one year or less. Gains recognized by
U.S. Holders that are corporations are subject to U.S. federal income tax at a maximum rate of 21%, whether or not such gains are classified as long-term capital gains. Capital losses recognized by a
U.S. Holder upon the disposition of our stock that was held for more than one year at the time of disposition will be considered long-term capital losses, and capital losses are generally available
only to offset capital gain income of the U.S. Holder but not ordinary income (except in the case of individuals, who may offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income each year). In addition, any loss upon
a sale or exchange of shares of our stock by a U.S. Holder who has held the shares for six months or less, after applying holding period rules, will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the
extent of distributions that we make that are required to be treated by the stockholder as long-term capital gain.
If
an investor recognizes a loss upon a subsequent disposition of our stock or other securities in an amount that exceeds a prescribed threshold, it is possible that the provisions of
Treasury regulations involving "reportable transactions" could apply, with a resulting requirement to separately disclose the loss-generating transaction to the IRS. These regulations, though directed
towards "tax shelters," are broadly written and apply to transactions that would not typically be considered tax shelters. The Code imposes significant penalties for failure to comply with these
requirements. You should consult your tax
advisor concerning any possible disclosure obligation with respect to the receipt or disposition of our stock or securities or transactions that we might undertake directly or indirectly. Moreover,
you should be aware that we and other participants in the transactions in which we are involved (including their advisors) might be subject to disclosure or other requirements pursuant to these
regulations.
Passive activity losses and investment interest limitations.
Distributions that we make and gain arising from the sale or exchange by a
U.S. Holder
will not be treated as passive activity income. As a result, U.S. Holders will not be able to apply any "passive losses" against income or gain relating to our stock. To the extent that distributions
we make do not constitute a return of capital, they will be treated as investment income for purposes of computing the investment interest limitation.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Tax.
We will report to a U.S. holder and the IRS the amount of distributions we pay during
each calendar
year and the amount of tax we withhold, if any. Under the backup withholding rules, a U.S. holder of our common stock may be subject to backup withholding (currently at a maximum rate of 24%) with
respect to distributions unless such U.S. holder:
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is a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact; or
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provides an accurate taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding, and otherwise complies with
the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules.
Any
amount paid as backup withholding will be creditable against a U.S. holder's income tax liability, which may entitle a U.S. Holder to a refund, provided that proper information is
timely provided to the IRS.
Taxation of foreign stockholders
The rules governing U.S. federal income taxation of the ownership and disposition of our Class A common stock by persons that are, for
purposes of such taxation, nonresident alien individuals, foreign corporations, foreign partnerships or foreign estates or trusts (collectively, "Non-U.S. Holders") are complex, and no attempt is made
herein to provide more than a brief summary of such rules. Accordingly, the discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income tax law and does not address state, local or foreign tax
consequences that may be relevant to a Non-U.S. Holder in light of its particular circumstances. In addition, this discussion is based on current law, which is subject to change, and assumes that
Ladder will qualify for taxation as a REIT. Non-U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors to determine the impact of U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax laws with regard to the ownership
and disposition of our Class A common stock (including reporting requirements) in light of their individual circumstances.
Ordinary dividends.
The portion of dividends received by Non-U.S. Holders that is: (i) payable out of our earnings and profits;
(ii) which is not attributable to our capital gains; and (iii) which is not effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the Non-U.S. Holder, will be subject to U.S.
withholding tax at the rate of 30%, unless reduced or eliminated by treaty.
In
general, Non-U.S. Holders will not be considered to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business solely as a result of their ownership of our stock. In cases where the dividend income from
a Non-U.S. Holder's investment in our stock is, or is treated as, effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder's conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the Non-U.S. Holder generally will be subject to
U.S. federal income tax at graduated rates, in the same manner as domestic stockholders are taxed with respect to such dividends. Such income must generally be reported on a U.S. federal income tax
return filed by or on behalf of the Non-U.S. Holder. The income may also be subject to the 30% branch profits tax in the case of a Non-U.S. Holder that is a corporation.
Non-dividend distributions.
Unless our stock constitutes a U.S. real property interest (a "USRPI") (as described below), distributions
that we make
which are not dividends out of our earnings and profits will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax. If we cannot determine at the time a distribution is made whether or not the distribution will
exceed current and accumulated earnings and profits, the distribution will be subject to withholding at the rate applicable to dividends. The Non-U.S. Holder may seek a refund from the IRS of any
amounts withheld if it is subsequently determined that the distribution was, in fact, in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. If our stock constitutes a USRPI, as described
below, distributions that we make in excess of the sum of: (a) the stockholder's proportionate share of our earnings and profits, plus (b) the stockholder's basis in its
stock, will be taxed under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 ("FIRPTA"), at the rate of tax, including any applicable capital gains rates, that would apply to a domestic
stockholder of the same type (e.g., an individual or a corporation, as the case may be), and the collection of the tax will be enforced by a withholding at a rate of 15% of the amount by which
the distribution exceeds the stockholder's share of our earnings and profits.
Capital gain dividends.
Under FIRPTA, a distribution that we make to a Non-U.S. Holder, to the extent attributable to gains from
dispositions of
USRPIs that we held directly or through pass-through
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subsidiaries,
or USRPI capital gains, will, except as described below, be considered effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the Non-U.S. Holder and will be subject to U.S. federal
income tax at the rates applicable to U.S. individuals or corporations, without regard to whether we designate the distribution as a capital gain dividend. See above under "Taxation of
foreign stockholdersOrdinary dividends," for a discussion of the consequences of income that is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. In addition, we will be required to
withhold tax equal to 21% of the maximum amount that could have been designated as USRPI capital gains dividends. Distributions subject to FIRPTA may also be subject to a 30% branch profits tax in the
hands of a Non-U.S. Holder that is a corporation. A distribution is not attributable to USRPI capital gain if we held an interest in the underlying asset solely as a creditor. Capital gain dividends
received by a Non-U.S. Holder that are attributable to dispositions of our assets other than USRPIs are not subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax, unless: (i) the gain is
effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder's U.S. trade or business, in which case the Non-U.S. Holder would be subject to the same treatment as U.S. holders with respect to such gain; or
(ii) the Non-U.S. Holder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a "tax home" in the United States, in
which case the Non-U.S. Holder will incur a 30% tax on his capital gains.
A
capital gain dividend that would otherwise have been treated as a USRPI capital gain will not be so treated or be subject to FIRPTA, and generally will not be treated as income that is
effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business, and instead will generally be treated in the same manner as an ordinary dividend (see "Taxation of foreign
stockholdersOrdinary dividends"), if: (i) the capital gain dividend is received with respect to a class of stock that is regularly traded on an established securities market
located in the United States; and (ii) the recipient Non-U.S. Holder does not own more than 10% of that class of stock at any time during the year ending on the date on which the capital gain
dividend is received. We anticipate that our Class A common stock will be "regularly traded" on an established securities exchange.
Dispositions of Ladder stock.
Unless our stock constitutes a USRPI, a sale of our stock by a Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be
subject to U.S.
taxation under FIRPTA. Our stock will be treated as a USRPI if 50% or more of our assets throughout a prescribed testing period consist of interests in real property located within the United States,
excluding, for this purpose, interests in real property solely in a capacity as a creditor. It is not currently anticipated that our stock will constitute a USRPI. However, we cannot assure you that
our stock will not become a USRPI.
Even
if the foregoing 50% test is met, our stock will not constitute a USRPI if we are a "domestically controlled qualified investment entity." A domestically controlled qualified
investment entity includes a REIT, less than 50% of the value of which is held directly or indirectly by Non-U.S. Holders at all times during a specified testing period (after applying certain
presumptions regarding the ownership of our stock, as described in the Code). We believe that we will be and will remain a domestically controlled qualified investment entity, and that a sale of our
stock should not be subject to taxation under FIRPTA. However, no assurance can be given that we will be or will remain a domestically controlled qualified investment entity.
In
the event that we are not a domestically controlled qualified investment entity, but our stock is "regularly traded," as defined by applicable Treasury regulations, on an established
securities market, a Non-U.S. Holder's sale of our Class A common stock nonetheless also would not be subject to tax under FIRPTA as a sale of a USRPI, provided that the selling Non-U.S. Holder
held 10% or less of our outstanding Class A common stock any time during the one-year period ending on the date of the sale. We expect that our Class A common stock will be regularly
traded on an established securities market.
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In
addition, if a Non U.S. Holder disposes of such common stock during the 30 day period preceding the ex-dividend date of any dividend payment, and such Non U.S. Holder acquires
or enters into a contract or option to acquire our common stock within 61 days of the first day of such 30 day period described above, and any portion of such dividend payment would, but
for the disposition, be treated as USRPI capital gain to such Non U.S. Holder under FIRPTA, then such Non U.S. Holder will be treated as having USRPI capital gain in an amount that, but for the
disposition, would have been treated as USRPI capital gain.
If
gain on the sale of our stock were subject to taxation under FIRPTA, the Non-U.S. Holder would be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return and would be subject to the
same treatment as a domestic stockholder with respect to such gain, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of non-resident alien individuals,
and the purchaser of the stock could be required to withhold 15% of the purchase price and remit such amount to the IRS.
Gain
from the sale of our stock that would not otherwise be subject to FIRPTA will nonetheless be taxable in the United States to a Non-U.S. Holder in two cases: (i) if the
Non-U.S. Holder's investment in our stock is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business conducted by such Non-U.S. Holder, the Non-U.S. Holder will be subject to the same treatment as a
domestic stockholder with respect to such gain; or (ii) if the Non-U.S. Holder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the
taxable year and has a "tax home" in the United States, the nonresident alien individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individual's capital gain.
Special FIRPTA Rules.
Recently enacted amendments to FIRPTA create special rules that modify the application of the foregoing FIRPTA
rules for
particular types of foreign investors, including "qualified foreign pension funds" and their wholly owned foreign subsidiaries and certain widely held, publicly traded "qualified collective investment
vehicles." Non U.S. stockholders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the applicability of these or any other special FIRPTA rules to their particular investment in our common stock.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Tax
Dividends paid to a Non-U.S. Holder may be subject to U.S. information reporting and backup withholding. A Non-U.S. Holder will be exempt from
backup withholding if the Non-U.S. Holder provides a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E, as applicable, or otherwise meets documentary evidence requirements for establishing its
status as a Non-U.S. Holder or otherwise establishes an exemption.
The
gross proceeds from the disposition of our common stock may be subject to U.S. information reporting and backup withholding. If a Non-U.S. Holder sells our common stock outside the
United States through a non-U.S. office of a non-U.S. broker and the sales proceeds are paid to the Non-U.S. Holder outside the United States, then the U.S. backup withholding and information
reporting requirements generally will not apply to that payment. However, U.S. information reporting, but not U.S. backup withholding, will apply to a payment of sales proceeds, even if that payment
is made outside the United States, if a Non-U.S. Holder sells our common stock through a non-U.S. office of a broker that is a United States person or has certain enumerated connections with the
United States, unless the broker has documentary evidence in its files that the Non-U.S. Holder is not a United States person and certain other conditions are met or the Non-U.S. Holder otherwise
establishes an exemption.
If
a Non-U.S. Holder receives payments of the proceeds of a sale of our common stock to or through a U.S. office of a broker, the payment is subject to both U.S. backup withholding and
information reporting unless the Non-U.S. Holder provides a properly executed IRS Form W-8BEN or
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W-8BEN-E,
as applicable, certifying that the Non-U.S. Holder is not a "United States person" or the Non-U.S. Holder otherwise establishes an exemption.
A
Non-U.S. Holder generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules that exceed the Non-U.S. Holder's U.S. federal income tax liability by timely
filing a refund claim with the IRS.
Estate tax.
If our stock is owned or treated as owned by an individual who is not a citizen or resident (as specially defined for U.S.
federal estate
tax purposes) of the United States at the time of such individual's death, the stock will be includable in the individual's gross estate for U.S. federal estate tax purposes, unless an applicable
estate tax treaty provides otherwise, and may therefore be subject to U.S. federal estate tax.
Foreign stockholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, state, local
and foreign income and other tax consequences of owning Ladder stock.
Taxation of tax-exempt stockholders
Tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt
from U.S. federal income taxation. However, they may be subject to taxation on their UBIT. While some investments in real estate may generate
UBIT, the IRS has ruled that dividend distributions from a REIT to a tax-exempt entity do not constitute UBIT. Based on that ruling, and provided that: (i) a tax-exempt stockholder has not held
our stock as "debt financed property" within the meaning of the Code (i.e., where the acquisition or holding of the property is financed through a borrowing by the tax-exempt stockholder); and
(ii) our stock is not otherwise used in an unrelated trade or business, distributions that we make and income from the sale of our stock generally should not give rise to UBIT to a tax-exempt
stockholder.
Tax-exempt
stockholders that are social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group legal services plans exempt from
U.S. federal income taxation under sections 501(c)(7), (c)(9), (c)(17) and (c)(20) of the Code are subject to different UBIT rules, which generally require such stockholders to characterize
distributions that we make as UBIT.
In
certain circumstances, a pension trust that owns more than 10% of our stock could be required to treat a percentage of the dividends as UBIT if we are a "pension-held REIT." We will
not be a pension-held REIT unless: (i) we are required to "look through" one or more of our pension trust stockholders in order to satisfy the REIT "closely-held" test; and (ii) either
(a) one pension trust owns more than 25% of the value of our stock, or (b) one or more pension trusts, each individually holding more than 10% of the value of our stock, collectively
owns more than 50% of the value of our stock. Certain restrictions on ownership and transfer of our stock generally should prevent a tax-exempt entity from owning more than 10% of the value of our
stock and generally should prevent us from becoming a pension-held REIT.
Tax-exempt stockholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, state,
local and foreign income and other tax consequences of owning Ladder stock.
Other tax considerations
Legislative or other actions affecting REITs
The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of REITs may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial or
administrative action at any time. The REIT rules are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department which may result in
statutory changes as well as revisions to regulations and interpretations. We cannot
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predict
how changes in the tax laws might affect our investors or us. New legislation, Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly and negatively affect
our ability to qualify as a REIT or the U.S. federal income tax consequences to our investors and us of such qualification.
In
addition, the recently enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or TCJA, makes substantial changes to the Code. Among those changes are a significant permanent reduction in the generally
applicable corporate tax rate, changes in the taxation of individuals and other non-corporate taxpayers that generally but not universally reduce their taxes on a temporary basis subject to "sunset"
provisions, the elimination or modification of various currently allowed deductions (including additional limitations on the deductibility of business interest and substantial limitation on the
deduction for state and local taxes imposed on individuals), and preferential taxation of income (including REIT dividends) derived by non-corporate taxpayers from "pass-through" entities. The TCJA
also imposes certain additional limitations on the deduction of net operating losses, which may in the future cause us to make distributions that will be taxable to our stockholders to the extent of
our current or accumulated earnings and profits in order to comply with the annual REIT distribution requirements. The effect of these, and the many other, changes made in the TCJA is highly
uncertain, both in terms of their direct effect on the taxation of an investment in our common stock and their indirect effect on the value of our assets. Furthermore, many of the provisions of the
TCJA will require guidance through the issuance of U.S. Treasury regulations in order to assess their effect. There may be a substantial delay before such regulations are promulgated, increasing the
uncertainty as to the ultimate effect of the statutory amendments on us. It is also likely that there will be technical corrections legislation proposed with respect to the TCJA, the timing and effect
of which cannot be predicted and may be adverse to us or our stockholders.
Medicare 3.8% tax on investment income
Certain U.S. holders who are individuals, estates or trusts and whose income exceeds certain thresholds are required to pay a 3.8% Medicare tax
on their "net investment income," which includes dividends received from us and capital gains from the sale or other disposition of our Class A common stock. The temporary 20% deduction
currently allowed with respect to ordinary REIT dividends received by non-corporate taxpayers is apparently not allowed as a deduction allocable to such dividends for purposes of determining the
amount of net investment income subject to the 3.8% Medicare tax. U.S. stockholders should consult their tax advisors regarding this tax on net investment income.
Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
Withholding at a rate of 30% generally will be required on dividends, and, after December 31, 2018, gross proceeds from the sale of, our
Class A common stock held by or through certain foreign financial institutions (including investment funds), unless such institution enters into an agreement with the Treasury to report, on an
annual basis, information with respect to shares in, and the accounts maintained by, the institution held by certain U.S. persons and by certain non-U.S. entities that are wholly or partially owned by
U.S. persons and to withhold on certain payments. Accordingly, the entity through which our Class A common stock is held will affect the determination of whether such withholding is required.
Similarly, dividends, and, after December 31, 2018, gross proceeds from the sale of, our Class A common stock held by an investor that is a non-financial non-U.S. entity which does not
qualify under certain exemptions will be subject to withholding at a rate of 30%, unless such entity either (i) certifies that such entity does not have any "substantial United States owners"
or (ii) provides certain information regarding the entity's "substantial United States owners," which the applicable withholding agent will in turn provide to the Secretary of the Treasury. An
intergovernmental agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country may modify
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these
requirements. We will not pay any additional amounts to stockholders in respect of any amounts withheld. Non-U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the possible
implications of these withholding taxes on their investment in our Class A common stock.
State, local and foreign taxes
We and our subsidiaries and stockholders may be subject to state, local or foreign taxation in various jurisdictions including those in which we
or they transact business, own property or reside. Our state, local or foreign tax treatment and that of our stockholders may not conform to the U.S. federal income tax treatment discussed above. Any
foreign taxes that we incur do not pass through to stockholders as a credit against their U.S. federal income tax liability. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the
application and effect of state, local and foreign income and other tax laws on an investment in our stock.
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UNDERWRITING
Subject to the terms and conditions of an underwriting agreement between the Company and the underwriters named below, the underwriters will
agree to purchase from us the following respective number of shares of Class A common stock:
|
|
|
|
|
Name
|
|
Shares
|
|
Citigroup Global Markets Inc.
|
|
|
966,668
|
|
Deutsche Bank Securities Inc.
|
|
|
966,668
|
|
Barclays Capital Inc.
|
|
|
966,666
|
|
BTIG, LLC
|
|
|
966,666
|
|
Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC
|
|
|
966,666
|
|
Wells Fargo Securities, LLC
|
|
|
966,666
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
5,800,000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The
underwriting agreement provides that the obligations of the several underwriters to purchase the shares of Class A common stock offered hereby are subject to certain
conditions precedent and that the underwriters will purchase all of the shares of Class A common stock offered by this prospectus supplement, other than those covered by the option to purchase
additional shares described below, if any of these shares are purchased.
We
have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against some specified types of liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments the underwriters
may be required to make in respect of any of these liabilities.
The
underwriters are offering the shares, subject to prior sale, when, as and if issued to and accepted by them, subject to approval of legal matters by their counsel, including the
validity of the shares, and other conditions contained in the underwriting agreement, such as the receipt by the underwriters of officer's certificates and legal opinions. The underwriters reserve the
right to withdraw, cancel or modify offers to the public and to reject orders in whole or in part.
Commissions and Discounts
The underwriters will agree to purchase the shares of Class A common stock from us at a price of $17.07 per share, which will result in
net proceeds to us, before deducting estimated expenses related to this offering, of approximately $99.0 million. The underwriters propose to offer the shares of Class A common stock
offered hereby from time to time for sale in one or more transactions on the NYSE, in the over-the-counter market, through negotiated transactions or otherwise, at market prices prevailing at the time
of sale, at prices related to prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices, subject to receipt and acceptance by the underwriters and subject to their right to reject any order in whole or in
part. The underwriters may effect such transactions by selling the shares of Class A common stock to or through dealers and such dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts,
concessions or commissions from the underwriters and/or purchasers of shares of Class A common stock for whom it may act as agent or to whom it may sell as principal. The difference between the
price at which the underwriters purchase shares and the price at which they resell such shares may be deemed underwriting compensation.
We
estimate the total expenses of this offering payable by us, including registration, filing and listing fees, printing fees and legal and accounting expenses, but excluding the
underwriting discounts and commissions, will be approximately $500,000.
The
underwriters have an option to buy up to 870,000 additional shares of Class A common stock from us. The underwriters have 30 days from the date of this prospectus
supplement to exercise this
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option.
If any shares are purchased with this option, the underwriters will purchase shares in approximately the same proportion as shown in the table above. If any additional shares of Class A
common stock are purchased, the underwriters will offer the additional shares on the same terms as those on which the shares are being offered.
The
underwriters have advised us that they do not intend to confirm sales of more than 5% of the shares in the aggregate to accounts over which they exercise discretionary authority.
No Sales of Similar Securities
Each of our officers and directors have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, not to offer, sell, pledge, contract to sell (including any short
sale), grant any option to purchase or otherwise dispose of any Lock-Up Securities (including, without limitation, shares of Class A common stock of the Company which may be deemed to be
beneficially owned currently or hereafter in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, shares of Class A common stock which may be issued upon exercise of a stock option or warrant
and any other security convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Class A common stock, including shares of Class B common stock and the LP Units), or enter into any hedging
transaction relating to the Lock-Up Securities or other transaction which is designed to or reasonably expected to lead to or result in a disposition of the Lock-Up Securities for a period of
45 days after the date of this prospectus supplement without the prior written consent of Citigroup Global Markets Inc. We have entered into a similar agreement with the underwriters. There are
no agreements between the underwriters and any of our directors or officers releasing them from these lock-up agreements prior to the expiration of the 45-day period.
Price Stabilization, Short Positions and Penalty Bids
In connection with the offering, the underwriters may purchase and sell shares of our Class A common stock in the open market. These
transactions may include short sales, purchases to cover positions created by short sales and stabilizing transactions. Short sales involve the sale by the underwriters of a greater number of shares
than it is required to purchase in the offering. The underwriters must close out any such short position by purchasing shares in the open market. Such a short position is more likely to be created if
the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the shares in the open market prior to the completion of the
offering. Stabilizing transactions consist of various bids for or purchases of our Class A common stock made by the underwriters in the open market prior to the completion of the offering.
Purchases
to cover a short position and stabilizing transactions may have the effect of preventing or slowing a decline in the market price of our Class A common stock.
Additionally, these purchases may stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the market price of our Class A common stock. As a result, the price of our Class A common stock may be higher
than the price that might otherwise exist in the open market. These transactions may be effected on the NYSE, in the over-the-counter market or otherwise.
NYSE Listing
Shares of our Class A common stock are listed on the NYSE under the symbol "LADR."
Electronic Offer, Sale and Distribution of Shares
In connection with the offering, the underwriters or securities dealers may distribute prospectus supplements by electronic means, such as
e-mail. In addition, the underwriters may facilitate Internet distribution for the offering to certain of its Internet subscription customers. The underwriters may allocate a limited number of shares
for sale to its online brokerage customers. A prospectus supplement in electronic format is being made available on Internet websites maintained by the
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underwriters.
Other than the prospectus supplement in electronic format, the information on the underwriters' websites and any information contained in any other website maintained by the underwriters
is not part of this prospectus supplement.
Other Relationships
The underwriters and their affiliates have engaged in, and may in the future engage in, investment banking, lending and other commercial
dealings in the ordinary course of business with us or our affiliates. They have received, or may in the future receive, customary fees and commissions for these transactions.
In
addition, in the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and their affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and
equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own accounts and for the accounts of their customers. Such investments and securities
activities may involve securities and/or instruments of ours or our affiliates, including through any 10b5-1 plans established by our management and directors. Additionally, the underwriters or their
affiliates may in the future be the seller, buyer or broker for our trades in securities issued by third parties. The underwriters and their affiliates may also make investment recommendations and/or
publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or financial instruments and may hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such
securities and instruments.
Selling Restrictions
Notice to Prospective Investors in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, this document is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer subsequently made may only be directed
at persons who are "qualified investors" (as defined in the Prospectus Directive) (i) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19
(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005, as amended (the "Order") and/or (ii) who are high net worth companies (or persons to whom it may
otherwise be lawfully communicated) falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d) of the Order (all such persons together being referred to as "relevant persons"). This document must not be
acted on or relied on in the United Kingdom by persons who are not relevant persons. In the United Kingdom, any investment or investment activity to which this document relates is only available to,
and will be engaged in with, relevant persons.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Hong Kong
The Shares have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold in Hong Kong, by means of any document, other than (a) to
"professional investors" as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) of Hong Kong and any rules made under that Ordinance; or (b) in other circumstances which do not result in
the document being a "prospectus" as defined in the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong or which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of that Ordinance. No
advertisement, invitation or document relating to the Shares has been or may be issued or has been or may be in the possession of any person for the purposes of issue, whether in Hong Kong or
elsewhere, which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than
with respect to Shares which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to "professional investors" as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance and any
rules made under that Ordinance.
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Notice to Prospective Investors in Singapore
This prospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other
document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of Non-CIS Securities may not be circulated or distributed, nor may the Non-CIS Securities be
offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor under
Section 274 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore (the "SFA"), (ii) to a relevant person pursuant to Section 275(1), or any person pursuant to
Section 275(1A), and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275, of the SFA, or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other
applicable provision of the SFA.
Where
the Non-CIS Securities are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:
-
(a)
-
a
corporation (which is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire
share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or
-
(b)
-
a
trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an
accredited investor,
securities
(as defined in Section 239(1) of the SFA) of that corporation or the beneficiaries' rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months
after that corporation or that trust has acquired the Non-CIS Securities pursuant to an offer made under Section 275 of the SFA except:
-
(a)
-
to
an institutional investor or to a relevant person defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA, or to any person arising from an offer referred to in
Section 275(1A) or Section 276(4)(i)(B) of the SFA;
-
(b)
-
where
no consideration is or will be given for the transfer;
-
(c)
-
where
the transfer is by operation of law;
-
(d)
-
as
specified in Section 276(7) of the SFA; or
-
(e)
-
as
specified in Regulation 32 of the Securities and Futures (Offers of Investments) (Shares and Debentures) Regulations 2005 of Singapore.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Japan
The Shares have not been and will not be registered under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan (Law No. 25 of 1948, as
amended) and, accordingly, will not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in Japan, or for the benefit of any Japanese Person or to others for re-offering or resale, directly or indirectly, in
Japan or to any Japanese Person, except in compliance with all applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines promulgated by relevant Japanese governmental or regulatory authorities in effect
at the relevant time. For the purposes of this paragraph, "Japanese Person" shall mean any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Qatar
The Shares described in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus have not been, and will not be, offered, sold or delivered,
at any time, directly or indirectly in the State of Qatar in a manner that would constitute a public offering. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying
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prospectus
have not been, and will not be, registered with or approved by the Qatar Financial Markets Authority or Qatar Central Bank and may not be publicly distributed. This prospectus supplement
and the accompanying prospectus are intended for the original recipient only and must not be provided to any other person. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are not for
general circulation in the State of Qatar and may not be reproduced or used for any other purpose.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Saudi Arabia
This prospectus supplement may not be distributed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia except to such persons as are permitted under the Office of
Securities Regulation as issued by the board of the Saudi Arabian Capital Market Authority ("CMA") pursuant to resolution number 2-11-2004 dated 4 October 2004 as amended by resolution
number 1-28-2008, as amended (the "CMA Regulations"). The CMA does not make any representation as to the accuracy or completeness of this prospectus supplement and expressly disclaims any
liability whatsoever for any loss arising from, or incurred in reliance upon, any part of this prospectus supplement. Prospective purchasers of the shares offered hereby should conduct their own due
diligence on the accuracy of the information relating to the shares. If you do not understand the contents of this prospectus supplement, you should consult an authorized financial advisor.
Notice to Prospective Investors in the United Arab Emirates
This offering has not been approved or licensed by the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates (the "UAE"), Securities and Commodities
Authority of the UAE and/or any other relevant licensing authority in the UAE including any licensing authority incorporated under the laws and regulations of any of the free zones established and
operating in the territory of the UAE, in particular the Dubai Financial Services Authority (the "DFSA"), a regulatory authority of the Dubai International Financial Centre (the "DIFC"). The offering
does not constitute a public offer of securities in the UAE, DIFC and/or any other free zone in accordance with the Commercial Companies Law, Federal Law No 8 of 1984 (as amended), DFSA Offered
Securities Rules and NASDAQ Dubai Listing Rules, accordingly, or otherwise. The shares may not be offered to the public in the UAE and/or any of the free zones.
The
shares may be offered and issued only to a limited number of investors in the UAE or any of its free zones who qualify as sophisticated investors under the relevant laws and
regulations of the UAE or the free zone concerned.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Australia
No placement document, prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document has been lodged with the Australian Securities and
Investments Commission ("ASIC"), in relation to the offering. This prospectus does not constitute a prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act
2001 (the "Corporations Act"), and does not purport to include the information required for a prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act.
Any
offer in Australia of the shares may only be made to persons (the "Exempt Investors") who are "sophisticated investors" (within the meaning of section 708(8) of the
Corporations Act), "professional investors" (within the meaning of section 708(11) of the Corporations Act) or otherwise pursuant to one or more exemptions contained in section 708 of
the Corporations Act so that it is lawful to offer the shares without disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act.
The
shares applied for by Exempt Investors in Australia must not be offered for sale in Australia in the period of 12 months after the date of allotment under the offering, except
in circumstances where disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act would not be required pursuant to an exemption under section 708 of the Corporations Act or
otherwise or where the offer is
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pursuant
to a disclosure document which complies with Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act. Any person acquiring shares must observe such Australian on-sale restrictions.
This
prospectus contains general information only and does not take account of the investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs of any particular person. It does not
contain any securities recommendations or financial product advice. Before making an investment decision, investors need to consider whether the information in this prospectus is appropriate to their
needs, objectives and circumstances, and, if necessary, seek expert advice on those matters.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Switzerland
The shares may not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange ("SIX") or on any other stock exchange or
regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This document has been prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Code of
Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in
Switzerland. Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the shares or the offering may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.
Neither
this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the offering, the Company, the shares have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory
authority. In particular, this document will not be filed with, and the offer of shares will not be supervised by, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority FINMA ("FINMA"), and the offer of
shares has not been and will not be authorized under the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes ("CISA"). The investor protection afforded to acquirers of interests in collective
investment schemes under the CISA does not extend to acquirers of shares.
Notice to Prospective Investors in Canada
The shares may be sold only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in
National Instrument 45-106
Prospectus Exemptions
or subsection 73.3(1) of the
Securities
Act
(Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103
Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant
Obligations
. Any resale of the shares must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable
securities laws.
Securities
legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus supplement or the accompanying
prospectus (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the
securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser's province or territory for
particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor.
Pursuant
to section 3A.3 of National Instrument 33-105
Underwriting Conflicts
("NI 33-105"), the underwriters are not
required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.
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LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters, including the validity of our common stock and our qualification and taxation as a REIT, will be passed upon for us by
Kirkland & Ellis LLP, New York, New York. Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed upon for the underwriters by Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver &
Jacobson LLP, New York, New York.
EXPERTS
The financial statements and management's assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting (which is included in
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting) incorporated in this Prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 have
been so incorporated in reliance on the
report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act, originally filed on March 17, 2017, to
register with the SEC the securities being offered in this prospectus supplement. This prospectus supplement, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the
information set forth in the registration statement or the exhibits and schedules filed with it. For further information about us, and the securities being offered, reference is made to the
registration statement and the exhibits and schedules filed with it. Statements contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement regarding the contents of any contract or any other
document that is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement are not necessarily complete, and each such statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the full text of such contract or
other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy and registration statements and other information with the SEC. You may read and
copy any reports, statements, or other information that we file, including the registration statement, of which this prospectus supplement forms a part, and the exhibits and schedules filed
with it, without charge at the public reference room maintained by the SEC, located at 100 F Street, NE, Room 1024, Washington, D.C. 20549, and copies of all or any part of the
registration statement may be obtained from the SEC on the payment of the fees prescribed by the SEC. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information about the public reference room. The
SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the
site is
www.sec.gov.
Our
filings with the SEC, are available free of charge on our website
www.laddercapital.com
as soon as reasonably practicable after they
are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.
The information contained on our website is not intended to form a part of, or be incorporated by reference into, this
prospectus supplement.
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Prospectus
Ladder Capital Corp
Class A Common Stock
Ladder Capital Corp ("Ladder," the "Company," "we" or "us") and the selling stockholders of Ladder identified in this prospectus or as may be
named in one or more prospectus supplements (the "Selling Stockholders") may offer and sell shares of our Class A common stock from time to time in amounts, at prices and on terms that will be
determined at the time of the offering. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of our Class A common stock offered by the Selling Stockholders.
Ladder
may offer and sell, and the Selling Stockholders may offer and sell, shares of our Class A common stock, to or through one or more underwriters, dealers and agents, or
directly to purchasers, on a continuous or delayed basis. This prospectus describes some of the general terms that may apply to these shares of Class A common stock. The specific terms of any
shares to be offered will be described in one or more supplements to this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement carefully before you invest. Our
registration of the securities covered by this prospectus does not mean that we or the Selling Stockholders will offer or sell any shares of our Class A common stock.
Our
Class A common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbol "LADR." The last sale price of our Class A common stock on March 16,
2017, as reported by NYSE, was $14.34 per share.
We
have two authorized classes of common stock: Class A and Class B. Holders of our Class A common stock and holders of our Class B common stock are each
entitled to one vote per share of the applicable class of common stock. All such holders vote together as a single class. However, holders of our Class B common stock do not have any right to
receive dividends or distributions upon our liquidation or winding up. Each share of Class B common stock is, from time to time, exchangeable, when paired together with one LP Unit (as
defined herein), for one share of Class A common stock, subject to equitable adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends and reclassifications.
We
are an "emerging growth company," as that term is defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, are subject to certain reduced public company reporting requirements.
Investing in our shares involves a number of risks. See "Risk Factors" on page 2 to read about factors you should consider before investing
in our securities.
This prospectus may not be used to offer and sell any securities unless accompanied by a prospectus supplement.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") nor any state securities commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these
securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date of this prospectus is March 17, 2017.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Neither we nor the Selling Stockholders have authorized any dealer, salesperson or other person to give any information or to make any representation other than
those contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and the accompanying supplement to this prospectus or any associated "free writing prospectus." In this prospectus, any reference to an
applicable prospectus supplement may refer to a "free writing prospectus," unless the context otherwise requires. You must not rely upon any information or representation not contained or incorporated
by reference in this prospectus or the accompanying prospectus supplement. This prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer
to buy any securities other than the registered securities to which they relate, nor do this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus
supplement constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation in such
jurisdiction. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front
of the document.
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the SEC as a "well-known seasoned issuer" as defined
in Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, using a "shelf" registration process. Under this shelf process, we may, from time to time, and the Selling Stockholders may, from time to time,
offer and sell shares of our Class A common stock in one or more offerings.
This
prospectus provides you with a general description of the shares of our Class A common stock that we and the Selling Stockholders may offer. Each time we or the Selling
Stockholders sell shares of our Class A common stock, we will, to the extent required by law, provide a prospectus supplement that contains specific information about the terms of that
offering. This prospectus may not be used to consummate sales of our Class A common stock unless it is accompanied by a prospectus supplement. The prospectus supplement may add information to
this prospectus or update or change information in this prospectus. If there is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, you should rely on the
information in the prospectus supplement. You should carefully read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement together with the additional information described under the headings "Where You Can
Find More Information" and "Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference." You should assume that the information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus.
Unless
the context indicates otherwise, references in this prospectus to "Ladder," "Ladder Capital," the "Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer (1) prior to the February 2014
initial public offering ("IPO") of the Class A common stock of Ladder Capital Corp and related transactions, to Ladder Capital Finance Holdings LLLP ("LCFH"), a Delaware limited liability
limited partnership, and its combined consolidated subsidiaries and (2) after the IPO and related transactions, to Ladder Capital Corp and its combined consolidated subsidiaries. The phrase
"this prospectus" refers to this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, unless the context otherwise requires.
i
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INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE
The SEC allows us to "incorporate by reference" information into this prospectus, which means that we can disclose important information about
us by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this prospectus. This prospectus incorporates by
reference the documents and reports listed below (other than portions of these documents that are either (1) described in paragraph (e) of Item 201 of Registration S-K or
paragraphs (d)(1)-(3) and (e)(5) of Item 407 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC or (2) deemed to have been furnished and not filed in accordance with SEC rules,
including Current Reports on Form 8-K furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 (including any financial statements or exhibits relating thereto furnished pursuant to
Item 9.01), unless otherwise indicated therein:
-
-
Ladder Capital Corp's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 (our "Annual Report on Form 10-K")
filed with the SEC on February 24, 2017;
-
-
Ladder Capital Corp's Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 1, 2017, March 3, 2017, March 13,
2017 and March 16, 2017; and
-
-
The description of our Class A common stock included in the Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed with the SEC on
February 4, 2014 (File No. 001-36299).
We
also incorporate by reference the information contained in all other documents we file with the SEC pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (other
than portions of these documents that are either (1) described in paragraph (e) of Item 201 of Registration S-K or paragraphs (d)(1)-(3) and (e)(5) of Item 407 of
Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC or (2) deemed to have been furnished and not filed in accordance with SEC rules, including Current Reports on Form 8-K furnished under
Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 (including any financial statements or exhibits relating thereto furnished pursuant to Item 9.01, unless otherwise indicated therein) after the date of this
prospectus and prior to the completion of the offering of all securities covered by the respective prospectus supplement. The information contained in any such document will be considered part of this
prospectus from the date the document is filed with the SEC.
If
you make a request for such information in writing or by telephone, we will provide you, without charge, a copy of any or all of the information incorporated by reference into this
prospectus. Any such request should be directed to:
Ladder
Capital Corp
345 Park Avenue, 8th Floor
New York, New York 10154
Attention: Investor Relations
Telephone: (212) 715-3170
You
should rely only on the information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus, in any accompanying prospectus supplement or in any free writing prospectus
filed by us with the SEC. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different or additional information. We are not offering to sell or soliciting any offer to buy any securities in any
jurisdiction where the
offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus or in any document incorporated by reference is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front
cover of the applicable document.
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated herein or therein by reference include forward-looking
statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this
prospectus, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, strategy and plans, and our expectations for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The
words "anticipate," "estimate," "expect," "project," "plan," "intend," "believe," "may," "might," "will," "should," "can have," "likely," "continue," "design" and other words and terms of similar
expressions, are intended to identify forward-looking statements.
We
have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition,
results of operations, strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives and financial needs.
Although
we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results could differ from those expressed in our forward-looking statements.
Our future financial position and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements are subject to change and inherent risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section
entitled "Risk Factors" herein and in our 2016 Annual Report, which is incorporated by reference into this prospectus, or any subsequently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporated by
reference into this prospectus. You should consider our forward-looking statements in light of a number of factors that may cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements including,
but not limited to:
-
-
changes in general economic conditions, in our industry and in the commercial finance and the real estate markets;
-
-
our business and investment strategy;
-
-
our ability to obtain and maintain financing arrangements;
-
-
the financing and advance rates for our assets;
-
-
our actual and expected leverage;
-
-
the adequacy of collateral securing our loan portfolio and a decline in the fair value of our assets;
-
-
interest rate mismatches between our assets and our borrowings used to fund such investments;
-
-
changes in interest rates and the market value of our assets;
-
-
changes in prepayment rates on our assets;
-
-
the effects of hedging instruments and the degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not protect us from interest rate and credit risk
volatility;
-
-
the increased rate of default or decreased recovery rates on our assets;
-
-
the adequacy of our policies, procedures and systems for managing risk effectively;
-
-
a potential downgrade in the credit ratings assigned to our investments;
-
-
the impact of and changes in governmental regulations, tax laws and rates, accounting guidance and similar matters;
-
-
our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to
operate in compliance with REIT requirements;
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-
-
our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to maintain our and their exemptions from registration under the Investment Company Act of
1940, as amended;
-
-
potential liability relating to environmental matters that impact the value of properties we may acquire or the properties underlying our
investments;
-
-
the inability of insurance covering real estate underlying our loans and investments to cover all losses;
-
-
the availability of investment opportunities in mortgage-related and real estate-related instruments and other securities;
-
-
fraud by potential borrowers;
-
-
the availability of qualified personnel;
-
-
the degree and nature of our competition;
-
-
the market trends in our industry, interest rates, real estate values, the debt securities markets or the general economy;
-
-
the prepayment of the mortgages and other loans underlying our mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities; and
-
-
the other risk factors set forth in our public filings with the SEC.
You
should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. In addition, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness
of any of these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus are made as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update or supplement any
forward-looking statements.
See
"Risk Factors" herein and incorporated from our 2016 Annual Report and other filings we make with the SEC for a more complete discussion of the risks and uncertainties mentioned
above and for a discussion of other risks and uncertainties. All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements as well as
others made in this prospectus and our 2016 Annual Report and hereafter in our other SEC filings and public communications. You should evaluate all forward-looking statements made by us in the context
of these risks and uncertainties. Note that forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this prospectus or, in the case of any accompanying prospectus supplement or documents incorporated
by reference, the date of any such document. Except as required by applicable law, we do not undertake any obligation to publicly correct or update any forward-looking statement.
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SUMMARY
The following summary highlights information contained elsewhere or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. It
may not contain all the information that may be important to you. You should read this entire prospectus carefully, including the section titled "Risk Factors" and our historical consolidated
financial statements and related notes incorporated by reference from our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Certain figures included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus have been subject to rounding adjustments. Therefore, figures shown as totals in certain
tables may not sum due to rounding.
Our Company
We are a leading commercial real estate finance company structured as an internally-managed real estate investment trust ("REIT"). We conduct
our business through three commercial real estate-related business lines: loans, securities and equity investments. We believe that our in-house origination platform, ability to flexibly allocate
capital among complementary product lines, credit-centric underwriting approach, access to diversified financing sources and experienced management team position us well to deliver attractive returns
on equity to our shareholders through economic and credit cycles.
Corporate Information
Ladder Capital Corp was incorporated on May 21, 2013 in Delaware. Our principal executive offices are located at 345 Park Avenue,
8th Floor, New York, New York 10154, and our telephone number is (212) 715-3170. We maintain a website at
www.laddercapital.com
.
The information contained on our website
is not intended to form a part of, or be incorporated by reference into, this prospectus.
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RISK FACTORS
Our business is subject to uncertainties and risks. You should consider carefully all of the information set forth in any accompanying
prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein, unless expressly provided otherwise, including the risk factors incorporated by reference from our most recent
Annual Report on Form 10-K and other filings we make with the SEC. The risks described in any document incorporated by reference herein are not the only ones we face, but are considered by us
to be the most material. There may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that could have material adverse effects on our future results. The
market price of our Class A common stock could decline if one or more of these risks or uncertainties actually occur, causing you to lose all or part of your investment in our Class A
common stock. See "Where You Can Find More Information" elsewhere in this prospectus.
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USE OF PROCEEDS
Unless otherwise indicated in any applicable prospectus supplement, we intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of any Class A common
stock offered by us under this prospectus and any related prospectus supplement for our operations and for general corporate purposes. These purposes may include financing of acquisitions and capital
expenditures, additions to working capital and repayment or redemption of existing indebtedness. Additional information on the use of net proceeds from the sale of Class A common stock that we
may offer from time to time by this prospectus may be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular offering.
We
will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of our Class A common stock by any Selling Stockholder. All of the shares of Class A common stock offered by the
Selling Stockholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Stockholders for their own account. We may, however, bear a portion of the expenses of the offering of Class A
common stock by the Selling Stockholders, except that the Selling Stockholders will pay any applicable underwriting fees, discounts or commissions and certain transfer taxes.
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SELLING STOCKHOLDERS
The Selling Stockholders may from time to time offer and sell our Class A common stock pursuant to this prospectus and any prospectus
supplement. The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our Class A common stock by the Selling Stockholder listed in the table below, which from
time to time may offer shares of our Class A common stock. The information presented below is as of March 14, 2017; information with respect to beneficial ownership is based on
information obtained from such Selling Stockholder and publicly
available information. Information with respect to shares beneficially owned after the offering assumes the sale of all the shares offered and no other purchases or sales of Class A common
stock. Information about other Selling Stockholders, including their identities, the Class A common stock to be registered on their behalf and the amounts to be sold by them, will be set forth
in a prospectus supplement.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Beneficial Ownership
Prior to Offering(1)(2)(3)
|
|
|
|
Shares Beneficially Owned
After Offering(1)(2)(3)
|
|
Name and Address of
Beneficial Owner
|
|
Number of
Shares
|
|
Percentage of
Outstanding
Common Stock
|
|
Number of Shares
Being Offered
|
|
Number of
Shares
|
|
Percentage of
Outstanding
Common Stock
|
|
Entity affiliated with Related(4)
|
|
|
5,886,681
|
|
|
5.3
|
%
|
|
5,886,681
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-
(1)
-
Assumes
all vested and unvested LP Units and shares of Class B common stock outstanding are exchanged for shares of our Class A common stock.
-
(2)
-
Beneficial
ownership is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3(d) of the Exchange Act.
-
(3)
-
There
were 79,088,418 shares of our Class A common stock outstanding and 31,644,537 shares of our Class B common stock outstanding as of
March 14, 2017.
-
(4)
-
RREF
II Ladder LLC ("RREF Ladder") holds 5,886,681 shares of Class A common stock. All the membership interests of RREF Ladder are held by RREFII
Acquisitions, LLC ("RREFII Acquisitions"). Related Real Estate Fund II, L.P. ("Related Fund"), a private investment fund for which Related Fund Management, LLC ("Related
Management") acts as investment adviser, holds all membership interests of RREFII Acquisitions. Related Management holds all membership interests of Related Real Estate Fund
II GP-A, LLC, which, in turn, is the general partner of Related Real Estate Fund II GP, L.P. ("Related GP"). Related GP is the general partner of Related
Fund. The Related Companies, L.P. ("Related Companies") is the managing member of Related Management. Related Companies' general partner is The Related Realty Group, Inc., owned by
Stephen M. Ross. The address of each entity and individual named in this footnote 4 is 60 Columbus Circle, New York, NY 10023. Each of Related Companies, The Related Realty Group, Inc. and
Stephen M. Ross disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by RREF Ladder or any other entity named in this footnote 4.
As
previously disclosed in a Schedule 13D filed by RREF Ladder, among others, on March 3, 2017, RREF Ladder entered into a lock-up agreement, which provides that RREF Ladder, and
affiliates of Related Companies to which RREF Ladder transfers shares of our Class A common stock, will be bound by restrictions on the transfer of shares of our Class A common stock
through February 27, 2018.
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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
The following is a description of the material terms of our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as
amended (our "Certificate of Incorporation"), and Amended and Restated Bylaws (our "Bylaws"). This description does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the text
of the Delaware General Corporation Law, as it may be amended from time to time, and to the terms of our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, copies of which have been filed as exhibits to the
registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.
Authorized Capitalization
Our authorized capital stock consists of 600,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share, 100,000,000 shares of
Class B common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share. The number of authorized shares of any class may be increased or
decreased by an amendment to our Certificate of Corporation approved by our Board of Directors and by a majority of voting shares voted on the issue at a meeting at which a quorum exists.
As
of March 14, 2017, 79,088,418 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.001 per share, were issued and outstanding, 31,644,537 shares of Class B common stock,
par value $0.001 per share, were issued and outstanding, and no shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, were issued and outstanding.
Unless
our Board of Directors determines otherwise, we issue all shares of our capital stock in uncertificated form.
Class A Common Stock
Holders of shares of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the shareholders. The
holders of Class A common stock do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors.
Subject to the rights of the holders of any preferred stock that may be outstanding and any contractual or statutory restrictions, holders of
our Class A common stock are entitled to receive equally and ratably, share for share, dividends as may be declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available to pay dividends.
Dividends upon our Class A common stock may be declared by the Board of Directors at any regular or special meeting, and may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of capital stock. Before
payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out of any of our funds available for dividends, such sums as the Board of Directors deems proper as reserves to meet contingencies, or for equalizing
dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any of our property, or for any proper purpose, and the Board of Directors may modify or abolish any such reserve.
Upon liquidation, dissolution, distribution of assets or other winding up, the holders of Class A common stock are entitled to receive
ratably the assets available for distribution to the stockholders after payment of liabilities and the liquidation preference of any of our outstanding shares of preferred stock.
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The shares of Class A common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights and are not subject to further calls or assessment by us.
There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Class A common stock. All outstanding shares of our Class A common stock are fully paid and non-assessable.
Class B Common Stock
Holders of shares of Class B common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record by such holder on all matters submitted
to a vote of stockholders. Holders of shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock vote together as a single class on all matters presented to our stockholders for their
vote or approval, except as otherwise required by applicable law.
Holders of our Class B common stock do not have any right to receive dividends or to receive a distribution upon a liquidation or winding
up of Ladder Capital Corp.
Pursuant to the Third Amended and Restated Limited Liability Limited Partnership Agreement effective as of December 31, 2014 (the "LLLP
Agreement") of LCFH, all assets and liabilities of LCFH were allocated on its books and records to two series of LCFH, consisting of "Series REIT" and "Series TRS." Each outstanding limited
partnership interest in LCFH was converted into one limited partnership unit of Series REIT ("Series REIT LP Unit") and one limited partnership unit of Series TRS ("Series TRS LP Unit"),
and the outstanding Series TRS LP Units are exchangeable for the same number of limited liability company interests of LC TRS I LLC ("LC TRS I Share"), which is a limited liability
company that is a U.S. taxable REIT subsidiary of the Company and the general partner of Series TRS. Each Series REIT LP Unit, when paired together with one LC
TRS I Share (or Series TRS LP Unit in lieu of such LC TRS I Share), is referred to herein as an "LP Unit." Holders may from time to time, subject to certain conditions, exchange one LP
Unit and one share of the Company's Class B common stock for one share of the Company's Class A common stock, subject to equitable adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends and
reclassifications.
Preferred Stock
Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes our Board of Directors to establish one or more series of preferred stock and to determine, with
respect to any series of preferred stock, the terms and rights of that series, including:
-
-
the designation of the series;
-
-
the number of shares of the series which our Board of Directors may, except where otherwise provided in the preferred stock designation,
increase or decrease, but not below the number of shares then outstanding;
-
-
whether dividends, if any, will be cumulative or non-cumulative and the dividend rate of the series;
-
-
the dates at which dividends, if any, will be payable;
-
-
the redemption rights and price or prices, if any, for shares of the series;
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-
-
the terms and amounts of any sinking fund provided for the purchase or redemption of shares of the series;
-
-
the amounts payable on shares of the series in the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the affairs
of our Company, or upon any distribution of assets of our Company;
-
-
whether the shares of the series will be convertible into shares of any other class or series, or any other security, of our Company or any
other corporation, and, if so, the specification of the other class or series or other security, the conversion price or prices or rate or rates, any rate adjustments, the date or dates as of which
the shares will be convertible and all other terms and conditions upon which the conversion may be made;
-
-
the preferences and special rights, if any, of the series and the qualifications and restrictions, if any, of the series;
-
-
the voting rights, if any, of the holders of the series; and
-
-
such other rights, powers and preferences with respect to the series as our Board of Directors may deem advisable.
Authorized but Unissued Capital Stock
Delaware law does not require stockholder approval for any issuance of authorized shares. However, the listing requirements of the NYSE, which
apply for so long as our Class A common stock is listed on the NYSE, require stockholder approval of certain issuances (other than a public offering) equal to or exceeding 20% of the then
outstanding voting power or then outstanding number of shares of Class A common stock, as well as for certain issuances of stock in compensatory transactions. These additional shares may be
used for a variety of corporate purposes, including future public offerings, to raise additional capital or to facilitate acquisitions. One of the effects of the existence of unissued and unreserved
Class A common stock may be to enable our Board of Directors to issue shares to persons friendly to current management, which issuance could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to
obtain control of our Company by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise, and thereby protect the continuity of our management and possibly deprive the stockholders of
opportunities to sell their shares of Class A common stock at prices higher than prevailing market prices.
Anti-Takeover Effects of Certain Provisions of Delaware Law and our Certificate of Incorporation and
Bylaws
Certain provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, which are summarized in the following paragraphs, may have an anti-takeover
effect and may delay, defer or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt that a stockholder might consider in its best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the
market price for the shares held by stockholders.
The ability to authorize undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock with super voting,
special approval, dividend or other rights or preferences on a discriminatory basis that could impede the success of any attempt to acquire us or otherwise effect a change in control of us. These and
other provisions may have the effect of deferring, delaying or discouraging hostile takeovers, or changes in control or management of our Company.
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Table of Contents
The Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, provides that stockholders are not entitled to the right to cumulate votes in the election of
directors unless our Certificate of Incorporation provides otherwise. Our Certificate of Incorporation prohibits cumulative voting.
Our Bylaws provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called at any time only by the chief executive officer or the Board of
Directors.
The DGCL permits stockholder action by written consent unless otherwise provided by our Certificate of Incorporation. Our Certificate of
Incorporation precludes stockholder action by written consent.
Our Bylaws establish advance notice procedures with respect to stockholder proposals and the nomination of candidates for election as directors.
In order for any matter to be "properly brought" before a meeting, a stockholder will have to comply with advance notice requirements and provide us with certain information. Our Bylaws allow the
presiding officer at a meeting of the stockholders to adopt rules and regulations for the conduct of meetings, which may have the effect of precluding the conduct of certain business at a meeting if
the rules and regulations are not followed.
These
provisions may defer, delay or discourage a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer's own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to
obtain control of our Company.
Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that directors may be removed with or without cause upon the affirmative vote of holders of at least a
majority of the voting power of all the then outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors. In addition, our Bylaws provide that any newly-created directorship on
the Board of Directors that results from an increase in the number of directors and any vacancy occurring on the Board of Directors shall be filled only by a majority of the directors then in office,
although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director.
We are subject to Section 203 of the DGCL. Subject to specified exceptions, Section 203 prohibits a publicly-held Delaware
corporation from engaging in a "business combination" with an "interested stockholder" for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested
stockholder. "Business combinations" include mergers, asset sales and other transactions resulting in a financial benefit to the "interested stockholder." Subject to various exceptions, an "interested
stockholder" is a person who together with his or her affiliates and associates, owns, or within three years did own, 15% or more of the corporation's outstanding voting
stock. These restrictions generally prohibit or delay the accomplishment of mergers or other takeover or change in control attempts.
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Table of Contents
The DGCL authorizes corporations to limit or eliminate the personal liability of directors to corporations and their stockholders for monetary
damages for breaches of directors' fiduciary duties. Our Certificate of Incorporation includes a provision that eliminates the personal liability of directors for monetary damages for breach of
fiduciary duty as a director, except:
-
-
for breach of duty of loyalty;
-
-
for acts or omissions not in good faith or involving intentional misconduct or knowing violation of law;
-
-
under Section 174 of the DGCL (unlawful dividends); or
-
-
for transactions from which the director derived improper personal benefit.
Our
Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws provide that we must indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent authorized by the DGCL. We are also expressly authorized to,
and do, carry directors' and officers' insurance providing coverage for our directors, officers and certain employees for some liabilities. We believe that these indemnification provisions and
insurance are useful to attract and retain qualified directors and executive officers.
The
limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach
of their fiduciary duty. These provisions may also have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might
otherwise benefit us and our stockholders. In addition, your investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant
to these indemnification provisions.
We
have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and officers providing for additional indemnification protection beyond that provided by the directors' and
officers' liability insurance policy. In the indemnification agreements, we have agreed, subject to certain exceptions, to indemnify and hold harmless the director or officer to the maximum extent
then authorized or permitted by the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, the DGCL, or by any amendment(s) thereto.
There
is currently no pending litigation or proceeding involving any of our directors, officers or employees for which indemnification is sought.
Among other things, our Certificate of Incorporation provides that, subject to the exceptions and the constructive ownership rules described
herein, no person may own, or be deemed to own, in excess of (i) 9.8% in value of the outstanding shares of all classes or series of our capital stock or (ii) 9.8% in value or number
(whichever is more restrictive) of the outstanding shares of any class of our common stock.
In
addition, the Certificate of Incorporation prohibits (i) any person from transferring shares of our capital stock if such transfer would result in shares of our capital stock
being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons, and (ii) any person from beneficially or constructively owning shares of our capital stock if such ownership would result in us failing to
qualify as a REIT.
These
ownership limitations and transfer restrictions could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a takeover or other transaction in which stockholders might receive a
premium for their shares of our capital stock over the then prevailing market price or which stockholders might believe to be otherwise in their best interest.
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Certain
existing stockholders that currently hold in excess of 9.8% of the value of the outstanding shares of any class or series of our capital stock are exempt from the ownership
limitations in our Certificate of Incorporation.
Corporate Opportunity
Neither TowerBrook Capital Partners ("TowerBrook") nor GI Partners has any obligation to offer us an opportunity to participate in business
opportunities presented to TowerBrook or GI Partners even if the opportunity is one that we might reasonably have pursued, and neither TowerBrook nor GI Partners will be liable to us or our
stockholders for breach of any duty by reason of any such activities unless, in the case of any person who is our director or officer, such business opportunity is expressly offered to such director
or officer solely in his or her capacity as our officer or director. Stockholders will be deemed to have notice of and consented to this provision of our Certificate of Incorporation.
Choice of Forum
Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of
the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (b) any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; (c) any
action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the DGCL, our Certificate of Incorporation or our Bylaws; or (d) any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal
affairs doctrine. However, several lawsuits involving other companies are currently pending challenging the validity of choice of forum provisions in certificates of incorporation, and it is possible
that a court could rule that such provision is inapplicable or unenforceable.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our Class A common stock is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC.
New York Stock Exchange Listing
Our Class A common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol "LADR."
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U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the Class A common stock of Ladder.
For purposes of this section under the heading "U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations," references to "Ladder," "we," "our" and "us" generally mean only Ladder and not its subsidiaries or other lower
tier entities, except as otherwise indicated. This summary is based upon the Code, the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of the Treasury (the "Treasury"), rulings and other administrative
pronouncements issued by the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS"), and judicial decisions, all as currently in effect, and all of which are subject to differing interpretations or to change, possibly
with retroactive effect. No assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any of the tax consequences described below. We have not
sought and do not intend to seek an advance ruling from the IRS regarding our ability to qualify as a REIT. The summary is also based upon the assumption that we and our subsidiaries and affiliated
entities will operate in accordance with our and their applicable organizational documents. This summary is for general information only and is not tax advice. It does not discuss any state, local, or
non-U.S. tax consequences relevant to us or an investment in our Class A common stock, and it does not purport to discuss all aspects of U.S. federal
income taxation that may be important to a particular investor in light of its investment or tax circumstances or to investors subject to special tax rules, such
as:
-
-
financial institutions;
-
-
insurance companies;
-
-
broker-dealers;
-
-
regulated investment companies;
-
-
partnerships and trusts;
-
-
persons who hold our stock on behalf of other persons as nominees;
-
-
persons who receive our stock through the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation;
-
-
persons holding our stock as part of a "straddle," "hedge," "conversion transaction," "synthetic security" or other integrated investment;
and,
except to the extent discussed below:
-
-
tax-exempt organizations; and
-
-
foreign investors.
This
summary assumes that investors will hold our Class A common stock as a capital asset, which generally means as property held for investment.
The U.S. federal income tax treatment of holders of our stock depends in some instances on determinations of fact and interpretations of complex provisions of
U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. In addition, the tax consequences to any particular stockholder of holding and disposing of our Class A
common stock will depend on the stockholder's particular tax circumstances. You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign income and other tax
consequences to you in light of your particular investment or tax circumstances of acquiring, holding, exchanging, or otherwise disposing of our Class A common stock.
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Taxation of Ladder Capital Corp
We elected to be subject to tax as a REIT commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2015. We believe that, commencing with such
taxable year, we have been organized and have operated in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the applicable provisions of the Code. We intend to continue to operate in such a
manner to continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT.
The
law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP has acted as our tax counsel in connection with our election to be taxed as a REIT. In connection with this
offering, we expect to receive an opinion of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP to the effect that, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2015, we have been
organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code, and that our actual method of operation has enabled us and our proposed method of operation will
enable us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. It must be emphasized that the opinion of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP will be based on various
assumptions relating to our organization and operation, and will be conditioned upon fact-based representations and covenants made by our management regarding our organization, assets, and income, and
the present and future conduct of our business operations. While we intend to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing
importance of factual determinations, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given by Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP or by us that we
will qualify as a REIT for any particular year. The opinion will be expressed as of the date issued. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP has no obligation to advise us or our
stockholders of any subsequent change in the matters stated, represented or assumed, or of any subsequent change in the applicable law. You should be aware that opinions of counsel are not binding on
the IRS, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge the conclusions set forth in such opinions.
Our
qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual operating results, distribution levels, and diversity of stock and asset
ownership, various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Code, the compliance with which will not be reviewed by Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP. Our ability to
qualify as a REIT also requires that we satisfy certain asset tests, some of which depend upon the fair market values of assets that we own directly or indirectly. Such values may not be susceptible
to a precise determination. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of our operations for any taxable year will satisfy such requirements for qualification and taxation as a
REIT.
Taxation of REITs in general
As indicated above, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet, on a continuing basis, various qualification
requirements imposed upon REITs by the Code. The material qualification requirements are summarized below under "Requirements for qualificationGeneral." While we intend to
operate so that we qualify as a REIT, no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge our qualification, or that we will be able to operate in accordance with the REIT requirements in the
future. See "Failure to qualify."
Provided
that we qualify as a REIT, we will be entitled to a deduction for dividends that we pay and therefore will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our taxable
income that is
currently distributed to our stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the "double taxation" at the corporate and stockholder levels that generally results from investment in a
corporation. In general, the income that we generate is taxed only at the stockholder level upon a distribution of dividends to our stockholders.
Currently,
most U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts or estates are taxed on corporate dividends at a maximum regular U.S. federal income tax rate of 20%. With limited
exceptions,
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however,
dividends from us or from other entities that are taxed as REITs are generally not eligible for this rate and will continue to be taxed at rates applicable to ordinary income. Under current
law, the highest marginal non-corporate regular U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to ordinary income is 39.6%. See "Taxation of stockholdersTaxation of taxable U.S.
HoldersDistributions."
Any
net operating losses, foreign tax credits and other tax attributes generally do not pass through to our stockholders, subject to special rules for certain items such as the capital
gains that we recognize. See "Taxation of stockholdersTaxation of taxable U.S. HoldersDistributions." Provided we qualify as a REIT, we will nonetheless be
subject to U.S. federal tax in the following circumstances:
-
-
We will be taxed at regular corporate rates on any undistributed net taxable income, including undistributed net capital gain.
-
-
We may be subject to the "alternative minimum tax" on our items of tax preference, including any deductions of net operating losses.
-
-
If we have net income from prohibited transactions, which are, in general, sales or other dispositions of inventory or property held primarily
for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, other than foreclosure property, such income will be subject to a 100% tax. See "Prohibited transactions," and
"Foreclosure property," below.
-
-
If we elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with a foreclosure of a mortgage loan or certain leasehold terminations as
"foreclosure property," we may thereby avoid the 100% tax on gain from a resale of that property (if the sale would otherwise constitute a prohibited transaction), but the income from the sale or
operation of the property may be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax at the highest applicable rate (currently 35%).
-
-
If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, as discussed below, but nonetheless maintain our qualification as
a REIT because we satisfy other requirements, we will be subject to a 100% tax on an amount based on the magnitude of the failure, as adjusted to reflect the profit margin associated with our gross
income.
-
-
If we derive "excess inclusion income" from an interest in certain mortgage loan securitization structures (i.e., a taxable mortgage
pool ("TMP") or a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit ("REMIC")), we could be subject to corporate level U.S. federal income tax at the highest applicable rate to the
extent that such income is allocable to specified types of tax exempt stockholders known as "disqualified organizations" that are not subject to unrelated business income tax. See
"Taxable Mortgage Pools and Excess Inclusion Income" below.
-
-
If we violate the asset tests (other than certain
de minimis
violations) or other requirements
applicable to REITs, as described below, and yet maintain our qualification as a REIT because there is reasonable cause for the failure and other applicable requirements are met, we may be subject to
a penalty tax. In that case, the amount of the penalty tax will be at least $50,000 per failure, and, in the case of certain asset test failures, will be determined as the amount of net income
generated by the assets in question multiplied by the highest corporate tax rate (currently 35%) if that amount exceeds $50,000 per failure.
-
-
If we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of: (i) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year;
(ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year; and (iii) any undistributed net taxable income from prior periods, we will be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax on the
excess of the required distribution over the sum of: (a) the amounts that we actually distributed and (b) the amounts we retained and upon which we paid income tax at the corporate
level.
-
-
We may be required to pay monetary penalties to the IRS in certain circumstances, including if we fail to meet record-keeping requirements
intended to monitor our compliance with rules
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In
addition, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of other taxes, including payroll taxes and state, local, and foreign income, property and other taxes on our assets and
operations. We could also be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not presently contemplated.
Requirements for qualificationGeneral
The Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association:
-
1.
-
that
is managed by one or more trustees or directors;
-
2.
-
the
beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares, or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest;
-
3.
-
that
would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for its election to be subject to tax as a REIT;
-
4.
-
that
is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to specific provisions of the Code.
-
5.
-
the
beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons;
-
6.
-
in
which, during the last half of each taxable year, not more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer
"individuals" (as defined in the Code to include specified tax-exempt entities); and
-
7.
-
that
meets other tests described below, including with respect to the nature of its income and assets.
The
Code provides that conditions (1) through (4) must be met during the entire taxable year, and that condition (5) must be met during at least 335 days of a
taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Conditions (5) and (6) need not be met during a corporation's initial tax year as a REIT
(which, in our case, was 2015). Our Certificate of Incorporation provides restrictions regarding the ownership and transfers of our stock, which are intended to assist us in satisfying the stock
ownership requirements described in conditions (5) and (6) above.
To
monitor compliance with the stock ownership requirements, we generally are required to maintain records regarding the actual ownership of our stock. To do so, we must demand written
statements each year from the record holders of significant percentages of our stock pursuant to which the record holders must disclose the actual owners of the stock (i.e., the persons
required to include our dividends in their gross income). We must maintain a list of those persons failing or refusing to comply with this demand as part of our records. We could be subject to
monetary penalties if we fail to comply with these record-keeping requirements. If you fail or refuse to comply with the demands, you will be required by Treasury regulations to submit a statement
with your tax return disclosing your actual ownership of our stock and other information.
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In addition, a corporation generally may not elect to become a REIT unless its taxable year is the calendar year. We adopted December 31 as our year-end,
and thereby satisfy this requirement.
Effect of subsidiary entities
Ownership of partnership interests.
We are a partner in entities that are treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes
(e.g., directly in our Series REIT operating partnership and indirectly through a TRS in our Series TRS operating partnership). Treasury regulations provide that we are deemed to own our
proportionate share of our Series REIT operating partnership's assets, and to earn
our proportionate share of such partnership's income, for purposes of the asset and gross income tests applicable to REITs. Our proportionate share of our Series REIT operating partnership's assets
and income is based on our capital interest in the partnership (except that for purposes of the 10% value test, described below, our proportionate share of the partnership's assets is based on our
proportionate interest in the equity and certain debt securities issued by the partnership). In addition, the assets and gross income of the partnership are deemed to retain the same character in our
hands. Thus, our proportionate share of the assets and items of income of any of our subsidiary partnerships generally will be treated as our assets and items of income for purposes of applying the
REIT requirements.
We
generally have control of our operating partnerships and the subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies and intend to operate them in a manner consistent with the
requirements for our qualification as a REIT. If we become a limited partner or non-managing member in any partnership or limited liability company and such entity takes or expects to take actions
that could jeopardize our status as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. In addition, it is possible that a partnership or limited liability
company could take an action which could cause us to fail a gross income or asset test, and that we would not become aware of such action in time to dispose of our interest in the partnership or
limited liability company or take other corrective action on a timely basis. In that case, we could fail to qualify as a REIT unless we were entitled to relief, as described below.
Disregarded subsidiaries.
If we own a corporate subsidiary that is a "qualified REIT subsidiary," that subsidiary is generally
disregarded for U.S.
federal income tax purposes, and all of the subsidiary's assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit are treated as our assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit,
including for purposes of the gross income and asset tests applicable to REITs. A qualified REIT subsidiary is any corporation, other than a TRS (as described below), that is directly or indirectly
wholly-owned by a REIT. Other entities that are wholly-owned by us, including single member limited liability companies that have not elected to be taxed as corporations for U.S. federal income tax
purposes, are also generally disregarded as separate entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including for purposes of the REIT income and asset tests. Disregarded subsidiaries, along with any
partnerships in which we hold an equity interest, are sometimes referred to herein as "pass-through subsidiaries."
In
the event that a disregarded subsidiary of ours ceases to be wholly-ownedfor example, if any equity interest in the subsidiary is acquired by a person other than us or
another disregarded subsidiary of oursthe subsidiary's separate existence would no longer be disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Instead, the subsidiary would have multiple
owners and would be treated as either a partnership or a taxable corporation. Such an event could, depending on the circumstances, adversely affect our ability to satisfy the various asset and gross
income requirements applicable to REITs, including the requirement that REITs generally may not own, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the securities of another corporation. See
"Asset tests" and "Income tests."
Taxable subsidiaries.
In general, we may jointly elect with a subsidiary corporation, whether or not wholly-owned (including a
corporation owned by
our operating partnership), to treat such subsidiary corporation as a TRS. We generally may not own more than 10% of the securities of a taxable
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corporation,
as measured by voting power or value, unless we and such corporation elect to treat such corporation as a TRS. The separate existence of a TRS or other taxable corporation is not ignored
for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, a TRS or other taxable subsidiary corporation generally is subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on its earnings, which may reduce the cash
flow that we and our subsidiaries generate in the aggregate, and may reduce our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
We
are not treated as holding the assets of a TRS or other taxable subsidiary corporation or as receiving any income that the subsidiary earns. Rather, the stock issued by a taxable
subsidiary to us is an asset in our hands, and we treat the dividends paid to us from such taxable subsidiary, if any, as income. This treatment can affect our income and asset test calculations, as
described below. Because we do not include the assets and income of TRSs or other taxable subsidiary corporations on a look-through basis in determining our compliance with the REIT requirements, we
may use such entities to undertake indirectly activities that the REIT rules might otherwise preclude us from doing directly or through pass-through subsidiaries. For example, we may use TRSs or other
taxable subsidiary corporations to perform services or conduct activities that give rise to certain categories of income such as management fees or to conduct activities that, if conducted by us
directly, would be treated in our hands as prohibited transactions.
The
TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further,
the rules impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT or the REIT's tenants that are not conducted on an arm's-length basis. We intend that all of our transactions with
our TRSs, if any, will be conducted on an arm's-length basis.
Income tests
To qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy two gross income requirements on an annual basis. First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable
year, excluding gross income from sales of inventory or dealer property in "prohibited transactions," discharge of indebtedness and certain hedging transactions, generally must be derived from
investments relating to real property or mortgages
on real property, including interest income derived from mortgage loans secured by real property (including certain types of mortgage-backed securities), "rents from real property," dividends received
from other REITs, and gains from the sale of real property, mortgages on real property, and shares in other REITs, as well as specified income from temporary investments. Second, at least 95% of our
gross income in each taxable year, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions, discharge of indebtedness and certain hedging transactions, must be derived from some combination of income that
qualifies under the 75% gross income test described above, as well as other dividends, interest, and gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, which need not have any relation to real
property. Income and gain from certain hedging transactions will be excluded from both the numerator and the denominator for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests.
Interest income.
Interest income constitutes qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test (as described
above) to the
extent that the obligation upon which such interest is paid is secured by a mortgage on real property. If we receive interest income with respect to a mortgage loan that is secured by both real
property and other property, and the highest principal amount of the loan outstanding during a taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property on the date that we acquired or
originated the mortgage loan, the interest income will generally be apportioned between the real property and the other collateral, and our income from the arrangement will qualify for purposes of the
75% gross income test only to the extent that the interest is allocable to the real property. See "Interest and REMIC apportionment." Even if a loan is not secured by real property, or is
undersecured (such that all or a portion of the interest thereon does not qualify for the 75% gross
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income
test), the income that it generates may nonetheless qualify for purposes of the 95% gross income test.
We
may invest in U.S. Agency and non-U.S. Agency mortgage-backed securities that are either mortgage pass-through certificates or CMOs. We expect that such mortgage-backed securities
will be treated either as interests in a grantor trust or as interests in a REMIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In the case of mortgage-backed securities treated as interests in grantor
trusts, we would be treated as owning an undivided beneficial ownership interest in the mortgage loans held by the grantor trust. The interest on such mortgage loans would be qualifying income for
purposes of the 75% gross income test to the extent that the obligation is secured by real property, as discussed above. In the case of mortgage-backed securities treated as interests in a REMIC,
income derived from REMIC interests will generally be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income tests. If less than 95% of the assets of the REMIC are real estate assets,
however, then only a proportionate part of our interest in the REMIC and income derived from the interest will qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test. In addition, some REMIC
securitizations include imbedded interest swap or cap contracts or other derivative instruments that potentially could produce non-qualifying income for the holder of
the related REMIC securities. We expect that substantially all of our income from mortgage-backed securities will be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests.
Interest
income constitutes qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test to the extent that the obligation upon which such interest is paid is secured by a
mortgage on real property. If we receive interest income with respect to a mortgage loan that is secured by both real property and other property, and the highest principal amount of the loan
outstanding during a taxable year exceeds the fair market value of the real property on the date that we acquired or originated the mortgage loan, the interest income generally will be apportioned
between the real property and the other collateral, and our income from the arrangement will qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test only to the extent that the interest is allocable to the
real property. In certain cases, personal property collateral securing a loan that we hold may be treated as real property for purposes of the foregoing rules. In addition, in certain cases (unless a
safe harbor applies pursuant to IRS guidance), the modification of a debt instrument could result in the conversion of the interest paid on the instrument from qualifying income to wholly or partially
non qualifying income, which may require that we dispose of the debt instrument or contribute it to a TRS in order to satisfy the income tests described above. Moreover, the IRS has taken the position
that, for purposes of the REIT income tests, the principal amount of a loan is equal to its face amount, even in situations where the loan was acquired at a significant discount. Under this position,
a portion of the income generated by the instrument would not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test in cases where the underlying real property has declined in value. Even if a loan is not
secured by real property, or is undersecured, the income that it generates may nonetheless qualify for purposes of the 95% gross income test.
To
the extent that the terms of a loan provide for contingent interest that is based on the cash proceeds realized upon the sale of the property securing the loan, income attributable to
the participation feature will be treated as gain from sale of the underlying property, which generally will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests provided that
the property is not held as inventory or dealer property. To the extent that we derive interest income from a mortgage loan, or income from the rental of real property, where all or a portion of the
amount of interest or rental income payable is contingent, such income generally will qualify for purposes of the gross income tests only if it is based upon the gross receipts or sales, and not the
net income or profits, of the borrower or lessee. This limitation does not apply, however, where the borrower or lessee leases substantially all of its interest in the property to tenants or
subtenants, to the extent that the rental income derived by the borrower or lessee, as the case may be, would qualify as rents from real property had we earned the income directly.
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We
may invest in mezzanine loans, which are loans secured by equity interests in an entity that directly or indirectly owns real property, rather than by a direct mortgage of the real
property. The IRS has issued Revenue Procedure 2003 65 (the "Revenue Procedure"), which provides a safe harbor applicable to mezzanine loans. Under the Revenue Procedure, if a mezzanine loan meets
each of the requirements contained in the Revenue Procedure, (1) the mezzanine loan will be treated by the IRS as
a real estate asset for purposes of the asset tests described below, and (2) interest derived from the mezzanine loan will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75%
gross income test. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. We intend to structure any investments in
mezzanine loans in a manner that complies with the various requirements applicable to our qualification as a REIT. To the extent that any of our mezzanine loans do not meet all of the requirements for
reliance on the safe harbor set forth in the Revenue Procedure, however, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge the tax treatment of these loans.
Rents from real property.
Rents received by us, if any, will qualify as "rents from real property" in satisfying the gross income
requirements
described above only if several conditions are met. If rent is partly attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease of real property, the portion of the rent that is attributable
to the personal property will not qualify as "rents from real property" unless it constitutes 15% or less of the total rent received under the lease. In addition, the amount of rent must not be based
in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. Amounts received as rent, however, generally will not be excluded from rents from real property solely by reason of being based on fixed
percentages of gross receipts or sales. Moreover, for rents received by us, if any, to qualify as "rents from real property," we generally must not operate or manage the property or furnish or render
services to the tenants of such property, other than through an "independent contractor" from which we derive no revenue. We are permitted, however, to perform services that are "usually or
customarily rendered" in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only and which are not otherwise considered rendered to the occupant of the property. In addition, we may directly or
indirectly provide non customary services to tenants of our properties without disqualifying all of the rent from the property if the payments for such services does not exceed 1% of the total gross
income from the property. For purposes of this test, we are deemed to have received income from such non customary services in an amount at least 150% of the direct cost of providing the services.
Moreover, we are generally permitted to provide services to tenants or others through a TRS without disqualifying the rental income received from tenants for purposes of the income tests. Also, rental
income will qualify as rents from real property only to the extent that we do not directly or constructively hold a 10% or greater interest, as measured by vote or value, in the lessee's equity.
Dividend income.
We may directly or indirectly receive distributions from TRSs or other corporations that are not REITs or qualified
REIT
subsidiaries. These distributions generally are treated as dividend income to the extent of the earnings and profits of the distributing corporation. Such distributions will generally constitute
qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Any dividends that we receive from a REIT, however, will be qualifying income for
purposes of both the 95% and 75% gross income tests.
Fee income.
Fees will generally be qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests if they are received in
consideration
for entering into an agreement to make a loan secured by real property and the fees are not determined by income and profits. Other fees generally
will not be qualifying income for purposes of either gross income test. Any fees earned by a TRS, however, will not be included for purposes of the gross income tests.
Hedging transactions.
Any income or gain that we or our pass-through subsidiaries derive from instruments that hedge certain specified
risks will be
excluded from gross income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests, provided that specified requirements are met, including the
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requirement
that the instrument is entered into during the ordinary course of our business and that the instrument be properly identified as a hedge along with the risk that it hedges within
prescribed time periods. Income and gain from all other hedging transactions will not be qualifying income for either the 95% or 75% gross income test. See "Derivatives and Hedging
Transactions."
Failure to satisfy the gross income tests.
If we fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% or 95% gross income tests for any taxable year,
we may still
qualify as a REIT for such year if we are entitled to relief under applicable provisions of the Code. These relief provisions will generally be available if: (i) our failure to meet these tests
was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect; and (ii) following our identification of the failure to meet the 75% or 95% gross income test for any taxable year, we file a
schedule with the IRS setting forth each item of our gross income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income test for such taxable year in accordance with Treasury regulations yet to be issued. It is
not possible to state whether we would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions in all circumstances. If these relief provisions are inapplicable to a particular set of circumstances, we
will not qualify as a REIT. Even where these relief provisions apply, the Code imposes a tax based upon the amount by which we fail to satisfy the particular gross income test.
Timing differences between receipt of cash and recognition of income.
Due to the nature of the assets in which we will invest, we may
be required to
recognize taxable income from those assets in advance of our receipt of cash flow on or proceeds from disposition of such assets, and may be required to report taxable income in early periods that
exceeds the economic income ultimately realized on such assets.
We
may acquire mortgage-backed securities in the secondary market for less than their face amount. In addition, pursuant to our ownership of certain mortgage-backed securities, we may be
treated as holding certain debt instruments acquired in the secondary market for less than their face amount. The
discount at which such securities or debt instruments are acquired may reflect doubts about their ultimate collectability rather than current market interest rates. The amount of such discount may
nevertheless generally be treated as "market discount" for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accrued market discount is generally recognized as income when, and to the extent that, any payment of
principal on the mortgage-backed security or debt instrument is made. If we collect less on the mortgage-backed security or debt instrument than our purchase price plus the market discount we had
previously reported as income, we may not be able to benefit from any offsetting loss deductions.
Moreover,
some of the mortgage-backed securities that we acquire may have been issued with original issue discount. In general, we will be required to accrue original issue discount
based on the constant yield to maturity of the securities, and to treat it as taxable income in accordance with applicable U.S. federal income tax rules even though smaller or no cash payments are
received on such securities. As in the case of the market discount discussed in the preceding paragraph, the constant yield in question will be determined and we will be taxed based on the assumption
that all future payments due on the mortgage-backed securities in question will be made, with consequences similar to those described in the previous paragraph if all payments on the securities are
not made.
In
addition, pursuant to our ownership of certain mortgage-backed securities, we may be treated as holding distressed debt investments that are subsequently modified by agreement with
the borrower. If the amendments to the outstanding debt are "significant modifications" under the applicable Treasury regulations, the modified debt may be considered to have been reissued to us in a
debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower. In that event, we may be required to recognize taxable gain to the extent the principal amount of the modified debt exceeds our adjusted tax basis in the
unmodified debt, even if the value of the debt or the payment expectations have not changed. Following such a taxable modification, we would hold the modified loan with a cost basis equal to its
principal amount for U.S. federal tax purposes. To the extent that such modifications are made with respect to a debt instrument held by a TRS that is treated as a dealer or trader and that makes an
election to use mark-to-market
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accounting,
such TRS would be required at the end of each taxable year, including the taxable year in which any such modification were made, to mark the modified debt instrument to its fair market
value as if the debt instrument were sold. In that case, the TRS could recognize a loss at the end of the taxable year in which the modifications were made to the extent that the fair market value of
such debt instrument at such time was less than the instrument's tax basis.
In
addition, in the event mortgage-backed securities, or any debt instruments we are treated as holding pursuant to our investments in mortgage-backed securities, are delinquent as to
mandatory principal and interest payments, we may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income as it accrues, despite doubt as to its ultimate collectability.
Similarly, we may be required to accrue interest income with respect to subordinate mortgage-backed securities at the stated rate regardless of whether corresponding cash payments are received.
Finally,
we may be required under the terms of indebtedness that we incur to use cash received from interest payments to make principal payments on that indebtedness, with the effect of
recognizing income but not having a corresponding amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Due
to each of these potential timing differences between income recognition or expense deduction and cash receipts or disbursements, there is a significant risk that we may have
substantial taxable income in excess of cash available for distribution. In that event, we may need to borrow funds or take other action to satisfy the REIT distribution requirements for the taxable
year in which this "phantom income" is recognized. See "Taxation of Ladder Capital CorpAnnual distribution requirements."
Asset tests
At the close of each calendar quarter, we must also satisfy five tests relating to the nature of our assets. First, at least 75% of the value of
our total assets must be represented by some combination of "real estate assets," cash, cash items, U.S. government securities, and, under some circumstances, stock or debt instruments purchased with
new capital. For this purpose, real estate assets include some kinds of mortgage-backed securities and mortgage loans, as well as interests in real property (and certain ancillary personal property),
stock of other corporations that qualify as REITs, and debt instruments (whether or not secured by real property) that are issued by a "publicly offered REIT"
(
i.e.
, a REIT that is required to file annual and periodic reports with the SEC under the Exchange Act). Assets that do not qualify for purposes of the
75% asset test are subject to the additional asset tests described below.
Second,
the value of any one issuer's securities that we own may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets.
Third,
we may not own more than 10% of any one issuer's outstanding securities, as measured by either voting power or value. The 5% and 10% asset tests do not apply to real estate
assets, securities of TRSs and qualified REIT subsidiaries and the value prong of the 10% asset test does not apply to "straight debt" having specified characteristics and to certain other securities
described below. Solely for purposes of the 10% asset test, the determination of our interest in the assets of a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interest will be based on
our proportionate interest in any securities issued by the partnership or limited liability company, excluding for this purpose certain securities described in the Code.
Fourth,
the aggregate value of all securities of TRSs that we hold may not exceed 25% (or, for our 2018 and subsequent taxable years, 20%) of the value of our total assets.
Fifth,
no more than 25% of the total value of our assets may be represented by "nonqualified publicly offered REIT debt instruments" (i.e., real estate assets that would cease to
be real estate assets
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if
debt instruments issued by publicly offered REITs were not included in the definition of real estate assets).
Notwithstanding
the general rule, as noted above, that for purposes of the REIT income and asset tests we are treated as owning our proportionate share of the underlying assets of a
subsidiary partnership, if we hold indebtedness issued by a partnership, the indebtedness will be subject to, and may cause a violation of, the asset tests unless the indebtedness is a qualifying
mortgage asset or other conditions are met. Similarly, although stock of a non-publicly offered REIT is a qualifying asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, any non-mortgage debt that is issued by
a non-publicly offered REIT may not so qualify (such debt, however, will not be treated as "securities" for purposes of the 10% asset value test, as explained below).
Certain
securities will not cause a violation of the 10% asset value test described above. Such securities include instruments that constitute "straight debt," which term generally
excludes, among other things, securities having contingency features. A security does not qualify as "straight debt" where a REIT (or a controlled TRS of the REIT) owns other securities of the same
issuer which do not qualify as straight debt, unless the value of those other securities constitute, in the aggregate, 1% or less of the total value of that issuer's outstanding securities. In
addition to straight debt, the Code provides that certain other securities will not violate the 10% asset value test. Such securities include: (i) any loan made to an individual or an estate;
(ii) certain rental agreements pursuant to which one or more payments are to be made in subsequent years (other than agreements between a REIT and certain persons related to the REIT under
attribution rules); (iii) any obligation to pay rents from real property; (iv) securities issued by governmental entities that are not dependent in whole or in part on the profits of (or
payments made by) a non-governmental entity; (v) any security (including debt securities) issued by another REIT; and (vi) any debt instrument issued by a partnership if the
partnership's income is of a nature that it would satisfy the 75% gross income test described above under "Income tests." In applying the 10% asset value test, a debt security issued by a
partnership is not taken into account to the extent, if any, of the REIT's proportionate interest in the equity and certain debt securities issued by that partnership.
We
invest in Agency and non-Agency mortgage-backed securities that are either mortgage pass-through certificates or CMOs. We expect that these securities will be treated either as
interests in grantor trusts
or as interests in REMICs for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In the case of mortgage-backed securities treated as interests in grantor trusts, we would be treated as owning an undivided beneficial
ownership interest in the mortgage loans held by the grantor trust. Such mortgage loans will generally qualify as real estate assets to the extent that they are secured by real property. We expect
that substantially all of our mortgage-backed securities treated as interests in grantor trusts will qualify as real estate assets.
In
the case of mortgage-backed securities treated as interests in a REMIC, such interests will generally qualify as real estate assets. If less than 95% of the assets of a REMIC are real
estate assets, however, then only a proportionate part of our interest in the REMIC and income derived from the interest will qualify for purposes of the REIT asset tests.
If
we hold a "residual interest" in a REMIC from which we derive "excess inclusion income," we will be required to either distribute the excess inclusion income or pay tax on it (or a
combination of the two), even though we may not receive the income in cash. To the extent that distributed excess inclusion income is allocable to a particular stockholder, the income:
(i) would not be allowed to be offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder; (ii) would be subject to tax as unrelated business taxable income in the hands
of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from U.S. federal income tax; and (iii) would result in the application of U.S. federal income tax withholding at the maximum
rate (30%), without reduction pursuant to any otherwise applicable income tax treaty or other exemption, to the extent allocable to most types of foreign
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stockholders.
Moreover, any excess inclusion income that we receive that is allocable to specified categories of tax-exempt investors which are not subject to unrelated business income tax ("UBIT"),
such as government entities or charitable remainder trusts, may be subject to corporate-level income tax in our hands, whether or not it is distributed.
In
addition, certain of our mezzanine loans may qualify for the safe harbor in the Revenue Procedure pursuant to which certain loans secured by a first priority security interest in
ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability company will be treated as qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% real estate asset test and the 10% vote or value test. See
"Income Tests." We may make some mezzanine loans that do not qualify for that safe harbor and that do not qualify as "straight debt" securities or for one of the other exclusions from the
definition of "securities" for purposes of the 10% asset value test. We intend to make such investments in such a manner as not to fail the asset tests described above, and we believe that our
existing investments satisfy such requirements. We believe that our holdings of securities and other assets will comply with the foregoing REIT asset requirements, and we intend to monitor compliance
on an ongoing basis.
We
enter into sale and repurchase agreements under which we nominally sell certain of our mortgage-backed securities to a counterparty and simultaneously enter into an agreement to
repurchase the sold assets in exchange for a purchase price that reflects a financing charge. Economically, these agreements are financings, which are secured by the securities "sold" pursuant
thereto. We believe that we will be treated for REIT asset and income test purposes as the owner of the securities that are the subject of any such agreement notwithstanding that such agreements may
transfer record ownership of the assets to the counterparty during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the IRS could assert that we did not own the mortgage-backed securities
during the term of the sale and repurchase agreement, in which case we could fail to qualify as a REIT.
No
independent appraisals have been obtained to support our conclusions as to the value of our total assets or the value of any particular security or securities. Moreover, values of
some assets, including instruments issued in securitization transactions, may not be susceptible to a precise determination, and values are subject to change in the future. Furthermore, the proper
classification of an instrument as debt or equity for U.S. federal income tax purposes may be uncertain in some circumstances, which could affect the application of the REIT asset requirements.
Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not contend that our interests in our subsidiaries or in the securities of other issuers will not cause a violation of the REIT asset tests.
However,
certain relief provisions are available to allow REITs to satisfy the asset requirements or to maintain REIT qualification notwithstanding certain violations of the asset and
other requirements. One such provision allows a REIT which fails one or more of the asset requirements to nevertheless maintain its REIT qualification if: (i) the REIT provides the IRS with a
description of each asset causing the failure; (ii) the failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect; (iii) the REIT pays a tax equal to the greater of (a) $50,000
per failure, and (b) the product of the net income generated by the assets that caused the failure multiplied by the highest applicable corporate tax rate (currently 35%); and (iv) the
REIT either disposes of the assets causing the failure within six months after the last day of the quarter in which it identifies the failure, or otherwise satisfies the relevant asset tests within
that time frame.
In
the case of
de minimis
violations of the 10% and 5% asset tests, a REIT may maintain its qualification despite a violation of such
requirements if: (i) the value of the assets causing the violation does not exceed the lesser of 1% of the REIT's total assets and $10,000,000; and (ii) the REIT either disposes of the
assets causing the failure within six months after the last day of the quarter in which it identifies the failure, or the relevant tests are otherwise satisfied within that time frame.
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If we should fail to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a calendar quarter, such a failure would not cause us to lose our REIT qualification if we:
(i) satisfied the asset tests at the close of the preceding calendar quarter; and (ii) the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset requirements was not wholly or partly
caused by an acquisition of non-qualifying assets, but instead arose from changes in the market value of our assets. If the condition described in (ii) were not satisfied, we still could avoid
disqualification by eliminating any discrepancy within 30 days after the close of the calendar quarter in which it arose or by making use of relief provisions described below.
Annual distribution requirements
In order to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends, to our stockholders in an amount at
least equal to:
-
(a)
-
the
sum of:
-
(i)
-
90%
of our net taxable income, computed without regard to our net capital gain and the deduction for dividends paid, and
-
(ii)
-
90%
of our net income, if any, (after tax) from foreclosure property (as described below), minus
-
(b)
-
the
sum of specified items of non-cash income.
We
generally must make these distributions in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if declared before we timely file our tax return for the year and if
paid with or before the first regular dividend payment after such declaration.
To
the extent that we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our REIT taxable income, as adjusted, we will be subject to tax at ordinary corporate tax rates on the retained
portion. We may elect to retain, rather than distribute, our net long-term capital gains and pay tax on such gains. In this case, we could elect for our stockholders to include their proportionate
shares of such undistributed long-term capital gains in income, and to receive a corresponding credit for their share of the tax that we paid. Our stockholders would then increase their adjusted basis
of their stock by the difference between: (a) the amounts of capital gain dividends that we designated and that they include in their taxable income, and (b) the tax that we paid on
their behalf with respect to that income.
To
the extent that in the future we may have available net operating losses carried forward from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that we must make in
order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Such losses, however, will generally not affect the character, in the hands of our stockholders, of any distributions that are actually made as
ordinary dividends or capital gains. See "Taxation of stockholdersTaxation of taxable U.S. HoldersDistributions."
If
we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of: (i) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year; (ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for
such year; and (iii) any undistributed net taxable income from prior periods, we will be subject to a non-deductible 4% excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the sum of:
(a) the amounts actually distributed,
plus (b) the amounts of income we retained and on which we have paid U.S. federal corporate income tax.
As
discussed above under "Income testsTiming differences between receipt of cash and recognition of income," it is possible that, from time to time, we may not
have sufficient cash to meet the distribution requirements due to timing differences between our actual receipt of cash and our inclusion of items in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In
the event that such timing differences occur, in order to meet the distribution requirements, it might be necessary for us to arrange for short-term, or possibly long-term, borrowings, or to pay
dividends in the form of taxable
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in-kind
distributions of property. Alternatively, we may declare a taxable dividend payable in cash or stock at the election of each stockholder, where the aggregate amount of cash to be distributed
in such dividend may be subject to limitation. In such case, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, taxable stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the
dividend as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits.
We
may be able to rectify a failure to meet the distribution requirements for a year by paying "deficiency dividends" to stockholders in a later year, which may be included in our
deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. In this case, we may be able to avoid losing REIT qualification or being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends, subject to the 4%
excise tax described above. We will be required to pay interest based on the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency dividends.
Prohibited transactions
Net income that we derive from a prohibited transaction is subject to a 100% tax. The term "prohibited transaction" generally includes a sale or
other disposition of property (other than foreclosure property, as discussed below) that is held as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business by us or
by a borrower that has issued a shared appreciation mortgage or similar debt instrument to us. We intend to conduct our operations so that no asset that we own (or are treated as owning) will be
treated as, or as having been, held as inventory or for sale to customers, and that a sale of any such asset will not be treated as having been in the ordinary course of our business. Whether property
is held as inventory or "primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business" depends on the particular facts and circumstances. No assurance can be
given that any property that we sell will not be treated as inventory or property held for sale to customers, or that we can comply with certain safe-harbor provisions of the Code that would prevent
such treatment. The 100% tax does not apply to gains from the sale of property that is held through a TRS or other taxable corporation, although such income will be subject to tax in the hands of the
corporation at regular corporate rates. We intend to structure our activities to avoid prohibited transaction characterization.
Foreclosure property
Foreclosure property is real property and any personal property incident to such real property: (i) that we acquire as the result of
having bid in the property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced the property to ownership or possession by agreement or process of law, after a default (or upon imminent default) on a lease of
the property or a mortgage loan held by us and secured by the property; (ii) for which we acquired the related loan or lease at a time when default was not imminent or anticipated; and
(iii) with respect to which we made a proper election to treat the property as foreclosure property. We generally will be subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate (currently 35%) on any net
income from foreclosure property, including any gain from the disposition of the foreclosure property, other than income that would otherwise be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income
test. Any gain from the sale of property for which a foreclosure property election has been made will not be subject to the 100% tax on gains from prohibited transactions described above, even if the
property would otherwise constitute inventory or dealer property. Because we will invest primarily in mortgage-backed securities, we do not anticipate receiving any income from foreclosure property
that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test.
Derivatives and hedging transactions
We may enter into hedging transactions with respect to interest rate exposure on one or more of our assets or liabilities. Any such hedging
transactions could take a variety of forms, including the use of derivative instruments such as interest rate swap contracts, interest rate cap or floor contracts,
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futures
or forward contracts, and options. Except to the extent provided by Treasury regulations, any income from a hedging transaction (including gain from the sale, disposition, or termination of a
position in such a transaction) will not constitute gross income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income test if we properly identify the transaction as specified in applicable Treasury
regulations and we enter into such transaction (i) in the normal course of our business primarily to manage risk of interest rate changes or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings
made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred, to acquire or carry real estate assets; (ii) primarily to manage risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item
of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the 75% or 95% income tests; or (iii) in connection with the extinguishment of indebtedness with respect to which we have entered into a
qualified hedging position described in clause (i) or the disposition of property with respect to which we have entered into a qualified hedging position described in clause (ii),
primarily to manage the risks of such hedging positions. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as
non-qualifying income for purposes of both of the 75% and 95% gross income tests. We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that will not jeopardize our qualification as a REIT. We
may conduct some or all of our hedging activities (including hedging activities relating to currency risk) through a TRS or other corporate entity, the income from which may be subject to U.S. federal
income tax, rather than by participating in the arrangements directly or through pass-through subsidiaries. No assurance can be given, however, that our hedging activities will not give rise to income
that does not qualify for purposes of either or both of the REIT gross income tests, or that our hedging activities will not adversely affect our ability to satisfy the REIT qualification
requirements.
Taxable mortgage pools and excess inclusion income
An entity, or a portion of an entity, may be classified as a TMP, under the Code if:
-
-
substantially all of its assets consist of debt obligations or interests in debt obligations;
-
-
more than 50% of those debt obligations are real estate mortgages or interests in real estate mortgages as of specified testing dates;
-
-
the entity has issued debt obligations (liabilities) that have two or more maturities; and
-
-
the payments required to be made by the entity on its debt obligations (liabilities) "bear a relationship" to the payments to be received by
the entity on the debt obligations that it holds as assets.
Under
Treasury regulations, if less than 80% of the assets of an entity (or a portion of an entity) consist of debt obligations, these debt obligations are considered not to comprise
"substantially all" of its assets, and therefore the entity would not be treated as a TMP. Our financing and securitization arrangements may give rise to TMPs, with the consequences as described
below.
Where
an entity, or a portion of an entity, is classified as a TMP, it is generally treated as a taxable corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In the case of a REIT, or a
portion of a REIT, or a disregarded subsidiary of a REIT, that is a TMP, however, special rules apply. The TMP is not treated as a corporation that is subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax, and
the TMP classification does not adversely affect the qualification of the REIT. Rather, the consequences of the TMP classification would, in general, except as described below, be limited to the
stockholders of the REIT.
A
portion of the REIT's income from the TMP arrangement could be treated as "excess inclusion income." The REIT's excess inclusion income, including any excess inclusion income from a
residual interest in a REMIC, must be allocated among its stockholders in proportion to dividends paid. The
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REIT
is required to notify stockholders of the amount of "excess inclusion income" allocated to them. A stockholder's share of excess inclusion income:
-
-
cannot be offset by any net operating losses otherwise available to the stockholder;
-
-
is subject to tax as UBTI in the hands of most types of stockholders that are otherwise generally exempt from U.S. federal income tax; and
-
-
results in the application of U.S. federal income tax withholding at the maximum rate (30%), without reduction for any otherwise applicable
income tax treaty or other exemption, to the extent allocable to most types of foreign stockholders.
See
"Taxation of stockholders." To the extent that excess inclusion income is allocated to a tax-exempt stockholder of a REIT that is not subject to unrelated business
income tax (such as a government entity or charitable remainder trust), the REIT may be subject to tax on this income at the highest applicable corporate tax rate (currently 35%). In that case, the
REIT could reduce distributions to such stockholders by the amount of such tax paid by the REIT attributable to such stockholder's ownership. Treasury regulations provide that such a reduction in
distributions does not give rise to a preferential dividend that could adversely affect the REIT's compliance with its distribution requirements. See "Taxation of Ladder Capital
CorpAnnual distribution requirements."
The
manner in which excess inclusion income is calculated, or would be allocated to stockholders, including allocations among shares of different classes of stock, is not clear under
current law. As required by IRS guidance, we intend to make such determinations using a reasonable method. Tax-exempt investors, foreign investors and taxpayers with net operating losses should
carefully consider the tax consequences described above, and are urged to consult their tax advisors.
If
a subsidiary partnership of ours that we do not wholly-own, directly or through one or more disregarded entities, were a TMP, the foregoing rules would not apply. Rather, the
partnership that is a TMP would be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and potentially would be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax or withholding tax. In addition,
this characterization would alter our income and asset test calculations, and could adversely affect our compliance with those requirements. We intend to monitor the structure of any TMPs in which we
have an interest to ensure that they will not adversely affect our qualification as a REIT.
Asset-backed securities
Investments in asset-backed securities, or "ABS", generally are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test applicable to REITs and
generally do not generate qualifying income for purposes of the 75% income test applicable to REITs. As a result, we may be limited in our ability to invest in such assets.
Failure to qualify
If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification other than the income or asset tests, we could avoid disqualification if
our failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. Relief provisions are available for failures of the income tests and asset
tests, as described above in "Income tests" and "Asset tests."
If
we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year, and the relief provisions described above do not apply, we would be subject to tax, including any applicable alternative
minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. We cannot deduct distributions to stockholders in any year in which we are not a REIT, nor would we be required to make distributions in
such a year. In this situation, to the extent of current and accumulated earnings and profits, distributions to most domestic stockholders that are U.S. individuals, trusts or estates will generally
be taxable at the
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preferential
income tax rates (i.e., the 20% maximum regular federal rate) for qualified dividends. In addition, subject to the limitations of the Code, corporate distributees may be eligible
for the dividends received deduction. Unless we are entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions, we would also be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable
years following the year during which we lost qualification. It is not possible to state whether, in all circumstances, we would be entitled to this statutory relief.
Tax Aspects of Our Operating Partnerships and any Subsidiary Partnerships
All of our investments are held through two series of LCFH, Series REIT of LCFH and Series TRS of LCFH. Series REIT holds an interest in Series
TRS through a TRS. In addition, our operating partnerships may hold certain of their investments indirectly through subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies which we expect will be
treated as partnerships or disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In general, entities that are treated as partnerships or disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes
are "pass-through" entities which are not required to pay U.S. federal income tax. Rather, partners or members of such entities are allocated their shares of the items of income, gain, loss, deduction
and credit of the partnership or limited liability company, and are potentially required to pay tax on this income, without regard to whether they receive a distribution from the partnership or
limited liability company. We will include in our income our share of these partnership and limited liability company items for purposes of the various gross income tests, the computation of our REIT
taxable income, and the REIT distribution requirements. Moreover, for purposes of the asset tests, we will include our pro rata share of assets held by our operating partnerships, including their
share of their subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies, based on our capital interest in each such entity. See "Taxation of Ladder Capital Corp."
Entity Classification
Our interests in our operating partnerships and the subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies involve special tax considerations,
including the possibility that the IRS might challenge the status of these entities as partnerships (or disregarded entities), as opposed to associations taxable as corporations for U.S. federal
income tax purposes. If our operating partnerships or a subsidiary partnership or limited liability company were treated as an association, they would be taxable as a corporation and would be required
to pay an entity-level tax on their income. In addition, the IRS could challenge the treatment of our series partnerships as separate entities. In this situation, the character of our assets and items
of gross income would change and could prevent us from satisfying the REIT asset tests and possibly the REIT income tests. See "Taxation of Ladder Capital CorpAsset tests"
and "Income tests." This, in turn, could prevent us from qualifying as a REIT. See "Failure to qualify" for a discussion of the effect of our failure to meet these tests. In
addition, a change in the tax status or tax treatment of our operating partnerships, a subsidiary partnership or limited liability company might be treated as a taxable event. If so, we might incur a
distribution requirement or tax liability without any related cash distributions. We believe that our operating partnerships and each of our other partnerships and limited liability companies (for
which we do not make an election to be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes) will be classified as partnerships or disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Allocations of Income, Gain, Loss and Deduction
A partnership agreement (or, in the case of a limited liability company treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the
limited liability company agreement) will generally determine the allocation of partnership income and loss among partners. Generally, Section 704(b) of the Code and the Treasury regulations
thereunder require that partnership allocations respect the economic arrangement of the partners. If an allocation of partnership income or loss does not comply with the
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requirements
of Section 704(b) of the Code and the Treasury regulations thereunder, the item subject to the allocation will be reallocated in accordance with the partners' interests in the
partnership. This reallocation will be determined by taking into account all of the facts and circumstances relating to the economic arrangement of the partners with respect to such item. Our
operating partnerships' allocations of taxable income and loss are intended to comply with the requirements of Section 704(b) of the Code and the Treasury regulations thereunder.
New Partnership Audit Rules
The recently enacted Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 changes the rules applicable to U.S. federal income tax audits of partnerships (such as our
operating partnership). Under the new rules (which are generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017), among other changes and subject to certain exceptions, any audit
adjustment to items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit of a partnership (and any partner's distributive share thereof) is determined, and taxes, interest, or penalties attributable thereto
are assessed and collected, at the partnership level. Although it is uncertain how these new rules will be implemented, it is possible that they could result in our operating partnership or other
partnerships in which we directly or indirect invest being required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties as a result of an audit adjustment, and we, as a direct or indirect partner of these
partnerships, could be required to bear the economic burden of those taxes, interest, and penalties even though we, as a REIT, may not otherwise have been required to pay additional corporate-level
taxes as a result of the related audit adjustment. The changes created by these new rules are sweeping and in many respects dependent on the promulgation of future regulations or other guidance by the
U.S. Treasury. Investors are urged to consult their tax advisors with respect to these changes and their potential impact on their investment in our common stock.
Taxation of stockholders
Taxation of taxable U.S. Holders
As used herein, the term "U.S. Holder" means a holder of our Class A common stock who for U.S. federal income tax purposes
is:
-
-
an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;
-
-
a corporation (or entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in the United States or under the
laws of the United States, or of any state thereof, or the District of Columbia;
-
-
an estate, the income of which is includable in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or
-
-
a trust if (i) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S.
fiduciaries have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or (ii) the trust has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S.
person.
If
a partnership, including for this purpose any entity or arrangement that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, holds our Class A common stock, the
tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. An investor that is a partnership and the partners in such
partnership should consult their tax advisors about the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our Class A common stock.
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Distributions.
So long as we qualify as a REIT, the distributions that we make to our U.S. Holders out of current or accumulated
earnings and profits
that we do not designate as capital gain dividends will generally be taken into account by such stockholders as ordinary income and will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction for
corporations. With limited exceptions, our dividends are not eligible for taxation at the preferential income tax rates (i.e., the 20% maximum regular U.S. federal rate) for qualified dividends
received by most domestic U.S. Holders that are individuals, trusts and estates from taxable C corporations. Such U.S. Holders, however, are taxed at the preferential rates on dividends designated by
and received from REITs to the extent that the dividends are attributable to:
-
-
income retained by the REIT in the prior taxable year on which the REIT was subject to corporate level income tax (less the amount of tax);
-
-
dividends received by the REIT from TRSs or other taxable C corporations; or
-
-
income in the prior taxable year from the sales of "built-in gain" property acquired by the REIT from C corporations in carryover basis
transactions (less the amount of corporate tax on such income).
Distributions
that we designate as capital gain dividends generally will be taxed to our U.S. Holders as long-term capital gains, to the extent that such distributions do not exceed our
actual net capital gain for the taxable year, without regard to the period for which the U.S. Holder that receives such distribution has held its stock. We may elect to retain and pay taxes on some or
all of our net long-term capital gains, in which case provisions of the Code will treat our U.S. Holders as having received, solely for tax purposes, our undistributed capital gains, and the U.S.
Holders will receive a corresponding credit for taxes that we paid on such undistributed capital gains. See "Taxation of Ladder Capital CorpAnnual distribution requirements."
Corporate U.S. Holders may be required to treat up to 20% of some capital gain dividends as ordinary income. Long-term capital gains are generally taxable at maximum regular U.S. federal rates of 20%
in the case of stockholders that are individuals, trusts or estates, and 35% in the case of stockholders that are corporations. Capital gains attributable to the sale of depreciable real property held
for more than 12 months are subject to a 25% maximum regular U.S. federal income tax rate for taxpayers who are taxed as individuals, to the extent of previously claimed depreciation
deductions.
Distributions
in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will generally represent a return of capital and will not be taxable to a U.S. Holder to the extent that the
amount of such distributions does not exceed the adjusted basis of the U.S. Holder's shares in respect of which the distributions were made. Rather, the distribution will reduce the adjusted basis of
the U.S. Holder's shares. To the extent that such distributions exceed the adjusted basis of a U.S. Holder's shares, such holder generally must include such distributions in income as long-term
capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the shares have been held for one year or less. In addition, any dividend that we declare in October, November or December of any year and that is payable
to a stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month will be treated as both paid by us and received by the stockholder on December 31 of such year, provided that we actually pay
the dividend before the end of January of the following calendar year.
To
the extent that we have available net operating losses and capital losses carried forward from prior tax years, such losses may reduce the amount of distributions that we must make in
order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. See "Taxation of Ladder Capital CorpAnnual distribution requirements." Such losses, however, are not passed through
to stockholders and do not offset income of stockholders from other sources, nor would such losses affect the character of any distributions that we make, which are generally subject to tax in the
hands of stockholders to the extent that we have current or accumulated earnings and profits.
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Dispositions of Ladder stock.
If a U.S. Holder sells or disposes of shares of our stock, it will generally recognize gain or loss for
U.S. federal
income tax purposes in an amount equal to the difference between the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received on the sale or other disposition and the stockholder's adjusted
tax basis in the shares of Ladder stock. In general, capital gains recognized by individuals, trusts or estates upon the sale or disposition of our stock will be subject to a maximum regular U.S.
federal income tax rate of 20% if the stock is held for more than one year, and will be taxed at ordinary income rates (of up to 39.6%) if the stock is held for one year or less. Gains recognized by
U.S. Holders that are corporations are subject to U.S. federal income tax at a maximum rate of 35%, whether or not such gains are classified as long-term capital gains. Capital losses recognized by a
U.S. Holder upon the disposition of our stock that was held for more than one year at the time of disposition will be considered long-term capital losses, and capital losses are generally available
only to offset capital gain income of the U.S. Holder but not ordinary income (except in the case of individuals, who may offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income each year). In addition, any loss upon
a sale or exchange of shares of our stock by a U.S. Holder who has held the shares for six months or less, after applying holding period rules, will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the
extent of distributions that we make that are required to be treated by the stockholder as long-term capital gain.
If
an investor recognizes a loss upon a subsequent disposition of our stock or other securities in an amount that exceeds a prescribed threshold, it is possible that the provisions of
Treasury regulations involving "reportable transactions" could apply, with a resulting requirement to separately disclose the loss-generating transaction to the IRS. These regulations, though directed
towards "tax shelters," are broadly written and apply to transactions that would not typically be considered tax shelters. The Code imposes significant penalties for failure to comply with these
requirements. You should consult your tax advisor concerning any possible disclosure obligation with respect to the receipt or disposition of our stock or securities or transactions that we might
undertake directly or indirectly. Moreover, you should be aware that we and other participants in the transactions in which we are involved (including their advisors) might be subject to disclosure or
other requirements pursuant to these regulations.
Passive activity losses and investment interest limitations.
Distributions that we make and gain arising from the sale or exchange by a
U.S. Holder
will not be treated as passive activity income. As a result, U.S. Holders will not be able to apply any "passive losses" against income or gain relating to our stock. To the extent that distributions
we make do not constitute a return of capital, they will be treated as investment income for purposes of computing the investment interest limitation.
Taxation of foreign stockholders
The rules governing U.S. federal income taxation of the ownership and disposition of our Class A common stock by persons that are, for
purposes of such taxation, nonresident alien individuals, foreign corporations, foreign partnerships or foreign estates or trusts (collectively, "Non-U.S. Holders") are complex, and no attempt is made
herein to provide more than a brief summary of such rules. Accordingly, the discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income tax law and does not address state, local or foreign tax
consequences that may be relevant to a Non-U.S. Holder in light of its particular circumstances. In addition, this discussion is based on current law, which is subject to change, and assumes that
Ladder will qualify for taxation as a REIT. Non-U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors to determine the impact of U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax laws with regard to the ownership
and disposition of our Class A common stock (including reporting requirements) in light of their individual circumstances.
Ordinary dividends.
The portion of dividends received by Non-U.S. Holders that is: (i) payable out of our earnings and profits;
(ii) which is not attributable to our capital gains; and (iii) which is not effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the Non-U.S. Holder, will be subject to U.S.
withholding tax at the rate of 30%, unless reduced or eliminated by treaty.
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In
general, Non-U.S. Holders will not be considered to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business solely as a result of their ownership of our stock. In cases where the dividend income from
a Non-U.S. Holder's investment in our stock is, or is treated as, effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder's conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the Non-U.S. Holder generally will be subject to
U.S. federal income tax at graduated rates, in the same manner as domestic stockholders are taxed with respect to such dividends. Such income must generally be reported on a U.S. income tax return
filed by or on behalf of the Non-U.S. Holder. The income may also be subject to the 30% branch profits tax in the case of a Non-U.S. Holder that is a corporation.
Non-dividend distributions.
Unless our stock constitutes a U.S. real property interest (a "USRPI") (as described below), distributions
that we make
which are not dividends out of our earnings and profits will not be subject to U.S. income tax. If we cannot determine at the time a distribution is made whether or not the distribution will exceed
current and accumulated earnings and profits, the
distribution will be subject to withholding at the rate applicable to dividends. The Non-U.S. Holder may seek a refund from the IRS of any amounts withheld if it is subsequently determined that the
distribution was, in fact, in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. If our stock constitutes a USRPI, as described below, distributions that we make in excess of the sum of:
(a) the stockholder's proportionate share of our earnings and profits, plus (b) the stockholder's basis in its stock, will be taxed under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act
of 1980 ("FIRPTA"), at the rate of tax, including any applicable capital gains rates, that would apply to a domestic stockholder of the same type (e.g., an individual or a corporation, as the
case may be), and the collection of the tax will be enforced by a withholding at a rate of 15% of the amount by which the distribution exceeds the stockholder's share of our earnings and profits.
Capital gain dividends.
Under FIRPTA, a distribution that we make to a Non-U.S. Holder, to the extent attributable to gains from
dispositions of
USRPIs that we held directly or through pass-through subsidiaries, or USRPI capital gains, will, except as described below, be considered effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the
Non-U.S. Holder and will be subject to U.S. income tax at the rates applicable to U.S. individuals or corporations, without regard to whether we designate the distribution as a capital gain dividend.
See above under "Taxation of foreign stockholdersOrdinary dividends," for a discussion of the consequences of income that is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or
business. In addition, we will be required to withhold tax equal to 35% of the maximum amount that could have been designated as USRPI capital gains dividends. Distributions subject to FIRPTA may also
be subject to a 30% branch profits tax in the hands of a Non-U.S. Holder that is a corporation. A distribution is not attributable to USRPI capital gain if we held an interest in the underlying asset
solely as a creditor. Capital gain dividends received by a Non-U.S. Holder that are attributable to dispositions of our assets other than USRPIs are not subject to U.S. federal income or withholding
tax, unless: (i) the gain is effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder's U.S. trade or business, in which case the Non-U.S. Holder would be subject to the same treatment as U.S. holders
with respect to such gain; or (ii) the Non-U.S. Holder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a "tax
home" in the United States, in which case the Non-U.S. Holder will incur a 30% tax on his capital gains. We do not expect that a significant portion of our assets will be USRPIs.
A
capital gain dividend that would otherwise have been treated as a USRPI capital gain will not be so treated or be subject to FIRPTA, and generally will not be treated as income that is
effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business, and instead will generally be treated in the same manner as an ordinary dividend (see "Taxation of foreign
stockholdersOrdinary dividends"), if: (i) the capital gain dividend is received with respect to a class of stock that is regularly traded on an established securities market
located in the United States; and (ii) the recipient Non-U.S. Holder does not own more than 10% of that class of stock at any time during the year ending on the date on which the
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capital
gain dividend is received. We anticipate that our Class A common stock will be "regularly traded" on an established securities exchange.
Dispositions of Ladder stock.
Unless our stock constitutes a USRPI, a sale of our stock by a Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be
subject to U.S.
taxation under FIRPTA. Our stock will be treated as a USRPI if 50% or more of our assets throughout a prescribed testing period consist of interests in real property located within the United States,
excluding, for this purpose, interests in real property solely in a capacity as a creditor. It is not currently anticipated that our stock will constitute a USRPI. However, we cannot assure you that
our stock will not become a USRPI.
Even
if the foregoing 50% test is met, our stock will not constitute a USRPI if we are a "domestically controlled qualified investment entity." A domestically controlled qualified
investment entity includes a REIT, less than 50% of the value of which is held directly or indirectly by Non-U.S. Holders at all times during a specified testing period (after applying certain
presumptions regarding the ownership of our stock, as described in the Code). We believe that we will be and will remain a domestically controlled qualified investment entity, and that a sale of our
stock should not be subject to taxation under FIRPTA. However, no assurance can be given that we will be or will remain a domestically controlled qualified investment entity.
In
the event that we are not a domestically controlled qualified investment entity, but our stock is "regularly traded," as defined by applicable Treasury regulations, on an established
securities market, a Non-U.S. Holder's sale of our Class A common stock nonetheless also would not be subject to tax under FIRPTA as a sale of a USRPI, provided that the selling Non-U.S. Holder
held 10% or less of our outstanding Class A common stock any time during the one-year period ending on the date of the sale. We expect that our Class A common stock will be regularly
traded on an established securities market.
In
addition, if a Non U.S. Holder disposes of such common stock during the 30 day period preceding the ex-dividend date of any dividend payment, and such Non U.S. Holder acquires
or enters into a contract or option to acquire our common stock within 61 days of the first day of such 30 day period described above, and any portion of such dividend payment would, but
for the disposition, be treated as USRPI capital gain to such Non U.S. Holder under FIRPTA, then such Non U.S. Holder will be treated as having USRPI capital gain in an amount that, but for the
disposition, would have been treated as USRPI capital gain.
If
gain on the sale of our stock were subject to taxation under FIRPTA, the Non-U.S. Holder would be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return and would be subject to the
same treatment as a
domestic stockholder with respect to such gain, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of non-resident alien individuals, and the purchaser of
the stock could be required to withhold 15% of the purchase price and remit such amount to the IRS.
Gain
from the sale of our stock that would not otherwise be subject to FIRPTA will nonetheless be taxable in the United States to a Non-U.S. Holder in two cases: (i) if the
Non-U.S. Holder's investment in our stock is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business conducted by such Non-U.S. Holder, the Non-U.S. Holder will be subject to the same treatment as a
domestic stockholder with respect to such gain; or (ii) if the Non-U.S. Holder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the
taxable year and has a "tax home" in the United States, the nonresident alien individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individual's capital gain.
Special FIRPTA Rules.
Recently enacted amendments to FIRPTA create special rules that modify the application of the foregoing FIRPTA
rules for
particular types of foreign investors, including "qualified foreign pension funds" and their wholly owned foreign subsidiaries and certain widely held, publicly traded "qualified collective investment
vehicles." Non U.S. stockholders are urged to consult
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their
own tax advisors regarding the applicability of these or any other special FIRPTA rules to their particular investment in our common stock.
Estate tax.
If our stock is owned or treated as owned by an individual who is not a citizen or resident (as specially defined for U.S.
federal estate
tax purposes) of the United States at the time of such individual's death, the stock will be includable in the individual's gross estate for U.S. federal estate tax purposes, unless an applicable
estate tax treaty provides otherwise, and may therefore be subject to U.S. federal estate tax.
Foreign stockholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income and other tax consequences of owning
Ladder stock.
Taxation of tax-exempt stockholders
Tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt
from U.S. federal income taxation. However, they may be subject to taxation on their UBTI. While some investments in real estate may generate UBTI, the IRS has ruled that dividend distributions from a
REIT to a tax-exempt entity do not constitute UBTI. Based on that ruling, and provided that: (i) a tax-exempt stockholder has not held our stock as "debt financed property" within the meaning
of the Code (i.e., where the acquisition or holding of the property is financed through a borrowing by the tax-exempt stockholder); and (ii) our stock is not otherwise used in an
unrelated trade or business, distributions that we make and income from the sale of our stock generally should not give rise to UBTI to a tax-exempt stockholder.
Tax-exempt
stockholders that are social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group legal services plans exempt from
U.S. federal income taxation under sections 501(c)(7), (c)(9), (c)(17) and (c)(20) of the Code are subject to different UBTI rules, which generally require such stockholders to characterize
distributions that we make as UBTI.
In
certain circumstances, a pension trust that owns more than 10% of our stock could be required to treat a percentage of the dividends as UBTI if we are a "pension-held REIT." We will
not be a pension-held REIT unless: (i) we are required to "look through" one or more of our pension trust stockholders in order to satisfy the REIT "closely-held" test; and (ii) either
(a) one pension trust owns more than 25% of the value of our stock, or (b) one or more pension trusts, each individually holding more than 10% of the value of our stock, collectively
owns more than 50% of the value of our stock. Certain restrictions on ownership and transfer of our stock generally should prevent a tax-exempt entity from owning more than 10% of the value of our
stock and generally should prevent us from becoming a pension-held REIT.
Tax-exempt stockholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income and other tax consequences of owning
Ladder stock.
Other tax considerations
Legislative or other actions affecting REITs
The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of REITs may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial or
administrative action at any time. The REIT rules are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department which may result in
statutory changes as well as revisions to regulations and interpretations. According to publicly released statements, a top legislative priority of the new Congress and administration may be to enact
significant reform of the Code, including significant changes to taxation of business entities and the deductibility of interest expense and capital investment. There is a substantial lack of clarity
around the likelihood, timing and details of any such tax reform and the impact of any potential tax
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reform
on us or an investment in our Class A common stock. Any such changes to the tax laws or interpretations thereof, with or without retroactive application, could materially and adversely
affect our investors or us. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect our investors or us. New legislation, Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions
could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or the U.S. federal income tax consequences to our investors and us of such qualification. You are urged to consult with your
tax advisor with respect to the status of legislative, regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on an investment in our Class A common stock.
Medicare 3.8% tax on investment income
Certain U.S. holders who are individuals, estates or trusts and whose income exceeds certain thresholds are required to pay a 3.8% Medicare tax
on their "net investment income," which includes dividends received from us and capital gains from the sale or other disposition of our Class A common stock.
Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
Withholding at a rate of 30% generally will be required on dividends, and, after December 31, 2018, gross proceeds from the sale of, our
Class A common stock held by or through certain foreign financial institutions (including investment funds), unless such institution enters into an agreement with the Treasury to report, on an
annual basis, information with respect to shares in, and the accounts maintained by, the institution held by certain U.S. persons and by certain non-U.S. entities that are wholly or partially owned by
U.S. persons and to withhold on certain payments. Accordingly, the entity through which our Class A common stock is held will affect the determination of whether such withholding is required.
Similarly, dividends, and, after December 31, 2018, gross proceeds from the sale of, our Class A common stock held by an investor that is a non-financial non-U.S. entity which does not
qualify under certain exemptions will be subject to withholding at a rate of 30%, unless such entity either (i) certifies that such entity does not have any "substantial United States owners"
or (ii) provides certain information regarding the entity's "substantial United States owners," which the applicable withholding agent will in turn provide to the Secretary of the Treasury. An
intergovernmental agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country may modify these requirements. We will not pay any additional amounts to stockholders in respect of any amounts
withheld. Non-U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the possible implications of these withholding taxes on their investment in our Class A common stock.
State, local and foreign taxes
We and our subsidiaries and stockholders may be subject to state, local or foreign taxation in various jurisdictions including those in which we
or they transact business, own property or reside. Our state, local or foreign tax treatment and that of our stockholders may not conform to the U.S. federal income tax treatment discussed above. Any
foreign taxes that we incur do not pass through to stockholders as a credit against their U.S. federal income tax liability. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the
application and effect of state, local and foreign income and other tax laws on an investment in our stock.
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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
General
We and/or one or more Selling Stockholders may offer and sell our Class A common stock in one or more transactions from time to time to
or through underwriters, who may act as principals or agents, directly to other purchasers or through agents to other purchasers or through any combination of these methods.
A
prospectus supplement relating to a particular offering of our Class A common stock may include the following information:
-
-
the terms of the offering;
-
-
the names of any underwriters or agents;
-
-
the purchase price of our Class A common stock;
-
-
any net proceeds to us from the sale of our Class A common stock;
-
-
any delayed delivery arrangements;
-
-
any underwriting discounts and other items constituting underwriters' compensation;
-
-
any public offering price;
-
-
any discounts or concessions allowed or paid to dealers; and
-
-
any option under which underwriters may purchase additional shares of our Class A common stock from us or any Selling Stockholder.
The
distribution of our Class A common stock may be effected from time to time in one or more transactions at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed, at market prices
prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices in block trades, or in underwritten offerings or in other types of trades.
Underwriting Compensation
We and/or one or more the Selling Stockholders may offer our Class A common stock to the public through underwriting syndicates
represented by a managing underwriter or managing underwriters or through an underwriter or underwriters without an underwriting syndicate. If underwriters are used for the sale of our Class A
common stock, our Class A common stock will be acquired by the underwriters for their own account. The underwriters may resell our Class A common stock in one or more transactions,
including in negotiated transactions at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. In connection with any such underwritten sale of our Class A common
stock, underwriters may receive compensation from us or from purchasers for whom they may act as agents, in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions. Underwriters may sell our Class A
common stock to or through dealers, and the dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters and/or commissions from the purchasers for whom
they may act as agents.
If
we use an underwriter or underwriters in the sale of particular Class A common stock, we will execute an underwriting agreement with those underwriters at the time of sale of
that Class A common stock. The names of the underwriters will be set forth in the prospectus supplement used by the underwriters to sell that Class A common stock. Unless otherwise
indicated in the prospectus supplement relating to a particular offering of Class A common stock, the obligations of the underwriters to purchase the Class A common stock will be subject
to customary conditions precedent
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and
the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the Class A common stock offered if any of our Class A common stock is purchased.
Underwriters,
dealers and agents that participate in the distribution of our Class A common stock may be deemed to be underwriters under the Securities Act. Any discounts or
commissions that they receive from us and any profit that they receive on the resale of our Class A common stock may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities
Act. If any entity is deemed an underwriter or any amounts deemed underwriting discounts and commissions, the prospectus supplement will identify the underwriter or agent and describe the compensation
received from us.
Indemnification
We may enter agreements under which underwriters and agents who participate in the distribution of our Class A common stock may be
entitled to indemnification by us against various liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribution with respect to payments which the underwriters, dealers or agents
may be required to make.
Related Transactions
Various of the underwriters who participate in the distribution of our Class A common stock, and their affiliates, may perform various
commercial banking and investment banking services for us from time to time in the ordinary course of business.
Delayed Delivery Contracts
We may authorize underwriters or other persons acting as our agents to solicit offers by institutions to purchase our Class A common
stock from us pursuant to contracts providing for
payment and delivery on a future date. These institutions may include commercial and savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies, educational and charitable institutions
and others, but in all cases we must approve these institutions. The obligations of any purchaser under any of these contracts will be subject to the condition that the purchase of our Class A
common stock shall not at the time of delivery be prohibited under the laws of the jurisdiction to which such purchaser is subject. The underwriters and other agents will not have any responsibility
in respect of the validity or performance of these contracts.
Price Stabilization and Short Positions
If underwriters or dealers are used in the sale, until the distribution of our Class A common stock is completed, rules of the SEC may
limit the ability of any underwriters to bid for and purchase our Class A common stock. As an exception to these rules, representatives of any underwriters are permitted to engage in
transactions that stabilize the price of our Class A common stock. These transactions may consist of bids or purchases for the purpose of pegging, fixing or maintaining the price of our
Class A common stock. If the underwriters create a short position in our Class A common stock in connection with the offering (that is, if they sell more Class A common stock than
are set forth on the cover page of the prospectus supplement) the representatives of the underwriters may reduce that short position by purchasing Class A common stock in the open market.
We
make no representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of our Class A common stock. In
addition, we make no representation that the representatives of any underwriters will engage in these transactions or that these transactions, once commenced, will not be discontinued without notice.
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LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the shares of Class A common stock offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Kirkland & Ellis LLP, New
York, New York, and certain legal and tax matters as
described under "U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations" will be passed on by Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, Chicago, Illinois.
EXPERTS
The financial statements incorporated in this prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2016 have been so incorporated in reliance on the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm
as experts in accounting and auditing.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
Ladder Capital Corp files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The public may read and
copy the information we file with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public
Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file
electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is
www.sec.gov
.
Our
website address is located at
www.laddercapital.com
. Through links on the "Investor Relations" portion of our website, we make
available free of charge our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished
pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Such material is made available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable
after we electronically file the information with, or furnish it to, the SEC.
The information contained on our website is not intended to form a part of, or be
incorporated by reference into, this prospectus.
The
registration statement containing this prospectus, including exhibits to the registration statement, provides additional information about us and the Class A common stock
offered under this prospectus. The registration statement can be read at the SEC website or at the SEC offices referenced above.
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Ladder Capital Corp
Class A Common Stock
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
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Citigroup
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Deutsche Bank Securities
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Barclays
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Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC
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Wells Fargo Securities
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