NTIC Northern Technologies International Corporation

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis provides material historical and prospective disclosures intended to enable investors and other users to assess NTIC’s financial condition and results of operations. Statements that are not historical are forward-looking and involve risks and uncertainties discussed under the heading “ Part I. Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Forward-Looking Statements ” in this report and under “ Part 1. Item 1A. Risk Factors ” in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2017. The following discussion of the results of the operations and financial condition of NTIC should be read in conjunction with NTIC’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included under the heading “ Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements .”

Business Overview

NTIC develops and markets proprietary environmentally beneficial products and services in over 60 countries either directly or via a network of subsidiaries, joint ventures, independent distributors and agents. NTIC’s primary business is corrosion prevention marketed mainly under the ZERUST ^® brand. NTIC has been selling its proprietary ZERUST ^® products and services to the automotive, electronics, electrical, mechanical, military and retail consumer markets for over 40 years, and in recent years, has targeted and expanded into the oil and gas industry. NTIC also markets and sells a portfolio of biobased and certified compostable (fully biodegradable) polymer resin compounds and finished products under the Natur-Tec ^® brand. These products are intended to reduce NTIC’s customers’ carbon footprint and provide environmentally sound waste disposal options.

NTIC’s ZERUST ^® rust and corrosion inhibiting products include plastic and paper packaging, liquids, coatings, rust removers, cleaners, and diffusers as well as engineered solutions designed specifically for the oil and gas industry. NTIC also offers worldwide on-site technical consulting for rust and corrosion prevention issues. NTIC’s technical service consultants work directly with the end users of NTIC’s ZERUST ^® rust and corrosion inhibiting products to analyze their specific needs and develop systems to meet their performance requirements. In North America, NTIC sells its ZERUST ^® corrosion prevention solutions through a network of independent distributors and agents supported by a direct sales force. Internationally, NTIC sells its ZERUST ^® corrosion prevention solutions through its wholly-owned subsidiary in China, NTIC (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (NTIC China), its majority-owned joint venture holding company for NTIC’s joint venture investments in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, NTI Asean LLC (NTI Asean) its majority-owned subsidiary in Brazil, Zerust Prevenção de Corrosão S.A. (Zerust Brazil), and its wholly-owned subsidiary in Mexico, ZERUST-EXCOR MEXICO, S. de R.L. de C.V (Zerust Mexico), and joint venture arrangements in North America, Europe and Asia. NTIC also sells products directly to its joint venture partners through its wholly-owned subsidiary in Germany, NTIC Europe GmbH (NTI Europe).

One of NTIC’s strategic initiatives is to expand into and penetrate other markets for its ZERUST ^® corrosion prevention technologies. Consequently, for the past several years, NTIC has focused significant sales and marketing efforts on the oil and gas industry, as the infrastructure that supports that industry is typically constructed using metals that are highly susceptible to corrosion. NTIC believes that its ZERUST ^® corrosion prevention solutions will minimize maintenance downtime on critical oil and gas industry infrastructure, extend the life of such infrastructure and reduce the risk of environmental pollution due to corrosion leaks.

NTIC markets and sells its ZERUST ^® rust and corrosion prevention solutions to customers in the oil and gas industry across several countries either directly, through its subsidiaries or through its joint venture partners and other strategic partners. The sale of ZERUST ^® corrosion prevention solutions to customers in the oil and gas industry typically involves long sales cycles, often including multi-year trial periods with each customer and a slow integration process thereafter.

Natur-Tec ^® biobased and compostable plastics are manufactured using NTIC’s patented and/or proprietary technologies and are intended to replace conventional petroleum-based plastics. The Natur-Tec ^® biopolymer resin compound portfolio includes formulations that have been optimized for a variety of applications including blown-film extrusion, extrusion coating, injection molding, and engineered plastics. These resin compounds are certified to be fully biodegradable in a composting environment and are currently being used to produce finished products including can liners, shopping and grocery bags, lawn and leaf bags, pet waste collection bags, cutlery and coated paper products. In North America, NTIC markets its Natur-Tec ^® resin compounds and finished products primarily through a network of regional and national distributors as well as independent agents. NTIC continues to see significant opportunities for finished bioplastic products and, therefore, continues to strengthen and expand its North American distribution network for finished Natur-Tec ^® bioplastic products. Internationally, NTIC sells its Natur-Tec ^® resin compounds and finished products both directly and through its majority-owned subsidiary in India, Natur-Tec India Private Limited (Natur-Tec India), and through distributors and certain joint ventures.

NTIC’s Subsidiaries and Joint Venture Network

NTIC has ownership interests in six subsidiaries in North America, South America, Europe and Asia. The following table sets forth a list of NTIC’s operating subsidiaries as of February 28, 2018, the country in which the subsidiary is organized and NTIC’s ownership percentage in each subsidiary:

The results of these subsidiaries are fully consolidated in NTIC’s consolidated financial statements.

NTIC participates in 20 active joint venture arrangements in North America, Europe and Asia. Each of these joint ventures generally manufactures and markets products in the geographic territory to which it is assigned. While most of NTIC’s joint ventures exclusively sell rust and corrosion inhibiting products, some of the joint ventures also sell NTIC’s Natur-Tec® resin compounds. NTIC has historically funded its investments in joint ventures with cash generated from operations.

NTIC’s receipt of funds from its joint ventures is dependent upon fees for services that NTIC provides to its joint ventures, based primarily on the net sales of the individual joint ventures, and NTIC’s receipt of dividend distributions from the joint ventures. The fees for services provided to joint ventures are determined based on either a flat fee or a percentage of sales depending on local laws and tax regulations. With respect to NTIC’s joint venture in Germany (EXCOR), NTIC recognizes an agreed upon quarterly fee for such services. NTIC recognizes equity income from each joint venture based on the overall profitability of the joint venture. Such profitability is subject to variability from quarter to quarter which, in turn, subjects NTIC’s earnings to variability from quarter to quarter. The profits of each joint venture are shared by the respective joint venture owners in accordance with their respective ownership percentages. NTIC typically directly or indirectly owns 50% or less of each of its joint venture entities and thus does not control the decisions of these entities regarding whether to pay dividends and, if paid, how much they should be in a given year. The payment of a dividend by an entity is determined by a joint vote of the owners and is not at the sole discretion of NTIC.

NTIC accounts for the investments and financial results of its joint ventures in its financial statements utilizing the equity method of accounting.

NTIC considers EXCOR to be individually significant to NTIC’s consolidated assets and income; and therefore, provides certain additional information regarding EXCOR in the notes to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements and in this section of this report.

Financial Overview

NTIC’s management, including its chief executive officer who is NTIC’s chief operating decision maker, reports and manages NTIC’s operations in two reportable business segments based on products sold, customer base and distribution center: ZERUST® products and services and Natur-Tec® products.

NTIC’s consolidated net sales increased 39.7% and 28.8% during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended February 28, 2017. These increases were primarily a result of an increase in sales of ZERUST® rust and corrosion inhibiting packaging products, sales to joint ventures and sales of Natur-Tec® products.

During the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, 83.4% and 83.0% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales, respectively, were derived from sales of ZERUST® products and services, which increased 41.0% and 28.8% to $10,191,459 and $19,719,196, respectively, compared to $7,228,027 and $15,312,705 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively. These increases were due to higher sales from existing customers for new and existing products as a result of increased demand. NTIC has focused its sales efforts of ZERUST® products and services by strategically targeting customers with specific corrosion issues in new market areas, including the oil and gas industry and other industrial sectors that offer sizable growth opportunities. NTIC’s consolidated net sales for the six months ended February 28, 2018 included $862,860 of sales made to customers in the oil and gas industry compared to $952,240 for the six months ended February 28, 2017. Overall demand for ZERUST® products and services depends heavily on the overall health of the markets in which NTIC sells its products, including the automotive, oil and gas, agriculture, and mining markets in particular.

During the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, 16.6% and 17.0% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales, respectively, were derived from sales of Natur-Tec® products compared to 17.3% and 17.0% during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively. Net sales of Natur-Tec® products increased 33.5% and 28.9% during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended February 28, 2017 primarily due to an increase in finished product sales in North America and finished product sales at NTIC’s majority-owned subsidiary in India, Natur-Tec India Private Limited (Natur-Tec India).

Cost of goods sold as a percentage of net sales decreased to 65.6% during the three months ended February 28, 2018 compared to 67.1% during the three months ended February 28, 2017 and decreased to 66.9% during the six months ended February 28, 2018 compared to 67.7% during the prior fiscal year period primarily as a result of increased net sales and cost reductions realized on the raw materials associated with NTIC’s ZERUST® industrial products.

NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures increased 30.6% and 33.5% to $1,805,997 and $3,547,325 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to $1,383,139 and $2,657,143 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively. These increases were primarily due to corresponding increases in net sales at the joint ventures, which increased 31.6% and 24.5% to $30,220,550 and $58,719,261 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to 14.1% and 12.3% to $22,962,599 and $47,163,046 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively, as well as a strengthened Euro and other currencies compared to the U.S. Dollar. These increases in net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures were due primarily to higher sales from existing customers for new and existing products as a result of increased demand. The increases in net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures resulted in corresponding increases in fees for services provided to joint ventures as such fees are a function of net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures.

NTIC’s total operating expenses increased 11.2% and 10.1% to $5,371,598 and $10,990,023 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to $4,831,047 and $9,984,433 for the three and six months ended February 28, 2017. This increase was primarily due to an increase in NTIC’s personnel expenses, including an increase in the management bonus accrual of $695,000. Operating expenses, as a percent of net sales, for the three months ended February 28, 2018 were 44.0%, compared to 55.3% for the same period last fiscal year and for the six months ended February 28, 2018 were 46.1%, compared to 54.1% for the same period last fiscal year. This reduction was primarily due to higher net sales and lower general and administrative expenses, partially offset by higher selling and research and development expenses.

NTIC spent $922,746 and $1,721,477 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018 compared to $742,037 and $1,384,559 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively, in connection with its research and development activities. NTIC anticipates that it will spend a total of between $3,000,000 and $3,400,000 in fiscal 2018 on research and development activities.

Net income attributable to NTIC increased to $1,332,847, or $0.29, per diluted common share, for the three months ended February 28, 2018 compared to $386,966, or $0.09, per diluted common share, for the three months ended February 28, 2017, an increase of $945,881 or $0.20 per diluted share. Net income attributable to NTIC increased to $2,416,473, or $0.52 per diluted common share, for the six months ended February 28, 2018 compared to $684,605, or $0.15 per diluted common share, for the six months ended February 28, 2017, an increase of $1,731,868 or $0.37 per diluted share. These increases were primarily the result of the increases in net sales and corresponding gross profit, as well as the increases in income from joint venture operations. These increases were partially offset by the significant impact of the $700,000 one-time provisional adjustment related to the Tax Reform Act, as described in more detail below, and the increase in operating expenses, as previously described.

NTIC anticipates that its quarterly net income or loss will continue to remain subject to significant volatility primarily due to the financial performance of its subsidiaries and joint ventures and sales of its ZERUST® products and services into the oil and gas industry and Natur-Tec® bioplastics products, which sales fluctuate more on a quarterly basis than the traditional ZERUST® business. NTIC also anticipates that its operating results during the next few quarters will remain volatile primarily as a result of the changes in its Chinese operations.

NTIC’s working capital, as defined as current assets less current liabilities, was $22,194,306 at February 28, 2018, including $5,067,087 in cash and cash equivalents and $3,268,426 in available for sale securities, compared to $21,173,001 at August 31, 2017, including $6,360,201 in cash and cash equivalents and $3,766,984 in available for sale securities.

On January 24, 2018, NTIC’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.10 per share of NTIC’s common stock, paid on February 21, 2018 to stockholders of record on February 8, 2018. On November 24, 2017, NTIC’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.10 per share of NTIC’s common stock, payable on December 21, 2017 to stockholders of record on December 8, 2017. No cash dividends were declared by NTIC’s Board of Directors during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2017. Although NTIC’s Board of Directors intends to continue to declare regular quarterly cash dividends, the declaration of future dividends is not guaranteed and will be determined by NTIC’s Board of Directors in light of conditions then existing, including NTIC’s earnings, financial condition, cash requirements, restrictions in financing agreements, business conditions and other factors.

Net Sales . NTIC’s consolidated net sales increased 39.7% and 28.8% to $12,213,975 and $23,757,013 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended February 28, 2017. NTIC’s consolidated net sales to unaffiliated customers excluding NTIC’s joint ventures increased 37.2% and 30.5% to $11,399,853 and $22,435,260 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to the same respective periods in fiscal 2017. These increases were primarily a result of increased demand from the addition of new customers in North America and China and an increase in sales of Natur-Tec® products. Net sales to joint ventures increased 87.9% and 5.5% to $814,122 and $1,321,753, respectively, during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018 compared to the same respective periods in fiscal 2017. These increases were primarily a result of increased demand.

The following table sets forth NTIC’s net sales by product segment for the six months ended February 28, 2018 and 2017 by segment:

During the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, 83.4% and 83.0% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales, respectively, were derived from sales of ZERUST ^® products and services, which increased 41.0% and 28.8% to $10,191,459 and $19,719,196 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to $7,228,027 and $15,312,705 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively. These increases were due to increased demand from existing customers and the addition of new customers primarily in the industrial market, partially offset by a decrease in ZERUST ^® joint venture net sales and ZERUST ^® oil and gas net sales. NTIC has strategically focused its sales efforts for ZERUST ^® products and services on customers with sizeable corrosion problems in industry sectors that offer sizable growth opportunities, including the oil and gas sector. Overall demand for ZERUST ^® products and services depends heavily on the overall health of the market segments to which NTIC sells its products, including the automotive, oil and gas, agriculture, and mining markets in particular.

The following table sets forth NTIC’s net sales of ZERUST ^® products for the three and six months ended February 28, 2018 and 2017:

NTIC’s net sales to the oil and gas industry sector during the three months and six months ended February 28, 2018 compared to the prior fiscal year periods continue to be very volatile due to the average order size and the timing of sales. NTIC anticipates that its sales of ZERUST® products and services into the oil and gas industry will continue to remain subject to significant volatility from quarter to quarter as sales are recognized, specifically due to the volatility of oil prices. Demand for oil and gas products around the world depends primarily on market acceptance and the reach of NTIC’s distribution network. Because of the typical size of individual orders and overall size of NTIC’s net sales derived from sales of oil and gas products, the timing of one or more orders can materially affect NTIC’s quarterly sales compared to prior fiscal year quarters.

During the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, 16.6 % and 17.0% of NTIC’s consolidated net sales, respectively, were derived from sales of Natur-Tec® products, which increased 33.5% and 28.9% to $2,022,516 and $4,037,817 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended February 28, 2017. These increases were primarily due to an increase in finished product sales in North America and finished product sales at NTIC’s majority-owned subsidiary in India, Natur-Tec India Private Limited (Natur-Tec India).

Cost of Goods Sold . Cost of goods sold increased 36.5% and 27.4% for the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended February 28, 2017. These increases were primarily as a result of the corresponding increased sales levels. Cost of goods sold as a percentage of net sales decreased to 65.6% during the three months ended February 28, 2018 compared to 67.1% the three months ended February 28, 2017 and decreased to 66.9% during the six months ended February 28, 2018 compared to 67.7% during the six months ended February 28, 2017. These decreases were primarily as a result of increased net sales and cost reductions realized on the raw materials associated with NTIC’s ZERUST® industrial products.

Equity in Income from Joint Ventures. NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures increased 30.6% and 33.5% to $1,805,997 and $3,547,325 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to $1,383,139 and $2,657,143 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively. These increases were primarily a result of improved profitability at the joint ventures. Of the total equity in income from joint ventures, NTIC had equity in income from joint ventures of $2,580,571 attributable to EXCOR during the six months ended February 28, 2018 compared to $2,006,441 during the six months ended February 28 2017. NTIC had equity in income of all other joint ventures of $966,754 during the six months ended February 28, 2018 compared to $650,702 during the six months ended February 28, 2017.

Fees for Services Provided to Joint Ventures . NTIC recognized fee income for services provided to joint ventures of $1,608,890 and $3,116,032 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to $1,184,028 and $2,499,619 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively, representing increases of 35.9% and 24.7%, respectively. Fee income for services provided to joint ventures is traditionally a function of the sales made by NTIC’s joint ventures. Total net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures increased to $30,220,550 and $58,719,261 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to $22,962,599 and $47,163,046 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively, representing increases of $7,257,951 and $11,556,215, respectively. Net sales of NTIC’s joint ventures are not included in NTIC’s consolidated financial statements. Of the total fee income for services provided to joint ventures, fees of $456,574 were attributable to EXCOR during the six months ended February 28, 2018 compared to $402,509 attributable to EXCOR during the six months ended February 28, 2017.

Selling Expenses . NTIC’s selling expenses increased 17.7% and 22.4% for the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to the same respective periods in fiscal 2017 due primarily to increases in operating expenses associated with ZERUST® sales efforts, consisting primarily of selling and personnel expense. Selling expenses as a percentage of net sales decreased slightly to 21.6% and 22.1% for the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, from 25.7% and 23.2% for the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively, primarily due to the increase in selling expenses offset by the increase in sales, as previously described.

General and Administrative Expenses . NTIC’s general and administrative expenses decreased 2.0% and 6.7% for the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to the same respective periods in fiscal 2017 primarily due to cost savings initiatives related to personnel costs and decreased legal expenses. As a percentage of net sales, general and administrative expenses decreased to 14.8% and 16.9% for the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, from 21.1% and 23.4% for the same respective periods in fiscal 2017, respectively. The decreases in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net sales for the three and six-month comparisons were due primarily to the increase in net sales and decreases in general and administrative expenses, as previously described.

Research and Development Expenses . NTIC’s research and development expenses increased 24.4% and 24.3% for the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to the same respective periods in fiscal 2017 due primarily to increased research and development activities during the current fiscal year periods.

Interest Income . NTIC’s interest income increased to $24,883 and $48,939 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to $4,516 and $8,079 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively, due to increased levels of invested cash.

Interest Expense . NTIC’s interest expense increased to $5,779 and $10,868 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to $3,470 and $8,093 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively.

Income Before Income Tax Expense . NTIC incurred income before income tax expense equal to $2,263,532 and $3,567,112 for the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to $609,883 and $1,134,289 for the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively.

Income Tax Expense . Income tax expense was $841,909 and $946,900 for the three and six months ended February 28, 2018, respectively, compared to income tax expense of $124,909 and $242,622 during the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively. Income tax expense is calculated based on management’s estimate of NTIC’s annual effective income tax rate. The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended February 28, 2018 was 37.2% and 26.5%, respectively, compared to 20.5% and 21.3% for the three and six months ended February 28, 2017, respectively. These increases were primarily due to one-time provisional adjustments related to the Tax Reform Act. The Tax Reform Act, among other things, reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, generally eliminated U.S. federal income taxes on dividends received from foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures after December 31, 2017, and imposed a one-time deemed repatriation tax on certain unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures. As a result of the change in the tax law, a one-time non-cash tax provisional charge of $700,000 related to the re-measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities was recorded in the three months ended February 28, 2018. The impact of this non-cash tax charge increased NTIC’s effective rate by approximately 30.3% for the three months ended February 28, 2018. The $700,000 income tax expense and corresponding decrease in net deferred tax assets represents a provisional estimate based on NTIC’s current interpretation of the Tax Reform Act and may change as NTIC receives additional clarification and implementation guidance. NTIC continues to analyze the impact of other provisions of the Tax Reform Act on its financial statements and operations, including the impact of the global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) rules, and the impact of the Tax Reform Act on NTIC’s indefinite reinvestment assertion with respect to the undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures. Any additional impacts from the enactment of the Tax Reform Act will be recorded as they are identified during the measurement period as provided for in accordance with SAB No. 118.

Net Income Attributable to NTIC . Net income attributable to NTIC increased to $1,332,847, or $0.29, per diluted common share, for the three months ended February 28, 2018 compared to $386,966, or $0.09, per diluted common share, for the three months ended February 28, 2017, an increase of $945,881 or $0.20 per diluted share. Net income attributable to NTIC increased to $2,416,473, or $0.52 per diluted common share, for the six months ended February 28, 2018 compared to $684,605, or $0.15 per diluted common share, for the six months ended February 28, 2017, an increase of $1,731,868 or $0.37 per diluted share. These increases were primarily the result of the increases in net sales and corresponding gross profit, as well as the increases in income from joint venture operations. These increases were partially offset by the significant impact of the $700,000 one-time provisional adjustment related to the Tax Reform Act and the increase in operating expenses. As previously mentioned, the impact from the enactment of the Tax Reform Act was driven by the provisional re-measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities, which resulted in a non-cash discrete tax charge of $700,000. Excluding the impact of the Tax Reform Act, net income attributable to NTIC would have been $1,645,881 higher than the net income attributable to NTIC for the three months ended February 28, 2018 and would have been $2,431,868 higher than the net income attributable to NTIC for the six months ended February 28, 2018.

Other Comprehensive Income - Foreign Currency Translations Adjustment. The changes in the foreign currency translations adjustment was due to the fluctuations of the U.S. dollar compared to the Euro and other foreign currencies during the three and six months ended February 28, 2018 compared to the same period in fiscal 2017.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Cash and Working Capital . NTIC’s working capital was $22,241,306 at February 28, 2018, including $5,067,087 in cash and cash equivalents and $3,268,426 in available for sale securities, compared to $21,173,001 at August 31, 2017, including $6,360,201 in cash and cash equivalents and $3,766,984 in available for sale securities.

As of February 28, 2018, NTIC had a revolving line of credit with PNC Bank of $3,000,000, with no amounts outstanding. The line of credit is evidenced by an amended and restated committed line of credit note in the principal amount of up to $3,000,000. The line of credit has a $1,200,000 standby letter of credit sub-facility, with any standby letters of credit issued thereunder being at the sole discretion of PNC Bank. Any lines of credit issued by PNC Bank would decrease the availability under the revolving line of credit.

The line of credit is subject to standard covenants, including affirmative financial covenants, such as the maintenance of a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, and negative covenants, which, among other things, limit the incurrence of additional indebtedness, loans and equity investments, disposition of assets, mergers and consolidations and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements. Under the loan agreement, NTIC is subject to a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.10:1.00. As of February 28, 2018, NTIC was in compliance with all debt covenants.

On January 5, 2018, NTIC and PNC Bank extended the maturity date of the line of credit from January 7, 2018 to January 7, 2019. All other terms of the line of credit and the loan agreement and other documents evidencing the line of credit remain the same. It is anticipated that, as historically has been the practice, the line of credit will be renewed each year for one additional year for the immediate foreseeable future.

NTIC believes that a combination of its existing cash and cash equivalents, available for sale securities, forecasted cash flows from future operations, anticipated distributions of earnings, anticipated fees to NTIC for services provided to its joint ventures, and funds available through existing or anticipated financing arrangements, will be adequate to fund its existing operations, investments in new or existing joint ventures or subsidiaries, capital expenditures, debt repayments, cash dividends and any stock repurchases for at least the next 12 months. During the remainder of fiscal 2018, NTIC expects to continue to invest in NTIC China, research and development and in marketing efforts and resources for the application of its corrosion prevention technology in the oil and gas industry and its Natur-Tec® bio-plastics business, although the amounts of these various investments are not known at this time. In order to take advantage of such new product and market opportunities to expand its business and increase its revenues, NTIC may decide to finance such opportunities by borrowing under its revolving line of credit or raising additional financing through the issuance of debt or equity securities. There is no assurance that any financing transaction will be available on terms acceptable to NTIC or at all, or that any financing transaction will not be dilutive to NTIC’s current stockholders.

NTIC traditionally has used the cash generated from its operations, distributions of earnings from joint ventures and fees for services provided to its joint ventures to fund NTIC’s new technology investments and capital contributions to new and existing subsidiaries and joint ventures. NTIC’s joint ventures traditionally have operated with little or no debt and have been self-financed with minimal initial capital investment and minimal additional capital investment from their respective owners. Therefore, NTIC believes there is limited exposure by NTIC’s joint ventures that could materially impact their respective operations and/or liquidity.

Uses of Cash and Cash Flows . Net cash used in operating activities during the six months ended February 28, 2018 was $516,199, which resulted principally from NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures, increases in trade receivables excluding joint ventures, inventories, prepaid expenses and other, and accrued liabilities, partially offset by NTIC’s net income, dividends received from joint ventures, and increases in accounts payable, depreciation and amortization. Net cash used in operating activities during the six months ended February 28, 2017 was $823,425, which resulted principally from NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures, increases in trade receivables, inventory, prepaid expenses and income tax payable, partially offset by NTIC’s net income, dividends received from joint ventures, depreciation and amortization.

NTIC’s cash flows from operations are impacted by significant changes in certain components of NTIC’s working capital, including inventory turnover and changes in receivables. NTIC considers internal and external factors when assessing the use of its available working capital, specifically when determining inventory levels and credit terms of customers. Key internal factors include existing inventory levels, stock reorder points, customer forecasts and customer requested payment terms, and key external factors include the availability of primary raw materials and sub-contractor production lead times. NTIC’s typical contractual terms for trade receivables excluding joint ventures are traditionally 30 days and for trade receivables from its joint ventures are 90 days. Before extending unsecured credit to customers, excluding NTIC’s joint ventures, NTIC reviews customers’ credit histories and will establish an allowance for uncollectible accounts based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers and other information. Accounts receivable over 30 days are considered past due for most customers. NTIC does not accrue interest on past due accounts receivable. If accounts receivables in excess of the provided allowance are determined uncollectible, they are charged to selling expense in the period that determination is made. Accounts receivable are deemed uncollectible based on NTIC exhausting reasonable efforts to collect. NTIC’s typical contractual terms for receivables for services provided to its joint ventures are 90 days. NTIC records receivables for services provided to its joint ventures on an accrual basis, unless circumstances exist that make the collection of the balance uncertain in which case the fee income will be recorded on a cash basis until there is consistency in payments. This determination is handled on a case by case basis.

NTIC experienced an increase in trade receivables and inventory as of February 28, 2018 compared to August 31, 2017. Trade receivables excluding joint ventures as of February 28, 2018 increased $2,397,412 compared to August 31, 2017, primarily related to the timing of collections and the increase in sales.

Outstanding trade receivables excluding joint ventures balances as of February 28, 2017 increased 10 days to an average of 66 days from balances outstanding from these customers as of August 31, 2017.

Outstanding trade receivables from joint ventures as of February 28, 2018 decreased $244,372 compared to August 31, 2017 primarily due to the timing of payments. Outstanding balances from trade receivables from joint ventures decreased an average of 8 days from an average of 58 days from balances outstanding from these customers compared to August 31, 2017. The average days outstanding of trade receivables from joint ventures as of February 28, 2018 were primarily due to the receivables balances at NTIC’s joint ventures in South Korea and Thailand.

Outstanding receivables for services provided to joint ventures as of February 28, 2018 increased $62,381 compared to August 31, 2017, which resulted in an decrease of 3 days of fees receivable outstanding as of February 28, 2018 to an average of 76 days compared to August 31, 2017.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the six months ended February 28, 2018 was $246,587, which was primarily the result of proceeds from the sale of available for sale securities, partially offset by additions to property and equipment, and additions to patents. Net cash provided by investing activities for the six months ended February 28, 2017 was $810,588, which was primarily the result of proceeds from the sale of available for sale securities, partially offset by additions to property and equipment and additions to patents.

Net cash used in financing activities for the six months ended February 28, 2018 was $1,079,346, which resulted from dividends paid on NTIC common stock and a dividend paid to a non-controlling interest, partially offset by proceeds from stock option exercises and purchases under NTIC’s employee stock purchase plan. Net cash used in financing activities for the six months ended February 28, 2017 was $315,207, which resulted from a dividend paid to a non-controlling interest and stock repurchases, partially offset by proceeds from purchases under NTIC’s employee stock purchase plan.

Share Repurchase Plan . On January 15, 2015, NTIC’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $3,000,000 in shares of NTIC common stock through open market purchases or unsolicited or solicited privately negotiated transactions. This program has no expiration date but may be terminated by NTIC’s Board of Directors at any time. No repurchases occurred during the six months ended February 28, 2018. As of February 28, 2018, up to $2,640,548 in shares of NTIC common stock remained available for repurchase under NTIC’s stock repurchase program.

Cash Dividends . On January 24, 2018, NTIC’s Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.10 per share of NTIC’s common stock, paid on February 21, 2018 to stockholders of record on February 8, 2018. Although NTIC’s Board of Directors intends to declare regular quarterly cash dividends going forward, the declaration of future dividends is not guaranteed and will be determined by NTIC’s Board of Directors in light of conditions then existing, including NTIC’s earnings, financial condition, cash requirements, restrictions in financing agreements, business conditions and other factors.

Capital Expenditures and Commitments . NTIC spent $207,350 on capital expenditures during the six months ended February 28, 2018, which related primarily to the purchase of new equipment. NTIC expects to spend an aggregate of approximately $300,000 to $600,000 on capital expenditures during fiscal 2018, which it expects will relate primarily to the purchase of new equipment.

Contractual Obligations

There has been no material change to NTIC’s contractual obligations as provided in “ Part II. Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Contractual Obligations ,” included in NTIC’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2017.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

NTIC does not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet financial arrangements. As such, NTIC is not materially exposed to any financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if NTIC had engaged in such arrangements.

Inflation and Seasonality

Inflation in the United States and abroad historically has had little effect on NTIC. Although NTIC’s business historically has not been seasonal, NTIC believes there is now some seasonality in its business. NTIC believes its net sales in second fiscal quarter were adversely affected by the long Chinese New Year, the North American holiday season and overall less corrosion taking place at lower winter temperatures worldwide.

Market Risk

NTIC is exposed to some market risk stemming from changes in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates.

Because the functional currency of NTIC’s foreign operations and investments in its foreign joint ventures is the applicable local currency, NTIC is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk arising from transactions in the normal course of business. NTIC’s principal exchange rate exposure is with the Euro, the Japanese Yen, Indian Rupee, Chinese Renminbi, South Korean Won and the English Pound against the U.S. Dollar. NTIC’s fees for services provided to joint ventures and dividend distributions from these foreign entities are paid in foreign currencies and thus fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could result in declines in NTIC’s reported net income. Since NTIC’s investments in its joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method, any changes in foreign currency exchange rates would be reflected as a foreign currency translation adjustment and would not change NTIC’s equity in income from joint ventures reflected in its consolidated statements of operations. NTIC does not hedge against its foreign currency exchange rate risk.

Some raw materials used in NTIC’s products are exposed to commodity price changes. The primary commodity price exposures are with a variety of plastic resins.

At the option of NTIC, outstanding advances under NTIC’s $3,000,000 revolving line of credit with PNC Bank bear interest at either (a) an annual rate based on LIBOR plus 2.15% for the applicable LIBOR interest period selected by NTIC or (b) at the rate publicly announced by PNC Bank from time to time as its prime rate, and thus may subject NTIC to some market risk on interest rates. As of February 28, 2018, NTIC had no borrowings under the line of credit.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

There have been no material changes to NTIC’s critical accounting policies and estimates from the information provided in “ Part II. Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies ,” included in NTIC’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2017.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

Forward-Looking Statements

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q contains not only historical information, but also forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are subject to the safe harbor created by those sections. In addition, NTIC or others on NTIC’s behalf may make forward-looking statements from time to time in oral presentations, including telephone conferences and/or web casts open to the public, in press releases or reports, on NTIC’s Internet web site or otherwise. All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this report or expressed by NTIC orally from time to time that address activities, events or developments that NTIC expects, believes or anticipates will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements including, in particular, the statements about NTIC’s plans, objectives, strategies and prospects regarding, among other things, NTIC’s financial condition, results of operations and business, the outcome of contingencies such as legal proceedings and the effect of the liquidation of Tianjin Zerust and the operations of NTIC China. NTIC has identified some of these forward-looking statements in this report with words like “believe,” “can,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “might,” “forecast,” “possible,” “potential,” “project,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “predict,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “approximate,” “outlook” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other words and terms of similar meaning. The use of future dates is also an indication of a forward-looking statement. Forward-looking statements may be contained in the notes to NTIC’s consolidated financial statements and elsewhere in this report, including under the heading “ Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations .”

Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations about future events affecting NTIC and are subject to uncertainties and factors that affect all businesses operating in a global market as well as matters specific to NTIC. These uncertainties and factors are difficult to predict and many of them are beyond NTIC’s control. The following are some of the uncertainties and factors known to us that could cause NTIC’s actual results to differ materially from what NTIC has anticipated in its forward-looking statements:

For more information regarding these and other uncertainties and factors that could cause NTIC’s actual results to differ materially from what NTIC has anticipated in its forward-looking statements or otherwise could materially adversely affect its business, financial condition or operating results, see NTIC’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2017 under the heading “ Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors .”

All forward-looking statements included in this report are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. NTIC wishes to caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement that speaks only as of the date made and to recognize that forward-looking statements are predictions of future results, which may not occur as anticipated. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements and from historical results, due to the uncertainties and factors described above, as well as others that NTIC may consider immaterial or does not anticipate at this time. Although NTIC believes that the expectations reflected in its forward-looking statements are reasonable, NTIC does not know whether its expectations will prove correct. NTIC’s expectations reflected in its forward-looking statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions NTIC might make or by known or unknown uncertainties and factors, including those described above. The risks and uncertainties described above are not exclusive and further information concerning NTIC and its business, including factors that potentially could materially affect its financial results or condition, may emerge from time to time. NTIC assumes no obligation to update, amend or clarify forward-looking statements to reflect actual results or changes in factors or assumptions affecting such forward-looking statements. NTIC advises you, however, to consult any further disclosures NTIC makes on related subjects in its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K NTIC files with or furnishes to the Securities and Exchange Commission.