Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuers classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period
covered by the annual report.
Indicate by check mark if
the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to
Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such a shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90
days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the
registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T
(§232.405 of
this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☐ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a
non-accelerated
filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of large accelerated filer, accelerated filer, and emerging growth company in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act.
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S.
GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange
Act ☐
The term new or revised financial accounting standard refers to any update issued by the
Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark which
basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
If Other has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which
financial statement item the Registrant has elected to follow: Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
(APPLICABLE
ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed
all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐
No ☐
This annual report contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. These forward looking
statements are made under the safe-harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Some of these forward looking statements can be identified by terms and phrases such as anticipate,
should, likely, foresee, believe, estimate, expect, intend, continue, could, may, plan, project,
predict, will, and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:
The preceding list is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all of our forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are
based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of future performance, taking into account the information currently available to us. These statements are only predictions based upon our current expectations and projections about future events.
There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking
statements. In particular, you should consider the risks set forth in Item 3.D Risk Factors in this annual report.
These
forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or
otherwise.
PART I
ITEM 1.
|
Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers.
|
Not applicable.
ITEM 2.
|
Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable.
|
Not applicable.
A.
|
Selected financial data.
|
The following tables set forth our selected consolidated
financial and other data. You should read the following selected consolidated financial and other data together with the information in Item 5 Operating and Financial Review and Prospects and Item 3.D Risk Factors
and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards as published by the
International Accounting Standards Board.
The following tables also contain translations of ruble amounts into U.S. dollars for amounts
presented as of December 31, 2017 and for the year ended December 31, 2017. These translations are solely for convenience of the reader and were calculated at the rate of RUB 57.6002 per U.S. $1.00, which is equal to the official exchange
rate quoted by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, or CBR, on December 31, 2017.
3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2014*
|
|
|
2015*
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
U.S.$
|
|
|
|
(in millions, except per share data)
|
|
Consolidated Income Statement Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Revenue
|
|
|
11,666
|
|
|
|
14,718
|
|
|
|
17,717
|
|
|
|
17,880
|
|
|
|
20,897
|
|
|
|
363
|
|
Cost of revenue
|
|
|
(6,396
|
)
|
|
|
(7,273
|
)
|
|
|
(8,695
|
)
|
|
|
(8,646
|
)
|
|
|
(9,763
|
)
|
|
|
(169
|
)
|
Selling, general and administrative expenses
|
|
|
(2,678
|
)
|
|
|
(3,082
|
)
|
|
|
(3,469
|
)
|
|
|
(3,423
|
)
|
|
|
(6,243
|
)
|
|
|
(108
|
)
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
|
|
(113
|
)
|
|
|
(353
|
)
|
|
|
(689
|
)
|
|
|
(796
|
)
|
|
|
(796
|
)
|
|
|
(14
|
)
|
Impairment of intangible assets recorded on acquisitions
|
|
|
(5
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(878
|
)
|
|
|
(104
|
)
|
|
|
(2
|
)
|
Profit from operations
|
|
|
2,473
|
|
|
|
4,010
|
|
|
|
4,864
|
|
|
|
4,137
|
|
|
|
3,991
|
|
|
|
69
|
|
Loss on disposal of subsidiaries
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(38
|
)
|
|
|
(10
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other income and expenses, net
|
|
|
71
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
|
(23
|
)
|
|
|
(69
|
)
|
|
|
(41
|
)
|
|
|
(1
|
)
|
Foreign exchange gain
|
|
|
79
|
|
|
|
3,359
|
(1)
|
|
|
2,801
|
(1)
|
|
|
1,040
|
(1)
|
|
|
257
|
(1)
|
|
|
4
|
|
Foreign exchange loss
|
|
|
(71
|
)
|
|
|
(1,428
|
)
(1)
|
|
|
(1,360
|
)
(1)
|
|
|
(1,963
|
)
(1)
|
|
|
(373
|
)
(1)
|
|
|
(6
|
)
|
Share of loss of associates
|
|
|
(79
|
)
|
|
|
(26
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Impairment of investment in associates
|
|
|
(22
|
)
|
|
|
(25
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income and expenses, net
|
|
|
(6
|
)
|
|
|
(40
|
)
|
|
|
(93
|
)
|
|
|
(28
|
)
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Profit before tax from continuing operations
|
|
|
2,445
|
|
|
|
5,862
|
|
|
|
6,151
|
|
|
|
3,107
|
|
|
|
3,840
|
|
|
|
67
|
|
Income tax expense
|
|
|
(610
|
)
|
|
|
(894
|
)
|
|
|
(877
|
)
|
|
|
(618
|
)
|
|
|
(698
|
)
|
|
|
(12
|
)
|
Net profit
|
|
|
1,835
|
|
|
|
4,968
|
|
|
|
5,274
|
|
|
|
2,489
|
|
|
|
3,142
|
|
|
|
55
|
|
Attributable to:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity holders of the parent
|
|
|
1,873
|
|
|
|
5,024
|
|
|
|
5,187
|
|
|
|
2,474
|
|
|
|
3,114
|
|
|
|
54
|
|
Non-controlling
interests
|
|
|
(38
|
)
|
|
|
(56
|
)
|
|
|
87
|
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
|
28
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Weighted average number of shares
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
|
|
|
52
|
|
|
|
53
|
|
|
|
58
|
|
|
|
60
|
|
|
|
61
|
|
|
|
61
|
|
Diluted
|
|
|
52
|
|
|
|
54
|
|
|
|
58
|
|
|
|
61
|
|
|
|
61
|
|
|
|
61
|
|
Earnings per share
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
|
|
|
36.00
|
|
|
|
94.09
|
|
|
|
89.72
|
|
|
|
40.91
|
|
|
|
51.25
|
|
|
|
0.89
|
|
Diluted
|
|
|
35.70
|
|
|
|
92.73
|
|
|
|
89.49
|
|
|
|
40.79
|
|
|
|
50.92
|
|
|
|
0.88
|
|
Dividends declared per share
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
35.86
|
|
|
|
53.46
|
|
|
|
11.56
|
|
|
|
79.92
|
|
|
|
36.22
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
U.S.$
|
|
|
1.10
|
|
|
|
0.95
|
|
|
|
0.25
|
|
|
|
1.16
|
|
|
|
0.62
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
U.S.$
|
|
|
|
(in millions)
|
|
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
|
|
11,637
|
|
|
|
17,080
|
|
|
|
19,363
|
|
|
|
18,997
|
|
|
|
18,406
|
|
|
|
320
|
|
Total current assets
|
|
|
16,342
|
|
|
|
25,036
|
|
|
|
27,015
|
|
|
|
27,205
|
|
|
|
31,094
|
|
|
|
540
|
|
Total assets
|
|
|
20,665
|
|
|
|
30,050
|
|
|
|
41,577
|
|
|
|
39,674
|
|
|
|
45,059
|
|
|
|
782
|
|
Total equity
|
|
|
2,704
|
|
|
|
8,334
|
|
|
|
22,436
|
|
|
|
19,969
|
|
|
|
21,157
|
|
|
|
367
|
|
Total debt
|
|
|
110
|
|
|
|
43
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Total liabilities
|
|
|
17,961
|
|
|
|
21,716
|
|
|
|
19,141
|
|
|
|
19,705
|
|
|
|
23,902
|
|
|
|
415
|
|
Total equity and liabilities
|
|
|
20,665
|
|
|
|
30,050
|
|
|
|
41,577
|
|
|
|
39,674
|
|
|
|
45,059
|
|
|
|
782
|
|
*
|
The amounts shown here may immaterially differ from the amounts shown in Annual report on Form
20-F
for the year ended December 31, 2015 due to rounding adjustments.
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
U.S.$
|
|
|
|
(in millions, except as otherwise indicated)
|
|
Other Financial and Operating Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adjusted net revenue
(2)
|
|
|
6,168
|
|
|
|
8,836
|
|
|
|
10,228
|
|
|
|
10,611
|
|
|
|
13,193
|
|
|
|
229
|
|
Payment Services segment net revenue
|
|
|
6,075
|
|
|
|
8,807
|
|
|
|
10,198
|
|
|
|
10,583
|
|
|
|
12,580
|
|
|
|
218
|
|
Adjusted EBITDA
(2)
|
|
|
2,978
|
|
|
|
4,818
|
|
|
|
5,640
|
|
|
|
6,035
|
|
|
|
5,185
|
|
|
|
90
|
|
Adjusted net profit
(2)
|
|
|
2,173
|
|
|
|
3,496
|
|
|
|
4,142
|
|
|
|
4,714
|
|
|
|
4,054
|
|
|
|
70
|
|
Payment Services segment payment volume (in
billions)
(3)
|
|
|
561
|
|
|
|
645
|
|
|
|
860
|
(4)
|
|
|
847
|
|
|
|
911
|
|
|
|
16
|
|
Active kiosks and terminals
(units)
(4)
|
|
|
168,236
|
|
|
|
181,148
|
|
|
|
172,269
|
|
|
|
162,173
|
|
|
|
152,525
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
Active Qiwi Wallet accounts (at period end, in millions)
(5)
|
|
|
15.4
|
|
|
|
17.2
|
|
|
|
16.1
|
|
|
|
17.2
|
|
|
|
20.1
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
Payment services segment net revenue
yield
(6)
|
|
|
1.08
|
%
|
|
|
1.37
|
%
|
|
|
1.19
|
%
|
|
|
1.25
|
%
|
|
|
1.38
|
%
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
Consumer Financial Services segment payment volume (in billions)
(7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.3
|
|
|
|
0.06
|
|
(1)
|
Primarily relates to foreign currency changes resulting from the funds received in connection with our offering of ADSs in June 2014.
|
(2)
|
See
Non-IFRS
Financial Measures for how we define and calculate adjusted net revenue, adjusted EBITDA, and adjusted net profit as
non-IFRS
financial measures and reconciliations of these measures to revenue, in the case of adjusted net revenue, and net profit, in the case of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net profit.
|
(3)
|
Payment Services segment payment volume consists of the amounts paid by our customers to merchants or other customers less intra-group eliminations in our Payment Services segment.
|
(4)
|
We measure the numbers of our kiosks and terminals on a daily basis, with only those kiosks and terminals being taken into calculation through which at least one payment has been processed during the day, which we refer
to as active kiosks and terminals. The period end numbers of our kiosks and terminals are calculated as an average of the amount of active kiosks and terminals for the last 30 days of the respective reporting period.
|
(5)
|
Number of active Qiwi Wallet accounts is defined as the number of wallets through which at least one payment has been made or that have been loaded or reloaded in the 12 months preceding the end of the relevant
reporting period.
|
(6)
|
Payment Services segment net revenue yield is defined as Payment Services segment net revenue divided by Payment Services payment segment volume and directly corresponds the average payment net revenue yield presented
in previous annual reports.
|
(7)
|
Consumer Financial Services segment payment volume consist of the amounts paid by our customers using SOVEST card to our partner merchants.
|
Non-IFRS
Financial Measures
We present adjusted net revenue, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net profit, each of which are
non-IFRS
financial measures. You should not consider these
non-IFRS
financial measures as substitutes for or superior to revenue, in the case of adjusted net revenue, or net profit, in the case of adjusted EBITDA and
adjusted net profit, each prepared in accordance with IFRS. Furthermore, because these
non-IFRS
financial measures are not determined in accordance with IFRS, they are susceptible to varying calculations and
may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures presented by other companies. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure.
Adjusted net revenue
Adjusted net
revenue is calculated by subtracting cost of revenue from revenue and adding back payroll and related taxes. Adjusted net revenue is a key measure used by management to observe our operational profitability since it reflects our portion of the
revenue net of fees that we pass through, primarily to our agents and other reload channels providers. In addition, under IFRS, most types of fees are presented on a gross basis whereas certain types of fees are presented on a net basis. Therefore,
in order to analyze our two sources of payment processing fees on a comparative basis, management reviews adjusted net revenue. We add back payroll and related taxes because, although they are an essential part of the services we provide to our
clients, these expenses are not directly linked to payment volume. Nevertheless, payroll and related taxes represents an important portion of our operating costs and affects liquidity and financial performance.
The following table reconciles adjusted net revenue to revenue.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2014*
|
|
|
2015*
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
U.S.$
|
|
|
|
(in millions)
|
|
Revenue
|
|
|
11,666
|
|
|
|
14,718
|
|
|
|
17,717
|
|
|
|
17,880
|
|
|
|
20,897
|
|
|
|
363
|
|
Minus: Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
|
|
|
(6,396
|
)
|
|
|
(7,273
|
)
|
|
|
(8,695
|
)
|
|
|
(8,646
|
)
|
|
|
(9,763
|
)
|
|
|
(169
|
)
|
Plus: Payroll and related taxes
|
|
|
898
|
|
|
|
1,391
|
|
|
|
1,206
|
|
|
|
1,377
|
|
|
|
2,059
|
|
|
|
36
|
|
Adjusted net revenue
|
|
|
6,168
|
|
|
|
8,836
|
|
|
|
10,228
|
|
|
|
10,611
|
|
|
|
13,193
|
|
|
|
229
|
|
*
|
The amounts shown here may immaterially differ from the amounts shown in Annual report on Form
20-F
for the year ended December 31, 2015 due to rounding adjustments.
|
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net profit before income tax expense, interest expense, interest income and depreciation and amortization, as
further adjusted for share of loss of associates, impairment of investment in associates, foreign exchange gain and loss, other expenses, other income, loss on disposal of subsidiaries, income from depositary, offering expenses, share-based payment
expenses and impairment of goodwill and intangible assets acquired in the business combinations. We present adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental performance measure because we
5
believe that it facilitates operating performance comparisons from period to period and company to company by backing out potential differences caused by variations in capital structures
(affecting interest expenses, net), changes in foreign exchange rates that impact financial asset and liabilities denominated in currencies other than our functional currency (affecting foreign exchange loss/gain, net), tax positions (such as the
impact on periods or companies of changes in effective tax rates), the age and book depreciation of fixed assets (affecting relative depreciation expense),
non-cash
charges (affecting share-based payments
expenses and impairment of intangible assets acquired in the business combinations), and certain
one-time
income and expenses (affecting other income, offering expenses, loss on disposal of subsidiaries and
income from depository). Adjusted EBITDA also excludes other expenses, share in losses of associates and impairment of investment in associates because we believe it is helpful to view the performance of our business excluding the impact of
entities that we do not control, and because our share of the net income (loss) of the associate and other expenses includes items that have been excluded from adjusted EBITDA (such as finance expenses, net, tax on income and depreciation and
amortization). Because adjusted EBITDA facilitates internal comparisons of operating performance on a more consistent basis, we also use adjusted EBITDA in measuring our performance relative to that of our competitors.
Some limitations of adjusted EBITDA are:
|
|
|
adjusted EBITDA does not include offering expenses;
|
|
|
|
adjusted EBITDA does not reflect income tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us;
|
|
|
|
adjusted EBITDA does not include other income, other expense and foreign exchange gains and losses;
|
|
|
|
adjusted EBITDA excludes depreciation and amortization and although these are
non-cash
charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future;
and
|
|
|
|
adjusted EBITDA does not include share-based payments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
U.S.$
|
|
|
|
(in millions)
|
|
Net Profit
|
|
|
1,835
|
|
|
|
4,968
|
|
|
|
5,274
|
|
|
|
2,489
|
|
|
|
3,142
|
|
|
|
55
|
|
plus:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
|
|
113
|
|
|
|
353
|
|
|
|
689
|
|
|
|
796
|
|
|
|
796
|
|
|
|
14
|
|
Impairment of investment in associates
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other income and expenses, net (excluding income from depositary)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26
|
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
|
69
|
|
|
|
41
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
Foreign exchange gain
|
|
|
(79
|
)
|
|
|
(3,359
|
)
(1)
|
|
|
(2,801
|
)
(1)
|
|
|
(1,040
|
)
(1)
|
|
|
(257
|
)
(1)
|
|
|
(4
|
)
|
Foreign exchange loss
|
|
|
71
|
|
|
|
1,428
|
(1)
|
|
|
1,360
|
(1)
|
|
|
1,963
|
(1)
|
|
|
373
|
(1)
|
|
|
6
|
|
Share of loss of associates
|
|
|
79
|
|
|
|
26
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income and expense, net
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
40
|
|
|
|
93
|
|
|
|
28
|
|
|
|
(6
|
)
|
|
|
(0
|
)
|
Income tax expenses
|
|
|
610
|
|
|
|
894
|
|
|
|
877
|
|
|
|
618
|
|
|
|
698
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
Income from depositary
(2)
|
|
|
(71
|
)
|
|
|
(38
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Offering expenses
|
|
|
155
|
|
|
|
32
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Share-based payment expenses
|
|
|
231
|
|
|
|
422
|
|
|
|
88
|
|
|
|
224
|
|
|
|
398
|
|
|
|
7
|
|
Loss from disposals of subsidiaries
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Impairment of intangible assets recorded on acquisitions
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
878
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adjusted EBITDA
|
|
|
2,978
|
|
|
|
4,818
|
|
|
|
5,640
|
|
|
|
6,035
|
|
|
|
5,185
|
|
|
|
90
|
|
(1)
|
Primarily relates to foreign currency changes resulting from the funds received in connection with our offering of ADSs in June 2014.
|
(2)
|
Income from depositary is presented in the separate line in reconciliation tables for convenience purposes, while it is included in other income in our financial statements.
|
Adjusted net profit
Adjusted net profit
is defined as net profit excluding amortization of fair value adjustments, loss on disposals of subsidiaries, share-based payment expenses, offering expenses, impairment of goodwill and intangible assets acquired in the business combinations, income
from depositary, foreign exchange gain on June 2014 offering proceeds and the effects of taxation on those excluded items. Adjusted net profit is a key measure used by management to observe the operational profitability of the company. We believe
adjusted net profit is useful to an investor in evaluating our operating performance because it measures a companys operating performance without the effect of
non-recurring
items or items that are not
core to our operations. For example, loss on disposals, the effects of deferred taxation on excluded items and offering expenses do not represent the core operations of the business, and amortization of fair value adjustments and share-based
payments expenses do not have a substantial cash effect. Nevertheless, such gains and losses can affect our financial performance.
6
The following table reconciles adjusted net profit to net profit.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
RUB
|
|
|
U.S.$
|
|
|
|
(in millions)
|
|
Net profit
|
|
|
1,835
|
|
|
|
4,968
|
|
|
|
5,274
|
|
|
|
2,489
|
|
|
|
3,142
|
|
|
|
55
|
|
Impairment of intangible assets recorded on acquisitions
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
878
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amortization of fair value adjustments
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
|
74
|
|
|
|
270
|
|
|
|
396
|
|
|
|
344
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
Loss on disposals of subsidiaries
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Offering expenses
|
|
|
155
|
|
|
|
32
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income from depositary
(1)
|
|
|
(71
|
)
|
|
|
(38
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Share-based payment expenses
|
|
|
231
|
|
|
|
422
|
|
|
|
88
|
|
|
|
224
|
|
|
|
398
|
|
|
|
7
|
|
Effect of taxation of the above items
|
|
|
(4
|
)
|
|
|
(15
|
)
|
|
|
(52
|
)
|
|
|
(258
|
)
|
|
|
(66
|
)
|
|
|
(1
|
)
|
Foreign Exchange gain on June 2014 offering
proceeds
(2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1,947
|
)
|
|
|
(1,476
|
)
|
|
|
975
|
|
|
|
236
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
Adjusted net profit
|
|
|
2,173
|
|
|
|
3,496
|
|
|
|
4,142
|
|
|
|
4,714
|
|
|
|
4,054
|
|
|
|
70
|
|
(1)
|
Foreign exchange gain on June 2014 offering proceeds, as presented in the reconciliation of net profit to adjusted net profit differs from the foreign exchange loss/(gain) in the reconciliation of net profit to adjusted
EBITDA as the latter includes all the foreign exchange losses/(gains) for the period, while the former relates solely to foreign currency changes resulting from the funds received in connection with our offering of ADSs in June 2014.
|
(2)
|
Income from depositary is presented in the separate line in reconciliation tables for convenience purposes, while it is included in other income in our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2014 and
December 31, 2015.
|
Exchange Rate Information
The following tables show, for the periods indicated, certain information regarding the exchange rates between the Russian ruble and the U.S.
dollar, based on the official exchange rate quoted by the CBR.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Period
|
|
Period End
|
|
|
Period average
(1)
|
|
|
High
|
|
|
Low
|
|
Year ended December 31, 2013
|
|
|
32.73
|
|
|
|
31.98
|
|
|
|
33.47
|
|
|
|
29.93
|
|
Year ended December 31, 2014
|
|
|
56.26
|
|
|
|
39.34
|
|
|
|
67.79
|
|
|
|
32.66
|
|
Year ended December 31, 2015
|
|
|
72.88
|
|
|
|
62.01
|
|
|
|
72.88
|
|
|
|
49.18
|
|
Year ended December 31, 2016
|
|
|
60.66
|
|
|
|
66.35
|
|
|
|
83.59
|
|
|
|
60.27
|
|
Year ended December 31, 2017
|
|
|
57.60
|
|
|
|
58.10
|
|
|
|
60.75
|
|
|
|
55.85
|
|
September 2017
|
|
|
58.02
|
|
|
|
57.74
|
|
|
|
58.55
|
|
|
|
57.00
|
|
October 2017
|
|
|
57.87
|
|
|
|
57.70
|
|
|
|
58.32
|
|
|
|
57.09
|
|
November 2017
|
|
|
58.33
|
|
|
|
58.93
|
|
|
|
60.25
|
|
|
|
58.09
|
|
December 2017
|
|
|
57.60
|
|
|
|
58.57
|
|
|
|
59.29
|
|
|
|
57.45
|
|
January 2018
|
|
|
56.29
|
|
|
|
56.50
|
|
|
|
57.05
|
|
|
|
55.83
|
|
February 2018
|
|
|
55.67
|
|
|
|
56.81
|
|
|
|
58.17
|
|
|
|
55.67
|
|
March 2018 (through March 23)
|
|
|
56.84
|
|
|
|
56.96
|
|
|
|
57.70
|
|
|
|
56.37
|
|
(1)
|
The period average in respect of a year is calculated as the average of the exchange rates on the last business day of each month in the relevant period. The period average in respect of a month is calculated as the
average of the exchange rates for each business day in the relevant month.
|
B.
|
Capitalization and Indebtedness.
|
Not applicable.
C.
|
Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.
|
Not applicable.
In conducting our business, we face many risks that may interfere with
our business objectives. Some of these risks relate to our operational processes, while others relate to our business environment. It is important to understand the nature of these risks. If any of the following risks actually occurs, it may
materially harm our business, results of operations or financial condition.
7
Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry
The financial services industry is highly competitive, and we have a vast number of competitors that are larger and have greater financial and other
resources.
The financial services industry in which we operate with our payment services and other financial services that we
provide is highly competitive, and our ability to compete effectively is therefore of paramount importance. In all countries where we operate, we face competition from a variety of financial and
non-financial
business groups. These competitors include retail banks,
non-traditional
payment service providers (such as retailers and mobile network operators, or MNOs), electronic payment system operators, as well as
other companies which provide various forms of banking and payment solutions or services, including electronic payments, payment processing services, consumer lending and other services. Competitors in our industry seek to differentiate themselves
by features and functionalities such as speed, convenience, network size, accessibility, safety, reliability and price, among others. A significant number of our competitors have greater financial, technological and marketing resources than we have,
operate robust networks and are highly regarded by consumers.
Our key competitors in Russia are retail banks, particularly those with a
focus on well-developed electronic payment solutions, including Sberbank, Russias largest retail bank that is majority-owned by the Russian state, Alfa-Bank, one of the leading privately owned Russian retail banks, both of which have
electronic banking solutions and large retail networks, and Tinkoff Bank, which positions itself as a specialized bank specifically focused on innovative online retail financial services. Sberbank, for example, has long adhered to the strategy of
innovation in the financial and payments space and has been focusing on the promotion of alternative banking channels, such as kiosks, internet banking and mobile banking. It actively develops its online payment services capabilities, including
through its online and mobile banking platform Sberbank Online and through Yandex.Money, one of the major electronic payment service providers in Russia that it operates in a joint venture with Yandex, a leading Russian diversified technology
company. In November 2016 the Supervisory Board of Sberbank approved a strategic initiative to transform the bank into an
e-commerce
ecosystem based on open source software. If implemented, this move may make
Sberbanks model closer to that of our company, enable Sberbank and other players to develop new financial products on the basis of Sberbanks platform and potentially further intensify competition between us. In furtherance of this
strategy, in December 2017 Sberbank signed a binding agreement with Yandex to form yet another joint venture, based on Yandexs Yandex.Market
e-commerce
platform, which would focus on creating a B2C
online retail marketplace. This deal could result in a substantial shift in the competitive landscape of the Russian physical
e-commerce
market to the detriment of our position, market share and growth
potential in this category of payments. Sberbank is the leader of the Russian payments market by a wide margin, and has access to significant financial resources and an extensive nationwide network of branches. Sberbank is the largest processor of
utility bill payments, which constitute a significant portion of overall consumer spending in our industry. These factors give Sberbank a substantial competitive advantage over us in the payments business as well as any other financial services
businesses that we pursue or may pursue. Alfa-Bank is similarly a major retail bank that combines a strong competitive position in the traditional retail banking sector with a focus on developing innovative financial and payments solutions. Tinkoff
Bank is a provider of online retail financial services operating in Russia through a high-tech branchless platform. Other Russian banks are also actively pursuing the electronic payments business and developing various consumer payment solutions.
Our competitors in the payments business also include
non-traditional
payment service providers
that engage in payment services as a
non-core
business. In particular, we compete with the Russian Federal State Unitary Enterprise Postal Service, or Russian Post, which offers certain payment services.
Russian Posts geographical penetration is more dispersed than our physical distribution network (i.e. our kiosks and terminals). It also
co-owns,
in a joint-venture with the Russian state-controlled VTB
Bank, a full-service commercial bank Pochta Bank. As a state-sponsored institution, we believe that it is able to provide payment services at significantly lower prices than we are able to match profitably. We also face competition from other
non-traditional
payment service providers that have substantial financial resources, such as
brick-and-mortar
and online retailers
(such as Alibaba and its financial services subsidiary Ant Financial which operates the AliPay payment system), as well as MNOs, in particular the Russian Big Three MNOs, MegaFon, VimpelCom and MTS, as well as their closest competitor
Rostelekom. In February 2017, MTS announced the launch of MTS Money Wallet, an
e-wallet
which combines all payment tools on one platform, including electronic wallet, bank cards, and customers mobile
account balances. All other major MNOs have various payment solutions of their own as well.
Non-traditional
payment service providers have also included smartphone manufacturers such as Samsung (which acquired
an electronic payments company LoopPay in February 2015) and Apple (which introduced its own payments service Apple Pay in September 2014). New competitors may penetrate the Russian electronic payment market as well, including established
international players such as MoneyGram or Google. Since the financial services industry is susceptible to disruption, new categories of
non-traditional
financial service providers may emerge in the future
that may be difficult to currently anticipate.
We also compete against some directly comparable businesses, such as electronic payment
system operators (primarily Yandex.Money, WebMoney and PayPal) and kiosk and terminal operators, including Cyberplat, Compay and Elecsnet.
In recent years, we have started expanding our product portfolio beyond our traditional payment services business to include other types of
financial services. These new projects include our
payment-by-installments
SOVEST card project that we launched in 2016 and Tochka, a digital banking service focused on
offering a broad range of services to small and medium businesses (SMEs). In connection with each of these projects, we face intense competition from commercial and retail banks. In particular, SOVEST competes with commercial banks unsecured retail
consumer lending programs, in particular Sovkombank, HomeCredit and Tinkoff, all of which have equivalent or similar products. Tochka is an online and mobile banking service that digitalizes traditional banking services and competes primarily on the
basis of enhanced user experience, price and
add-on
features, and are therefore exposed to competition from any banking institutions, particularly those that are focused on developing convenient online and
mobile solutions such as Sberbank, Alfa Bank and Tinkoff.
8
In 2016, we became one of the payment services providers that is able to accept bets on behalf of
the sports betting companies in Russia. Under amendments to the Russian betting laws introduced in 2014, in order to engage in sports betting, a bookmaker has to become a member of a self-regulated organization of bookmakers and abide by its rules,
and any and all interactive bets may be only accepted through an Interactive Bets Accounting Center (TSUPIS) set up by a credit organization together with a self-regulated association of bookmakers. Accordingly, in 2016 QIWI Bank established a
TSUPIS together with one of the self -regulated associations of bookmakers in order to be able to accept such payments and started acting as a platform for acceptance of interactive bets in favor of the members of the self-regulated organization of
bookmakers. Processing payments for betting merchants represents a relatively significant portion of our revenues and also generally carries higher margins than processing payments to merchants in most other market verticals that we serve.
Furthermore, gains received by our consumers from betting into their Qiwi Wallet accounts represents one of the significant reload sources for Qiwi Wallet accounts. If other banks or payment service providers were to enter this market, the payment
volume, revenue and margins of our Payments business, as well as overall usage of Qiwi Wallet, could be materially adversely affected.
Any increase in competition by other market participants, or any shift of customer preferences in their favor due to any real or perceived
advantages of their products, could result in a loss of consumers and harm to our payment volume, revenue and margins. As major commercial and retail banks increase their online and virtual presence and come up with increasingly sophisticated
products directly competing with our core competencies, our competitive position could be severely undermined, resulting in reduced demand for our products, both with respect to our payment services business and the other financial services projects
that we are pursuing. If we are unable to compete successfully for consumers, agents and merchants, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Our continued growth depends on our ability to maintain or increase our payment services average net revenue yield.
One of the key measures we use to assess the performance of our payment services business is average net revenue yield, which we calculate by
dividing adjusted payment net revenue by the total payment volume of the transactions we process. Our average net revenue yield may be affected by a number of factors, including increased competition, pressure from merchants and/or agents, and
acquisitions. We have experienced declines in our average net revenue yield for certain merchant categories in the past, in particular for our Telecom merchants where the merchant fees were sharply reduced by the Big Three MNOs, who have been
seeking to reduce costs, and may continue to do so in the future. In addition, in 2015, our average net revenue yield declined following the acquisition of the Contact money transfer system (Contact) and the Rapida payment processing
system (Rapida) businesses, both of which had been operating with a significantly lower average net revenue yield than QIWI (excluding Contact and Rapida) during 2015. In order to maintain our competitiveness, we must continue to ensure
that our payment processing system provides a more convenient and attractive option for both merchants and customers than alternative systems that may not require payment of a processing fee. Retail banks and various payment service providers are
constantly developing low to
zero-commission
payment channels for their consumers. To attract consumers, we also offer certain services on a commission-free basis, such as most
peer-to-peer
transfers within Qiwi Wallet and certain payments in
e-commerce.
Despite our efforts, consumers may still choose to
use other payment service providers, even if those providers do not offer the convenience that we do, because they charge lower fees. In addition, because agents and merchants are able to switch between different payment service providers, we may
face additional pressure to reduce the fees we charge due to increased competition from other payment service providers.
Our average net
revenue yield is also impacted by the cost to us of consumers reloading their Qiwi Wallet accounts. We make available to our consumers a large variety of methods to reload the Qiwi Wallet accounts, including, among others, mobile phone balances,
bank cards and accounts, kiosks and terminals and ATMs. The top up methods have different cost implications for us. For example, on payments made through the kiosks and terminals owned by our agents, we historically paid lower fees for
reloading the Qiwi Wallet than on payments made from bank cards as well as certain other channels. Additionally, since we provide payment processing services to a significant number of merchants in the sports betting industry, betting gains received
by our consumers into their Qiwi Wallet accounts also represents a significant and cost-efficient source for consumers to reload their Qiwi Wallets, which could experience a decline if our presence as a payment provider in the sports betting market
is diminished for any reason. We currently do not attempt to direct consumer preferences towards any particular reload methods. If reload methods that come at a higher cost to us were to constitute a larger proportion of our overall reload channels
mix, our margins could be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If average net revenue yields declines as a result of any of these or other factors, we will have to offset the financial impact of such
decline by increasing our payment volume or through the development and enhancement of value added services or development of the new services and products. We cannot assure you that we will be able to increase our payment volumes or that any new
services we introduce and new products we develop will be profitable. If we are unable to offset the decline in our average net revenue yield resulting from this and other factors, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be
materially adversely affected.
We are subject to the economic risk and business cycles of our merchants and agents and the overall level of
consumer spending.
The financial services industry depends heavily on the overall level of consumer spending, which affects each
of our operating segments. We are exposed to general economic conditions that affect consumer confidence, consumer spending, consumer discretionary income or changes in consumer purchasing habits. Economic factors such as employment levels, business
conditions, energy and fuel costs, interest rates, inflation rate and the strength of the ruble against foreign currencies (in particular the U.S. dollar) could reduce consumer spending or change consumer purchasing habits. A reduction in the amount
of consumer spending could result in a decrease in our revenue and profits. If our merchants make fewer sales of their products and services using our services or consumers spend less money per transaction, the volume of payments our Payment
services segment processes will decline, resulting in lower revenue. A further weakening in the economy could have a negative impact on our merchants, as well as consumers who purchase products and services using our payment processing systems,
which could, in turn, negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations, particularly if the recessionary environment disproportionately affects some of the market segments that represent a larger portion of our payment
processing volume. In addition, these factors could force some of our merchants and/or agents to liquidate their operations or go bankrupt, or could cause our agents to reduce the number of their locations or hours of operation, resulting in reduced
transaction volumes. Similarly, deteriorating economy and reduced consumer
9
spending may translate into a decline in number of transactions with, or average ticket of, our SOVEST cards and may also affect the creditworthiness of customers, which could result in increased
credit risk. We also have a certain amount of fixed costs, including salaries and rent, which could limit our ability to adjust costs and respond quickly to changes affecting the economy and our business.
Russias economy has been facing significant challenges for the past few years due to the combined effect of the ongoing crisis in
Eastern Ukraine, the deterioration of Russias relationships with many Western countries, the economic and financial sanctions imposed in connection with these events on certain Russian companies and individuals, as well as against entire
sectors of Russian economy, by the U.S., EU, Canada and other countries, a steep decline in oil prices, a record weakening of the Russian ruble against the U.S. dollar, a lack of access to financing for Russian issuers, capital flight and a general
climate of political and economic uncertainty, among other factors. See Economic instability in Russia could have an adverse effect on our business and The situation in Ukraine and the U.S., EU and other sanctions
that have been imposed could adversely impact our operations and financial condition. The Russian economy contracted both in 2015 and in 2016, although it returned to modest growth in 2017. During 2014-2016, the populations purchasing
power decreased due to the weakening of the ruble, basic necessities such as food products and utilities became more expensive, and consumer confidence declined significantly, according to the Russian Consumer Confidence Overall Index reported by
Rosstat. According to Rosstat, inflation was 11.4% in 2014 and 12.9% in 2015 (although it relatively stabilized in 2016 at 5.4% and then further declined to 2.5% in 2017), while real average wages have been declining (with Rosstats data for
2016 indicating that the populations real disposable income contracted by 5.9% in 2016 as compared to 2015). Against this backdrop, household consumption decreased significantly in 2015 versus 2014, although it grew slightly by 1.5% in 2016,
according to Rosstat. A prolonged economic slowdown in Russia could have a significant negative effect on consumer spending in Russia and, accordingly, on our business. As a result of the challenging operating environment in Russia, we have
experienced slower payment volume growth in certain of our payment categories and payment volume decline in certain others. In particular certain types of Money Remittances and Financial Services category were affected by weak consumer spending and
lack of growth in the underlying markets resulting from decrease in real disposable income, cautious consumer spending, reduced migration, ongoing purge of the Russian banking industry by the CBR and shrinkage of the banking sector as well as
several other sector specific challenges. Further adverse changes in economic conditions in Russia could adversely impact our future revenues and profits and cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of
operations.
We do not control the rates of the fees levied by our agents on consumers.
Our agents pay us an agreed fee using a portion of the fees levied by them on consumers. The fee paid to us by the agent is based on a
percentage of the value of each transaction that we process. In certain cases, mostly in telecom market vertical, the amount of fees levied by an agent on a consumer for each particular transaction is determined by such agent at its own discretion.
We do not cap the amount of such fees or otherwise control it. We believe that the fees set by our agents are market-driven, and that our interests and our agents interests are aligned with a view to maintaining fees at a level that would
simultaneously result in our agents profitability and customer satisfaction. However, we can provide no assurance that our agents will not raise fees to a level that will adversely affect the popularity of our products among consumers. At the
same time, if we are forced to cap customer fees to protect the strength of our brand or otherwise, we may lose a significant number of agents, which would reduce the penetration of our physical distribution network. In some instances, we have
introduced such caps at the request of our merchants. No assurance can be made that this trend will not increase. Material increases in customer fees by our agents or the imposition of caps on the rates of such fees by us could have an adverse
effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our independent public registered accounting firm identified a material
weakness in our internal control over financial reporting during our 2011 audit, and we can provide no assurance that additional material weaknesses will not be identified in the future.
Our internal controls relating to preparation of our financial statements may have not kept pace with the changes in and increasing scope and
volume of our business. Our financial reporting function and system of internal controls is less developed in certain respects than those of payment and financial service providers that operate in more developed markets and may not provide our
management with as much or as accurate or timely information. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, has defined a material weakness as a significant deficiency, or combination of significant deficiencies, that results in
more than a remote likelihood that a material misstatement of the annual or interim statements will not be prevented or detected. In connection with their audit of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31,
2011, our independent registered public accounting firm identified a material weakness in our internal controls with respect to our financial statement closing process. As a result of efforts we undertook, we remediated the related material weakness
as of December 31, 2012. However, given that our business develops rapidly and our financial reporting becomes more complex as we expand our operations into new business segments we have not been active before launching new operationally
complex projects (in particular SOVEST and Tochka projects), we can give no assurance that additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Our failure to implement and maintain
effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our financial statements that could lead to a restatement of our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and cause investors to lose
confidence in our reported financial information, which may result in a decline in the market price of our ADSs.
If customer and merchant
confidence in our business deteriorates, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our business is built on customers and merchants confidence in our brands, as well as our ability to provide fast, reliable payment
services, including electronic payment and payment processing services, and other financial services. The strength of our brand and reputation are of paramount importance to us. A number of factors could adversely affect customer confidence in our
brand, many of which are beyond our control, and could have an adverse impact on our results of operations. These factors include:
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illegal or improper use of our systems and compliance related concerns;
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regulatory action or investigations against us;
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any significant interruption to our systems and operations; and
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any breach of our security system or any compromises of consumer data.
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In addition, we are to
some extent dependent on our agents, merchants and partners to which we license our products to maintain the reputation of our brands. Despite the measures that we put in place to ensure their compliance with our performance standards, our lack of
control over their operations may result in the low quality of service of a particular counterparty being attributed to our brand, negatively affecting our overall reputation. Furthermore, negative publicity surrounding any assertion that our
agents, merchants and/or partners are implicated in fraudulent transactions, irrespective of the accuracy of such publicity or its connection with our current operations or business, could harm our reputation.
Any event that hurts our brand and reputation as a reliable financial services provider could have a material adverse effect on our business,
financial condition and results of operations.
A decline in the use of cash as a means of payment or a decline in the use of kiosks and terminals
may result in a reduced demand for our services.
A substantial part of the Russian population continues to rely on cash payments,
rather than credit and debit card payments or electronic banking. Our business developed as a network of kiosks and terminals allowing consumers to use physical currency for online payments, and our core competitive edge at the time was our ability
to offer consumers that primarily used cash as means of payment access to online payments through our kiosks and terminals simultaneously offering merchants access to a large pool of customers that use cash. While we have since largely outgrown that
model, our kiosks and terminals network remains a significant part of our infrastructure as a reload and client acquisition channel for Qiwi Wallet. We believe therefore that the usage of Qiwi Wallet and hence our volumes, revenues and the
profitability of our Payment services segment continues to depend to some extent on the use of cash as a means of payment and the reach of our kiosks and terminals network. Over time, the prevalence of cash payments is declining as a greater
percentage of the population in emerging markets is adopting credit and debit card payments and electronic banking, and our kiosks and terminals network is decreasing. Unless we can successfully differentiate ourselves from competition through other
features and functionalities beyond providing a pathway to online payments for consumers who continue to rely on cash through our kiosks and terminals network, and the access to this consumer segment for the merchants, the shift from cash payments
to credit and debit card payments and electronic banking could reduce our market share and payment volumes and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Other factors could also contribute to a decline in the use of kiosks and terminals, including regulatory changes, increases in consumer fees
imposed by the agents (see We do not control the rates of the fees levied by our agents on consumers), and development of alternative payment channels. Based on available data, we believe that the overall number of and the use of
kiosks declined in 2015 versus prior years and continued to decline slightly in 2016 and 2017.
Since
mid-2015
the CBR enhanced its scrutiny over the compliance by the agents with legislation that requires them to remit their proceeds to special accounts (see - Regulation Regulation of Payment
Services), which has had a negative impact on the size of our kiosk network. Through reducing the size of our network, this has adversely affected the availability and convenience of our services to consumers, including the convenience of use
of Qiwi Wallet, for which historically kiosks and terminals have been the most popular reload channel. We have since observed that these developments had the effect of making the use of our kiosks and terminals generally more expensive or less
convenient for the consumers as reflected in the decreasing payment volumes in telecom and other (mainly Multi Level Marketing or MLM) market verticals. These developments also temporarily increased the cost to us of consumers reloading their Qiwi
Wallet accounts, since historically our kiosks and terminals have been the most popular reload channel (see Our continued growth depends on our ability to maintain or increase our average payment net revenue yield). There can be no
assurance that this negative impact will not continue going forward as increased regulatory pressures put more agents out of business and deter new ones from entering it. Another development that could have a similar effect on our business is the
introduction in 2016 of amendments to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No.
54-FZ
On the use of cash registers in cash payments and (or) settlements with the use of payment cards, dated
May 22, 2003 (as amended). In particular, the law mandated that all kiosks (subject to certain exceptions) be equipped with new or modernized cash registers prior to July 1, 2017. There can be no assurance that our agents are and will
continue to be fully in compliance with the new requirements, which could cause a further reduction of our kiosk network.
Moreover,
failure to comply with such enhanced control measures by us or our agents could result in the CBR imposing fines or restrictions on our activities (see Qiwi Bank and other Russian banks and credit organizations operate in a highly
regulated environment, and increased regulator scrutiny could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations). All of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial
condition and results of operations.
We may not be able to expand into new geographical markets, or develop our existing international operations
successfully, which could limit our ability to grow and increase our profitability.
Certain of our services are offered in
countries beyond Russia, and we look to further expand our geographical footprint if the right opportunities appear. Our expansion into new geographical markets and further development of our international operations depend on our ability to apply
our existing technology or to develop new applications to meet the particular needs of each local market or country. We may not have adequate financial, technological or personnel and management resources to develop effective and secure services or
distribution channels that will satisfy the demands of these markets. We may not be able to establish partnerships with merchants, agents or other counterparties that we may need in order to strengthen our international operations. If we
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fail to enter new markets or countries or to develop our international operations, we may not be able to continue to grow our revenues and earnings. Furthermore, we may expand into new
geographical markets in which we may not have any previous operating experience. We operate in an industry that is often subject to significant regulation, and our lack of familiarity with the regulatory landscape in new markets may result in us
running into unanticipated problems or delays in obtaining the requisite regulatory approvals and licenses. We may not be able to successfully expand in such markets due to our lack of experience. Moreover, we may not be able to execute our strategy
in our existing international operations successfully, which may result in additional losses or limit our growth prospects. In addition, expanding internationally subjects us to a number of risks, including:
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greater difficulty in managing foreign operations;
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expenses associated with localizing our products, including offering consumers the ability to transact in major currencies;
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higher labor costs and problems integrating employees that we hire in different countries into our existing corporate culture;
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laws and business practices that favor local competitors;
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multiple and changing laws, tax regimes and government regulations;
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foreign currency restrictions and exchange rate fluctuations;
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changes in a specific countrys or regions political or economic conditions; and
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differing intellectual property laws.
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In addition, our global operations expose us to
numerous and sometimes conflicting legal and regulatory requirements, and violations or unfavorable interpretation by authorities of these regulations could harm our business. In particular, we are exposed to the risk of being deemed to have
permanent establishment in a specific country and transfer pricing risks which could result in additional tax liability.
If we are not
able to manage these and multiple other risks associated with global operations successfully, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
We are subject to extensive government regulation.
Our business is impacted by laws and regulations that affect our industry, the number of which has increased significantly in recent years. We
are subject to a variety of regulations aimed at preventing money laundering and financing criminal activity and terrorism, financial services regulations, payment services regulations, consumer protection laws, currency control regulations,
advertising laws, betting laws and privacy and data protection laws and therefore experience periodic investigations by various regulatory authorities in connection with the same, which may sometimes result in monetary or other sanctions being
imposed on us. Further, these laws and regulations vary significantly from country to country. Many of these laws and regulations are constantly evolving, and are often unclear and inconsistent with other applicable laws and regulations, including
across various jurisdictions, making compliance challenging and increasing our related operating costs and legal risks. If local authorities in Russia or other countries choose to enforce specific interpretations of the applicable legislation that
differ from ours, we may be found to be in violation and subject to penalties or other liabilities. This could also limit our ability to provide some of our services going forward and may increase our cost of doing business.
Changes in our industry are rapid, and new products that we develop may become subject to government regulation undoing the benefits we expect
to derive from such products. In some jurisdictions where we operate, there is currently little or virtually no legislation addressing electronic payments, and no assurance can be made that if such legislation is adopted it will be beneficial to our
business. With respect to countries that do have an established regulatory framework with respect to the types of services that we provide, no assurance can be given that the relevant legislation will not be amended to the detriment of our business,
including due to the lobbying efforts undertaken by or on behalf of our competitors. For instance, if any restrictions including complete prohibition, ban of specific reload methods or various quantitative caps are imposed on the use or reloads of
anonymous
e-wallets,
it could have a significant negative impact on our business. From time to time, such proposals are being raised by various officials. For example, pursuant to the draft amendments to the
Russian anti-money laundering legislation currently considered by the State Duma, anonymous users will not be able to withdraw cash from their prepaid cards. In addition, in January 2018 it was reported that the CBR, Rosfinmonitoring and the
Ministry of Finance are actively discussing new proposed legislation that would ban the use of anonymous
e-wallets
completely or at least prohibit the reloading of such
e-wallets
other than from a bank account.
The regulatory framework around electronic payments and
other financial services that we offer is in a state of development in most of the countries in which we operate. For example, on January 1, 2017, the Regulatory Framework for Stored Values and Electronic Payment Systems came into force in the
United Arab Emirates. It introduced a mandatory licensing and related compliance regime for certain electronic payment service providers and established a
one-year
transitional period for existing digital
payment services providers to take appropriate measures to comply with the new rules. In case of failure to do so payment services provider may be mandated to cease provision of such services. Moreover, any individual or entity providing (or
representing themselves as capable of providing) digital payment services without the appropriate license or authorization will be subject to administrative penalties. Implementing legislation and clarifications still remain to be adopted, and we
are still assessing the applicability and potential impact of the new legislation on our business. If our position on our status under the Regulatory Framework is different from that of the UAE regulator or if we are unable to comply with the
mandatory licensing if it is deemed applicable to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Effective January 1, 2018, the United Arab Emirates introduced a value added tax at a
rate of 5% for certain types of services (while other types of services are subject to a
12
zero tax rate or benefit from exemptions). Based on our current assessment we believe that our UAE subsidiaries should be deemed taxpayers, however, most types of services we provide, although
subject to the new value added tax, will be taxed at a zero tax rate. Given that this legislation has just become effective and no sufficient enforcement practice is available, we cannot be certain that our interpretation thereof will be consistent
with the approach used by the relevant authorities. Any changes in the applicable legislation, its interpretation by the relevant authorities or their enforcement practice could increase our tax burden substantially and thus reduce our margins.
Further, at the end of 2014, our subsidiary in Kazakhstan became subject to local financial monitoring legislation, imposing certain client
identification requirements on us. In connection with this legislation, we had to restructure our operations in Kazakhstan to make our Kazakh subsidiary the operator of our payment system in the country. The restructuring was completed in September
2015. As the anti-money laundering legislation in Kazakhstan is relatively nascent and undeveloped, we may face various difficulties when applying the legislation. If we are not able to comply with the applicable legislation for any reason, we could
become subject to regulatory action in Kazakhstan and could face fines or significant restrictions on our operations in the country. Moreover, the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No.
11-VI
On Payments
and Payment Systems, dated July 26, 2016, came into force in September 2016 substituting the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No.
237-I
On Payments and Money Transfers dated
June 29, 1998. The new law introduced a more comprehensive regulatory regime for the payments market in general, thus bringing the Kazakh legislation more in line with the international standards. Since the position of the local regulator in
relation to the enforcement of the new legislation is not yet clear and established, we may be found in violation of applicable laws and regulations and be subject to penalties or other liabilities. In January 2018, we received a notification from
the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan that they intend to audit our operations from January 30, 2018 to February 28, 2018, in order to determine whether we are in compliance with this new law. No assurance can be given as to what
the results of such audit will be.
Generally, Russian lawmakers and enforcement agencies have recently demonstrated increased scrutiny in
matters relating to cyberspace and
e-payments,
as borne out in the enhanced enforcement activities in the kiosk market, the
de-anonymization
of
e-payments
and various other initiatives aimed at increasing state control over online activities.
Furthermore, recently there has been increased public attention and heightened legislation and regulations regarding money laundering and
terrorist financing. We sometimes have to make significant judgment calls in applying anti-money laundering legislation and risk being found in
non-compliance
with it, particularly in relation to its mandatory
client identification requirements, if, for example, we process payments made by our consumers from their Qiwi Wallet accounts for amounts in excess of the thresholds imposed by anti-money laundering legislation or for certain types of merchants
without the required client identification. Although we use all methods available for client identification and believe we are in compliance with market practice (see Know-your-client requirements established by Russian anti-money
laundering legislation may adversely impact our transaction volumes), the Russian regulators may view us as being
non-compliant
and impose fines and other sanctions on us. There can also be no assurance
that the mandatory client identification requirements under the anti-money laundering legislation will not change further in a manner adverse to our business, for example, through making the identification process more burdensome or through lowering
the thresholds for transactions which
non-identified
customers or customers that only underwent the simplified identification process can perform (see Regulation), which could result in lower
payment volumes for us. For instance, there have already been proposals from certain government officials to ban payments by unidentified consumers altogether. On December 31, 2017, a new law came into force prescribing that the CBR may limit
the number of bank accounts opened in aggregate in any number of banks to a client that has only been identified remotely, the amount of credit that may be provided to such customer, or the number of transactions such customer may perform within a
month. Any further adverse change to these requirements could have a substantial negative effect on our business.
Risks associated with
applying anti-money laundering legislation may be further exacerbated for us in connection with our new projects, particularly Tochka, that is focused on servicing small and medium sized business entities. Tochka is providing services to legal
entities, which execute a significant number of transactions that are under scrutinized control of the regulatory authorities. Thus, the number of suspicious transactions has materially increased exposing us to extensive ongoing control of the
regulator. See also Know-your-client requirements established by Russian anti-money laundering legislation may adversely impact our transaction volumes.
We provide payment processing services to a number of merchants in the betting industry. Processing payments to such merchants constitutes
approximately 7.5% of our payment services segment payment volumes for the year ended December 31, 2017 and also represents a relatively significant portion of our revenues. Moreover, processing such payments generally carries higher margins
than processing payments to merchants in most other market verticals that we serve, while the repayment of winnings also functions as one of the wallet reload channels contributing to the sustainability and attractiveness of our ecosystem. The
betting industry is subject to extensive and actively developing regulation in Russia, as well as increasing government scrutiny. In particular, under amendments to the Russian betting laws introduced in 2014 (see Regulation), in order
to engage in the betting industry, a bookmaker has to become a member of a self-regulated organization of bookmakers and abide by its rules, and any and all interactive bets may be only accepted through an Interactive Bets Accounting Center (TSUPIS)
set up by a credit organization together with a self-regulated association of bookmakers. In 2016 QIWI Bank established a TSUPIS together with one of the self -regulated associations of bookmakers in order to be able to accept such payments. If any
of our merchants engaged in the betting industry is not able or willing to comply with the Russian betting legislation or if they decide to cease their operations in Russia for regulatory reasons or otherwise, we would have to discontinue servicing
them and would lose the associated income. Moreover, if we are found to be in
non-compliance
with any of the requirements of the applicable legislation, we could not only become subject to fines and other
sanctions, but could also have to discontinue to process operations that are deemed to be in breach of the applicable rules and lose associated revenue streams. Effective January 1, 2018, relevant legislation has been supplemented with the
concept of government blacklisting of betting merchants that have been found to be in violation of applicable Russian laws, and the requirement for credit institutions to block any payments to such blacklisted merchants. These measures may result in
the contraction of the betting sector and therefore adversely affect the revenues, margins and payment net revenue yield of our
E-commerce
market vertical and overall Payment Services segment as well as
decrease the attractiveness of our ecosystem to some of our consumers and consequently overall negatively affect consumer engagement with our services. Furthermore, if any of our merchants engaged in the betting industry are blacklisted, our
subsidiaries, which process the payments for betting merchants may be found to be in violation of the relevant laws, whether due to misinterpretation of applicable requirements or for any other reason, and could become so blacklisted as well, which
could substantially hinder our operations. We may also be subject to reputational risks associated with being involved
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in the betting business through offering our payments services to betting merchants. For example, in July 2016, we were served with notices from Roskomnadzor, the Russian state agency
responsible, among other things, for overseeing the media and Internet, stating that we had breached Russian laws on public distribution of information about gambling, since our website contained links to services offered by certain betting
operators which were allegedly not in compliance with the Russian betting legislation. We have complied with the prescriptions contained in the notices. However, there can be no assurance that further violations will not occur in the future as we
service a wide variety of merchants and depend on their compliance with relevant laws in this regard. If we are found to be in breach, Roskomnadzor or other agencies could take further action against us, including by blocking our website or imposing
fines or other sanctions. Furthermore, we could face similar difficulties in other jurisdiction since online betting is an area of intense focus by regulators in many of the countries in which we operate.
Certain sanctions relating to the ongoing hostility between Russian and Ukraine, and Russian countersanctions instituted in response, directly
target payment services providers such as ourselves. In November 2016, the National Bank of Ukraine banned several Russian payment services providers from the Ukrainian market. In response, in April 2017 a law was enacted in Russia prohibiting
certain types of money remittance from Russia to countries that have introduced sanctions against Russian payment systems (which, to our knowledge, so far only include Ukraine). Any determination by a relevant regulator that we have not complied
with the spirit or text of any such sanctions or regulations, or even any statements to that effect, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as the price of our ADSs. While Ukraine
remains the only country so far to introduce sanctions of this type, here can be no assurance that additional sanctions affecting the payments business will not be imposed by other countries in which we operate.
Tax legislation regarding electronic payments and other online services keeps evolving as well. In July 2016, a bill was signed into law in
Russia making online services subject to VAT at the location of the customer, which would require any foreign companies selling certain online services in Russia to register as taxpayers in Russia and pay VAT on Russian sales. See VAT on
digital services in Russia for more details. The new law also requires companies providing settlement services on behalf of the foreign merchants to act as tax agents and withdraw and remit to the tax authorities the applicable VAT. If we are
found to have any obligations under this law or not be in compliance with such obligations or if the authorities choose to enforce specific interpretations of the applicable legislation that differ from ours, we could face significant adverse tax
consequences. We could also experience a reduction in volumes from our foreign merchants as they cease or downsize their sales to Russia in the light of the new regulation.
Subsequent legislation and regulation and interpretations thereof, litigation, court rulings, or other events could expose us to increased
costs, liability and reputational damage that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may not be able to complete or integrate successfully any potential future acquisitions, partnerships or joint ventures.
From time to time, we have evaluated and expect to continue to evaluate possible acquisition transactions, partnerships or joint ventures on an
on-going
basis, some of which may be material. At any time, including currently, we may be engaged in discussions or negotiations or diligence evaluations with respect to possible acquisitions, partnerships or
joint ventures or may have entered into
non-binding
documents in relation to such transactions. As part of our strategy, we intend to continue our disciplined approach to identifying, executing and integrating
strategic acquisitions.
Potential future acquisitions, partnerships and joint ventures may pose significant risks to our existing
operations if we acquire businesses that prove not to be a good fit for our organization, fail to perform the necessary due diligence on the relevant targets, overestimate their anticipated contribution to our business, overvalue them or fail to
successfully integrate them. These projects would place additional demands on our managerial, operational, financial and other resources, create operational complexity requiring additional personnel and other resources as well as enhanced control
procedures. In addition, we may not be able to successfully finance or integrate any businesses, services or technologies that we acquire or with which we form a partnership or joint venture. Furthermore, the integration of any acquisition may
divert managements time and resources from our core business and disrupt our operations. Moreover, even if we were successful in integrating newly acquired assets, expected synergies or cost savings may not materialize, resulting in lower than
expected benefits to us from such transactions. We may spend time and money on projects that fail to perform in line with our expectations or require financing in excess of what we were budgeting at the time of the acquisition. Additionally, when
making acquisitions it may not be possible for us to conduct a detailed investigation of the nature of the assets being acquired due to, for instance, time constraints in making the decision and other factors. We may become responsible for
additional liabilities or obligations not foreseen at the time of an acquisition. In addition, in connection with any acquisitions, we must comply with various antitrust requirements. It is possible that perceived or actual violations of these
requirements could give rise to regulatory enforcement action or result in us not receiving all necessary approvals in order to complete a desired acquisition. To the extent we pay the purchase price of any acquisition in cash, it would reduce our
cash reserves, and to the extent the purchase price is paid with our stock, it could be dilutive to our stockholders. To the extent we pay the purchase price with proceeds from the incurrence of debt, it would increase our level of indebtedness and
could negatively affect our liquidity and restrict our operations. Our competitors may be willing or able to pay more than us for acquisitions, which may cause us to lose certain acquisitions that we would otherwise desire to complete. We may also
face counterparty and credit risks in connection with acquisitions, partnerships and joint ventures in the event our counterparties fail to perform their obligations.
Some of these risks have materialized or may materialize in connection with our August 2017 acquisition of Tochka and Rocketbank assets from
Otkritie Bank, a major shareholder of our company. The acquisition of Tochka and Rocketbank assets was a complex deal involving a series of transactions to acquire the brands, software and hardware of both businesses, as well as a number of
operational agreements with Otkritie Bank. As of the date of this annual report, certain aspects of these transactions have not been finalized. Consequently, the Rocketbank project has not been launched yet and the Tochka project, although launched,
is subject to further negotiations with Otkritie. All of the above has resulted in us not being able to realize the full anticipated benefit of these acquisitions so far.
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All of the above risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of
operations, financial condition, and prospects.
We have grown rapidly in recent years and need to implement enhanced compliance processes,
procedures and controls with respect to the rules and regulations that apply to our business.
Our business has grown and developed
rapidly in recent years and we are continuing to realign our compliance function with the size of our business. In light of the fact that we are a highly regulated business that processes large volumes of payments, we need to implement enhanced
processes, procedures and controls in order to provide reasonable assurance that we are operating in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. Given that we store and/or transmit sensitive data of our customers, we have ultimate liability
to our customers for our failure to protect this data. As discussed in more detail below, we have experienced breaches of our cybersecurity in the past, and future breaches resulting in unauthorized disclosure of data are possible (see also
Our services have been and may continue to be used for fraudulent, illegal or improper purposes, which could expose us to additional liability and harm our business.). In addition, the Russian anti-money laundering laws to which we are
subject contain numerous requirements with respect to identification of clients, and documentation and reporting of transactions subject to mandatory control and other suspicious transactions to the relevant authorities. Following our acquisition of
Rapida LTD in 2015, we have had to devote additional resources to enhance the compliance function within Rapida LTD, which, at the time of our acquisition, was deficient in several areas. As of the date of this annual report we continue to develop
and integrate certain control procedures with respect to our new projects SOVEST and Tochka in order to maintain a comprehensive system of controls and procedures across our business. There can be no assurance, however, that that the measures we
undertake will be sufficient to prevent significant deficiencies in the compliance procedures and internal controls of our new projects. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors
in our financial statements that could lead to a restatement of our financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which may result in a decline
in the market price of our ADSs.
Among others, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, which prohibits
U.S. companies and their intermediaries from bribing foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment, and other laws concerning our international operations. Similar legislation in other
jurisdictions contains similar prohibitions, although varying in both scope and jurisdiction. We have implemented policies and procedures and internal controls designed to provide reasonable assurance that we, our employees, distributors and other
intermediaries comply with the anti-corruption laws to which we are subject. However, there are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any policies, procedures and internal controls, including the possibility of human error and the
circumvention or overriding of the policies, procedures and internal controls. There can be no assurance that such policies or procedures or internal controls will work effectively at all times or protect us against liability under these or other
laws for actions taken by our employees, distributors and other intermediaries with respect to our business or any businesses that we may acquire.
Our success requires significant public confidence in our ability to handle large and growing payment volumes and amounts of customer funds,
as well as comply with applicable regulatory requirements. Any failure to manage consumer funds or to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could result in the imposition of fines, harm our reputation and significantly diminish use of our
products. In addition, if we are not in compliance with anti-corruption laws and other laws governing the conduct of business with government entities and/or officials (including local laws), we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties and
other remedial measures, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
If we cannot
keep pace with rapid developments and change in our industry and provide new services to our clients, or if any of the new products we roll out are unsuccessful, the use of our services could decline, and we could experience a decline in revenue and
an inability to recoup costs.
The financial services industry in which we operate is characterized by rapid technological change,
new product and service introductions, evolving industry standards, changing customer needs and the entrance of more established market players seeking to expand into these businesses. In order to remain competitive, we continually seek to expand
the services we offer and to develop new projects. These projects carry risks, such as delays in delivery, performance problems, lack of customer acceptance, failure to adequately assess the potential revenues and budget the expenses of a project
and the amount of investment required by it, failure to anticipate potential pitfalls and issues, and misjudgment of a need for a particular product by the intended customer base, among other things. In our industry, these risks are acute. Any delay
in the delivery of new services or the failure to differentiate our services or to accurately predict and address market demand could render our services less desirable, or even obsolete, to consumers and merchants, and hurt our future prospects.
For example, if alternative payment and credit mechanisms become widely available, substituting our current products and services, and we do not develop and offer similar to alternative payment and credit mechanisms successfully and on a timely
basis, the business and its prospects could be adversely affected. At the same time, if a new product we roll out or acquire fails to perform as anticipated, this could similarly adversely affect our business, financial position and results of
operations. Since we position ourselves as a provider of next generation payment and financial services, many of these new products are based on business models that are unproven and are essentially
start-ups
launched to test a hypothesis based on various assumptions regarding consumer behavior patterns and demands. These assumptions may ultimately prove wrong and we may not be able to convert these hypotheses into sustainable businesses. This is
particularly applicable to SOVEST for which few equivalents exist in Russia or internationally and which at this stage are operating at a loss. We may be unable to recover the costs we have incurred in developing, rolling out, implementing and
marketing new services. Our development efforts could result in increased costs and we could also experience a loss in business that could reduce our earnings or could cause a loss of revenue if promised new services are not timely delivered to our
clients, are not able to compete effectively with our competitors or do not perform as anticipated. As we enter markets that are new for us with our new products and services offerings, we face additional operational, regulatory and other
risks that we may not be able to adequately address due to our lack of experience with such markets and associated risks.
We have already
incurred and expect to continue to incur significant costs in connection with the
roll-out
and operations of our new projects that we may not be able to offset by associated income at least for a certain
period of time. SOVEST in particular is a cash-intensive project for us since we have to invest in the development and marketing of a project with a model that is novel to the market as well as use our own funds
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to provide funding to our customers to make purchases from the merchants with the use of SOVEST cards, and if it does not yield the expected results, it may result in a substantial sunk cost for
us. See also Our business is exposed to counterparty and credit risks and Our operations may be constrained if we cannot attract or service future debt financing. The anticipated returns of Tochka and Rocketbank
may also fail to be achieved due to the failure of Otkritie Bank to perform under its obligations to us assumed by it in connection with the sale of their assets; see We may not be able to complete or integrate successfully any potential
future acquisitions, partnerships or joint ventures.
We also actively develop other new products, services and technologies. In
2016, we launched a company specifically dedicated to research and development work in connection with our blockchain and cryptoprocessing initiatives. If our efforts in connection with any of such research and development initiatives do not pay off
as expected, this will result in the loss of our investment both in terms of money and management time, which could adversely affect our profitability.
Additionally, in order to remain competitive in an innovative industry such as ours, we have to make investments in
start-up
companies or undertake different research and development initiatives. If our investments in
start-up
companies or research and development initiatives do not yield
the expected results, we may lose money, time and effort invested.
If we are unable to develop, adapt to or access technological changes
or evolving industry standards on a timely and cost effective basis, or if our new initiatives do not yield the expected results, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Our success depends to a large degree on our ability to successfully address the rapidly evolving market for transactions on mobile devices.
Mobile devices are increasingly used for
e-commerce
and money remittance transactions. A
significant and growing portion of our customers access our payment services through mobile devices. We may lose customers if we are not able to continue to meet our customers mobile and multi-screen experience expectations. The variety of
technical and other configurations across different mobile devices and platforms increases the challenges associated with this environment. In addition, a number of other companies with significant resources and a number of innovative startups have
introduced products and services focusing on mobile markets. Our ability to successfully address the challenges posed by the rapidly evolving market for mobile transactions is crucial to our continued success, and any failure to continuously
increase the volume of mobile transactions effected through our platform could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our systems and our third party providers systems may fail due to factors beyond our control, which could interrupt our service, cause us to lose
business and increase our costs.
We depend on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of numerous systems, including our
computer systems, software and telecommunications networks, as well as the data centers that we lease from third parties. Our systems and operations, or those of our third party providers, could be exposed to damage or interruption from, among other
things, fire, flood, natural disaster, power loss, telecommunications failure, vendor failure, unauthorized entry, improper operation and computer viruses. In addition, because both of our data centers used for processing payments are located in the
city of Moscow, a catastrophic event affecting the city of Moscow may result in the loss of both data centers. Substantial property and equipment loss, and disruption in operations as well as any defects in our systems or those of third parties or
other difficulties could expose us to liability and materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations in all of our operating segments. In addition, any outage or disruptive efforts could adversely impact our
reputation, brand and future prospects.
Unauthorized disclosure of data, whether through cybersecurity breaches, computer viruses or otherwise,
could expose us to direct loss, liability, protracted and costly litigation and damage our reputation.
We store and/or transmit
sensitive data, such as credit or debit card numbers, mobile phone numbers and other identification data, and we have ultimate liability to our customers for our failure to protect this data. We have experienced breaches of our security by hackers
in the past, and breaches could occur in the future. In such circumstances, our encryption of data and other protective measures have not prevented unauthorized access and may not be sufficient to prevent future unauthorized access. For example, in
January 2014 we discovered certain unauthorized activity in a number of wallet accounts. Although we do not believe that any confidential customer account data was compromised as a result of the activity, we incurred a loss of RUB 88 million.
Rapida LTD (prior to its merger with and into QIWI Bank) also experienced several security breaches prior to our acquisition of the company. Any future breach of our system, including through employee fraud, may subject us to material losses or
liability, including fines and claims for unauthorized purchases with misappropriated credit or debit card information, identity theft, impersonation or other similar fraud claims. A misuse of such data or a cybersecurity breach could harm our
reputation and deter clients from using electronic payments as well as kiosks and terminals generally and our services specifically, increase our operating expenses in order to correct the breaches or failures, expose us to uninsured liability,
increase our risk of regulatory scrutiny, subject us to lawsuits, result in the imposition of material penalties and fines by state authorities and otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to comply with the applicable requirements of our agreements with major payment systems, they could seek to fine us, suspend us or
terminate our registrations.
Under our agreements with major payment systems, including Visa and MasterCard, both existing and any
such agreements we might enter into in the future, we are and will be required to comply with the terms of the relevant agreement and the generally applicable terms and conditions of the respective payment system. If we do not comply with the terms
of the agreements or the rules, the relevant payment system could seek to fine us, suspend us or terminate the registrations that allow us to process transactions on its network. If we are in breach of the agreements or the relevant payment system
otherwise terminates its agreements with us or terminates or suspends our participation, we may be
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unable to issue cards under its brand or process transactions made with the use of such cards, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any of these factors could have a
material adverse effect on our reputation, as well as on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Qiwi Bank and other Russian
banks and credit organizations operate in a highly regulated environment and increased regulatory scrutiny could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Qiwi Bank is central to the operation of all of our segments as it provides issuing, acquiring and deposit settlement functions within our
group, serves as the issuing bank for our
payment-by-installment
SOVEST cards and is the banking institution behind Tochkas banking services offering. In June 2015
we acquired Rapida LTD, a
non-banking
credit organization, from Otkritie Investment Cyprus Limited, or Otkritie. Rapida LTD was merged into Qiwi Bank in 2017.
All banks and
non-banking
credit organizations operating in Russia are subject to extensive regulation
and supervision. Requirements imposed by regulators, including capital adequacy, liquidity reserves, prudential ratios, loss provisions and other regulatory requirements are designed to ensure the integrity of the financial markets and to protect
consumers and other third parties with whom a bank deals. These regulations may limit our activities, and may increase our costs of doing business, or require us to seek additional capital in order to comply with applicable capital adequacy or
liquidity requirements. Existing laws and regulations could be amended, the manner in which laws and regulations are enforced or interpreted could change and new laws or regulations could be adopted. Russian banks also have extensive reporting
obligations, including, without limitation, disclosure of financial statements, various operational indicators, and affiliates and persons who exercise (direct or indirect) influence over the decisions taken by the management bodies of the bank. The
CBR may at any time conduct full or selective audits of any banks filings and may inspect all of its books and records.
Both Qiwi
Bank and Rapida LTD have been the subject of CBR investigations in the past that have uncovered various violations and deficiencies in relation to, among other things, reporting requirements, anti-money laundering, cybersecurity, compliance with
applicable electronic payments thresholds requirements in connection with electronic money transfers and the topping up of electronic accounts and other issues which we believe we have generally rectified. We were recently notified that in 2018 Qiwi
Bank will be subject to a CBR inspection as part of the ongoing supervisory process. There can be no assurance that any currently planned or future inspection will not result in discovery of any significant or minor violations of various banking
regulations, and what sanctions the CBR would choose to employ against us if this were to happen. For example, recently we were notified that throughout 2017 we have exceeded thresholds turnover amounts with respect to certain types of transactions.
The measures that the CBR has so far imposed on us in response have not had a significant impact on our operations, and we believe that we have remedied the violation and taken appropriate measures to ensure that we will not be in breach of such
requirements going forward. However, this measures have not been lifted yet and there can be no assurance that this measures will be lifted soon or additional sanctions will not be imposed on us as a result of such findings. Any such sanctions could
have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Moreover, the scrutiny can be expected to
increase following our launch of the SOVEST project as it has extended the scope of traditional commercial and retail bank services that Qiwi Bank is providing, albeit with a focus on specific high-tech projects. Additionally, our new projects
require significant funding and therefore put certain pressure on the ability of Qiwi Bank to comply with applicable capital requirements and other prudential ratios. Any breach of applicable regulations could expose us to potential liability,
including fines, prohibition to carry out certain transactions for a period of up to 6 months (or more in the event of repeat violations), the introduction of temporary administration by the CBR and in certain instances the revocation of our banking
license. Revocation of Qiwi Banks banking license would significantly hinder our ability to process payments, and would result in a decrease of our profitability, damage our reputation and could cause other regulators to increase their
scrutiny of our activities. If Qiwi Banks banking license is revoked, we would effectively be unable to provide most of our services. For these reasons, any material breach of laws and regulations by Qiwi Bank or the revocation of its banking
licenses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Recent developments in the
Russian banking sector (see The banking system in Russia remains underdeveloped) have put increasing regulatory pressure on Qiwi Bank, and have also impacted, and we expect may continue to impact, our business in a number of other
ways, including a decrease in consumer lending from most large and medium sized banks, resulting in less loan repayments through our network and therefore reduced fees as well as a decrease of Contacts network of partner banks through which it
operates and corresponding decline in the reach of its network and thus money remittance volumes. All of these factors could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Customer complaints, actual or perceived failures of our customer service function or negative publicity about our customer service could materially
adversely affect the attractiveness of our services.
Customer complaints, actual or perceived failures of our customer service
function or negative publicity about our customer service could diminish consumer confidence in, and the attractiveness of, our services. Breaches of our consumers privacy and our security systems could have the same effect. We sometimes take
measures to combat risks of fraud and breaches of privacy and security, such as freezing consumer funds, which could damage relations with our consumers. These measures heighten the need for prompt and attentive customer service to resolve
irregularities and disputes. In addition, we have previously received negative media coverage regarding customer disputes. Moreover, some of our products compete to a large extent on the basis of enhanced customer service and attention to customers,
and are vulnerable to any customer complaints or actual or perceived decline in service levels. Any failure on our part to continue to provide customers with the level of service they have come to expect could harm our reputation significantly.
Effective customer service requires significant personnel expense, and this expense, if not managed properly, could impact our profitability significantly. Any inability by us to manage or train our customer service representatives
17
properly could compromise our ability to handle customer complaints effectively. If we fail to provide customer service at the level our clients expect from us or do not handle customer
complaints effectively, our reputation may suffer and we may lose our customers confidence, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our agreements with our agents and our merchants do not include exclusivity clauses and may be terminated unilaterally at any time or at short notice.
We normally do not include exclusivity clauses in our agreements with agents or merchants apart from a small number of SOVEST
partner merchants. Accordingly, our merchants and agents usually do not have any restrictions on dealings with other providers and can switch from our payment processing system to another or disconnect from our system without significant investment.
Additionally, due to mandatory provisions of Russian civil law, our agreements with agents may be unilaterally terminated by the agents at any time, and our agreements with merchants may be unilaterally terminated by the merchants at a short prior
notice. The termination of our contracts with existing agents or merchants or a significant decline in the amount of business we do with them as a result of our contracts not having exclusivity clauses could have a material adverse effect on our
business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our services have been and may continue to be used for fraudulent, illegal or improper
purposes, which could expose us to additional liability and harm our business.
Despite measures we have taken and continue to
take, our services have been and may continue to be used for fraudulent, illegal or improper purposes. These include use of our payment services in connection with fraudulent sales of goods or services, illicit sales of prescription medications or
controlled substances, illegal online gambling, software and other intellectual property piracy, money laundering, bank fraud, terrorist financing, trafficking, and prohibited sales of restricted products.
Criminals are using increasingly sophisticated methods to engage in illegal activities. It is possible that fraudulent, illegal or improper
use of our services could increase in the future. Our risk management policies and procedures may not be fully effective to identify, monitor and manage these risks. We are not able to monitor in each case the sources for our counterparties
funds or the ways in which they use them. Increases in chargebacks or other liability could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. An increase in fraudulent transactions or publicity regarding
chargeback disputes could harm our reputation and reduce consumer confidence in the use of our products and services. In addition, changes in law have increased the penalties for intermediaries providing payment services for certain illegal
activities and additional payments-related proposals are under active consideration by government authorities. Moreover, the perceived risk of the use of
e-payments
to finance fraudulent, illegal or improper
activities is causing the regulators to impose restrictions on the payment systems operations that negatively affect regular compliant transactions as well.
Any resulting claims could damage our reputation and any resulting liabilities (including the revocation of applicable banking licenses or
significant fines), the loss of transaction volume or increased costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business is exposed to counterparty and credit risks.
In our Payment Services segment, we seek to sell services on a prepayment basis or to ensure that our counterparties have low credit risk
profiles, such as large merchants and agents. Nevertheless, we are exposed to the risk of
non-payment
or other default under our contracts with our agents and merchants. If we provide trade credit or loans to
an agent and we are unable to collect loans or proceeds paid to the agent by its consumers due to the agents insolvency, fraud or otherwise, we must nonetheless complete the payment to the merchant on behalf of the consumer. As a result, our
losses would not be limited to a loss of revenue in the form of fees due to us from the agent, but could amount to the entire amount of consumer payments accepted by such agent for a certain period of time.
We also have significant receivables due from some of our merchants and agents, and may not recover these receivables in the event of such
merchants bankruptcy or otherwise. As of December 31, 2017, we had credit exposure to our agents of RUB 4,240 million and to our merchants of RUB 4,226 million. Our receivables from merchants are generally unsecured and
non-interest
bearing, our receivables and loans from agents are generally interest-bearing and unsecured. Although we monitor the creditworthiness of our counterparties on an ongoing basis, there can be no assurance
that the models and approaches we use to assess and monitor their creditworthiness will be sufficiently predictive, and we may be unable to detect and take steps to timely mitigate an increased credit risk.
In our Consumer Financial Services segment, which is represented by our SOVEST installment card project, we are subject to risks related to
the credit quality of loans to the customers who have outstanding credit on their SOVEST cards, in addition to the risks of credit exposure to the merchants who may owe us commission payments for short periods. As of December 31, 2017, we had
credit exposure to the clients of the SOVEST project of RUB 1,690 million. Changes in the creditworthiness of our customers, or in their behavior, or arising from macroeconomic risks in the Russian or global financial systems, could result in
losses for us and in us having to make provisions for impairment of related receivables. In recent years, Russia has experienced an increase in
non-performing
retail loans, and many of the banks that have been
particularly active in this sector have faced difficulties. See also We are subject to the economic risk and business cycles of our merchants and agents and the overall level of consumer spending and The banking system
in Russia remains underdeveloped. While we have credit policies in place to manage this risk, the models, techniques and checks used by us to evaluate the creditworthiness of applicants for the SOVEST cards may not always present a complete
and accurate picture of each consumers financial condition or be able to accurately evaluate the impact of various changes, including changes in the Russian macroeconomic situation, which could significantly and quickly alter a consumers
financial condition. We have little experience addressing such risks as we have not been active in the consumer lending market before the launch of the SOVEST
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project. We plan to manage such risk by utilizing different predictive models based on consumer transaction behavior and restricting the card limits available to such individuals; however, due to
our lack of relevant experience, our projections may prove incorrect. Additionally, we cannot always accurately ascertain what the current indebtedness of any particular current or potential customer may be as the credit bureau databases in Russia
are still in a developmental stage. Additionally, we have no way of preventing our customers from taking additional loans from other financial institutions or otherwise taking steps that heighten the risk that a customer may default on their SOVEST
installment payments. As a result, we may not always be able to correctly evaluate the current financial condition of each prospective customer and accurately determine the ability of our customers to pay us back the funds they have used. In
addition, we do not plan to take any security for payments outstanding under the SOVEST cards. In the event of defaults by a significant number of our consumers, we may be unable to recover all or a significant proportion of the balance of such
outstanding amounts.
Further, as of December 31, 2017, we had credit exposure to Otkritie Bank in connection with the purchase of
Tochka and Rocketbank assets and operations of Tochka project of RUB 982 million.
If we experience material defaults by our
consumers, agents and/or merchants, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
We are
subject to fluctuations in currency exchange rates.
We are exposed to currency risks. Our financial statements are expressed in
Russian rubles, while our revenues and expenses outside Russia are in local currencies and some of our assets and liabilities are in foreign currencies (see Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Foreign
Exchange Risk). Accordingly, our results of operations and assets and liabilities are exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates between the ruble and such other currencies. Changes in currency exchange rates also affect the carrying value of
assets on our consolidated statement of financial position, which, depending on the statement of financial position classification of the relevant asset, can result in losses on our consolidated statement of financial position. In addition, because
our earnings are primarily denominated in Russian rubles whereas our ADSs are quoted in U.S. dollar, currency exchange rate fluctuations between the Russian ruble and the U.S. dollar significantly affect the price of our ADSs.
Over the past ten years, the Russian ruble has fluctuated dramatically against the U.S. dollar and the euro. Due to the economic
sanctions imposed on certain Russian companies and individuals by the US, EU, Canada and other countries, as well as the volatility in oil prices, high inflation and a sharp capital outflow from Russia, the Russian ruble has significantly
depreciated against the U.S. dollar and euro since the beginning of 2014. See Economic instability in Russia could have an adverse effect on our business. According to the CBR, from December 31, 2014 to December 31,
2015 and from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2014, the ruble has depreciated by 30% and 72% against the U.S. dollar, respectively, and by 17% and 52% against the euro, respectively. From December 31, 2015 to December 31,
2016, the ruble appreciated somewhat against these currencies and remained relatively stable throughout 2017, but no assurance can be given that significant fluctuations will not occur in the future. Further fluctuations of the ruble could have a
material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and the price of our ADSs.
Regulatory authorities in Russia and
Kazakhstan could determine that we hold a dominant position in our markets, and could impose limitations on our operational flexibility, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The Russian anti-monopoly authorities impose various requirements on companies that occupy a dominant position in their markets. One of the
important questions is to identify and define the relevant market, in which the entity in question operates. There are numerous aspects to be taken into account, including interchangeability or substitutability of the products and/or services for
the consumer, their pricing and intended use. Different approaches may be applied in this respect by anti-monopoly authorities and the participants of the market. Thus, the state authorities may conclude that we hold a dominant position in one or
more of the markets in which we operate. If they were to do so, this could result in limitations on our future acquisitions and a requirement that we
pre-clear
with the authorities any changes to our standard
agreements with merchants and agents, as well as any specially negotiated agreements with business partners. In addition, if we were to decline to conclude a contract with a third party this could, in certain circumstances, be regarded as abuse of a
dominant market position. Any abuse of a dominant market position could lead to administrative penalties and the imposition of a fine of up to 15% of our annual revenue for the previous year. In addition, in April 2012 the Competition Protection
Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, or the Competition Protection Agency, included our subsidiary in Kazakhstan in the state register of market participants with dominant or monopoly position in Kazakhstan. We have subsequently been taken off
this register due to changes in Kazakh law; however, there can be no assurance that we will not be deemed to hold a substantial market share in Kazakhstan going forward and therefore could become target of antimonopoly action or related operating
restrictions in certain jurisdiction in which we operate. These limitations if imposed may reduce our operational and commercial flexibility and responsiveness, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may not be able to successfully protect our intellectual property and may be subject to infringement claims.
We rely on a combination of contractual rights, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws to establish and protect our proprietary technology.
We also maintain patents for certain of our technologies. We customarily require our employees and independent contractors to execute confidentiality agreements or otherwise to agree to keep our proprietary information confidential when their
relationship with us begins. Typically, our employment contracts also include clauses requiring our employees to assign to us all of the inventions and intellectual property rights they develop in the course of their employment and to agree not to
disclose our confidential information. Nevertheless, others, including our competitors, may independently develop similar technology, duplicate our services or design around our intellectual property. Further, contractual arrangements may not
prevent unauthorized disclosure of our confidential information or ensure an adequate remedy in the event of
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any unauthorized disclosure of our confidential information. Because of the limited protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in certain jurisdictions in which we operate, such
as Russia and CIS countries, our intellectual property rights may not be as protected as they may be in more developed markets such as the United States. We may have to litigate to enforce or determine the scope or enforceability of our intellectual
property rights (including trade secrets and
know-how),
which could be expensive, could cause a diversion of resources and may not prove successful. The loss of intellectual property protection could harm our
business and ability to compete and could result in costly redesign efforts, discontinuance of certain service offerings or other competitive harm. Additionally, we do not hold any patents for our business model or our business processes, in part
because our ability to obtain them in Russia is subject to legislative constraints, and we do not currently intend to obtain any such patents in Russia or elsewhere.
We may also be subject to costly litigation in the event our services or technology are claimed to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise
violate a third partys intellectual property or proprietary rights. Such claims could include patent infringement, copyright infringement, trademark infringement, trade secret misappropriation or breach of licenses. In addition, while we seek
to obtain copyright registration certificates for the critical software we develop, our rights to software obtained as works for hire might be potentially challenged by the employees and former employees or developers of such software. We may not be
able to successfully defend against such claims, which may result in a limitation on our ability to use the intellectual property subject to these claims and also might require us to redesign affected services, enter into costly settlement or
license agreements, pay costly damage awards, or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing or selling certain of our services. In such circumstances, if we cannot or do not license the infringed technology on reasonable
terms or substitute similar technology from another source, our revenue and earnings could be adversely impacted. Additionally,
non-practicing
entities had and may continue in the future to acquire patents,
make claims of patent infringement and attempt to extract settlements from companies in our industry. Even if we believe that such claims are without merit and successfully defend these claims, defending against such claims is time consuming and
expensive and could result in the diversion of the time and attention of our management and employees.
We may use open source software in a manner
that could be harmful to our business.
We use open source software in connection with our technology and services. The original
developers of the open source code provide no warranties on such code. Moreover, some open source software licenses require users who distribute open source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to
such software and/or make available any derivative works of the open source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. The use of such open source code may ultimately require us to replace certain code used in our products, pay a royalty to use some
open source code or discontinue certain products. Any of the above requirements could be harmful to our business, financial condition and operations.
We do not have and may be unable to obtain sufficient insurance to protect ourselves from business risks.
The insurance industry in Russia is not yet fully developed, and many forms of insurance protection common in more developed countries are not
yet fully available or are not available on comparable or commercially acceptable terms. Accordingly, while we hold certain mandatory types of insurance policies in Russia, we do not currently maintain insurance coverage for business interruption,
property damage or loss of key management personnel as we have been unable to obtain these on commercially acceptable terms. We do not hold insurance policies to cover for any losses resulting from counterparty and credit risks or fraudulent
transactions. We also do not generally maintain separate funds or otherwise set aside reserves for most types of business-related risks. Accordingly, our lack of insurance coverage or reserves with respect to business-related risks may expose us to
substantial losses, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In a dynamic industry like
ours, the ability to attract, recruit, retain and develop qualified personnel is critical to our success and growth.
Our business
functions at the intersection of rapidly changing technological, social, economic and regulatory developments that require a wide ranging set of expertise and intellectual capital. In order for us to compete and grow successfully, we must attract,
recruit, retain and develop the necessary personnel who can provide the needed expertise across the entire spectrum of our intellectual capital needs. This is particularly true with respect to qualified and experienced software engineers and IT
staff, who are highly sought after and are not in sufficient supply in Russia and in most other markets in which we operate. The market for such personnel is highly competitive, and we may not succeed in recruiting additional personnel or may fail
to replace effectively current personnel who depart with qualified or effective successors. Our efforts to retain and develop personnel may result in significant additional expenses, which could adversely affect our profitability. We cannot assure
you that we will be able to attract and retain qualified personnel in the future. Failure to retain or attract key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our operations may be constrained if we cannot attract or service future debt financing.
We may incur debt financing to finance the development of the SOVEST installment card project and other new projects including Tochka project,
and our operations and growth may be constrained if we cannot do so on favorable terms or at all. Our debt capacity depends upon our ability to maintain our operating performance at a certain level, which is subject to general economic and market
conditions and to financial, business and other factors, many of which are outside of our control. If our cash flow from operating activities is insufficient to service our debt, we could be forced to take certain actions, including delaying or
reducing capital or other expenditures or other actions, to restructure or refinance our debt; selling or mortgaging our assets or operations; or raising additional equity capital, which we might not be able to do on favorable terms, in a timely
manner or at all. Furthermore, such actions might not be sufficient to allow us to service our debt obligations in full and, in any event, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Moreover, our inability to service our debt through internally generated cash flow or other sources of liquidity could put us in default of our obligations to creditors, which could trigger various default provisions under our financings and thus
have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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We have recently been experiencing, and may continue to experience, increasing challenges with conducting
transactions denominated in U.S. dollars.
We contract with some of our international merchants in U.S. dollars. Recently we
started to encounter difficulties in conducting such transactions, even with respect to our largest and most well-known international merchants, due to the refusal of an increasing number of our U.S. relationship banks and the correspondent U.S.
banks of our
non-U.S.
relationship banks to service U.S. dollar payments. A direct or correspondent relationship with a U.S. bank is necessary in order for any
non-U.S.
company to transact in U.S. dollars. Reasons we have been given to explain these changes in approach by our banks mainly referred to changes in internal know-your-customer procedures, limits on certain types of merchants and certain jurisdictions,
and other internal policies, which we believe might be a result of the increasing negative sentiment towards Russia on part of U.S. banks, among other factors (seeThe situation in Ukraine and the U.S., EU and other sanctions that have been
imposed in connection therewith could adversely impact our operations and financial condition), even with respect to transactions and relationships that do not present any potential violation of any applicable sanctions. Even though we still
maintain a number of U.S. dollar accounts with various financial institutions, at the same time we are already conducting a portion of U.S. dollar transactions with our international merchants in other currencies, bearing additional currency
conversion costs. No assurance can be given that such institutions or their respective correspondent banks in the U.S. will not similarly refuse to process our transactions for similar reasons or otherwise, thereby further increasing the currency
conversion costs that we have to bear or that our international merchants will agree to accept payments in any currency, but the U.S. dollar in the future. If we are not able to conduct transactions in U.S. dollars, we may bear significant currency
conversion costs or lose some of our merchants who will not be willing to conduct transactions in currencies other than the U.S. dollars, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
Risks Relating to Corporate Governance Matters and Organizational Structure
The substantial share ownership position of our chief executive officer Sergey Solonin may limit your ability to influence corporate matters.
Our chief executive officer Sergey Solonin owns 78.9 % of our class A shares, representing approximately 59.4% of the voting
power of our issued share capital. As a result of this concentration of share ownership, Mr. Solonin has sole discretion over any matters submitted to our shareholders for approval that require a simple majority vote and has significant voting
power on all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval that require a qualified majority vote, including the power to veto them. Our articles of association require the approval of no less than 75% of present and voting shareholders for
matters such as amendments to the constitutional documents of our company, dissolution or liquidation of our company, reducing the share capital, buying back shares and approving the total number of shares and classes of shares to be reserved for
issuance under any employee stock option plan or any other equity-based incentive compensation program of our group. Matters requiring a simple majority shareholder vote include, among other matters, increasing our authorized capital, removing a
director, approving the annual audited accounts and appointing auditors.
This concentration of ownership could delay, deter or prevent a
change of control or other business combination that might otherwise give you the opportunity to realize a premium over then-prevailing market price of our shares. The interests of Mr. Solonin may not always coincide with the interests of our
other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may also adversely affect the price of our ADSs.
The substantial share ownership position of
Otkritie could be adverse to the interests of our minority shareholders.
Otkritie Bank owns 45.9% of our class B shares,
representing approximately 11.3 % of the voting power of our issued share capital. Were Mr. Solonin to sell down his stake in such a manner that his shares would convert into class B shares pursuant to our Articles of Association, voting
power of Otkritie Bank would increase accordingly. Moreover, since late 2017, Otkritie Bank has been owned by the CBR as a result of its financial rehabilitation. The liquidity of our ADSs has already significantly declined and could potentially
further decline due to one large holder accumulating a significant portion of the shares that formerly constituted free float. The interests of Otkritie Bank, particularly as a state-owned institution, may not always coincide with the interests of
our other shareholders. In particular, if Otkritie Bank or its controlling shareholder were to decide they are not interested in continuing to hold this stake, whether due to the fact that it represents a
non-core
business for Otkritie Bank or otherwise, a sale of a stake of the size could put significant downward pressure on the price of our ADSs. We also believe that due to the recent deterioration of
relationships between Russia and the U.S. the fact that the CBR owns, albeit indirectly, a significant stake in our company may be perceived as a negative by certain investors. This concentration of ownership may also adversely affect the price of
our ADSs.
Our ADS holders have limited rights in relation to the appointment of our directors, including our independent directors.
Other than in certain limited cases provided for in our articles of association, our directors are elected by shareholder weighted voting,
sometimes referred to as cumulative voting, under which each shareholder has the right to cast as many votes as the voting rights attached to its shares multiplied by a number equal to the number of board seats to be filled by shareholders. As a
result, our class A shareholders will have the ability to appoint, through the weighted voting set forth in our articles of association, at least a majority of the board of directors for the foreseeable future. The interests of our directors may
therefore not be aligned with or be in the best interests of the holders of our ADSs.
The rights of our shareholders are governed by Cyprus law and
our articles of association, and differ in some important respects from the typical rights of shareholders under U.S. state laws.
Our corporate affairs are governed by our articles of association and by the laws governing companies incorporated in Cyprus. The rights of our
shareholders and the responsibilities of members of our board of directors under Cyprus law and our articles of association are different than
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under some of the U.S. state laws. For example, by law existing holders of shares in a Cypriot public company are entitled to
pre-emptive
rights on the
issue of new shares in that company (provided such shares are paid in cash and the
pre-emption
rights have not been disapplied). In addition, our articles of association include other provisions, which differ
from provisions typically included in the governing documents of most companies organized in the U.S.:
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our board of directors can only take certain actions by means of a supermajority vote of 75% of its members, including approving our annual budget and business plan, disposing of our interest in a subsidiary if such
disposal results in a change of control over such subsidiary, issuing shares for consideration other than cash and other actions;
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our shareholders are able to convene an extraordinary general meeting; and
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if our board of directors exercises its right to appoint a director to fill a vacancy on the board created during the term of a directors appointment, shareholders holding 10.01% of the voting rights of the
company may terminate the appointment of all of the directors and initiate reelection of the entire board of directors.
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As
a result of the differences described above, our shareholders may have rights different to those generally available to shareholders of companies organized under U.S. state laws and our board of directors may find it more difficult to approve
certain actions.
Acquisitions of Russian entities are subject to
pre-closing
approval by multiple
government authorities which exercise significant discretion as to whether a consent should be granted or not, and are regulated by a significant body of law which is often ambiguous and open to varying interpretations.
Due to our ownership of Qiwi Bank, any transactions resulting in the acquisition of more than 50% of our voting power or the right to otherwise
direct our business activities would become subject to preliminary approval by the CBR. In addition, any acquisition of more than 50% of our voting power may also be subject to a preliminary approval by the Russian Federal Antimonopoly Service, or
the FAS. Furthermore, Qiwi Bank holds encryption licenses which are necessary to conduct its operations, and by virtue of this may be deemed to be a strategic enterprise for the purposes of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation
No. 57-FZ
On the Procedure for Foreign Investments in Enterprises which are Strategically Important for the State Defense and National Security, dated April 29, 2008, as amended. In this case,
any acquisition of control over our company would require an approval of a specialized government commission, which is a relatively lengthy process that typically takes between three and six months in practice. See RegulationRegulation
of Strategic Investments. These regulatory approval requirements may have the effect of making a takeover of our company more difficult or less attractive, and may prevent or delay a change of control, which could have a negative impact on the
liquidity of, and investor interest in, our ADSs.
Additionally, under Russian law, the depositary may be treated as the owner of the
class B shares underlying the ADSs, and therefore, could be deemed a beneficial shareholder of Qiwi Bank. This is different from the way other jurisdictions treat ADSs. As a result, the depositary may be subject to the approval requirements of the
CBR, FAS and the government commission described above in the event an amount of our shares representing over 50% of our voting power is deposited in the ADS program. Accordingly, our ADS program may be subject to an effective limit of 50% of our
voting power, unless the depositary obtains FAS, CBR and potentially additional government commission approvals to increase its ownership in excess of 50% of our voting power. This could limit our ability to raise capital in the future and the
ability of our existing shareholders to sell their ADSs in the public markets, which in turn may impact the liquidity of share capital.
The quota
imposed on foreign ownership of Russian banks may make a takeover of our company by a foreign purchaser impossible.
Under current
Russian law, the Russian government is entitled, upon consultation with the CBR, to propose legislation imposing a quota on foreign ownership in the Russian banking industry, covering both Russian branches of international banks and foreign
participation in the charter capital of Russian banks, such as Qiwi Bank. In December 2015, a 50% quota on foreign ownership was introduced, subject to certain exemptions. If such quota is exceeded, a takeover of our company by a foreign purchaser
may become impossible, which could limit, prevent or delay a change of control of our company and in turn could negatively impact the liquidity of our ADSs.
As a foreign private issuer whose ADSs are listed on Nasdaq, we have elected to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of
certain Nasdaq requirements.
As a foreign private issuer whose ADSs are listed on Nasdaq, we are permitted in certain cases to,
and do, follow Cyprus corporate governance practices instead of the corresponding requirements of Nasdaq. A foreign private issuer that elects to follow a home country practice instead of Nasdaq requirements must submit to Nasdaq in advance a
written statement from an independent counsel in such issuers home country certifying that the issuers practices are not prohibited by the home countrys laws. In addition, a foreign private issuer must disclose in its annual
reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission any significant requirement that it does not follow and describe the home country practice followed instead of any such requirement. We follow Cyprus corporate governance practices with
regard to the composition of our board of directors which, unlike the applicable Nasdaq rule for U.S. corporations, do not require that a majority of our directors be independent. Currently only three out of our seven directors are independent. We
also do not have a compensation committee or a nominating committee comprised entirely of independent directors, and our independent directors do not meet in regular executive sessions. In addition, our board of directors has not made any
determination whether it will comply with certain Nasdaq rules concerning shareholder approval prior to our taking certain company actions, including the issuance of 20% or more of our then-outstanding share capital or voting power in connection
with an acquisition, and our board of directors, in such circumstances, may instead determine to follow Cypriot law. Accordingly, our shareholders may not be afforded the same protection as provided under Nasdaq corporate governance rules.
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Our ADS holders may not have the same voting rights as the holders of our class A shares and class B shares
and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise their right to vote. Our ADS holders right to receive certain distributions may be limited in certain respects by the deposit agreement.
Except as set forth in the deposit agreement, holders of our ADSs are not able to exercise voting rights attaching to the class B shares
represented by our ADSs on an individual basis. Holders of our ADSs have to appoint the depositary or its nominee as their representative to exercise the voting rights attaching to the class B shares represented by the ADSs. Upon receipt of voting
instructions from an ADS holder, the depositary will vote the underlying class B shares in accordance with these instructions. Pursuant to our articles of association, we may convene an annual shareholders meeting or a shareholders
meeting called for approval of matters requiring a 75% shareholder vote upon at least 45 days notice and upon at least 30 days notice for all other shareholders meetings. If we give timely notice to the depositary under the terms
of the deposit agreement, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure our ADS holders that they will receive the voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote
the class B shares underlying their ADSs, and it is possible that our ADS holders, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote. In addition, the depositary
and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that our ADS holders may not be able to exercise their right to vote and there may be nothing such
holders can do if the class B shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as requested. In addition, although our ADS holders may directly exercise their right to vote by withdrawing the class B shares underlying their ADSs, they may not receive
sufficient advance notice of an upcoming shareholders meeting to withdraw the class B shares underlying their ADSs to allow them to vote with respect to any specific matter. Furthermore, under the deposit agreement, the depositary has the
right to restrict distributions to holders of the ADSs in the event that it is unlawful or impractical to make such distributions. We have no obligation to take any action to permit distributions to holders of our ADSs. As a result, holders of ADSs
may not receive distributions made by us.
Risks Relating to the Russian Federation and Other Markets in Which We Operate
Emerging markets such as Russia are subject to greater risks than more developed markets, including significant legal, economic and political risks.
Investors in emerging markets such as Russia should be aware that these markets are subject to greater risk than more developed
markets, including in some cases significant legal, economic and political risks. Investors should also note that emerging economies are subject to rapid change and that the information set out herein may become outdated relatively quickly.
Accordingly, investors should exercise particular care in evaluating the risks involved and must decide for themselves whether, in light of those risks, their investment is appropriate. Generally, investment in emerging markets is only suitable for
sophisticated investors who fully appreciate the significance of the risks involved, and investors are urged to consult with their own legal and financial advisors before making an investment in our ADSs.
The situation in Ukraine and the U.S., EU and other sanctions that have been imposed in connection therewith could adversely impact our operations and
financial condition.
The Ukraine crisis, which started in late 2013 and remains unresolved, has brought Russian relations with the
West to a post-Cold War low point. Western countries protested when Crimea (which had been part of Ukraine since 1954) entered into the Russian Federation in March 2014 and have complained that Russia is fomenting civil insurrection in east Ukraine.
In response to the Ukraine crisis, Ukraine, the European Union and the United States (as well as other countries such as Norway, Canada
and Australia) have passed a variety of economic sanctions against Russia. One form these sanctions have taken is to identify certain persons as designated nationals with the basic practical consequences that U.S. persons cannot do
business with them while EU persons cannot provide funds or other economic resources to them, their assets in the EU and United States are subject to seizure and in the case of individuals they can be subject to travel bans. A number of Russian
government officials, businessmen, banks and companies have been so designated. Another form these sanctions have taken, with greater consequence for the Russian economy, is sectoral sanctions with the basic consequence that several of
Russias leading banks including Gazprombank, Vnesheconombank, Bank of Moscow, Russian Agricultural Bank, VTB Bank, and Sberbank cannot access Western capital (as EU and U.S. persons are prohibited from extending them debt
financing in excess of 30 days or dealing in their new equity issuances and providing related services); similar sectoral sanctions have been applied against several prominent Russian oil and gas and defense companies. Other Western sanctions have
been imposed in respect of, among other things, Russian military defense entities, dual use technologies, sophisticated
off-shore
oil drilling technologies and doing business in Crimea.
Certain sanctions, thus far only imposed by Ukraine, and Russian countersanctions instituted in response to such sanctions, directly target
payment services providers such as ourselves (see We are subject to extensive government regulation). There can be no assurance that additional sanctions affecting the payments business will not be imposed by Russia or other
countries in which we operate. While other current sanctions do not target us or the payments industry more generally, these sanctions have had and may continue to have the effect of damaging the Russian economy by, among other things, accelerating
capital flight from Russia, weakening of the Russian ruble, exacerbating the negative investor sentiment towards Russia and making it harder for Russian companies to access international financial markets for debt and equity financing. In addition,
a number of Western businesses have curtailed or suspended activities in Russia or dealings with Russian counterparts for reputational reasons even though currently neither such activities nor dealings with their relevant Russian counterparts were
proscribed by the sanctions. An expansion of the existing or introduction of new sanctions, including those mentioned above, or sanctions specifically targeting us or our management or shareholders, or our sector generally, could result in our
international customers, suppliers, shareholders and other business partners revising their relationship with us for compliance, political, reputational or other reasons, which could affect our business.
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Some of our agents, merchants or Tochkas SME clients, although mostly not incorporated in
Crimea, may have operations there. Further, before the introduction of the corresponding sanctions we have had direct contacts with several Crimea banks that are registered as financial legal entities in Crimea, and currently such banks may continue
to operate as our agents or merchants. On December 19, 2014, U.S. President Obama signed a new executive order imposing comprehensive sanctions on the Crimea region. The EU has similarly introduced a broad set of sanctions through the
Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014 as amended by Regulation (EU) 1351/2014. To date, we do not believe that any of the current sanctions as in force limit our ability to work with entities that may have operations in Crimea or operate in Crimea.
Nevertheless, if we are deemed to be in violation of any sanctions currently in place or if any new or expanded sanctions are imposed on Russian businesses operating in Crimea by the U.S., EU, or other countries our business and results of
operations may be materially adversely affected.
In the ordinary course of our business, we may accept payments from consumers to or
otherwise indirectly interact with certain entities that are the targets of U.S. sanctions. We operate primarily within the Russian financial system and, accordingly, many of our customers have accounts at banks in Russia. The U.S., EU and other
countries have adopted a package of economic restrictive measures imposing certain sanctions on the operations of various Russian banks, including VTB Bank and Gazprombank. Some of our subsidiaries hold bank accounts at the aforementioned banks as
well as have overdrafts and bank guarantees in VTB Bank. A number of Russian banks, including Bank Rossiya, SMP Bank, Investcapitalbank and Sobinbank have been designated by OFAC and are subject to U.S. economic sanctions. In addition,
Tempbank was designated due to its dealings with the Syrian government. U.S. sanctions may be extended to any person that U.S. authorities determine has materially assisted, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or
goods or services to or in support of, any sanctioned individuals or entities. For example, we may be associated with U.S.-designated banks due to us accepting payments for them from consumers in the ordinary course of our business, even though we
may not have any direct contract relationships with them. There can be no assurance that the U.S. Government would not view such activities as meeting the criteria for U.S. economic sanctions.
In addition, because of the nature of our business, we do not generally identify our customers where there is no express requirement to do so
under Russian anti-money laundering legislation. Therefore, we are not always able to screen them against the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List published by OFAC and other sanctions lists.
While we believe that our indirect interaction with Russian banks and potential interaction with designated individuals that may be subject to
U.S. or EU economic and financial sanctions does not contravene any law, our business and reputation could be adversely affected if the U.S. government were to designate us as a blocked party and extend such sanctions to us. The executive orders
authorizing the U.S. sanctions provide that persons may be designated if, inter alia, they materially assist, or provide financial, material, or technological support for goods or services to or in support of, blocked or designated parties. EU
financial sanctions prohibit the direct and indirect making available of funds or economic resources to or for the benefit of sanctioned parties. Investors may also be adversely affected if we are so designated, resulting in their investment in our
securities being prohibited or restricted. Furthermore, under those circumstances, some U.S. or EU investors may decide for legal or reputational reasons to divest their holdings in us or not to purchase our securities in the first place. We
are aware of initiatives by U.S. governmental entities and U.S. institutional investors, such as pension funds, to adopt or consider adopting laws, regulations, or policies prohibiting transactions with or investment in, or requiring divestment
from, entities doing business with certain countries. There can be no assurance that the foregoing will not occur or that such occurrence will not have a material adverse effect on our share price. Even if we are not subjected to U.S. or other
economic sanctions, our participation in the Russian financial system and indirect interaction with sanctioned banks and potential interaction with designated individuals may adversely impact our reputation among investors. There is also a risk
that other entities with which we engage in business, or individuals or entities associated with them, are, or at any time in the future may become, subject to sanctions.
In August 2017, the United States passed a Countering Americas Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA), which
significantly tightened sectoral sanctions discussed above and introduced a host of new sanctions, including secondary sanctions targeting
non-U.S.
persons if the U.S. President
determines that any such person knowingly and materially violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate or causes a violation of a restriction introduced under any relevant U.S. Russian sanctions legislation or facilitates a significant
transaction or transactions for or on behalf of any person subject to U.S. Russian sanctions or his or her relatives. This legislation further restricts access of the sanctioned Russian banks and energy companies to debt financing on international
capital markets, and expands the application of sanctions in relation to the Russian energy sector. Furthermore, this legislation puts significant limitations on the U.S. Presidents authority to ease sanctions and issue licensing actions with
respect to Russia.
In October 2017, the U.S. Department of State issued public guidance on implementation of CAATSA and the list of
Russian defense and intelligence companies and institutions, significant transactions with which may result in the imposition of sanctions on persons that engage in such transactions with these companies and institutions. The new
legislation also widens the differences between the U.S. and EU sanctions against Russia. The EU recently extended its own sectoral sanctions until 31 July 2018 but has not adopted new, broader sanctions like those in the said U.S. legislation.
Instead, some EU leaders have discussed possible blocking or retaliatory measures in response to those U.S. secondary sanctions that may adversely affect European companies.
CAATSA also requires the U.S. Department of Treasury to issue reports on Russian senior political figures and oligarchs, Russian parastatal
entities and illicit financing in Russia, presumably to determine whether other parties should be sanctioned. The first report was issued on 29 January 2018 and lists 114 senior Russian political figures and 96 wealthy Russian businessmen
(Report). The Report states, and the OFAC further clarified, that it is not a sanctions list, and the inclusion of individuals or entities in it, its appendices, or its annex does not and in no way should be interpreted to impose
sanctions on those individuals or entities, and moreover, the inclusion of individuals or entities in the Report, its appendices, or its classified annexes does not, in and of itself, imply, give rise to, or create any other restrictions,
prohibitions, or limitations on dealings with such persons by U.S. or
non-U.S.
persons. The inclusion on the unclassified list does not indicate that the U.S. Government has information about the
individuals involvement in malign activities. Any new sanctions imposed on the basis of the Report, may have a material adverse effect on the Russian economy and lead to retaliatory sanctions from Russia.
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To date, no individual or entity within our group has been designated by either the United States
or the EU as a specific target of their respective Ukraine related sanctions. No assurance can be given, however, that any such individual or entity will not be so designated in the future, or that broader sanctions against Russia that affect our
company, will not be imposed. In addition, no assurance can be given that any of our transactions with third parties that are subject to the sanctions will not constitute significant transactions for purposes of CAATSA.
Non-compliance
with the U.S., EU and other sanctions programs applicable to us could expose us to significant fines and penalties and to enforcement measures, or result in the loss of clients, any which in turn
could adversely impact our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.
The crisis in Ukraine is ongoing and
could escalate. Were full-fledged hostilities to break out between Ukraine and Russia, they would likely cause significant economic disruption and further calls from the Western countries for a comprehensive sanction regime that would seek to
further isolate Russia from the world economy. Even the current level of ongoing civil insurrection in eastern Ukraine, if no resolution is forthcoming, may well lead to further strengthening and broadening of Ukraine-related sanctions. For example,
there have been proposals to cut off Russia from the international SWIFT payment system, which would disrupt ordinary financial services in Russia and any cross-border trade. The potential further repercussions surrounding the situation in Crimea
and Eastern Ukraine are unknown and no assurance can be given regarding the future of relations between Russia and other countries. Overall, the situation in Ukraine and Crimea remains uncertain and we cannot predict how the Ukrainian crisis will
unfold or the impact it will have on our business or results of operations. Additionally, relations between the US and Russia have recently become strained over a variety of other issues, which could result in further sanctions against Russia or
specific individuals, entities or economy sectors. See Deterioration of Russias relations with other countries could negatively affect the Russian economy and those of the nearby regions. Any or all of the above factors
could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects
.
Know-your-client
requirements established by Russian anti-money laundering legislation may adversely impact our transaction volumes.
Our business
is currently subject to know-your-client requirements established by Federal Law of the Russian Federation
No. 115-FZ
On Combating the Legalization (Laundering) of Criminally Obtained Income and
Funding of Terrorism, dated August 7, 2001, as amended, or the Anti-Money Laundering Law. Based on the Anti-Money Laundering Law we distinguish three types of consumers based on their level of identification, being anonymous, identified
through a simplified procedure and fully identified. The consumers who have not undergone any identification procedure are qualified as anonymous and are not allowed to perform transactions in excess of RUB15,000 as well as hold an electronic money
account balance in excess of RUB15,000. They may also face some restrictions in terms of categories of merchants they can pay to (for example they cannot pay for foreign merchants). The consumers who have undergone simplified identification
procedure with the payment services provider are entitled to perform electronic money transactions in excess of RUB15,000 provided that at any point of time the account balance of electronic money does not exceed RUB60,000 and the total amount of
transactions does not exceed RUB200,000 per month. Fully identified consumers are entitled to perform same type of electronic transfers as consumers identified through a simplified procedure but with increased threshold of the electronic money
account balance of RUB600,000 and no limitations for the total transaction amount per month. The key difference between the simplified and the full identification procedures is that the simplified identification can be performed remotely. The remote
identification requires the verification of certain data provided by consumers against public databases. Albeit a government order No. 630 dated 8 July 2014 was enacted providing that public databases shall be set up by specific government
authorities and access to them shall be granted to the third parties authorized to carry out identification of consumers, to our knowledge, such databases are not yet up and running at scale. Thus, current situation could cause us to be in violation
of the identification requirements. In case we are forced not to use the simplified identification procedure until the databases are fully running or in case the identification requirements are further tightened, it could negatively affect the
number of our consumers and, consequently, our volumes and revenues. Additionally, Russian anti-money laundering legislation is in a constant state of development and is subject to varying interpretations. If we are found to be in
non-compliance
with any of its requirements, we could not only become subject to fines and other sanctions, but could also have to discontinue to process operations that are deemed to be in breach of the applicable
rules and lose associated revenue streams.
Political and governmental instability could adversely affect the value of investments in Russia.
Political conditions in the Russian Federation were highly volatile in the 1990s, as evidenced by the frequent conflicts amongst
executive, legislative and judicial authorities, which negatively impacted the business and investment climate in the Russian Federation. Over the past two decades the course of political and other reforms has in some respects been uneven and the
composition of the Russian Government has at times been unstable. The Russian political system continues to be vulnerable to popular dissatisfaction, including dissatisfaction with the results of the privatizations of the 1990s, as well as to
demands for autonomy from certain religious, ethnic and regional groups.
Over the last 15 years, the Russian political system and the
relationship between the President, the Russian Government and the Russian Parliament were generally stable. There have been, however, public protests in Moscow and other urban areas following elections for the State Duma in December 2011 alleging
that the elections were subject to substantial electoral fraud. The Prime Minister at that time, Mr. Vladimir Putin has rejected calls by opposition leaders that the elections for the State Duma be annulled and
re-run,
but has instituted limited political reforms. Similar protests took place following the presidential elections in March 2012, which resulted in
re-election
of
Mr. Vladimir Putin and may be expected to occur in connection with the March 2018 presidential election.
Future changes in the
Russian Government, the State Duma or the presidency, major policy shifts or eventual lack of consensus between the president, the Russian Government, Russias parliament and powerful economic groups could lead to political instability.
Additionally, the potential for political instability resulting from the worsening of the economic situation in Russia and deteriorating standards of living should not be underestimated. Any such instability could negatively affect the economic and
political environment in Russia, particularly in the short term. Shifts in governmental policy and regulation in the Russian Federation are less predictable than in many Western democracies and
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could disrupt or reverse political, economic and regulatory reforms. Any significant change in the Russian Governments program of reform in Russia could lead to the deterioration of
Russias investment climate that might limit our ability to obtain financing in the international capital markets or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The implementation of government policies in Russia targeted at specific individuals or companies could harm our business as well as investments in
Russia more generally.
The use of governmental power against particular companies or persons, for example, through the tax,
environmental or prosecutorial authorities, could adversely affect the Russian economic climate and, if directed against us, our senior management or our major shareholders, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and
results of operations. Russian authorities have recently challenged some Russian companies and prosecuted their executive officers and shareholders on the grounds of tax evasion and related charges. In some cases, the results of such prosecutions
and challenges have been significant claims against companies for unpaid taxes and the imposition of prison sentences on individuals. There has been speculation that in certain cases these challenges and prosecutions were intended to punish, and
deter, opposition to the government or the pursuit of disfavored political or economic agendas. There has also been speculation that certain environmental challenges brought recently by Russian authorities in the oil and gas as well as mining
sectors have been targeted at specific Russian businesses under
non-Russian
control, with a view to bringing them under state control. More generally, some observers have noted that takeovers in recent years
of major private sector companies in the oil and gas, metals and manufacturing sectors by state-controlled companies following tax, environmental and other challenges may reflect a shift in official policy in favor of state control at the expense of
individual or private ownership, at least where large and important enterprises are concerned.
Deterioration of Russias relations with other
countries could negatively affect the Russian economy and those of the nearby regions.
Over the past several years, Russia has
been involved in conflicts, both economic and military, involving other members of the CIS. On several occasions, this has resulted in the deterioration of Russias relations with other members of the international community, including the
United States and various countries in Europe. Many of these jurisdictions are home to financial institutions and corporations that are significant investors in Russia and whose investment strategies and decisions may be affected by such conflicts
and by worsening relations between Russia and its immediate neighbors.
For example, relations between Ukraine and Russia, as well as
Georgia and Russia, have been strained over a variety of issues. On March 21, 2014, President Putin signed legislation to recognize Crimeas accession to, and status as part of, Russia. Since then, there has been continuing tensions
between Russia and Ukraine, which were aggravated by the military conflict in Eastern Ukraine. Another recent point of tension between Russia and Western governments has been the Russian role in the Syrian crisis and its military support for the
government of Syria. The events in Ukraine, Crimea and Syria have prompted condemnation by members of the international community and have been strongly opposed by the EU and the United States, with a resulting material negative impact on the
relationships between the EU, the United States and Russia. See The situation in Ukraine and the U.S., EU and other sanctions that have been imposed could adversely impact our operations and financial condition. Additionally,
starting from December 2016 the U.S.-Russia relationships became further strained over the alleged involvement of the Russian government in the cyber-attacks aimed at disrupting the election process in the U.S. and the new sanctions imposed by the
U.S. in response. Our company has inadvertently become associated with these events when in November 2017 reports emerged that our payment services were used to pay for the Facebook ads that were allegedly placed with the goal of illegally
influencing the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Even though such payments were not classified as doubtful and we were not in a position to identify them as being made for any improper purpose if they were being so made, a mere association with
these events could harm the reputation of our company. In March 2018, the U.K. expelled Russian diplomats over alleged involvement of Russian intelligence service in a murder of a Russian citizen on U.K. soil, and several other EU nations have
announced plans to follow suit. The emergence of new or escalated tensions between Russia and other countries and resulting sanctions could negatively affect the Russian economy. This, in turn, may result in a general lack of confidence among
international investors in the regions economic and political stability and in Russian investments generally. Such lack of confidence may result in reduced liquidity, trading volatility and significant declines in the price of listed
securities of companies with significant operations in Russia, including our ADSs, and in our inability to raise debt or equity capital in the international capital markets, which may affect our ability to achieve the level of growth to which we
aspire.
Crime and corruption could create a difficult business climate in Russia.
The political and economic changes in Russia since the early 1990s have led, amongst other things, to reduced policing of society and increased
lawlessness. Organized crime, particularly property crimes in large metropolitan centers, has reportedly increased significantly since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In addition, the Russian and international media have reported high levels of
corruption in Russia. Press reports have also described instances in which government officials have engaged in selective investigations and prosecutions to further the interest of the government and individual officials or business groups. Although
we adhere to a business ethics policy and internal compliance procedures to counteract the effects of crime and corruption, instances of illegal activities, demands of corrupt officials, allegations that we or our management have been involved in
corruption or illegal activities or biased articles and negative publicity could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Economic instability in Russia could have an adverse effect on our business.
The Russian economy has been adversely affected by the recent global financial and economic crisis. A continuation of the economic crisis could
have a negative effect on the scale and profitability of our business. Any of the following risks, which the Russian economy has experienced at various points in the past, may have or have already had a significant adverse effect on the economic
climate in Russia and may burden or have already burdened our operations:
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significant declines in gross domestic product, or GDP;
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high levels of inflation;
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sudden price declines in the natural resource sector;
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high and fast-growing interest rates;
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unstable credit conditions;
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international sanctions;
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high state debt/GDP ratio;
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instability in the local currency market;
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a weakly diversified economy which depends significantly on global prices of commodities;
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lack of reform in the banking sector and a weak banking system providing limited liquidity to Russian enterprises;
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pervasive capital flight;
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corruption and the penetration of organized crime into the economy;
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significant increases in unemployment and underemployment;
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the impoverishment of a large portion of the Russian population;
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large number of unprofitable enterprises which continue to operate due to deficiency in the existing bankruptcy procedure;
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prevalent practice of tax evasion; and
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growth of the black-market economy.
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As Russia produces and exports large quantities of crude
oil, natural gas, petroleum products and other commodities, the Russian economy is particularly vulnerable to fluctuations in oil and gas prices as well as other commodities prices, which historically have been subject to significant volatility over
time, as illustrated by the recent decline in crude oil prices. Russian banks, and the Russian economy generally, were adversely affected by the global financial crisis. In 2014 and 2015, Russia experienced an economic downturn characterized by
substantial depreciation of its currency, sharp fluctuations of interest rates, a decline in disposable income, a steep decline in the value of shares traded on its stock exchanges, a material increase in the inflation rate, and a decline in the
gross domestic product. In 2016-2017 some of those economic trends reversed or moderated, with oil prices increasing somewhat, inflation rates declining significantly and gross domestic product returning to modest growth. There can be no assurance
that any measures adopted by the Russian government to mitigate the effect of any financial and economic crisis will result in a sustainable recovery of the Russian economy. Current macroeconomic challenges, low or negative economic growth in the
United States, China, Japan and/or Europe and market volatility may provoke or prolong any economic crisis.
As an emerging economy,
Russia remains particularly vulnerable to further external shocks. Events occurring in one geographic or financial market sometimes result in an entire region or class of investments being disfavored by international
investorsso-called
contagion effects. Russia has been adversely affected by contagion effects in the past, and it is possible that it will be similarly affected in the future by negative
economic or financial developments in other countries. Economic volatility, or a future economic crisis, may undermine the confidence of investors in the Russian markets and the ability of Russian businesses to raise capital in international
markets, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the Russian economy and the Groups results of operations, financial condition and prospects. In addition, any further declines in oil and gas prices or other commodities pricing
could disrupt the Russian economy and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
The
banking system in Russia remains underdeveloped.
The banking and other financial systems in Russia are not well-developed or
regulated, and Russian legislation relating to banks and bank accounts is subject to varying interpretation and inconsistent application. The 1998 financial crisis resulted in the bankruptcy and liquidation of many Russian banks and almost entirely
eliminated the developing market for commercial bank loans at that time. From April to July 2004, the Russian banking sector experienced further serious turmoil. As a result of various market rumors and certain regulatory and liquidity problems,
several privately owned Russian banks experienced liquidity problems and were unable to attract funds on the inter-bank market or from their client base. Simultaneously, they faced large withdrawals of deposits by both retail and corporate
customers. Several of these privately owned Russian banks collapsed or ceased or severely limited their operations. Russian banks owned or controlled by the government and foreign owned banks generally were not adversely affected by the turmoil.
There are currently a limited number of creditworthy Russian banks (most of which are headquartered in Moscow). Although the CBR has the
mandate and authority to suspend banking licenses of insolvent banks, some insolvent banks still operate. Many Russian banks also do not meet international banking standards, and the transparency of the Russian banking sector in some respects still
lags behind internationally accepted norms. Banking supervision is also often inadequate, as a result of which many banks do not follow existing CBR regulations with
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respect to lending criteria, credit quality, loan loss reserves, diversification of exposure or other requirements. The imposition of more stringent regulations or interpretations could lead to
weakened capital adequacy and the insolvency of some banks. Prior to the onset of the 2008 global economic crisis, there had been a rapid increase in lending by Russian banks, which many believe had been accompanied by a deterioration in the credit
quality of the loan portfolio of those banks. In addition, a robust domestic corporate debt market was leading Russian banks to hold increasingly large amounts of Russian corporate ruble bonds in their portfolios, which further deteriorated the risk
profile of the assets of Russian banks. The global financial crisis of 2007-2008 has led to the collapse or bailout of some Russian banks and to significant liquidity constraints for others. Profitability levels of most Russian banks have been
adversely affected. Indeed, the global crisis has prompted the government to inject substantial funds into the banking system amid reports of difficulties among Russian banks and other financial institutions.
In recent years, the CBR has considerably increased the intensity of its supervision and regulation of the Russian banking sector.
Historically, the revocation of banking licenses by the CBR has been a relatively rare event mostly occurring to local banks with little assets and little or no significance for the banking sector as a whole. Starting October 2013, however, the CBR
has launched a campaign aimed at cleansing the Russian banking industry, revoking the licenses from an unusually high number of banks (including significant banks such as Ugra, Master-Bank, Investbank, ProBusinessBank, Svyaznoy Bank, Vneshprombank,
Tatfondbank and others) on allegations of money laundering, financial statements manipulation and other illegal activities, as well as inability of certain banks to discharge their financial obligations, which resulted in turmoil in the industry,
instigated bank runs on a number of Russian credit institutions, and severely undermined the trust that the Russian population had with private banks. In addition, in the course of 2017 three of Russias largest private banks, Otkritie Bank,
Binbank and Promsvyazbank, were all bailed out and taken over by the CBR through the newly established Banking Industry Consolidation Fund, since all of them were allegedly unable to perform their obligations as they fell due for various reasons.
The private banking sector in Russia, always relatively minor compared to state players like Sberbank and VTB to begin with, has contracted severely as a result. This can be expected to result in reduced competition in the banking sector (while at
the same time putting alternative payment solution providers such as ourselves in the position of having to predominantly compete with the government itself), increased inflation and a general deterioration of the quality of the Russian banking
industry. It could be expected that the difficulties currently faced by the Russian economy could result in further collapses of Russian banks. With few exceptions (notably the state-owned banks), the Russian banking system suffers from weak
depositor confidence, high concentration of exposure to certain borrowers and their affiliates, poor credit quality of borrowers and related party transactions. Current economic circumstances in Russia are putting stress on the Russian banking
system. Combined with heightened interest rates with the key interest rate of the CBR currently at 7.25% per annum (but rising as high as 17% over the course of 2014-2015) these circumstances decrease the affordability of consumer
credit, putting further pressure on overall consumer purchasing power. In addition, these factors could further tighten liquidity on the Russian market and add pressure onto the ruble.
Our business is significantly affected by development in the Russian banking sector. First, we periodically hold funds in a number of Russian
banks and rely on guarantees given by those banks to enhance our liquidity. Increased uncertainty in the Russian banking sector exposes us to additional counterparty risk and affects our liquidity. In addition, a significant portion of our revenue
is derived from consumer payments in the banking industry in our Financial Services market vertical. As a result, the bankruptcy or insolvency of one or more of these banks could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of
operations. The continuation or worsening of the banking crisis could decrease our transaction volumes, while the bankruptcy or insolvency of any of the banks which hold our funds could prevent us from accessing our funds for several days. All of
these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Social instability could lead to
labor and social unrest, increased support for renewed centralized authority, nationalism or violence.
Failures to adequately
address social problems have led in the past, and could lead in the future, to labor and social unrest. Labor and social unrest could have political, social and economic consequences, such as increased support for a renewal of centralized authority;
increased nationalism, with support for
re-nationalization
of property, or expropriation of or restrictions on foreign involvement in the economy of Russia; and increased violence. Any of these could have an
adverse effect on confidence in Russias social environment and the value of investments in Russia, could restrict our operations and lead to a loss of revenue, and could otherwise have a material adverse effect on its business, results of
operations and financial condition.
Russia has experienced high levels of inflation in the past.
As a substantial portion of our expenses (including operating costs and capital expenditures) are denominated in rubles, the relative movement
of inflation and exchange rates significantly affects our results of operations. The effects of inflation could cause some of our costs to rise. Russia has experienced high levels of inflation since the early 1990s. For example, inflation increased
dramatically after the 1998 financial crisis, reaching a rate of 84.4% in that year. According to Rosstat, inflation in the Russian Federation was 6.5% in 2013, 11.4% in 2014,12.9% in 2015, 5.4% in 2016 and 2.5% in 2017. Certain of our costs, such
as salaries and rent, are affected by inflation in Russia. To the extent the inflation causes these costs to increase, such inflation may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The immaturity of legal systems, processes and practices in the Russian Federation may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of
operations.
Risks associated with the legal systems of the Russian Federation include, to varying degrees, inconsistencies between
and among laws, presidential decrees, edicts and governmental and ministerial orders and resolutions; conflicting local, regional, and federal rules and regulations; the lack of judicial or administrative guidance regarding the interpretation of the
applicable rules; the untested nature of the independence of the judiciary and its immunity from political, social and commercial influences; the relative inexperience of jurists, judges and courts in interpreting recently enacted legislation and
complex commercial arrangements; a high degree of unchecked discretion on the part of governmental authorities; alleged corruption within the judiciary and governmental authorities; substantial gaps in the regulatory structure due to
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delays in or absence of implementing regulations; bankruptcy procedures that are not well-developed and are subject to abuse; and a lack of binding judicial precedent. All of these weaknesses
affect our ability to protect and enforce our legal rights, including rights under contracts, and to defend against claims by others. In addition, the merger of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, which used to oversee business
disputes, into the Supreme Court, which used to only handle criminal cases and civil lawsuits, is viewed by some as having further aggravated these issues.
The Russian judicial system is not immune from economic and political influences. The Russian court system is understaffed and underfunded,
and the quality of justice, duration of legal proceedings, and performance of courts and enforcement of judgments remain problematic. Under Russian legislation, judicial precedents generally have no binding effect on subsequent decisions and are not
recognized as a source of law. However, in practice, courts usually consider judicial precedents in their decisions. Enforcement of court judgments can in practice be very difficult and time-consuming in Russia. Additionally, court claims are
sometimes used in furtherance of political and commercial aims. All of these factors can make judicial decisions in Russia difficult to predict and make effective redress problematic in certain instances.
The relatively recent enactment of many laws, the lack of consensus about the scope, content and pace of political and economic reform and the
rapid evolution of legal systems in ways that may not always coincide with market developments have resulted in legal ambiguities, inconsistencies and anomalies and, in certain cases, the enactment of laws without a clear constitutional or
legislative basis. Legal and bureaucratic obstacles and corruption exist to varying degrees in each of the regions in which we operate, and these factors are likely to hinder our further development. These characteristics give rise to investment
risks that do not exist in countries with more developed legal systems. The developing nature of the legal systems in Russia could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Unlawful, selective or arbitrary government action may have an adverse effect on our business.
Governmental authorities have a high degree of discretion in Russia and at times appear to act selectively or arbitrarily, without hearing or
prior notice, and in a manner that is contrary to law or influenced by political or commercial considerations. Moreover, the Russian Government also has the power in certain circumstances, by regulation or government act, to interfere with the
performance of, nullify or terminate contracts. Unlawful, selective or arbitrary governmental actions have reportedly included denial or withdrawal of licenses, sudden and unexpected tax audits, criminal prosecutions and civil actions. Federal and
local government entities also appear to have used common defects in matters surrounding share issuances and registration as pretexts for court claims and other demands to invalidate the issuances or registrations or to void transactions, seemingly
for political purposes. Moreover, selective, public criticism by Russian Government officials of Russian companies has in the past caused the price of publicly traded securities in such Russian companies to sharply decline, and there is no assurance
that any such public criticism by Russian Government officials in the future will not have the same negative affect. Standard & Poors has expressed concerns that Russian companies and their investors can be subjected to
government pressure through selective implementation of regulations and legislation that is either politically motivated or triggered by competing business groups. In this environment, our competitors could receive preferential treatment from
the government, potentially giving them a competitive advantage. Unlawful, selective or arbitrary governmental action, if directed at our operations in Russia, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of
operations.
Russian companies can be forced into liquidation on the basis of formal
non-compliance
with
certain requirements of Russian law.
Certain provisions of Russian law may allow a court to order the liquidation of a Russian
legal entity on the basis of its formal
non-compliance
with certain requirements during formation, reorganization or during its operation. There have been cases in the past in which formal deficiencies in the
establishment process of a Russian legal entity or
non-compliance
with provisions of Russian law have been used by Russian courts as a basis for the liquidation of a legal entity. Weaknesses in the Russian
legal system create an uncertain legal environment, which makes the decisions of a Russian court or a governmental authority difficult, if not impossible, to predict. If any of our operating subsidiaries incorporated in Russia were subject to
involuntary liquidation, such liquidation could lead to significant negative consequences for our business, financial condition and results of operations.
For example, under Russian corporate law, negative net assets calculated on the basis of the Russian accounting standards as of the end of the
year following the second or any subsequent year of a companys existence can serve as a basis for creditors to accelerate their claims and to demand payment of damages, as well as for a court to order the liquidation of the company upon a
claim by governmental authorities. Many Russian companies have negative net assets due to very low historical value of property, plant and equipment reflected on their Russian accounting standards balance sheets. However, their solvency (defined as
their ability to pay debts as they come due) is not otherwise adversely affected by such negative net assets. There are cases when courts have ordered mandatory liquidation of a company based on its negative net assets, though such company had
continued to fulfill its obligations and had net assets in excess of the required minimum at the time of liquidation.
Shareholder liability under
Russian corporate law could cause us to become liable for the obligations of our subsidiaries.
Russian law generally provides that
shareholders in a Russian joint-stock company or participants in a limited liability company are not liable for that companys obligations and risk only the loss of their investment. This may not be the case, however, when one company (the
effective parent) is capable of making decisions for another (the effective subsidiary). Under certain circumstances, the effective parent bears joint and several responsibility for transactions concluded by the effective
subsidiary in carrying out such decisions.
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In addition, under Russian law, an effective parent is secondarily liable for an effective
subsidiarys debts if an effective subsidiary becomes insolvent or bankrupt as a result of the action of an effective parent. In these instances, the other shareholders of the effective subsidiary may claim compensation for the effective
subsidiarys losses from the effective parent that causes the effective subsidiary to take action or fail to take action knowing that such action or failure to take action would result in losses. We could be found to be the effective parent of
our subsidiaries, in which case we would become liable for their debts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our operations in Kazakhstan have become significant, and many of the risks we face in Kazakhstan are similar to those we face in Russia.
In addition to Russia, our operations in Kazakhstan are significant. In many respects, the risks we face in operating business in Kazakhstan
are similar to those in Russia as set out above in Risks Relating to the Russian Federation and Other Markets in Which We Operate. As is typical of an emerging market, Kazakhstan does not possess a well-developed business, legal
and regulatory infrastructure and has been subject to substantial political, economic and social change. Our business in Kazakhstan is subject to Kazakhstan specific laws and regulations including with respect to tax, anti-corruption, and foreign
exchange controls. Such laws are often rapidly changing and are unpredictable. In addition, we are exposed to foreign currency fluctuations, between the Russian ruble and the Kazakh tenge, which could affect our financial position and our
profitability. Our failure to manage the risks associated with doing business in Kazakhstan could have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations.
Risks Relating to Taxation
Weaknesses and changes
in the Russian tax system could materially and adversely affect our business and the value of investments in Russia.
We are
subject to a broad range of taxes and other compulsory payments imposed at federal, regional and local levels, including, but not limited to, profits tax, VAT, corporate property tax and social contributions. Tax laws, namely the Russian Tax Code,
have been in force for a short period relative to tax laws in more developed market economies, and the implementation of these tax laws is often unclear or inconsistent. Historically, the system of tax collection has been relatively ineffective,
resulting in continual changes to the interpretation of existing laws. Although the quality of Russian tax legislation has generally improved with the introduction of the first and second parts of the Russian Tax Code, the possibility exists that
Russia may impose arbitrary or onerous taxes and penalties in the future, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. A large number of changes have been made to various chapters of the Russian Tax Code
since their introduction. Since Russian federal, regional and local tax laws and regulations are subject to changes and some of the sections of the Russian Tax Code relating to the aforementioned taxes are comparatively new, interpretation of these
regulations is often unclear or
non-existent.
Also, different interpretations of tax regulations exist both among and within government bodies at the federal, regional and local levels, which creates
uncertainties and inconsistent enforcement. The current practice is that private clarifications to specific taxpayers queries with respect to particular situations issued by the Russian Ministry of Finance are not binding on the Russian tax
authorities and there can be no assurance that the Russian tax authorities will not take positions contrary to those set out in such clarifications. During the past several years the Russian tax authorities have shown a tendency to take more
assertive positions in their interpretation of the tax legislation, which has led to an increased number of material tax assessments issued by them as a result of tax audits. In practice, the Russian tax authorities generally interpret the tax laws
in ways that do not favor taxpayers, who often have to resort to court proceedings against the Russian tax authorities to defend their position. In some instances, Russian tax authorities have applied new interpretations of tax laws retroactively.
There is no established precedent or consistent court practice in respect of these issues. Furthermore, in the absence of binding precedent, court rulings on tax or other related matters by different courts relating to the same or similar
circumstances may also be inconsistent or contradictory. Moreover, reorganization of the court system in Russia (i.e. transfer of the powers of the Higher Arbitrazh Court of the Russian Federation to the High Court of Russian Federation in
accordance with the Federal Law No.
2-FKZ
On the Russian High Court and the Russian Public Prosecution Office dated February 5, 2014) may result in change in the court practice which may be
unfavorable for taxpayers.
The Russian tax authorities are increasingly taking a substance over form approach. For example,
starting from January 1, 2015 a number of amendments have been made to the Russian tax legislation introducing, among others, the concepts of controlled foreign companies, corporate tax residency and beneficial ownership (see also Russian
anti-offshore measures may have adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations). Due to the relative lack of court and administrative practice, no assurance can be currently given as to how these amendments will
be applied in practice, their potential interpretation by the tax authorities and the possible impact on us.
In addition, on
November 27, 2017 the Federal Law No.
340-FZ
introducing
country-by-country
reporting (CbCR) requirements was
published. The mandatory filing of CbCR is, in general, in line with the Organization for Economic
Co-operation
and Development (OECD) recommendations within the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
(BEPS) initiative. The law has taken effect on the date of its official publication, and its provisions apply to financial years starting in 2017 (except for the provisions regarding the national documentation). These amendments would
require multinational corporate enterprise groups with consolidated revenues of over certain threshold to submit annual CbCR, as well as certain other reporting forms detailing multinational corporate enterprises groups operations (locally and
globally, respectively), as well as transfer pricing methodologies applied to intra-group transactions. Thus, if we reach the reporting threshold in Russia (over RUB 50 billion), or alternatively in any other jurisdiction of our presence (e.g. in
Cyprus, where the Decree issued by the Cyprus Minister of Finance on December 30, 2016 introduced a mandatory CbCR for multinational enterprise groups generating consolidated annual turnover exceeding EUR 750 million) we may be liable to submit
relevant CbCR. It is at the moment unclear how the above measures will be applied in practice by the Russian tax authorities and courts. We do not consider the Company to be subject to CbCR requirements. However, taking into consideration the
possibility of further developments in Russia as well as international legislation, we may become subject to the above requirements. It is important to note that the above changes and amendments to the Russian Tax Code introduced by the law do not
replace already existing transfer pricing documentation requirements.
Certain other changes were introduced to the Russian Tax Code over
the recent years, namely: temporary limit on the amount of loss carried forward to be utilized to reduce taxable income (applicable for 2017-2020 inclusively); increase of late payment interest for overdue tax payments; changes to classification of
controlled transactions under the transfer pricing rules (starting from 2017 any guarantees between Russian
non-banking
organizations, as well as interest-free loans between Russian related parties will not be
treated as controlled transactions).
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The possibility exists that the Government may introduce additional
tax-raising
measures. Although it is unclear how such measures would operate, the introduction of any such measures may affect the Groups overall tax efficiency and may result in significant additional taxes
becoming payable.
The Russian Federation has joined the OECD Multilateral Agreement for amending double tax treaties, and automatic
information exchange with foreign tax authorities. This new initiative, together with the list of offshore jurisdictions that is published annually by the Federal Tax Service of Russia (and had previously included Cyprus), may lead to significant
changes of tax treaties provisions and applicable practice and may potentially result in a risk of higher tax burden for our business.
There can be no assurance that the Russian Tax Code will not be changed in the future in a manner adverse to the stability and predictability
of the tax system. These factors, together with the potential for state budget deficits, raise the risk of the imposition of additional taxes on us. The introduction of new taxes or amendments to current taxation rules may have a substantial impact
on the overall amount of our tax liabilities. There is no assurance that we would not be required to make substantially larger tax payments in the future, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business in Russia may be deemed to receive unjustified tax benefits.
In its decision No
138-0
dated July 25, 2001, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation,
or the Constitutional Court, introduced the concept of a taxpayer acting in a bad faith without clearly stipulating the criteria for it. Although this concept is not defined in Russian tax law, it has been used by the tax authorities to
deny, for instance, the taxpayers right to obtain tax deductions and benefits provided by the tax law. The tax authorities and courts often exercise significant discretion in interpreting this concept in a manner that is unfavorable to
taxpayers.
On October 12, 2006, the Plenum of the Higher Arbitrazh Court of the Russian Federation, or the Higher Arbitrazh Court,
issued Ruling No. 53, formulating another concept known as the concept of an unjustified tax benefit. This concept is defined in the ruling mainly by reference to specific examples of such tax benefits (e.g., tax benefits obtained
as a result of a transaction that has no reasonable business purpose) which may lead to disallowance of their application. The tax authorities applied the unjustified tax benefit concept in a broad sense, not only combatting the abuse of
the Russian tax law, but also disallowing benefits granted by double tax treaties. To date, in the cases where this concept has been applied, the courts have ruled in favor of taxpayers that managed to demonstrate business rationale of the
operations challenged by the Russian tax authorities.
On July 19, 2017 a law introducing the concept of unjustified tax
benefit into the Russian Tax Code was adopted. As opposed to the court-based version of the concept, currently there are two specific criteria that should be met simultaneously to entitle a taxpayer to reduce the tax base or the amount of tax:
(i) the main purpose of the transaction (operation) is not a
non-payment
(incomplete payment) and (or) offset (refund) of the amount of tax; and (ii) the obligation under the transaction (operation)
is executed by a person who is a party to a contract entered into with the taxpayer and / or a person to whom the obligation to execute a transaction (operation) was transferred under a contract or law.
The Russian Tax Code specifically indicates that signing of primary documents by an unidentified or unauthorized person, violation by the
counterparty of tax legislation, the possibility to obtain the same result by a taxpayer by entering into other transactions not prohibited by law cannot be considered in itself as a basis for recognizing the reduction of the tax base or the amount
of tax unlawful. However, application of these criteria is still under consideration of the tax authorities, therefore, no assurance can be given that positions of taxpayers will not be challenged by the Russian tax authorities.
The new version of the concept of unjustified tax benefit is applied starting from August 19, 2017, yet it may be applied to
prior periods if it benefits taxpayers. However, as of the date of this annual report, no assurance can be given that later the Russian tax authorities would not rely on the court-based version of the concept or even both ones, which may result in a
higher tax burden of taxpayers.
In addition to the usual tax burden imposed on Russian taxpayers, these conditions complicate tax
planning and related business decisions. This uncertainty could possibly expose our Group to significant fines and penalties and to enforcement measures, despite our best efforts at compliance, and could result in a greater than expected tax burden.
Our Russian subsidiaries are subject to tax audits by Russian tax authorities which may result in additional tax liabilities.
Tax returns together with related documentation are subject to review and investigation by a number of authorities, which are enabled by
Russian law to impose substantial fines and interest charges. Generally, taxpayers are subject to tax audits for a period of three calendar years immediately preceding the year in which the decision to conduct the audit is taken. Nevertheless, in
some cases the fact that a tax period has been reviewed by the tax authorities does not prevent further review of that tax period, or any tax return applicable to that tax period. In addition, based on the court practice and the first part of the
Russian Tax Code, the three-year statute of limitations for tax liabilities is extended if the actions of the taxpayer create insurmountable obstacles for the tax audit. Because none of the relevant terms is defined in Russian law, the tax
authorities may have broad discretion to argue that a taxpayer has obstructed or hindered or created insurmountable obstacles in respect of an audit, effectively linking any difficulty experienced in the course of
their tax audit with obstruction by the taxpayer and use that as a basis to seek tax adjustments and penalties beyond the three-year term. Therefore, the statute of limitations is not entirely effective. Tax audits may result in additional costs to
our Group if the relevant tax authorities conclude that our Russian entities did not satisfy their tax obligations in any given year. Such audits may also impose additional burdens on our Group by diverting the attention of management resources. The
outcome of these audits could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
31
Russian transfer pricing legislation may require pricing adjustments and impose additional tax liabilities
with respect to all controlled transactions.
The existing transfer pricing rules became effective from January 1, 2012. Under
these rules the Russian tax authorities are allowed to make transfer-pricing adjustments and impose additional tax liabilities in respect of certain types of transactions (controlled transactions). The list of the controlled
transactions includes transactions with related parties (with several exceptions such as guarantees between Russian
non-banking
organizations and interest-free loans between Russian related parties) and
certain types of cross border transactions. The burden of proving market prices, as well as keeping specific documentation, lies with the taxpayers. Major taxpayers are allowed to enter into advance pricing agreements to agree an appropriate
transfer pricing methodology for certain period with the tax authorities; however, it is unclear how such agreements operate in practice as their content is not publically available. Special transfer pricing rules apply to transactions with
securities and derivatives. It is currently difficult to evaluate what effect these provisions may have on us.
Tax authorities are
entitled to perform tax audits of Russian taxpayers with the focus on compliance with existing transfer pricing legislation. It is therefore possible that the Group entities may become subject to transfer pricing tax audits by tax authorities in the
foreseeable future. Due to the uncertainty and lack of established practice of application of the Russian transfer pricing legislation the Russian tax authorities may challenge the level of prices applied by the Group under the
controlled transactions (including certain intercompany transactions) or challenge the methods used to prove prices applied by the Group, and as a result accrue additional tax liabilities. If additional taxes are assessed with respect to
these matters, they may be material.
ADS holders outside of Russia may be subject to Russian tax for income earned upon a sale, exchange or
disposal of our ADSs.
In the event that the proceeds from a sale, exchange or disposal of ADSs are deemed to be received from a
source within Russia, a
non-resident
holder that is an individual may be subject to Russian tax in respect of such proceeds at a rate of 30% of the gain (such gain being computed as the sales price less any
available documented cost deduction, including the acquisition price of the ADSs and other documented expenses, such as depositary expenses and brokers fees). In case of
non-resident
holders that are
legal entities or organizations proceed from sale, exchange or disposal of ADSs would be regarded as Russian source proceeds subject to tax in Russia at the rate of 20% if more than 50% of our assets consist of immovable property in Russia. Relevant
tax may be eliminated under any available double tax treaty relief, provided that the necessary requirements to qualify for the treaty relief and the appropriate administrative requirements under the Russian tax legislation have been met. For
example, holders of ADSs that are eligible for the benefits of the United States-Russia double tax treaty should generally not be subject to tax in Russia on any gain arising from the disposal of ADSs, provided that the gain is not attributable to a
permanent establishment or a fixed base that is or was located in Russia and/or provided that no more than 50% of our assets consist of immovable property situated in Russia (as defined in the treaty). Because the determination of whether more than
50% of our assets consist of immovable property situated in Russia is inherently factual and is made on an
on-going
basis, and because the relevant Russian legislation and regulations are not entirely clear,
there can be no assurance that immovable property situated in Russia will not, from time to time, constitute more than 50% of our assets. If more than 50% of our assets were to consist of immovable property situated in Russia, the benefits of the
United States-Russia double tax treaty may not be available to an ADS holder (whether a legal entity or an individual). For more details, see Russian Tax Considerations Relevant to the Purchase, Ownership and Disposal of the ADSs.
Changes in the double tax treaty between Russia and Cyprus may significantly increase our tax burden.
A company that is tax resident of Cyprus is subject to Cypriot taxation and qualifies for benefits available under the Cypriot tax treaty
network, including the Russia-Cyprus double tax treaty. We can provide no assurance that the double tax treaty will not be renegotiated or revoked.
The Protocol of October 7, 2010 introduced a number of amendments to the Russia-Cyprus double tax treaty dated December 5, 1998.
Most of these amendments have been in effect since January 1, 2013. Additionally, the Protocol contained a clause on Article 13 of the Russia-Cyprus double tax treaty, under which gains from the alienation of shares or similar rights deriving
more than 50% of their value from immovable property, must be taxed in the country where the property is located starting from January 1, 2017.
Adverse changes in, or the cancellation of, the Russia-Cyprus double tax treaty may significantly increase our tax burden and adversely affect
our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be deemed to be a tax resident outside of Cyprus.
According to the provisions of the Cyprus Income Tax Law, a company is considered to be a resident of Cyprus for tax purposes if its management
and control are exercised in Cyprus. The concept of management and control is not defined in the Cypriot tax legislation. For more details in relation to tax residency in Cyprus see Item 10.E TaxationMaterial Cypriot Tax
ConsiderationsTax residency of a company. If we are deemed not to be a tax resident in Cyprus, we may not be subject to the Cypriot tax regime other than in respect of Cyprus sourced income and we may be subject to the tax regime of the
country in which we are deemed to be a tax resident. Further, we would not be eligible for benefits under the tax treaties entered into between Cyprus and other countries. Under the Russian Tax Code, a foreign legal entity may be recognized as a
Russian tax resident if such entity is in fact managed from Russia. For more details in relation to tax residency in Russia see Russian anti-offshore measures may have adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of
operations.
The double tax treaty in force between Cyprus and Russia provides that a company shall be deemed to be a tax resident
of the state in which the place of effective management of the company is situated. The process of determining the effective management in this case will be achieved through the two states endeavoring to determine the place of effective management
by mutual agreement having regard to all relevant factors.
32
In addition, taking into account that the majority of our board of directors comprises tax
residents or citizens of Russia, this may pose a risk that we, even if we are managed and controlled from Cyprus and, therefore, being a tax resident in Cyprus, may be deemed to have a permanent establishment in Russia or elsewhere. Such a permanent
establishment could be subject to taxation of the jurisdiction of the permanent establishment on the profits allocable to the permanent establishment. If we are tax resident in a jurisdiction outside of Cyprus or are deemed to have a permanent
establishment in Russia or elsewhere, our tax burden may increase significantly, which, in turn, may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to Special Contribution for the Defence Fund in Cyprus.
According to the provisions of the Special Contribution for the Defence of the Republic Law N.117(I)/2002, as amended, Special Contribution for
the Defence might be imposed on dividend income, passive interest income and rental income earned by companies tax resident in Cyprus (See Item 10.E Taxation Material Cypriot Tax Considerations Taxation of
Dividend income, and Deemed Dividends Distribution and Taxation of interest income).
Cyprus tax
resident companies which do not distribute 70% of their profits after tax, as defined by the Special Contribution for the Defence of the Republic Law, by the end of the two years after the end of the year of assessment to which the profits refer,
will be deemed to have distributed this amount as dividend. Special Contribution for the Defence will be payable on such deemed dividend to the extent that the shareholders for deemed dividend distribution purposes at the end of the period of two
years from the end of the year of assessment to which the profits refer, are Cyprus tax residents. The Special Contribution for the Defence rate is equal to 17% in respect of profits of years of assessment 2012 onwards. The amount of this deemed
dividend distribution is reduced by any actual dividend paid out of the profits of the relevant year by the end of the period of two years from the end of the year of assessment to which the profits refer. This Special Contribution for the Defence
is paid by the Company for the account of the shareholders.
In September 2011, the Commissioner of the Inland Revenue Department of
Cyprus issued Circular 2011/10, which exempted from the Special Contribution for the Defence any profits of a company that is tax resident in Cyprus imputed indirectly to shareholders that are themselves tax resident in Cyprus to the extent that
these profits are indirectly apportioned to shareholders who are ultimately not Cyprus tax residents
Further to the above and in view of
the provisions of Tax Technical Circular 2016/8, any profits of a Cyprus tax resident company imputed directly or indirectly to shareholders who are Cyprus tax residents but not domiciled in Cyprus should be exempt from Special Contribution for the
Defence.
An individual is considered to be domiciled in Cyprus for the purposes of Special Contribution for Defence if he/she has a
domicile of origin in Cyprus per the Wills and Succession Law (with certain exceptions) or if he/she has been a tax resident in Cyprus for at least 17 out of the 20 tax years immediately prior to the tax year of assessment.
In case our ultimate shareholder is considered to be a Cyprus tax resident domiciled in Cyprus and no actual dividend is ever paid out of the
relevant profits, we may be subject to the Special contribution of the Defence. Imposition of this tax could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Depending upon the value and the nature of our assets and the amount and nature of our income over time, we could be classified as a passive foreign
investment company (PFIC) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
We will be classified as a PFIC in any taxable year if
either: (a) 50% or more of the fair market value of our gross assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) for the taxable year produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, or (b) 75% or more of our
gross income for the taxable year is passive income. As a publicly traded foreign corporation we intend for this purpose to treat the aggregate fair market value of our gross assets as being equal to the aggregate value of our outstanding stock
(market capitalization) plus the total amount of our liabilities and to treat the excess of the fair market value of our assets over their book value as a nonpassive asset to the extent attributable to our nonpassive income. Because we
currently hold, and expect to continue to hold, a substantial amount of cash and cash equivalents and other passive assets used in our business, and because the value of our gross assets is likely to be determined in large part by reference to our
market capitalization securities, we would likely become a PFIC for a given taxable year if the market price of our ADSs were to decrease significantly. The application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and we must
make a separate determination after the close of each taxable year as to whether we were a PFIC for such year. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor held our ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. investor might be subject to
increased U.S. federal income tax liability and to additional reporting obligations. We do not intend to provide the information necessary for the U.S. investor to make a qualified electing fund election with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares.
See Taxation United States Federal Income Tax Considerations Passive Foreign Investment Companies.
Our companies
established outside of Russia may be exposed to taxation in Russia.
Due to our international structure (see Item 18.
Financial Statements, Note 5. Consolidated subsidiaries), we are subject to permanent establishment and transfer pricing risks in various jurisdictions in which we operate. We manage the related risks by looking at management functions and risks in
various countries and level of profits allocated to each subsidiary. If additional taxes are assessed with respect to these matters, they may be material.
The Russian Tax Code contains the concept of a permanent establishment in Russia as means for taxing foreign legal entities, which carry on
regular entrepreneurial activities in Russia beyond preparatory and auxiliary activities. The Russian double tax treaties with other countries also contain a similar concept. If a foreign company is treated as having a permanent establishment in
Russia, it would be subject to Russian taxation in a manner broadly similar to the taxation of a Russian legal entity, but only to the extent of the amount of the foreign companys income that is attributable to the permanent establishment in
Russia. However, the practical application of the concept of a permanent
33
establishment under Russian domestic law is not well developed and so foreign companies having even limited operations in Russia, which would not normally satisfy the conditions for creating a
permanent establishment under international norms, may be at risk of being treated as having a permanent establishment in Russia and hence being exposed to Russian taxation. Furthermore, the Russian Tax Code contains attribution rules, which are not
sufficiently developed and there is a risk that the tax authorities might seek to assess Russian tax on the global income of a foreign company. Having a permanent establishment in Russia may also lead to other adverse tax implications, including
challenging a reduced withholding tax rate on dividends under an applicable double tax treaty, potential effect on VAT and property tax obligations. There is also a risk that penalties could be imposed by the tax authorities for failure to register
a permanent establishment with the Russian tax authorities. Recent events in Russia suggest that the tax authorities may be seeking more actively to investigate and assert whether foreign entities of our Group operate through a permanent
establishment in Russia. Any such taxes or penalties could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A number of amendments had been made to the Russian tax legislation introducing, amongst others, the concepts of controlled foreign companies,
corporate tax residency and beneficial ownership (Federal Law No.
376-FZ
was signed by the Russian President on November 24, 2014 (as amended) with its provisions applicable starting from January 1,
2015). Due to the lack of court and administrative practice, no assurance can be currently given as to how these amendments will be applied in practice and their exact nature, their potential interpretation by the tax authorities and the possible
impact on us. We cannot rule out the possibility that, as a result of the introduction of changes to Russian tax legislation, certain of our companies established outside Russia might be deemed to be Russian tax residents, subject to all applicable
Russian taxes. For more details see risks described in Russian anti-offshore measures may have adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may encounter difficulties in obtaining lower rates of Russian withholding income tax envisaged by the Russia-Cyprus double tax treaty for dividends
distributed from Russia.
Dividends paid by a Russian legal entity to a foreign legal entity are generally subject to Russian
withholding income tax at a rate of 15%, although this tax rate may be reduced under an applicable double tax treaty. We intend to rely on the Russia-Cyprus double tax treaty. The tax treaty allows reduction of withholding income tax on dividends
paid by a Russian company to a Cypriot company to 10% provided that the following conditions are met: (i) the Cypriot company is a tax resident of Cyprus within the meaning of the tax treaty; (ii) the Cypriot company is the beneficial
owner of the dividends; (iii) the dividends are not attributable to a permanent establishment of the Cypriot company in Russia; and (iv) the treaty clearance procedures are duly performed. This rate may be further reduced to 5% if the
direct investment of the Cypriot company in a Russian subsidiary paying the dividends is at least EUR100,000. Although we will seek to claim treaty protection, there is a risk that the applicability of the reduced rate of 5% or 10% may be challenged
by Russian tax authorities. As a result, there can be no assurance that we would be able to avail ourselves of the reduced withholding income tax rate in practice. Specifically, our Cypriot holding company may incur a 15% withholding income tax at
source on dividend payments from Russian subsidiaries if the treaty clearance procedures are not duly performed at the date when the dividend payment is made. In this case we may seek to claim as a refund the difference between the 15% tax withheld
and the reduced rate of 10% or 5% as appropriate. However, there can be no assurance that such taxes would be refunded in practice. Similar approach is applied to dividends received from Russian subsidiaries by the Companys
non-Russian
subsidiaries.
Furthermore, a number of amendments had been made to the Russian tax
legislation introducing, amongst others, the concept of beneficial ownership. Under this concept, double tax treaty benefits are only available to the recipient of income from Russian sources, if such recipient is the beneficial owner of the
relevant income. Foreign entities that do not qualify as beneficial owners may not claim double tax treaty relief even if they are residents in a double tax treaty country. For these purposes, the beneficial owner is defined as a person holding
directly, through its direct and/or indirect participation in other organizations or otherwise, the right to own, use or dispose of income, or the person on whose behalf another person is authorized to use and/or dispose of such income. In order to
determine whether a foreign entity is a beneficial owner of income, it is necessary to take into account the functions performed by such foreign entity, as well as the risks borne by it. Entities are not recognized as beneficial owners of income if
they have limited authorities to use or dispose income received from Russian sources, perform agency or other similar functions in favor of third parties, not taking any risks, or transfer such income (either partially or in full) to third parties
that are not eligible to double tax treaty benefits.
Introduction of the concept of beneficial ownership may result in the inability of
the foreign companies within our Group to claim benefits under a double taxation treaty through structures which historically have benefited from double taxation treaty protection in Russia. This may be the case if the recipient of the income is not
recognized as its beneficial owner, look-through approach cannot be applied or is challenged by the tax authorities. Recent court cases demonstrate that the Russian tax authorities actively challenge application of double tax treaty benefits
retroactively (i.e. prior to concept of beneficial ownership was introduced in the Russian Tax Code) on the grounds that double tax treaties already include beneficial ownership requirement to allow application of reduced tax rates or exemptions. In
these cases the Russian tax authorities obtained relevant information by means of information exchange with the foreign tax authorities. The imposition of additional tax liabilities as a result of the application of this rule to transactions carried
out by us may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations (see - Russian anti-offshore measures may have adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations).
Russian anti-offshore measures may have adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations
The Russian Federation, like a number of other countries in the world, is actively involved in introduction of measures against tax evasion
through the use of low tax jurisdictions as well as aggressive tax planning structures. Starting from January 1, 2015, the Federal Law No.
376-FZ,
introducing the concept of controlled foreign
companies (the CFC Rules), the concept of corporate tax residency and the concept of beneficial ownership into Russian tax legislation, came into force. Moreover, Russia has entered into several multilateral
agreements for the exchange of information between the tax authorities of different countries.
34
Under the Russian CFC Rules, in certain circumstances, undistributed profits of foreign companies
and
non-corporate
structures (e.g., trusts, funds or partnerships) domiciled in foreign jurisdictions, which are ultimately owned and/ or controlled by Russian tax residents (legal entities and individuals)
will be subject to taxation in Russia. The Russian CFC Rules are being constantly developed. A number of amendments to the Russian CFC Rules were made within 2015-2017 years. In the meantime, certain provisions of the Russian CFC Rules are still
ambiguous and may be subject to arbitrary interpretation by the Russian tax authorities.
Under the concept of corporate tax
residency a foreign legal entity may be recognized as a Russian tax resident if: (i) its executive body(ies) operates in respect of such company in Russia on regular basis (however, the activity of executive body will not be viewed as
regular if it is insignificant compared to the one in the other jurisdiction), or (ii) senior executive personnel of the company who are authorized to plan and control activities of the company and take responsibility over it basically carry
out management of the company from Russia (i.e. make decisions or take any other measures in respect of operational activities of the company that are within the competence of the companys executive body). Provided that one of the above
conditions is met both in Russia and in other jurisdiction to the same extent, the place of management and control is defined as Russia, subject to meeting one or more of the following is carried out in Russia: (i) bookkeeping and maintaining
of management accounts (other than preparation and reporting of consolidated financial or management accounts, as well as analysis of operations of the foreign company), or (ii) companys record keeping, or (iii) daily management of
the companys staff. When an entity is recognized as Russian tax resident it is obligated to register with the Russian tax authorities, calculate and pay Russian tax on its worldwide income and comply with other
tax-related
rules established for Russian entities. There is still an uncertainty as to how these criteria will be applied by the Russian tax authorities in practice.
Under the Russian Tax Code, a beneficial owner is defined as a person holding directly, through its direct and/or indirect participation in
other organizations or otherwise, the right to own, use or dispose of income, or the person on whose behalf another person is authorized to use and/or dispose of such income. When determining the beneficial owner, the functions of a foreign person
that is claiming the application of reduced tax rates under an applicable double tax treaty and the risks that such person takes should be analyzed. In accordance with the provisions of the Russian Tax Code, the benefits of a double tax treaty will
not apply if a foreign person claiming such benefits has limited powers to dispose of the relevant income, fulfills intermediary functions without performing any other duties or taking any risks and paying such income (partially or in full) directly
or indirectly to another person who would not be entitled to the same benefits should it received the income in question directly from Russia. Starting from January 1, 2017, the Russian Tax Code requires a tax agent (i.e. the payer of income)
(in addition to a certificate of tax residency) to obtain a confirmation from the recipient of the income that it is the beneficial owner of the income. However, at the moment it is still not clear in what form such confirmation should be obtained.
On November 4, 2014 the Russian President also signed Federal Law No.
325-FZ
ratifying the
multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters developed by the Council of Europe and the OECD, which the Russian Federation signed in 2011. Ratification of this Convention enables the Russian Federation starting from
July 1, 2015 to receive tax information from all participating countries which include, among others, a number of offshore jurisdictions (mutual disclosures to the participating countries are required). In particular, this Convention provides
for three types of tax information exchange between countries: exchange upon request, automated exchange and voluntary
(ad-hoc)
exchange. Moreover, the Convention offers such instruments as simultaneous tax
audits (tax authorities can carry out an audit in their respective territories and then exchange data on the audited group of companies or persons connected with joint interests), as well as foreign tax audits (when a tax audit includes the work of
foreign tax authorities). The Convention also foresees mutual assistance of states to collect taxes within their respective territories.
It is currently unclear how the Russian tax authorities will interpret and apply the abovementioned tax concepts and what will be the possible
impact on us and our subsidiaries. As to the beneficial ownership concept, in a number of recent court cases, the tax authorities successfully applied this concept retroactively in respect to payments made before 2015 (i.e. prior to the date when
the Russian beneficial ownership concept have come into force). Herewith, the tax authorities were unable to refer to the new rules enacted by the Federal Law No.
376-FZ
for the period prior to 2015, so they
referred to an applicable double tax treaty and the Commentaries to the OECD Model Tax Convention. Starting from 2015 the tax authorities may refer to specific provision of the Russian Tax Code when they challenge the beneficial ownership of the
recipient and charge additional tax. Moreover, as mentioned above, starting from 2017, obtaining a confirmation that the income recipient is its beneficial owner became an obligatory procedure (rather than a right of a tax agent) for applying a
reduced withholding tax rate.
Therefore, it cannot be excluded that we might be subject to additional tax liabilities because of these changes being
introduced and applied to transactions carried out by us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
VAT on digital services in Russia
Starting from January 1, 2017, the new rules of the Russian Tax Code introducing obligation to pay Russian VAT on the digital
(electronically supplied) services in case such digital services are supplied (deemed to be supplied) in Russia (VAT law) entered into force. Based on the new VAT law digital services shall be regarded as supplied at the place of the
buyers location. The new rules establish special criteria to determine whether the buyers are located in Russia.
Obligations to pay
VAT on digital services supplied in Russia would depend on the way of the provision of such services. In particular, VAT law contains the following provisions:
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If services are provided by foreign suppliers to Russian individuals via Russian sales agents under agency (or other similar) agreements and such agents participate in settlements directly with individuals, then such
Russian agents would be obliged to act as tax agents, withhold and pay the respective amounts of VAT to the Russian budget. No VAT registration will be required for the foreign suppliers. If services are provided via chain of sales agents the last
sales agent in the chain collecting money from customers should withhold and pay the respective amounts of VAT;
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If services are provided by foreign suppliers to Russian individuals via foreign sales agents and such agents participate in settlements directly with individuals, then such foreign agents are obliged to register in
Russia for VAT purposes and fulfil VAT obligations related to digital services. If services are provided via several foreign agents, then a foreign agent which performs settlements directly with individuals is regarded as a tax agent which should be
registered in Russia for VAT purposes and fulfil VAT obligations.
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These rules do not contain exact list of companies which
should be regarded as tax agents for payment of VAT on digital services, but rather mention a broad list of intermediaries. However, based on the amendments introduced by the Federal Law No.
335-FZ
dated
November 27, 2017, starting from January 1, 2018 the national payment system operators specified in Federal Law No.
161-FZ
On the National Payment System dated June 27, 2017 and
mobile operators are excluded from the list of tax agents in respect of activities involving cash settlements for digital services.
The
law also extends the obligation to register and pay VAT to foreign companies that provide electronic services to legal entities and individual entrepreneurs. At the same time, buyers of such services are provided with the right to deduct VAT from
foreign sellers. These amendments will come into force on January 1, 2019.
Any further developments on enforcement of VAT law could
have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Relating to our ADSs
The class B shares underlying the ADSs are not listed and may be illiquid.
The class B shares underlying the ADSs are neither listed nor traded on any stock exchange, and we do not intend to apply for the listing or
admission to trading of the class B shares on any stock exchange. As a result, a withdrawal of class B shares by a holder of ADSs, whether by election or due to certain other events will result in that holder obtaining securities that are
significantly less liquid than the ADSs and the price of those class B shares may be discounted as a result of such withdrawal.
Our ADSs trade on
more than one market and this may result in increased volatility and price variations between such markets.
Our ADSs trade on both
Nasdaq and MOEX. Trading in our ADSs on these markets occurs in different currencies (U.S. dollars on Nasdaq and Russian rubles on MOEX) and at different times (due to different time zones, trading days and public holidays in the United States and
Russia). The trading prices of our ADSs on these two markets may differ due to these and other factors. The liquidity of trading in our ADSs on MOEX is limited. This may impair your ability to sell your ADSs on MOEX at the time you wish to sell them
or at a price that you consider reasonable. In addition, trading of a small number of ADSs on that market could adversely impact the price of our ADSs significantly and could, in turn, impact the price in the United States. ADSs are completely
fungible between both markets. Any decrease in the trading price of our ADSs on one of these markets could cause a decrease in the trading price of our ADSs on the other market. Additionally, as there is no direct trading or settlement between the
two stock markets, the time required to move the ADSs from one market to another may vary and there is no certainty of when ADSs that are moved will be available for trading or settlement.
Future sales of ADSs or ordinary shares by significant shareholders could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.
If any of our significant shareholders sell, or indicate an intent to sell, substantial amounts of our ADSs or ordinary shares, including both
class A shares and class B shares, in the market, the trading price of our ADSs could decline significantly. We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future sales of these ADSs or ordinary shares or the availability of these ADSs or
ordinary shares for sale will have on the market price of our ADSs. As of the date of this annual report, we have outstanding 60,949,057 ordinary shares, including those represented by ADSs. Our shares that are not currently represented by ADSs
could generally be added into our ADS program in relatively short order, subject to applicable securities laws restrictions. Our significant shareholders currently include Mr. Sergey Solonin (see The substantial share ownership
position of our chief executive officer Sergey Solonin may limit your ability to influence corporate matters) and Otkritie Bank (see The substantial share ownership position of Otkritie could be adverse to the interests of our
minority shareholders). A significant sale of our securities by any of these holders or any other future owner of a substantial stake in our company could have a detrimental effect on the trading price of our ADSs. We cannot predict what
effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of the ADSs.
Investors in our ADSs may have limited recourse against us, our directors and executive officers because we conduct our operations outside the United
States and most of our current directors and executive officers reside outside the United States.
Our presence outside the United
States may limit investors legal recourse against us. We are incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Cyprus. Almost all of our current directors and senior officers reside outside the United States, principally in the Russian
Federation. Substantially all of our assets and the assets of our current directors and executive officers are located outside the United States, principally in the Russian Federation. As a result, investors may not be able to effect service of
process within the United States upon our company or its directors and executive officers or to enforce U.S. court judgments obtained against our company or its directors and executive officers in Russia, Cyprus or other jurisdictions outside the
United States, including actions under the civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws. In addition, it may be difficult for investors to enforce, in original actions brought in courts in jurisdictions outside the United States, liabilities
predicated upon US securities laws. There is no treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation providing for reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgments in civil and commercial matters. These limitations may
deprive investors of effective legal recourse for claims related to their investment in our ADSs.
36
Our ADS holders may not be able to exercise their
pre-emptive
rights in relation to future issuances of class B shares.
In order to raise funding in the future, we may issue additional class B
shares, including in the form of ADSs. Generally, existing holders of shares in Cypriot public companies are entitled by law to
pre-emptive
rights on the issue of new shares in that company (provided that such
shares are paid in cash and the
pre-emption
rights have not been disapplied). Our ADS holders may not be able to exercise
pre-emptive
rights for class B shares
represented by ADSs unless applicable securities law requirements are adhered to or an exemption from such requirements is available. In the United States, we may be required to file a registration statement under the Securities Act to implement
pre-emptive
rights. We can give no assurance that an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act would be available to enable U.S. holders of ADSs to exercise such
pre-emptive
rights and, if such exemption is available, we may not take the steps necessary to enable U.S. holders of ADSs to rely on it. Accordingly, our ADS holders may not be able to exercise their
pre-emptive
rights on future issuances of shares, and, as a result, their percentage ownership interest in us would be reduced.
In April 2013, our shareholders authorized the disapplication of
pre-emptive
rights for a period of
five years from May 8, 2013, the date of the closing of our initial public offering, in connection with the issue of up to an additional 52,000,000 class B shares, including in the form of ADSs. Any issuances of class B shares for cash
exceeding this amount during this five-year period would require disapplication of
pre-emptive
rights by the class B shareholders at such time; moreover, a Cyprus court or regulatory authority could
determine that such waiver should not apply to an issuance of class B shares even if it is within such amount. Such disapplication will expire on May 8, 2018, and while we have solicited further disapplication by our shareholders, such
disapplication has not been supported by our public shareholders so far. If no further disapplication of
pre-emptive
rights is approved by our shareholders, or if for any reason the disapplication of these
rights proves to be ineffective within the period remaining until its expiration, any of our share issuances would be subject to the
pre-emptive
rights of our shareholders which some of our ADS holders may not
be able to exercise due to the factors described above.
At the same time, to the extent we attempt an offering of ADSs in the United
States pursuant to the
pre-emptive
rights of our shareholders, we may not be able to do so due to the fact that rights offerings are difficult to implement effectively under the current U.S. securities laws,
and our ability to raise capital in the future may be compromised if we need to do so via a rights offering in the United States. Furthermore, lack of a disapplication of
pre-emptive
rights may render us
unable to issue shares to our employees under our existing employee incentive plans, which could undermine our ability to retain and attract competitive talent and may not be able to adequately align employee interests with the long-term interests
of our shareholders.
ADS holders have no legal interest in the underlying class B shares.
ADS holders acquire the beneficial, and not the legal, interest in the underlying class B shares, which the depositary holds on trust for them,
under the terms of the deposit agreement. The intended effect of the trust is to ring-fence the class B shares in the hands of the depositary by conferring a property interest on ADS holders as beneficiaries. The interest of the ADS holders as
beneficiaries in trust assets, which are the class B shares, is indirect, in the sense that in the normal course they do not have any direct recourse to the class B shares nor do they have any direct right of action against us.
ADS holders may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs.
ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time
when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if
we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the deposit
agreement.
ITEM 4.
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Information on the Company
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A.
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History and Development of the Company
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We were incorporated in Cyprus under the name of
OE Investments Limited on February 26, 2007 as a new holding company for JSC QIWI (previously known as OSMP CJSC and QIWI CJSC), which was incorporated in Russia in January in 2004. The company operates under the Companies Law, related
legislation, and common law of Cyprus. In 2007, we acquired, among other entities, CJSC
E-port
and LLC Qiwi Wallet, which were reorganized in the form of accession to JSC QIWI. In April 2008, we launched the
Qiwi brand, which gradually became the marketing name for our businesses. We changed our legal name to Qiwi Limited on September 13, 2010, and subsequently to Qiwi plc upon converting to a public limited company on February 25, 2013.
Our principal executive office is located at Kennedy 12, Kennedy Business Centre, 2nd floor, P.C. 1087, Nicosia, Cyprus. Our telephone number
at this address is:
+357-22-653390.
Our registered office is at the same address.
Our primary subsidiaries are QIWI Bank (JSC), or Qiwi Bank, JSC QIWI and QIWI Payments Services Provider Limited. We acquired Qiwi Bank in
September 2010 from a group of our then-current shareholders. In June 2015, we acquired the Rapida payment processing system and the Contact money transfer system from Otkritie Investment Cyprus Limited (Otkritie). In April 2017 Rapida
LTD was merged into Qiwi Bank. JSC QIWI was incorporated in Russia in January 2004, and QIWI Payments Services Provider Limited was incorporated in the United Arab Emirates in February 2011.
For a description of our principal capital expenditures and divestitures for the three years ended December 31, 2017 and for those
currently in progress, see Item 5 Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.
37
For a description of the rules and regulations under which we are governed, see Item 4
Regulation.
We are a leading provider of next generation payment and financial
services in Russia and the CIS. We have an integrated proprietary network that enables payment services across online, mobile and physical channels as well as provides access to certain financial services that we offer to our customers. We have
deployed over 20.1 million virtual wallets, over 152,000 kiosks and terminals, and enabled merchants and customers to accept and transfer over RUB 76 billion cash and electronic payments monthly connecting over 50 million consumers
using our network at least once a month (aggregating consumers across QIWI and Contact networks, without eliminating potential duplication). Our consumers can use cash, stored value and other electronic payment methods in order to pay for goods and
services or transfer money across virtual or physical environments interchangeably. We believe the complementary combination of our physical and virtual payment and financial services provides differentiated convenience to our consumers and creates
a strong network effect that drives payment volume across our business. With the acquisition of Contact and Rapida, we broadened the scope of our payment services, primarily in money remittance and further increased our distribution network.
Further, with the launch of our
payment-by-installment
card SOVEST we entered a new consumer lending market. We continue working on further broadening the scope of
services and use cases that we offer our customers and aim to access the stages of the consumer life cycle we have yet to penetrate. We believe that our leading market position, proprietary network and complementary services provide us with
competitive advantages that have enabled us to generate strong growth and profitability.
We operate in and target markets and segments
that are largely cash-based or that lack convenient digital solutions for customers to pay or accept payments for goods and services, transfer money or use other financial tools in online, mobile and physical environments. We help consumers and
merchants connect more efficiently in these markets by providing an integrated network of virtual wallets, applications and physical distribution points as well as payment channels and methods that enable consumers to use differentiated funding
sources to pay for any merchant in our network or use other services quickly and securely through a variety of interfaces.
Our platform
and all our products provide simple and intuitive user interfaces, convenient access, quick
on-boarding
and
best-in-class
services combined with the reputation and trust associated with the QIWI group brands. In Russia and Kazakhstan, the QIWI brand is well known and our digital solutions as well as our kiosks and terminals provide unique access to an alternative
payment infrastructure for our customers in those countries. We distribute our payment services primarily through our virtual products, most notably QIWI Wallet, which enables consumers to access, make and receive payments through their computers or
mobile devices. Our customers can seamlessly create an online account, or virtual wallet, with QIWI through a variety of interfaces where they can store money, deposited from cash or funded from other sources, such as cards, bank accounts, mobile
phone balances or money transfers to make payments and purchases at any time or they can make cash payments directly through our physical distribution network. Our services also allow merchants in Russia and other markets, including leading MNOs,
online service providers and retailers, financial institutions and utilities, to accept payments via our network, enabling them to attract more consumers, generate more sales and get paid faster and more easily. Our payment infrastructure offers
diversity and flexibility that helps us deliver convenient solutions and satisfy the needs of a broad range of customers.
Moreover, our
payment solutions target a variety of use cases creating an ecosystem that can be used to meet the diverse needs of our customers. Such use cases include secure
peer-to-peer
and
card-to-card
money transfers for friends splitting lunch or
self-employed people collecting money for their services; a light banking solution with a variety of upload channels; payment tools for the younger and underbanked population with easy
on-boarding,
wide
acceptance and intuitive interfaces; unique payment tools for gamers and other specialized categories of users; and convenient solutions for payment collection for large, small and very small merchants including customizable open API capabilities.
We run our network and process our transactions using a proprietary, advanced technology platform that leverages the latest
virtualization, analytics and security technologies to create a fast, highly reliable, secure and redundant system. We believe that the breadth and reach of our network and product offering, along with the proprietary nature of our technology
platform, differentiates us from our competitors and allows us to effectively manage and update our services and realize significant operating leverage with growth in volumes and diversification of our product offering.
Our payment services business historically has been and continues to be a major part of our operations and currently generates most of our
revenues. We are constantly striving to diversify our product offering and range of services with certain new projects contributing to our payment services business and others aiming to penetrate new areas of the financial services market. As part
of our strategic move into digital financial services at the end of 2016, we have launched our
payment-by-installment
card, SOVEST, with which we have entered the
consumer lending market. Following the development of SOVEST and certain other initiatives that we have undertaken throughout 2017, we revised our organizational structure to better reflect our operational and management strategy as well as the
expansion of our business operations, including the broadening of our products and services, distinguishing two key operating segments as well as Corporate and Other category, as set below:
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Payment Services segment
, which encompasses our virtual distribution services, including QIWI Wallet and other QIWI applications, payment channels and methods; physical distribution, including our kiosks,
terminals and other retail points of service, Contact Money Remittance System; and our merchant focused services, such as QIWI Cashier or acquiring services;
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Consumer Financial Services segment
, which encompasses our consumer lending business SOVEST; and
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Corporate and Other category
, which encompasses expenses associated with the corporate operations of QIWI Group as well as our R&D, projects and emerging business models that we are testing.
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38
Payment Services
Payment services historically have been and continue to be our key business and core area of expertise. We are offering our customers a unique
payment processing infrastructure with easy
on-boarding
and diverse functionality that works seamlessly across virtual and physical channels and a wide range of accessible, intuitive digital services. We are
aiming to develop a secure and convenient
multi-use
case platform that would allow our customers to satisfy a full range of their financial needs.
Our Payment Network
Consumers
access our payment network through two primary channels: virtual distribution represented by our online products that we operate primarily under the Qiwi Wallet brand, and our physical distribution represented by our kiosks and terminals. These two
channels are highly synergetic, creating a self-reinforcing network that we believe has been key for the continuing success of our business.
In 2015, 2016 and 2017, we processed RUB 860 billion
1
, RUB 847 billion and RUB
911 billion in payments, respectively.
Virtual Distribution
Overview
We have a virtual distribution
channel that we operate primarily under the Qiwi Wallet brand. Qiwi Wallet is an online and mobile payment processing and money transfer system that we offer in Russia and Kazakhstan that allows customers to pay for the products and services of our
merchants, and to perform
peer-to-peer
money transfers using a virtual wallet, which effectively replaces a physical wallet in an online and mobile environment. A
virtual wallet enables its holder to make online purchases and payments through a convenient, secure and intuitive online or mobile interface with multiple payment methods. Qiwi Wallet accounts can be linked to virtual or physical Visa prepaid cards
that can be used to make purchases at any merchant that accepts Visa worldwide. We believe Qiwi Wallet is one of the leading virtual wallets in Russia.
Prior to November 2017, Qiwi Wallet was branded as Visa Qiwi Wallet pursuant to our
5-year
Framework Agreement with Visa. Following the termination of our Framework agreement, we
re-branded
Visa QIWI Wallet to QIWI Wallet. We continue to work with Visa under Qiwi Banks other agreements (which
are consistent with those Visa has entered into with other banks in Russia), issue Visa prepaid cards and provide our customers with access to Visa Direct
card-to-card
transfer services.
We also operate the Qiwi Wallet brand in certain jurisdictions outside of Russia.
In 2015, 2016 and 2017, we had 16.1 million, 17.2 million and 20.1 million active virtual wallets registered with our system as
of
year-end,
respectively.
Apart from the broad functionality of our core Qiwi Wallet product, we
offer our consumers certain additional products and applications that complement or enhance our main value proposition. Such products include for example Qiwi Bonus, which offers discounts, cash-backs and loyalty programs from our merchants; Qiwi
Transfer, which offers all our money remittance capabilities in a specifically dedicated interface; Qiwi Investor, which provides convenient access to financial markets, Qiwi Money Box, Qiwi Fundl and others.
We also offer our merchants a number of solutions that can complement and improve our basic payment acceptance capabilities. Such products
include Qiwi Cashier, which allows merchants to integrate Qiwi Wallet directly to their checkout page and manage their account with us online; acquiring services that enable merchants to get a one stop payment acceptance solution with the majority
of means of payments, payment of delivery services and certain other infrastructural solutions like Interactive Bets Accounting Center(TSUPIS) for betting merchants; or driver payout solutions for taxi companies and aggregators that allow our
merchants to access high quality digital payment services without extra costs or technical difficulties.
Moreover, recently we began to
offer our customers an open API (Application Programming Interface) for customizing the interface of Qiwi Wallet so they can use it more conveniently for collecting and accepting payments.
We believe that our ability to leverage our technological platform and create convenient infrastructural solutions demanded by our partners
and customers is a defining feature of our network that has allowed us to expand our business and penetrate new niches that will fuel our growth going forward.
Our Virtual Wallet
With Qiwi Wallet,
consumers can create an online account, referred to as a virtual wallet, in which they can store money, deposited from cash or funded from a variety of other sources such as mobile phone balances, bank accounts, credit or debit cards, or money
transfers, that can be used to make payments, purchases,
peer-to-peer
transfers or to remit money. To register a virtual wallet, a consumer only needs to have a mobile
phone number to which the account is linked (see Item 3D Risk Factors Know-your-client requirements established by Russian anti-money laundering legislation may adversely impact our transaction volumes.)
1
|
The amounts shown here do not correspondent to the amounts shown in Annual report on Form
20-F
for the year ended December 31, 2015 as the result of methodological
adjustments in respect of Kazakhstan business, revenue and cost allocation between market verticals and several other internal accounting policies made to the calculation of our volumes as well as distribution of volumes and net revenues between
market verticals.
|
39
The account loading process is simple and intuitive regardless of the interface that the consumer
uses to access Qiwi Wallet, whether it is our own website, through a mobile application, the screen of a kiosk, or the virtual banking service of the consumers bank. Normally, a consumer just needs to enter the unique identification number of
his or her virtual wallet and indicate the amount and source of money he or she wishes to load to the account. Likewise, while the process of making a payment through Qiwi Wallet may vary slightly depending on the interface, we believe it is
intuitive.
We believe that a key part of our service offering is consumer convenience and ease of use. Qiwi Wallet is available through a
variety of interfaces, including mobile applications, its own website, touch-screens of our kiosks, merchant websites, and SMS/USSD (whereby a payment is made by sending an SMS message to a specified phone number). An increasing percentage of
consumers are accessing Qiwi Wallet through our mobile applications rather than through our own website (which was historically the most popular Qiwi Wallet interface) or our kiosk network. Nevertheless, kiosks remain an important channel by which
consumers load and reload their Qiwi Wallet accounts, which we believe highlights the synergies between our physical and virtual distribution networks and will continue among other factors to support the sustainability of our business.
We offer downloadable Qiwi Wallet applications for the most popular mobile and digital platforms and devices, including Apple iPhone and iPad,
Android and Microsoft Windows Phone. We also support major mobile operating systems: iOS, Android and Windows phone. We believe that these efforts are a vital part of our overall strategy and serve to increase our consumer base.
How Our Virtual Wallet Works
Payments
made through Qiwi Wallet can be categorized into push payments and pull payments. A push payment is a payment initiated by the consumer from a Qiwi Wallet interface. Typical push payments include money remittance transactions, utility payments or
mobile uploads. After entering Qiwi Wallet through one of its secure interfaces, a consumer is required to select the name of the merchant from a drop-down list or using the search function, and then to type in the payment amount. Consumers are not
subject to a fee when making most payments through Qiwi Wallet. Additionally, consumers are able to link their bank cards to their Qiwi Wallet accounts to make online payments without divulging their bank card details on merchant websites,
decreasing the perceived risk of fraud associated with online payments. A pull payment is a payment initiated by the consumer from a merchant interface, typically a merchant website through which the consumer makes a purchase. Typical pull payment
include for example payments to
e-commerce
merchants. During the
check-out
process at a merchant website, the consumer chooses Qiwi Wallet as a payment method and is
re-directed
to a Qiwi Wallet web page. Next, if the consumer is already registered with Qiwi Wallet, he or she is prompted to enter his or her mobile phone number to which his or her Qiwi Wallet account is linked
and his or her Qiwi Wallet password. If the consumer is not yet registered with Qiwi Wallet, our system automatically generates a virtual wallet for him or her once the mobile phone number is entered. A registered Qiwi Wallet user is then required
to select a source of funds to be used, including the prepaid balance of the Qiwi Wallet account, a bank card previously linked to the Qiwi Wallet account, or his or her mobile phone account. The consumer may also select a deferred payment option,
whereby our system generates an electronic invoice from the merchant to the consumer, which is stored in the consumers virtual wallet and can be paid at a later stage. After a payment option is chosen, the consumer is required to confirm the
transaction, following which funds are withdrawn from the source the consumer has selected and transmitted to the merchant. The only option available to consumers who did not have a Qiwi Wallet account previously is the deferred payment option. Once
the consumer loads his or her newly registered virtual wallet or links a bank card to it, the invoice can be confirmed and paid, after which the transaction is completed.
Our Reload Channels
Qiwi Wallet accounts
can be reloaded through virtually any payment method available on the market, including making cash deposits at any of our kiosks or terminals or third party kiosks and terminals, via bank cards and accounts, mobile phone balances, online banking
and retail or through
peer-to-peer
wallet transfers. Qiwi Wallet benefits in particular from access to our own network of kiosks and terminals, which is the largest cash
reload network in Russia. In certain cases Qiwi Wallet accounts can be uploaded by our merchants, for example when the betting merchants are paying out gains to our users, taxi aggregators are making payouts to taxi drivers or when micro-financial
organizations are issuing loans to the wallet accounts. This reload channel is becoming consistently more important for us as we develop different infrastructural solutions based on our services, creating an ecosystem that is able to satisfy a wider
range of payment and financial service needs of our customers. We believe that by offering the convenience of reloading through a variety of sources, we increase the likelihood of consumers using Qiwi Wallet as well as the other services that we
offer.
Qiwi branded kiosks and terminals historically have been the primary means by which consumers reload their Qiwi Wallet accounts.
In 2015 the percentage of reloads made through bank cards, mobile phone balances and directly from bank accounts was less than 15% of total reloads, increasing to more than 25% in 2016. In 2017 we have seen a further increase in the share of such
reload channels, which increased to over 30% of total reloads following the decline in the number of our kiosks and third party kiosks on the market (see Item 3.D Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our Business and Industrya
decline in the use of cash as a means of payment or a decline in the use of kiosks and terminals may result in a reduced demand for our services) as well as overall market trends towards the digitalization of payments and our efforts to
increase convenience and diversify alternative reload channels.
Our International Virtual Wallets
As of December 31, 2017, the vast majority of active Qiwi Wallet accounts were based in Russia. We also have a limited number of
electronic wallets in Kazakhstan.
40
Qiwi Bank and Rapida LTD
In September 2010, we acquired Qiwi Bank (which is licensed as a bank in the Russian Federation) to serve as a platform for our Qiwi Wallet
business. When a consumer deposits cash into his or her Qiwi Wallet account, Qiwi Bank issues a virtual prepaid card to a consumer. Qiwi Bank also issues plastic cards to Qiwi Wallet customers. Funds received by Qiwi Bank from customers loading
and reloading their Qiwi Wallet accounts are held on Qiwi Banks account. Qiwi Bank does not pay interest on Qiwi Wallet accounts. Further, Qiwi Bank serves as a settlement bank for Tochka (for the description of Tochka activities see Item 4. B
Corporate and Other) maintaining and servicing accounts of Tochka clients opened with Qiwi Bank. Qiwi Bank also maintains a small number of accounts for our employees, officers and directors, agents and certain related parties. At the end of 2016,
Qiwi Bank started to serve as an issuing and lending bank for our
pay-by-installment
card project SOVEST.
In November 2016, following the changes in legislation governing the betting business in Russia, Qiwi Bank, together with one of the
self-regulated association of bookmakers, established an Interactive Bets Accounting Center (TSUPIS) and began acting as a platform for acceptance of interactive bets in favor of the members of the self-regulated organization of bookmakers. See also
Risk Factors We are subject to extensive government regulation.
In June 2015, we acquired Rapida LTD, a licensed
non-banking
credit organization. In April 2017, Rapida LTD was merged into Qiwi Bank.
See also
Regulation for a brief description of the regulatory regime applicable to Qiwi Bank.
QIWI Prepaid Cards
At the end of 2009, we launched a prepaid card program in partnership with Visa Inc. Qiwi Visa prepaid cardholders enjoy all the benefits of a
Visa card without having to open a bank account or credit line, eliminating the perceived risk in our markets of fraud associated with traditional credit and debit cards. Our Visa prepaid cards can be ordered through a Qiwi Wallet and currently
consist of the following card products: QIWI Visa Virtual or QIWI Visa Card virtual prepaid cards linked to the balance of a consumers Qiwi Wallet that can be used to make purchases online from any merchant that accepts Visa-branded
cards, and QIWI Visa Plastic Card a physical card that can be used to make purchases online or in a physical retail environment through a POS terminal from any merchant that accepts Visa branded cards. Qiwi Visa Plastic Cards are also linked
to the balance of a consumers Qiwi Wallet and can serve as another extension of QIWI Wallet in to the physical environment. We believe that the Visa Qiwi Plastic Card notably complements our online capabilities and offers customers a
significantly wider range of use cases such as a full scope light banking services including cash and electronic reloads, intuitive online interfaces, all types of payments and remittances and cash withdrawals from participating ATM.
Qiwi Visa
co-branded
cards are issued by Qiwi Bank pursuant to an agreement with Visa International
Service Association. Under the agreement, Qiwi Bank is authorized to issue Visa-branded prepaid cards within Russia, and to offer and perform Visa Direct transactions in and between Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Tajikistan and other CIS
countries, using Visas electronic payments processing network to deliver transferred funds.
In 2015 we also launched a Visa payWave
contactless payment capability in Qiwi Wallet based on host card emulation technology. This feature, available for users of Android smartphones (4.4 or higher), broadens the scope of use of the wallet and allows customers to do a contactless payment
in any equipped offline location with the balance of his or her Qiwi Wallet, without issuing a plastic card.
We are also currently
developing capabilities for ApplePay and GooglePay. We believe that offering our customers the latest technological solutions is pivotal for the development and continues growth of our business.
Physical distribution
Overview
Our physical distribution comprises approximately of 109,000 kiosks and 43,000 terminals (including various interfaces at physical points of
service) that are assembled and sold by third party manufacturers. These kiosks and terminals run our proprietary software, which provides the user customized interfaces that display our broad range of payment services and provides the connectivity
to our processing platform. These capabilities help connect consumers and merchants and enable them to conduct commercial transactions, such as bill payments and purchases, or upload our virtual distribution services or SOVEST cards at thousands of
convenient locations.
In 2015, 2016 and 2017 we had approximately 115,000, 113,000 and 109,000 kiosks and 57,000, 49,000 and
43,000 terminals in our network as of
year-end,
respectively.
In 2015, 2016 and 2017 Contact
and Rapida provided consumers with approximately 25,000, 22,000 and 20,000 additional physical points of service which are located in retail stores and bank branches across Russia and the CIS, respectively.
We have deployed our network of kiosks and terminals using a proprietary agent model. Under this model, our kiosks are assembled by third
party manufacturers using our proprietary specifications and are then purchased by over 5,800 agents who are responsible for placing, operating and servicing the kiosks in high-traffic and convenient retail locations. In addition, an agent-owned
point of sale terminal, computer, laptop or mobile phone can serve as a QIWI terminal once our proprietary software is installed on it, which allows the agent to process consumer payments to merchants through our system.
41
Our Kiosks and Terminals
A kiosk is a stand-alone computer terminal with a touch screen and specialized hardware and software, which enables consumers to make cash
payments to merchants or upload QIWI Wallet. Each kiosk is connected to our network using a dedicated SIM card or via internet and is equipped with a cash acceptor, a printing device and a transaction recording device. Kiosks are relatively easy and
inexpensive to install and are equipped with specialized software that monitors the condition of the kiosk and its components. A kiosk is also relatively simple to assemble, and we generally have not encountered any significant issues in relation to
underproduction or shortage of kiosks. There are 21 base models of kiosk available on the Russian market.
In addition to kiosks, our
network includes approximately 43,000 terminals at various retail locations, including a number of major Russian retail chains such as Svyaznoy and Euroset. We provide these businesses with access to our network through our proprietary software and
process the payments made by their customers.
Our kiosks and terminals are typically owned by our agents, except in limited circumstances
when we enter new markets where we may own a number of kiosks or terminals. We believe this ownership structure has allowed us to build a large network in a relatively short period of time. The agents purchase, install, operate and service the
kiosks and terminals themselves; we provide them with our platform and technical solutions, help them comply with reporting requirements and provide them with various forms of support and incentives. Historically, we have signed rental agreements
with large retail networks including Magnit, X5 Retail Group and Dixy to further sublease those locations to our agents.
We believe it is
important to provide our agents with comprehensive support in order to ensure quality of service and a unique competitive environment.
How Our Kiosks
and Terminals Work
To make a payment through a kiosk, a consumer selects the hyperlink icon of a particular merchant on the kiosk
screen and enters the data necessary for the merchant to identify the consumer. For instance, this may be the consumers mobile phone number or details on the consumers utility bill. The consumer inserts money into a cash acceptor, which
automatically recognizes the value of the banknotes. Once the necessary amount of money has been inserted, the consumer presses a button to confirm that he or she wishes to complete the transaction, and the software installed on the kiosk sends an
instruction to our processing system to transmit a corresponding amount to the merchant and to withdraw it from the agents or consumers account. The kiosk then prints a receipt confirming that payment has been made. The interface of a
kiosk is highly intuitive to facilitate a convenient user experience with the entire transaction process normally taking no more than a few minutes. A transaction is mostly automated and usually performed in three or four easy steps, so that the
user is only required to input a minimum of information. When making a payment through a terminal, a consumer gives the same information (merchant name, amount of transaction and account identifying data) to a cashier at a cash desk, who processes
it on a computer or a mobile phone using specialized software.
Our Agents
Our agent base includes more than 5,800 agents who own kiosks and terminals and are responsible for placing, operating and servicing them in
high-traffic, convenient retail locations. Most of our agents are small to
mid-sized
businesses, which we believe provides them with insight into local market dynamics. For many of our agents, the business of
kiosk and terminal ownership is a full-time occupation, while some view it as an ancillary service that increases consumer traffic in their outlets or provides additional convenience to consumers. We do not consider ourselves to be materially
dependent on any of our agents.
Our agents determine the consumer fee for a number of services, mainly in the Telecom market vertical,
while we may limit it and set, if applicable, consumer commissions for services of other categories of merchants. Moreover, we are in a position to cap these fees depending on our marketing actions or merchants request. When the fee payable by
the consumers is absent or capped, we normally award the agents with an increased portion of merchant fees.
Our International Kiosks and Terminals
Almost our entire physical distribution network is currently located in Russia and Kazakhstan. We also have a limited number of kiosks
in Moldova, Romania and Belarus.
Merchants
As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately 13,000 merchants active on a monthly basis in our system. Our merchants are vendors,
including online retailers and service providers, betting companies, banks, money remittance companies, mobile network operators and utilities. Consumers can access our larger merchants through hyperlink icons placed directly on kiosk screens. Other
merchants can be easily accessed through Qiwi Wallet and, since any of our kiosks can be used as an interface to register a Qiwi Wallet account or to access an existing one, the merchant offering is effectively the same for all our payment services
interfaces. In addition, Qiwi Wallet accounts can be linked to virtual or physical Visa prepaid cards that can be used to make purchases at any merchant that accept Visa worldwide. We regularly add new merchants to our already extensive merchant
list with the aim of creating a
one-stop
shopping experience for our consumers.
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Our merchants fall into five broad payment verticals, according to the nature of the products and
services they provide to the consumers:
E-commerce,
Money Remittance, Financial Services, Telecom and Other. The following table shows the payment volume, payment adjusted net revenue and the payment average
net revenue yield for each of these payment verticals.
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For the year ended 31 December,
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2015*
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2016
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2017
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2017
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RUB
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RUB
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RUB
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USD
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Payment Services Segment key operating metrics
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Payment volume (in billions)
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860.3
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847.0
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911.1
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15.8
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E-commerce
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119.3
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143.8
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167.9
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2.9
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Financial services
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239.9
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263.3
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238.7
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|
4.1
|
|
Money remittances
|
|
|
161.7
|
|
|
|
184.1
|
|
|
|
277.2
|
|
|
|
4.8
|
|
Telecom
|
|
|
265.8
|
|
|
|
198.6
|
|
|
|
170.7
|
|
|
|
3.0
|
|
Other
|
|
|
73.6
|
|
|
|
57.2
|
|
|
|
56.6
|
|
|
|
1.0
|
|
Payment adjusted net revenue (in millions)
|
|
|
7,523
|
|
|
|
8,510
|
|
|
|
10,509
|
|
|
|
182
|
|
E-commerce
|
|
|
3,439
|
|
|
|
3,992
|
|
|
|
5,347
|
|
|
|
93
|
|
Financial services
|
|
|
1,210
|
|
|
|
1,378
|
|
|
|
1,227
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
Money remittances
|
|
|
1,417
|
|
|
|
1,963
|
|
|
|
2,902
|
|
|
|
50
|
|
Telecom
|
|
|
1,123
|
|
|
|
881
|
|
|
|
757
|
|
|
|
13
|
|
Other
|
|
|
334
|
|
|
|
295
|
|
|
|
276
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
Payment average adjusted net revenue yield (in %)
|
|
|
0.87
|
%
|
|
|
1.00
|
%
|
|
|
1.15
|
%
|
|
|
1.15
|
%
|
E-commerce
|
|
|
2.88
|
%
|
|
|
2.78
|
%
|
|
|
3.18
|
%
|
|
|
3.18
|
%
|
Financial services
|
|
|
0.50
|
%
|
|
|
0.52
|
%
|
|
|
0.51
|
%
|
|
|
0.51
|
%
|
Money remittances
|
|
|
0.88
|
%
|
|
|
1.07
|
%
|
|
|
1.05
|
%
|
|
|
1.05
|
%
|
Telecom
|
|
|
0.42
|
%
|
|
|
0.44
|
%
|
|
|
0.44
|
%
|
|
|
0.44
|
%
|
Other
|
|
|
0.45
|
%
|
|
|
0.52
|
%
|
|
|
0.49
|
%
|
|
|
0.49
|
%
|
*
|
The amounts shown here do not correspondent to the amounts shown in Annual Report on Form
20-F
for the year ended December 31, 2015 as the result of methodological
adjustments in respect of Kazakhstan business, revenue and cost allocation between market verticals and several other internal accounting policies made to the calculation of our volumes as well as distribution of volumes and net revenues between
market verticals.
|
E-commerce.
E-commerce
is one of our major merchant categories and mostly comprises of merchants that sell their products and services online, including large international
e-commerce
merchants such as AliExpress, JD.com and eBay, local
e-commerce
merchants, social networks such as Vkontakte and Odnoklassniki, online game developers such as
Wargaming and Mail.ru and betting (mostly sports betting) merchants. We also accept payments on behalf of tickets and travel companies, software producers, coupon websites, and numerous other merchants. The share of betting merchants has increased
significantly with the launch of TSUPIS in the end of 2016. TSUPIS allows us to service betting companies in Russian, processing electronic bets and winnings on their behalf. Our payment solutions provide
e-commerce
merchants with an opportunity to accept payments in a fast and reliable manner, increasing their consumer base and attractiveness of their services. Our Qiwi Wallet provides the customers of such
businesses with a convenient, fast and secure payment option to make online purchases and top up their personal accounts, while our kiosk and terminal network offers an attractive offline interface to the online services of our
e-commerce
merchants.
Financial Services.
Financial Services includes primarily banks,
micro-finance organizations and insurance companies. As of December 31, 2017, we accepted payments on behalf of over 230 banks, including most major Russian retail banks such as Sberbank, VTB, Alfa-Bank, Tinkoff Credit Systems, Russian Standard
Bank, Home Credit Bank, Raiffeisen Bank and others. Based on information available from public sources, we believe our kiosk and terminal network is larger than the ATM network of any major bank, and, as a result, we are able to provide banks with
the ability to reach a larger market through our network by enabling their customers to make deposits, replenish their cards and repay loans.
Money Remittance.
Our Money Remittance category includes major Russian and international money transfer merchants such as Western
Union, Unistream, Post of Russia and Anelik. In June 2015, we acquired the Contact money transfer system, one of the largest operators on the Russian money transfer market. This transaction allowed us to grow our market share by leveraging the
ecosystem that we have built to date and offering our clients new, convenient services. From August 2010, we offer our consumers Visa Direct and MasterCard Money Send services, which allow a Qiwi Wallet accountholder to reload the account of a Visa
or MasterCard bank card with a few clicks on our website, in a mobile application, or a kiosk touch-screen, with the only information required being the number of the recipient card. Since 2015, we started offering our users similar services for
China Union Pay bank cards. Such services constitute a significant proportion of our Money Remittances category. Starting from the end of 2016, we also include certain types of
peer-to-peer
transactions, for which we charge commission on our consumers, in our Money Remittance market vertical.
Telecom.
Telecom merchants include various telecommunication service providers, such as MNOs, internet services providers, pay
television channels and public utilities. MNOs, in particular the three largest operators in Russia, have historically represented a large portion of our merchant base, though in terms of net revenues their relative importance have decreased
significantly following the diversification of our business. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, the Big Three MNOs accounted for 19%, 15% and 12% of our payment volume, respectively. Their share in our transaction volume has
fallen over the last three years due to the expansion of our merchant base and the increased use of our payment systems by the consumers for purposes other than mobile phone account reloading, as well as the decrease of our kiosk network that
affected the Telecom category the most.
43
Other.
Our Other category includes all other merchants to which we offer our payment
processing services. These includes a broad range of merchants in utilities and other government payments as well as charity organizations.
While we
already have considerable penetration in certain markets that we service, there are numerous additional markets where we see opportunities to add new merchants, develop our relationships with existing merchants and to grow our business. Moreover, we
see increasing potential in developing and growing our secure
peer-to-peer
payment infrastructure, which we believe offers customers a convenient, intuitive and reliable
tool to transfer and collect money as well as serves as a valuable consumer acquisition channel for us.
Consumer Financial Services
Our Consumer Financial Services (CFS) segment currently includes our payment by installment card SOVEST that we launched at the end of 2016. We
are aiming to further develop this segment and offer our existing and potential consumers a broader range of new generation digital financial services. We believe that developing a diversified product portfolio of consumer financial services can
create significant synergies with our payment business, extending the life cycle of our clients and creating complimentary use cases.
Payment-by-installment
card SOVEST
In late 2016, we launched
a
payment-by-installments
card program under the SOVEST brand. SOVEST is the first large-scale
payment-by
installments card
system in Russia developed to help consumers to get easy and transparent access to funds to purchase a wide range of goods and services. SOVEST is a technological
IT-driven
service that can be accessed by
customers through a web site or a mobile application with convenient and intuitive interfaces. Consumers can order and use SOVEST cards to make payments with our partner merchants both offline and online within the cards limit and then top up
the balance of the card to repay the funds they used in equal installments or at once. If the balance is topped up in a timely manner during the installment period, no interest or fee is charged on the consumer (except in some cases for a fixed
annual participation fee). SOVEST cards can only be used with merchants that have enrolled in the program and not with any other companies. They also cannot be used to withdraw funds from an ATM.
We target a wide and diversified client base across Russia including banked customers with established credit history as well as those who
have never used credit services before. While we receive a significant number of applications, our advanced technological platform and proprietary scoring models allow us to efficiently screen such applications and we believe maintain certain
projected levels of credit risk. A significant part of our scoring procedures is done automatically within second after the customer submits his or her application. We aim to make the onboarding process as easy and convenient as possible while
maintaining a high level of risk assessment practices. We offer our customers a credit limit as small as RUB 5,000 and up to RUB 300,000 depending on his or her scoring and increase, decrease or freeze the outstanding limits based on the patterns
that the user exhibits. At the moment, SOVEST cards are issued exclusively by Qiwi Bank, and Qiwi Bank serves as a lender and bears all credit risk on outstanding loans.
We distribute SOVEST cards throughout Russia through all major channels typically used for distribution of digital financial services
including the internet, telesales, direct sales agents (DSA) and partners. We are constantly reviewing and improving our distribution strategies to enlarge our distribution network and optimize our client acquisition costs.
We generate the major part of our revenues in the form of commissions payable to us by merchants that accept SOVEST cards in return for
enabling consumers to receive better access to their products, additional sales volumes and higher average checks and acquiring commission. As of the date of this annual report, we have more than 40,000 offline and online partner-merchant locations
in the major consumer categories including consumer electronics, tickets, travelling and entertainment, fashion, jewelry and apparel, furniture, food retail and restaurants. We believe that having a broad network of partner-merchant in all major
consumer categories significantly improves the usability of the
pay-by-installment
card products. The length of the installment that we grant for each purchase depends
mostly on the type of merchant and the level of commission he pays us, and the installment period can be between 1 and 12 months. We also offer our clients from time to time certain benefits such as cash-backs or extended installment periods.
As of December 31, 2017 Consumer Financial Services segment payment volume reached RUB 3.3 billion. The amount of total loans issued
under SOVEST project was equal to RUB 1.7 billion and the outstanding credit limits including credit limits not yet activated amounted to RUB 8.6 billion.
We believe that technological installment card products can significantly change the current financial services market. We see significant
potential in SOVEST due to its convenience and apparent attractiveness to customers. We aim to further develop SOVEST, optimize our IT, distribution and scoring capabilities, focus on developing new generation intuitive digital tools within the
product and adding new features.
Corporate and Other
Corporate and Other category includes expenses associated with the corporate operations of QIWI Group as well as some of our research and
development initiatives, projects and emerging businesses that we are currently testing (see Item 3D Risk Factors If we cannot keep pace with rapid developments and change in our industry and provide new services to our clients, or if
any of the new products we roll out are unsuccessful, the use of our services could decline, and we could experience a decline in revenue and an inability to recoup costs.)
44
Apart from corporate expenses as of December 31, 2017 this category includes following
items:
|
|
|
Revenue, costs, and expenses associated with the launch and operations of our Tochka project that began in the third quarter of 2017. Tochka is a digital banking service focused on offering a broad range of services to
small and medium businesses. Following the acquisition of Tochkas assets from Otkritie Bank, we currently operate Tochka as a multi-banking service offering customers an opportunity to open an account in either Qiwi Bank or in Otkritie Bank.
As of December 31, 2017 we had approximately RUB 1 billion in customer balances in Qiwi Bank and serviced more than 14,000 clients. We generate most of our revenues from commissions Otkritie Bank pays us for providing information
technology and support services to Tochka clients that have their accounts with Otkritie Bank as well as customer commissions for the services rendered by Tochka to customers that have accounts with Qiwi Bank. As of the date of this annual report,
we are in negotiations with the new administration of Otkritie Bank regarding the future structure of the potential cooperation and joint development of the Tochka project (see Item 3D Risk Factors We may not be able to complete or
integrate successfully any potential future acquisitions, partnerships or joint ventures.).
|
|
|
|
Revenues, costs and expenses associated with our experimental projects such as QIWI Blockchain Technologies, our subsidiary focused on the development of certain blockchain solutions for internal and external purposes;
QIWI Box, a
self-pick-up
parcel lockers project that allows agents to buy, install and connect compact
self-pick-up
delivery boxes to their kiosks and further use our
network to offer customers additional logistics services; and certain other projects that are individually insignificant.
|
We believe that our long-term growth depends on our ability to innovate our existing solutions as well as develop and roll out new business
models and technological products, thus testing such models and ideas, although inheritably risky, is important for the growth of our business.
Our
Technology Platform
Our services are based on our advanced, microservice, proprietary high-performing technology platform. All of our
key technology has been developed
in-house.
Our platform utilizes innovative Java and Scala-based architecture, which enables us to have scalable, clustered, fault tolerant processing system and various
consumer, merchant and agent interfaces. In addition, the interfaces are connected to the processing system through a secure protocol.
Hardware supporting our platform is hosted in two leased data centers (build in an active-active mode and linked in a private data cloud, each
capable of handling twice the usual traffic), located in geographically distributed parts of Moscow. The data centers have been Payment Card Industry Digital Security Standard (PCI DSS) certified. We are able to switch our processing core between
the data centers within three minutes. Furthermore, in order to support uninterruptible connectivity, we linked our headquarters and both data centers via fiber optics with at least doubled lines between any two locations.
The principal software under which the kiosks operate is our proprietary application called Maratl, which enables payment acceptance, proper
billing and processing connectivity. Maratl is a cutting edge software that employs, among others, such technological features as code-obfuscation and strong
3-layer
proprietary cryptographic network
protocols. Such security features enable kiosks and terminals to connect with any open communication network as the data flow is strongly protected. Our kiosks are not connected to each other, thus reducing any network risks. Kiosk infrastructure
including hardware, software and the network as a whole are certified with Payment Application Data Security Standard (PA DSS).
Qiwi
Wallet is the application that enables customers to pay online easily and quickly to thousands of merchants and services, using either mobile or web interface. Our customers are also able to utilize card technologies using Qiwi Visa Plastic or Qiwi
Visa Card physical or virtual cards issued and linked to a Qiwi Wallet account balance or pure virtual cards with a stored balance via Qiwi Visa Virtual.
We have a robust transaction intelligence system designed to trace and prevent suspicious transactions inside our payment network. In the vast
majority of cases, fraud through Qiwi Wallet is attributable to scams rather than to a security system failure. We also employ a certified
3-D
secure system similar to those adopted by other major payment
networks and banks. We have established a sophisticated system of security monitoring utilizing the Security Information and Event Management system (SIEM) and Security Operations Center (SOC), each of which are operating and supported continuously.
Our critical internal resources are protected with an advanced intrusion prevention system (IPS); all applications are protected with a web application firewall (WAF) set up in a blocking mode, ensuring that all unauthorized or ambiguous activities
are prohibited. Moreover, we have an
in-house
forensic lab that assesses any potentially harmful events.
Our relationships with major payment systems, such as Visa and MasterCard, impose stringent security requirements on us to protect the data of
our consumers. Under the terms of such agreements, we are under an obligation to be compliant with appropriate security standards and to undergo periodic assessments to certify such compliance.
In July 2014, as a part of our relationship with Visa we received VisaNet Processor status, which effectively allows us to process Visa
transactions on behalf of other Visa member banks.
Sales and Marketing
We have a dedicated team of sales and marketing personnel who seek to expand our network of merchants and agents, attract and maintain
consumers, build our brand and promote our products. Our marketing program includes advertising campaigns as well as other promotional activities, such as joint loyalty programs with our merchants.
45
Brand Awareness
We believe that the QIWI brand is a household name in Russia. According to Ipsos Comcom, QIWI is the most recognized Russian
electronic payments brand with prompted brand awareness of 83% among people paying online in Russia.
In addition, we believe that in our
sector, maintaining a social media presence is important to sustaining brand awareness. As a result, we have a dedicated team of people who regularly interact with customers and wider audience through our Facebook, Twitter, Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki,
Instagram, YouTube and Twitter accounts. We also use social networks to seek feedback from our consumers in order to improve our business.
As part of our branding strategy in order to attract younger generations, we run a QIWI Finteen program an educational program for
school children aimed at promoting financial literacy. We also actively advertise to gamers and cybersports fans by running a QIWI Team Play cybersport platform. We believe that such activities, while benefitting and educating participants, help us
promote our brand among younger users and attract new customers.
As part of maintaining our brand image, we have employees available to
respond to agent and merchant concerns and to handle consumer issues as well as a dedicated consumer support center.
In November 2016, we
have launched our new
payment-by-installment
card project SOVEST. Given that
payment-by-installment
card products did not exist in the Russian market at that time, we focused not only on creating a brand or a product, but also on building a new
market category, educating the customers on how the product works and what are the main benefits of such product.
In order to build brand
awareness and familiarize the customers with the new market category we relied mostly on TV advertising. We selected Moscow for our test launch, as a key market with a high level of early adoption. In 2017, we ran 4 mass promotional TV campaigns as
well as used outdoor advertising tools in Moscow and other regions across Russia. We also used social media channels to provide potential customers with information and to use as an efficient feedback tool.
As a result of our advertising strategy by the end of 2017 SOVEST brand awareness in Moscow reached 66% (according to Brand
Tracking (Tiburon Research)).
In 2018, we continue to optimize and develop our brand strategy, collecting and analyzing available data as
well as adopting a more targeted approach, focusing mostly on the technically advanced population of big cities.
Advertising and Promotional
Activities
Because we maintain a kiosk network as widespread and visible as ours, third-party advertising is not as important to
maintain brand awareness. We maintain a relatively low advertising profile for our key payment services, mostly employing Internet advertising to promote Qiwi Wallet.
In addition, we engage in promotional campaigns together with our merchants, in which merchants offer discounts to their customers who make
payments through our network.
In order to simultaneously build brand awareness, trust and increase client conversions ratios for our
SOVEST project we developed an umbrella promotional strategy and segmented our consumer communication into 3 levels with specific goals on each level including: TV advertising targeted at awareness building; social and other online media, targeting
further increase of awareness, engagement in direct communication with customers, education as well as open
peer-to-peer
dialogue and quick feedback; and our own product
web site and related applications. Apart from advertising campaigns through different channels our marketing program also includes other promotional activities, such as cash-back programs, prolonged installment term campaigns and joint loyalty
programs with our merchants.
Competition
The most significant competitive factors in our business are speed, convenience, network size, accessibility, loyalty programs, reliability and
price. Our competitors include retail banks,
non-traditional
payment services providers (such as retailers and MNOs), traditional kiosk and terminal operators and, electronic payment system operators and other
companies that provide various forms of financial and payment services, including electronic payments and payment processing services. Competitors in our industry seek to differentiate themselves by features and functionalities such as speed,
convenience, network size, accessibility, safety, reliability and price, among others. A significant number of our competitors have greater financial, technological and marketing resources than we have, operate robust networks and are highly
regarded by consumers.
Our key competitors in Russia are retail banks, particularly those with a focus on well-developed electronic
payment solutions, including Sberbank, Russias largest retail bank that is majority-owned by the Russian state, Alfa-Bank, one of the leading privately owned Russian retail banks, both of which have electronic banking solutions and large
retail networks, and Tinkoff Bank, which positions itself as a specialized bank specifically focused on innovative online retail financial services. Sberbank, for example, has long adhered to the strategy of innovation in the financial and payments
space and has been focusing on the promotion of alternative banking channels, such as kiosks, internet banking and mobile banking. It actively develops its online payment services capabilities, including through its online and mobile banking
46
platform Sberbank Online and through Yandex.Money, one of the major electronic payment service providers in Russia that it operates in a joint venture with Yandex, a leading Russian diversified
technology company. In November 2016 the Supervisory Board of Sberbank approved a strategic initiative to transform the bank into an
e-commerce
ecosystem based on open source software. If implemented, this
move may make Sberbanks model closer to that of our company, enable Sberbank and other players to develop new financial products on the basis of Sberbanks platform and potentially further intensify competition between us. In furtherance
of this strategy, in December 2017 Sberbank signed a binding agreement with Yandex to form yet another joint venture, based on Yandexs Yandex.Market
e-commerce
platform, which would focus on creating a
B2C online retail marketplace. This deal could result in a substantial shift in the competitive landscape of the Russian physical
e-commerce
market. Sberbank is the leader of the Russian payments market by a
wide margin, and has access to significant financial resources and an extensive nationwide network of branches. Sberbank is the largest processor of utility bill payments, which constitute a significant portion of overall consumer spending in our
industry. These factors give Sberbank a substantial competitive advantage over us in the payments business as well as any other financial services businesses that we pursue or may pursue. Alfa-Bank is similarly a major retail bank that combines a
strong competitive position in the traditional retail banking sector with a focus on developing innovative financial and payments solutions. Tinkoff Bank is a provider of online retail financial services operating in Russia through a high-tech
branchless platform. Other Russian banks are also actively pursuing the electronic payments business and developing various consumer payment solutions.
Our competitors in the payments business also include
non-traditional
payment service providers that
engage in payment services as a
non-core
business. In particular, we compete with the Russian Federal State Unitary Enterprise Postal Service, or Russian Post, which offers certain payment services. Russian
Posts geographical penetration is more dispersed than our physical distribution network (i.e. our kiosks and terminals). It also owns a full-service commercial bank. As a state-sponsored institution, we believe that it is able to provide
payment services at significantly lower prices than we are able to match profitably. We also face competition from other
non-traditional
payment service providers that have substantial financial resources,
such as
brick-and-mortar
and online retailers (such as Alibaba and its financial services subsidiary Ant Financial which operates the AliPay payment system), as well as
MNOs, in particular the Russian Big Three MNOs, MegaFon, VimpelCom and MTS, as well as their closest competitor Rostelekom. In February 2017, MTS announced the launch of MTS Money Wallet, an
e-wallet
which combines all payment tools on one platform, including electronic wallet, bank cards, and customers mobile account balances. All other major MNOs have various payment solutions of their own
as well. Since recently,
non-traditional
payment service providers have also included smartphone manufacturers such as Samsung (which acquired an electronic payments company LoopPay in February 2015) and Apple
(which introduced its own payments service Apple Pay in September 2014). New competitors may penetrate the Russian electronic payment market as well, including established international players such as MoneyGram or Google. Since the financial
services industry is susceptible to disruption, new categories of
non-traditional
financial service providers may emerge in the future that may be difficult to currently anticipate.
We also compete against some directly comparable businesses, such as electronic payment system operators (primarily Yandex.Money, WebMoney and
PayPal) and kiosk and terminal operators, including Cyberplat, Compay and Elecsnet.
In recent years, we have started expanding our
product portfolio beyond our traditional payment services business to include other types of financial services. These new projects include, for example, our
payment-by-installments
SOVEST card project that we launched in 2016 and Tochka, a digital banking service focused on offering a broad range of services to small and
medium businesses (SMEs). In connection with each of these projects, we face intense competition from commercial and retail banks. In particular, SOVEST competes with any commercial bank with unsecured retail consumer lending programs, in particular
Sovkombank, HomeCredit, Alfabank and Tinkoff, all of which have equivalent or similar products. Tochka is an online and mobile banking service that digitalizes traditional banking services and competes primarily on the basis of enhanced user
experience, price and
add-on
features, and is therefore exposed to competition from any banking institutions, particularly those that are focused on developing convenient online and mobile solutions such as
Sberbank, Alfa Bank and Tinkoff.
Intellectual Property
Our intellectual property rights are important to our business. We rely primarily on a combination of contract provisions, copyrights,
trademarks, patents and trade secrets to protect our proprietary technology and other intellectual property.
Our
in-house
know-how
is an important element of our intellectual property. Almost all of our key software has been developed
in-house
by
our employees. Accordingly, we seek to enter into confidentiality and copyright assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and confidentiality agreements with other third parties, and we rigorously control access to our proprietary
technology.
QIWI, QIWI-KIVI and Contact money transfer systems logotypes are registered trademarks in Russia and
several countries around the world, including CIS countries. Rapida and SOVEST are also registered trademarks in Russia. A number of other applications for registration of our brand and logotypes are still pending. We also hold copyrights for
software applications, such as Qiwi Wallet Processing System, Qiwi Distribution Processing System, Maratl and Qiwi Kassir, Sovest Processing System and Sovest Mobile
application, Contact Processing System, Rapida Processing System, Universal Payment Gateway Server and a complex of Tochka Software. We have obtained copyright registrations for some of our software in
Russia, Brazil and in the United States.
47
Employees
The following table sets out the average number of employees for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 by function.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the year ended
31 December,
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
Qiwi Group
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Front Office
|
|
|
463
|
|
|
|
428
|
|
|
|
1,081
|
|
Back Office
|
|
|
575
|
|
|
|
621
|
|
|
|
845
|
|
IT Personnel
|
|
|
260
|
|
|
|
326
|
|
|
|
338
|
|
Total
|
|
|
1,298
|
|
|
|
1,375
|
|
|
|
2,264
|
|
Our management structure is currently a mix among business functions and business units. Function managers are
focused on centralized functions such as finance, strategy, legal, compliance and certain other functions, while business unit managers oversee the operations of the respective business units for which they are responsible. As of December 31
2017, we had two distinct key business units in accordance with the structure of our operating segments: Payment Services and Consumer Financial Services.
Significant headcount growth in 2017 was driven by two main factors including the continued hiring of personnel engaged in the SOVEST project,
including front (mostly direct sales agents) and back office personnel, as well as launch of the Tochka project and to a lesser extent development of Rocketbank project, whereas a number of employees joined QIWI to work on establishing the necessary
infrastructure. In 2015 and 2016, the main driver underlying headcount growth was the acquisition of the Contact and Rapida businesses. Additionally, in 2016, we hired a number of new employees in connection with the development and launch of our
new project SOVEST.
We place a high value on technological innovation and compete aggressively for talent. We strive to hire the best
software engineers, as well as talented sales, marketing and financial and administrative staff. We seek to create a dynamic, fulfilling work environment, encouraging participation, creativity, the exchange of ideas and teamwork. We believe that our
relations with our employees are good.
Regulation
We are subject to a number of laws and regulations in Russia and other jurisdictions that regulate payment and financial services, anti-money
laundering, data protection and information security. Qiwi Bank is also subject to numerous laws and regulations governing banking activities, consumer lending and money remittances in Russia.
Regulation of Payment Services
A
legislative framework for the payment services industry is not yet fully developed in Russia, and, moreover, is not universal, and various business models that payment services providers pursue are regulated differently.
Virtual wallet operations are legally considered cashless transfers with the use of bank cards. For regulatory purposes, when a Qiwi Wallet
account is reloaded, the accountholder is issued one or several virtual prepaid cards, depending on the amount of the reload. While the accountholder agrees to the issuance of the cards through accepting a public offer, he or she is not explicitly
provided with details of each card. From a consumers perspective, the amount of the reload is simply transferred to an account of a digital wallet, whereas legally it becomes stored value of a virtual prepaid card. Prepaid cards are regulated
as electronic means of payment under the Federal Law of the Russian Federation
No. 161-FZ
On the National Payment System, dated June 27, 2011, as amended, or the Payment
System Law:.
The Payment System Law classifies electronic means of payment into personalized and
non-personalized,
depending on whether they allow for identification of the payer for the purposes of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation
No. 115-FZ
On
Combating the Legalization (Laundering) of Criminally Obtained Income and Funding of Terrorism, dated August 7, 2001, as amended, or the Anti-Money Laundering Law. Any electronic money transfers are subject to thresholds on
remaining electronic money balances, which amount to RUB 600,000 for personalized means of payment and RUB 15,000 for
non-personalized
means of payment (or RUB 60,000 if the holder underwent a simplified
identification procedure). The total monthly turnover for each
non-personalized
means of payment cannot exceed RUB 40,000 (or RUB 200,000 if the holder underwent a simplified identification procedure). There
are no limitations on the total monthly turnover for fully identified consumers (see - The Anti-Money Laundering Law).
The
CBR is the agency commissioned with supervision of compliance with the provisions of the Payment System Law. As such, it is entitled to suspend the activities of market participants regulated by the Payment System Law in the event of violations and
impose administrative liability on the offenders.
As part of operating our agent model, Qiwi Bank has contracts with the bank payment
agents, whose principal function is to accept cash for the purpose of Qiwi Wallet uploads through kiosks, terminals and other physical points of service. In accordance with the Payment System Law, Qiwi Bank is responsible for the supervision of
compliance of such bank payment agents and
sub-agents
with the provisions of the corresponding Russian legislation, in particular their compliance with the regulation of payment services, anti-money
laundering, data protection, and use of cash registers legislation.
JSC QIWI, as operator of our kiosk network, is deemed to be a payment
agent in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation
No. 103-FZ
On Collection of Payments from Individuals by the Payment Agents, dated June 3, 2009, as amended, or the
Payment Agents Law. The Payment Agents Law is inapplicable to electronic payments and thus does not regulate our Qiwi Wallet business.
The Payment Agents Law requires payment agents to comply with the Anti-Money Laundering Law.
48
The payment agents obligation to transmit the funds to the merchant is required to be
either insured or secured by means of a pledge, guarantee, or otherwise. The amount of such insurance or security is not statutorily fixed, and there are no other guidelines regarding this requirement.
The Payment Agents Law provides that payment agents are entitled to levy fees from the merchants customers for each transaction
processed by them. These fees are not statutorily capped, although proposals to cap them are from time to time considered by the Russian legislature.
This law also requires both the payment agent and the merchant serviced by them to maintain segregated bank accounts for the purpose of
depositing funds received from the customers and from the payment agent, respectively. All funds received by a payment agent need to be deposited into such specialized accounts.
Although currently, in respect of monitoring the activities of the payment agents, the CBR authority is limited to collection, systematization
and analysis of industry data, the CBR activities may have indirect impact on payment agents. For instance, in April 2015 the CBR issued recommendations to credit institutions to enhance their scrutiny over compliance by the payment agents with
legislation that requires them to remit their proceeds to special accounts, which resulted in a decline in the number of kiosks in the market as well as our active kiosks.
Payment Systems Regulation
In 2015, we acquired the Contact money transfer system. Contact was established in 1999 and for legal purposes is set up and regulated as a
payment system. It provides funds transfer services without opening a bank account to individuals and legal entities in Russia, CIS and European countries, the USA, Canada, Israel, Vietnam, Turkey, UAE, RSA, India, Thailand, New Zealand and
Singapore. It also allows its clients to reload cards of international payment systems such as MasterCard, Visa and UnionPay. In accordance with the decision of the CBR, the Contact money transfer system has the status of a nationally significant
payment system.
Pursuant to the Payment System Law, a payment system is a group of organizations, including the payment system operator,
payment infrastructure service providers (including operational, payment clearing and settlement centers) and payment system participants (which in most cases are credit institutions), which cooperate in order to transfer funds under the payment
system regulations.
The payment system operator has a key role in a payment system. Since April 27, 2017, Qiwi Bank has been the
operator of Contact money transfer system and its operational, payment clearing and settlement center.
The payment system operator
determines the payment system regulations which the payment system participants adhere to. The Contact money transfer system regulations are in full compliance with the current Russian legislation. The CBR is the agency that supervises and oversees
payment systems.
TSUPIS Regulation
As part of our business, we service merchants that provide betting services. The regulatory framework with respect to betting in the Russian
Federation is set by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No.
244-FZ
On State Regulation of Organization and Conducting Games of Chance and on Introducing Changes to Some Legislative Acts of the
Russian Federation, dated December 29, 2006, as amended, or the Betting Law.
In order to engage in the betting
business, a bookmaker has to become a member of a self-regulated organization of bookmakers and abide by its rules, and any and all interactive bets may be only accepted through an Interactive Bets Accounting Center (TSUPIS) set up by a credit
organization together with a self-regulated association of bookmakers. The core functions of a TSUPIS are as follows: (i) to accept interactive bets in favor of the members of the self-regulated organization; (ii) to pay winnings to the
bettors; (iii) to identify bettors in a manner allowing to ascertain their age; (iv) to record and provide to the members the information on the bettors and accepted interactive bets.
Qiwi Bank serves as an interactive bets accounting center. It has entered into a contract with the self-regulated organization
Association of Bookmakers in 2016. The activity of Qiwi Bank as a TSUPIS is in compliance with the applicable legislation.
Consumer Lending Regulation
In November 2016 QIWI launched a new
payment-by-installments
card project called SOVEST. The consumer lending activities in Russia are mainly regulated by the Federal Law of Russian Federation No.
353-FZ
On Consumer Credits (Loans) dated December 21,
2013, as amended, or the Consumer Credit Law. The law imposes a range of restrictions on the lender, including interest rate limitations, prohibition to increase the interest rate and prohibition of artificial extra charges.
The terms and conditions of our consumer loan agreements in connection with the SOVEST project comply with applicable legislation.
Before granting a loan Qiwi Bank performs a credit scoring procedure of the potential borrower, for the purposes of which we employ various
facilities and methods in full compliance with the Russian legislation.
49
Banking Regulation
Our Qiwi Bank is a credit institution and is accordingly subject to the following financial services-related laws and regulations:
The Federal Law of the Russian Federation
No. 395-1
On Banks and Banking
Activity, dated December 2, 1990, as amended, or the Banking Law, is the main law regulating the Russian banking sector. Among other things, it defines credit institutions, sets forth the list of banking operations and
other transactions that credit institutions may engage in, and establishes the framework for the registration and licensing of credit institutions as well as the regulation of banking activity by the CBR.
The Banking Law provides for a list of the
so-called
banking operations that cannot be
conducted without an appropriate license from the CBR, including, among others, accepting deposits, opening and maintaining bank accounts, performing money transfers from and to bank accounts of clients, and performing money (including electronic
money) transfers without opening a bank account (other than postal transfers), etc. The latter type of banking operations is the only one that Qiwi Bank pursues as a main line of our payment services business, although Qiwi Bank is also entitled to
accept deposits from individuals and legal entities, invest the funds received in the form of deposits, maintain accounts for individuals and legal entities and perform settlements through their bank accounts, perform teller and cash collection
services, sell and purchase currency and issue bank guarantees. In accordance with the recent amendments to the Banking Law, Russian banks are divided into two categories: banks with a basic license and banks with a universal license. The key
differences are the range of permitted banking operations, the requirements to net worth (capital), prudential ratios the banks should comply with, the information to be disclosed and the ability to have subsidiaries abroad. Pursuant to this new
classification, Qiwi Bank holds a universal license. There are no changes in regulation applicable to Qiwi Bank resulting from these amendments.
Capital and Reserve Requirements
The Banking Law and legislative acts promulgated thereunder establish minimum charter capital, capital base and various reserve requirements
for credit institutions, which Qiwi Bank is in compliance with. The reserve requirements of the CBR negatively impact Qiwi Banks ability to distribute its profit to the shareholders in the form of dividends.
Loss Provisions
Credit
institutions are required to adopt procedures for calculating and posting provisions for loan losses and for possible losses other than loan losses, which may include losses from investments in securities, funds held in correspondent accounts at
other banks, contingent liabilities and other transactions.
Qiwi Bank maintains certain provisions for losses from loans, default by
counterparties, impairment of assets and liability increases, and is in compliance with applicable legislation.
Prudential Ratios
CBR establishes and periodically amends mandatory prudential ratios for banks. Key mandatory economic ratios that banks must observe
on a daily basis and periodically report to the CBR include capital adequacy ratio, instant liquidity ratio, current liquidity ratio, long-term liquidity ratio, maximum exposure to a single borrower or a group of affiliated borrowers, maximum
exposure to major credit risks, maximum amount of loans, bank guarantees and sureties extended by the bank to its participants (shareholders), aggregate amount of exposure to the banks insiders, and ratio for the use of the banks capital
base to acquire shares (participation interests) in other legal entities. Failure to comply with the prudential ratios may lead to negative consequences for the bank, including revocation of its banking license.
As of December 31, 2017, prudential ratios of Qiwi Bank were in excess of the minimum thresholds imposed by the CBR. Qiwi Bank is in
compliance with applicable legislation.
Reporting Requirements
A
substantial amount of routine reporting has to be performed by credit institutions on a regular and
non-regular
basis, including disclosure of financial statements, various operational indicators, affiliates and persons who exercise (directly or indirectly) influence over the decisions taken by the
management bodies of the credit institution. The CBR may at any time conduct full or selective audits of any credit institutions filings and may inspect all of its books and records.
Additionally, banking holdings such as ourselves (i.e., groups of legal entities in which one legal entity that is not a credit institution,
directly or indirectly, controls decisions of the management bodies of a credit institution within such groups, such as Qiwi Bank) must regularly disclose their consolidated financial statements and provide to CBR certain additional information
regarding the business operations and financial condition of the group in order for the CBR to assess their risks.
The Anti-Money Laundering Law
In Russia, the companies performing transactions with funds and other assets (so called financial services providers) shall comply
with national anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing legislation, as well as requirements of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). Usually, financial services providers in Russia also follow the best international practices
in this sphere, such as recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force, or the FATF. Under the Anti-Money Laundering Law, the main obligations of a financial services provider are as follows:
1) to elaborate internal control rules and programs for anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing purposes and control their
implementation, and to designate an officer responsible for compliance of these rules and programs with the Russian legislation;
50
2) to conduct internal and external trainings of the staff in the anti-money laundering and
counter-terrorism financing sphere;
3) to detect, document and report to the Rosfinmonitoring on clients transactions subject to
mandatory control;
4) to detect, document and report to the Rosfinmonitoring on clients suspicious (unusual) transactions;
5) to keep a close eye on certain transactions where one of the counterparties is a resident in a country included in the FATF black
lists or uses a bank account maintained in such country, to take reasonable measures for identifying clients that are politically exposed persons (domestic or foreign) and clients that pose high money laundering or financing terrorism risks,
and to apply enhanced due diligence measures to such clients;
6) to detect and to freeze (block) funds or other assets of natural or
legal persons that are known to participate in extremist or terrorist activities and report to the Rosfinmonitoring on such taken actions, and not less than once every three months to inspect whether there are clients whose funds or other assets
were or shall be frozen/blocked and provide the Rosfinmonitoring with the results of such inspections;
7) to suspend or to restrict the
performance of certain operations on the ground set forth by the anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing legislation;
8) to
provide the Rosfinmonitoring on its request with information on clients, their operations and beneficial owners;
9) to identify such
clients, their representatives and/or beneficial owners, to take reasonable measures for identifying beneficial owners, to update the information on such clients on a regular basis, and to determine a procedure for cooperating with the persons
assigned to perform identification.
Financial services providers are generally required to identify their clients, whether legal entities
and individuals. However, certain transactions of physical persons are exempt from the identification requirements under the Anti-Money Laundering Law, unless officers of a financial service provider suspect that such operation is carried out to
legalize funds received from illegal activities or to finance terrorism. Money transfers by individuals not exceeding RUB 15,000 are generally exempt from the identification requirement, but
peer-to-peer
transfer and transfers to foreign entities and certain kinds of
non-profits
require at least a simplified identification of the customer regardless of the
amount. The key difference between the simplified procedure and the procedure that must be followed in all other circumstances is that simplified identification can be performed remotely. However, the simplified identification process is still not
well defined and the public databases that such remote identification is supposed to be based on are still not entirely operational, which could cause us to be in violation of the identification requirements. The identification requirements of the
Anti-Money Laundering Law only pertain to individual transactions and not series of transactions.
Privacy and Personal Data Protection Regulation
We are subject to laws and regulations regarding privacy and protection of the user data, including the Federal Law of the Russian
Federation
No. 152-FZ
On Personal Data, dated July 27, 2006, as amended, or the Personal Data Law. The Personal Data Law, among other things, requires that an individual must
consent to the processing (i.e. any action or combination of actions performed with or without the use of technology on personal data, including the collection, recording, systematization, accumulation, storage, alteration (updating or changing),
retrieval, use, transfer (distributing, providing or authorizing access to), depersonalization, blocking, deleting and destroying) of his/her personal data and must provide this consent before such data is processed. Generally, the Personal Data Law
does not require the consent to be in writing but requires it to be in any form that, from an evidential perspective, sufficiently attests to the fact that it has been obtained.
However, the consent must be in writing in certain cases, including: (i) where the processing relates to special categories of personal
data (regarding the individuals race, nationality, political views, religion, philosophical beliefs, health conditions or intimate information); (ii) where the processing of personal data relates to any physiological and biological
characteristics of the individual which can help to establish his or her identity (such as, for example, biometric personal data); (iii) cross-border transfers to a state that does not provide adequate protection of rights of individuals; and
(iv) the reporting or transferring of an employees personal data to a third party, etc. The written consent of individuals must meet a number of formal requirements and must be signed by holographic or electronic signature.
We obtain consents from our users by asking them to click an icon indicating their consent to us processing their personal data.
Subject to certain limited exemptions, the recording, systematization, accumulation, storage, adjustment (update, alteration), retrieval of
personal data of citizens of the Russian Federation is required to be performed through a database located in the territory of the Russian Federation. All our data centers used to store such personal data are located in the Russian Federation.
51
Regulation of Strategic Investments
The Strategic Enterprise Law provides that an acquisition by a foreign investor (or a group of persons including a foreign investor) of direct
or indirect control over a company holding an encryption license requires prior approval of a specialized governmental commission. The approval process usually takes between three and six months. Qiwi Bank holds encryption licenses, which are
necessary to conduct its operations, and by virtue of this may be deemed to be a strategic enterprise.
Under the Strategic
Enterprise Law, a person is deemed to have control over a strategic enterprise if, among other things, such person controls, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the total number of votes attributable to the voting shares comprising the share
capital of such strategic enterprise. Where the purchaser is a foreign state, foreign governmental organization, international organization or entity controlled by a foreign government, or international organization, the threshold for obtaining a
preliminary approval is more than 25% of the voting power. In addition, investors that are controlled by a foreign state or a foreign government or international organization are prohibited from owning more than 50% of the voting power of a
strategic enterprise. Failure to obtain the required governmental approval prior to an acquisition would render the acquisition null and void.
The Strategic Enterprise Law is not clear on how to interpret indirect control over a strategic enterprise and in what
circumstances an acquisition of shares in the holding company of a strategic enterprise would represent an indirect acquisition of shares in the latter and, consequently, require approval of the specialized governmental commission.
Although the view can be taken that an indirect acquisition takes place if a foreign investor acquires over 50% of the shares in the holding company of a strategic enterprise or otherwise obtains control over the holding company, there
is no assurance that Russian state authorities would not interpret it differently and apply a lower threshold to the acquisition of such holding company.
C.
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Organizational Structure
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QIWI plc is a holding company that operates through its
subsidiaries. Our major operating subsidiaries, each of which is a wholly owned subsidiary, are QIWI Bank (JSC) (which is 99.9% owned by QIWI), QIWI JSC, QIWI Payments Services Provider Ltd.
See Exhibit 8.1 for a list of our subsidiaries.
D.
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Property, Plants and Equipment.
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We currently lease a total of over 12,700 square meters
in Moscow and other regions across Russia as well as in Kazakhstan, Cyprus and other jurisdictions where we operate, primarily for the purpose of office space.
ITEM 4A.
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Unresolved Staff Comments
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None.
ITEM 5.
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Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
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You should read the following operating
and financial review together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Certain statements in this section are forward-looking statements and are subject to risks and
uncertainties, which may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Please see Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors for more
information.
Overview
We are a leading provider of next generation payment services in Russia and the CIS. We have an integrated proprietary network that enables
payment services across online, mobile and physical channels as well as provides access to certain financial services that we offer to our customers. We operate in and target markets and segments that are largely cash-based or that lack convenient
digital solutions for customers to pay or accept payments for goods and services, transfer money or use other financial tools in online, mobile and physical environments.
We distribute our payment services online through our virtual Qiwi Wallet and Qiwi Wallet products infrastructure, which enables consumers to
access and make payments through their computers or mobile devices funding their accounts through a variety of sources. We have also built a physical network of over 152,000 kiosks and terminals using a proprietary agent model. Under this model, our
kiosks and terminals are built with our proprietary specifications and technology by third party manufacturers and then purchased and managed by approximately 5,800 agents responsible for placing, operating and servicing the kiosks in high-traffic,
convenient retail locations.
Our primary source of revenue is fees we receive from processing payments made by consumers to merchants or
other customers, which we refer to as payment processing fees, typically based on a percentage of the size of the transactions processed, which we refer to as payment volume. We refer to payment processing fees that are paid to us by merchants for
collecting payments on their behalf as merchant fees and to payment processing fees that are paid by our consumers directly to us or transmitted to us by our agents as consumer fees. If the transactions are
52
made in cash through our kiosks and terminals, we typically pass on a portion of the merchant fees to our agents. We also generate merchant fees based on a percentage of the size of the
transactions that we process through operations of our SOVEST project, where we provide our consumers with the opportunity to buy goods and services from partner merchants on credit and repay their debt in equal installment payments. Further, we
generate revenue from servicing Tochka clients with accounts in Otkritie Bank under the information and technology services agreement between QIWI Bank and Otkritie Bank as well as from commissions we charge for servicing the clients of Tochka, who
have accounts with QIWI Bank.
Key Measures of Financial and Operational Performance
Our management monitors our financial and operational performance on the basis of the following measures.
Financial Measures
The following table
presents our key financial measures for the year ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017.
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Year ended December 31,
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2015
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2016
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2017
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(in RUB millions)
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Adjusted net revenue
(1)
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10,228
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10,611
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13,193
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Payment Services segment net revenue
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10,198
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10,583
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12,580
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Adjusted EBITDA
(1)
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5,640
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6,035
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5,185
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Adjusted net profit
(1)
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4,142
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4,714
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4,054
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(1)
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See Selected Consolidated Financial and Other Data
Non-IFRS
Financial Measures for how we define and calculate adjusted net revenue, adjusted EBITDA, and
adjusted net profit as
non-IFRS
financial measures and reconciliations of these measures to revenue, in the case of adjusted net revenue, and net profit, in the case of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net profit.
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Operating Measures
The following table presents our key operative measures for the year ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017.
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Year ended December 31,
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2015
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2016
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2017
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(in RUB millions, unless otherwise indicated)
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Payment Services segment payment volume
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860,329
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*
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846,980
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911,095
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Active Qiwi Wallet accounts (at period end, in millions)
(1)
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16.1
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17.2
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20.1
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Active kiosks and terminals
(units)
(2)
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172,269
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162,173
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152,525
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Payment Services segment net revenue
yield
(3)
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1.19
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%
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1.25
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%
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1.38
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%
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Consumer Financial Services segment payment
volume
(4)
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3,304
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*
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The amounts shown here do not correspondent to the amounts shown in Annual Report on Form
20-F
for the year ended December 31, 2015 as the result of methodological
adjustments in respect of Kazakhstan business, cost allocation and several other internal accounting policies made to the calculation of our payment volumes as well as distribution of payment volumes and net revenues between payment categories.
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(1)
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Number of active Qiwi Wallet accounts is defined as the number of wallets through which at least one payment has been made or that have been loaded or reloaded in the 12 months preceding the end of the relevant
reporting period.
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(2)
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We measure the numbers of our kiosks and terminals on a daily basis, with only those kiosks and terminals being taken into calculation through which at least one payment has been processed during the day, which we refer
to as active kiosks and terminals. The period end numbers of our kiosks and terminals are calculated as an average of the amount of active kiosks and terminals for the last 30 days of the respective reporting period.
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(3)
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Payment Services segment net revenue yield is defined as Payment Services segment net revenue divided by Payment Services segment payment volume.
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(4)
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Consumer Financial Services segment payment volume consists of the amounts paid by our customers using SOVEST card to the partner merchants.
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Payment volume
. Payment Services segment payment volume as well as Consumer Financial Services segment payment volume provides a
measure of the overall size and growth of the corresponding business, and increasing our payment volumes is essential to growing our profitability. Payment Services segment payment volumes have increased by 7.6% in 2017 as compared to 2016, reaching
RUB 911 billion for the year ended December 31, 2017 mainly as a result of the growth in
E-commerce
and Money Remittance market verticals where we are best suited to leverage our payment
infrastructure by providing our customers with convenient solutions. Payment Services segment payment volumes have decreased by 1.6% in 2016 as compared to 2015, reaching RUB 847 billion for the year ended December 31, 2016 mainly as a
result of the weak macroeconomic climate in Russia affecting certain markets that we service as well as decrease of our kiosk network (see Item 3.D Risk
53
FactorsRisks Related to Our Business and Industry a decline in the use of cash as a means of payment or a decline in the use of kiosks and terminals may result in a reduced demand for
our services). The following factors may have a significant impact on the payment volumes and therefore our revenue:
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Russian economy
. We carry out our operations primarily in Russia. Macroeconomic conditions in Russia significantly impact the volume of payments made by our consumers. During periods of economic growth, overall
consumer spending tends to increase along with rises in wealth, and during economic downturns, consumer spending tends to correspondingly decline. For example, in 2016 we have experienced negative pressure on our payment volumes resulting largely
from general economic downturn and decreasing real wages and disposable income of our customers as well as other market specific factors affecting some of our categories of merchants.
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Increase in the volume of online transactions and the use of alternative payment methods
. The volume of online transactions has grown considerably in the recent years and continues to grow. Similarly, we expect
the use of both banking cards and alternative payment methods in Russia, such as smartphones to grow considerably. We believe that growth in online transactions and alternative payment methods will be an important driver in increasing the demand for
technological payment solutions, the number of potential merchants for which we can offer payment services and the potential number of our users. However, the rapid development of banking card transactions in online as well as development of online
banking services could hinder the growth in alternative payment methods.
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Consumer adoption
. We have actively sought new merchants to offer consumers more payment choices when using our products and developed certain solutions and technological capabilities that widen the scope of
available use cases. We believe that growth of our infrastructure and merchant network will lead to more consumers using our payment and financial services more frequently. In addition, we actively encourage consumers to use multiple products,
distribution channels and interfaces, in particular, for users of our kiosks and terminals network to create a Qiwi Wallet account and use it for wider range of purposes such as, for example, recurring and
non-recurring
payments, money transfers or as a payment collection tool. We also encourage the users of our payment services to adopt the financial services products, such as SOVEST, that we offer. We believe
that the synergies offered within our payment network as well as between our payment and financial services will help enhance consumer adoption of our services in the future and create a more attractive and complete range of use cases for our
customers.
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Use of cash as a means of payment
. Changes in the aggregate use of cash as a means of payment is an important variable affecting our revenues. Cash payments are the principal form of payment in Russia, and, as a
result, a significant share of our payment volumes continues to be cash-based. We expect cash payments to continue to be an important means of payment in Russia and to sustain demand for use of our kiosks and terminals in the near future. If the use
of cash as a mean of payment declines in Russia, it may negatively impact our financial results.
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Number of active Qiwi
Wallet accounts
. Number of active wallets represents the number of wallets through which at least one payment has been made or which has been loaded in the 12 months preceding the end of the relevant reporting period. Number of active wallets is
a measure of our success in penetrating the market and expanding our customer base. Our strategy is primarily focused on quality of Qiwi Wallet usage and we believe we are able to leverage our large, active base of over 50 million consumers who
use our network at least once a month, our technological expertise and our brand recognition to drive the adoption and usage of the Qiwi Wallet.
Number of active kiosks and terminals
. We measure the numbers of our kiosks and terminals on a daily basis, with only those kiosks and
terminals being taken into calculation through which at least one payment has been processed during the day, which we refer to as active kiosks and terminals. The period end numbers of our kiosks and terminals are calculated as an average of the
amount of active kiosks and terminals for the last 30 days of the respective reporting period. From December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017, our number of kiosks decreased from 113,000 to 109,000 and the number of terminals decreased from
49,000 to 43,000. Our kiosks and terminals can be found next to convenience stores, in train stations, post offices, retail stores and airport terminals in all major urban cities as well as many small and rural towns that lack large bank branches
and other financial infrastructure. While the number of our kiosks was significantly affected by the regulatory developments in the second half of 2015 (see Item 3.D Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our Business and Industry a decline
in the use of cash as a means of payment or a decline in the use of kiosks and terminals may result in a reduced demand for our services), we believe that our physical distribution network remains an important part of our infrastructure, and we
maintained or even slightly increased our market share since then.
Payment Services segment net revenue yield
. We calculate
Payment Services segment net revenue yield by dividing Payment Services segment net revenue by Payment Services segment payment volume. Payment Services segment net revenue yield provides a measure of our ability to generate net revenue per unit of
volume we process. Payment Services segment net revenue yield was 1.19%, 1.25% and 1.38% in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. In 2017, Payment Services segment net revenue yield increased by 13 bps in comparison to 2016 primarily as a result
of an increase in the share of payment volumes associated with higher revenue generating transactions such as
e-commerce
and certain types of money remittance payments as well as growth of average net revenue
yield of the
e-commerce
category. The following factors have influenced Payment Services segment net revenue yield:
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We have experienced a changing business mix towards higher yielding transactions which are primarily
e-commerce
and money remittances, whereas lower yielding transaction, such as
telecoms, have declined as a percentage of total Payment Services segment payment volume.
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In the past, we have experienced a decline in average net revenue yields derived from large merchants such for example MNOs since they have a substantial bargaining power over the payment channels they use including our
infrastructure. We expect that the average net revenue yields will be declining in certain verticals such as
E-Commerce
if merchants in these verticals continue to gain scale and accordingly bargaining power
within our infrastructure.
|
54
|
|
|
In 2015, our Payment Services segment net revenue yield was diluted by the acquisition of Contact and Rapida businesses, which historically operated with significantly lower yields than Qiwi. In 2016, we renegotiated
some of the contacts to more favorable terms; however we expect that Contact and Rapida will continue to operate with a lower levels of yields than Qiwi has historically operated.
|
|
|
|
Our Payment Services segment net revenue yield depends on the level and mix of merchant commissions as well as the level of the reload costs we experience. Such costs depend on the commissions charged to us by our
partners and agents for the wallet reload as well as on the mix of such channels. If the consumer preferences shift between different reload methods or if any channel becomes more expensive to us (as we have experienced in 2015 in relation to our
kiosk network) or less expensive to us, our Payment Services segment net revenue yield may decrease or increase respectively.
|
Sources of
Revenue
Our primary source of revenue is payment processing fees. In addition, we derive revenue from installment cards project
SOVEST, interest revenue, cash and settlement services, rent of space for kiosks, advertising, interest revenue from agents overdrafts, and other revenue.
Payment processing fees
. Payment processing fees constitute the substantial majority of our revenue and comprise of fees charged for
processing payments typically based on a percentage of the total volume of each payment. A majority of our payment processing fees are merchant fees, and consumer fees. If the payment is made through our physical distribution network, we typically
pass on a portion of the merchants fees to our agents. In certain situations, we may not receive any merchant fees, for example, when a merchant is a government body. We generally recognize merchant fees gross at the point when merchants accept
payments from the consumer. Consumer fees fall into two categories those collected by us directly and those collected by our agents. We recognize revenue from consumer fees charged through Qiwi Wallet as well as most revenue from consumer
fees charged through our kiosks and terminals gross at the point when the consumer makes a payment. Additionally, we earn revenues from fees for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments, writing down leftover balances or unclaimed payments when our
customers do not use their wallets or claim their payments respectively for prolonged periods of time so that their wallets are deemed to be inactive.
Other sources of revenue
. In addition to payment processing fees, we generate revenue from various other sources, including SOVEST
merchant commission fees charged for payments made using the SOVEST
payment-by-installment
card with the partner-merchants, cash and settlement services (representing
revenue from different types services, including maintenance of current and special guarantee deposit accounts that we provide to individuals and legal entities including our agents and SME clients), advertising revenue (representing revenue from
displaying advertising on our kiosks, through short message services and various messengers), interest revenue on agents overdrafts (representing revenue from interest earned on amounts of credit that we provide to our agents for them to be
able to operate within our network), interest revenue (representing revenue from interest earned on cash deposits with financial institutions, and short- and long-term investments performed as a part of our treasury operations), revenue from rent of
space for kiosks (representing revenue from rent obtained for subleasing retail space for kiosks to our agents) and other revenue (representing revenue primarily generated from operations such as software licensing for our processing system to third
parties).
Operating Expenses
Costs of revenue
(exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
Transaction costs
. When payments are made through our physical distribution
network, we incur transaction costs to our agents, which represent the amount of fees we pass through to agents for use of their kiosks and terminals. Additionally, we incur reload and transaction costs when Qiwi Wallet consumers reload their
wallets or make certain types of payments through their wallets for goods and services offered by our merchants.
Payroll and related
taxes
. Payroll and related taxes represents salaries and benefits paid to employees, primarily IT and operating services employees, and related taxes, where such payroll and related taxes are associated with payment processing and other
revenue-generating activities.
Ancillary expenses
. We incur other expenses in addition to transaction costs and payroll and
related taxes, including SMS and voice message expenses (SMS notification), call center expenses (payment to call center provider for the number of the calls serviced), cost of rent of space for kiosks (representing the rental payments we make to
retail shop owners to allow agents to install kiosks on their premises under lease arrangements) and other expenses (including mostly SOVEST expenses consisting of cards production costs).
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses consists primarily of compensation to employees, related taxes and other personnel expenses for
our senior management, finance, legal and other administrative staff, advertising, client acquisition and related expenses, advisory and audit services, rent of premises and related utility expenses, bad debt expense, IT related services, tax
expenses, not including income and payroll related taxes and other operating expenses.
55
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation is calculated on property and equipment on a straight-line basis from the time the assets are available for use, over their
estimated useful lives. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful economic lives, unless the useful life is indefinite. We do not amortize intangible assets with indefinite useful lives, but we test these assets for
impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level.
Impairment of intangible assets
For the purpose of the impairment testing of other intangible assets the Company estimates the recoverable amounts as the higher of the value
in use or the fair value less costs to sell of an individual asset or Cash Generated Unit (CGU) such asset relates to. For the year ended December 31, 2017 impairment of intangible assets was RUB 104 million, mainly relating to the New
Terminal CGU (New Terminal is a project focus on developing of a new generation of kiosks that was recently terminated). For the year ended December 31, 2016 the impairment of intangible assets was RUB 878 million, the main part of which
related to intangible assets allocated to Rapida CGU (which is currently part of the Payment Services CGU (customer relationships and trademarks identified and recognized upon acquisition)). There was no impairment of intangible assets in 2015.
Other Income and Expense Items
Loss on disposal of
subsidiaries
There was no loss on disposal of subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017. In December 2016 the BOD of the Group
decided to sell QIWI WALLET EUROPE SIA. The subsidiary was recognized in a disposal group as of December 31, 2016 and all its assets and liabilities were classified as held for sale. Although in the end of 2017 the Group entered into a contract
to sell QIWI WALLET EUROPE SIA, the control over the entity was not transferred as of December 31, 2017. No impairment was recognized upon reclassification of the subsidiary as a disposal group. In 2016, loss on disposal of subsidiaries was
recorded in the amount of RUB 10 million. The loss was related to the disposal of Processingovyi Tsentr Rapida LLC in December 2016. In 2015, loss on disposal of subsidiaries included the disposal of CMT Engineering LLC on
December 29, 2015 in the amount of RUB 70 million, which was partially offset by a gain from disposal of IT Billion LLC and QIWI USA LLC on May 1, 2015 in the amount of RUB 32 million.
Other income and expenses net
Other income in 2017 and 2016 included a variety of individually insignificant items; in 2015, it primarily included gain from sale of
investments and income from penalties charged to agents for violation of our payment system terms and conditions. Other expenses in 2017 and 2016 primarily consisted of the discounts recognized on loans issued at rates lower than market rate and tax
penalties. In 2015, other expenses were mostly represented by discounts recognized on guarantees provided.
Foreign exchange gain and loss
Foreign exchange gain and loss arise as a result of
re-measurement
of monetary assets and
liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the functional currency rate of exchange at the reporting date. The amount of foreign exchange gain and loss for the reporting period is directly related to currency rates fluctuations.
Interest income and expenses net
Interest income represents primarily interest on
non-banking
loans issued.
Interest
expense primarily represents interest expense accrued on bank guarantees issued to selected merchants.
Income tax expense
Income tax expense represents current and deferred income taxes with respect to our earnings in the countries in which we operate. Deferred tax
also includes taxes on earnings of our foreign subsidiaries that have not been remitted to us to the extent applicable and will be taxed in Cyprus once remitted.
Critical accounting policies and significant estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions
that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the reporting dates and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. However, uncertainty about these
assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of the asset or liability affected in future periods. The most significant judgments relate to the recognition of revenue and functional
currency. The most significant estimates and assumptions relate to determination of the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, impairment of intangible assets and goodwill, recoverability of
56
deferred tax assets, impairment of loans and receivables, measurement of costs associated with share based payments and uncertain position over risk assessment. We have based our estimates on
historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily
apparent from other sources. Actual results may materially differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
An
accounting policy is considered to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, and if different estimates that reasonably could have been
used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the consolidated financial statements. We believe that the following critical accounting policies are the most sensitive and
require more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. You should read the following descriptions of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates in conjunction with our
consolidated financial statements and other disclosures included in this annual report.
Revenue recognition
We exercise significant judgment in reaching a conclusion about our accounting policy for gross versus net reporting of payment processing fee
revenues and related transaction costs.
In particular, there are two major sources of payment processing fee revenues:
|
|
|
Payment processing fees charged to consumers on payments collected through agents, mobile operators and other payment methods; and
|
|
|
|
Payment processing fees charged to merchants.
|
Either one or both of the two types of payment
processing fees above apply to a single consumer payment. Transaction costs relate to acquisition of payments by agents, mobile operators, international payment systems and some other parties, and the applicable fees, generally determined as a
percentage of consumer payment, for each specific payment channel are on terms similar to those available to other market participants.
A
merchants payment processing fee, when charged, is recorded gross of related transaction costs, because (i) we are the primary obligor as we undertake to transfer the consumer payment to the merchant or other individual using our payment
processing system; (ii) we negotiate and ultimately set the fee receivable from a merchant or consumer, generally as a percentage of payments; and (iii) we bear credit risk in most of the cases, unless the payment is made from a deposit
made with our group.
A consumer payment processing fee, when it is charged on payments made by consumers through payment kiosks and
terminals, is reported net of any transaction costs payable to or retained by agents. This is because, although we are the primary obligor, we do not have any discretion over the ultimate payment processing fee set by the agent to the consumer, we
do not have readily available information about gross fee, and we are only exposed to the net amount of fee receivable from agents.
Consumer payment processing fee revenue is reported gross of related transaction costs. Such payments are made by consumers through our
website or an application using a unique user login and password, and are called electronic payments. In contrast to consumer payment processing fee revenue collected through payment kiosks and terminals, we, being a primary obligor in electronic
payment transactions, also set the consumers payment processing fee, generally as a percentage of payment, although credit risk for these transactions is limited. Thus, we have concluded that our ability to control the consumer payment
processing fee for electronic payments is a key differentiator from the consumer payment processing fees on payments collected through payment kiosks and terminals.
We also charge a fee for the maintenance of current accounts of individuals and SME clients and for managing special guarantee deposit
accounts made by agents to cover consumer payments they accept. Related revenues were RUB 557 million, RUB 130 million, and RUB 670 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016, and 2017 respectively.
Functional currency
Each entity
in the Group determines its own functional currency, depending on the economic environment it operates in, and items included in the financial statements of each entity are measured using that functional currency.
Fair values of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations
We recognize separately, at the acquisition date, the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired or assumed in the
business combination at their fair values, which involves estimates. Such estimates are based on valuation techniques, which require considerable judgment in forecasting future cash flows and developing other assumptions. In some cases, when the
amounts of fair values are significant, we hire third party appraisers to assist us in determining the related fair values.
57
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets
We determine the following Cash Generating Units (CGU): SOVEST, Payment services, Postomatnye Tekhnologii (a project developing
pick-up
box infrastructure), Tochka, Rocketbank, New Terminal and Flocktory (a SaaS platform for customer lifecycle management and personalization, 82% of which we acquired in 2017). For the purpose of goodwill
impairment test, we estimate the recoverable amounts of Payment services CGU as fair value less costs of disposal on the basis of quoted prices of Companys ordinary shares. For the purpose of testing intangible assets with indefinite useful
life for impairment, we estimate the recoverable amounts of each asset as fair value less costs of disposal on the basis of comparative method and cost approach. For the purpose of intangible assets with definite useful life impairment, when
indicators of impairment are noted, we estimate the recoverable amounts as higher of value in use or fair value less costs to sell of an individual asset or the CGU to which this asset relates.
Recoverability of deferred tax assets
The utilization of deferred tax assets will depend on whether it is possible to generate sufficient taxable income against which the deductible
temporary differences can be utilized. Various factors are used to assess the probability of the future utilization of deferred tax assets, including past operating results, operational plans, expiration of tax losses carried forward, and tax
planning strategies.
A portion of deferred tax assets was not recorded because we do not expect to realize certain of our tax loss carry
forwards in the foreseeable future due to the history of losses.
Impairment of loans and receivables
Our management assesses an impairment of loans and receivables to account for estimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to
make required payments. When evaluating the adequacy of an impairment of loans and receivables, our management bases its estimates on the aging of accounts receivable balances and loans and historical
write-off
experience, customer credit worthiness and changes in customer payment terms. If the financial condition of customers were to deteriorate, actual write-offs might be higher than expected.
We regularly review our loan portfolio to assess impairment. In accordance with the internal methodology for the provision estimation we use
our historical instalment card loans loss statistics for assessment of probabilities of default. The last twelve months of historical loss data are given the most weight in calculating the provision for impairment. This allows us to apply most
recent data to estimate losses on loans to individuals as the latest trends are accounted for, and to decrease the default probabilities volatility.
Uncertain position over risk assessment
We disclosed possible and accrued probable risks in respect on currency, customs, tax and other regulatory positions. Our management estimates
the amount of risk based on its interpretation of the relevant legislation, in accordance with the current industry practice and in conformity with its estimation of probability, which require considerable judgment.
Measurement of costs associated with share-based payments
As of December 31, 2017 we had two outstanding equity-based compensation programs: 2012 Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) and 2015
Restricted Stock Units Plan (RSU Plan). We estimate fair value of ESOP that are expected to vest using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model and RSUs that are expected to vest using the binominal pricing model and recognize the share-based
payment expense by rate over the requisite service period applicable to each option-vesting tranche. We used the following assumptions:
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|
|
|
|
|
|
2012 Employee Stock Option Plan
|
|
2015 Restricted Stock Unit Plan
|
Adoption date
|
|
October, 2012
|
|
July, 2015
|
Type of shares
|
|
Class B shares
|
|
Class B shares
|
Number of options or RSUs reserved
|
|
Up to 7 % of total amount of shares
|
|
Up to 7 % of total amount of shares
|
Exercise price
|
|
Granted during:
|
|
Granted during:
|
|
|
Year 2012: U.S. $ 13.65
|
|
Year 2016: n/a
|
|
|
Year 2013: U.S. $ 41.24 - 46.57
|
|
Year 2017: n/a
|
|
|
Year 2014: U.S. $ 34.09 - 37.89
|
|
|
|
|
Year 2017: U.S. $23.94
|
|
|
Exercise basis
|
|
Shares
|
|
Shares
|
Expiration date
|
|
December 2020
|
|
December 2022
|
Vesting period
|
|
Up to 4 years
|
|
Three vesting during up to 2 years
|
Expected volatility (%)
|
|
28 49.85
|
|
50.65 64.02
|
Risk free interest rate (%)
|
|
0.29 3.85
|
|
2.89 3.19
|
Dividend yield (%)
|
|
0 5.03
|
|
0 5.03
|
Other major terms
|
|
The options are not transferrable
|
|
The units are not transferrable
All other terms
of the units under 2015 RSU Plan are to be determined by the Companys Board or the CEO, if so resolved by the Board, acting as administrator of the Plan
|
58
The expected life of the option represents the period during which our option awards are expected
to be outstanding. The expected life of each option tranche was based on the simplified method outlined in Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, Share-Based Compensation. This method is also in line with the requirements of IFRS 2 Share-Based
Payment.
With respect to price volatility, for ESOP (as it was adopted prior to our initial public offering and we did not have an active
trading market for our shares) we estimated the volatility of our shares based on the historical volatility of peer group companies over a period which approximates our expected life of option awards, and for the RSU we used the historical three
year volatility of our publicly reports share price.
We based the risk-free interest rate that we use in the ESOP model on the implied
yield currently available on the US treasury bonds, adjusted for a country risk premium, with a remaining term approximating the expected life of the option award being valued; for the RSU model we based the risk-free interest rate on Russian
Eurobonds yield curve with a maturity of five years.
At the time of the grant date of ESOP on December 21, 2012, we expected that we
would not pay cash dividends after the closing of the initial public offering. In light of that expectation, we used an expected dividend yield of zero in our option pricing model for option awards granted in the year ended December 31, 2012.
In April 2013, our board of directors subsequently reconsidered this determination, and we currently expect that we will pay dividends from time to time in the future. Any determination regarding the amount of future dividends will depend on a range
of factors, including the availability of distributable profits, our liquidity and financial position, our strategic plans and growth initiatives, restrictions imposed by our financing arrangements, tax considerations, planned acquisitions, and
other relevant factors. Up until September 2017, we have used dividend yield of 5.03% based on the dividends paid previously. Since, taking into consideration the current dividend policy for dividend distribution in the near term, we have been using
a dividend yield of zero until another will be specified.
We determined the amount of share-based compensation expense based on awards
that we ultimately expect to vest, taking into account estimated forfeitures. IFRS requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. To
properly attribute compensation expense, we are required to estimate
pre-vesting
forfeitures at the time of grant and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those
estimates. The forfeiture rate used in valuation models granted during the year 2017 and 2016 is 9% and 15% respectively. It is based on historical data and current expectations and is not necessarily indicative of forfeiture patterns that may
occur.
Because there had been no public market for our shares prior to our initial public offering, with the assistance of an independent
valuation firm, we determined the fair value of our shares on the basis of valuations of our company using the income approach and the market approach valuation methodologies described further below. Since May 2013, QIWI plc
is a public company and the fair value of its shares is defined by closing market price of its traded shares.
Results of Operations
Set out below are our consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Years ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2015*
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
(in RUB millions)
|
|
Revenue
|
|
|
17,717
|
|
|
|
17,880
|
|
|
|
20,897
|
|
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
|
|
|
(8,695
|
)
|
|
|
(8,646
|
)
|
|
|
(9,763
|
)
|
Selling, general and administrative expenses
|
|
|
(3,469
|
)
|
|
|
(3,423
|
)
|
|
|
(6,243
|
)
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
|
|
(689
|
)
|
|
|
(796
|
)
|
|
|
(796
|
)
|
Impairment of intangible assets and goodwill
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(878
|
)
|
|
|
(104
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Profit from operations
|
|
|
4,864
|
|
|
|
4,137
|
|
|
|
3,991
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Loss on disposal of subsidiaries
|
|
|
(38
|
)
|
|
|
(10
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
Other income and expenses, net
|
|
|
(23
|
)
|
|
|
(69
|
)
|
|
|
(41
|
)
|
Foreign exchange gain
|
|
|
2,801
|
|
|
|
1,040
|
|
|
|
257
|
|
Foreign exchange loss
|
|
|
(1,360
|
)
|
|
|
(1,963
|
)
|
|
|
(373
|
)
|
Interest income and expenses, net
|
|
|
(93
|
)
|
|
|
(28
|
)
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Profit before tax
|
|
|
6,151
|
|
|
|
3,107
|
|
|
|
3,840
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income tax expense
|
|
|
(877
|
)
|
|
|
(618
|
)
|
|
|
(698
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net profit
|
|
|
5,274
|
|
|
|
2,489
|
|
|
|
3,142
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Attributable to:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity holders of the parent
|
|
|
5,187
|
|
|
|
2,474
|
|
|
|
3,114
|
|
Non-controlling
interests
|
|
|
87
|
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
|
28
|
|
*
|
The amounts shown here may immaterially differ from the amounts shown in the Annual Report on Form
20-F
for the year ended December 31, 2015 due to rounding adjustments.
|
59
Set out below are our consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended
December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 as a percentage of total revenue:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Years ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
(as a percentage of revenue)
|
|
Revenue
|
|
|
100.0
|
|
|
|
100.0
|
|
|
|
100.0
|
|
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
|
|
|
(49.1
|
)
|
|
|
(48.4
|
)
|
|
|
(46.7
|
)
|
Selling, general and administrative expenses
|
|
|
(19.6
|
)
|
|
|
(19.1
|
)
|
|
|
(29.9
|
)
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
|
|
(3.9
|
)
|
|
|
(4.5
|
)
|
|
|
(3.8
|
)
|
Impairment of intangible assets recorded on acquisitions
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(4.9
|
)
|
|
|
(0.5
|
)
|
Profit from operations
|
|
|
27.5
|
|
|
|
23.1
|
|
|
|
19.1
|
|
Loss on disposal of subsidiaries
|
|
|
(0.2
|
)
|
|
|
(0.1
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
Other income and expenses, net
|
|
|
(0.1
|
)
|
|
|
(0.4
|
)
|
|
|
(0.2
|
)
|
Foreign exchange gain
|
|
|
15.8
|
|
|
|
5.8
|
|
|
|
1.2
|
|
Foreign exchange loss
|
|
|
(7.7
|
)
|
|
|
(11.0
|
)
|
|
|
(1.8
|
)
|
Interest income and expenses, net
|
|
|
(0.5
|
)
|
|
|
(0.2
|
)
|
|
|
0.0
|
|
Profit before tax
|
|
|
34.7
|
|
|
|
17.4
|
|
|
|
18.4
|
|
Income tax expense
|
|
|
(5.0
|
)
|
|
|
(3.5
|
)
|
|
|
(3.3
|
)
|
Net profit
|
|
|
29.8
|
|
|
|
13.9
|
|
|
|
15.0
|
|
Attributable to:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity holders of the parent
|
|
|
29.3
|
|
|
|
13.8
|
|
|
|
14.9
|
|
Non-controlling
interests
|
|
|
0.5
|
|
|
|
0.1
|
|
|
|
0.1
|
|
Year ended December 31, 2017 compared to year ended December 31, 2016
Revenue
Set out below are our revenues,
by source, for the year December 31, 2016 and 2017, and as a percentage of total revenue:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
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|
|
2016
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(% of
revenue)
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(% of
revenue)
|
|
Revenue
|
|
|
17,880
|
|
|
|
100.0
|
|
|
|
20,897
|
|
|
|
100.0
|
|
Payment processing fees
|
|
|
16,289
|
|
|
|
91.1
|
|
|
|
18,575
|
|
|
|
88.9
|
|
Interest revenue
|
|
|
917
|
|
|
|
5.1
|
|
|
|
1,052
|
|
|
|
5.0
|
|
Cash and settlement services
|
|
|
130
|
|
|
|
0.7
|
|
|
|
670
|
|
|
|
3.2
|
|
Other revenue
|
|
|
544
|
|
|
|
3.1
|
|
|
|
600
|
|
|
|
2.9
|
|
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 20,897 million, an increase of 17%, or RUB
3,017 million, compared to the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in payment processing fees (including fees for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments). Payment processing fees (including revenue from fees
for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments) for the year ended December 31, 2017 were RUB 18,575 million, an increase of 14%, or RUB 2,286 million, compared to the same period in 2016. The increase in payment processing fees
resulted primarily from volume growth in such categories as Money Remittance (mainly due to growth in card to card and commission peer to peer transfers) and
E-commerce
(mainly as a result of rise of TSUPIS
volumes) and an increase in average payment net revenue yield the shift in payment volume mix towards higher yielding payment categories, such as
E-commerce
and Money Remittance as opposed to lower yielding
payment categories such as Telecom and Financial Services. Fees for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments increased by 2%, or RUB 20 million, from RUB 1,290 million in 2016 to RUB 1,310 million in 2017. The growth in payment
processing fees was partially offset by a decrease in payment volumes in Telecom and Financial Services verticals.
The number of active
Qiwi Wallet consumers increased to 20.1 million as of December 31, 2017 from 17.2 million as of December 31, 2016. The increase resulted mainly from merchant driven adoption of our services. The number of our kiosks and terminals
decreased, with 152,525 active kiosks and terminals as of December 31, 2017 compared to 162,173 as of December 31, 2016, primarily as a result of the underlying market dynamics further described in Item 3.D. Risk
FactorsRisks Related to Our Business and Industrya decline in the use of cash as a means of payment or a decline in the use of kiosks and terminals may result in a reduced demand for our services.
Interest revenue that consists primarily of interest revenue on deposits for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 1,052 million,
an increase of 15%, or RUB 135 million, compared to the same period in 2016. This growth was primarily related to an increase in interest income on deposits placed by Qiwi Bank with CBR, resulting from a larger amount of funds deposited in
2017.
Revenue from cash and settlement services for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 670 million, an increase of 415%,
or RUB 540 million, compared to the same period in 2016. This increase was primarily driven by the revenue accrued on information technology service agreement with Otkritie Bank pursuant to the launch of Tochka project in 2017.
60
Other revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 600 million, an increase of
10%, or RUB 56 million, compared to the same period in 2016, primarily due to increase in revenue related to the SOVEST project from RUB 1 million in 2016 to RUB 140 million in 2017 and an increase in revenue from rent of space for
kiosks by RUB 35 million, resulting mainly from new rent agreements signed at the end of 2016 and during 2017. The increase was partially offset by the decrease in advertising revenue by RUB 97 million that resulted from a decrease of the
number of advertising contracts and by a decrease of interest revenue from agents overdrafts by RUB 25 million in 2017 due to the decrease in the overall number of agents and kiosks.
Operating expenses
Set out below are the
primary components of our operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, and as a percentage of total revenue:
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(% of
revenue)
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(% of
revenue)
|
|
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
|
|
|
(8,646
|
)
|
|
|
(48.4
|
)
|
|
|
(9,763
|
)
|
|
|
(46.7
|
)
|
Transaction costs
|
|
|
(6,490
|
)
|
|
|
(36.3
|
)
|
|
|
(6,756
|
)
|
|
|
(32.3
|
)
|
Payroll and related taxes
|
|
|
(1,377
|
)
|
|
|
(7.7
|
)
|
|
|
(2,059
|
)
|
|
|
(9.9
|
)
|
Ancillary expenses
|
|
|
(779
|
)
|
|
|
(4.4
|
)
|
|
|
(948
|
)
|
|
|
(4.5
|
)
|
Selling, general and administrative expenses
|
|
|
(3,423
|
)
|
|
|
(19.1
|
)
|
|
|
(6,243
|
)
|
|
|
(29.9
|
)
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
|
|
(796
|
)
|
|
|
(4.5
|
)
|
|
|
(796
|
)
|
|
|
(3.8
|
)
|
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 9,763 million, an increase
of 13%, or RUB 1,117 million, compared to the same period in 2016. Transaction costs increased by 4% or RUB 266 million from RUB 6,490 million to RUB 6,756 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the same
period in 2016. The increase primarily resulted from growth of certain costs such as information technology costs as a result of higher turnovers in some of the market verticals, as well as a shift in the composition of wallet reload channels.
Payroll and related taxes for the year ended December 31, 2017 were RUB 2,059 million, an increase of 50%, or RUB 682 million,
compared to the same period in 2016, primarily due to (i) increase in salaries and bonus payments to newly-hired employees relating to the development of certain projects including the roll out of the SOVEST project and launch of the Tochka
project as well as the increase in corresponding insurance contributions, (ii) performance based incentive bonuses paid to personnel in December 2017 and (iii) an increase in share-based payment expenses (resulting from new grants under
the 2015 RSU Plan).
Ancillary expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 were RUB 948 million, an increase of 22%, or RUB
169 million, compared to the same period in 2016. The increase in ancillary expenses was mainly due to an increase in SMS and voice messages expenses by RUB 52 million in 2017 compared to 2016, due to higher quantity of messages sent,
mostly related to the SOVEST project and an increase in tariffs; increase in card production and other expenses attributable to the SOVEST project by RUB 49 million in 2017; and an increase in the cost of rent of space for kiosks by RUB
47 million, resulting mainly from new rent agreements signed at the end of 2016 and in May 2017.
Segment Net Revenue
The following table presents net revenue by reportable segment for the periods indicated:
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|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
Payment Services
|
|
|
10,583
|
|
|
|
12,580
|
|
Consumer Financial Services
|
|
|
(3
|
)
|
|
|
9
|
|
Corporate and Other
|
|
|
31
|
|
|
|
604
|
|
Total segment net revenue
|
|
|
10,611
|
|
|
|
13,193
|
|
Segment net revenue attributable to the Payment Services segment increased by RUB 1,997 million, or 19%,
in 2017 as compared to the same period in 2016. The growth in this segments net revenue was mainly due to an increase in payment processing fees (including fees for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments) and interest revenue that was
partially offset by decrease in cash and settlement services, ancillary revenue and increase in transaction costs. Payment processing fees (including fees for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments) increased by 14% or by RUB 2,286 million as
compared to the same period of 2016 in line with the volume growth additionally underpinned by a shift towards market verticals with higher average net revenue yield, such as
E-commerce.
Interest revenue
increased by 18% or by RUB 158 million compared to 2016. This increase was primarily related to an increase in interest income on deposits placed by QIWI Bank with the CBR as a result of larger amounts of deposits placed in 2017. Cash and
settlement services decreased by 55% or by RUB 71 million compared to 2016 as a result of smaller
61
number of agents and a decrease in the number of kiosks. Other revenue decreased by 16% or by RUB 87 million compared to 2016 mainly related to decrease in advertising revenue (decrease of
activities) and interest revenue from agents overdrafts (decrease in the overall number of agents and kiosks) that was partially offset by increase in revenue from rent of space for kiosks (due to new counterparties). Transaction costs
increased by 4% or by RUB 266 million. Payment Services segment net revenue accounted for approximately 95.4% of total adjusted net revenue in 2017.
Segment net revenue attributable to the Consumer Financial Services segment increased by RUB 12 million as compared to the same period in
2016. Consumer Financial Services segment net revenue consists mostly of commission revenue from partner merchant received for transactions made by our customers using the
payment-by-installments
card SOVEST. Consumer Financial Services segment net revenues accounted for approximately 0.1% of total adjusted net revenue in 2017.
Net revenues attributable to the Corporate and Other category increased by RUB 573 million in 2017 as compared to same period in 2016.
The growth in net revenues was preliminary driven by the growth in net revenue from cash and settlement services recognized on Tochka operations, mostly pursuant to an informational and technology services agreement with Otkritie Bank under which we
provide corresponding services to Tochka clients that hold their accounts with Otkritie Bank. Corporate and Other category net revenue accounted for approximately 4.6% of total adjusted net revenue in 2017.
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 were RUB 6,243 million, an increase of 82%, or RUB
2,820 million, as compared to the same period in 2016. This increase resulted primarily from the growth in advertising, client acquisition and related expenses by RUB 1,129 million from RUB 165 million in 2016 to RUB
1,294 million in 2017. The increase was mainly driven by the launch and roll out of the SOVEST project, including the start of its advertising campaign that involved different media channels and significant growth in the distribution of
instalment cards. Other significant expense items in 2017 included compensation to employees, related taxes and other personnel expenses, which increased by 32%, or RUB 545 million, from RUB 1,682 million in 2016 to RUB
2,227 million in 2017, mostly due to expenses incurred in connection with the launch of the Tochka project, growth of the SOVEST team and an increase in share-based payment expenses due to new grants under the 2015 RSU Plan. The increase in
other expenses by RUB 672 million from RUB 363 million in 2016 to RUB 1,035 million in 2017 primarily resulted from the expenses incurred in connection with the acquisition of assets of Tochka and Rocketbank from Otkritie in the
amount of RUB 350 million. These main drivers of the expense growth (i.e. roll out of the SOVEST project and launch of the Tochka project) effected almost all other selling, general and administrative expenses items including tax expenses,
excluding income and payroll relates taxes, advisory and audit services, office maintenance expenses and postage, and couriers expenses as a part of other expenses.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 796 million. The total amount has not changed compared to
the same period in 2016; however, there were certain changes in the depreciation and amortization structure. The amortization of intangible assets decreased as a result of the impairment of customer relationships and trademarks allocated to Rapida
Cash Generating Unit (CGU) at the end of 2016. The decrease in amortization was offset by the increase in depreciation of fixed assets due to the acquisition of the IT infrastructure equipment necessary for our payment processing services and
capitalized leasehold improvements of our new office building throughout 2017.
Other
non-operating
gains and
losses
Loss on disposal of subsidiaries
There was no loss on disposal of subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2017. In December 2016, we decided to sell QIWI WALLET
EUROPE SIA. The subsidiary was recognized in a disposal group as of December 31, 2016 and all its assets and liabilities were classified as held for sale. At the end of 2017 the Group entered into the contract to sell QIWI WALLET EUROPE SIA,
but, the control over the entity was still not transferred as of December 31, 2017. No impairment was recognized upon reclassification of the subsidiary as a disposal group. In 2016, loss on disposal of subsidiaries was recorded in the amount
of RUB 10 million. The loss on disposal in 2016 relates to the sale of Processingovyi Tsentr Rapida LLC in December 2016.
Other income and expenses
Other expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 41 million, a decrease of 41%, or RUB 28 million, compared to
the same period in 2016. The decrease was mainly due to an increase in other income items that are insignificant individually.
Foreign
exchange gain
Foreign exchange gain for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 257 million, a decrease of RUB
783 million, compared to the same period in 2016. The decrease of foreign exchange gain was primarily a result of a revaluation recorded on US dollar funds received from our June 2014 public offering resulting from the appreciation of the U.S.
dollar against the Russian ruble and significantly lower volatility as compared to 2016.
62
Foreign exchange loss
Foreign exchange loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 373 million, a decrease of RUB 1,590 million, compared to the
same period in 2016 mainly as result of the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Russian ruble and significantly lower volatility as compared to 2016.
Interest income and expenses
Interest income, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 6 million, an increase of 121%, or RUB 34 million,
compared to the same period in 2016. This increase mainly resulted from the termination of several bank guarantees in 2016.
Income tax
Income tax for the year ended December 31, 2017 amounted to RUB 698 million, an increase by 13%, or RUB 80 million,
compared to the same period in 2016, resulting from the increase in profit before tax. Our effective tax rate in 2017 was 18.2%, a decrease of 1.7 bps compared to the same period in 2016, due to a change in the structure of profit before tax that
was affected by higher share of profits in a low tax jurisdiction.
Segment Net Profit
The following table presents our net profit by reportable segment for the periods indicated:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
Payment Services
|
|
|
5,612
|
|
|
|
7,543
|
|
Consumer Financial Services
|
|
|
(219
|
)
|
|
|
(2,164
|
)
|
Corporate and Other
|
|
|
(679
|
)
|
|
|
(1,325
|
)
|
Total segment net profit
|
|
|
4,714
|
|
|
|
4,054
|
|
Segment net profit attributable to the Payment Services segment increased by RUB 1,931 million, or 34% in
2017 as compared to the same period in 2016. The increase was primarily a result of the growth of segment net revenue supported by the decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses (including bad debt expenses, compensation to employees,
related taxes and other personnel expenses) attributed to this segment achieved by enhanced operating efficiency.
Segment net loss
attributable to the Consumer Financial Services segment was RUB 2,164 million in 2017 as compared to RUB 219 million in the prior year. These expenses are related to the launch, roll out and operations of the SOVEST project and include
primarily compensation to employees, related taxes and other personnel expenses, advertising and marketing expenses, consumer acquisition expenses and bad debt expenses.
Net loss attributable to the Corporate and Other category increased by RUB 646 million, or 95% in 2017 as compared to the same period in
2016. The increase was primarily driven by expenses (mostly compensation to employees, related taxes and other personnel expenses) incurred in connection with the launch of Tochka and development Rocketbank projects as well as expenses related to
corporate back-office operations of QIWI Group. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in recognized allowances of loans given to ventures in 2017.
Year ended December 31, 2016 compared to year ended December 31, 2015
Revenue
Set out below are
our revenues, by source, for the years ending December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2016, and as a percentage of total revenue:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(% of
revenue)
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(% of
revenue)
|
|
Revenue
|
|
|
17,717
|
|
|
|
100.0
|
|
|
|
17,880
|
|
|
|
100.0
|
|
Payment processing fees
|
|
|
14,935
|
|
|
|
84.3
|
|
|
|
16,289
|
|
|
|
91.1
|
|
Interest revenue
|
|
|
859
|
|
|
|
4.9
|
|
|
|
917
|
|
|
|
5.1
|
|
Cash and settlement services
|
|
|
557
|
|
|
|
3.1
|
|
|
|
130
|
|
|
|
0.7
|
|
Revenue from advertising
|
|
|
324
|
|
|
|
1.8
|
|
|
|
253
|
|
|
|
1.4
|
|
Other revenue
|
|
|
1,042
|
|
|
|
5.9
|
|
|
|
291
|
|
|
|
1.7
|
|
63
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 17,880 million, an increase of 1%,
or RUB 163 million, compared to the same period in 2015. This increase was primarily due to an increase in payment processing fees (including fees for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments). Payment processing fees (including revenue from
fees for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments) for the year ended December 31, 2016 were RUB 16,289 million, an increase of 9%, or RUB 1,354 million, compared to the same period in 2015. The increase in payment processing fees
resulted primarily from an increase of average net revenue yield due to the shift in payment volume mix towards higher yielding payment categories, such as
E-commerce
and Money Remittance, as opposed to lower
yielding payment categories such as Telecom, as well as an increase in fees for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments by 16%, or RUB 177 million, from RUB 1,113 million in 2015 to RUB 1,290 million in 2016 as a result of changes to
the
write-off
policy. This was partially offset by a decrease in payment volumes in Telecom and Other market verticals following the contraction of our kiosk network as well as further diversification of
alternative methods (outside of QIWIs products) of free mobile phone
top-ups
available to consumers.
The number of active Qiwi Wallet consumers increased to 17.2 million as of December 31, 2016 from 16.1 million as of
December 31, 2015. The increase was driven mainly by our marketing activities. The number of our kiosks and terminals decreased, with 162,173 active kiosks and terminals as of December 31, 2016 compared to 172,269 as of December 31,
2015 primarily as a result of regulatory changes further described in Item 3.D. Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our Business and IndustryA decline in the use of cash as a means of payment or a decline in the use of kiosks and
terminals may result in a reduced demand for our services.
Interest revenue that consists primarily of interest revenue on deposits
for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 917 million, an increase of 7%, or RUB 58 million, compared to the same period in 2015. This increase was primarily due to increase in interest income on deposits placed by Rapida LTD in
April 2016 that remained until December 31, 2016. In 2015, a similar deposit was canceled in July, and Rapida LTD was only acquired in June of that year. The increase in 2016 was partly offset by decrease in gain from currency swaps due to
stabilization of ruble exchange rate.
Revenue from cash and settlement services for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB
130 million, a decrease of 77%, or RUB 427 million, compared to the same period in 2015. This decrease was primarily driven by the decline in our kiosk network and corresponding transaction volumes.
Advertising revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 253 million, a decrease of 22%, or RUB 71 million, compared to
the same period of 2015. This decline primarily resulted from a decrease of activities by, or termination of advertising contracts with, a number of clients due to overall economic downturn.
Other revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 291 million, a decrease of 72%, or RUB 751 million, compared to the
same period in 2015, primarily due to (i) a decrease of revenue from sales of kiosks by 99% or RUB 392 million as a result of disposal of CMT Engineering, whose primary activity was production and sales of kiosks, in December 2015, (ii) a
decrease in revenue from rent of space for kiosks by 54% or RUB 157 million as a result of decrease in the quantity of spaces for kiosks following the termination of agreements with several contractors and (iii) a decrease of interest
revenue from agents overdrafts by 59% or RUB 177 million primarily resulting from the decrease of demand for overdraft facilities by our agents.
Operating expenses
Set out below are the
primary components of our operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2016, and as a percentage of total revenue:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(% of
revenue)
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(% of
revenue)
|
|
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
|
|
|
(8,695
|
)
|
|
|
(49.1
|
)
|
|
|
(8,646
|
)
|
|
|
(48.4
|
)
|
Transaction costs
|
|
|
(6,300
|
)
|
|
|
(35.6
|
)
|
|
|
(6,490
|
)
|
|
|
(36.3
|
)
|
Compensation to employees and related taxes
|
|
|
(1,206
|
)
|
|
|
(6.8
|
)
|
|
|
(1,377
|
)
|
|
|
(7.7
|
)
|
Ancillary expenses
|
|
|
(1,189
|
)
|
|
|
(6.7
|
)
|
|
|
(779
|
)
|
|
|
(4.4
|
)
|
Selling, general and administrative expenses
|
|
|
(3,469
|
)
|
|
|
(19.6
|
)
|
|
|
(3,423
|
)
|
|
|
(19.1
|
)
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
|
|
(689
|
)
|
|
|
(3.9
|
)
|
|
|
(796
|
)
|
|
|
(4.5
|
)
|
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 8,646 million, a decrease
of 1%, or RUB 49 million, compared to the same period in 2015. Transaction costs increased by 3%, or RUB 190 million, in the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to the same period in 2015, from RUB 6,300 million to RUB
6,490 million, largely due to entering into new agreements and the acquisition of Rapida LTD in June 2015, which was partially offset by the decrease in commissions to agents from RUB 3,700 million in 2015 to RUB 3,218 million in
2016, a result of the decline in the number of kiosks.
Compensation to employees and related taxes for the year ended December 31,
2016 were RUB 1,377 million, an increase of 14%, or RUB 171 million, compared to the same period in 2015, primarily due to (i) increase in payouts of termination benefits to employees in 2016; (ii) increased bonus payments for
newly-hired employees relating to the launch of new projects (e.g. SOVEST) and (iii) an increase in share-based payment expenses (start of 2016 RSU program).
64
Ancillary expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 were RUB 779 million, a
decrease of 34%, or RUB 410 million, compared to the same period in 2015. The decrease in ancillary expenses was mainly due to a decrease in cost of kiosks sold from RUB 332 million in 2015 to RUB 3 million in 2016 as a result of the
disposal if CMT Engineering, whose primary activity was production and sales of kiosks, in December 2015 and a decrease in the cost of rent of space for kiosks by RUB 67 million from RUB 213 million in 2015 to RUB 146 million in 2016,
resulting mainly from the termination of agreements with several contractors.
Adjusted net revenue
Adjusted net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 10,611 million, an increase of 4%, or RUB 383 million,
compared to the same period in 2015. The increase in adjusted net revenue was primarily due to growth of payment adjusted net revenue where an increase in payment average net revenue yield was partially offset by the decline in payment volumes as
well as an increase in fees for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments offset by a decline of other adjusted net revenue. Average net revenue yield increased by 6 bps, from 1.19% for the year ended December 31, 2015 to 1.25% for the year
ended December 31, 2016. Excluding fees for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments, average net revenue yield increased by 4 bps, from 1.06% for the year ended December 31, 2015 to 1.10% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The
increase in average net revenue yield is primarily due to an increase (as a percentage of payment volume) of higher yielding transactions such as
e-commerce
and certain categories of money remittance payments,
and a decrease in lower yielding categories, such as Telecoms and Other.
Segment Net Revenue
The following table presents net revenue by reportable segment for the periods indicated:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
Payment Services
|
|
|
10,198
|
|
|
|
10,583
|
|
Consumer Financial Services
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(3
|
)
|
Corporate and Other
|
|
|
30
|
|
|
|
31
|
|
Total segment net revenue
|
|
|
10,228
|
|
|
|
10,611
|
|
Segment net revenue attributable to the Payment Services segment increased by RUB 385 million, or 4%,
from 2015 to 2016. This increase was primarily due to an increase in payment processing fees (including fees for inactive accounts and unclaimed payments) by 9%, or by RUB 1,353 million in line with the volume growth as well as shift towards
market verticals with higher average net revenue yield, such as
E-commerce.
Interest revenue increased by 5% or by RUB 45 million compared to 2015. This increase was primarily due to increase in interest
income on deposits placed by Rapida LTD in April 2016 that remained until December 31, 2016. Cash and settlement services decreased by 77% or by RUB 427 million compared to 2015 primarily driven by the decline in our kiosk network and
corresponding transaction volumes. Ancillary revenue decreased by 60% or by RUB 809 million compared to 2015 mainly due to decrease in advertising revenue, revenue from rent of space for kiosks and interest revenue from agents overdraft.
Ancillary expenses decreased by 35% or by RUB 413 million compared to 2015 year mainly due to a decrease in cost of kiosks sold in 2016 as a result of the disposal of CMT Engineering, whose primary activity was production and sales of kiosks
and a decrease in the cost of rent of space for kiosks. This decrease was partially offset by increase in transaction costs by 3% or by RUB 189 million compared to 2015 year primarily due to entering into new agreements and the acquisition of
Rapida LTD in June 2015 partially offset by the decrease in commission to agents (as a result of decline in the number of kiosks). Payment Services segment net revenues accounted for approximately 99.7% of total revenues in both 2016 and 2015.
Segment net revenue attributable to the Consumer Financial Services segment was minus RUB 3 million as compared to nil in the same period
in 2015 due to loss incurred through the launch of the
payment-by-installments
card project SOVEST in the end of 2016.
Net revenue attributable to the Corporate and Other category increased by RUB 1 million, or 3% from 2015 to 2016. Corporate and Other net
revenues comprises of interest revenue from deposits and revenue from the sell of software rights. It accounted for approximately 0.3% of total segment net revenues in 2016 and 2015.
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 were RUB 3,423 million, a decrease of 1%, or RUB
46 million, from 2015. This decrease resulted primarily from a decrease in bad debt expenses from RUB 362 million in 2015 to RUB 215 million in 2016, due to significant accruals for provisions and impairments made in 2015 and a
decrease in advertising and related expenses by 32%, or RUB 77 million, due to the optimization of advertising expenses partially offset by (i) a growth of payroll, related taxes and other personnel expenses by 11%, or RUB
171 million, from RUB 1,511 million in 2015 to RUB 1,682 million in 2016 mostly due to increase in share-based
65
payment expenses due to launch of the new RSU plan in 2016, and (ii) an increase of 11%, or RUB 35 million in office maintenance expenses due to renovation of our Moscow office. We
anticipate that our SG&A expenses will increase in 2017 as a result of the roll out of our new
pay-by-installment
project SOVEST.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 796 million, an increase of 16%, or RUB 107 million,
compared to the same period in 2015. The depreciation increase resulted primarily from the capitalized leasehold improvements associated with our Moscow office. The amortization increase resulted primarily from an acquisition of CIHRUS LLC and its
subsidiaries in June 2015, mostly from the purchase of its customer base and computer software and licenses are used in core operating activities.
Other
non-operating
gains and losses
Other income and expenses
Other expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2016 were RUB 69 million, an increase of 200%, or RUB 46 million, compared
to the same period in 2015. The increase was mainly due to discount amortization on loans issued.
Loss on disposal of subsidiaries
Loss on disposal of subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 10 million compared to RUB 38 million for
the same period in 2015. The loss in 2015 was represented by the loss on disposal of CMT Engineering LLC on December 29, 2015 that amounted to RUB 70 million that was partially offset by the gain from disposal of IT Billion LLC and QIWI
USA LLC on May 1, 2015 that amounted to RUB 32 million. The loss on disposal in 2016 relates to the sale of Processingovyi Tsentr Rapida LLC in December 2016.
Interest expense
Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 64 million, a decrease of 41%, or RUB 45 million, compared to
the same period in 2015. This decrease mainly resulted from the termination of VTB guarantees and redemptions of most of the borrowings in 2015.
Foreign exchange gain
Foreign exchange gain for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 1,040 million, a decrease of RUB 1,761 million, compared to
the same period in 2015. The decrease in foreign exchange gain was primarily a result of a revaluation recorded on US dollar funds received from our June 2014 public offering, due to the appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Russian ruble.
Foreign exchange loss
Foreign exchange loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 1,963 million, an increase of RUB 603 million, compared to
the same period in 2015, mainly as a result of the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Russian ruble.
Income tax
Income tax for the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to RUB 618 million, a decrease of 30% (or RUB 259 million) compared to the
same period in 2015, due to a decrease of profit before tax. Our effective tax rate in 2016 was 19.9%, an increase of 5.6 % compared to the same period in 2015, due to a change in the structure of profit before tax that was affected by foreign
exchange loss in low tax jurisdiction.
Non-controlling
interests
Net gain attributable to
non-controlling
interests for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB
15 million, a decrease of 83%, or RUB 72 million, compared to the same period in 2015, primarily due to the disposal of QIWI USA LLC in 2015.
Segment Net Profit
The
following table presents our net profit by reportable segment for the periods indicated:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
|
(in RUB
millions)
|
|
Payment Services
|
|
|
5,242
|
|
|
|
5,612
|
|
Consumer Financial Services
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(219
|
)
|
Corporate and Other
|
|
|
(1,100
|
)
|
|
|
(679
|
)
|
Total segment net profit
|
|
|
4,142
|
|
|
|
4,714
|
|
66
Segment net profit attributable to the Payment Services increased by RUB 370 million, or 7%,
from 2015 to 2016. The growth resulted from the increase in segment net revenue that was partially offset by an increase in expenses including selling, general and administrative expenses, depreciation and amortization and bad debt expenses.
Segment net loss attributable to the Consumer Financial Services segment was RUB 219 million in 2016 as compared to nil in the prior
year. The net loss increase was due to the launch of the SOVEST project in the end of 2016 year driven primarily by growth in compensation to employees, related taxes and other personnel expenses, advertising and marketing expenses and consumer
acquisition expenses.
Net loss attributable to Corporate and Other category decreased by RUB 421 million, or 38%, from 2015 to 2016.
Net loss decreased mainly due to: (i) QIWI USA LLC and CMT Engineering LLC loan assignments to the third party that that took place in 2015 where no such expenses were incurred in 2016; (ii) an increase in foreign exchange gain; (iii) a
decrease in information and consulting expenses and a decrease in audit expenses compared to 2015 (in 2015, consulting services were rendered in connection with our secondary public offering).
B.
|
Liquidity and capital resources
|
Our principal sources of liquidity are cash on hand,
deposits received from agents and consumers, and revenues generated from our operations.
Our principal needs for liquidity have been, and
will likely continue to be, deposits with merchants and other working capital items, capital expenditures and acquisitions. We may seek to raise additional liquidity (through the capital markets or through bank financing) in order to finance the
development of our
payment-by-installment
card project SOVEST, our Tochka project or for other potential projects. In particular, in respect of the SOVEST project, we
may also seek to raise additional liquidity for the purpose of financing the growth of the outstanding credit portfolio. We believe that our working capital is sufficient to meet our current obligations.
Our balance of cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2017 was RUB 18,406 million compared to RUB 18,997 million as of
December 31, 2016 and RUB 19,363 million as of December 31, 2015. Cash and cash equivalents comprise predominantly cash at banks and short-term deposits with an original maturity of three months or less.
In 2017 the Company received a guarantee and secured it by a cash deposit of USD 2.5 million until July 31, 2018.
An important part of our credit risk management and payment settlement strategy relies on deposits we receive from agents in advance for
payments made through the kiosks. When a payment is made through a kiosk, we offset these deposits against the payments we make to the merchant. For certain agents with whom we have long and reliable relationships, we provide limited credit support
in the form of overdrafts and loans for payment processing.
Similarly, some of our merchants (primarily the Big Three MNOs and payment
systems including Visa and MasterCard) request that we make deposits with them in relation to payments processed through our system. Whenever a customer makes a payment to a merchant with whom we have made a deposit, that payment gets offset against
the deposit held with the respective merchant.
As of December 31, 2017, deposits received from agents, individual customers and
unsettled money remittances were RUB 8,950 million, compared to RUB 8,424 million as of December 31, 2016 and RUB 9,722 million as of December 31, 2015. The growth was primarily driven by an increased amount of deposits
received from individual customers as a result of the growth of the number of active Qiwi Wallets. As of December 31, 2017, deposits issued to our merchants were RUB 3,906 million, compared to RUB 2,315 million as of December 31,
2016 and RUB 2,723 million as of December 31, 2015. The increase in deposits issued to merchants resulted from significant growth in the amount of such deposits due to a lesser volume of bank guarantees available to us as compared to the
previous year, and an increase in deposits to payment systems resulting from higher payment volumes as compared to 2016. At the same time, cash receivable from agents increased from RUB 1,980 million as of December 31, 2015 to RUB
2,998 million as of December 31, 2016 and RUB 4,240 million as of December 31, 2017. The increase in 2017 as compared to year ended December 31, 2016 is mostly a result of an increase in payment volume of certain agents and
holiday timing (December 30, 2017 was a holiday in Russia in 2017, but not in 2016 when it was a working day) which resulted in more cash receivables from agents being accumulated.
Capital Expenditures
Our capital
expenditures primarily relate to the acquisition of IT equipment for our processing system and the acquisition of the software that we use in operations. Capital expenditures were RUB 794 million for the year ended December 31, 2017,
(including mainly assets acquired for the purpose of launch of the Tochka project and development of the Rocketbank project amounting to RUB 358 million) and primarily consisted of: (i) RUB 293 million related to construction in progress;
(ii) RUB 244 million related to the acquisition of computer software; (iii) RUB 196 million related to the acquisition of processing servers and engineering equipment; and (iv) RUB 61 million related to additions of
computers, office and other equipment.
67
For the year ended December 31, 2016 our capital expenditures were RUB 680 and included:
(i) RUB 182 million related to the acquisition of computer software; (ii) RUB 113 million related to the acquisition of processing servers and engineering equipment; (iii) RUB 102 million related to leasehold
improvements; (iv) RUB 61 million related to prepayments for the acquisition of computer software; (v) RUB 49 million related to internal development of R&D projects and (vi) RUB 173 million related to other capital
expenditures including the acquisition of office equipment, construction in progress and other equipment.
For the year ended
December 31, 2015 our capital expenditures were RUB 314 million and included: (i) RUB 226 million related to the acquisition of computer software (ii) RUB 44 million related to the acquisition of processing servers and
engineering equipment, and (iii) RUB 44 million related to the acquisition of computer, office, construction in progress and other equipment.
As of December 31, 2017 we had no material capital expenditure commitments.
Cash Flow
The following table summarizes
our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
|
(in RUB millions)
|
|
Net cash flow (used in)/generated from operating activities
|
|
|
(1,007
|
)
|
|
|
5,543
|
|
|
|
3,560
|
|
Net cash flow (used in)/generated investing activities
|
|
|
3,556
|
|
|
|
180
|
|
|
|
(1,653
|
)
|
Net cash flow used in financing activities
|
|
|
(1,893
|
)
|
|
|
(4,637
|
)
|
|
|
(2,160
|
)
|
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents
|
|
|
1,612
|
|
|
|
(1,428
|
)
|
|
|
(333
|
)
|
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
|
|
|
2,268
|
|
|
|
(342
|
)
|
|
|
(586
|
)
|
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period
|
|
|
17,095
|
|
|
|
19,363
|
|
|
|
19,021
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period
|
|
|
19,363
|
|
|
|
19,021
|
|
|
|
18,435
|
|
Cash flows from operating activities
Net cash generated from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 3,560 million, compared to RUB
5,543 million for the same period in 2016. The decrease in net cash flow from operating activities is a result of changes in working capital, primarily an increase in loans issued from banking operations. The sharp increase in loans issued from
banking operations is related mostly to the development of the SOVEST project and corresponding marketing activities that took place in 2017, in order to promote the adoption and usage of the product.
Net cash generated from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 5,543 million, compared to net cash used
in operating activities of RUB 1,007 million for the same period in 2015. The increase in net cash flow from operating activities was a result of changes in working capital, primarily an increase in accounts payable and accruals partially
offset by an increase in trade and other receivables. In 2016, our working capital balances returned to that of a more ordinary course of business, as our agents stabilized their businesses after more stringent regulation by the CBR was enforced and
the overall deterioration of the Russian economy in 2015.
Cash flows from investing activities
Net cash flow used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 1,653 million, compared to net cash flow
generated from investing activities of RUB 180 million for the same period in 2016. The decrease in net cash flow was primarily driven by net cash used in acquisition of a joint venture (Flocktory Ltd) amounting to RUB 813 million in 2017,
compared to RUB 10 million of net cash used in a business combination in 2016, and the purchase of intangible assets in 2017 related to the Tochka and the Rocketbank projects.
Net cash inflow generated from investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 180 million, compared to RUB
3,556 million for the same period in 2015. The decrease in net cash flow was primarily a result of a significant amount of net cash acquired upon business combinations of RUB 3,181 million in 2015 compared RUB 10 million of net cash
used in business combinations in 2016.
Cash flows used in financing activities
Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RUB 2,160 million, compared to RUB 4,637 million
for the same period in 2016. The decrease in net cash used in financing activities was primarily due to smaller amount of dividends distributed to shareholders in 2017 compared to 2016. We expect that throughout 2018 we will refrain from
distributing dividends.
Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RUB 4,637 million,
compared to RUB 1,893 million for the same period in 2015. The increase in net cash used in financing activities was primarily due to the fact that we paid an additional RUB 3,929 million in dividends to our shareholders in 2016
compared to 2015. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in the repayment of borrowings in 2016 as a result of the settlement of outstanding debt in 2015.
Borrowings
During the year ended
December 31, 2017 the Group had available overdraft credit facilities with an overall credit limit of RUB 1,460 million, with maturity from May 2018 to June 2020, and interest rates up to 30% per annum. The balance payable under these
credit lines as of December 31, 2017 was zero. Some of these agreements stipulated the right of a lender to increase the interest rate in case covenants are violated.
68
C.
|
Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.
|
See
Item 4.B, Business Overview Intellectual Property.
Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this
annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the year ended December 31, 2017 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity
or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.
E.
|
Off-balance
sheet arrangements
|
We do not have any
off-balance
sheet financing arrangements.
F.
|
Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations
|
The following
table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
less than
one year
|
|
|
one to
three years
|
|
|
three to
five years
|
|
|
more
than five
years
|
|
|
|
(in RUB millions)
|
|
Operating lease obligations
|
|
|
1,090
|
|
|
|
397
|
|
|
|
569
|
|
|
|
124
|
|
|
|
|
|
Purchase contractual obligations
|
|
|
210
|
|
|
|
210
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unused limits on instalment card loans including credit limits not yet activated*
|
|
|
8,603
|
|
|
|
8,603
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total contractual obligations
|
|
|
9,903
|
|
|
|
9,210
|
|
|
|
569
|
|
|
|
124
|
|
|
|
|
|
*
|
The primary purpose of these instruments is to ensure that funds are available to customers as required. Commitments to extend credit represent unused portions of both activated and not activated by the customers of
instalment card loans. Commitments to extend credit are contingent upon customers firstly activating their credit limits and further maintaining specific credit standards.
|
See Special Note Regarding - Forward
Looking Statements on page 1 of this annual report.
ITEM 6.
|
Directors, Senior Management and Employees
|
A.
|
Directors and Senior Management.
|
Directors and Executive Officers
The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.
|
|
|
|
|
Name
|
|
Age
|
|
Position
|
Boris Kim
|
|
54
|
|
Director, Chairman of the Board
|
Sergey Solonin
|
|
44
|
|
Director, Chief Executive Officer
|
Marcus Rhodes
|
|
56
|
|
Independent Director
|
Rohinton Minoo Kalifa
|
|
56
|
|
Independent Director
|
Osama Bedier
|
|
42
|
|
Independent Director
|
Elena Budnik
|
|
35
|
|
Director
|
Evgeny Dankevich
|
|
50
|
|
Director
|
Andrey Protopopov
|
|
36
|
|
Head of IT and Product
|
Alexander Karavaev
|
|
42
|
|
Chief Financial Officer
|
Biographies
Boris Kim.
Mr. Boris Kim has served as our director since May 2013 and as chairman of our board of directors since June 2014. He is
also an executive director at Association for Development of Financial Technologies. Mr. Kim is an entrepreneur with over 20 years of experience in the payment services industry. During his career, he held top roles in Russian banks.
Mr. Kim is one of the
co-founders
of the
e-port
payment system and served as its chief executive officer from November 2004 until September 2007 and from September
2007 until February 2010 was an advisor to the chief executive officer of
e-port.
From 2007 until 2012 Mr. Kim was the head of the payment networks and banking instruments committee at the Russian
E-Market
Participants National Association. Mr. Kim graduated from Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1985 with a degree in chemistry, Russian Institute of Finance and Economics in 1996 with a degree in
finance, Moscow State Law Academy in 2000 with a degree in law and Lomonosov Moscow State University in 2004 and in 2007 with a degree in psychology and a degree in philosophy respectively. He holds a Candidate of Sciences Degree in Chemistry
(Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1989).
69
Sergey Solonin.
Mr. Sergey Solonin has served as our director since December 2010 and
as our chief executive officer since October 2012. Mr. Solonin is an entrepreneur and has over 15 years of experience in the payment services and banking industries. He is one of the
co-founders
of QIWI
and held key executive roles within QIWI Group. Mr. Solonin is currently a member of the board of directors of Qiwi Bank and a General Director of QIWI JSC. He is also a
co-director
of the FinNet working
group within the framework of the National Technology Initiative since September 2016, a member of the Supervisory Board of Association for Development of Financial Technologies since January 2017, a member of the board of directors of
AlfaStrakhovanie PLC since June 2017, a member of the Investment Committee of Venture Fund of Skolkovo IT I since June 2017 and a member of the Expert Committee of Vnesheconombank since October 2017. Mr. Solonin graduated
from Distance-Learning Institute of Finance and Economics (now part of Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation) in 1996 with a degree in economics.
Marcus Rhodes.
Mr. Marcus Rhodes has served as our director since May 2013. He is also an independent director and chairman of the
audit committee for PhosAgro (since May 2011). From May 2014 to May 2017 Mr. Rhodes was an independent director and chairman of the audit committee for Zoltav Resources, from February 2009 to May 2016 an independent director and chairman of the
audit committee for Cherkizovo Group, from September 2009 to June 2015 for Tethys Petroleum, from July 2008 to June 2011 for Wimm-Bill-Dann Foods and from November 2009 to June 2011 for Rusagro Group. Mr. Rhodes was an audit partner for
Ernst & Young from 2002 until 2008. Prior to that, he was an audit partner for Arthur Andersen from 1998 until 2002. He qualified as a chartered accountant in 1986 and is a member of the Institute of Accountants in England & Wales
(ICAEW). Mr. Rhodes graduated with a BA (Hons) from Loughborough University in 1982 with a degree in economics and social history.
Rohinton Minoo Kalifa.
Mr. Ron Kalifa has served as our director since June 2014. He is Vice Chairman and Executive Director of
Worldpay since April 2013, having previously been CEO of the organization for over 10 years. Prior to this Mr. Kalifa held senior executive roles within the Royal Bank of Scotland Group and NatWest. He also sits on the boards of Transport for
London and UK Finance. Mr. Kalifa was awarded an OBE in the Queens New Year 2018 Honours List for services to financial services and technology. Mr. Kalifa studied Executive Education at Harvard Business School.
Osama Bedier.
Mr. Osama Bedier has served as our director since June 2014. Mr. Bedier is the founder of Poynt Co. and serves
as its chief executive officer. Prior to setting up Poynt, he founded and led Wallet & Payments at Google for two and a half years starting January 2011. Prior to Google, Mr. Bedier spent 8 years running product development at PayPal
starting from April 2003. He has also held engineering leadership roles since the introduction of the web at organizations such as eBay, Gateway Computers and AT&T wireless.
Elena Budnik.
Ms. Elena Budnik has served as our director since June 2017. Ms. Budnik joined Bank Otkritie Financial
Corporation (Public Joint-Stock Company) at the beginning of 2012 and held a senior executive role at Otkritie until recently. Throughout her career, Ms. Budnik worked at MDM Bank, headed Retail Sales at OTP Bank and headed Retail
Products at Barclays Bank. She graduated from Lomonosov Moscow State University in 2004 with a degree in economics.
Evgeny
Dankevich.
Mr. Evgeny Dankevich has served as our director since June 2017. During his career, Mr. Dankevich held various executive roles within Otkritie, worked at GUTA-BANK and headed trading operations department at Osnovanie
Investment Company. He graduated from National Research University of Electronic Technology in 1990 with a degree in computer and automated systems software and from Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation in 1993
with a degree in financial management.
Andrey Protopopov.
Mr. Andrey Protopopov has served as our head of IT and product
since June 2015. before this he served as head of product management from September 2013 to June 2015. Mr. Protopopov has over 12 years of commercial and product managing experience. Before joining QIWI, Mr. Protopopov worked at
Procter & Gamble for 12 years, holding numerous positions in market strategy and planning as well as business development. Mr. Protopopov graduated from Novosibisrsk State University in 2004 with a masters degree in mathematics.
Alexander Karavaev.
Mr. Alexander Karavaev has served as our chief financial officer since July 2013. Mr. Karavaev has 20
years of experience in finance and accounting. From August 2012 to July 2013, Mr. Karavaev served as our chief operating officer. Before joining us, from November 2008 until September 2011 Mr. Karavaev was a chief financial officer of
Mail.ru. He also previously served as a nominee director for Mail.ru on our board of directors. Previously, Mr. Karavaev was a chief financial officer of Akado Group (a subsidiary of Renova Holding) between March 2008 and October 2008 and a
deputy chief financial officer at Renova between May 2007 and October 2008. He was also vice president of development of financial systems at SUAL Holding from December 2003 until May 2007. Mr. Karavaev started his career at the audit
department of Arthur Andersen in July 1997 and after moving to Ernst & Young in May 2001 worked at the audit and business consulting departments until December 2003. Mr. Karavaev graduated with honors from Siberian Aerospace Academy in
1998 with a degree in economics, majoring in management and strategic planning. Concurrently, between September 1996 and October 1997, he attended the University Passau in Germany, studying strategic planning.
Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers
Under our articles of association, our shareholders determine the compensation of our directors from time to time at a general meeting of our
shareholders, our board of directors determines the compensation of our chief executive officer (which power has been delegated to the compensation committee). The compensation of our other executive officers is determined by our chief executive
officer while our board of directors approves corporate key performance indicators (cKPI) and total bonus pool for those executive officers. In case of underperformance of KPIs a right to make a final decision on bonus pool distribution
is left to the Board.
70
For the year ended December 31, 2017, the aggregate remuneration paid (comprising salary,
discretionary bonuses, share-based payments and other short-term benefits) to our directors and executive officers was RUB 130 million. No amounts in respect of pensions, retirement or similar benefits have been accrued in any of the periods
presented in this annual report. None of our
non-executive
directors and independent director appointees has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of office.
Our key management and some other senior managers participate in a bonus program of the Company which is subject to performance of cKPI that
are approved by the Board of Directors. The cKPI for 2017 and 2018 consists of payment services segment net revenue (weight 25%), payment services segment expenses / payment services segment net revenue (weight 25%), payment services
segment payment volume (weight 25%) and assistance to CFS segment and other strategic projects (assessed by CEO) (weight 25%). Bonus shall be allocated on an annual basis subject to performance of the cKPI according to the formula
approved by the Board of Directors. Bonus allocation shall take place upon approval of the annual consolidated financial statements of the Company by the Board of Directors.
2012 Employee Stock Option Plan
General.
In October 2012, our board of directors adopted and our shareholders approved an Employee Stock Option Plan, or the 2012 Plan,
an equity-based incentive compensation plan intended to help align the interests of our management and others with those of our shareholders. Certain amendments were introduced to the 2012 Plan in 2013 and 2015 and 2017. Under the 2012 Plan, we may
grant options to purchase our class B shares to employees and service providers in connection with their provision of services to us or our subsidiaries. A maximum of 3,640,000 of our class B shares, or 7% of our entire issued and outstanding share
capital as of the date immediately preceding our initial public offering, are reserved for issuance under the 2012 Plan, subject to equitable adjustment in the event of certain corporate transactions, such as a stock split or recapitalization. The
2012 Plan is scheduled to expire on the tenth anniversary of its adoption, although previously granted awards will remain outstanding after such date in accordance with their terms.
Administration.
Our board of directors administers the 2012 Plan, including determining the vesting schedule, exercise price, term of
the award, transfer restrictions applicable to shares acquired pursuant to an option exercise and other terms and conditions of option awards under the 2012 Plan. Our board of directors also has the authority to make all necessary or appropriate
interpretations of 2012 Plan terms. The participants of the 2012 Plan are also selected by our Board.
Option Terms Generally.
Options granted under the 2012 Plan permit the holder of the option to purchase our class B shares once such options are vested and exercisable, at a purchase price per share determined by our board of directors and specified in the option grant.
Grants of options under the 2012 Plan following the initial public offering have a purchase price per share not less than the average closing price of our class B shares on the principal exchange, on which such shares are then traded for the ten
business days immediately preceding the date of grant. Options granted under the 2012 Plan cannot be sold, pledged or disposed of in any manner without our prior written consent.
Other Information.
Shares subject to options which are cancelled or forfeited without being exercised will be returned to the 2012 Plan
and will be available for subsequent option grants under the 2012 Plan. Any material amendment to the 2012 Plan (such as the addition of more class B shares to the pool of shares available under the 2012 Plan) or the adoption of a new equity
compensation plan is subject to approval in compliance with applicable Cypriot law.
Employee Restricted Stock Units Plan
General.
In July 2015, our board of directors adopted and our shareholders approved an Employee Restricted Stock Units Plan, or the 2015
Plan, an equity-based incentive compensation plan intended to help align the interests of our management and others with those of our shareholders. Under the 2015 Plan, we may grant the restricted stock units (RSUs) to employees,
officers and contractors with their provision of services to us or our subsidiaries. A maximum of shares equal to 7 percent of the aggregate number of class A and class B shares issued and outstanding from time to time are reserved for issuance
under the 2015 Plan, subject to equitable adjustment in the event of certain corporate transactions, such as a stock split or recapitalization. The 2015 Plan is scheduled to expire on December 31, 2022.
Administration.
Our board of directors administers the 2015 Plan, including determining the vesting schedule, term of the award and
making all necessary or appropriate interpretations of the terms of the 2015 Plan. The participants of the 2015 Plan are selected by our chief executive officer and the list of
top-30
participants of each
grant shall be approved by our board. Our chief executive officer and members of the board are eligible to receive the RSUs subject to the approval by the relevant corporate body of the Company.
Terms and Conditions Generally.
The recipients of the RSUs have no dividend, voting, or any other rights as a stockholder of the
Company. Upon vesting of the RSUs, the participants will receive class B shares free of all restrictions. RSUs that have not become vested as of the date of termination of the participants employment or service shall be forfeited upon such
termination. Except for transfers resulting from the laws of descent and distribution, no RSUs granted under the 2015 Plan can be sold, pledged or disposed of in any manner without our prior written consent.
71
Other Information.
The number of shares underlying expired, terminated or cancelled RSUs,
shall continue to be available for the purpose of further awards under the 2015 Plan. Any material amendment to the 2015 Plan (such as the addition of more class B shares to the pool of shares available under the 2015 Plan) or the adoption of a new
equity compensation plan is subject to approval in compliance with applicable Cypriot law.
2017 Employee Stock Option Plan
General.
In December 2017, our shareholders approved an Employee Stock Option Plan, or the 2017 Plan, an equity-based incentive
compensation plan intended to help align the interests of our management and others with those of our shareholders. Under the 2017 Plan, we may grant options to purchase our class B shares to employees and service providers in connection with their
provision of services to us or our subsidiaries. A maximum of shares equal to 10 percent of the aggregate number of class A and class B shares issued and outstanding from time to time are reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan, subject to
equitable adjustment in the event of certain corporate transactions, such as a stock split or recapitalization. The 2017 Plan is scheduled to expire on the tenth anniversary thereof, although previously granted awards will remain outstanding after
such date in accordance with their terms.
Administration.
Our board of directors administers the 2017 Plan, including determining
the vesting schedule, exercise price, term of the award and other terms and conditions of option awards, making all necessary or appropriate interpretations of the 2017 Plan. The participants of the 2017 Plan area also selected by the Board. The
members of our Board of Directors and our chief executive officer are eligible to receive the options under the 2017 Plan subject to the approval by the relevant corporate body of the Company.
Option Terms Generally.
Options granted under the 2017 Plan permit the holder of the option to acquire our class B shares once such
options are vested and exercisable, at a purchase price per share determined by our board of directors and specified in the option grant. However, the exercise price shall not be less than the average closing price
per-share
of the shares being traded in the form of American Depositary Shares (ADS) on the NASDAQ Global Select Market for the five (5) business days immediately preceding the grant date or the par value
of the shares, whichever is higher, provided that for participants who are United States taxpayers, the Exercise Price shall be not less than such closing price for the business day immediately preceding the grant date. Options granted under the
2017 Plan cannot be sold, pledged or disposed of in any manner without our prior written consent.
Other Information
. Shares
subject to options which are cancelled or forfeited without being exercised will be returned to the 2017 Plan and will be available for subsequent option grants under the 2017 Plan. Any material amendment to the 2017 Plan (such as the addition of
more class B shares to the pool of shares available under the 2017 Plan) or the adoption of a new equity compensation plan is subject to approval in compliance with applicable Cypriot law.
Outstanding Equity Awards to Certain Executive Officers
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to outstanding equity awards held by the following executive officers at
March 23, 2018:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Option
plan
|
|
Grant Date
|
|
|
Number of
Class B Shares
Underlying
Vested
Options (#)
Exercisable
|
|
|
Number of
Class B Shares
Underlying
Unvested
Options (#)
Unexercisable
|
|
|
Option
Exercise
Price ($)
|
|
|
Option Expiration
Date
|
|
Alexander Karavaev
|
|
RSU Plan
|
|
|
August 12, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6,166
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2022
|
|
|
|
RSU Plan
|
|
|
November 9, 2017
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,000
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2022
|
|
Andrey Protopopov
|
|
ESOP
|
|
|
November 15, 2013
|
|
|
|
51,000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41.2380
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2020
|
|
|
|
RSU Plan
|
|
|
August 12, 2016
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5,666
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2022
|
|
|
|
RSU Plan
|
|
|
November 9, 2017
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10,533
|
|
|
|
n/a
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2022
|
|
Board of Directors
Our company has a single-tier board structure, with a board of directors comprised of up to seven directors nominated and elected by the
shareholders (subject to certain exemptions), including not less than three directors who shall be independent directors (see also Description of Share CapitalBoard of Directors). The primary responsibility of our board of
directors is to oversee the operations of our company, and to supervise the policies of senior management and the affairs of our company. The term for the directors serving on our board of directors at the time of the annual report will expire at
the annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2018. Our directors shall be elected at each subsequent annual general meeting of shareholders. Our articles of association provide that we may have up to seven directors, including not less
than three independent directors.
Non-independent
directors shall not be more than four.
Under
the Nasdaq Listing Rules, a director employed by us or that has, or had, certain relationships with us during the three years prior to this annual report, cannot be deemed to be an independent director, and each other director will qualify as
independent only if our board of directors affirmatively determines that the director has no material relationship with us, either directly or as a partner, shareholder or officer of an
72
organization that has a relationship with us. Ownership of a significant amount of our shares, by itself, does not constitute a material relationship. Our articles of association provide that any
elected director may be qualified as an independent director if such director meets certain criteria under the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Accordingly, our board of directors has affirmatively determined that Mr. Marcus Rhodes, Mr. Ron Kalifa
and Mr. Osama Bedier are each an independent director in accordance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules.
Committees of our Board of Directors
We have established three committees under the board of directors: the audit committee, the compensation committee and the strategy committee.
We have adopted a charter for each of these committees. Each committees members and functions are as follows.
Audit
Committee
. Our audit committee consists of Messrs. Bedier, Kalifa and Rhodes. Mr. Rhodes is the chairman of the audit committee and our board of directors has determined that Mr. Rhodes qualifies as an audit committee financial
expert, as defined under Nasdaq Listing Rules and the rules and regulations of the Exchange Act. Messrs. Bedier, Kalifa and Rhodes are each an independent director in accordance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules.
The purpose of the audit committee is to assist our board of directors with its oversight responsibilities regarding: (a) the integrity
of our financial statements, (b) our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (c) the independent auditors qualifications, independence and performance and (d) the performance of our internal audit function and
independent auditor.
Our audit committees duties include, but are not limited to:
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|
selecting the independent registered public accounting firm and
pre-approving
all auditing and
non-auditing
services permitted to be
performed by the independent registered public accounting firm;
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|
|
reviewing with our independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and managements response;
|
|
|
|
reviewing all proposed related party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of
Regulation S-K
under the Securities Act;
|
|
|
|
discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent registered public accounting firm;
|
|
|
|
reviewing major issues as to the adequacy of our internal control and any special audit steps adopted in light of material control deficiencies; and
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|
|
|
meeting separately and periodically with management and our independent registered public accounting firm.
|
Compensation Committee
. Our compensation committee consists of Messrs. Bedier, Budnik and Kalifa. Mr. Kalifa is the chairman of
the compensation committee. Messrs. Bedier and Kalifa are independent directors in accordance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules, whereas Ms. Elena Budnik is a
non-independent
director. We follow Cyprus
law which does not require companies to have a compensation committee made up entirely of independent directors. None of the members of our compensation committee is an officer or employee of our company.
Our compensation committees duties include, but are not limited to:
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|
|
approving the compensation package of the chief executive officer;
|
|
|
|
administering our equity incentive plan;
|
|
|
|
overseeing, and advising the board of directors on, overall compensation plans and benefit programs; and
|
|
|
|
authorizing the repurchase of shares from terminated employees.
|
Strategy Committee
.
Our strategy committee consists of Messrs. Bedier, Dankevich and Kalifa. Mr. Bedier is the chairman of the strategy committee. Our strategy committee has a key role in defining our strategic goals and objectives, advises our board of directors
on the implementation of our strategic goals and objectives and oversees their implementation.
Code of Ethics and Business Conduct
We have adopted a Code of Ethics and Business Conduct that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees. The Code of Ethics and
Business Conduct is intended to promote honest and ethical conduct, full and accurate reporting, and compliance with laws as well as other matters. A copy of the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct is available on our website:
https://investor.qiwi.com/corporate-governance/documents
.
Directors Duties
Under Cyprus law, our directors owe fiduciary duties both under common law and statute, including a statutory duty and common law duty to act
honestly, in good faith and in what the director believes are the best interests of the company. When exercising powers or performing duties as a director, the director is required to exercise the care, diligence and skill that a responsible
director would exercise in the same circumstances taking into account, without limitation, the nature of the company, the nature of the decision and the position of the director and the nature of the responsibilities undertaken by him. The directors
are required to exercise their powers for a proper purpose and must not act or agree to the company acting in a manner that contravenes our articles of association or Cyprus law.
73
Employment Agreements
We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Each of these contains standard terms and conditions in
compliance with Russian labor law. The terms of these employment agreements include, among other things, duration, remuneration, the treatment of confidential information, social insurance and employment benefits.
We may terminate the employment agreements with our executive officers in accordance with the general provisions envisaged by Russian labor
law if, among other things, one of our executive officers commits serious breach of duties, is guilty of any gross misconduct in connection with the handling of money or valuables, or takes an erroneous decision that leads to the improper use of, or
causes damage to, our property. In addition, Russian labor law and employment agreements of some of our executive officers contain certain additional provisions whereby we may terminate their employment agreements if such officers are dismissed from
office in accordance with Russian bankruptcy legislation.
Each executive officer has agreed to hold in strict confidence any confidential
information or trade secrets of our company. Each executive officer also agrees to comply with all material applicable laws and regulations related to his or her responsibilities at our company as well as all material corporate and business policies
and procedures of our company.
Limitation on Liability and Indemnification of Directors and Officers
Our memorandum and articles of association provide that, subject to certain limitations, we will indemnify our directors and officers against
any losses or liabilities which they may sustain or incur in or about the execution of their duties including liability incurred in defending any proceedings, whether civil or criminal, in which judgment is given in their favor or in which they are
acquitted.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers or
persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, in the opinion of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and may therefore be unenforceable.
Interests of our Directors and our Employees
Certain of our directors and our executive officers have beneficial ownership interests in our shares or hold options to purchase shares. The
economic interests through these holdings may give rise to a conflict of interest between their duties owed to us and their private interests. For example, it could cause them to pursue short-term gains in respect of those private interests instead
of acting in our best interest. Other than the potential conflicts of interest described in the footnotes to the table in Principal and Selling Shareholders, we are not aware of any other potential conflicts of interest between any
duties owed by members of our board of directors or our executive officers to us and their private interests and/or other duties.
Under
our articles of association and Cyprus Law, a director who is in any way, directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with us must declare the nature of his or her interest at a meeting of our board of directors. In
addition, a director has no right to vote in respect of any contract or arrangement in which he or she is interested, and if the director does vote, his or her vote will not be counted nor will he or she be counted for purposes of determining
whether quorum at the meeting has been established.
Our directors are generally not prohibited from owning or acquiring interests in
companies that could compete with us in the future for investments or business, and each of them has a range of business relationships outside the context of their relationship with us that could influence their decisions in the future.
See Item 4.B Business
overviewEmployees.
See Item 7.A Major
Shareholders for information on the shareholdings of our directors and executive officers.
See Item 6.B
CompensationOutstanding Equity Awards to Certain Executive Officers for information on options granted to our executive officers.
See Item 6.B CompensationEmployee Stock Option Plan for a description of our employee stock option plan.
ITEM 7.
|
Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions
|
The following table sets forth
information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares, as of March 23, 2018, by:
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|
|
each of our directors and executive officers; and
|
|
|
|
each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5% of our ordinary shares.
|
74
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In
computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or
other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.
The calculations in the table below are based on 14,277,871 class A shares and 46,671,186 class B shares outstanding as of March 23,
2018, which comprise our entire issued and outstanding share capital as of that date. Class A ordinary shares have ten votes per share, and Class B shares have one vote per share.
Currently, none of our ordinary shares are held by U.S. holders.
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Class A
Shares
|
|
|
Total
Class B
Shares
|
|
|
Total %
of Issued
Class A
Shares
|
|
|
Total %
of Issued
Class B
Shares
|
|
|
Total % of
Votes
at a General
Meeting
|
|
Directors and Executive Officers:
|
|
Sergey Solonin
|
|
|
11,261,399
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
78.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59.4
|
|
Boris Kim
|
|
|
1,218,894
|
|
|
|
92,543
|
|
|
|
8.5
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
6.5
|
|
Marcus Rhodes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
500
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
|
|
Osama Bedier
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rohinton Minoo Kalifa
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Elena Budnik
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Evegeny Dankevich
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Andrey Protopopov
(1)(3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
67,199
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
Alexander Karavaev
(2)(3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16,166
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All directors and executive officers as a group
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Principal Shareholders:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sergey Solonin
|
|
|
11,261,399
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
78.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59.4
|
|
Boris Kim
|
|
|
1,218,894
|
|
|
|
92,543
|
|
|
|
8.5
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
6.5
|
|
Mitsui & Co., Ltd.
(4)
|
|
|
857,701
|
|
|
|
857,702
|
|
|
|
6.0
|
|
|
|
1.8
|
|
|
|
5.0
|
|
Public Joint-Stock Company «Bank Otkritie Financial Corporation»
(5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21,426,733
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
45.9
|
|
|
|
11.3
|
|
Melqart Asset Management (UK)
Ltd.
(6)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,129,305
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.7
|
|
|
|
1.7
|
|
*
|
Represents less than 1%.
|
(1)
|
Reflects options to purchase 51,000 class B shares that have already vested and the right to receive 16,199 class B shares that are currently unvested.
|
(2)
|
Including the right to receive 16,166 class B shares that are currently unvested.
|
(3)
|
Calculated as percentage of the issued share capital assuming the exercise of all vested options and restricted stock units held by the participants.
|
(4)
|
Mitsui & Co., Ltd. is a widely-held public corporation the shares of which are traded on the Tokyo, Nagoya, Sapporo, and Fukuoka stock exchanges. The address of such entity is
1-3,
Marunouchi
1-Chome,
Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo,
100-8631,
Japan.
|
(5)
|
Based solely on the Schedule
13-D
filed by Public Joint-Stock Company «Bank Otkritie Financial Corporation» with the Securities and Exchange Commission on
December 29, 2017.
|
(6)
|
Based solely on the Schedule
13-G
filed by Melqart Asset Management (UK) Ltd. with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 13, 2018.
|
B.
|
Related Party Transactions.
|
Bank Accounts and Deposits
Qiwi Bank maintains accounts and deposits of various affiliates of our directors, executive officers and shareholders in the ordinary course of
its business amounting to RUB 379 million as of December 31, 2017 (including accounts of Otkritie Bank of RUB 283 million). We believe that all of the agreements pertaining to such accounts and deposits are entered into on arms
length terms and do not deviate in any material aspect from the terms that we would use in similar contracts with
non-related
parties.
75
Information Technology Services and Other Agreements with Otkritie Bank
We have a number of information technology services agreements entered into in the ordinary course with our significant shareholder Otkritie
Bank, which is considered a related party since December 20, 2017. Operating income and expenses attributable to our agreements with Otkritie Bank amounted to RUB 38 million for 11 days ended December 31, 2017. The total amount owed
by Otkritie Bank as of December 31, 2017 is RUB 1,305 million and consists of current receivable. The total amount owed to Otkritie Bank as of December 31, 2017 is RUB 212 million and consists of current payable.
Employment Agreements and Share Options
See Management Employment Agreements and Management Employee Stock Option Plan.
C.
|
Interests of Experts and Counsel.
|
Not applicable.
ITEM 8.
|
Financial Information
|
A.
|
Consolidated Financial Statements and Other Financial Information
|
See Item 18 Financial Statements.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we
are involved in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently, and have not been in the recent past, subject to any legal, arbitration or government proceedings (including proceedings pending or
threatened) that we believe will have a material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Dividend Policy
In the medium to long term, we aim to distribute all excess cash to our shareholders in the form of dividends. Excess cash is defined as
adjusted net profit for a year less an amount management deems necessary for near term corporate action or other business needs including but not limited to merger and acquisition activities and capital expenditures. However, given that the Company
have invested heavily in the development of new projects in 2017 and plans to continue to invest in the development of such projects in 2018, the board of director of the Company took the decision to temporarily refrain from the distribution of
dividends. The board of directors reserves the right to distribute the dividend on a quarterly basis as it deems necessary. This statement is a general declaration of intention and the actual declaration of dividends will require corporate action at
the relevant time on which a decision will be taken by the board of directors or the general meeting of its shareholders, as the case may be, depending on the precise circumstances that prevail at the time, and shareholders or potential investors
should not treat this statement as an obligation or similar undertaking by us that dividends will be declared as set out herein. Under Cyprus law, we are not allowed to make distributions if the distribution would reduce our shareholders
equity below the sum of the issued share capital, including any share premium, and the reserves which we must maintain under Cyprus law and our articles of association.
As a holding company, the level of our income and our ability to pay dividends depends primarily upon the receipt of dividends and other
distributions from our subsidiaries. The payment of dividends by our subsidiaries is contingent upon the sufficiency of their earnings, cash flows, regulatory capital requirements, and distributable profits.
Except as disclosed elsewhere in this
annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.
ITEM 9.
|
The Offer and Listing
|
A.
|
Offer and Listing Details.
|
See Item 9.C
Markets.
Not applicable.
76
Our ADSs, each representing one class B share, have been listed on the Nasdaq
since May 3, 2013 and have been admitted to trading on MOEX since May 20, 2013, under the symbol QIWI. However, our ADSs were not offered for trading on MOEX until October 10, 2013. Prior to that time, there was no public
market for our ADSs or our ordinary shares. The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the high and low sales price per ADS as reported on Nasdaq:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High
|
|
|
Low
|
|
|
|
(in U.S.$)
|
|
Year
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
56.37
|
|
|
|
18.70
|
|
2015
|
|
|
34.89
|
|
|
|
15.07
|
|
2016
|
|
|
17.77
|
|
|
|
10.65
|
|
2017
|
|
|
25.25
|
|
|
|
11.80
|
|
Quarter
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
First Quarter
|
|
|
17.77
|
|
|
|
10.65
|
|
Second Quarter
|
|
|
16.40
|
|
|
|
10.73
|
|
Third Quarter
|
|
|
15.91
|
|
|
|
11.47
|
|
Fourth Quarter
|
|
|
15.00
|
|
|
|
12.36
|
|
2017:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
First Quarter
|
|
|
17.31
|
|
|
|
11.80
|
|
Second Quarter
|
|
|
25.20
|
|
|
|
16.14
|
|
Third Quarter
|
|
|
25.25
|
|
|
|
15.95
|
|
Fourth Quarter
|
|
|
17.51
|
|
|
|
13.80
|
|
Most recent six months
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2017:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
September
|
|
|
18.02
|
|
|
|
16.01
|
|
October
|
|
|
17.51
|
|
|
|
16.10
|
|
November
|
|
|
17.29
|
|
|
|
14.73
|
|
December
|
|
|
17.33
|
|
|
|
13.80
|
|
2018:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
January
|
|
|
18.27
|
|
|
|
16.51
|
|
February
|
|
|
17.00
|
|
|
|
14.74
|
|
The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the high and low sales price per ADS as reported on MOEX:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High
|
|
|
Low
|
|
|
|
(in RUB)
|
|
Year
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
1,948
|
|
|
|
1,004
|
|
2015
|
|
|
1,895
|
|
|
|
995
|
|
2016
|
|
|
1,300
|
|
|
|
709
|
|
2017
|
|
|
1,495
|
|
|
|
711
|
|
Quarter
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
First Quarter
|
|
|
1,300
|
|
|
|
825
|
|
Second Quarter
|
|
|
1,075
|
|
|
|
709
|
|
Third Quarter
|
|
|
1,018
|
|
|
|
770
|
|
Fourth Quarter
|
|
|
945
|
|
|
|
770
|
|
2017:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
First Quarter
|
|
|
974
|
|
|
|
711
|
|
Second Quarter
|
|
|
1,462
|
|
|
|
938
|
|
Third Quarter
|
|
|
1,495
|
|
|
|
920
|
|
Fourth Quarter
|
|
|
1,016
|
|
|
|
816
|
|
Most recent six months
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2017:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
September
|
|
|
1,046
|
|
|
|
920
|
|
October
|
|
|
1,013
|
|
|
|
938
|
|
November
|
|
|
1,016
|
|
|
|
916
|
|
December
|
|
|
910
|
|
|
|
816
|
|
2018:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
January
|
|
|
1,043
|
|
|
|
917
|
|
February
|
|
|
970
|
|
|
|
871
|
|
The closing price for our ADSs on the Nasdaq on March 23, 2018 was US$17.68 per ADS and on MOEX was RUB 1,030 per ADS.
Not applicable.
77
Not applicable.
F.
|
Expenses of the Issue.
|
Not applicable.
ITEM 10.
|
Additional Information
|
Not applicable.
B.
|
Memorandum and Articles of Association.
|
Our memorandum and
articles of association contain, among others, the following provisions:
Objects
Our objects are set forth in full in Regulation 3 of our memorandum of association. The objects for which we are established are to assist in
carrying on the business of a variety of entities, both public and private, with no restriction as to type, industry, legal form, or services provided. We aim to engage and train professional, technical, and other staff, retain such staff internally
for the benefit of our Company, or allocate the aforesaid personnel or their services to those requiring such services and assistance. We are empowered to purchase or otherwise acquire all or any part or interest in the business and liabilities of
other entities that we determine will be of benefit to us and our shareholders. We are additionally authorized to borrow, raise money or secure obligations in on such terms as we see fit, to issue any type of securities, both secured or unsecured
(and upon such terms as priority or otherwise), and to invest moneys not immediately required, other than towards our shares. We may enter into any arrangement for working jointly with any other company, partnership or person, provided the joint
work is in furtherance of our business or our interests and generally do all such other things as may appear to be incidental or conductive to the attainment of our objects.
Shareholders General Meetings
Share Capital
Our share capital is divided into two classes of shares: class A shares, each of which carries ten votes at shareholders general
meetings, and class B shares, each of which carries one vote at shareholders general meetings.
Convening Shareholders Meetings
An annual general meeting must be held not more than 15 months after the prior annual general meeting, and at least one annual general meeting
must be held in each calendar year.
Our board of directors, at its discretion, may convene an extraordinary general meeting.
Extraordinary general meetings must also be convened by the board of directors at the request of shareholders holding in aggregate at the date of the deposit of the requisition either (a) not less than 10% of our outstanding share capital or
(b) not less than 10% of the voting rights attached to our issued shares, or, in case the board of directors fails to do so within 21 days from the date of the deposit of the requisition notice, such requisitioning shareholders, or any of them
representing more than one half of the total voting rights of all of them, may themselves convene an extraordinary general meeting, but any meeting so convened may not be held after the expiration of 3 months from the date that is 21 days from the
date of the deposit of the requisition notice.
The annual general meeting and a shareholders general meeting called for the
election of directors or for a matter for which Cypriot law requires a special resolution, which means a resolution passed by a majority of not less than 75% of the voting rights attached to our issued shares present and voting at a duly convened
and quorate general meeting, must be called with no less than 45 days written notice or such longer notice as is required by the Companies Law (not counting the day in which it was served or deemed to be served and the date in which it was
received). Other shareholders general meetings must be called with no less than 30 days written notice.
A notice
convening a shareholders general meeting shall be served within 5 days after the record date for determining the shareholders entitled to receive notice of attend and vote at such General Meeting, which is fixed by the Board and is not more
than 60 days and not less than 45 days prior to an Annual General Meeting, or a General Meeting called for the passing of a Special Resolution, or for the election of Directors, and not more than 45 days and not less than 30 days prior to any other
General Meeting. A notice convening a shareholders general meeting must be sent to each of the shareholders, provided that the accidental failure to give notice of a meeting to, or the
non-receipt
of
notice of a meeting by, any person entitled to receive notice will invalidate the proceedings at that meeting to which such notice refers in the event that a shareholder holding not less than 5% of our outstanding share capital is not in attendance
as a result of the accidental failure to give notice or
non-receipt
thereof.
78
All shareholders are entitled to attend the shareholders general meeting or be represented
by a proxy authorized in writing. The quorum for a shareholders general meeting will consist of shareholders representing 50.01% of the voting rights attached to our issued shares, whether present in person or by proxy.
The agenda of the shareholders general meeting is determined by our board of directors or by whoever else is calling the meeting.
Voting
Matters determined at
shareholders general meetings require an ordinary resolution, which requires a simple majority of the votes cast at any particular general meeting duly convened and quorate, unless our articles of association and the Companies Law specify
differently. It is within the powers of the shareholders to have a resolution executed in writing by all shareholders and in such event no meeting needs to take place or notice to be given.
Reserved Matters
Our articles of
association provide for special majorities for resolutions concerning, among other things, the following matters (for so long as class A shares are in issue and outstanding): (i) any variance to the rights attached to any class of shares
requires approval of the holders of 75% of the shares of the affected class, passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of the relevant class, as well as a special resolution of the general meeting; and (ii) approval of the total
number of shares and classes of shares to be reserved for issuance under any of our or our subsidiaries employee stock option plan or any other equity-based incentive compensation program requires approval of a majority of not less than 75% of
the voting rights attached to all issued shares present and voting at a duly convened and quorate general meeting.
Board of Directors
Appointment of Directors
Our articles of
association provide that we shall have up to seven directors, including not less than three independent directors. As a foreign private issuer, we have elected to follow Cyprus corporate governance practices, which, unlike the applicable Nasdaq
requirements for domestic issuers, do not require the majority of directors to be independent.
It is understood that, if at a proposed
general meeting there shall be elections of both
non-independent
directors and independent directors, (i) there shall be two separate sets of voting procedures, one with respect to the
non-independent
directors and one with respect to the independent directors; (ii) at each such procedure the shareholders shall have the number of votes provided by the articles of association for the election
of
non-independent
directors and independent directors respectively and (iii) the voting procedure in respect of the minimum number of independent directors, being three directors, shall take
place first.
Each of the board and any shareholder or group of shareholders is entitled to nominate one or more individuals for election
(or
re-election)
to our board of directors not less than 30 days prior to any general meeting at which the
non-independent
directors are scheduled to be appointed. The
board shall screen all submitted nominations for compliance with the provisions of our articles of association following which it shall compile and circulate a final slate of nominees to be voted on at the general meeting to all the shareholders
entitled to attend and vote at the relevant general meeting at least 15 days prior to the scheduled date thereof.
Except as set out
below, the
non-independent
directors are appointed by shareholder weighted voting, under which each shareholder has the right to cast among one or more nominees as many votes as the voting rights attached to
its shares multiplied by a number equal to the number of
non-independent
directors to be appointed.
Non-independent
directors are appointed as follows: (1) the term
of office of the
non-independent
directors shall be for a period from the date of the annual general meeting at which they were elected until the following annual general meeting; (2) all the
non-independent
directors shall retire from office at each annual general meeting; (3) all retiring
non-independent
directors shall be eligible for
re-election;
and (4) the vacated position may be filled at the meeting at which the
non-independent
directors retire by electing another individual nominated to the
office of
non-independent
director by any of the board, any shareholder or group of shareholders, and in default the retiring
non-independent
director shall, if offering
himself for
re-election
and if he has been so nominated by the board, be deemed to have been
re-elected,
unless at such meeting it is expressly resolved not to fill such
vacated position or unless a resolution for the
re-election
of such
non-independent
director shall have been put to the meeting and not adopted.
The independent directors are nominated by the board, a shareholder or group of shareholders. All independent directors are appointed by
shareholder weighted voting in the same manner as voting for
non-independent
directors. The independent directors will be appointed as follows: (1) the term of office of each independent director shall be
for a period from the date of the annual meeting at which such independent director has been duly elected and qualified until the following annual general meeting; (2) all the independent directors shall retire from office at each annual
general meeting; (3) all retiring independent directors shall be eligible for
re-election;
and (4) the vacated position may be filled at the meeting at which the independent directors retire by
electing another individual nominated by any of the board, a shareholder or a group of shareholders by serving a notice at least 30 days prior to such general meeting, and in default the retiring independent director shall, if offering himself for
re-election
and if he has been so nominated by the board, be deemed to have been
re-elected,
unless at such meeting it is expressly resolved not to fill such vacated position
or unless a resolution for the
re-election
of such independent director shall have been put to the meeting and not adopted.
79
At any moment of time after the appointment of the
non-independent
directors any director may request the board to screen the
non-independent
directors for compliance with independence criteria within the meaning of the
Nasdaq Listing Rules. In case the board determines that any
non-independent
director meets the criteria, such
non-independent
director shall be
re-classified
as the independent director.
In the event that the entire board of directors is
terminated by a shareholder or a group of shareholders representing at least 10.01% of the voting rights attached to our issued shares in relation to exercise by the board of directors of its right to appoint a director to fill a vacancy on the
board, the board will remain in office only to summon a general meeting for purposes of (1) terminating the entire board pursuant to a request of the requesting shareholders and (2) appointing new
non-independent
directors, and new independent directors. If, for any reason, the number of directors falls below the number fixed by the articles of association as the necessary quorum for board meetings and
the vacant positions are not filled as per the above procedure within 21 days, the remaining directors may remain in office only to convene a general meeting, at which all directors must retire and new directors will be appointed as provided above.
Our board of directors can elect a chairman by an absolute majority of votes of all the directors, provided that an affirmative vote of
at least one independent director is received (for so long as class A shares are in issue and are outstanding).
Removal of Directors
Under Cyprus law, notwithstanding any provision in our articles of association, a director may be removed by an ordinary resolution of the
general shareholders meeting, which must be convened with at least 28 days notice (under our articles of association at least 30 days notice is required). The office of any of the directors becomes vacant if, among other things,
the director (a) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his or her creditors generally; or (b) becomes permanently incapable of performing his or her duties due to mental or physical illness or due to his or her
death. If our board of directors exercises its right to appoint a director to fill in a vacancy on the board created during the term of a directors appointment as provided in our articles of association, a shareholder or a group of
shareholders holding at least 10.01% of the voting rights attached to our issued shares may terminate the appointment of the entire board of directors. See also Appointment of Directors.
Powers of the Board of Directors
Our
board of directors has been granted authority to manage our business affairs and has the authority to decide, among other things, on the following:
|
(a)
|
approval of strategy and annual budget and for the group;
|
|
(b)
|
approval of certain transactions, including material transactions (as defined in our articles of association), borrowings as well as transactions involving sale or disposition of any interest in any group company (other
than QIWI plc) or all or substantially all of the assets of any group company;
|
|
(c)
|
any group companys exit from or closing of a business or business segment, or a
down-sizing,
reduction in force or streamlining of any operation over certain thresholds as
set out in our articles of association;
|
|
(d)
|
any merger, consolidation, amalgamation, conversion, reorganization, scheme of arrangement, dissolution or liquidation involving any group company (other than QIWI plc);
|
|
(e)
|
entry into (whether by renewal or otherwise) any agreement or transaction with a related party except for: (1) transactions in the ordinary course of business (as defined in our articles of association) on an
arms length basis, (2) intra-group transactions, (3) transactions at a price less than U.S.$50,000 (if the price can be determined at the time the transaction is entered into);
|
|
(f)
|
issuance and allotment of shares by us for consideration other than cash; and
|
|
(g)
|
adoption of any employee stock option plan or any other equity-based incentive compensation program for our group (subject to a general meeting approving the total number of shares and classes of shares to be reserved
for issuance under any such program).
|
Our board of directors may exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow or raise
money.
Proceedings of the Board of Directors
Our board of directors meets at such times and in such manner as the directors determine to be necessary or desirable. For as long as any class
A shares are issued and outstanding, the quorum necessary for a meeting of our board of directors to be validly convened is a simple majority of the total number of the
non-independent
directors and the
then-existing independent directors.
A resolution at a duly constituted meeting of our board of directors is approved by an absolute
majority of votes of all the directors unless a higher majority and/or affirmative vote of any independent directors is required on a particular matter. The chairman does not have a second or casting vote in case of a tie. A resolution consented to
in writing, signed or approved by all directors will be as valid as if it had been passed at a meeting of our board of directors or a committee when signed by all the directors.
80
Where a director has, directly or indirectly, an interest in a contract or proposed contract,
that director must disclose the nature of his or her interest at the meeting of the board of directors and shall not vote on such contract or arrangement, nor shall he be counted in the quorum present at the meeting.
Chief Executive Officer
Our board of
directors may by an absolute majority of votes of all the directors appoint a director to be our chief executive officer to be in charge and responsible for all
day-to-day
affairs of our group. Our chief executive officer is to be appointed for such period and on such terms as our board of directors thinks fit, and, subject to
the terms of any agreement entered into in any particular case, his appointment may be terminated by our board of directors at any time as provided in our articles of association. The term of appointment for our chief executive officer shall be for
a period from the date of his appointment until the first meeting of the board on the second year after the date of his appointment.
Rights Attaching
to Shares
Voting rights.
For so long as class A shares are in issue and are outstanding, each class A share has the right to
ten votes at a meeting of our shareholders; and each class B share has the right to one vote at a meeting of our shareholders.
Issue
of shares and
pre-emptive
rights.
Subject to the Cypriot law and our articles of association, already authorized but not yet issued shares are at the disposal of our board of directors, which may allot or
otherwise dispose of any unissued shares as it may decide. All new shares and/or other securities giving right to the purchase of our shares or which are convertible into our shares must be offered before their issue to our shareholders on a pro
rata basis. If the new securities are of the same class as existing shares, the offer must first be made on a pro rata basis to the shareholders of the relevant class and, if any such new securities are not taken up by those shareholders, an offer
to purchase the excess will be made to all other shareholders on a pro rata basis (provided that such
pre-emption
rights have not been removed). Our shareholders have authorized the suspension of the right of
pre-emption
set out above for a period of five years from the date of the closing of our initial public offering in connection with the issue of up to an additional 52,000,000 class B shares, including in the form
of ADSs.
Conversion.
At the irrevocable request of any class A shareholder, all or part of the class A shares held by such
shareholder will convert into class B shares, on the basis that each class A share shall convert into one class B share, and the class B shares resulting from such conversion shall rank pari passu in all respects with the existing class B shares in
issue.
In addition, class A shares will be automatically converted into class B shares, on a
one-to-one
basis, in the following circumstances: (1) all class A shares which are transferred by a holder, except in circumstances permitted under our articles of association, shall, immediately upon
such transfer, be automatically converted into class B shares; (2) all class A shares held by a shareholder will be automatically converted into class B shares on the occurrence of a change of control (as defined in our articles of association)
of that class A shareholder; and (3) all class A shares will be automatically converted into class B shares in the event that the aggregate number of class A shares constitute less than 10% of the aggregate number of class A and class B shares
outstanding.
For so long as class A shares are in issue and are outstanding, class A shares will not convert into class B shares
where: (1) the transfer is to one or more of the transferors directly or indirectly controlled affiliates (as defined in our articles of association); (2) 10% or more of the total number of class A shares in issue are transferred;
(3) the transfer is to one or more of the existing class A shareholders; and (4) the transfer is to the person(s) that was (were) the ultimate beneficial owner(s) of class A shareholder at the time of Listing. In the case of (2) above
the transfer of A shares is permitted if: (a) it is approved in writing by the shareholders holding in aggregate at least 75% of the total number of class A shares in issue; or (b) the shareholder (or a group of shareholders) transferring
class A shares has (or have) offered such shares to the other then existing shareholders holding class A shares in accordance with the procedure set out in the articles of association.
Dividend.
For so long as class A shares are in issue and are outstanding, our board may declare dividend, including final dividend, but
no dividend will be paid except out of our profits. Our board of directors may set aside out of our profits such sums as it thinks proper as a reserve. The board of directors may also, without establishing a reserve, carry forward to the next year
any profits it may think prudent not to distribute as a dividend. The class A shares and the class B shares have the right to an equal share in any dividend or other distribution we pay. Please see Dividend Policy for more details.
Winding Up.
If our company is wound up, the liquidator may, upon a special resolution and any other procedure prescribed by the Cypriot
law, (i) divide in specie or kind all or part of our assets among the shareholders; and (ii) vest the whole or any part of such assets in trustees for the benefit of the contributories as the liquidator shall think fit, but so that no
shareholder is compelled to accept any shares or other securities with any attached liability.
Form and transfer of shares
. The
instrument of transfer of any share must be executed by or on behalf of the transferor and the transferee, and the transferor will be deemed to be the holder of the share until the name of the transferee is entered into the register of shareholders.
Except as set out above and in our articles of association, shareholders are entitled to transfer all or any of their shares by instrument of transfer in writing in any usual or common form or in any other form, including electronic form, which the
directors may approve.
There is no limitation under Cypriot law or our articles of association on the right of
non-Cypriot
residents or nationals to own or vote our shares.
81
Relevant Provisions of Cypriot law
The liability of our shareholders is limited. Under the Cypriot law, a shareholder of a company is not personally liable for the acts of the
company, except that a shareholder may become personally liable by reason of his or her own acts.
As of the date of this annual report,
Cypriot law does not contain any requirement for a mandatory offer to be made by a person acquiring shares or depositary receipts of a Cypriot company even if such an acquisition confers on such person control over us if neither the shares nor
depositary receipts are listed on a regulated market in the European Economic Area (EEA). Neither our shares nor depositary receipts are listed on a regulated market in the EEA.
Cypriot Companies Law contains provisions in respect of
squeeze-out
rights. The effect of these
provisions is that, where a company makes a takeover bid for all the shares or for the whole of any class of shares of another company, and the offer is accepted by the holders of 90% in value of the shares concerned, the offeror can upon the same
terms acquire the shares of shareholders who have not accepted the offer, unless such persons can persuade the Cypriot courts not to permit the acquisition. If the offeror company already holds more than 10%, in value of the shares concerned,
additional requirements need to be met before the minority can be squeezed out. If the company making the takeover bid acquires sufficient shares to aggregate, together with those which it already holds, more than 90%, then, within one month of the
date the bidder holds more than 90%, it must give notice of the fact to the remaining shareholders and such shareholders may, within three months of receiving such notice, require the offeror company to acquire their shares and the offeror company
shall be bound to do so upon the same terms on which the shares were acquired or on such other terms as may be agreed between them or upon such terms as the court may order.
None
Cyprus currently has no exchange control
restrictions.
The following summary of the Cypriot tax, Russian
tax and United States federal income tax consequences of ownership of the ADSs is based upon laws, regulations, decrees, rulings, income tax conventions (treaties), administrative practice and judicial decisions in effect at the date of this annual
report. Legislative, judicial or administrative changes or interpretations may, however, be forthcoming that could alter or modify the statements and conclusions set forth herein. Any such changes or interpretations may be retroactive and could
affect the tax consequences to holders of the ADSs. This summary does not purport to be a legal opinion or to address all tax aspects that may be relevant to a holder of the ADSs. Each prospective holder is urged to consult its own tax adviser as to
the particular tax consequences to such holder of the ownership and disposition of the ADSs, including the applicability and effect of any other tax laws or tax treaties, of pending or proposed changes in applicable tax laws as of the date of this
annual report, and of any actual changes in applicable tax laws after such date.
Material Cypriot Tax Considerations
Cyprus Tax residency of a company
In
accordance with the Cyprus Income Tax Law, a company is tax resident in Cyprus if its management and control are exercised in Cyprus. There is no definition in the Cyprus Income Tax Law as to what constitutes management and control however it is
understood that the concept of central management and control followed by the Cyprus tax authorities is in line with such concepts applied in other common law countries and as it has developed through case law. The concept refers to the
highest level at which the business of the company is controlled and the policy decisions of the directors are taken. This place is usually where the shareholders and/or the board of directors meet and take key management and commercial decisions.
In 2016 the Cyprus tax authorities have issued a form of request and questionnaire for tax residency certificate indicating information
that needs to be provided by a company when obtaining Cyprus tax residency certificate, including the following questions: (i) whether the company is incorporated in Cyprus and is a tax resident only in Cyprus; (ii) whether the majority of
the Board of Directors meetings take place in Cyprus; (iii) whether the Board of Directors exercise control management and make key management and commercial decisions necessary for a companys operations and general policies;
(iv) whether Board of Directors minutes are prepared and kept in Cyprus; (v) whether the majority of the Board of Directors are Cyprus tax residents; (vi) whether shareholders meetings take place in Cyprus;
(vii) whether the company issued any General Power of Attorney; etc. Depending on the answers to the above questionnaire the Cyprus tax authorities will make a decision on granting a tax residency certificate to a company.
We consider the company to be a resident of Cyprus for tax purposes. However, taking into consideration that the majority of the board of
directors is comprised of
non-Cyprus
tax residents and a number of other factors which may be treated as not fully in line with the abovementioned requirements, our tax residency in Cyprus may be challenged.
Moreover, we may be also deemed to be a tax resident outside of Cyprus, for further details see risk factor Item 3.D Risk
Factors Risks Related to Taxation we may be deemed to be a tax resident outside of Cyprus.
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Cyprus Tax residency of an individual
With respect to the individual holders of our ADSs, such holder may be considered to be a tax resident of Cyprus in any one calendar year
(which corresponds to a period from January 1 to December 31) if such holder is physically present in Cyprus for a period exceeding in aggregate more than 183 days in that one calendar year.
Furthermore, on January 1, 2017 an amendment to the income tax law entered into force introducing a second tax resident test the
60 day rule for the purposes of determining Cyprus tax residency for individuals. An individual is considered as a tax resident of Cyprus, if he/she satisfies either the current 183 day rule or the 60 day
rule for the relevant tax year (coinciding with calendar year). The 60 day rule applies to an individual who in the relevant tax year:
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does not reside in any other single state for a period exceeding 183 days in aggregate, and
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resides in Cyprus for at least 60 days within the tax year, and
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carries on any business in Cyprus and/or is employed in Cyprus and/or holds an office at a person tax resident in Cyprus at any time during the tax year, and
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maintains a permanent residence in Cyprus either owned or rented by the individual.
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An
individual is considered to be domiciled in Cyprus for the purposes of Special Contribution for the Defence if he/she has a domicile of origin in Cyprus per the Wills and Succession Law (with certain exceptions) or if he/she has been a tax resident
in Cyprus for at least 17 out of the 20 tax years immediately prior to the tax year of assessment.
Holders of ADSs must consult their own
tax advisors on their tax residency status and their tax liabilities arising from holding and/or disposal of the ADSs in their tax residency jurisdictions.
Taxation of Cyprus Resident Company
A
company which is considered as a resident of Cyprus for tax purposes is subject to corporate income tax in Cyprus on its income accrued and derived from all chargeable sources in Cyprus and abroad, worldwide income, taking into account certain
exemptions. The rate of corporate income tax in Cyprus is 12.5% as of January 1, 2013.
Non-tax
resident Cyprus companies (i.e. not managed and controlled from Cyprus) are liable to income
tax in Cyprus only in respect of the following types of income arising in Cyprus: trading profits of a permanent establishment situated in Cyprus (i.e. fixed base from which a business is carried on), profit from the sale of trade goodwill in Cyprus
and rental income from property situated in Cyprus.
A tax resident Cyprus companies are subject to Special Contribution for the Defence
which may be imposed on its dividend income, passive interest income and rental income according to the provisions of the Special Contribution for the Defence of the Republic Law N.117(I)/2002, as amended (See provisions of sections
Material Cypriot Tax Considerations Taxation of Dividend Income, Deemed Dividends Distribution and Taxation of Interest Income).
Taxation of Dividend Income
Dividend
income (whether received from Cyprus tax resident or
non-tax
resident Cyprus companies) is exempt from Corporate Income Tax in Cyprus.
Dividend income received from Cyprus resident companies is exempt from the Cypriot Special Contribution for the Defence in Cyprus The rate of
Special Contribution for the Defence in Cyprus is 17% as from 1 January 2014 onwards.
Dividend income received from
non-Cyprus
resident companies is exempt from the Cypriot Special Contribution for the Defence in Cyprus provided that either (i) not more than 50% of the foreign paying company and/or permanent
establishments activities result directly or indirectly in investment (passive) income, or (ii) the foreign tax burden suffered on income of the foreign company and/or permanent establishment paying the dividends is not
significantly lower than the tax burden payable in Cyprus (currently interpreted to mean an effective tax burden of at least 6.25%).
Dividends declared by a Cyprus tax resident company to another Cyprus tax resident company after the lapse of four years from the end of the
year in which the profits were generated are subject to Special Contribution for the Defence at applicable rate. Dividend income which emanates directly or indirectly out of such dividends on which Special Contribution for the Defence was previously
suffered is exempt.
If the participation exemption for the Cypriot Contribution for the Defence does not apply, dividends receivable from
non-Cyprus
resident companies are taxed at a rate of 17%. Foreign tax paid or withheld on dividend income received by the Cyprus tax resident company can be credited against Cypriot tax payable on the same
income provided proof of payment can be furnished.
New provisions incorporated effectively from January 1, 2016 in the Cyprus tax
legislation in order to be harmonized with the European Directive 2011/96/EU and related amending directives. These provisions involve the introduction of anti-hybrid and general anti-avoidance measures in relation to the distribution of profits
from a subsidiary to a parent company within the European Union.
Under Cyprus legislation there is no withholding tax on dividends paid
to
non-residents
of Cyprus. The dividend will be paid free of any tax to the shareholder who will be taxed according to the laws of his country of residence or domicile. Holders of ADSs must consult their own
tax advisors on the consequences of their residence or domicile in relation to the taxes applied to the payment of dividends.
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Deemed Dividend Distribution
Cyprus tax resident companies which do not distribute 70% of their profits after tax, as defined by the Special Contribution for the Defence of
the Republic Law, by the end of the two years after the end of the year of assessment to which the profits refer, will be deemed to have distributed this amount as dividend. Special Contribution for the Defence will be payable on such deemed
dividend to the extent that the shareholders for deemed dividend distribution purposes are Cyprus tax residents. In respect of profits of years of assessment after 2012 onwards the Special Contribution for the Defence rate is 17%. The amount of this
deemed dividend distribution is reduced by any actual dividend paid out of the profits of the relevant year by the end of the period of two years from the end of the year of assessment to which the profits refer. This Special Contribution for the
Defence is paid by the Company for the account of the shareholders.
In September 2011, the Commissioner of the Inland Revenue Department
of Cyprus issued Circular 2011/10, which exempted from the Special Contribution for the Defence any profits of a company that is tax resident in Cyprus imputed indirectly to shareholders that are themselves tax resident in Cyprus to the extent that
these profits are indirectly apportioned to shareholders who are ultimately not Cyprus tax residents.
Further to the above and in view of
the provisions of Tax Technical Circular 2016/8, any profits of a Cyprus tax resident company imputed directly or indirectly to shareholders who are Cyprus tax resident but not domiciled in Cyprus should be exempt from Special Contribution for the
Defence.
In case our ultimate shareholder is considered to be a Cyprus tax resident domiciled in Cyprus and no actual dividend is ever
paid out of the relevant profits, we may be subject to the Special contribution of the Defence. Imposition of this tax could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Taxation of Capital Gains
Cyprus Capital
Gains Tax is imposed (when the disposal is not subject to income tax) at the rate of 20% on gains from the disposal of immovable property situated in Cyprus including gains from the disposal of shares in companies which own immovable property in
Cyprus (either directly or indirectly), and such shares are not listed in any recognized stock market.
It is unclear whether this
exception also applies to disposal of the ADSs.
Inheritance Tax
There is no Cyprus inheritance tax.
Tax
Position of Holders of ADSs with Respect to Distributions
There is no express provision in the Special Contribution for the Defence
law on the treatment of holders of ADSs with respect to Special Contribution for the Defence on dividends nor is there any specific guidance issued by the Cypriot tax authorities on the point. We are of the view that holders of ADSs will be subject
to the same treatment as holders of shares with respect to the liability of Special Contribution for the Defence on dividends and, therefore, the provision of sections Taxation of Dividend Income and Deemed Dividend
Distributions above would apply equally to the holders of ADSs.
Taxation of income and gains
Gains from the disposal of ADSs
In
accordance with Article 2 of the Income Tax Law L118(I)/2002 (as amended) the term titles is explicitly defined to include shares, bonds, debentures, founders shares and other securities of companies or other legal persons,
incorporated under a law in the Republic of Cyprus or abroad and rights. Therefore, Companys securities (ADSs) may constitute titles based on the understanding that they represent the Companys shares.
Any gain from disposal by a Cyprus tax resident company/individual of titles shall be exempt from corporate income tax irrespective of the
trading nature of the gain, the number of shares held or the holding period and shall not be subject to the Cypriot Special Contribution for the Defence. Such gains are also outside of the scope of capital gains tax provided that the company whose
shares are disposed of does not own any immovable property situated in Cyprus or such shares are listed in any recognized stock exchange.
If the ADSs are considered by the Cyprus tax authorities not qualifying as titles, any gain on disposal of ADSs by a Cyprus tax
resident company will be subject to corporate income tax at the rate of 12,5% and personal income tax at the progressive rates of 0% - 35% in cases of a gain on disposal by a Cyprus tax resident individual.
Gains from Intellectual Property (IP)
Under Cyprus IP box regime (came into force in 2012) an 80% deduction is allowed from the net profit received from the use or disposal of IP
rights. If a loss is resulting from the said activities, in this case only 20% of the resulting loss can be offset against income from other sources or carried forward to be offset against income of subsequent tax years. That provision has a
retroactive effect in respect to IP acquired or developed before January 2012 (i.e. IPs acquired or developed before January 2012 qualify for the IP Box regime).
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Since July 1, 2016 Cyprus also offers a tax efficient new IP Box, fully aligned with the
OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action 5 report. Under the new Cyprus IP Box, Cyprus IP companies can achieve an effective tax rate of 2.5% (or less) on qualifying profits earned from exploiting qualifying IP.
Non-qualifying
incomes are taxable at an effective tax rate of 12.5% (or less).
Tax treatment of the Foreign
exchange differences
As of January 1, 2015 the Cyprus tax laws provide for all foreign exchange differences to be tax neutral
from a Cyprus income tax perspective (i.e. gains are not taxable/losses are not tax deductible) with the exception of forex gains/losses arising from trading in forex which remain taxable/deductible. Regarding trading in forex, which remains subject
to tax, the tax payers have an option to make an irrevocable election whether to be taxed only upon realization of forex rather than on an accruals/accounting basis.
Taxation of Interest income
The tax
treatment of interest income of any company which is a tax resident of Cyprus will depend on whether such interest income is treated as active (subject to corporate income tax) or passive (subject to Special Contribution for
the Defence). Interest income which consists of interest which has been derived by a company which is a tax resident of Cyprus in the ordinary course of its business and/or interest income closely connected with the ordinary course of its business
may be treated as active and hence will be subject to corporate income tax at the rate of 12.5%, after the deduction of any allowable business expenses. The Special Contribution for the Defence shall not apply to such income. Any other interest
income (i.e. of passive nature), to the contrary, will be subject to the Special Contribution for the Defence at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of interest, corporate income tax shall not apply.
Specifically, interest income arising in connection with the provision of loans to related or associated parties should be generally
considered as income arising from activities closely connected with the ordinary course of business and should, as such, be exempt from Special Contribution for the Defence and only be subject to corporate income tax, see provisions of section
Arms length principle.
Withholding taxes on interest
No withholding taxes shall apply in Cyprus on interest paid by the company to
non-Cyprus
tax resident
lenders (both corporations and individuals).
Moreover, no withholding tax shall apply in Cyprus on interest paid by the company to Cyprus
tax resident lenders when the interest is considered as interest accruing from their ordinary course of business or interest income closely connected with the ordinary course of their business.
Any payment of interest which is not considered as interest accruing from the ordinary course of business or interest income closely connected
with the ordinary course of business by the company to Cyprus tax resident lenders (both corporations and individuals) shall be subject to Special Contribution for the Defence Fund at the rate of 30%, whereby the company may be required to withhold
such tax from the interest. Depending on the facts and circumstances of the case, the company may not need to act as the withholding agent.
Tax
deductibility of expenses, including interest expense
The general principle of the Cyprus income tax law is that for an expense to be
allowed as a deduction it must have been incurred wholly and exclusively for the production of taxable income.
The Tax Circular 2008/14
issued by the Cypriot tax authorities provides guidance as to the tax deductibility of expenses incurred in relation to the production of income which is exempt from corporate income tax such as dividend income and profits/ gains on sale of
securities. According to that tax circular (i) any expenditure that can be directly or indirectly attributed to income, that is exempt from tax, is not deductible for corporate income tax purposes and cannot be
set-off
against other (taxable) sources of income; and (ii) any expenditure that is attributable to both taxable and exempt income (i.e. general overheads) should be apportioned based on a gross revenue
ratio or based on an asset ratio. The taxpayer should select the method which is more appropriate and should use this method on a consistent basis.
Interest incurred in connection with acquisition (directly or indirectly) of shares in a 100% owned subsidiary company as of January 1,
2012 (irrespective of the tax residency status of the subsidiary) shall be deductible for Cypriot tax purposes. This would apply provided that the assets of the subsidiary do not include assets not used in the business. However, in case the
subsidiary possesses such assets, the deductibility of interest at the level of the holding company is limited only to the amount relevant to assets, used in the business.
Furthermore, notional interest deduction is available starting from January 1, 2015 (See provisions of section Material Cypriot Tax
Considerations Notional Interest Deduction).
Notional Interest Deduction
Effectively from January 1, 2015, Cyprus tax legislation provides for Notional Interest Deduction (NID) under which the Cyprus companies
that have issued additional share capital starting from January 1, 2015 and afterwards will have the benefit of a notional interest that will be deducted from their taxable income for each tax year. As per the legislation, the NID is calculated
on new equity introduced in the company as from January 1, 2015. The NID is calculated as follows: New Equity x NID rate.
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New equity is considered to consist of
paid-up
share capital of any class (ordinary, preference, redeemable, convertible shares), paid in cash or in kind and share premium which have been issued and settled as from January 1, 2015 and it is
available for the period during which the new equity is in issue.
As per the Cyprus legislation, the NID interest rate is the yield on
10-year
government bonds (as at December 31 of the prior tax year) of the country where the funds are employed plus a 3.0% premium, subject to a minimum amount which is the yield on the
10-year
Cyprus government bond plus the 3.0% premium. The NID deduction cannot exceed 80% of the taxable profit as calculated before NID. A scheduling approach is expected to be followed it is applied by
reference to the taxable profits that are generated from assets/activities that are financed by the new equity on which the NID is calculated as per the Tax Technical Circular issued by the Cyprus tax authorities.
Arms length principle
The arms length
principle in the Cyprus income tax law requires that all transactions between related parties should be carried out on the at an arms length basis, being at fair values and on normal commercial terms.
More specifically, under the arms length principle, where conditions are made or imposed upon the commercial or financial relations of
two related parties which differ from those which would have been made between independent parties, any profits which would have accrued to one of the party had the two parties been independent, but have not so accrued, may be included in the
profits of that party and taxed accordingly. The amendment to the income tax law, effective as of January 1, 2015, extends the arms length principle by introducing the possibility of, in cases where two related Cyprus tax residents
transact and the Cyprus tax authorities make an upward arms length adjustment to one of them, effecting a corresponding downwards adjustment to the other one.
On June 30, 2017 the Cyprus tax authorities issued a tax technical circular (Circular) providing guidance for the tax treatment of
intra-group financing transactions (IGFTs). The Circular effective as from July 1, 2017 closely follows the application of the arms length principle of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and it applies for all relevant existing and
future IGFTs. In this respect, the remuneration on all IGFTs should be supported by a transfer pricing study in order to be accepted by the Cyprus tax authorities.
IGFTs for the purposes of the Circular are defined as (i) any activity relating to granting of loans or cash advances to related
companies that is or should be remunerated by interest; and (ii) such activity is financed by financial means and instruments, such as debentures, private loans, cash advances and bank loans.
The Circular requires that the transfer pricing study should be prepared by independent experts and will have to be based on the relevant OECD
standards for the purposes of (i) describing (delineating) the IGFT by performing a comparability analysis based on the functional and risk profile of the company; and (ii) determining the applicable arms length remuneration by
performing an economic analysis.
Under certain conditions and assuming minimum substance requirements, taxpayers carrying out a purely
intermediary intra-group financing activity may opt for the application of a Simplification Measure (resulting in a minimum 2%
after-tax
return on assets, meaning circa minimum 2.285%
pre-tax
return on assets).
There are no specific transfer pricing rules or any transfer pricing
documentation requirements in the Cyprus tax laws in respect to any other related party transactions.
We cannot exclude that the Cyprus
Tax Authorities may challenge the arms length principle applied to transactions with our related parties and therefore additional tax liabilities may accrue. If additional taxes are assessed with this respect, they may be material.
Stamp duty
Cyprus levies a stamp duty on
contracts that relate to any property situated in Cyprus or any matter or thing which is performed or done in Cyprus.
Documents are
subject to stamp duty in Cyprus at a fixed fee or based on the value of such document with a maximum amount of stamp duty of EUR 20,000 per instrument. In case the document has a nominal value, there is a risk stamp duty to apply on the fair market
value of the underlying asset.
A liability to stamp duty may arise on acquisition of Cyprus shares and such stamp duty would be payable
where the shares acquisition documents are executed in Cyprus or later brought into Cyprus as the companys shares may be considered as Cypriot property.
Capital duty
Capital duty is payable to
the Registrar of Companies in respect of the registered authorized share capital of a Cypriot company upon its incorporation and upon its subsequent increases thereon, with the amount of duty to be calculated based on authorized share capital and/or
issued share capital as the case may be.
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Country by Country reporting
On May 26, 2017 a Decree was issued by the Cyprus Ministry of Finance, which outlines the Country by Country (CbC) reporting requirements
for multinational enterprise groups generating consolidated annual turnover exceeding 750 million euros (MNE Group).
As per the
Decree, a CbC report filing obligation arises in Cyprus for a Cyprus tax resident entity that is the ultimate parent entity (UPE) of an MNE Group or has been designated by the MNE Group as the sole substitute of the UPE (under the surrogate
parent mechanism).
MNE Groups need to disclose on their CbC report the following data for each tax jurisdiction in which they
operate: (i) the amount of revenue, profit before tax, and corporate taxes paid and accrued; (ii) capital, retained earnings and tangible assets, together with the number of employees; (iii) identification of each entity within the
group doing business in a particular tax jurisdiction, with a broad indication of its economic activity.
The format of the CbC report is
consistent with the template published by the OECD.
Furthermore, each Cyprus tax resident constituent entity of an MNE Group should
notify, on an annual basis, the Cyprus tax authorities if it is the reporting entity of the MNE Group (i.e. the UPE or surrogate parent). In the case where the entity is not the reporting entity, then it should also notify the Cyprus tax authorities
of the details and tax residency of the reporting entity of the Group.
We do not consider the company to be subject to CbC reporting
requirements. However, taking into the consideration the possibility of further developments in Cyprus as well as international legislation, we may become subject to the above requirements.
With reference to the above section Material Cypriot Tax Considerations we cannot exclude the possibility that we might be subject
to additional tax liabilities in case the respective Cyprus tax authorities apply different rulings to the transactions carried out by us or in our respect, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results
of operations.
United States Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following discussion is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of the ownership and
disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares. The discussion is not a complete analysis or listing of all of the possible tax consequences and does not address all tax considerations that may be relevant to investors in light of their particular
circumstances. Special rules that are not discussed in the general descriptions below may also apply. In particular, the description of U.S. federal income tax consequences deals only with U.S. Holders that own our ADSs or ordinary shares as capital
assets. In addition, the description of U.S. federal income tax consequences does not address the tax treatment of special classes of U.S. Holders, such as banks and other financial institutions, insurance companies, persons holding our ADSs or
shares as part of a straddle, hedge, appreciated financial position, conversion transaction or other risk reduction strategy, U.S. expatriates, persons liable for alternative minimum tax, Medicare tax,
brokers or dealers in securities or currencies, holders whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, partnerships (or any entity treated as a partnership for U.S.
federal income tax purposes) and other pass-through entities, traders in securities who have elected the
mark-to-market
method of accounting for their securities,
individual retirement accounts or other
tax-deferred
accounts, holders who acquired shares pursuant to the exercise of an employee stock option or right or otherwise as compensation,
tax-exempt
entities, and investors who own directly, indirectly through certain
non-U.S.
entities, or constructively 10% or more of the voting power or value of our aggregate
shares outstanding. The following discussion does not address any tax consequences arising under the laws of any U.S. state or local or foreign jurisdiction, or under any U.S. federal laws other than those pertaining to income tax.
The discussion is based on the laws of the United States, including the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, its
legislative history, Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, judicial decisions, and published rulings and administrative pronouncements of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, all as in effect at the date of this annual report, and
any of which may change, possibly with retroactive effect. Further, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not disagree with or will not challenge any of the conclusions reached and described herein. The discussion is also based, in part, on
representations by the depositary and assumes that each obligation under the depositary agreement and any related agreement will be performed in accordance with its terms.
In General
For purposes of this
discussion, a U.S. Holder is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
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a citizen or individual resident of the United States;
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a corporation, or other entity treated as a corporation that is created in or organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;
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an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or
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a trust if either (1) a United States court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the
trust or (2) the trust has a valid election in effect to be treated as a U.S. person under applicable Treasury regulations.
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If an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our ADSs or
ordinary shares, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of such partnership and each partner will generally depend on the status and the activities of the partnership and the partner. Partnerships that hold our ADSs or ordinary shares, and partners
in such partnerships, should consult their tax advisers regarding the U.S. federal, state and local and
non-U.S.
tax consequences applicable to them of the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary
shares.
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, U.S. Holders of ADSs generally will be treated as the owners of the ordinary shares
represented by the ADSs. Accordingly, except as otherwise noted, the U.S. federal income tax consequences discussed below apply equally to U.S. Holders of ADSs or the underlying ordinary shares.
Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the particular tax consequences to them of the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or
ordinary shares under the laws of the United States (federal, state and local) or any other relevant taxation jurisdiction.
Taxation of
Distributions
Subject to the discussion under Passive Foreign Investment Companies below, the gross amount of
a distribution made by us with respect to the ordinary shares underlying our ADSs, including the full amount of any Cypriot withholding tax thereon, will be a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes includible in the gross income of a U.S.
Holder to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes). Such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations. Because we do
not intend to maintain calculations of our earnings and profits on the basis of U.S. federal income tax principles, U.S. Holders should expect that any distribution paid will generally be reported to them as a dividend for U.S. federal
income tax purposes. Dividends received by individuals and other
non-corporate
U.S. Holders of our ADSs that are traded on Nasdaq will be eligible for beneficial rates of taxation provided we are not a PFIC
during the year in which the dividend is paid or the prior taxable year and certain other requirements, including stock holding period requirements, are satisfied by the recipient. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the
application of the relevant rules to their particular circumstances.
Dividends will be included in a U.S. Holders income on the
date of the U.S. Holders (or in the case of ADSs, the Depositorys) receipt of the dividend. The amount of any dividend income paid in a foreign currency will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in
effect on the date of receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, U.S. holders should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or
loss in respect of dividend income. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt.
Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares
Subject to the discussion under Passive Foreign Investment Companies below, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize
capital gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes upon a sale or other disposition of its ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized from such sale or disposition and the U.S. Holders
adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares, in each case, as determined in U.S. dollars. Such capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain (taxable at a reduced rate for
non-corporate
U.S.
Holders, such as individuals) or loss if, on the date of sale or disposition, such ADSs or ordinary shares were held by such U.S. Holder for more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to significant limitations.
If a Russian tax is imposed on the sale or other disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, a U.S. Holders amount realized will include
the gross amount of the proceeds before deduction of the Russian tax. See Russian Tax Considerations Relevant to the Purchase, Ownership and Disposition of the ADSs for a description of when a disposition may be subject to taxation
by Russia. Because a U.S. Holders gain from the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares will generally be U.S. source gain, a U.S. Holder may be unable to claim a credit against its U.S. federal tax liability for any Russian tax
on gains. In lieu of claiming a foreign tax credit, a U.S. Holder may elect to deduct foreign taxes, including the Russian tax, in computing taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. law. U.S. Holders should consult
their tax advisers as to whether any Russian tax on gains may be creditable against U.S. federal income tax on foreign source income from other sources.
The surrender of ADSs in exchange for ordinary shares (or vice versa) will not result in the realization of gain or loss for U.S. federal
income tax purposes, and U.S. Holders will not recognize any gain or loss upon such a surrender. A U.S. Holders tax basis in withdrawn shares will be the same as such holders tax basis in the ADSs surrendered, and the holding period of
the shares will include the holders holding period for the ADSs.
Passive Foreign Investment Companies
In general, a
non-U.S.
corporation will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC,
for U.S. federal income tax purposes, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of certain types of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the fair market value of its assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly
average) produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash is categorized as a passive asset and our unbooked intangibles will be taken into account and generally treated as
non-passive
assets. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or
more (by value) of the shares.
We do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2017. We do not
anticipate being a PFIC for our current taxable year, although we can make no assurances in this regard. Our status as a PFIC in any year depends on our assets and activities in that year. We have no reason to believe that our assets or activities
will change in a manner that would cause us to be classified as a PFIC for the current
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taxable year or for any future year. Because, however, PFIC status is factual in nature, may depend in part on fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs, is determined annually, and generally
cannot be determined until the close of the taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. We could be a PFIC, for example, if our business and assets evolve in ways that are different from what
we currently anticipate. Furthermore, it is possible that the IRS may challenge our valuation of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, which may result in our company being classified as a PFIC.
If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder will
generally be subject to an increased amount of taxes and an interest charge, characterization of any gain from the sale or exchange of our ADSs or ordinary shares as ordinary income, and other disadvantageous tax treatment with respect to our ADSs
or ordinary shares unless the U.S. Holder may make a
mark-to-market
election (as described below). Further, if we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during
which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our
non-U.S.
subsidiaries is also a PFIC, such U.S. Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares
of each such
non-U.S.
subsidiary classified as a PFIC (each such subsidiary, a lower tier PFIC) for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the
application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.
As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. holder of marketable
stock in a PFIC may make a
mark-to-market
election. A
mark-to-market
election may
be made with respect to our ADSs, provided they are actively traded, defined for this purpose as being traded on a qualified exchange, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter, but may not be
made with respect to our ordinary shares as they are not marketable stock. We anticipate that our ADSs should qualify as being actively traded, but no assurances may be given in this regard. If a U.S. Holder of our ADSs makes this election, the U.S.
Holder will generally (i) include as income for each taxable year the excess, if any, of the fair market value of our ADSs held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and (ii) deduct as a loss the excess,
if any, of the adjusted tax basis of our ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the
mark-to-market
election. The U.S. Holders adjusted tax basis in our ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the
mark-to-market
election. In addition, any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale or other disposition of our ADSs will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but
only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the
mark-to-market
election. If a U.S. Holder makes a
mark-to-market
election in respect of a corporation classified as a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be classified as a PFIC, the U.S. Holder will not be required to take into account the gain or loss
described above during any period that such corporation is not classified as a PFIC. In the case of a U.S. Holder who has held our ADSs during any taxable year in respect of which we were classified as a PFIC and continues to hold such ADSs (or any
portion thereof) and has not previously made a
mark-to-market
election, and who is considering making a
mark-to-market
election, special tax rules may apply relating to purging the PFIC taint of such ADSs. Because a
mark-to-market
election cannot be made for any lower tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. Holders indirect interest in any
investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
We do not intend to provide
the information necessary for U.S. Holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares to make qualified electing fund elections, which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.
If a U.S. Holder owns our ADSs or ordinary shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, such U.S. Holder may be subject to certain
reporting obligations with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares, including reporting on IRS Form 8621.
Each U.S. Holder should consult
its tax adviser concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing of our ADSs or ordinary shares if we are or become classified as a PFIC, including the possibility of making a
mark-to-market
election.
An individual U.S. Holder and certain entities may be required to
submit to the IRS certain information with respect to his or her beneficial ownership of the ADSs or ordinary shares, if such ADSs or ordinary shares are not held on his or her behalf by a financial institution. This law also imposes penalties if an
individual U.S. Holder is required to submit such information to the IRS and fails to do so. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding application of the information reporting rules.
Russian Tax Considerations Relevant to the Purchase, Ownership and Disposal of the ADSs
The following is a summary of material Russian tax consequences relevant to the purchase, ownership and disposal of the ADSs. The summary is
based on the laws of the Russian Federation in effect on the date of this annual report. All of the foregoing is subject to change (possibly on a retroactive basis) and varying interpretations which may be inconsistent or contradictory.
The summary does not seek to address the applicability of, and procedures in relation to, Russian regional and local taxes. Nor does the
summary seek to address the availability of double tax treaty relief, and it should be noted that there may be practical difficulties involved in claiming relief under an applicable double tax treaty. Prospective holders should consult their own tax
advisors regarding the tax consequences of investing in the ADSs and no representations with respect to the Russian tax consequences of purchasing, owning or disposal of the ADSs to any particular holder is made hereby.
89
General
For the purposes of this summary, a resident holder means a holder of ADSs who is:
An ADSs holder that is a legal entity or an organization means:
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|
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a Russian legal entity;
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a foreign legal entity or organization recognized as a Russian tax resident based on the provisions of an applicable double tax treaty (for the purposes of application of such double tax treaty);
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a foreign legal entity or organization recognized as a Russian tax resident based on Russian domestic law (see Russian anti-offshore measures may have adverse impact on our business, financial condition and
results of operations);
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a foreign legal entity or organization which holds and/ or disposes ADSs through its permanent establishment in Russia;
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an ADSs holder who is an individual and is actually present in Russia for an aggregate period of 183 calendar days or more in any period comprised of 12 consecutive months (with certain available exceptions). The
interpretation of this definition by the Russian Ministry of Finance states that, for tax withholding purposes, an individuals tax residence status should be determined on the date of the actual income payment (based on the number of days in
Russia in the
12-month
period preceding the date of the payment). Given that the tax residency status of an individual may change, an individuals final tax liability in the Russian Federation for any
reporting calendar year should be determined based on the number of days spent in Russia in such calendar year, and may require a reassessment.
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For the purposes of this section, a
non-resident
holder is a holder of ADSs who does not
fall under the definition of a resident holder above (including any legal entity or organization or individual).
Russian tax residency
rules may be affected by an applicable double tax treaty. ADSs holders should consult their own tax advisors on their tax status in Russia.
Non-resident
holders
Generally, a
non-resident
holder of
ADSs should not be subject to any Russian taxes in respect of distributions made by us with respect to class B shares underlying the ADSs.
Legal entities or organizations
A
non-resident
holder that is a legal entity or organization generally should not be subject to any
Russian taxes in respect of any gain or other income realized on the sale, exchange or other disposal of the ADSs unless more than 50% of our assets consist of immovable property situated in Russia. Otherwise, any proceeds from sale, exchange or
other disposal of ADSs would be regarded as Russian source income received by
non-resident
holders that are legal entities or organizations, subject to Russian income tax at a rate of 20%. Because the
determination of whether more than 50% of our assets consist of immovable property situated in Russia is inherently factual and is made on an
on-going
basis, there can be no assurance that immovable property
situated in Russia will not, from time to time, constitute more than 50% of our assets, and therefore, the abovementioned proceed will be taxable at a rate of 20%. The above tax may be reduced or eliminated under an applicable double tax treaty,
provided that the recipient of the income is its beneficial owner, such income is not attributable to a permanent establishment in Russia, the necessary requirements to qualify for the treaty relief and the appropriate administrative requirements
under the Russian tax legislation have been met.
Non-resident
holders that are legal entities or
organizations should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the tax consequences of the sale, exchange or other disposal of the ADSs.
Individuals
A
non-resident
holder who is an individual should not generally be subject to Russian taxes in respect of any gains realized on the sale, exchange or other disposal of ADSs, provided that the proceeds of such sale,
exchange or disposal are not received from a source within Russia.
ADS holders outside of Russia may be subject to Russian tax for income
earned upon a sale, exchange or disposal of our ADSs. In the event that the proceeds from a sale, exchange or other disposal of ADSs are deemed to be received from a source within Russia, a
non-resident
holder
that is an individual may be subject to Russian tax in respect of such proceeds at a rate of 30% of the gain (such gain being computed as the sales price less any available documented cost deduction, including the acquisition price of the ADSs and
other documented expenses, such as depositary expenses and brokers fees), subject to any available double tax treaty relief, provided that the necessary requirements to qualify for the treaty relief and the appropriate administrative
requirements under the Russian tax legislation have been met. For example, holders of ADSs that are eligible for the benefits of the United States-Russia double tax treaty should generally not be subject to tax in Russia on any gain arising from the
disposal of ADSs, provided that the gain is not attributable to disposal of shares in a Russian immovable property company (company with more than 50% of its assets consisting of immovable property situated in Russia, as defined in the
treaty). Because the determination of whether more than 50% of our assets consist of immovable property situated in Russia is inherently factual and is made on an
on-going
basis, and because
90
the relevant Russian legislation and regulations are not entirely clear, there can be no assurance that immovable property situated in Russia will not, from time to time, constitute more than 50%
of our assets. If more than 50% of our assets were to consist of immovable property situated in Russia, the benefits of the United States-Russia double tax treaty may not be available to an ADS holder.
According to Russian tax legislation, income received from a sale, exchange or other disposal of the ADSs should be treated as having been
received from a Russian source if such sale, exchange or other disposal occurs in Russia. Russian tax law gives no clear indication as to how to identify the source of income received from a sale, exchange or other disposal of securities except that
income received from the sale of securities in Russia will be treated as having been received from a Russian source. In the absence of any guidance as to what should be considered as sale, exchange or other disposal of securities
in Russia, the Russian tax authorities may apply various criteria in order to determine the source of the sale or other disposal, including looking at the place of conclusion of the transaction, the location of the issuer or other
similar criteria. There is no assurance, therefore, that the proceeds received by
non-resident
holders individuals from a sale, exchange or other disposal of the ADSs will not become subject to tax in
Russia.
The tax may be withheld at the source from payment only if the individual acts via a professional intermediary that is registered
for the tax purposes in Russia (such as trustee, dealer, broker or other intermediary acting to the benefit of the individual holder), otherwise the
non-resident
holder individual shall be liable to
file a tax return and pay the tax due to the Russian budget.
Additionally, acquisition of the ADSs by a
non-resident
holder who is an individual may constitute a taxable event pursuant to provisions of the Russian Tax Code relating to the material benefit (deemed income) received by individuals as a result of
acquisition of securities. If the acquisition price of the ADSs is below the lower margin of fair market value calculated under a specific procedure for the determination of market prices of securities for tax purposes, the difference may be subject
to the Russian personal income tax at a rate of 30% (arguably, this would be subject to reduction or elimination under the applicable double tax treaty).
As noted above with respect to the disposal of the ADSs, under Russian tax legislation, taxation of the income of
non-resident
holders who are individuals will depend on whether this income would be assessed as received from Russian or
non-Russian
sources. Although Russian tax legislation
does not contain any provisions on how the related material benefit should be sourced, the tax authorities may infer that such income should be considered as Russian source income if the ADSs are purchased in Russia. In the absence of
any additional guidance as to what should be considered as a purchase of securities in Russia, the Russian tax authorities may apply various criteria in order to determine the source of the related material benefit, including looking at
the place of conclusion of the acquisition transaction or other similar criteria. There is no assurance, therefore, that proceeds received by
non-resident
holders individuals from a sale, exchange,
redemption or other disposal of the ADSs will not become subject to tax in Russia.
Non-resident
holders who are individuals should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the tax consequences arising from acquisition, sale, exchange or other disposal of the ADSs and the receipt of the proceeds from source within Russia in their respect.
Double Tax Treaty Procedures
Where a
non-resident
holder of ADSs receives income from a Russian source, the Russian tax (if applicable under Russian domestic tax law) may be reduced or eliminated in accordance with the provisions of a double tax
treaty. Advance treaty relief should be available for those eligible, subject to the requirements of the laws of Russia. In order for a
non-resident
holder to benefit from the applicable double tax treaty,
documentary evidence is required to confirm the applicability of the double tax treaty for which benefits are claimed. Currently, a
non-resident
holder is required to provide a tax residence confirmation
issued by the competent tax authority of the relevant treaty country (duly apostilled or legalized, translated into Russian and notarized). The tax residency confirmation needs to be renewed on an annual basis, and provided before the first payment
of income in each calendar year. For a
non-resident
holder that is a legal entity or organization this should be a tax residency certificate for the relevant year.
Starting from January 01, 2016, a
non-resident
holder who is an individual willing to obtain the
advance double tax treaty relief at source should confirm to a tax agent that he or she is tax resident in a relevant foreign jurisdiction having a double tax treaty with Russia by providing the tax agent with (i) a passport of a foreign
resident, or (ii) another document envisaged by an applicable federal law or recognized as a personal identity document of a foreign resident in accordance with the double tax treaty, and (iii) upon request of the tax agent, a tax
residency certificate for the relevant year issued by the competent authorities of his or her country of residence for tax purposes. A notarized Russian translation of the certificate is required. The above provisions are intended to provide a tax
agent with the opportunity of applying reduced (or zero) withholding tax rates under an applicable double tax treaty at source. However, due to the lack of available practice there is some uncertainty as to how they will be applied by the Russian
tax authorities.
In addition, in order to benefit from the applicable double tax treaty, the person claiming such benefits must be the
beneficial owner of the relevant income. Starting from January 1, 2017, under the Russian Tax Code, in addition to a certificate of tax residency, the tax agent is obliged to require a confirmation from the
non-resident
holder or legal entity that it is the beneficial owner of the relevant income. As of the date of this annual report, the form of such confirmation is not set by the Russian Tax Code and it is at
the moment unclear how these measures will be applied in practice. Current clarifications of the Russian Ministry of Finance and Federal Tax Service guidance generally describe the information that is necessary to confirm the beneficial ownership of
income, yet they do not set the precise form for the above confirmation. Due to the introduction of these changes, there can be no assurance that treaty relief at source will be available in practice. The Russian tax authorities try to extend this
requirement retrospectively (for details see Russian anti-offshore measures may have adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations).
91
Non-resident
holders should consult their own tax
advisors regarding possible tax treaty relief and procedures for obtaining such relief with respect to any Russian taxes imposed on any payments received with respect to the ADSs.
Refund of Tax Withheld
If double tax treaty
relief is available but Russian tax has nevertheless been withheld at the source of payment, an application for the refund of the tax withheld may be made within three years from the end of the tax period in which the tax was withheld for
non-resident
holders.
In order to obtain a refund, the
non-resident
holder that is a legal entity is required to file with the Russian tax authorities, among other documents, a duly apostilled or legalized, notarized Russian translation of the certificate of tax
residence issued by the competent tax authority of the relevant treaty country at the time the income was paid, as well as documents confirming receipt of such income and the withholding of Russian tax.
The Russian tax authorities may, in practice, require a wide variety of documentation confirming the right to benefits under a double tax
treaty. Such documentation, in practice, may not be explicitly required by the Russian Tax Code. Obtaining a refund of Russian tax withheld may be a time consuming process and can involve considerable practicable difficulties, depending to a large
extent on the position of the local tax inspectorates.
If a
non-resident
holder who is an
individual wishes to obtain a refund, he or she should provide a claim for a refund of the tax withheld and documents confirming the right for a refund under the Russian Tax Code to the tax agent. Starting from January 1, 2016, a claim for a
refund and documents confirming the right for a refund under the Russian Tax Code can be filed within three years following the tax period in which the tax was withheld. In case there is no tax agent on the date of receipt by the individual of
confirmation of its tax residence status in a relevant foreign jurisdiction having an applicable double tax treaty with Russia, the individual can file a claim for a refund and documents confirming the right for a refund directly with the Russian
tax authorities.
Non-resident
holders should consult their own tax advisors should they need to
obtain a refund of Russian taxes withheld on any payments received with respect to the ADSs.
Resident holders
A resident holder will generally be subject to all applicable Russian taxes in respect of the purchase of the ADSs and income received on the
ADSs, including any distributions on ADS, gains from their sale, exchange or other disposal.
Resident holders should consult their own
tax advisors with respect to their tax position regarding the ADSs.
F.
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Dividend and Paying Agents.
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Not applicable.
G.
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Statements by Experts.
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Not applicable.
We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational
requirements of the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form
20-F
within four months after
the end of each fiscal year, which is December 31. Copies of reports and other information, when so filed, may be inspected without charge and may be obtained at prescribed rates at the public reference facilities maintained by the Securities
and Exchange Commission at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information regarding the Washington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the Commission at
1-800-SEC-0330.
The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants
that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers,
directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.
I.
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Subsidiary Information.
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Not applicable.
ITEM 11.
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Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
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The main risks that could
adversely affect our financial assets, liabilities or future cash flows are foreign exchange risk, liquidity and credit risk. Our management reviews and approves policies for managing each of the risks summarized below.
92
Foreign exchange risk
Foreign exchange risk is the risk that fluctuations in exchange rates will adversely affect items in our statement of comprehensive income,
statement of financial position and/or cash flows. Foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities give rise to foreign exchange exposure.
As a result of our June 2014 secondary public offering, the Company increased its issued share capital by 2,292,330 class B shares and
received U.S. $ 88,942,404. These proceeds less certain amounts spent for ongoing business activities are accounted as deposits in other currency in cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. Due to the depreciation of
the U.S. dollar against the ruble in 2017 and 2016 by approximately 5% and 17% respectively, we recognized foreign exchange loss in the amount of RUB 236 million and RUB 975 million respectively. In 2015 the U.S. dollar has appreciated
against the ruble by 30%, thus we have recognized a foreign exchange gain in the amount of RUB 1,476 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. We intend to use these assets for general corporate purposes including potential
acquisitions.
Foreign currency sensitivity
The following tables demonstrate the sensitivity to a reasonably possible change in U.S. dollar and euro exchange rates against Russian ruble,
with all other variables held constant. The impact on profit before tax is due to changes in the carrying amount of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollar and euro when these currencies are not functional currencies of the
respective Group subsidiary. Our exposure to foreign currency changes for all other currencies is not material.
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change in US Dollar
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Effect on profit
before tax
|
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|
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(in RUB millions)
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2017
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+11%
|
|
83
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|
(11%)
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(83)
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2016
|
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+20%
|
|
655
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|
|
(20%)
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(655)
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change in Euro
|
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Effect on profit
before tax
|
|
|
|
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(in RUB millions)
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2017
|
|
+12.5%
|
|
36
|
|
|
(12.5%)
|
|
(36)
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2016
|
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+20%
|
|
40
|
|
|
(20%)
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(40)
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Liquidity risk and capital management
We use cash from shareholders contributions, have sufficient cash and do not have any significant outstanding debt other than interbank
debt with short maturities (classified as due to banks). Deposits received from agents are also due on demand, but are usually offset against future payments processed through agents. We expect that agents deposits will continue to be offset
against future payments and not be called by the agents. Customer accounts and amounts due to banks, trade and other payables are due on demand.
Since 2014 Russian economy has been going through a period of macroeconomic slowdown and liquidity shortage in a number of markets (including
those in which we operate), caused among other things by falling oil prices, ruble devaluation and the economic sanctions regime. Banks and other entities in Russia decreased credit limits in their everyday operations and we have noted that our
merchants and partners also started, and in certain cases continue, to request from us larger collateral to hedge their risks. We were able to manage these conditions and requirements to date, though the liquidity shortage in the market if
exacerbated may have further negative effects on our operations, which cannot be now reliably estimated.
According to CBR requirements,
banks capital calculated based on CBR instructions should be not less than 8% of its risk-adjusted assets. As of December 31, 2017, Qiwi Bank JSCs capital ratio comprised 20% (2016 27%), thereby exceeding the required level.
We monitor the fulfillment of requirements on a daily basis and send the reports to CBR on a monthly basis. During the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 Qiwi Bank JSC and Rapida LTD met the capital adequacy requirements.
We manage our capital structure and make adjustments to it, in light of changes in economic conditions. Capital includes share capital, share
premium, additional
paid-in
capital, other reserves and translation reserve. To maintain or adjust the capital structure, we may make dividend payments to shareholders, return capital to shareholders or issue
new shares. Currently, we require capital to finance our growth, but we generate sufficient cash from our operations. The table below summarizes the maturity profile of our financial liabilities based on contractual undiscounted payments.
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|
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Total
|
|
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Due:
On demand
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|
|
Within
a year
|
|
|
More than
a year
|
|
|
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(in RUB millions)
|
|
Trade and other payables
|
|
|
19,599
|
|
|
|
19,599
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Customer accounts and amounts due to banks
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|
|
3,182
|
|
|
|
3,071
|
|
|
|
111
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total as of December 31, 2017
|
|
|
22,781
|
|
|
|
22,670
|
|
|
|
111
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Total
|
|
|
Due:
On demand
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|
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Within
a year
|
|
|
More than
a year
|
|
|
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(in RUB millions)
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|
Trade and other payables
|
|
|
16,328
|
|
|
|
16,328
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Customer accounts and amounts due to banks
|
|
|
2,342
|
|
|
|
2,342
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total as of December 31, 2016
|
|
|
18,670
|
|
|
|
18,670
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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93
Credit risk
Our financial assets, which potentially subject us and our subsidiaries and associates to credit risk, consist principally of trade
receivables, loans issued, cash and short-term investments. We sell services on a prepayment basis or ensure that our receivables are from customers with an appropriate credit history large merchants and agents with sufficient and appropriate
credit history. Our receivables from merchants and others, except for agents, are generally
non-interest-bearing
and do not require collateral. Receivables from agents are interest-bearing and unsecured. We
hold cash primarily with reputable Russian and international banks, including the Central Bank of Russia, which management considers having minimal risk of default, although credit ratings of Russian and Kazakh banks are generally lower than those
banks in more developed markets. Short-term investments include fixed-rate debt instruments issued by the Russian Government.
Starting
from 2017, we are also exposed to substantial credit risk through our
payment-by-installment
card project SOVEST, where Qiwi Bank JSC serves as a lender and bears all
credit risk on outstanding loans. When granting loans on SOVEST cards, we use automated scoring solvency models and evaluate individually each application for the probability of fraud and social default. We use the information from the major credit
bureaus as well as certain other data including the evaluation of the potential effects of changes in macroeconomic conditions and regional affiliation of the applicant in order to approve or reject the application. We can then use manual
verification for determining the credit limit for the approved applicants. We run advanced forward-looking models that are based on the analysis of the transactional behavior of individual customers in order to predict and stimulate usage as well as
prevent fraud, and we use a migration matrix approach for calculation of the loan loss provisions.
As of December 31, 2017 the
amount of total loans issued was equal to RUB 1,690 million up from nil as of December 31, 2016, the corresponding amount of provisions for loan impairment was RUB 222 million. A loan is considered overdue when the borrower fails to
make any payment due under the loan at the reporting date and an overdue amount is recognized as the aggregate amount of all amounts due from the borrower under the respective loan agreement including accrued interest and commissions in any. For the
purposes of our internal credit risk assessment, we consider all loans with a principal and/or interest payment that is more than 90 days overdue as
non-performing.
We distribute our installment cards to customers on a federal scale, across all regions of Russia. Our target audience includes Russian
citizens with permanent registration and aged 18 to 70 years. We also use a variety of distribution channels and strategies to obtain clients and therefore believe that our credit risk is broadly diversified.
The management established a credit committee that develops and approves general principles for lending and takes special measures to mitigate
credit risk such as cut down of the credit limits for unreliable clients, diversification of methods of work with overdue borrowers and more advanced scoring models for the new borrowers.
The carrying amount of accounts receivable, net of allowance for impairment of receivables, represents the maximum amount exposed to credit
risk for this type of receivables. The table below demonstrates the largest counterparties balances as a percentage of respective totals:
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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Trade and other receivables
|
|
Concentration of credit risks by main counterparties, %
from total amount
|
|
As of
December 31,
2015
|
|
|
As of
December 31,
2016
|
|
|
As of
December 31,
2017
|
|
Top 5
|
|
|
48
|
%
|
|
|
60
|
%
|
|
|
47
|
%
|
Others
|
|
|
52
|
%
|
|
|
40
|
%
|
|
|
53
|
%
|
Collection of receivables may be influenced by economic factors. Management believes that there is no
significant risk of recognition of additional loss beyond the allowance already recorded.
ITEM 12.
|
Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities
|
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
94
Not applicable.
D.
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American Depositary Shares.
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Fees and Expenses
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Persons depositing or withdrawing class B shares or ADS holders must pay:
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For:
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U.S.$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs)
U.S.$0.05 (or less) per ADS
A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had
been class B shares and the class B shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs
U.S.$0.05 (or less) per ADSs per calendar year
Registration or transfer fees
Expenses of the depositary
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian have to pay on any ADS or share underlying an ADS, for example, stock transfer taxes,
stamp duty or withholding taxes
Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents
for servicing the deposited securities
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Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of class B
shares or rights or other property
Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement
terminates
Any cash
distribution to ADS holders
Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities which are distributed by
the depositary to ADS holders
Depositary services
Transfer and registration of class B shares on our share register to or from the name of the
depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw class B shares
Cable, telex and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement)
Converting foreign currency
to U.S. dollars
As
necessary
As necessary
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The depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing class B
shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of
distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for
them. The depositary may generally refuse to provide
fee-based
services until its fees for these services are paid.
From time to time, the depositary may make payments to us to reimburse and/or class B share revenue from the fees collected from ADS holders,
or waive fees and expenses for services provided, generally relating to costs and expenses arising out of establishment and maintenance of the ADS program. In performing its duties under the deposit agreement, the depositary may use brokers, dealers
or other service providers that are affiliates of the depositary and that may earn or share fees or commissions.
Payment of Taxes
You will be responsible for any taxes or other governmental charges payable on your ADSs or on the deposited securities represented by any of
your ADSs. The depositary may refuse to register any transfer of your ADSs or allow you to withdraw the deposited securities represented by your ADSs until such taxes or other charges are paid. It may apply payments owed to you or sell deposited
securities represented by your ADSs to pay any taxes owed and you will remain liable for any deficiency. If the depositary sells deposited securities, it will, if appropriate, reduce the number of ADSs to reflect the sale and pay to ADS holders any
proceeds, or send to ADS holders any property, remaining after it has paid the taxes.
We
have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of QIWI plc (the Company) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, consolidated statements of changes in equity, and
consolidated cash flow statements for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements
present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity
with International Financial Reporting Standards.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting
Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Companys internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations
of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 28, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Companys management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the
Companys financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company
in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether
due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the
accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
QIWI plc (hereinafter the Company) was
registered on February 26, 2007 as a limited liability Company OE Investment in Cyprus under the Cyprus Companies Law, Cap. 113. The registered office of the Company is Kennedy 12, Kennedy Business Centre, 2nd Floor, P.C.1087, Nicosia, Cyprus.
On September 13, 2010 the directors of the Company resolved to change the name of the Company from OE Investments Limited to QIWI Limited. On February 25, 2013 the directors of the Company resolved to change the legal form of the Company
from QIWI Limited to QIWI plc. The consolidated financial statements of QIWI plc and its subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2017 were authorized for issue by Board of Directors on March 15, 2018.
QIWI plc and its subsidiaries (collectively the Group) operate electronic online payment systems primarily in Russia, Kazakhstan, Moldova,
Belarus, Romania, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and other countries and provide consumer and small and medium enterprises (SME) financial services.
The
Company was founded as a holding company as a part of the business combination transaction in which ZAO Obedinennya Sistema Momentalnykh Platezhey and ZAO
e-port
Group of entities were brought together
by way of contribution to the Company. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination in which ZAO Obedinennya Sistema Momentalnykh Platezhey was identified as the acquirer.
The Company American Depositary Securities (ADS) have been listed on Nasdaq since May 3, 2013 and have been admitted to trading on MOEX since
May 20, 2013. Prior to that time, there was no public market for the Company ADSs or ordinary shares. Subsequently, the Company closed two follow-on offerings of its ADSs on October 3, 2013 and on June 20, 2014.
Sergey Solonin is the ultimate controlling shareholder of the Group as of December 31, 2017.
The consolidated financial statements are prepared on a historical cost basis. The
consolidated financial statements are presented in Russian rubles (RUB) and all values are rounded to the nearest million (RUB (000,000)) except when otherwise indicated.
The Groups subsidiaries maintain and prepare their accounting records and prepare their statutory accounting reports in accordance with domestic
accounting legislation. Standalone financial statements of subsidiaries are prepared in their respective functional currencies (see Note 3.3 below).
The Group accounts are prepared in accordance with the IFRS standards and interpretations, as published by
the IASB. These consolidated financial statements are based on the underlying accounting records appropriately adjusted and reclassified for fair presentation in accordance with IFRS. IFRS adjustments include and affect but not limited to such major
areas as consolidation, revenue recognition, accruals, deferred taxation, fair value adjustments, business combinations and impairment.
The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of QIWI
plc and its subsidiaries as of December 31 each year.
Control is achieved when the Group is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its
involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee.
Specifically, the Group controls an
investee if and only if the Group has:
When the Group has less than a majority
of the voting or similar rights of an investee, the Group considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including:
All
intra-group balances, income, expenses and unrealized gains and losses resulting from intra-group transactions are eliminated in full, except for the foreign exchange gains and losses arising on intra-group loans.
Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income (OCI) are attributed to the equity holders of the parent of the Group and to the
non-controlling
interests, even if this results in the
non-controlling
interests having a deficit balance. When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of
subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies into line with the Groups accounting policies.
A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary,
without a loss of control, is accounted for as an equity transaction. If the Group loses control over a subsidiary, it:
The accounting policies adopted in the preparation of the consolidated
financial statements are consistent with those followed in the preparation of the Groups annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016, except for the adoption of the new and amended IFRS and IFRIC interpretations as of
January 1, 2017. The Group has not early adopted any other standard, interpretation or amendment that has been issued but is not yet effective.
Although these new standards and amendments apply for the first time in 2017, they do not have a material impact on the annual consolidated financial
statements of the Group. The nature and the impact of each new standard or amendment that could have any potential effect on the Groups financial statements are described below:
The amendments require entities to provide disclosures about changes in their liabilities arising from financing activities, including both changes arising
from cash flows and
non-cash
changes (such as foreign exchange gains or losses). The only significant liability arising from financing activities for the Group is dividend payables changes of what are
disclosed in Note 25.
The amendments clarify that an entity needs to consider whether tax law restricts the sources of taxable profits against which it may make deductions on the
reversal of that deductible temporary difference. Furthermore, the amendments provide guidance on how an entity should determine future taxable profits and explain the circumstances in which taxable profit may include the recovery of some assets for
more than their carrying amount.
Entities are required to apply the amendments retrospectively. However, on initial application of the amendments, the
change in the opening equity of the earliest comparative period may be recognised in opening retained earnings (or in another component of equity, as appropriate), without allocating the change between opening retained earnings and other components
of equity. Entities applying this relief must disclose that fact.
The Group applied the amendments retrospectively. However, their application has no
effect on the Groups financial position and performance as the Group has no deductible temporary differences or assets that are in the scope of the amendments.
The amendments clarify that the disclosure requirements in IFRS 12, other than those in paragraphs B10B16, apply to an entitys interest in a
subsidiary, a joint venture or an associate (or a portion of its interest in a joint venture or an associate) that is classified (or included in a disposal group that is classified) as held for sale.
These amendments had no impact on the Group as there is no a joint venture or an associate that is classified as held for sale.
On adoption, entities are required to apply the amendments without restating prior periods, but retrospective application is permitted if elected for all
three amendments and other criteria are met. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with early application permitted. These amendments are not expected to have any impact on the Group as there is
no cash-settled share-based transactions.
IFRS 16 was issued in January 2016 and sets out the principles that both parties to a contract, i.e. the customer (lessee) and the supplier
(lessor), apply to provide relevant information about leases in a manner that faithfully represents those transactions. Under IFRS 16 a lessee is required to recognize assets and liabilities arising from a lease. The new standard is
applicable to all lease and sublease contracts except for leases of certain types of intangibles and some other specific assets and will supersede all current requirements for lease recognition and disclosure under IFRS.
IFRS 16 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. Earlier application is permitted for entities that apply IFRS 15 at or
before the date of initial application of IFRS 16.
The Group is in the process of assessment of the potential impact on its consolidated financial
statements. As of the date of these financial statements, the most significant impact identified is that the Group will recognise new assets and liabilities for its operating leases of office buildings and kiosk places as disclosed as
non-cancellable
operating leases in Note 27. In addition, the nature of expenses related to those leases will now change as IFRS 16 replaces the straight-line operating lease expense with a depreciation charge for
right-of-use
assets and interest expense on lease liabilities. The Group has not yet decided whether it will use the optional exemptions.
The Group plans to adopt IFRS 16 initially on January 1, 2019. The Group has not yet determined which transition approach to apply.
The Group has not yet quantified the impact on its reported assets and liabilities of adoption of IFRS 16. The quantitative effect will depend on, inter alia,
the transition method chosen, the extent to which the Group uses the practical expedients and recognition exemptions, and any additional leases that the Group enters into. The Group expects to disclose its transition approach and quantitative
information before adoption.
IFRIC 22 provides requirements about which exchange rate to use in reporting foreign currency transactions (such as revenue transactions) when payment is made
or received in advance.
The Interpretation is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. Early application of
interpretation is permitted and must be disclosed. However, since the Groups current practice is in line with the Interpretation, the Group does not expect any effect on its consolidated financial statements.
The Interpretation addresses the accounting for income taxes when tax treatments involve uncertainty that affects the application of IAS 12 and does not apply
to taxes or levies outside the scope of IAS 12, nor does it specifically include requirements relating to interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax treatments.
An entity must determine whether to consider each
uncertain tax treatment separately or together with one or more other uncertain tax treatments. The approach that better predicts the resolution of the uncertainty should be followed. The interpretation is effective for annual reporting periods
beginning on or after January 1, 2019, but certain transition reliefs are available. The Group does not expect a significant impact on its financial statements on applying the interpretation.
These amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The
Group does not expect a significant impact on its financial statements on applying the amendments to
IAS 28.
In July 2014, the IASB issued the final version of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments that replaces IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement and all
previous versions of IFRS 9. IFRS 9 brings together all three aspects of the accounting for financial instruments project: classification and measurement, impairment and hedge accounting. IFRS 9 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after
January 1, 2018, with early application permitted. Except for hedge accounting, retrospective application is required but providing comparative information is not compulsory. For hedge accounting, the requirements are generally applied
prospectively, with some limited exceptions.
The Group plans to adopt the new standard on the required effective date and will not restate comparative
information. During 2017, the Group has performed a detailed impact assessment of all three aspects of IFRS 9. This assessment is based on currently available information and may be subject to changes arising from further reasonable and supportable
information being made available to the Group in 2018 when the Group will adopt IFRS 9. Overall, the Group expects no significant impact on its statement of financial position and equity except for the effect of applying the impairment requirements
of IFRS 9. The Group expects an increase in the loss allowance resulting in a negative impact on equity as discussed below.
The Group does not expect any impact on its balance sheet or equity on applying the classification and measurement requirements of IFRS 9.
It expects to continue measuring at fair value all financial assets currently held at fair value. Debt securities, loans and trade receivables are held to collect contractual cash flows and are expected to give rise to cash flows representing solely
payments of principal and interest. The Group analysed the contractual cash flow characteristics of those instruments and concluded that they meet the criteria for amortised cost measurement under IFRS 9. Therefore, reclassification for these
instruments is not required.
IFRS 9
requires the Group to record expected credit losses on all of its debt securities, loans and trade receivables, either on a
12-month
or lifetime basis. The Group will apply the simplified approach and record
lifetime expected losses on all trade receivables and common approach for the rest of financial asssets. The impact on corresponding asset allowances is presented in table below.
In addition to the adjustments described above, on adoption of IFRS 9, other items of the primary financial statements such as deferred taxes, assets held for
sale and liabilities associated with them, investments in the associate and joint venture if material, will be adjusted as necessary. The
non-controlling
interest and exchange differences on translation of
foreign operations will also be adjusted.
In summary, the provisional impact of IFRS 9 adoption as of December 31, 2017 is expected to be, as
follows:
IFRS 15 was issued in May 2014, and amended in April 2016, and establishes a five-step model to account for revenue arising from contracts with customers.
Under IFRS 15, revenue is recognised at an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer.
The new revenue standard will supersede all current revenue recognition requirements under IFRS. Either a full retrospective application or a modified
retrospective application is required for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. Early adoption is permitted.
The Group plans to
adopt the new standard on the required effective date using the full retrospective method. During 2017 the Group has not finalised it assessment of IFRS 15 application. However, that the Group expects that the application of IFRS 15 will not have a
significant impact.
Set out below are the principal accounting policies used to
prepare these consolidated financial statements:
Consideration transferred includes the fair values of the assets transferred, liabilities incurred by the Group to the previous owners of the
acquiree, and equity interests issued by the Group. Consideration transferred also includes the fair value of any contingent consideration and share-based payment awards of the acquiree that are replaced mandatorily in the business combination.
If the business combination is achieved in stages, any previously held
equity interest is
re-measured
at its acquisition date fair value and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss. It is then considered in the determination of goodwill.
Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer will be recognized at fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequently, contingent
consideration classified as an asset or liability, is measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss. Contingent consideration that is classified as equity is not
re-measured
and subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity.
Goodwill is initially measured at cost, being the excess of the aggregate of the
consideration transferred and the amount recognized for
non-controlling
interests, and any previous interest held, over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If the fair value of the
net assets acquired is in excess of the aggregate consideration transferred, the Group
re-assesses
whether it has correctly identified all of the assets acquired and all of the liabilities assumed and reviews
the procedures used to measure the amounts to be recognized at the acquisition date. If the
re-assessment
still results in an excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the aggregate consideration
transferred, then the gain is recognized in profit or loss.
After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. For the
purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is, from the acquisition date, allocated of the Groups cash generating units that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination, irrespective of whether
other assets or liabilities of the acquired entity are assigned to those units.
Where goodwill has been allocated to a cash-generating unit and certain
operation within that unit is disposed of, the goodwill associated with the operation disposed of is included in the carrying amount of the operation when determining the gain or loss on disposal of the operation. Goodwill disposed in this
circumstance is measured based on the relative values of the operation disposed and the portion of the cash-generating unit retained.
The Groups investment in its associate and joint
ventures are accounted for using the equity method. An associate is an entity in which the Group has significant influence. A joint venture is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement (i.e. unanimouns
consent of the parties) have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.
Under the equity method, the investment in the associate or joint venture is
carried on the statement of financial position at cost plus post acquisition changes in the Groups share of net assets of the associate/joint venture. Goodwill relating to the associate/joint venture is included in the carrying amount of the
investment and is neither amortized nor individually tested for impairment.
The statement of comprehensive income reflects the Groups share of the
results of operations of the associate/joint venture. When there has been a change recognized directly in the equity of the investment, the Group recognizes its share of any changes and discloses this, when applicable, in the statement of changes in
equity. Unrealized gains and losses resulting from transactions between the Group and the associate/joint venture are eliminated to the extent of the interest in it.
The Groups share of profit of an associate/joint venture is shown on the face of the statement of comprehensive income. This is the profit attributable
to equity holders of the associate/joint venture and, therefore, is profit after tax and
non-controlling
interests in the subsidiaries of the associate/joint venture.
The financial statements of the associates/joint ventures are prepared for the same reporting period as the Group. When necessary, adjustments are made to
bring the accounting policies in line with those of the Group.
After application of the equity method, the Group determines whether it is necessary to
recognize an additional impairment loss on its investment in its associates/joint ventres. The Group determines at each reporting date whether there is any objective evidence that the investment in the associate/joint venture is impaired. If this is
the case, the Group calculates the amount of impairment as the difference between the recoverable amount of an investment in associate/joint venture and its carrying value and recognizes any respective loss in the statement of comprehensive income.
Upon loss of significant influence over the associate/joint venture, the Group measures and recognizes any retaining investment at its fair value. Any
difference between the carrying amount of the associate/joint venture upon loss of significant influence and the fair value of the retained investment and proceeds from disposal is recognized in profit or loss.
The consolidated financial statements are presented in Russian rubles
(RUB), which is the Companys functional and the Groups presentation currency. Each entity in the Group determines its own functional currency, depending on what the underlying economic environment is, and items included in the financial
statements of each entity are measured using that functional currency. Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded in the functional currency at the functional currency rate at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and
liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are
re-measured
in to the functional currency at the functional currency rate of exchange at the reporting date. All differences are taken to profit or loss. They
are shown separately for each Group company but netted by major types of monetary assets and liabilities.
Non-monetary
items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated
using the exchange rates as of the dates of the initial transactions.
The functional currency of the foreign operations is generally the respective local currency US Dollar
(U.S.$), Euro (), Kazakhstan tenge (KZT), Belarussian ruble (BYR), Moldovan leu (MDL) and New Romanian leu (RON).
As of the reporting date,
the assets and liabilities of these operations are translated into the presentation currency of the Group (the Russian Ruble) at the rate of exchange at the reporting date and their statements of comprehensive income are translated at the average
exchange rates for the year or exchange rates prevailing on the date of specific transactions. The exchange differences arising on the translation are recognized in other comprehensive income. On disposal of a foreign entity, the deferred cumulative
amount recognized in equity relating to that particular foreign operation is reclassified to the profit or loss.
The exchange rates of the Russian ruble
to each respective currency as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:
The currencies listed above are not a fully convertible outside the territories of countries of their operations. Related
official exchange rates are determined daily by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (further CBR). Market rates may differ from the official rates but the differences are, generally, within narrow parameters monitored by the respective
Central Banks. The translation of assets and liabilities denominated in the currencies listed above into RUB for the purposes of these financial statements does not indicate that the Group could realize or settle, in RUB, the reported values of
these assets and liabilities. Likewise, it does not indicate that the Group could return or distribute the reported RUB value of capital and retained earnings to its shareholders.
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment loss. Expenditures for continuing repairs and
maintenance are charged to the profit or loss as incurred.
Depreciation is calculated on property and equipment on a straight-line basis from the time the assets are available for use, over their estimated useful lives
as follows:
Useful lives of leasehold improvements of leased office premises included in engineering equipment and other equipment are
determined at the lower between the useful live of the asset or the lease term.
The assets residual values, useful lives and depreciation methods
are reviewed, and adjusted as appropriate, at each financial
year-end.
Software and other intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business
combination is their fair value as of the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.
Following initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the cost model is applied requiring the asset to be carried at cost less any
accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete and the asset is available for use. It is amortized over the period of expected generation of future benefits, generally
3-5
years. During the period of development, the asset is tested for impairment annually.
Development expenditure on an individual project is recognized as an intangible asset when the Group can demonstrate the
technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale, its intention to complete and its ability to use or sell the asset, how the asset will generate future economic benefits, the availability of
resources to complete the asset and the ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development.
The Group assesses whether the useful life of an intangible asset is finite or indefinite and, if finite, the length of that
useful life. An intangible asset is regarded by the entity as having an indefinite useful life when, based on an analysis of all of the relevant factors, there is no foreseeable limit to the period over which the asset is expected to generate net
cash inflows for the entity.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful economic lives and
assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. Below is the summary of useful lives of intangible assets:
Amortization periods and methods for intangible assets with finite useful lives are reviewed at least at each financial
year-end.
Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate,
and treated as changes in accounting estimates.
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually,
either individually or at the cash-generating unit level. The assessment of indefinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the indefinite life continues to be supportable. Indefinite-lived intangible assets include the acquired licenses
for banking operations. It is considered indefinite-lived as the related license is expected to be renewed indefinitely.
Gains or losses arising from
derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and are recognized in the statement of comprehensive income when the asset is derecognized.
The Group assesses at each
reporting date whether there is an indication that an asset, other than goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful life, may be impaired. If any such indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Group
estimates the assets recoverable amount. An assets recoverable amount is the higher of an assets or cash-generating units fair value less costs to sell and its value in use and is determined for an individual asset, unless
the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. Where the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its
recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a
pre-tax
discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of
money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs to sell, an appropriate valuation model is used.
These calculations are
corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded analogues, if applicable, or other available fair value indicators.
The
Group bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which are prepared separately for each of the Groups cash generating units (CGU), to which the individual assets are allocated.
These budgets and forecast calculations generally cover a period of five years or longer, when management
considers appropriate. For longer periods, a long-term growth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the last year.
Impairment
losses of continuing operations are recognized in profit or loss in those expense categories consistent with the function of the impaired asset.
For
assets excluding goodwill, an assessment is made at each reporting date as to whether there is any indication that previously recognized impairment losses may no longer exist or may have decreased. If such indication exists, the Group makes an
estimate of recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the assets recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. If that is the
case, the carrying amount of the asset is increased to its recoverable amount.
That increased amount cannot exceed the carrying amount that would have
been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in profit or loss. The following criteria are also applied in assessing impairment of specific assets:
Goodwill is tested for impairment annually and
when circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired. Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing the recoverable amount of the cash-generating units, to which the goodwill relates. Where the recoverable amount of the
cash-generating units is less than their carrying amount an impairment loss is recognized. Impairment losses relating to goodwill cannot be reversed in future periods. The Group performs its annual impairment test of goodwill as of December 31
and whenever certain events and circumstances indicate that its carrying value may be impaired.
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment annually as of December 31, either individually or at the cash generating unit
level, as appropriate and whenever events and circumstances indicate that an asset may be impaired.
Financial assets within the scope of IAS 39 are classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, loans and receivables,
held-to-maturity
investments, or
available-for-sale
(AFS) financial assets, as appropriate.
When financial assets are recognized initially, they are measured at fair value, plus, in the case of investments not at fair value through profit or loss, directly attributable transaction costs. The Group determines the classification of its
financial assets on initial recognition and, where allowed and appropriate,
re-evaluates
this designation at each financial
year-end.
All regular way purchases and sales
of financial assets are recognized on the trade date, which is the date that the Group commits to purchase the asset. Regular way purchases or sales are purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within the period
generally established by regulation or convention in the marketplace.
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss include financial assets held for trading and financial assets designated upon initial recognition at
fair value through profit or loss. Financial assets are classified as held for trading if they are acquired for the purpose of selling or repurchasing in the near term.
Financial assets at fair value through profit and loss are carried in the statement of financial position at fair value with net changes in fair value
recognized in change in fair value of derivative financial assets, other gains or other losses in the statement of comprehensive income.
Financial assets designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated at their initial recognition date and only if the
criteria under IAS 39 are satisfied.
The Group has not designated any financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.
If the Group sold or reclassified more than an insignificant amount of debt instruments before maturity (other than in certain specific circumstances), the
entire category would be tainted and would have to be reclassified as
available-for-sale.
AFS financial assets include equity
investments. Equity investments classified as AFS are those that are neither classified as held for trading nor designated at fair value through profit or loss.
After initial measurement, AFS financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value with unrealized gains or losses recognized in OCI and credited in the
AFS reserve until the investment is derecognized, at which time the cumulative gain or loss is recognized in other operating income, or the investment is determined to be impaired, when the cumulative loss is reclassified from the AFS reserve to the
statement of profit or loss in finance costs. Interest earned whilst holding AFS financial assets is reported as interest income using the EIR method.
The Group assesses at each reporting
date whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired.
For financial assets carried at amortized cost (such as loans and receivables,
held-to-maturity
investments), the Group first assesses individually whether objective evidence of impairment exists for financial assets that are individually
significant, or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant. If the Group determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset, it includes the asset in a group of
financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment. Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is, or continues to be, recognized are not included in a
collective assessment of impairment.
For the purposes of a collective evaluation of impairment, financial assets are grouped on the basis of similar
credit risk characteristics. Those characteristics are relevant to the estimation of future cash flows ability to pay all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the assets being evaluated. Future cash flows in a group of financial assets
that are collectively evaluated for impairment, are estimated on the basis of the contractual cash flows of the assets and the experience of management in respect of the extent to which amounts will become overdue as a result of past loss events and
the success of recovery of overdue amounts. Past experience is adjusted on the basis of current observable data to reflect the effects of current conditions that did not affect past periods, and to remove the effects of past conditions that do not
exist currently.
If there is objective evidence that an impairment loss on assets carried at amortized cost has been incurred, the amount of the loss is
measured as the difference between the assets carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future expected credit losses that have not been incurred) discounted at the financial assets original
effective interest rate (i.e. the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition). The carrying amount of the asset is reduced through use of an allowance account. The amount of the loss is recognized in profit or loss.
If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be related
objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognized, the previously recognized impairment loss is reversed, to the extent that the carrying value of the asset does not exceed its amortized cost at the reversal date. Any subsequent
reversal of an impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss.
In relation to trade receivables, a provision for impairment is made when there is
objective evidence (such as the probability of insolvency or significant financial difficulties of the debtor) that the Group will not be able to collect all of the amounts due under the original terms of the invoice. The carrying amount of the
receivable is reduced through use of an allowance account. Impaired debts are derecognized when they are assessed as uncollectible.
A financial asset (or, where applicable a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) is derecognized when:
When the Group has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset or has entered into a pass-through
arrangement, and has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset nor transferred control of the asset, the asset is recognized to the extent of the Groups continuing involvement in the asset.
In that case, the Group also recognizes an associated liability. The transferred asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the
rights and obligations that the Group has retained.
Continuing involvement that takes the form of a guarantee over the transferred asset is measured at
the lower of the original carrying amount of the asset and the maximum amount of consideration that the Group could be required to repay.
Financial liabilities within the scope of IAS 39 are classified as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, loans and borrowings, or as
derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate. The Group determines the classification of its financial liabilities at initial recognition.
Financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value less, in the case of loans and borrowings, directly attributable transaction costs.
The Groups financial liabilities include trade and other payables, bank overdraft, customer accounts and amounts due to banks.
The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification as follows:
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial
recognition at fair value through profit or loss.
Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are acquired for the purpose of
selling in the near term. This category includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the Group that do not meet the hedge accounting criteria as defined by IAS 39.
Gains or losses on liabilities held for trading are recognized in profit or loss.
The Group has not designated any financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.
After initial recognition, interest bearing loans, borrowings and payables are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate
method.
Gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognized as well as through the amortization process.
A
financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. Where an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an
existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability, and the difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in
profit or loss.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the consolidated statement of financial position if, and only if:
(iii) the event of insolvency or bankruptcy of the entity and all of the counterparties
Cash comprises cash at banks and in hand and short-term deposits with an
original maturity of three months or less. All these items are included as a component of cash and cash equivalents for the purpose of the statement of financial position and statement of cash flows.
Wages and salaries paid to employees are recognized as expenses in the current period. The Group also accrues expenses for future vacation payments and
short-term employee bonuses.
Under provisions of the Russian legislation, social contributions include defined contributions to pension and other social funds of Russia and are calculated
by the Group by the application of a regressive rate (from 30% to 10% in 2017, 2016 and 2015) to the annual gross remuneration of each employee. For the year ended December 31, 2017 defined contributions to pension fund of Russia of the Group
amounted to 473 (2016 315; 2015 270).
Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a
result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate of the amount can be made. Where the Group expects a provision to be reimbursed, for example under an insurance
contract, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain.
If the effect of discounting is
material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected value of future cash flows at a
pre-tax
rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and, where appropriate, the
risks specific to the liability. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as an interest expense.
Cyprus entities that do not distribute 70% of their profits after tax, as defined by the relevant tax law, within two years after the end of the relevant tax
year, are deemed to have distributed as dividends 70% of these profits. A special contribution for the defence fund of the Republic of Cyprus is levied at the 17% rate for 2015, 2016, 2017 and thereafter will be payable on such deemed dividends
distribution. Profits that are attributable to shareholders who are not tax resident of Cyprus and own shares in the Company either directly and/or indirectly at the end of two years from the end of the tax year to which the profits relate, are
exempted. The amount of deemed distribution is reduced by any actual dividends paid out of the profits of the relevant year at any time. This special contribution for defence is payable by the Company for the account of the shareholders.
The Company has not been subject to defence tax on dividends received from abroad as the dividend paying entities are engaged in other than investing
activities.
Current income tax assets and liabilities for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation
authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date.
Current
income tax relating to items recognized in other comprehensive income is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the
amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognized for the following temporary differences: the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor
taxable profit or loss, and differences relating to investments in subsidiaries to the extent that it is probable that they will not reverse in the foreseeable future. In addition, deferred tax is not recognized for taxable temporary differences
arising on the initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting
date.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they
relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realized
simultaneously.
A deferred tax asset is recognized for unused tax losses, tax credits and deductible temporary differences, to the extent that it is
probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be utilized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be
realized.
Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that
the economic benefits will flow to the Group and the revenue can be reliably measured. Revenues and related cost of revenue from services are recognized in the period when services are rendered, regardless of when payment is made.
The Group earns a fee for processing payments initiated by the ultimate customers (consumers) to pay to merchants and service providers
(merchants) or transfer money to other individuals. Payment processing fees are earned from consumers or merchants, or both. Consumers can make payments to various merchants through kiosks or network of agents and banks participants of
payment system or through the Groups website or applications using a unique user login and password
(e-payments).
Payment kiosks are owned by third parties cash collection agents
(agents). When consumer payment is processed, the Group may incur transaction costs to acquire payments payable to agents, banks-participants, mobile operators, international payment systems and other parties. The payment processing fee
revenue and related receivable, as well as the transaction cost and the related payable, are recognized at the point when merchants or individuals accept payments from consumers in the gross amount, including fees payable for payment acquisition.
Payment processing fees and transaction costs are reported gross, except for the consumer fees on payments collected through payment kiosks, which is recorded in the net amount receivable from the agents-owners of kiosks. Visa payment processing fee
revenues and related transaction costs are reported net.
In accordance with terms and conditions of use of QIWI Wallet accounts and QIWI system rules,
the Group charges a fee to its consumers on the balance of unused accounts after certain period of inactivity and unclaimed payments. Such fees are recorded as revenues in the period a fee is charged.
The Group generates revenue from the foreign currency conversion when payments are made in currencies different from the country of the consumer, mainly
Russia. The Group recognizes the related revenues at the time of conversion in the amount of conversion commission representing the difference between the current Russian or relevant country Central Bank foreign currency exchange rate and the
foreign currency exchange rate charged by the Groups processing system.
The Group charges a fee for managing current accounts and deposits of individuals and legal entities, including guarantee deposits from agents placed with the
bank to cover consumer payments they accept. Related revenue is recorded as services are rendered or as transactions are processed.
For all financial instruments measured at amortized cost, interest bearing financial assets classified as available for sale and financial instruments
designated at fair value through profit or loss, interest income or expense is recorded using the EIR. The carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability is adjusted if the Group revises its estimates of payments or receipts. Once the
recorded value of a financial asset or a group of similar financial assets has been reduced due to an impairment loss, interest income continues to be recognized using the rate of interest used to discount the future cash flows for the purpose of
measuring the impairment loss. Interest income from bank loans and short- and long-term investments performed as part of the Groups treasury function is classified as part of revenues, Interest income derived from loans issued to various
third and related parties as part of other arrangements is classified as interest income. Cash receipts of both types of interest are included into interest received in the statement of cash flows.
Interest expense from bank borrowings intended to attract funds to offer them as agents overdrafts is classified as part of cost of revenue. Interest
expense derived from borrowings attracted from various third parties as part of other arrangements and interest expense from bank guaranties is classified as interest expense not as part of cost of revenue. Cash disbursements of both types of
interest are included into interest paid in the statement of cash flows.
Employees of the Group receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments,
whereby employees render services as consideration for equity instruments (equity-settled transactions).
The cost of equity-settled transactions is
recognized, together with a corresponding increase in other reserves in equity, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled. The cumulative expense recognized for equity-settled transactions at each reporting
date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Groups best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The statement of comprehensive income expense or credit for a
period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognized as of the beginning and end of that period and is recognized in compensation to employees and other personnel expenses.
No expense is recognized for awards that do not ultimately vest, except for equity-settled transactions for which vesting is conditional upon a market or
non-vesting
condition. These are treated as vested irrespective of whether or not the market or
non-vesting
condition is satisfied, provided that all other performance and/or
service conditions are satisfied.
When the terms of an equity-settled award are modified, the minimum expense recognized is the expense that would have
been incurred had the terms not been modified, if the original terms of the award are met. An additional expense is recognized for any modification that increases the total fair value of the share-based payment transaction, or is otherwise
beneficial to the employee as measured at the date of modification.
When an equity-settled award is cancelled, it is treated as if it vested on the date
of cancellation, and any expense not yet recognized for the award is recognized immediately. This includes any award where
non-vesting
conditions within the control of either the entity or the employee are not
met. However, if a new award is substituted for the cancelled award, and designated as a replacement award on the date that it is granted, the cancelled and new awards are treated as if they were a modification of the original award, as described in
previous paragraph.
The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per
share.
The option awards that are outstanding as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 can only be settled in shares, that is why they are accounted
for as equity-settled transactions.
The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance
of the arrangement at inception date, whether fulfillment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets or the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset, even if that right is not explicitly specified in an arrangement.
Operating lease payments are
recognized as an operating expense in the statement of comprehensive income on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Leases in which the Group does not transfer substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Initial
direct costs incurred in negotiating an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the same basis as rental income. Contingent rents are recognized as revenue in the period in which
they are earned.
In the statement of comprehensive income, income and expenses from discontinued operations are reported separately from income and expenses from continuing
operations, down to the level of profit after taxes, even when the Group retains a
non-controlling
interest in the subsidiary after the sale. The resulting profit or loss (after taxes) is reported separately
in the statement of comprehensive income.
Property and equipment and intangible assets once classified as held for sale are not depreciated or amortized.
The preparation of consolidated financial
statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the reporting dates and the reported
amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. However, uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of the asset or liability affected in future
periods.
The Group exercised significant judgment in reaching a conclusion about its accounting policy for gross versus net
reporting of payment processing fee revenues and related transaction costs. In particular, there are two major sources of payment processing fee revenues:
Either one of the two types of payment processing fees above,
or in some cases, both payment processing fees apply to a single consumer payment. Transaction costs relate to acquisition of payments by agents, mobile operators, international payment systems and some other parties, and the applicable fees,
generally determined as a percentage of consumer payment, for each specific payment channel are on terms similar to those available to other market participants.
A merchants payment processing fee, when charged, is recorded gross of related transaction costs, because the Group (i) is the primary obligor as
it undertakes to transfer the consumer payment to the merchant or other individual using its payment processing system; (ii) it negotiates and ultimately sets the fee receivable from a merchant or consumer, generally as a percentage of
payments; and (iii) it bears credit risk in most of the cases, unless the payment is made from a deposit made with the Group.
A consumer payment
processing fee, when it is charged on payments made by consumers through payment kiosks and terminals, is reported net of any transaction costs payable to or retained by agents. This is because, although the Group is the primary obligor, it does not
have any discretion over the ultimate payment processing fee set by the agent to the consumer, does not have readily available information about gross fee, and is only exposed to the net amount of fee receivable from agents.
A consumer payment processing fee revenue is reported gross of related transaction costs. Such payments are made by consumers through the Groups website
or an application using a unique user login and password, and are called electronic payments. In contrast with the consumer payment processing fee revenue collected through payment kiosks and terminals, the Group, being a primary obligor in
electronic payment transactions, also sets the consumers payment processing fee, generally as a percentage of payment, although credit risk for these transactions is limited. Thus, the Group concluded that its ability to control the consumer
payment processing fee for electronic payments is a key differentiator from the consumer payment processing fees on payments collected through payment kiosks and terminals.
The Group charges a fee for maintenance of current accounts of individuals and SME clients and for managing special guarantee deposit accounts made by agents
to cover consumer payments they accept. Related revenues are reported gross of transaction costs paid to the same agents for collection of consumer payments, because these revenues relate to a separate service having distinct value to agents and are
provided at their discretion. The total amounts of revenue from cash and settlement services are disclosed in Note 22.
Each entity in the Group determines its own functional currency, depending on the economic environment it operates in, and items included in the
financial statements of each entity are measured using that functional currency.
Significant estimates reflected in the Companys financial statements include, but are not limited to:
Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. The key
assumptions concerning the future events and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the reporting date that have a significant risk of a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are
discussed below:
The Group recognizes separately, at the acquisition date, the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired or assumed in the business
combination at their fair values, which involves estimates. Such estimates are based on valuation techniques, which require considerable judgment in forecasting future cash flows and developing other assumptions. In some cases, when the amounts of
fair values are significant, the Group hires third party appraisers to assist it in determining the related fair values.
The Group determines the following material CGUs: SOVEST, Payment services, Postomatnye Tekhnologii, Tochka, Rocketbank, New
Terminal and Flocktory. For the purpose of goodwill impairment test, the Group estimates the recoverable amounts of Payment services CGU as fair value less costs of disposal on the basis of quoted prices of Companys ordinary shares. See also
Note 12 below for details. For the purpose of intangible assets with indefinite useful life impairment test, the Group estimates the recoverable amounts of each asset as fair value less costs of disposal on the basis of comparative method and cost
approach. For the purpose of intangible assets with definite useful life impairment, when indicators of impairment are noted, the Group estimates the recoverable amounts as higher of value in use or fair value less costs to sell of an individual
asset or the CGU to which this asset relates.
The utilization of deferred tax assets will depend on whether it is possible to generate sufficient taxable income against which the deductible temporary
differences can be utilized. Various factors are used to assess the probability of the future utilization of deferred tax assets, including past operating results, operational plans, expiration of tax losses carried forward, and tax planning
strategies.
Certain portion of deferred tax assets was not recorded because the Group does not expect to realize certain of its tax loss carry forwards
in the foreseeable future due to history of losses. Further details on deferred taxes are disclosed in Note 26.
Management assesses an impairment of loans and receivables to account for estimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to make
required payments. When evaluating the adequacy of an impairment of loans and receivables, management bases its estimates on the aging of accounts receivable balances and loans and historical
write-off
experience, customer credit worthiness and changes in customer payment terms. If the financial condition of customers were to deteriorate, actual write-offs might be higher than expected.
The Group regularly reviews its loan portfolio to assess impairment. For instalment card loans the Group performs collective assessment of impairment for each
loan portfolio group divided by overdue status of the loans (non-overdue; up to 30 days overdue, 30 to 60 days overdue, 60 to 90 days overdue, over 90 days overdue). The impairment assessment for each portfolio group is based on probability of
default, loss given default and exposure at default. The Group uses internal historical instalment card loans loss rates statistics and roll-rates method for assessment of probabilities of default. The loss given default is an estimate of the loss
arising in the case where a default occurs at a given time and is based on external market statistic. The exposure at default is an estimate of the exposure at a default date.
Further details on provision for impairment of loans and receivables are disclosed in Notes 13, 14.
Share-based payments included expenses incurred under employee stock option plan (ESOP) and restricted stock unit plan (RSU). See also Note 31 below for more
details.
Management estimates the fair value of stock options at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model and its restricted stock
units using the Binominal model. The option pricing models were originally developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options, which have different characteristics than the stock options granted by the Company and its subsidiaries,
associates and joint ventures. The models are also sensitive to changes in the subjective assumptions, which can materially affect the fair value estimate. These subjective assumptions include the expected life of the options, expected volatility,
risk-free interest rates, expected dividend yield, the fair value of the underlying shares. The amount of expense is also sensitive to the number of awards, which are expected to vest, taking into account estimated forfeitures. Below is the
discussion of each of these estimates:
The Company did not have any option grants
in the past, and does not have sufficient history to determine the time the option holders will hold the shares. Therefore, the Company used the expected term as the average between the vesting and contractual term of each option tranche for stock
option plan.
Due to a
relatively short period of historical market data, QIWIs share price volatility for options valuation was defined based on the historical volatility of peer group companies over a period, which approximates the expected life of option
tranches.
Risk-free
interest rates are based on the implied yield currently available in the US treasury bonds, adjusted for a country risk premium, with a remaining term approximating the expected life of the option award being valued.
At the time of grant in 2012 the
Group had no plans to pay cash dividends, and the Group used an expected dividend yield of zero in its option pricing model for option awards granted in 2012. Following its IPO in 2013, the Group started to pay dividends and set an expected dividend
yield of 2.83% based on
post-IPO
dividend payments.
Prior to May 2013 the Companys ordinary shares were not publicly traded. Therefore, it estimated the fair value of the underlying shares on the basis of
valuations arrived at by employing the income approach valuation methodology. Since May 2013 QIWI plc is a public company and the fair value of its shares defined by reference to closing market price of its traded shares.
As of the dates of stock options
grants had no data of attrition rate among key personnel and management resulted in an estimated forfeiture rate of zero. Subsequently, the actual forfeiture rate is higher, the actual amount of related expense will become lower.
The expected volatility reflects the assumption that the historical QIWIs share price volatility over a period similar to the life of the RSUs is
indicative of future trends, which may not necessarily be the actual outcome.
Risk-free interest rates are based on the implied yield currently available in the US treasury bonds, adjusted for a country risk premium, with a remaining
term approximating the expected life of the option award being valued.
Before September 2017 the Group set an expected dividend yield of 5.03% based on historical payout. Following September 2017, the Group stoped to pay dividends
and set an expected dividend yield of zero.
The fair value of shares defined by reference to closing market price of the Groups traded shares.
The forfeiture rate for RSUs
granted during the period is 9%. It is based on historical data and current expectations and is not necessarily indicative of forfeiture patterns that may occur.
The Group
disclosed possible and accrued probable risks in respect on currency, customs, tax and other regulatory positions. Management estimates the amount of risk based on its interpretation of the relevant legislation, in accordance with the current
industry practice and in conformity with its estimation of probability, which require considerable judgment.
The consolidated IFRS financial statements include the assets, liabilities
and financial results of the Company and its subsidiaries. The subsidiaries are listed below:
According to the shareholders agreement and the articles of association, decisions on relevant activities require unanimous consent of all shareholders.
Thus, since the date of acquisition the Group has exercised a joint control over Flocktory Ltd and recognized it as a joint venture accounted for under equity method.
Pre-existing
relationships between the
Group and Flocktory group were not significant.
QIWI entered into call and put option agreements with respect to the remaining 18% stake in Flocktory
Ltd. Put option provides right to minority shareholders to sell its remaining shares to QIWI after the acquisition date. Put option becomes exercisable after one year from the acquisition date for 50% of minority shares, after year and a half for
25% of minority shares and after two years form acquisition remaining 25%. Both call and put options are not exercisable and their fair value equals zero as of the acquisition date and as of December 31, 2017.
The fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities as of the date of acquisition was:
Goodwill related to the joint venture amounted to 192 and is included in the carrying amount of the investment in joint
venture.
In December 2016 the Group entered into an agreement to sell its entire share in its
non-core
business Processingovyi Tsentr Rapida LLC a 100% subsidiary. Since the date of loss of control Processingovyi Tsentr Rapida LLC was deconsolidated from the Groups financial statements.
Loss on disposal of Processingovyi Tsentr Rapida LLC is neutral for tax purposes.
Below are the assets and liabilities of Processingovyi Tsentr Rapida LLC as of date of disposal:
In December 2016
the BOD of the Group decided to sell QIWI WALLET EUROPE SIA.The subsidiary was recognized in a disposal group as of December 31, 2016 and all its assets and liabilities were classified as held for sale. Although in the end of 2017 the Group
entered into a contract to sell QIWI WALLET EUROPE SIA, but, the control over the entity was not transferred as of December 31, 2017. No impairment was recognized upon reclassification of the subsidiary as a disposal group.
In reviewing the operational performance of the Group and allocating resources, the
chief operating decision maker of the Group (CODM), who is the Croups CEO and its ultimate controlling shareholder, reviews selected items of segments statement of comprehensive income.
In determining that the CODM was the CEO, the Group considered the aforementioned roles of CEO responsibilities as well as the following factors:
The financial data is presented on a combined basis for all key subsidiaries and joint ventures representing the segment net revenue, segment profit before
tax and segment net profit. The Group measures the performance of its operating segments by monitoring: segment net revenue, segment profit before tax and segment net profit. Segment net revenue is a measure of profitability defined as the segment
revenues less segment direct costs, which include the same items as the Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) as reported in the Groups consolidated statement of comprehensive income, except for payroll
costs. Payroll costs are excluded because, although required to maintain the Groups operations, they are not linked to payment volume. The Group does not monitor balances of assets and liabilities by segments as CODM consider they have no
impact on decision making.
The Group has identified its operating segments based on the types of products and services the Group offers. Before
January 1, 2017 the Group had one operating segment as only one segment was reviewed by CODM. In 2017 the Group continued to invest in the development of new business activities, hence SOVEST instalment card project became significant. As a
result, CODM started to review segment net revenue, segment profit before tax and segment net profit separately for each of the following identified reportable segments: Payment Services and Consumer Financial Services:
For the purpose of management reporting, expenses related to corporate back-office operations were not allocated to any operating segment and presented
separately to CODM. Results of other operating segments and corporate expenses are included in Corporate and Other (CO) category for the purpose of segment reporting.
Management reporting is different from IFRS, because it does not include certain IFRS adjustments, which are
not analyzed by the CODM in assessing the operating performance of the business. The adjustments affect such major areas as deferred taxation,
share-based
payments, foreign exchange gain/(loss) from
revaluation of cash proceeds received from secondary public offering, effect from disposal of subsidiaries and fair value adjustments amortization and impairment thereof, as well as
non-recurring
items.
The segments statement of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, as presented to the CODM are presented below:
Segment net revenue,
as presented to the CODM, for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 is calculated by subtracting cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) from revenue and adding back payroll and related taxes as presented in the
table below:
A reconciliation of segment profit before tax to IFRS consolidated profit before tax of the Group, as
presented to the CODM, for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 is presented below:
A reconciliation of segment net profit to IFRS consolidated net profit of the Group, as presented to the CODM, for the years
ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 is presented below:
Revenue is recognized according to merchants geographic place. The majority of the Groups
non-current
assets is located in Russia.
The Group does not have any single external customer amounting to 10% or
greater of the Groups revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
Basic earnings per share amounts are calculated by dividing net profit for the year
attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year.
Diluted earnings per
share amounts are calculated by dividing the net profit attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent adjusted for the effect of any potential share exercise by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year plus
the weighted average number of ordinary shares that would be issued on conversion of all the dilutive potential ordinary shares into ordinary shares.
The
following reflects the income and share data used in basic and diluted earnings per share computations for the years ended December 31:
There have been no other transactions involving ordinary shares or potential ordinary shares between the reporting date and
the date of completion of these financial statements.
As of December 31, 2017, the gross book value of fully depreciated assets is equal to 184 (2016 141).
In August 2017, the Group has executed a series of transactions to acquire the trade marks, computer software and hardware of Tochka and Rocketbank from
Otkritie Bank (see Notes 11, 14 and 24).
In 2017 the Group purchased the property plant and equipment in the amount of 104 from Otkritie bank.
As of December 31, 2017, the gross book value of fully amortized intangible assets is equal to 169 (2016 109).
In 2017 the Group purchased the intangible assets in the amount of 254 from Otkritie bank.
In 2017 following the legal merger of NKO Rapida to QIWI Bank the Group combined JSC QIWI, Visa QIWI Wallet and Rapida CGUs into one CGU Payment
Services. Considering launching of new projects and acquiring new assets in 2017 the Group identified following new significant CGUs: SOVEST, Postomatnye Tekhnologii, Tochka, Rocketbank, New Terminal and Flocktory.
As of December 31, 2017 the Group considers that goodwill which was allocated and tested for impairment at the group of CGU - JSC QIWI, Visa QIWI Wallet
and Rapida is attributable to Payment services CGU, which carrying amount was equal to 6,285 (2016 - 6,285). For the purpose of goodwill impairment test the Company estimated the recoverable amount of the Payment services CGU as fair value
less costs of disposal on the basis of quoted prices of the Companys ordinary shares (Level 1). As a result of annual impairment test the Group did not identify any impairment as of December 31, 2016 and 2017.
As of
December 31, 2017, the carrying amount of intangible assets with an indefinite useful life (licenses for banking operations, which are expected to be renewed indefinitely) is recognized with a value of 183 (2016 - 183). Intangible assets with
an indefinite useful life were recorded by the Group at the date of acquisition of QIWI Bank JSC.
For the purpose of the impairment test of the
intangible assets with indefinite useful life, the Company estimated the recoverable amounts of each asset as fair value less costs of disposal on the basis of comparative method and cost approach. Under the valuation using the comparative
method the Group considered similar third-partys transactions for acquisition of banks or bank organization that holds licenses identical to the Groups ones. Under the valuation using the cost approach the Group considered outflows
required to meet the requirements for a minimum amount of equity to be held by the bank or bank organization with licenses similar to the Group ones according to current legislation (Level 3).
The key assumption used in fair value less cost of disposal calculations is expected outflows to acquire license on the open market.
All assumptions are determined using observable market data and publicly available information of the cash transactions of the third-parties.
The Group performed an annual impairment test of Qiwi Banks license as of December 31, 2017 and as of December 31, 2016, but no impairment was
identified. Reasonably possible changes in any valuation parameters would not result in impairment of intangible assets with indefinite useful life.
For the
purpose of the impairment test on other intangible assets the Company estimated the recoverable amounts as the higher of value in use or fair value less costs to sell of an individual asset or CGU this asset relates.
As of December 31, 2016 the Group identified the impairment indicators of intangible assets allocated to Rapida LTD CGU performed an impairment test of
this CGU before the Goodwill testing, which indicated that there is impairment as of the reporting date in the amount of 847. As of December 31, 2017 the Group identifed the impairment indicators of New terminal CGU and completely impaired it
by the amount of 89.
An analysis and movement of net book value of goodwill and indefinite life licenses acquired through business
combinations, as included in the intangible assets (Note 11), is as follows:
As of December 31, 2017, long-term and short-term loans
issued consisted of the following:
As of December 31, 2016, long-term and short-term loans consisted of the following:
As of December 31, 2017, the provision for impairment of loans movement was the following:
As of December 31, 2016, the provision for impairment of loans movement was the following:
The primary factor that the Group considers in determining whether a financial asset is impaired is its overdue status. A loan
is considered overdue when the borrower fails to make any payment due under the loan at the reporting date. In this case an overdue amount is recognized as the aggregate amount of all amounts due from borrower under the respective loan agreement
including accrued interest and commissions.
As defined by the Group for the purposes of internal credit risk assessment, loans fall into the
non-performing
category when a principal and/or interest payment becomes more than 90 days overdue. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Group had no overdue but not impaired
loans.
As of December 31, 2017, trade and other receivables consisted of the following:
As of December 31, 2016, trade and other receivables consisted of the following:
The ageing analysis of trade receivables that are past due but not impaired as of December 31, 2017 are presented below:
The ageing analysis of trade receivables that are past due but not impaired as of December 31, 2016 are
presented below:
For the year ended December 31, 2017, the provision for impairment of receivables movement was the following:
For the year ended December 31, 2016, the provision for impairment of receivables movement was the following:
For the year ended December 31, 2015, the provision for impairment of receivables movement was the
following:
As of December 31,
2017 and 2016, cash and cash equivalents consisted of the following:
Cash and short-term investments are placed in financial institutions or financial instruments, which are considered to have
minimal risk of default as of date of approval of these financial statements.
The Company received the guarantee and secured it by cash deposit of 2.5
mln U.S.$ until July 31, 2018.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, other current assets consisted of the
following:
The Capital of the Company is divided by two classes. Each class A share has the right to ten votes at a meeting of shareholders and each class B share has the
right to one vote at a meeting of shareholders. The class A shares and the class B shares have the right to an equal share in any dividend or other distribution the Company pays and have nominal of EUR 0.0005 each.
For the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 the share capital and share premium movement was the following:
In case of liquidation, the Companys assets remaining after settlement with creditors, payment of dividends and
redemption of the par value of shares is distributed among the ordinary shareholders proportionately to the number of shares owned.
The other reserves of
the Groups equity represent the financial effects from changes in equity settled share-based payments to employees, acquisitions and disposals, as well as other operations with
non-controlling
interests
in the subsidiaries without loss of control.
During the year ended December 31, 2017 the Group had available overdraft credit
facilities with an overall credit limit of 1,460, with maturity from May 2018 to June 2020, and interest rate of up to 30% per annum. The balance payable under these credit lines as of December 31, 2017 was zero. Some of these agreements
stipulated the right of a lender to increase the interest rate in case the covenants are violated.
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Groups trade and other
payables consisted of the following:
As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, customer accounts and
amounts due to banks consisted of the following:
Customer accounts and amounts due to banks bear the interest of up to 7% and are due on demand exept for term deposits which
duration are contracted.
The Group has a single joint venture: Flocktory Ltd with subsidiaries (see Note 6). Three parties exercising joint control over this entity make unanimous
decisions on major issues, including distribution and payment of dividends.
The Groups interest in Flocktory joint venture is accounted for using
the equity method in the consolidated financial statements.
The following table illustrates summarized financial information of the Groups
investment in Flocktory joint venture:
Share of the joint ventures revenue and net income for year ended December 31, 2017:
The Group tested its investment into Flocktory joint venture as at December 31, 2017 and found no impairment indicators.
For the purposes of consolidated cash flow statement, Interest income, net consists of the following:
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation
and amortization) for the years ended December 31 was as follows:
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the years
ended December 31 were as follows:
In 2017 as result of
the transaction with Otkritie bank (See Note 10, 11, 14) the Group recognized losses of 350 and included this amount in other expenses.
Dividends paid and proposed by the Group to the shareholders of the parent
are presented below:
The Company is incorporated in Cyprus under the Cyprus Companies Law, but the business
activity of the Group and joint ventures is subject to taxation in multiple jurisdictions, the most significant of which include:
The Company is subject to 12.5% corporate income tax applied to its worldwide income.
Gains from the sale of securities/titles (including shares of companies) either in Cyprus or abroad are exempt from corporate income tax in Cyprus. Capital
gains tax is levied at a rate of 20% on profits from disposal of immovable property situated in Cyprus or of shares in companies which own immovable property situated in Cyprus (unless the shares are listed on a recognized stock exchange).
The Companys subsidiaries incorporated in the Russian Federation are subject to corporate income tax at the standard rate of 15%
applied to income received from Russia government bonds and 20% applied to their other taxable income. Withholding tax of 15% is applied to any dividends paid out of Russia, reduced to as low as 5% for some countries (including Cyprus), with which
Russia has double-taxation treaties.
The
Companys subsidiary incorporated in Kazakhstan is subject to corporate income tax at the standard rate of 20% applied to their taxable income.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, relate to the following:
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are not offset because they do not relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority
on the same taxable entity.
As of December 31, 2017 the Group does not intend to distribute a portion of its accumulated undistributed foreign
earnings in the amount of 2,473 (2016 2,690). The amount of tax that the Group would pay to distribute them would be 124 (2016 149). Unremitted earnings include all earning that were recognized by the Groups subsidiaries and that
are expected to be distributed to the holding company.
During the year ended December 31, 2017 the Group did not recognize deferred tax assets related to the tax loss carry
forward in the amount of 9 (2016 15, 201568) because the Group did not believe that the realization of the related deferred tax assets is probable.
Russia continues economic reforms and development of its legal, tax and regulatory frameworks as required by a market economy. The future stability of the
Russian economy is largely dependent upon these reforms and developments and the effectiveness of economic, financial and monetary measures undertaken by the government.
As Russia is Groups main country of operation, it is particularly exposed to fluctuations and problems that arise in the Russian economy. Emerging
markets, such as Russia, are subject to greater risks than more developed markets, including significant legal, economic and political risks. Emerging economies are subject to rapid change, and therefore the information set out herein may become
outdated relatively quickly.
Chief among the challenges currently facing the Russian economy are (i) the ongoing crisis in Eastern Ukraine, (ii) the
deterioration of Russias relationships with many Western countries, (iii) the economic and financial sanctions imposed by the U.S., EU, Canada and other countries in connection with these events on certain Russian companies, individuals, and
entire sectors of Russian economy, (iv) a steep decline in oil prices in preceding years, and (v) a consequent record weakening of the Russian ruble against the U.S. dollar. The lack of access to financing for Russian issuers, capital flight and a
general climate of political and economic uncertainty are additional difficulties constricting Russian business at this time. Moreover, certain sanctions, as of now only imposed by Ukraine, and Russian countersanctions instituted in response to such
sanctions, directly target payment services providers. There can be no assurance that additional sanctions affecting the payments of financial services business will not be imposed by Russia or other countries in which the Group operates. In
addition, a number of Western businesses have curtailed or suspended activities in Russia or dealings with Russian counterparts for reputational reasons, even though currently such activities and dealings are not prohibited by the sanctions. An
expansion of the existing sanctions or introduction of new sanctions, sanctions specifically targeting the Group, its management or its shareholders, or targeting the sector generally, could affect the Groups business as its international
customers, suppliers, shareholders and other business partners may change their relationship with the Group for compliance, political, reputational or other reasons.
Some of our agents, merchants or Tochkas SME clients, although mostly not incorporated in Crimea, may have operations there. Further, before the
introduction of the corresponding sanctions the Group has had direct contacts with several Crimea banks that are registered as financial legal entities in Crimea, currently such banks may continue to operate as the Group agents or merchants.
Overall the share of the Group business that comes from such counterparties is insignificant. On December 19, 2014, U.S. President Obama signed a new executive order imposing comprehensive sanctions on the Crimea region. The EU has
similarly introduced a broad set of sanctions through the Council Regulation (EU) 692/2014 as amended by Regulation (EU) 1351/2014. To date, management does not believe that any of the current sanctions as in force limit the Group ability to
work with entities that may have operations in Crimea or operate in Crimea. Nevertheless, if the Group is deemed to be in violation of any sanctions currently in place or if any new or expanded sanctions are imposed on Russian businesses operating
in Crimea by the U.S., EU, or other countries the Groups business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
In the ordinary course of our business, the Group may accept payments from consumers who either directly or
indirectly interact with certain entities that are the targets of U.S. sanctions. The Group operates primarily within the Russian financial system and, accordingly, many of its customers have accounts at banks in Russia. The U.S., EU and other
countries have adopted a package of economic restrictive measures imposing certain sanctions on the operations of various Russian banks, including VTB Bank and Gazprombank. Some subsidiaries of the Company hold bank accounts in the aforementioned
banks as well as have overdrafts and bank guarantees in VTB Bank. Other Russian banks, including Bank Rossiya, SMP Bank, Investcapitalbank and Sobinbank, have also been designated by OFAC and are subject to U.S. economic
sanctions. Tempbank was also designated due to its dealings with the Syrian government. Management is monitoring these developments in the current environment and taking actions where appropriate. These and any further possible negative
developments in Ukraine could adversely impact the results and financial position of the Group in a manner not currently determinable.
Furthermore, U.S.
sanctions may be extended to any person that U.S. authorities determine has materially assisted, provided financial, material, or technological support to, or provided goods or services in support of, any sanctioned individuals or entities. For
example, the Group may be deemed to be associated with U.S.- designated banks due to its accepting payments for them from consumers in the ordinary course of its business, even though the Group may not have any direct contract relationships with
them. There can be no assurance that the U.S. Government would not view such activities as meeting the criteria for U.S. economic sanctions. In addition, because of the nature of the Groups business, the Group does not generally identify its
customers where there is no express requirement to do so under Russian anti-money laundering legislation. Therefore, the Group is not always able to screen them against the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
published by OFAC or other sanctions lists.
The crisis in Ukraine is ongoing and could escalate. Were full-fledged hostilities to break out between
Ukraine and Russia, significant economic disruption would likely result and further calls from the Western countries for a comprehensive sanction regime that would further isolate Russia from the world economy. The current civil unrest in eastern
Ukraine, if no resolution is forthcoming, may alone lead to the further strengthening and broadening of Ukraine-related sanctions. For example, it has been proposed to remove Russia from the international SWIFT payment system, which would disrupt
ordinary financial services in Russia and any cross-border trade. The future repercussions surrounding the situation in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine are unknown, and no assurance can be given regarding the future of relations between Russia and other
countries. The Group cannot therefore predict how the Ukrainian crisis will unfold or the impact it will have on its business or results of operations. Additionally, relations between the U.S. and Russia have become strained over a variety of other
issues, which could result in further sanctions against Russia or specific individuals, entities or economic sectors. Any or all of the above factors could have a material adverse effect on the Groups business, financial condition, results of
operations and prospects.
In recent years, the CBR has considerably increased the intensity of its supervision and regulation of the
Russian banking sector. Qiwi Bank is central to the operation of all of the Groups segments, as it provides issuing, acquiring and deposit settlement functions within the Group, serves as the issuing bank for our payment-by-installment SOVEST
cards and is the banking institution behind Tochkas financial services offering. Qiwi Bank, like all banks and non-banking credit organizations operating in Russia, is subject to extensive regulation and reporting obligations, which may limit
the Groups activities and increase the Groups costs of doing business. Qiwi Bank has been the subject of CBR investigations in the past that have uncovered various regulatory violations and deficiencies, which the Group has generally rectified. As
part of the ongoing supervisory process, the management was recently notified that in 2018 Qiwi Bank will be subject to the CBR inspection. There can be no assurance that any currently planned or future inspection will not result in discovery of any
significant or minor violations of various banking regulations, and what sanctions the CBR would choose to employ against QIWI Bank if this were to happen. For example, recently management was notified that throughout 2017 QIWI Bank exceeded
thresholds turnover amounts with respect to certain types of transactions. The measures that the CBR has so far imposed on QIWI Bank in response have not had a significant impact on operations, and management believes that it has remedied the
violation and taken appropriate measures to ensure that QIWI Bank will not be in breach of such requirements going forward. However, this measures have not been lifted yet and there can be no assurance that this measures will be lifted soon or
additional sanctions will not be imposed on us as a result of such findings. Scrutiny of CBR can be expected to increase following launch of SOVEST, as it will expand the scope of traditional commercial and retail bank services that Qiwi Bank
provides. Any such sanctions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Historically, the revocation of banking licenses by the CBR has been relatively rare, but since October 2013 the CBR
has launched a campaign aimed at cleansing the Russian banking industry, revoking the licenses from an unusually high number of banks. If Qiwi Banks banking license is revoked, the Group would effectively be unable to provide most of our
services.
Though the Russian economy contracted both in 2015 and in 2016, it has registered modest growth in 2017. However, throughout the period from
2014 to 2017 the populations purchasing power has been decreasing due to the weakening of the ruble and the rise in cost of basic necessities such as food products and utilities, which according to the Russian Consumer Confidence Overall Index
resulted in consumer confidence declining significantly. A further weakening in the Russian economy could have a negative impact on the Group merchants, as well as consumers who purchase products and services using the Group payment
processing systems. This could negatively impact the Group business, financial condition and results of operations, particularly if the recessionary environment disproportionately affects some of the market segments that represent a larger
portion of the Groups payment processing volume. Specifically, worsening economic conditions could force some of the Group merchants and agents to liquidate their operations or go bankrupt, or could cause the Group agents to reduce
the number of their locations or hours of operation, resulting in reduced transaction volumes. Similarly, a deteriorating economy and reduced consumer spending may translate into a decline in the number of transactions with SOVEST cards and may also
affect the creditworthiness of the Group customers, which could result in increased credit risk. The Group also has a certain amount of fixed costs, including salaries and rent, which could limit its ability to adjust costs and respond quickly
to changes affecting the economy and its business.
In this context, management perceives several risks that could affect the stability and profitability
of the Groups offline distribution business. Firstly, the overall macroeconomic conditions adversely affect the purchasing power of Russian population, as high inflation combined with decreasing real wage put pressure on the disposable income
of consumers, thus leading to the overall decrease in consumer spending and in turn the Groups payment volumes. Secondly, the Group agents economics are being pressured by decreasing commissions and higher customer commission
sensitivity, combined with higher rental and other costs.
Thirdly, because the CBR has taken steps to secure the quality and transparency the industries
in which the Group agents operate, additional controls and monitoring requirements have been imposed on agents through the banks. As agents work to comply with additional requirements and handle increasing numbers of inquiries from the banks
they interact with, additional pressure is put on the agents business model especially for the smaller businesses. Although the Groups network of agents remains well diversified, these changes in recent years have negatively affected the
size of Groups physical distribution in Russia and, correspondingly, its financial results. Management is committed to making its best efforts to support the Groups physical distribution in Russia and, correspondingly, its financial
results, there can be no assurance that there will not be further negative impacts of these changes in the
mid-term.
The Group provides payment processing services to a number of merchants in the betting industry. Processing payments to such merchants represents a relatively
significant portion of the Group revenues and also generally carries higher margins than processing payments to merchants in most of the Groups other categories. The betting industry is subject to extensive and actively developing
regulation in Russia, as well as increasing government scrutiny. Recent amendments to Russian betting legislation introduced a more comprehensive regulatory framework in this area. In particular, under amendments to the Russian betting laws
introduced in 2014, in order to engage in the betting industry, a bookmaker has to become a member of a self-regulated organization of bookmakers and abide by its rules, and any and all interactive bets may only be accepted through an Interactive
Bets Accounting Center (TSUPIS) set up by a credit organization together with a self-regulated association of bookmakers. In 2016, QIWI Bank established a TSUPIS together with a the self-regulated associations of bookmakers in order to be able to
accept such payments. Processing payments to betting merchants represents a relatively significant portion of the Groups revenues. Furthermore, betting winnings received by the Group consumers deposited into their Qiwi Wallet accounts
represents one of the significant reload sources for Qiwi Wallet accounts. If other banks or payment service providers were to enter this market, the payment volume, revenue and margins of the Group Payments business, as well as overall usage
of Qiwi Wallet, could be materially adversely affected.
Additionally, if any of the Groups merchants engaged in the betting industry are not able
or are unwilling to comply with Russian betting legislation, or if they decide to cease their operations in Russia for regulatory reasons or otherwise, the Group would have to discontinue servicing them and would lose the associated income.
The Group may also be subject to reputational risks
associated with being involved in the betting business through offering the payments services to betting merchants. For example, in July 2016, the Group was served with notices from Roskomnadzor, the Russian state agency responsible for overseeing
the media and Internet, stating that the Group had breached Russian laws on public distribution of information about gambling, since the Groups website contained links to services offered by certain betting operators that were allegedly not in
compliance with the Russian betting legislation. The Group has complied with the prescriptions contained in the notices. However, there can be no assurance that further violations will not occur in the future, as the Group services a wide variety of
merchants and depend on their compliance with relevant laws in this regard. If the Group is found to be in breach, Roskomnadzor or other agencies could take further action against it, including by blocking its website, imposing fines or other
sanctions. The Group could face similar difficulties in other jurisdictions, since online betting is an area of intense focus by regulators in many of the countries in which the Group operates.
Russian and the CISs tax, currency and customs legislation is subject to varying interpretations, and changes, which can occur frequently.
Managements interpretation of such legislation as applied to the transactions and activity of the Group may be challenged by the relevant regional and federal authorities. Recent events within Russia and the CIS which are discussed below
suggest that the tax authorities are taking a more assertive position in their interpretation of the legislation and assessments and as a result, it is possible that transactions and activities that have not been challenged in the past may be
challenged in the future.
The Company may encounter difficulties in obtaining lower rates of Russian withholding income tax envisaged by the
Russia-Cyprus double tax treaty for dividends distributed from Russia, i.e. dividends paid by a Russian legal entity to a foreign legal entity are generally subject to Russian withholding income tax at a rate of 15%, although this tax rate may be
reduced under an applicable double tax treaty. The Company intend to rely on the Russia-Cyprus double tax treaty. The tax treaty allows reduction of withholding income tax on dividends paid by a Russian company to a Cypriot company to 10% provided
that the following conditions are met: (i) the Cypriot company is a tax resident of Cyprus within the meaning of the tax treaty; (ii) the Cypriot company is the beneficial owner of the dividends; (iii) the dividends are not
attributable to a permanent establishment of the Cypriot company in Russia; and (iv) the treaty clearance procedures are duly performed. This rate may be further reduced to 5% if the direct investment of the Cypriot company in a Russian
subsidiary paying the dividends is at least EUR 100,000. Although the Group will seek to claim treaty protection, there is a risk that the applicability of the reduced rate of 5% or 10% may be challenged by Russian tax authorities. As a result,
there can be no assurance that the Company would be able to avail itself of the reduced withholding income tax rate in practice. Specifically, Cypriot holding company may incur a 15% withholding income tax at source on dividend payments from Russian
subsidiaries if the treaty clearance procedures are not duly performed at the date when the dividend payment is made. In this case the Company may seek to claim as a refund the difference between the 15% tax withheld and the reduced rate of 10% or
5% as appropriate. However, there can be no assurance that such taxes would be refunded in practice.
Due to its international structure, the Group is
subject to transfer pricing and permanent establishment risks in various jurisdictions it operates in. Since January, 2012, the Russian tax authorities have the right to apply transfer pricing adjustments and impose additional tax liabilities in
respect of controlled transactions, if the transaction price differs from the market price. The Russian transfer pricing legislation grants taxpayers the right to justify their compliance with the arms length principle at prices
used in controlled transactions by preparing the transfer pricing documentation.
The Group manages the related risks by looking at its management
functions and risks in various countries and level of profits allocated to each subsidiary. The list of controlled transactions of the Group includes various transactions between different Russian entities as well as certain types of
cross-border transactions. The Group determines its tax liabilities arising from controlled transactions using actual transaction prices.
Currently the tax authorities perform tax audits of many Russian taxpayers with major focus on compliance with new transfer pricing legislation. It is
therefore possible that the Group entities may become subject to transfer pricing tax audits by tax authorities in the near future. The Russian tax authorities may challenge the level of prices applied by the Group under the controlled
transactions (including certain intercompany transactions) and accrue additional tax liabilities. If additional taxes are assessed with respect to these matters, they may be material. This risk may increase in the future as Russian transfer pricing
practice develops.
The Management believes that the Group is able to prove the arms length nature of prices with respect
to the controlled transactions, and that there has been proper reporting to the Russian tax authorities, supported by appropriate available transfer pricing documentation.
Since 2015 significant changes to the Russian tax legislation are enacted which are aimed at preventing the abuse of offshore structures
(so-called
de-offshorization
legislation). In particular, these changes include the definition of beneficiary ownership, tax residence of legal entities by the
place of actual carrying out activities, as well as approach to taxation of controlled foreign companies. It is currently unclear how the Russian tax authorities will interpret and apply the new tax provisions and what will be the possible impact on
the Group. Therefore, it cannot be excluded that Groups companies might be subject to additional tax liabilities because of these changes being introduced and applied to transactions carried out by them, which could have a material adverse
effect on Groups business, financial condition and results of operations. The Groups management is undertaking all necessary and required measures in order to minimize the potential negative impact of the
de-offshorization
legislation.
The Group stores and/or transmits sensitive data, such as credit or debit card numbers, passport details, mobile phone numbers and other identification data,
and the Company has ultimate liability to its consumers for the failure to protect this data. The Company has experienced breaches of its security by hackers in the past, and breaches could occur in the future. In such circumstances, the encryption
of data and other protective measures have not prevented unauthorized access and may not be sufficient to prevent future unauthorized access. Any future breach of the system, including through employee fraud, may subject the Company to material
losses or liability, payables to other payment systems, fines and claims for unauthorized purchases with misappropriated credit or debit card information, identity theft, impersonation or other similar fraud claims. In addition, misuse of such
sensitive data or a cybersecurity breach could result in claims, regulatory scrutiny and other negative consequences.
The Groups management believes that its interpretation of the relevant legislation is appropriate and is in accordance with the current industry practice
and that the Groups currency, customs, tax and other regulatory positions will be sustained. However, the interpretations of the relevant authorities could differ and the maximum effect of additional losses on these consolidated financial
statements, if the authorities were successful in enforcing their different interpretations, could be significant, and amount up to 2.5 billion rubles which was assessed by the Group as of December 31, 2017 (2 billion rubles as of
December 31, 2016).
The
Group holds no insurance policies in relation to its assets, operations, or in respect of public liability or other insurable risks. There are no significant physical assets to insure. Management has considered the possibility of insurance of
business interruption in Russia, but the cost of it outweighs the benefits in managements view.
In the ordinary course of business, the Group may be subject to legal actions and complaints. Management
believes that the ultimate liability, if any, arising from such actions or complaints will not have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or the results of future operations of the Group.
The Groups
business is currently subject to know-your-client- requirements established by Federal Law of the Russian Federation No.
115-FZ
On Combating the Legalization (Laundering) of Criminally Obtained Income
and Funding of Terrorism, dated August 7, 2001, as amended, or the Anti-Money Laundering Law. Based on the Anti-Money Laundering Law management distinguishes three types of consumers based on their level of identification, being
anonymous, identified through a simplified procedure and fully identified. The consumers who have not undergone any identification procedure are qualified as anonymous and are not allowed to contemplate transactions as well as hold an electronic
money account balance in excess of RUB15,000. The consumers who have undergone simplified identification procedure with the payment services provider are entitled to perform electronic money transfers in excess of RUB15,000 provided that at any
point of time the account balance of electronic money does not exceed RUB 60,000 and the total amount of transactions does not exceed RUB 200,000 per month. Fully identified consumers are entitled to perform same type of electronic transfers as
consumers identified through a simplified procedure but with increased threshold of the electronic money account balance of RUB 600,000 and no limitations for the total transaction amount per month. The key difference between the simplified and the
full identification procedures is that the simplified identification can be performed remotely. The remote identification requires the verification of certain data provided by consumers against public databases. Albeit a government order
No. 630 dated July 8, 2014, was enacted providing that public databases shall be set up by specific government authorities and access to them shall be granted to the third parties authorized to carry out identification of consumers, such
databases are not yet up and running at scale and, to the knowledge of the Group, there is no work in progress on setting up such databases. Thus, current situation could cause the Group to be in violation of the identification requirements. In case
management is enforced not to use the simplified identification procedure until the databases are fully running, it could negatively affect the number of consumers and, consequently, volumes and revenues.
The Group has commercial
lease agreements of office buildings. The leases have an average life of between one and five years. Total lease expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 is for rent of office places 357 (2016 307).
The Group is a party to a material contract of lease of office building, which gave origin to lease expenses
in the amount of 154 in 2017 (172 in 2016) and creates commitments to charge further 461 of lease expenses, 154 of which shall be accrued within one year and 307 after one year but no more than five years. The contract was concluded on
July 1, 2014 and terminates on December 31, 2020. The lease payment consists of three parts: basis lease payment, reimbursement of operational expenses, and lease pay for parking places. All the three components gradually increase to the
end of the contract term. For the purposes of these financial statements, the payments are recognized as expenses on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
As of December 31, 2017 the Group
pledged debt instruments (government bonds) with carrying amount of 1,319 (December 31, 2016 1,687) as collateral for bank guarantee issued on Groups behalf to its major partner and 486 (December 31, 2016 484) as
coverage for supporting its short-term overnight credit facility at CBR.
The Group committed to purchase of advertising services from Mail.ru Group Limited affiliates in the amount of 260 during three years starting from November
2014. Mail.ru Group Limited makes advertising available for the Group on the standard commercial rates. As of December 31, 2017 the Group spent 50 (2014 50, 2015 nil, 2016 nil, 2017 nil) on advertising under this
agreement.
The primary
purpose of these instruments is to ensure that funds are available to a customer as required. Commitments to extend credit represent unused portions of both activated and not activated by the customers of instalment card loans. Commitments to extend
credit are contingent upon customers firstly activating their credit limits and further maintaining specific credit standards. Outstanding credit limits possible to be used including credit limits not yet activated by the customers and related
commitments are as follows:
The total outstanding contractual amount of unused limits on contingencies and commitments liability does not necessarily
represent future cash requirements, as these financial instruments may expire or terminate without being funded. In accordance with instalment card service conditions the Group has a right to refuse the issuance, activation, reissuing or unblocking
of an instalment card, and is providing an instalment card limit at its own discretion and without explaining its reasons. The Group also has a right to increase or decrease a credit card limit at any time without prior notice.
Customer accounts in the amount of 97 as of
December 31, 2017 (December 31, 2016 27) comprise of cash held at bank account by related parties, including key management personnel and the companies under their control or control of their close family members.
Benefits of key management and Board of Directors generally comprise of short-term benefits and share-based payments during the year ended December 31,
2017 and amounted to 137 (136 for the year 2016, 142 for the year 2015)
As of December 31, 2016 some of the overdraft facilities were
guaranteed by the Groups CEO. There are no such overdraft facilities as of December 31, 2017.
The main risks that could adversely affect the Groups financial assets,
liabilities or future cash flows are foreign exchange risk, liquidity and credit risk. Management reviews and approves policies for managing each of the risks which are summarized below.
Foreign exchange risk is the risk
that fluctuations in exchange rates will adversely affect items in the Groups statement of comprehensive income, statement of financial position and/or cash flows. Foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities give rise to foreign
exchange exposure.
During last public offering, the Company increased its issued share capital and received about 89 mln U.S. $. The unused portion of
these proceeds is accounted as other short-term bank deposits in cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. Due to depreciation of U.S. $ rate against RUB for the year 2017 and for the year 2016 by 5% and 17% respectively the
Group recorded foreign exchange loss in the amount of 236 and 975 respectively. The Group intends to use these assets for general corporate purposes including potential acquisitions.
The following tables
demonstrate the sensitivity to a reasonably possible change in US Dollar and Euro exchange rates against Ruble, with all other variables held constant. The impact on the Groups profit before tax is due to changes in the carrying amount of
monetary assets and liabilities denominated in US Dollar and Euro when these currencies are not functional currencies of the respective Group subsidiary. The Groups exposure to foreign currency changes for all other currencies is not
material.
The Group uses cash from shareholders contributions, has sufficient cash and does not have any significant outstanding debt other than interbank debt
with short maturities (classified as due to banks). Deposits received from agents are also due on demand, but are usually offset against future payments processed through agents. The Group expects that agents deposits will continue to be
offset against future payments and not be called by the agents. Customer accounts and amounts due to banks, trade and other payables are due on demand.
Since 2014 Russian economy has been going through a period of macroeconomic slowdown and liquidity shortage in a number of markets (including those in which
the Group operates), caused among other things by falling oil prices, ruble devaluation and the economic sanctions regime. Banks and other entities in Russia decreased credit limits in their everyday operations and it was noted that the Groups
merchants and partners also started and in certain cases continued to request from the Group larger collaterals to hedge their risks. Thr Group was able to manage these conditions and requirements to date, though the liquidity shortage in the market
if exacerbated may have further negative effects on the Groups operations, which cannot be now reliably estimated.
According to CBR requirements, a
banks capital calculated based on CBR instruction should be not less than sertain portion of its risk-adjusted assets. As of December 31, 2017, QIWI Bank JSCs capital ratio is above the minimal level required. The Group monitor the
fulfillment of requirements on a daily basis and send the reports to CBR on a monthly basis. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 QIWI Bank JSC and Rapida LTD met the capital adequacy requirements.
The Group manages its capital structure and makes adjustments to it, in light of changes in economic conditions. Capital includes share capital, share
premium, additional
paid-in
capital, other reserves and translation reserve. To maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Group may make dividend payments to shareholders, return capital to shareholders or
issue new shares. Currently, the Group requires capital to finance its growth, but it generates sufficient cash from its operations. The table below summarizes the maturity profile of the Companys financial liabilities based on contractual
undiscounted payments.
Financial assets of the Group, which potentially subject us and our subsidiaries and associates to credit risk, consist principally of trade receivables, loans
issued, cash and short-term investments. The Group sells services on a prepayment basis or ensures that its receivables are from customers with an appropriate credit history large merchants and agents with sufficient and appropriate credit
history. The Groups receivables from merchants and others, except for agents, are generally
non-interest-bearing
and do not require collateral. Receivables from agents are interest-bearing and unsecured.
The Group holds cash primarily with reputable Russian and international banks, including CBR, which management considers having minimal risk of default, although credit ratings of Russian and Kazakh banks are generally lower than those banks in more
developed markets. Short-term investments include fixed-rate debt instruments issued by Russian Government.
Starting from 2017, we are also exposed to
substantial credit risk through our payment-by-installment card project SOVEST, where Qiwi Bank JSC serves as a lender and bears all credit risk on outstanding loans. When granting loans on SOVEST cards, the Group uses automated scoring solvency
models and evaluate individually each application for the probability of fraud and social default. It uses the information from the major credit bureaus as well as certain other data including the evaluation of the potential effects of changes in
macroeconomic conditions and regional affiliation of the applicant in order to approve or reject the application. Qiwi Bank can then use manual verification for determining the credit limit for the approved applicants. Qiwi Bank runs advanced
forward-looking models that are based on the analysis of the transactional behavior of individual customers in order to predict and stimulate usage as well as prevent fraud, and Qiwi Bank uses a migration matrix approach for calculation of the loan
loss provisions. Qiwi Bank distributes its installment cards to customers on a federal scale, across all regions of Russia. Our target audience includes Russian citizens with the permanent registration and aged 18 to 70 years. Qiwi Bank also uses a
variety of distribution channels and strategies to obtain clients and therefore believe that its credit risk is broadly diversified.
The management
established a credit committee that develops and approves general principles for lending and takes special measures to mitigate credit risk such as cut down of the credit limits for unreliable clients, diversification of methods of work with overdue
borrowers and more advanced scoring models for the new borrowers. Please see Note 13 for the carrying amount of loans issued and the maximum amount exposed to the credit risk for these type of assets.
The carrying amount of accounts receivable, net of allowance for impairment of receivables, represents the maximum amount exposed to the credit risk for this
type of receivables (Note 14). The table below demonstrates the largest counterparties balances, as a percentage of respective totals:
Collection of receivables may be influenced by economic factors. Management believes that there is no significant risk of
recognition of additional loss beyond the allowance already recorded.
The Groups principal financial instruments consisted of loans receivable,
trade and other receivables, customer accounts and amounts due to banks, trade and other payables, cash and cash equivalents, long and short-term debt instruments and borrowings. The Group has various other financial assets and liabilities which
arise directly from its operations. During the year, the Group did not undertake trading in financial instruments.
The fair value of the Groups
financial instruments as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 is presented by type of the financial instrument in the table below:
Financial instruments used by the Group are included in one of the following categories:
Carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, short-term loans issued, accounts receivable and payable, reserves at CBR and customer
accounts and amounts due to banks approximate their fair values largely due to short-term maturities of these instruments.
Debt instruments of the Group
consist of RUB nominated government bonds with interest rate 6.7% - 7.5% and maturity up to May 2019. All debt instruments are pledged (Note 27).
Long-term loans generally represent RUB nominated loans to Russian legal entities and have a maturity up to ten years. For the purpose of fair value
measurement of these loans the Group uses comparable marketable interest rate which is 10%.
The following table provides the fair value measurement hierarchy of the Groups assets and liabilities:
There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements and no transfers into or out of
Level 3 fair value measurements during the year ended December 31, 2017.
The Group uses the following IFRS hierarchy for determining and
disclosing the fair value of financial instruments by valuation technique:
The fair value of the
financial assets and liabilities included at the amount the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale.
Long-term fixed-rate loans issued and debt instruments are evaluated by the Group based on parameters such as interest rates, specific country risk factors
and individual creditworthiness of the customer.
As of December 31, 2017, the Group has the following outstanding option plans:
The following table illustrates the movements in share options during the year ended December 31, 2017:
As of December 31, 2017 the Company has 1,528,140 options outstanding, all of which are vested, and 545,378 RSUs
outstanding, of which 51,912 are vested and 493,466 are unvested.
The weighted average price for share options exercised under ESOP during the reporting
period was U.S. $13.65 and exercised under RSU plan was nill.
The valuation of all equity-settled options granted are summarized in the table below:
The forfeiture rate used in valuation models granted during the period is 9%. It is based on historical data and current
expectations and is not necessarily indicative of forfeiture patterns that may occur.
The expected volatility reflects the assumption that the historical
volatility over a period similar to the life of the options is indicative of future trends, which may not necessarily be the actual outcome.
The amount of expense arising from equity-settled share-based payment transactions for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 398 (2016 224, 2015
88).