PART I
Company Overview
In this section “Civitas”, “we”, “us”, the “Company” and “our” refer to Civitas Solutions, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K we use the term “must serve” to describe the people we serve. We consider “must-serve individuals” to be those that public policy has recognized a responsibility to support because they are highly vulnerable by virtue of a condition acquired at birth or after birth, or their status as a minor, or as elders, and have special needs and/or disabilities such that they need to be supported or cared for in the daily activities of living.
We are the leading national provider of home- and community-based health and human services to must-serve individuals with intellectual, developmental, physical or behavioral disabilities and other special needs. These populations are large, growing and increasingly being served in home- and community-based settings. Our clinicians and direct support professionals develop customized service plans, delivered in non-institutional settings, designed to address a broad range of often life-long conditions and to enable those we serve to thrive in less restrictive settings. We believe we offer a powerful value proposition to government and non-public payors, referral sources and individuals and families by providing innovative, high-quality and cost-effective services that enable greater independence, skill building and community involvement.
Since our founding in 1980, we have been a pioneer in the movement to provide home- and community-based services for people who would otherwise be institutionalized. During our more than
37-year
history, we have evolved from a single residential program serving at-risk youth to a diversified national network providing an array of high-quality services and care in large, growing and highly-fragmented markets. While we have the capabilities to serve individuals with a wide variety of special needs and disabilities, we currently provide our services to individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (“I/DD”), individuals with catastrophic injuries and illnesses, particularly acquired brain injury (“ABI”), youth with emotional, behavioral and/or medically complex challenges, or at-risk youth (“ARY”) and elders in need of day health services to support their independence, or adult day health (“ADH”). As of
September 30, 2017
, we operated in
36
states, serving more than
11,800
individuals in residential settings and more than
18,600
individuals in non-residential settings. We have a diverse group of hundreds of public payors that fund our services with a combination of federal, state and local funding, as well as an increasing number of non-public payors for our services to individuals with acquired brain injuries or other catastrophic injuries and illnesses.
Our core strength is providing a continuum of residential, day and vocational programs, and periodic services to support diverse populations with disabilities and special needs. We currently offer our services through a variety of models, including (i) neighborhood group homes, most of which are residences for six or fewer individuals, (ii) host homes, or the “Mentor” model, in which a person lives in the private home of a licensed providers, (iii) in-home settings, within which we support an individual's independent living or provide therapeutic services, (iv) specialized community facilities to support individuals with more complex medical, physical and behavioral challenges, and (v) non-residential care, consisting primarily of day and vocational programs and periodic services that are provided outside the individual's home. As of
September 30, 2017
, our services were provided by approximately
22,900
full-time equivalent employees, as well as more than
3,800
independently-contracted host home providers.
The Company
Civitas Solutions, Inc. is the parent and public reporting entity of a consolidated group of subsidiaries that market their services under The MENTOR Network tradename. Prior to October 1, 2015, Civitas Solutions, Inc. was a subsidiary of NMH Investment, LLC (“NMH Investment”), which was formed in connection with the acquisition of our business by affiliates of Vestar Capital Partners (“Vestar”) in 2006. Approximately 52% of the Common Stock of Civitas Solutions, Inc. is owned by Vestar. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol CIVI .
Description of Services by Service Line
We have four service lines, I/DD, Post-Acute Specialty Rehabilitation Services (“SRS”), ARY and ADH. Each service line represents a reportable segment except ADH which is included within Corporate and Other.
We do not derive any revenues from countries outside the United States.
Intellectual and/or developmental disabilities
Our I/DD programs include residential support, day habilitation, vocational services, case management, crisis intervention and hourly support care. We provide services to these individuals through small group homes, Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities (“ICFs-I/DD”), host homes, in-home settings and non-residential settings. We operate approximately
1,400
group homes and
150
ICFs-I/DD. As of
September 30, 2017
, we provided I/DD services to approximately
18,100
individuals in
21
states. In fiscal
2017
, our I/DD services generated net revenue of
$967.0 million
, representing
65.6%
of our net revenue. We receive substantially all our revenue for I/DD services from a diverse group of state and local governmental payors.
Post-Acute Specialty Rehabilitation Services
Our SRS service line delivers health care and community-based health and human services to individuals who have suffered acquired brain injury, spinal injuries and other catastrophic injuries and illnesses.
Within our SRS service line, our NeuroRestorative business unit is focused on rehabilitation and transitional living services and our CareMeridian business unit is focused on the more medically-intensive post-acute care services. Our SRS services range from sub-acute healthcare for individuals with intensive medical needs to day treatment programs, and include: neurorehabilitation; neurobehavioral rehabilitation; specialized nursing; physical, occupational and speech therapies; supported living; outpatient treatment; and pre-vocational services. Our goal is to provide a continuum of care to allow individuals to achieve the highest level of function possible while enhancing their quality of life. We provide these services primarily through specialized community facilities, small group homes, in-home and non-residential settings. As of
September 30, 2017
, our SRS operations provided services in
25
states and served approximately
1,900
individuals nationally. In fiscal
2017
, our SRS services generated net revenue of
$309.5 million
, representing approximately
21.0%
of our net revenue. In fiscal 2017, we received
50%
of our SRS revenue from non-public payors, such as commercial insurers, workers’ compensation funds, managed care and other private payors and
50%
from state, local and federal governmental payors.
At-risk Youth
Our ARY programs include therapeutic foster care, family preservation, adoption services, early intervention, school-based services and juvenile offender programs. Our individualized approach allows us to work with an ever-changing population that is diverse demographically as well as in type and severity of condition. We provide these services through host homes, group homes, educational settings, in their family homes and in other non-residential settings. As of
September 30, 2017
, we provided ARY services to approximately
5,800
children, adolescents and their families in
9
states. In f
isc
al
2017
, our ARY services generated net revenue of
$141.7 million
, representing
9.6%
of our net revenue. We receive substantially all our revenue for ARY services from a diverse group of state and local governmental payors.
Adult Day Health
Our newest service line, ADH, delivers elder services including case management, nursing oversight, medication management, nutrition, daily living assistance, transportation, and therapeutic services. Our adult day health facilities provide outpatient, center-based services to approximately
4,600
adults in a group environment in
3
states. In fiscal
2017
, our ADH services generated net revenue of
$56.2 million
, representing
3.8%
of our net revenue. We receive substantially all our revenue for ADH services from state and local governmental payors.
For additional information on the Company’s service lines, please see note 19 to the consolidated financial statements.
Industry Overview
We provide home- and community-based services to large populations of individuals with intellectual, developmental, physical or behavioral disabilities and other special needs. These populations are must serve due to the nature of their disabilities, which in many cases are life-long and irreversible, or their status as children, adolescents, or elders. Within the broader health and human services market, we currently serve four primary populations:
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I/DD.
Based on reports prepared by Dr. David Braddock, public spending on I/DD services was estimated to be $65.2 billion in 2015, of which approximately 85% was spent to provide services in community settings of six or fewer beds, our target market, and for other non-institutional services, including supported living, supported employment and family assistance. In 2015, there were approximately 5.1 million individuals with an intellectual or developmental disability across the nation. Over the past two decades, the delivery of services to the I/DD population in supervised residential settings has grown significantly and, at the same time, there has been a shift from institutional settings to
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home- and community-based settings. Dr. Braddock is Associate Vice President of the University of Colorado (CU) System and Executive Director of the Coleman Institute for Cognitive Disabilities.
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ABI.
The market for acute care and rehabilitation for individuals with ABI is approximately $10.0 billion annually, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. According to the Brain Injury Association of America (“BIAA”), more than 3.2 million children and adults sustain a brain injury each year, many of which result in complex, life-long medical and/or behavioral issues that require specialized care. Approximately 5.3 million individuals in the United States are living with permanent disability as a result of an ABI. Many of these individuals are currently served in costly and often medically inappropriate care settings such as long-term acute care facilities and nursing homes. We expect that there will be a continuing shift in care delivery to more appropriate community-based settings such as those that we offer.
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ARY.
According to reports published by the organization Child Trends, an estimated $29.1 billion was spent in state fiscal year 2014 on child welfare, including spending for residential and non-residential family support services such as those that we offer. Approximately 4.0 million referrals for abuse or neglect, which involved an estimated 7.2 million children, were investigated or assessed in the United States in federal fiscal year 2015. An estimated 653,000 children and adolescents were served by the foster care system in 2014. According to the Federal Department of Health and Human Services AFCARS data, there were nearly 428,000 children and adolescents in foster care as of September 30, 2015. Of those individuals, approximately 192,000 are living in non-relative foster family homes, which includes the therapeutic foster care market, the primary market for our residential ARY services.
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ADH.
The ADH portion of the elder services market is an estimated $7.1 billion based on an IBISWorld 2016 report. IBISWorld forecasts growth to be at an annualized rate for ADH of 4.9% with revenue for this industry projected to reach $9.0 billion in 2021. We believe that there will be a growing demand for ADH services for several reasons, including that the population of adults 65 years of age and older is a growing demographic. According to the United States Census Bureau, the population of individuals age 65 and older will reach 88.0 million by 2050, more than double the estimated population of 43.1 million in 2012. Moreover, states are increasingly looking for alternatives to more expensive models of home-based, residential and institutional care. The ADH market, like other markets in which we operate, is highly fragmented with opportunities for consolidation.
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Our Business Strategy
We believe the market opportunity for home- and community-based health and human services that increase independence and participation in community life for the individuals we serve while reducing costs will continue to grow. We intend to continue leveraging our strengths to capitalize on this trend, both in existing markets and in new markets where we believe significant opportunities exist. The primary aspects of our strategy include the following:
Pursue Opportunistic Acquisitions.
As a leading provider in our markets with national scale and a proven track record of quality care, we are well positioned as an acquiror of choice for small operators in a highly-fragmented industry. This dynamic leads to a number of attractive acquisition opportunities that can drive returns. We continue to maintain a robust acquisition pipeline and deploy capital in a disciplined and opportunistic manner to pursue acquisitions.
We intend to continue to pursue acquisitions that are consistent with our mission and complement our existing operations. We have invested in a team dedicated to mergers and acquisitions, as well as the infrastructure and formalized processes to enable us to pursue acquisition opportunities and to integrate them into our business.
We monitor the market nationally for businesses that we can acquire at attractive prices and efficiently integrate with our existing operations. From the beginning of fiscal 2013 through September 30, 2017, we have successfully acquired
47
companies, at an aggregate purchase price of approximately
$238.7 million
, including $9.7 million to settle contingent consideration obligations.
Leverage our Core Competencies to Drive the Organic Growth of High-Quality Services.
We expect to capture the embedded growth opportunities resulting from organic growth initiatives and leverage our core competencies to further expand our presence in markets we currently serve and to further expand our geographic footprint in our existing service lines. During our
37-year
history, we have developed and refined a core set of competencies through our experience developing customized service plans for complex cases and supporting our operations with expertise in areas such as quality improvement, risk management, compliance and quality improvement.
Continue to Invest in our New Start Programs.
A key driver of growth has been our new start programs that have historically generated attractive returns on our investments. Our demonstrated ability to quickly launch new start programs positions us well to meet new sources of market demand. New starts, which typically turn profitable within 18-24 months, require modest investments, consisting of operating losses and capital expenditures. Investments in the form of operating losses of approximately $16.3 million in new starts between fiscal 2012 and fiscal 2013 generated net revenues and operating income of approximately
$81.8 million
and
$18.3 million
, respectively, in fiscal
2017
. Investments in the form of operating losses of approximately $11.8 million in new starts between fiscal 2014 and fiscal 2015 generated net revenues and operating income of approximately
$51.8 million
and
$7.6 million
, respectively, in fiscal 2017. We have made a number of recent investments that we believe will continue to drive near term growth as they reach maturity. Our average annual new start investment in fiscal 2015 through fiscal 2017 was approximately $6.2 million. We intend to continue to aggressively pursue new start opportunities with attractive rates of return.
Expand our SRS Platform.
We intend to leverage our scale and leadership position to continue to expand our SRS platform through continued organic growth in new and existing markets, as well as through opportunistic acquisitions. We are the only provider with a national platform dedicated to providing post-acute care for individuals with brain injuries or other catastrophic injuries and illnesses, and thus we believe we are the leader serving this market. We have grown our SRS service line revenue by almost 70 percent since fiscal 2012, achieving a
10.8%
compound annual growth rate in net revenue over that period. Furthermore, our SRS business is funded by a highly attractive payor mix, with approximately
50%
of net revenues in fiscal
2017
derived from commercial insurers and other private entities.
Pursue Opportunities in Adjacent Markets and Complementary Service Lines that Diversify our Service Offerings.
We have a proven track record of developing new service areas, as evidenced by the growth of our SRS segment, and we intend to leverage our core competencies and relationships with state agencies to pursue opportunities in adjacent markets, particularly the $7.1 billion market for ADH, which we entered in 2014 with the acquisition of the Mass Adult Day Health Alliance. Since completing this acquisition, we have opened two additional ADH centers in Massachusetts and acquired five additional companies which include six centers in Massachusetts, ten centers in Maryland and one center in New Jersey. We are continuing to evaluate opportunities to expand this service both organically and through potential acquisitions. In the future, we may explore additional opportunities to leverage our periodic, day and residential service models to support individuals in the broader elder care market as well as other adjacent markets, such as those serving youth with autism and individuals with mental health needs.
Customers and Contracts
Our customers that pay us to provide services to the individuals we support are governmental agencies, non-public payors and not-for-profit organizations. Our I/DD and ARY services, as well as a significant portion of our SRS services, are delivered pursuant to contracts with various governmental agencies, such as state departments of developmental disabilities, juvenile justice, child welfare and the Federal Veterans Health Administration. Such contracts may be issued at the county or state level, depending upon the structure of the service system of the state in question. In addition, approximately 50% of our SRS revenue is derived from contracts with commercial insurers, workers’ compensation carriers and other non-public payors.
In all of our service lines, either the individuals that we support and/or the payors/referral sources (e.g., state agencies) select us as a provider and, although an individual funded by Medicaid has the right to choose an alternative provider at any time, it has been our experience that the individuals we support change providers infrequently. We believe that many of the individuals we support develop close relationships with their direct support professionals and our organization. Although an individual may develop a close relationship with his or her direct support professional, it is our experience that if such direct support professional leaves our employment, the individuals we support rarely elect to switch providers based on such direct support professional's departure. The length of stay varies widely based on individual needs. For instance, in our SRS segment, an individual's care may be focused on rehabilitation, in which case we will provide services for several months, or, if an individual suffered a catastrophic illness or accident, that individual could remain in our care for the duration of their life, which could span years or decades. In our I/DD business, the length of stay is generally years, and often we support individuals for decades. In our ARY business, the length of treatment can vary widely but most often is for several months.
Contracts may cover a range of individuals such as all children referred for host home services in a county or a particular set of individuals who will share group living arrangements. Contracts are sometimes issued for specific individuals, where rates are individually determined based on need. Although our contracts generally have a stated term of one year and
generally may be terminated without cause on 60 days’ notice, the contracts are typically renewed annually if we have complied with licensing, certification, program standards and other regulatory requirements. As a provider of record, we contractually obligate ourselves to adhere to the applicable federal and state regulations regarding the provision of services, the maintenance of records and submission of claims for reimbursement under Medicaid and other government programs. In addition, while we are not obligated to serve each individual that is referred to us, we make every effort to review referrals made and accept individuals who need our services.
During fiscal
2017
, revenue from our contracts with state and local governmental payors in the states of Minnesota, California, Indiana, Massachusetts, and New Jersey, our five largest revenue-generating states, comprised 40% of our net revenue. During fiscal
2016
, revenue from our contracts with state and local governmental payors in the states of Minnesota, California, Indiana, New Jersey and Massachusetts, our five largest revenue-generating states, comprised
41%
of our net revenue. During fiscal 2015, revenue from our contracts with state and local governmental payors in the states of Minnesota, California, West Virginia, Florida and New Jersey, our five largest revenue-generating states, comprised
39%
of our net revenue. Of the
36
states the Company operates in, Minnesota is our largest state and generates revenue from our contracts with state and local governmental payors which accounted for
15%
of our net revenue in fiscal years
2017
,
2016
and
2015
. California, our second largest state, accounted for
10%
of our net revenue in fiscal 2017. No other states accounted for 10% or more of our net revenue during fiscal years 2017, 2016, or 2015.
Training and Supporting our Direct Support Professionals
We provide pre-service and in-service education to all of our direct support professionals and clinical and administrative staff, and we encourage staff to avail themselves of outside training opportunities whenever possible. Employees participate in orientation programs designed to increase their understanding of our mission, philosophy of service, and our Code of Conduct and compliance program. Our employees benefit from our library of training materials and an intranet site that facilitates the identification and exchange of expertise across all of our operations. We work to increase individual job satisfaction and retention of motivated and qualified employees.
We use equally rigorous methods to identify and contract with independent contractor providers (host home providers), whether in an adult host home or foster care environment. In addition to pre-service and in-service orientation to familiarize the host home providers to the specifics of our model and expectations, the contracted host home providers in our ARY business receive a detailed briefing tailored to the individualized needs of the individual or child placed in their home. Prior to any placements being made, we conduct a home study to evaluate the appropriateness of any placement and conduct interviews and criminal background checks on adult members residing in the host home provider household. The services provided by host home providers are evaluated for contractual compliance by our case manager or coordinator according to standards set by licensing and regulatory agencies as well as our own quality standards. While host home providers can provide services independently, they have access to emergency telephone triage and on-site crisis intervention, if necessary. Host home providers also avail themselves of support groups, whether independent or offered at the program office.
Employees and Independent Contractors
As of
September 30, 2017
, we had approximately
22,900
full-time equivalent employees and more than
3,800
independent contractors. Although our employees are generally not unionized, we have one business in New Jersey with
42
employees who are represented by a labor union. We consider our employee relations to be good.
Sales/Business Development and Marketing
We market our services nationally as The MENTOR Network, a national network of local service providers. We operate under several brands across the country, predominantly under the REM and MENTOR brands in our I/DD and ARY service lines and the NeuroRestorative and CareMeridian brands in our SRS service line.
The majority of individuals we serve in the I/DD and ARY service lines come to us through third-party referrals, and frequently our I/DD referrals come through recommendations to family members from state or local agencies. Since our operations depend heavily on these referrals, we seek to ensure that we provide high-quality services in all states in which we operate, allowing us to enhance our name recognition and maintain a positive reputation with state and local agencies.
Relationships with referral sources are cultivated and maintained at the local level by key operations managers and supported by an array of corporate supports including marketing communications, government relations and business development services to promote both new and existing product lines.
Our SRS sales activities are independently organized from those of our I/DD and ARY businesses. We have dedicated, geographically assigned clinical marketing and sales staff cultivating relationships with public and private payors, referral sources and directly with potential participants and their families. These regional teams are also supported by corporate resources as outlined above.
To further distinguish ourselves in each service line, we have established a comprehensive presence at both the national and local level through a robust online presence, including social media. Additionally, through our government relations and business development activities, we believe we have successfully positioned ourselves to anticipate and meet the needs of our public partners.
Competition
I/DD
The I/DD market is highly fragmented, with both not-for-profit and for-profit providers ranging in size from small, local agencies to large, national organizations. We and the other leading national provider account for less than 4% of services by revenue in the I/DD market. Although state and local governments continue to supply a small percentage of services, the majority of services are provided by the private sector. Not-for-profit organizations are also active in all states and range from small agencies serving a limited area with specific programs to multi-state organizations. Many of the not-for-profit companies are affiliated with advocacy groups such as community mental health and religious organizations.
SRS
We compete with local providers, both large and small, including hospitals, post-acute rehabilitation facilities, residential community-based facilities, day treatment centers and outpatient centers specializing in long-term catastrophic care and short-term rehabilitation. This market also includes several large national providers of general inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation services.
ARY
The at-risk youth market is extremely fragmented, with several thousand providers in the United States. Competitors include both not-for-profit and for profit local providers serving one particular geographic area to a single state, and, to a limited extent, multi-state providers.
ADH
The ADH market in the United States is highly fragmented, with approximately 8,300 providers operating 10,400 centers according to IBISWorld. The majority of providers are relatively small companies, and only 33% of these providers have two or more locations. In 2014, the National Center on Health Statistics reported that for-profit providers served approximately 44%, of the nearly 282,000 individuals who received this service.
Regulatory Framework
We must comply with comprehensive government regulation of our business, including federal, state and local statutes, regulations and policies governing the licensing of services, the quality of service, the revenues received for services, and reimbursement for the cost of services. State and federal regulatory agencies have broad discretionary powers over the administration and enforcement of laws and regulations that govern our operations.
The following regulatory considerations are critical to our operations:
Funding.
Federal and state funding for our services is subject to frequent statutory and regulatory changes, contracting and managed care initiatives, level of care assessments, court orders, rate setting and state budgetary considerations, all of which may materially increase or decrease reimbursement for our services. We actively participate in local and national legislative initiatives that seek to impact funding and regulation of our services. We derive revenues for our I/DD and ARY services and a significant portion of our SRS services from Medicaid programs.
Licensure and qualification to deliver service.
We are required to comply with extensive licensing and regulatory requirements applicable to the services we deliver. These include requirements for participation in the Medicaid program, state and local contractual obligations, and requirements relating to individual rights, the credentialing of individual employees and
contract Mentors (including background and Office of Inspector General checks), the quality of care delivered, the physical plant and facilitation of community participation. Compliance with state licensing requirements is a prerequisite for participation in government-sponsored public health care assistance programs, such as Medicaid. To qualify for reimbursement under Medicaid, facilities and programs are subject to various requirements imposed by federal and state authorities. We maintain a licensing database that tracks activity impacting licenses governing the provision of services.
In addition to Medicaid participation requirements, our facilities and services are subject to annual or semi-annual licensing and other regulatory requirements of state and local authorities. These requirements relate to the condition of the facilities, the quality and adequacy of personnel staff and service ratios and the quality of services provided. State licensing and other regulatory requirements vary by jurisdiction and are subject to change and local interpretation.
From time to time we receive notices from regulatory inspectors that, in their opinion, there are deficiencies resulting from a failure to comply with various regulatory requirements. We review such notices and take corrective action as appropriate. In most cases we and the reviewing agency agree upon the steps to be taken to address the deficiency and, from time to time, we or one or more of our subsidiaries may enter into agreements with regulatory agencies requiring us to take certain corrective action in order to maintain our licenses or certification. Serious or repeat deficiencies, or failure to comply with any regulatory agreements, may result in the assessment of fines or penalties, referral holds, payment suspensions and/or decertification or de-licensure actions by various federal or state regulatory agencies.
We deliver services and support under a number of different funding and program provisions. Our most significant sources of funding for our I/DD services are home and community based waiver programs ("HCBS Waiver"), Medicaid programs for which eligibility is based on a set of criteria (typically disability or age) established by the state and approved by the federal government. There is no uniformity among states and/or regulations governing our delivery of waivered services to individuals. Each state where we deliver services operates under a plan submitted by the state to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) which authorizes the state to use Medicaid funds in non-institutional settings using federal financial participation (“FFP”). Typically the state writes state specific regulations governing providers and services provided under the state waiver program. Consequently, there is no uniform method of describing or predicting the content or impact of regulations across states where we deliver HCBS Waiver services. On March 17, 2014, a federal regulation governing HCBS Waiver programs became effective. The rule establishes eligibility requirements for payment for Medicaid home and community-based services provided under the “waiver” program. Under the rule, home- and community-based settings must be integrated in and support full access to the greater community, be selected by the individual from different setting options, ensure individual rights of privacy, and optimize autonomy and independence in making life choices. The rule includes additional requirements for provider-owned or controlled home and community-based residential settings, including that the individual has a lease or other legally enforceable agreement, and standards related to the individual’s privacy, control over schedule and visitors, and physical accessibility of the setting. States have the option to request a variation or delay of compliance with the federal standards for as long as five (5) years from the effective date. Each state has its own implementation scheme and schedule, which presents implementation costs and challenges. Accordingly, the total cost of compliance with the HCBS waiver remains uncertain.
In addition, our ICFs-I/DD are governed by federal regulations, and may also be subject to individual state rules that vary widely in application and content. Federal regulations require that in order to maintain Medicaid certification as an ICF-I/DD, the facility is subject to annual on-site survey (a federal rule and process implemented by state agencies), the results of which provide or deny the certification necessary to bill Medicaid for services in the facility. Failure to successfully pass this inspection and remedy all defects or conditions cited may result in a finding of immediate jeopardy or other serious sanction and, ultimately, may cause a loss of both certification and funding for that particular facility.
Similarly, child foster care and other children’s services are largely governed by individual state regulations which vary both in terms and regulatory content. Failure to comply with any state’s regulations requires remedial action on our part and a failure to adequately remedy the problem may result in provider or contract termination.
All states in which we operate have adopted laws or regulations which generally require that a state agency approve us as a provider, and many require a determination that a need exists prior to the admission of covered individuals or services. Provider licenses are not transferable. Consequently, should we intend to acquire, develop, expand or divest services in any state or to enter a new state, we may be required to undergo a rigorous licensing, transfer and approval process prior to conducting business or completing any transaction.
Similarly, some states have a formal Certificate of Need (“CON”) process, whereby the state health care authority must first determine that a service proposed is needed under the state health plan, prior to any service being licensed or applied for. The CON process varies by state and may be formal in design, encompassing any transfer, organizational change, capital
improvements, divestitures or acquisitions. Formal processes may include public notice, opportunity for affected parties to request a hearing prior to the health care authority approving the project, as well as an opportunity for the state authority to deny the project. Other states have a less formal process for CON application and approval and may be limited to new or institutional projects. Very few states require CON approval for waivered services. Failure to comply with a state CON process may result in a prohibition on Medicaid billing and may subject the provider to fines, penalties, other civil sanctions or criminal penalties for the operators or owners of an unapproved health service.
Other regulatory matters.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or “HIPAA,” as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH Act”), set national standards for the protection of health information created, maintained or transmitted by health providers. Under the law and regulations known collectively as the privacy and security rules, covered entities must implement standards to protect and guard against the misuse of individually identifiable health information, report breaches and undertake notification and remedial steps consistent with regulation.
Federal regulations issued pursuant to HIPAA and the HITECH ACT contain, among other measures, provisions that require organizations to implement significant and expensive computer systems, employee training programs and business procedures. Rules have been established to protect the integrity, security and distribution of electronic health and related financial information. Many states have also implemented extensive data privacy and security laws and regulations. Failure to timely implement or comply with HIPAA or other data privacy and security regulations may, under certain circumstances, trigger the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.
The federal False Claims Act imposes civil liability on individuals and entities that submit or cause to be submitted false or fraudulent claims for payment to the government. Violations of the False Claims Act may include treble damages and penalties of up to $11,000 per false or fraudulent claim. Similarly, retention of any overpayments may be regarded by the government as a false claim.
In addition to actions being brought by government officials under the False Claims Act, this statute and analogous state laws also allow a private individual with direct knowledge of fraud to bring a “whistleblower” claim on behalf of the government for violations. The whistleblower receives a statutory amount of up to 30% of the recovered amount from the government’s litigation proceeds if the litigation is successful or if the case is successfully settled. Recently, the number of whistleblower suits brought against healthcare providers has increased dramatically, and has included suits based (among other things) upon alleged violations of the Federal Anti-Kickback Law.
The Anti-Kickback Law prohibits kickbacks, rebates and any other forms of remuneration in return for referrals. Any remuneration, direct or indirect, offered, paid, solicited or received, in return for referrals of patients or business for which payment may be made in whole or in part under Medicaid, could be considered a violation of law. The language of the Anti-Kickback law also prohibits payments made to anyone to induce them to recommend purchasing, leasing, or ordering any goods, facility, service or item for which payment may be made in whole or in part by Medicaid. Criminal penalties under the Anti-Kickback Law include fines up to $25,000, imprisonment for up to 5 years, or both. In addition, acts constituting a violation of the Anti-Kickback Law may also lead to civil penalties, such as fines, assessments and exclusion from participation in the Medicaid program.
Additionally we must comply with local zoning and licensing ordinances and requirements. The Federal Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 protects the interests of the individuals we serve, prohibits local discriminatory ordinance practices and provides additional opportunities and accommodations for people with disabilities to live in their community of choice.
Federal regulations promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) require us to have safety plans for blood borne pathogens and other work place risks. At any point in time OSHA investigators may receive a complaint which requires on-site inspection and/or audit, the outcome of which may adversely affect our operations.
Periodically, new statutes and regulations are written and adopted that directly affect our business. It is often difficult to predict the impact a new regulation will have on our operations until we have taken steps to implement its requirements. For example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 provided a mandate for more vigorous and widespread enforcement and directed state Medicaid agencies to establish Recovery Audit Contractor (“RAC”) programs. RACs are private entities which will perform audits on a contingency fee basis, giving them an incentive to identify discrepancies in payments, from which they may be permitted to extrapolate disproportionately large penalties and fines. States were required to be in compliance by January 1, 2012 unless granted an extension. We have experienced only modest RAC auditing activity to date; however this remains a fairly new federal initiative and the ultimate impact remains unclear. Only the passage of time and our
experience with enforcement and compliance will permit our assessment of the exact impact the new statute and regulations have on our business.
Similarly the HIPAA and HITECH Regulations increased both the scope of liability and obligations of business associates with whom such covered entities contract for services, as well as increase disclosure obligations of providers in the event of a breach. The Federal enforcement agency has expressed an intent to increase investigations and potential penalties for noncompliance in part due to these new standards.
Managed care initiatives have recently been undertaken in certain states, notably in Iowa and Wisconsin, and those initiatives have impacted our business by modifying the types of services eligible for payment, the qualifications required for payment and the rates that are paid for those services. Managed care organizations ("MCOs") undertake frequent rate changes some of which are difficult to predict and the impact of those changes may reduce our revenue and ability to bill for services. In addition, as MCOs merge with others or leave the marketplace we may experience higher unpaid receivables as we enter into new contracts with the MCO's successor. Similarly, some states are pursuing waivers for dual-eligible populations (that is, persons eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid), and our ability to participate in such waivered services in some markets may depend on our ability to become a Medicare provider.
We participate in Medicare in a very select number of areas of the country, as well as in managed care projects that allocate funds for recipients who are dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare has a unique and different set of regulations, funding mechanisms and audit and compliance risks compared to Medicaid. In recent years, states have begun working toward maximizing Medicare funding for services for dual eligible populations due to the fiscal incentive to lower state contributions and shift the cost of service to Medicare. In some state markets “equalization” of rates is required, thereby mandating that the rates we charge to private payors may not exceed rates established and paid by Medicaid and/or Medicare. Public policy initiatives and cost-containment initiatives in the Medicare program may continue and may affect our operating margins where we participate in Medicare.
Conviction of abusive or fraudulent behavior with respect to one facility or program may subject other facilities and programs under common control or ownership to disqualification from participation in the Medicaid program. Executive Order 12549 prohibits any corporation or facility from participating in federal contracts if it or its principals (included but not limited to officers, directors, owners and key employees) have been debarred, suspended or declared ineligible or have been voluntarily excluded from participating in federal contracts. In addition, some state regulators provide that all facilities licensed with a state under common ownership or control are subject to delicensure if any one or more of such facilities are delicensed.
We must also comply with the standards set forth by the Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) governing internal compliance and external reporting requirements. We regularly review and monitor OIG advisory opinions, although they are limited in their application to community-based Medicaid providers. Significant legislative, media and public attention has recently focused on health care. Because the law in this area is complex and continuously evolving, ongoing or future governmental investigations or litigation may result in interpretations that are inconsistent with our current practices. It is possible that outside entities could initiate investigations or future litigation impacting our services and that such matters could result in penalties and adverse publicity. It is also possible that our executive and other management personnel could be included in these investigations and litigation or be named defendants.
We are also subject to a large number of employment related laws and regulations, including laws regarding discrimination, wrongful discharge, retaliation, and federal and state wage and hours laws.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, and the rules and regulations thereunder (together, the “Affordable Care Act”) were signed into law in March 2010 and represent significant changes to the U.S. healthcare system. The legislation imposes requirements and restrictions, including, but not limited to, guaranteed coverage requirements, prohibitions on some annual and all lifetime limits on amounts paid on behalf of or to our employees, increased restrictions on rescinding coverage, establishment of minimum medical loss ratio requirements, the establishment of state insurance exchanges and essential benefit packages, and greater limitations on product pricing. Uncertainty and speculation regarding the possible repeal of all or a portion of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has continued since the election of the President of the United States.
A material violation of a law or regulation could subject us to fines and penalties and in some circumstances could disqualify some or all of the facilities and programs under our control from future participation in Medicaid or other government programs. Failure to comply with laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business.
A Compliance Officer (vice president level position) oversees our compliance program and reports to our Chief Legal Officer, a management compliance committee, the board’s quality and risk management committee and the board’s audit committee, as applicable. The program activities are reported regularly to the management compliance committee which includes the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Quality Officer, as well as HR, legal and other quality improvement leaders. In addition, the program activities are periodically reported at the board level.
Seasonality
In general, our financial performance is not significantly impacted by fluctuations from seasonality.
Our business faces a number of risks. The risks described below are items of most concern to us, however these are not all of the risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial may also impact our business operations.
Reductions or changes in Medicaid funding or changes in budgetary priorities by the federal, state and local governments that pay for our services could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and profitability.
We currently derive approximately
89%
of our revenue from contracts with state and local governments. These governmental payors fund a significant portion of their payments to us through Medicaid, a joint federal and state health insurance program through which state expenditures are matched by federal funds typically ranging from 50% to approximately 75% of total costs, a number based largely on a state’s per capita income. Our revenue, therefore, is largely determined by the level of federal, state and local governmental spending for the services we provide.
Recent efforts at the federal level to reduce the federal budget deficit, repeal and/or replace the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and/or restructure the Medicaid program pose risk for significant reductions in federal Medicaid matching funds to state governments. Such efforts could include proposals to provide states with more flexibility to determine Medicaid benefits, eligibility or provider payments through the use of block grants, per capita caps or streamlined waiver approvals, as well as those that would reduce the amount of federal Medicaid matching funding available to states by curtailing the use of provider taxes or by adjusting the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP). Furthermore, any new Medicaid-funded benefits and requirements established by Congress, particularly those included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, and the rules and regulations thereunder, that mandate certain uses for Medicaid funds could have the effect of diverting those funds from the services we provide.
Budgetary pressures, a decline in tax revenue, as well as other economic, industry, and political factors, could cause state governments to limit spending, which could significantly reduce our revenue, referrals, margins and profitability, and adversely affect our growth strategy. Governmental agencies generally condition their contracts with us upon a sufficient budgetary appropriation. If a government agency does not receive an appropriation sufficient to cover its contractual obligations with us, it may terminate a contract or defer or reduce our reimbursement. There is also risk that previously appropriated funds could be reduced through subsequent legislation. In the past, certain states in which we operate, including Minnesota, California, Florida, Indiana, Arizona, and West Virginia implemented rate reductions, rate freezes and service reductions in response to state budgetary deficits. Delays in payment caused by a decline in tax revenue could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, liquidity and financial condition. In the event that our payors or other counterparties are financially unstable or delay payments to us, our financial condition could be impaired. Similarly, programmatic changes such as conversions to managed care with related contract demands regarding billing and services, unbundling of services, governmental efforts to increase consumer autonomy and reduce provider oversight, coverage and other changes under state Medicaid plans, may cause unanticipated costs and risks to our service delivery. The loss or reduction of or changes to reimbursement under our contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Our variable cost structure is directly related to our labor costs, which may be adversely affected by labor shortages, a deterioration in labor relations, increased unionization activities or mandated wage increases.
Our variable cost structure and operating profitability are directly related to our labor costs. Labor costs may be adversely affected by a variety of factors, including employee turnover, a limited supply of qualified personnel in any geographic area, local competitive forces, ineffective utilization of our labor force, increases in minimum wages or the need to increase wages to remain competitive, health care costs and other personnel costs, and adverse changes in our service models.
We typically cannot recover our increased labor costs from payors and must absorb them ourselves. We have incurred higher labor costs in certain markets from time to time because of difficulty in hiring qualified direct support professionals. These higher labor costs have resulted from increased wages and overtime and the costs associated with recruitment and retention, training programs and use of temporary staffing personnel. In part to help with the challenge of recruiting and retaining direct support professionals, we offer these employees a benefits package that includes paid time off, health insurance, dental insurance, vision coverage, life insurance and a 401(k) plan, and these costs can be significant.
Although our employees are generally not unionized, we acquired one business in New Jersey in 2010 that currently has approximately
42
employees who are represented by a labor union. From time to time, we experience attempts to unionize certain of our non-union employees. In 2015, the National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”) issued a final rule that significantly reduces the maximum number of days to hold a union election. This reduction in the open election period may limit the Company’s ability to adequately inform employees regarding the risks associated with unionization. Future unionization activities could result in an increase of our labor and other costs. If any employees covered by a collective bargaining agreement were to engage in a strike, work stoppage or other slowdown, we could experience a disruption of our operations and/or higher ongoing labor costs, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We expect increases in payroll expenses as a result of recent state and federal policy initiatives to increase the minimum wage. Although such increases are not expected to be material, we cannot assure you that there will not be material increases in the future.
Our business subjects us to substantial claims, litigation and governmental proceedings.
We are in the health and human services business and, therefore, we have been and continue to be subject to substantial claims alleging that we, our employees or our Mentors failed to provide proper care for an individual we support. We are also subject to claims by the individuals we support, our employees, our Mentors or community members against us for negligence and intentional misconduct, or violation of applicable laws. Included in our recent claims are claims alleging personal injury, assault, abuse, wrongful death, violations of wage and hour laws and other charges. For more information, see “Item 3, Legal Proceedings”.
We are subject to United States federal, state and local employment laws that expose us to potential liability if we are determined to have violated such employment laws. Failure to comply with federal and state labor laws pertaining to minimum wage, overtime pay, meal and rest breaks, unemployment tax rates, workers’ compensation rates, citizenship or residency requirements, and other employment-related matters may have a material adverse effect on our business or operations. In addition, employee claims based on, among other things, discrimination, harassment or wrongful termination may divert financial and management resources and adversely affect operations. We are further subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act (which governs such matters as minimum wages, overtime and other working conditions) as well as state and local wage and hour laws.
There are currently three pending complaints in California state court that allege certain wage and hour violations of California laws and seek to be designated as class-actions. One additional wage and hour class action brought in California has been settled and preliminarily approved by the court. The Company's policy is to accrue for all probable and estimable claims using information available at the time the financial statements are issued. Actual claims could settle in the future at materially different amounts due to the nature of litigation.
A litigation award excluded by, or in excess of, our third-party insurance limits and self-insurance reserves could have a material adverse impact on our operations and cash flow and could adversely impact our ability to continue to purchase appropriate liability insurance. Even if we are successful in our defense, lawsuits or regulatory proceedings could also irreparably damage our reputation.
Regulatory agencies may initiate administrative proceedings alleging that our programs, employees or agents violate statutes and regulations and seek to impose monetary penalties on us or ask for recoupment of amounts paid. We could be required to incur significant costs to respond to regulatory investigations or defend against lawsuits and, if we do not prevail, we could be required to pay substantial amounts of money in damages, settlement amounts or penalties arising from these legal proceedings.
Reductions in reimbursement rates, a failure to obtain increases in reimbursement rates or subsequent negative audit adjustments could adversely affect our revenue, cash flows and profitability.
Our revenue and operating profitability depend on our ability to maintain our existing reimbursement levels and to obtain periodic increases in reimbursement rates to meet higher costs and demand for more services. Approximately
7.6%
of our revenue is derived from contracts based on a retrospective cost reimbursement model, whereby we are required to maintain a certain cost structure in order to realize the specified rate. For such programs, if our costs are less than the required amount, we are required to return a portion of the revenue to the payor. Some of our programs are also subject to prospective rate adjustments based on current spending levels. For such programs, we could experience reduced rates in the future if our current spending is not sufficient. If we are not entitled to, do not receive or cannot negotiate increases in reimbursement rates, or are forced to accept a reduction in our reimbursement rates at approximately the same time as our costs of providing services increase, including labor costs and rent, our margins and profitability could be adversely affected.
Changes in how federal and state government agencies operate reimbursement programs can also affect our operating results and financial condition. Some states have, from time to time, revised their rate-setting methodologies in a manner that has resulted in rate decreases. In some instances, changes in rate-setting methodologies have resulted in third-party payors disallowing, in whole or in part, our requests for reimbursement. Any reduction in or the failure to maintain or increase our reimbursement rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Changes in the manner in which state agencies interpret program policies and procedures or review and audit billings and costs could also adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
As a result of cost reporting, we have from time to time experienced audit adjustments which are based on subjective judgments of reasonableness, necessity or allocation of costs in our services provided to individuals that we support. These adjustments are generally required to be negotiated as part of the overall audit resolution and may result in paybacks to payors and adjustments of our rates. We cannot assure you that our rates will be maintained or that we will be able to keep all payments made to us, until an audit of the relevant period is complete.
Our information systems are critical to our business and a failure of those systems, or a failure to upgrade them when required, could materially harm us.
We depend on our ability to store, retrieve, process and manage a significant amount of information, and to provide our operations with efficient and effective accounting, census, incident reporting and other quality assurance systems. Our information systems require maintenance and upgrading to meet our needs, which could significantly increase our administrative expenses.
Any system failure that causes an interruption in service or availability of our critical systems could adversely affect operations or delay the collection of revenues. Even though we have implemented network security measures, our servers are vulnerable to computer viruses, hacking and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering. The occurrence of any of these events could result in interruptions, delays, the loss or corruption of data, or cessations in the availability of systems, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations and harm our business reputation. Furthermore, a loss of health care information could result in potential penalties in certain of our businesses if we fail to comply with privacy and security standards in violation of HIPAA, as amended by the HITECH Act.
The performance of our information technology and systems is critical to our business operations. Our information systems are essential to a number of critical areas of our operations, including:
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accounting and financial reporting;
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billing and collecting accounts;
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clinical systems, including census and incident reporting;
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records and document storage; and
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monitoring quality of care and collecting data on quality and compliance measures.
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In addition, as we continue to upgrade our systems, we run the risk of ongoing disruptions while we transition from legacy, and often paper-based, systems. Disruptions in our systems could result in delays and difficulties in billing, which could negatively affect our results from operations and cash flows. We may choose systems that ultimately fail to meet our needs, or that cost more to implement and maintain than we had anticipated. Such systems may become obsolete sooner than expected, our payors may require us to invest in other systems, and state and/or federal regulations may impose electronic records
standards that we cannot easily address from our existing platform. If we fail to upgrade successfully and cost-effectively, or if we are forced to invest in new or incompatible technology, our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations may suffer.
We have high turnover among our direct service professionals, particularly in the first year of employment, substantial competition in attracting and retaining experienced personnel, and we may be unable to maintain or grow our business if we cannot attract and retain qualified employees.
Our success depends to a significant degree on our ability to attract and retain qualified and experienced human service and other professionals, who possess the skills and experience necessary to deliver quality services to the individuals we support and manage our operations. We face significant competition for certain categories of our employees, particularly direct service professionals and managers. Contractual requirements and service needs determine the number, as well as the education and experience levels, of health and human service professionals we hire. We have high turnover among our direct service professionals, particularly in their first year of employment. Also, due to the nature of the services we provide, our working conditions require additional sensitivities and skills relative to traditional medical care environments. Our ability to attract and retain employees with the requisite credentials, experience and skills depends on several factors, including, but not limited to, our ability to offer competitive wages, benefits, working conditions and professional growth opportunities. The inability to attract and retain experienced personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Negative publicity or changes in public perception of our services may adversely affect our ability to obtain new contracts and renew existing ones or obtain third-party referrals.
Our success in obtaining new contracts and renewals of our existing contracts depends upon maintaining our reputation as a quality service provider among governmental authorities, advocacy groups, families of individuals we serve, our individuals we serve and the public. Negative publicity, changes in public perception, quality lapses, legal proceedings and government investigations with respect to our operations could damage our reputation and hinder our ability to retain contracts and obtain new contracts, and could reduce referrals, increase government scrutiny and compliance or litigation costs, or generally discourage individuals from choosing us as a provider. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Our reputation and prior experience with agency staff, direct support professionals and others in positions to make referrals to us are important for building and maintaining our operations. Any event that harms our reputation or creates negative experiences with such third parties could impact our ability to receive referrals and maintain or grow our base of individuals we serve.
On April 24, 2015, the United States Senate Finance Committee (the “SFC”) sent a letter to the governor of every state requesting information regarding the state’s administration of its foster care system and, in particular, the role of privatized foster care involving both not-for-profit and for-profit agencies. On June 17, 2015, the SFC sent a letter to us requesting extensive information regarding our foster care services. Following the June 17, 2015 letter, we received additional requests for further information regarding our foster care services from the SFC. We cooperated with the SFC’s requests for information. In October 2017, the SFC issued a report. While our organization was a focus of the report, there was no recommendation to take any action against us. The report could engender further negative publicity and other negative actions that may harm us.
Our financial results could be adversely affected if claims against us are successful, to the extent we must make payments under our self-insured retentions, if claims are not covered by our applicable insurance or if the costs of our insurance coverage increase.
We have been and continue to be subject to substantial claims against our professional and general liability and automobile liability insurance. In addition, we have been and continue to be subject to substantial wage and hour claims. Professional and general liability claims, if successful, could result in substantial damage awards which might require us to make significant payments under our self-insured retentions and increase future insurance costs. Commencing October 1, 2015, we have been self-insured for $3.0 million per claim and $28.0 million in the aggregate. We may be subject to increased self-insurance retention limits in the future which could have a negative impact on our results. An award may exceed the limits of any applicable insurance coverage, and awards for punitive damages may be excluded from our insurance policies either contractually or by operation of state law. In addition, our insurance does not cover all potential liabilities including, for example, those arising from employment practice claims, wage and hour violations, and governmental fines and penalties. As a result, we may become responsible for substantial damage awards that are uninsured.
Insurance against professional and general liability and automobile liability can be expensive and our insurance premiums may increase in the future. Insurance rates vary from state to state, by type and by other factors. It is also possible that our liability and other insurance coverage will not continue to be available at acceptable costs or on favorable terms. Rising
costs of insurance premiums, and successful claims against us or the unavailability of insurance, could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.
If payments for claims exceed actuarially determined estimates, if claims are not covered by insurance, or if our insurers fail to meet their obligations, our results of operations and financial position could be adversely affected.
The nature of services that we provide could subject us to significant workers’ compensation related liability, some of which may not be fully reserved for.
We use a combination of insurance and self-insurance plans to provide for potential liability for workers’ compensation claims. Because we have so many employees, and because of the inherent physical risk associated with the interaction of employees with the individuals we support, many of whom have intensive care needs, the potential for incidents giving rise to workers’ compensation liability is high.
We estimate liabilities associated with workers’ compensation risk and establish reserves each quarter based on internal valuations, third-party actuarial advice, historical loss development factors and other assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. In prior years, our results of operations have been adversely impacted by higher than anticipated claims, and they may be adversely impacted in the future if actual occurrences and claims exceed our assumptions and historical trends.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act materially reduced the flexibility we had in maintaining our healthcare costs and may make it harder for us to compete as an employer.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act imposed new mandates on employers and individuals. Since January 2014, we offer employees health coverage that meets the requirements of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Uncertainty and speculation regarding the possible repeal of all or a portion of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has continued since the Presidential election in 2016. Depending upon claims experience or enrollment changes in our new plans, or changes to the existing law, our cost for employee health insurance could materially increase. Moreover, if the coverage we are offering isn’t competitive with the health insurance benefits our employees could receive at other employers, we may become less attractive as an employer and it may become more difficult for us to compete for qualified employees.
We have a history of losses, and we might not be profitable in the future.
Due in large part to our high levels of indebtedness, we have had a history of losses. For the year ended September 30, 2014, we generated net loss of $22.8 million. Although we generated net income of
$6.3 million
,
$9.2 million
, and
$3.1 million
for the years ended
September 30, 2017
, 2016, and 2015, respectively, and have decreased our interest obligations by repaying all of our senior notes and refinancing our senior secured credit facilities, we could report losses in the future. Other factors may cause us to report losses in the future, including reductions in funding for our services, reductions in reimbursement rates, increases in our costs, increased competition and other factors described elsewhere under this “Item 1A, Risk Factors”.
Economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, liquidity and financial condition.
Our government payors rely on tax revenue to pay for our services. In the wake of the last economic recession that began in 2008, most states faced unprecedented declines in tax revenues and, as a result, record budget gaps. Furthermore, even after eight years of economic improvement, state tax revenue is on average only slightly above prerecession levels, after adjusting for inflation, and only 25 states' revenues have surpassed prerecession levels in inflation adjusted terms. If the economy were to contract into a recession again, our government payors or other counterparties that owe us money could be delayed in obtaining, or may not be able to obtain, necessary funding and/or financing to meet their cash flow needs. If the credit rating of the federal government is downgraded, it is possible there will be related downgrades of state credit ratings as well. If this or unrelated state downgrades occur, it could be more expensive for states to finance their cash flow needs and put additional pressure on state budgets. Delays in payment could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, liquidity and financial condition. In the event that our payors or other counterparties are financially unstable or delay payments to us, our financial condition could be impaired.
State and local government payors with which we have contracts have complicated billing and collection rules and regulations, and if we fail to meet such requirements, our business could be materially impacted.
We derive approximately
89%
of our revenue from contracts with state and local government agencies, and a substantial portion of this revenue is state-funded with federal Medicaid matching dollars. In billing for our services to third-party payors, we must follow complex documentation, coding and billing rules and there can be delays before we receive payment. These rules are based on federal and state laws, rules and regulations, various government pronouncements, and on industry practice. If we fail to comply with federal and state documentation, coding and billing rules, we could be subject to criminal and/or civil penalties, loss of licenses and exclusion from the Medicaid programs, which could materially adversely affect us. Specifically, failure to follow these rules could result in potential criminal or civil liability under the False Claims Act and various federal and state criminal healthcare fraud statutes, under which extensive financial penalties and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs can be imposed.
Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting or causing to be presented a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making or causing to be made a false statement to get a false claim paid. Penalties for a False Claims Act violation include three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus mandatory civil penalties of between $5,500 and $11,000 for each separate false claim, the potential for exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs and criminal liability. The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal false claims laws, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. See “—We are subject to extensive governmental regulations, which require significant compliance expenditures, and a failure to comply with these regulations could adversely affect our business.”
We annually submit a large volume of claims for Medicaid and other payments, and there can be no assurance that there have not been errors. The rules are frequently vague and confusing, our systems are often manual, and we cannot assure that governmental investigators, private insurers, private whistleblowers or Medicaid auditors will not challenge our practices. Such a challenge could result in a material adverse effect on our business.
We are routinely subject to governmental reviews, audits and investigations to verify our compliance with applicable laws and regulations. As a result of these reviews, audits and investigations, these governmental payors may be entitled to, at their discretion:
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require us to refund amounts we have previously been paid;
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terminate or modify our existing contracts;
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suspend or prevent us from receiving new contracts or extending existing contracts;
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impose referral holds on us;
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impose fines, penalties or other sanctions on us; and
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reduce the amount we are paid under our existing contracts.
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As a result of past reviews and audits of our operations, we have been and are subject to some of these actions from time to time. While we do not currently believe that our existing governmental reviews and audit proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or significantly harm our reputation, we cannot assure you that such actions or similar actions in the future will not do so. In addition, such proceedings could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations in a future reporting period. Moreover, if we are required to restructure our billing and collection methods, these changes could be disruptive to our operations and costly to implement.
Complicated billing and collection procedures can result in delays in collecting payment for our services, which may adversely affect our liquidity, cash flows and operating results.
The reimbursement process is time consuming and complex, and there can be delays before we receive payment. Government reimbursement, facility credentialing, Medicaid recipient eligibility and service authorization procedures are often complicated and burdensome, and delays can result from, among other things, securing documentation and coordinating necessary eligibility paperwork between agencies. Similar issues arise in seeking payment from some of our private payors. These reimbursement and procedural issues occasionally cause us to have to resubmit claims several times and manage other administrative requests before payment is remitted. Missed filing deadlines can cause rejections of claims. If there is a billing error, the process to resolve the error may be time-consuming and costly. To the extent that complexity associated with billing
for our services causes delays in our cash collections, we assume the financial risk of increased carrying costs associated with the aging of our accounts receivable as well as increased potential for write-offs. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to collect payment for claims at our current levels in future periods. The risks associated with third-party payors and the inability to monitor and manage accounts receivable successfully could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, cash flows and operating results.
Failure to comply with requirements to design, implement and maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm must report on its evaluation of our internal controls over financial reporting. If we are unable to remedy past deficiencies, or if we identify additional deficiencies in the future, we may be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective or obtain an unqualified opinion from our independent registered public accounting firm.
Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our liquidity and ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, and it could limit our ability to invest in our growth initiatives or react to changes in the economy or our industry.
We have a significant amount of indebtedness and substantial leverage. As of
September 30, 2017
, we had total indebtedness, excluding capital lease obligations, of
$632.5 million
and an ability to borrow up to an additional
$117.1 million
under our revolving credit facility. Borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities bear interest at rates that fluctuate with changes in certain short-term prevailing interest rates. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on any portion of our variable rate indebtedness that we have not hedged would increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same. We expect to continue to make new investments in our growth that may reduce liquidity, and we may need to increase our indebtedness in the future.
Our substantial degree of leverage could have important consequences, including the following:
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it may curtail our acquisitions program and may limit our ability to invest in our infrastructure and in growth opportunities;
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it may diminish our ability to obtain additional debt or equity financing for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service requirements and general corporate or other purposes;
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the debt service requirements of our indebtedness could make it more difficult for us to satisfy our indebtedness and contractual and commercial commitments;
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a significant portion of our cash flows from operations will be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness and will not be available for other purposes, including our operations, future business opportunities and acquisitions and capital expenditures;
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interest rates on any portion of our variable interest rate borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities that we have not hedged may increase;
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it may limit our ability to adjust to changing market conditions and place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt and a lower degree of leverage; and
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we may be vulnerable if the country falls into another recession, or if there is a downturn in our business, or we may be unable to carry out activities that are important to our growth.
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Subject to restrictions in the senior credit agreement, we may be able to incur more debt in the future, which may intensify the risks described in this risk factor. All of the borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities are secured by substantially all of the assets of the National Mentor Holdings, Inc. (“NMHI”) and its subsidiaries.
In addition to our significant amount of indebtedness, we have significant rental obligations under our operating leases for our group homes, other service facilities and administrative offices. For the fiscal year ended
September 30, 2017
our aggregate rental expense for these leases was
$73.5 million
. We expect this number will increase during fiscal
2018
as a result of new leases entered into pursuant to acquisitions and new program starts. Our ongoing rental obligations could exacerbate the risks described above.
Our ability to generate sufficient cash flow to fund our debt service, rental payments and other obligations depends on many factors beyond our control. In addition, possible acquisitions or investments in organic growth and other strategic initiatives could require additional debt financing. If our future cash flows do not meet our expectations and we are unable to service our debt, or if we are unable to obtain additional debt financing, we may be forced to take actions such as revising or delaying our strategic plans, reducing or delaying acquisitions, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing our debt, or seeking additional equity capital. We may be unable to effect any of these transactions on satisfactory terms, or at all. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt service obligations, or to obtain additional financing on satisfactory terms, or at all, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
If we fail to establish and maintain relationships with government agencies, we may not be able to successfully procure or retain government-sponsored contracts, which could negatively impact our revenue.
To facilitate our ability to procure or retain government-sponsored contracts, we rely in part on establishing and maintaining relationships with officials of various government agencies, primarily at the state and local level but also including federal agencies. These relationships enable us to maintain and renew existing contracts and obtain new contracts and referrals. The effectiveness of our relationships may be reduced or eliminated with changes in the personnel holding various government offices or staff positions. We also may lose key personnel who have these relationships, and such personnel may not be subject to non-compete or non-solicitation covenants. Any failure to establish, maintain or manage relationships with government and agency personnel may hinder our ability to procure or retain government-sponsored contracts, and could negatively impact our revenue.
A loss of our status as a licensed service provider in any jurisdiction could result in the termination of existing services and our inability to market our services in that jurisdiction.
We operate in numerous jurisdictions and are required to maintain licenses and certifications in order to conduct our operations in each of them. Each state and local government has its own regulations, which can be complicated. Additionally, each of our service lines can be regulated differently within a particular jurisdiction. As a result, maintaining the necessary licenses and certifications to conduct our operations is cumbersome. Our licenses and certifications could be suspended, revoked or terminated for a number of reasons, including the:
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failure by our direct care staff or host-home providers to properly care for individuals;
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failure to submit proper documentation to the applicable government agency, including documentation supporting reimbursements for costs;
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failure by our programs to abide by the applicable laws and regulations relating to the provision of health and human services; and the
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failure of our facilities to comply with the applicable building, health and safety codes and ordinances.
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From time to time, some of our licenses or certifications, or those of our employees, are temporarily placed on probationary status or suspended. If we lost our status as a licensed provider of health and human services in any jurisdiction or any other required certification, we would be unable to market our services in that jurisdiction, and the contracts under which we provide services in that jurisdiction would be subject to termination. This includes the possibility of loss or suspension of licenses for an entire state. For instance, in Minnesota a loss or suspension of our license in a particular county may result in the loss or suspension of any license held by one of our affiliates in the state which could preclude us from providing services throughout the entire state. In addition, in providing services in certain jurisdictions, we subcontract to another provider. In those situations, the other provider may hold the license or certification. However, if the other provider’s license or certification were revoked or suspended, we may no longer be permitted to provide services in that jurisdiction. Loss of a license as a direct provider or subcontractor of another provider of health and human services could constitute a violation of provisions of contracts in other jurisdictions, resulting in other contract, license or certification terminations. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance and operations.
We conduct a significant percentage of our operations in Minnesota and, as a result, we are particularly susceptible to any reduction in budget appropriations for our services or any other adverse developments in that state.
For each of the fiscal years ended
September 30, 2017
,
2016
, and 2015, approximately
15%
of our net revenue was derived from contracts with government agencies in the State of Minnesota. Additionally, during fiscal 2017 we acquired Habilitative Services, Inc. which is located in Minnesota and is expected to increase the amount of revenue we derive from contracts wtih government agencies in the state of Minnesota. Accordingly, any reduction in Minnesota’s budgetary appropriations for our services, whether as a result of fiscal constraints due to recession, changes in policy or otherwise, could
result in a reduction in our revenues and possibly the loss of contracts. We cannot assure you that there will be no rate reductions this year or in the future in Minnesota. The concentration of our operations in Minnesota also makes us particularly susceptible to many of the other risks described above occurring in this state, including:
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the failure to maintain and renew our licenses;
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the failure to maintain important relationships with officials of government agencies; and
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any negative publicity regarding our operations.
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Any of these adverse developments occurring in Minnesota could result in a reduction in revenue or a loss of contracts, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
We have increased and will continue to make substantial expenditures to expand existing services, win new business and grow revenue, but we may not realize the anticipated benefits of such increased expenditures.
In order to grow our business, we must capitalize on opportunities to expand existing services and win new business, some of which require spending in advance of revenue. For example, states such as Ohio, California and New Jersey are in the process of transitioning individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities from state-run institutions and other large institutional settings into community-based settings such as ours. Responding to opportunities such as these typically requires significant investment of our resources in advance of revenue.
We spend a significant amount on growth initiatives, especially new starts. These investments have had a negative effect on our operating margin, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of the spending as soon as we expect to or at any point in the future. If we target the wrong areas, or fail to identify the evolving needs of our payors by responding with service offerings that meet their fiscal and programmatic requirements, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of our investments and the results of our operations may suffer.
We may not realize the anticipated benefits of any future acquisitions, and we may experience difficulties in integrating these acquisitions.
As part of our growth strategy, we intend to make acquisitions. Growing our business through acquisitions involves risks because with any acquisition there is the possibility that:
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the business we acquire may not continue to generate income at the same historical levels on which we based our acquisition decision;
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we may be unable to maintain and renew the contracts of the acquired business;
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unforeseen difficulties may arise in integrating the acquired operations, including employment practices, information systems and accounting controls;
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we may not achieve operating efficiencies, synergies, economies of scale and cost reductions as expected;
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we may be required to pay higher purchase prices for acquisitions than we have paid historically;
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the goodwill and intangible assets we acquire may not be recoverable, resulting in an impairment charge that would negatively affect our financial results;
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management may be distracted from overseeing existing operations by the need to integrate the acquired business;
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we may acquire or assume unexpected liabilities or there may be other unanticipated costs;
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we may encounter unanticipated regulatory risk;
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we may experience problems entering new markets or service lines in which we have limited or no experience;
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we may fail to retain and assimilate key employees of the acquired business;
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we may finance the acquisition by incurring additional debt and further increase our leverage ratios; and
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the culture of the acquired business may not match well with our culture.
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As a result of these risks, there can be no assurance that any future acquisition will be successful or that it will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We rely on information technology in our operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption or security failure of that technology could harm our business.
We rely on information technology networks and systems to process, transmit and store electronic information in order to manage or support a variety of our business processes, including consumer records, financial transactions and maintenance of records. These processes may include sensitive financial information, personally identifiable information of individuals we serve and employees, and personal health information protected by HIPPA. Our business and operations may be harmed if we do not securely maintain our business processes and information systems or maintain the integrity of our confidential information. Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect information against security breaches, it is impossible to prevent all security breaches. Failure to protect such information or mitigate any such breaches may adversely affect our operating results. Security breaches, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, attacks by hackers and similar breaches, can create system disruptions, shutdowns and unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Any failure to maintain proper function, security and availability of our information systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation, subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties, increase administrative expenses or lead to other adverse consequences.
We are subject to extensive governmental regulations, which require significant compliance expenditures, and a failure to comply with these regulations could adversely affect our business.
We are required to comply with comprehensive government regulation of our business, including statutes, regulations and policies governing the licensing of our facilities, the maintenance and management of our work place for our employees, the quality of our service, the revenue we receive for our services and reimbursement for the cost of our services. Compliance with these laws, regulations and policies is expensive, and if we fail to comply with these laws, regulations and policies, we could lose contracts and the related revenue, thereby harming our financial results. State and federal regulatory agencies have broad discretionary powers over the administration and enforcement of laws and regulations that govern our operations. A material violation of a law or regulation could subject us to fines and penalties and in some circumstances could disqualify some or all of the facilities and programs under our control from future participation in Medicaid or other government programs.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH Act”) and other federal and state data privacy and security laws govern the collection, dissemination, security, use and confidentiality of patient-identifiable health information. HIPAA and the HITECH Act require us to comply with standards for the use and disclosure of health information within our company and with third parties, including, among other things, the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect such information. Additionally, certain states have adopted comparable privacy and security laws and regulations, some of which may be more stringent than HIPAA. While we have taken steps to comply with applicable health information privacy and security requirements to which we are aware that we are subject to, if we do not comply with existing or new federal or state laws and regulations related to patient health information, we could be subject to criminal or civil sanctions and any resulting liability could adversely affect our operations. The costs of complying with privacy and security related legal and regulatory requirements are burdensome and could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Expenses incurred under governmental agency contracts for any of our services, as well as management contracts with providers of record for such agencies, are subject to review by agencies administering the contracts and services. Representatives of those agencies visit our group homes to verify compliance with state and local regulations governing our home operations. A negative outcome from any of these examinations could increase government scrutiny, increase compliance costs or hinder our ability to obtain or retain contracts. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
The federal Anti-Kickback Law and similar state statutes, prohibit the provision of kickbacks, rebates and any other form of remuneration in return for referrals. Any remuneration, direct or indirect, offered, paid, solicited or received, in return for referrals of patients or business for which payment may be made in whole or in part under Medicaid could be considered a violation of law. The Anti-Kickback Law also prohibits payments made to anyone to induce them to recommend purchasing, leasing or ordering any goods, facility, service or item for which payment may be made in whole or in part by Medicaid. Criminal penalties under the Anti-Kickback Law include fines up to $25,000, imprisonment for up to five years, or both. In addition, acts constituting a violation of the Anti-Kickback Law may also lead to civil penalties, such as fines, assessments, exclusion from participation in the Medicaid programs and liability under the False Claims Act.
We are subject to many different and varied audit mechanisms for post-payment review of claims submitted under the Medicaid program. These include Recovery Audit Contractor (“RAC”) auditors, State Medicaid auditors, surveillance integrity
review audits and Payment Error Rate Measurement (“PERM”) audits, among others. Any one of these audit activities may identify claims that the auditors deem problematic and, following such determination, auditors may require recoupment of claims by Medicaid to us.
On March 17, 2014, a federal regulation governing home- and community-based services became effective. The rule establishes eligibility requirements for Medicaid home and community-based services provided under the “waiver” program. The waiver program allows the states to furnish an array of home- and community-based services and avoid institutional care. Under the new rule, home- and community-based settings must be integrated in and support full access to the greater community, be selected by the individual from different setting options, ensure individual rights of privacy, and optimize autonomy and independence in making life choices. The rule includes additional requirements for provider-owned or controlled home and community-based residential settings, including that the individual has a lease or other legally enforceable agreement, and standards related to the individual’s privacy, control over schedule and visitors, and physical accessibility of the setting. The rule requires that each state submit a transition plan to the federal government that describes how each state will implement the new regulation. At this juncture six states and the District of Columbia have received final approval of their Statewide Transition Plans and it remains unclear how other states will implement this regulation. The rule presents some implementation challenges, as some of the broad requirements may conflict with the needs and/or precautions that we must take for some of the individuals that we serve. It is unclear how each state will seek to address this potential conflict, and the impact and costs of implementation and compliance with this regulation are currently unknown. States have the option to request a variation or delay of compliance with the federal standards for as long as five years from the effective date. Moreover, each state Medicaid agency may interpret and submit different requests and extension timelines.
Any change in interpretations or enforcement of existing or new laws and regulations could subject our current business practices to allegations of impropriety or illegality, or could require us to make changes in our homes, equipment, personnel, services, pricing or capital expenditure programs, which could increase our operating expenses and have a material adverse effect on our operations or reduce the demand for or profitability of our services.
Should we be found out of compliance with these statutes, regulations and policies, depending on the nature of the findings, our business, our financial position and our results of operations could be materially adversely impacted.
Our financial results may suffer if we have to write off goodwill or other intangible assets.
A large portion of our total assets consists of goodwill and other intangible assets. Goodwill and other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, accounted for
55.9%
and
53.9%
of the total assets on our consolidated balance sheets as of
September 30, 2017
and
2016
, respectively.
We evaluate on a regular basis whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate that all or a portion of the carrying amount of goodwill or other intangible assets may no longer be recoverable, and is therefore impaired. Under current accounting rules, any determination that impairment has occurred would require us to write-off the impaired portion of our goodwill or the unamortized portion of our intangible assets, resulting in a charge to our earnings. We may not realize the value of our goodwill or other intangible assets and we expect to engage in additional transactions that will result in our recognition of additional goodwill or other intangible assets. During the years ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we recorded goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges of
$31.0 million
and
$10.3 million
, respectively associated with our ADH businesses. (Refer to Note 7, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets")
The high level of competition in our industry could adversely affect our contract and revenue base.
We compete in a highly fragmented industry with a wide variety of competitors, ranging from small, local agencies to a few large, national organizations. Competitive factors may favor other providers and reduce our ability to obtain contracts, which would hinder our growth. Not-for-profit organizations are active in all states and range from small agencies, serving a limited area with specific programs to multi-state organizations. Smaller local organizations may have a better understanding of the local conditions and may be better able to gain political and public acceptance. Not-for-profit providers may be affiliated with advocacy groups, health organizations or religious organizations that have substantial influence with legislators and government agencies. Increased competition may result in pricing pressures, loss of or failure to gain market share or loss of individuals we serve or payors, any of which could harm our business.
Home and community-based human services may become less popular among our targeted populations and/or state and local governments, which would adversely affect our results of operations.
Our growth depends on the continuation of trends in our industry toward providing services to individuals in smaller, community-based settings and increasing the percentage of individuals served by non-governmental providers. For example, during the course of much of the last decade, state governments increasingly adopted policies that emphasized greater family preservation and family reunification for at-risk youth, which reduced the demand for foster care services, caused us to adapt our service offerings and contributed to our decision to divest ARY operations in six states. Shifts in public policy and, therefore, our future success, are subject to a variety of political, economic, social and legal pressures, all of which are beyond our control. A reversal in the downsizing and privatization trends could reduce the demand for our services, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability.
Covenants in our senior credit agreement impose several restrictions on our business.
The senior credit agreement contains various covenants that limit our ability to, among other things:
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incur additional debt or issue certain preferred shares;
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pay dividends on or make distributions in respect of capital stock or make other restricted payments;
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make certain investments;
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create liens on certain assets to secure debt;
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enter into agreements that restrict dividends from subsidiaries;
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consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets; and
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enter into certain transactions with our affiliates.
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The senior credit agreement governing the senior secured credit facilities also requires us to maintain a specified financial ratio in the event that we draw greater than 30% of the revolving commitment under our senior revolver. Our ability to meet this financial ratio could be affected by events beyond our control. The breach of any of these covenants or financial ratio could result in a default under the senior secured credit facilities and our lenders could elect to declare all amounts borrowed thereunder, together with accrued interest, to be due and payable and could proceed against the collateral securing that indebtedness.
If we are not successful in expanding into adjacent markets, our growth strategy could suffer.
Our growth strategy depends on pursuing opportunities in adjacent markets, and we may not be successful in adapting our service models to markets or service lines in which we have little or no prior experience. We recently expanded into the ADH services market. In the ADH services market, competition for elders to serve can sometimes be intense and employees may leave and compete. In the future, we may explore other adjacent markets, such as services to youth with autism and individuals with mental health issues, which would expose us to additional operational, regulatory and legal risks. Serving other populations may require compliance with additional federal and state laws and regulations which may differ from the laws and regulations that apply to the populations we currently serve. Compliance with new laws and regulations may result in unanticipated expenses or liabilities. Programs we open in adjacent markets may also take longer to reach expected revenue and profit levels on a consistent basis and may have higher occupancy or operating costs than programs in our existing markets, which may affect our overall profitability. Adjacent markets may have different payors, referral sources, staffing requirements, individual preferences and competitive conditions. We may find it more difficult to hire, motivate and keep qualified direct care workers and other employees in these adjacent markets. We may need to augment our staffing to meet regulatory requirements, and the overall cost of labor may be higher. As a result, we may not be successful in diversifying the populations we serve, and we may fail to capture market share in adjacent markets. If any steps taken to expand our existing business into adjacent markets are unsuccessful, we may not be able to achieve our growth strategy and our business, financial condition or results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our success depends on our ability to manage and integrate key administrative functions.
Our operations and administrative functions are largely decentralized and subject to disparate accounting and billing requirements established and often modified by our local payors and referral sources. Although in recent years we have undertaken an effort to consolidate accounting, billing, cash collections and other financial and administrative functions which may have mitigated this risk to some degree, there remains a substantial portion of the business that has not yet been centralized and some risk in the centralization process itself. In fiscal 2016, the Company began a comprehensive review of its operations in an effort to identify and eliminate cost inefficiencies in the business. If we encounter difficulties in integrating our operations further or implementing our cost saving measures or fail to effectively manage these functions to ensure compliance with disparate and evolving requirements imposed by our payors and referral sources, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.
We may be more susceptible to the effects of a natural disaster or public health catastrophe, compared with other businesses due to the vulnerable nature of our population.
Our primary population served includes individuals with developmental disabilities, brain injuries, or emotionally, behaviorally and/or medically complex challenges, many of whom would be more vulnerable than the general public in a natural disaster or public health catastrophe. In a natural disaster, we could be forced to relocate some of our individuals we serve on short notice under dangerous conditions and our new program starts and acquisitions could experience delays. Accordingly, natural disasters and certain public health catastrophes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We are classified as a “controlled company” and, as a result, we qualify for, and rely upon, certain exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.
We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance standards. Under the rules of the New York Stock Exchange, a company of which more than 50% of the outstanding voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain stock
exchange corporate governance requirements, including the requirements that:
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a majority of the Board of Directors consist of independent directors;
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nominating and corporate governance matters be decided solely by independent directors; and
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employee and officer compensation matters be decided solely by independent directors.
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Although as of
September 30, 2017
, a majority of the Board of Directors is independent, we do rely upon the other two exemptions listed above. Accordingly, you may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the stock exchange corporate governance requirements.
Our stock price may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above your purchase price.
The market price for our common stock has been and may be volatile. You may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price you paid, due to fluctuations in the market price of our common stock, which may be caused by a number of factors, many of which we cannot control including the following:
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changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our common stock, our failure to meet these estimates or failure of those analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of our common stock;
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downgrades by any securities analysts who follow our common stock;
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future sales of our common stock by our officers, directors and significant stockholders;
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market conditions or trends in our industry or the economy as a whole and, in particular, in the healthcare environment;
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investors’ perceptions of our prospects;
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announcements by us of significant contracts, acquisitions, joint ventures or capital commitments; and
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changes in key personnel.
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In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies, including companies in the healthcare industry. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs, and our resources and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.
Our equity sponsor has the ability to control significant corporate activities and our majority stockholder’s interests may not coincide with yours.
Vestar owns approximately 52% of our common stock. As a result, Vestar has the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. In addition, under the director nominating agreement that we entered into in connection with our IPO (the “Nominating Agreement”), affiliates of Vestar will have the right to nominate directors for election to our Board of Directors, and we will agree to support those nominees. Under certain circumstances, those nominees could constitute a majority of our Board of Directors even though affiliates of Vestar at the time owns less than a majority of our common stock, giving Vestar decision-making control over us. Matters over which Vestar may, directly or indirectly, exercise control include:
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the election of our Board of Directors and the appointment and removal of our officers;
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mergers and other business combination transactions, including proposed transactions that would result in our stockholders receiving a premium price for their shares;
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other material acquisitions or dispositions of businesses or assets;
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incurrence of indebtedness and the issuance of equity securities;
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repurchase of stock and payment of dividends; and
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the issuance of shares to management under our equity incentive plans.
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Even if Vestar’s ownership of our shares falls below a majority, Vestar may continue to be able to influence or effectively control our decisions. Under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, Vestar and its affiliates will not have any obligation to present to us, and Vestar may separately pursue, corporate opportunities of which they become aware, even if those opportunities are ones that we would have pursued if granted the opportunity.
Future sales of our common stock, or the perception in the public markets that these sales may occur, may depress our stock price.
Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional shares. As of
September 30, 2017
, we had
37,441,257
shares of common stock outstanding and 350,000,000 shares of common stock authorized under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation.
On October 1, 2015, NMH Investment distributed all of the shares of our common stock held by it to its existing members in accordance with their respective membership interests (the “Distribution”). These former members of NMH Investment, which include Vestar and certain of our officers and directors, may sell the shares they received in the Distribution that they continue to hold under Rule 144 under the Securities Act, subject to the volume limits and other requirements of Rule 144 applicable to affiliates, or in future public offerings.
As of
September 30, 2017
, holders of an aggregate of approximately 20.4 million shares of our common stock (including Vestar and certain of our directors and executive officers) had the right, subject to certain conditions, to require us to register shares of our common stock pursuant to the terms of a registration rights agreement between us and the holders of those shares. We have also registered the shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options and RSUs granted under our 2014 omnibus incentive plan on a registration statement on Form S-8.
Members of our management have in the past and may in the future enter into Rule 10b5-1 trading plans pursuant to which they may sell shares of our common stock into the open market.
In the future, we may also issue our securities in connection with acquisitions or investments. The amount of shares of our common stock issued in connection with an acquisition or investment could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of our common stock. We cannot predict the size of future sales or issuances of our common stock or the effect, if any, that future sales or issuances of our common stock will have on the market price of our common stock.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our common stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.
Because we do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on investment unless you are able to sell your common stock for a price greater than your purchase price.
The continued operation and expansion of our business will require substantial funding. Accordingly, we
do not anticipate that we will pay any cash dividends on shares of our common stock for the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, including those under our senior secured credit facilities, any potential indebtedness we may incur, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our Board of Directors deems relevant. Accordingly, if you purchase shares, realization of a gain on your investment will depend on the appreciation of the price of our common stock, which may never occur. Investors seeking cash dividends in the foreseeable future should not purchase our common stock.
We are a holding company and rely on dividends, distributions and other payments, advances and transfers of funds from our subsidiaries to meet our obligations.
We are a holding company that does not conduct any business operations of our own. As a result, we are largely dependent upon cash dividends and distributions and other transfers from our subsidiaries to meet our obligations. The deterioration of income from, or other available assets of, our subsidiaries for any reason could limit or impair their ability to pay dividends or other distributions to us.
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Item 1B.
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Unresolved Staff Comments
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We have not received written comments from the Securities and Exchange Commission that remain unresolved.
Our principal executive office is located at 313 Congress Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02210. We operate a number of facilities and administrative offices throughout the United States. As of
September 30, 2017
, we provided services in
354
owned facilities and
1,852
leased facilities, as well as in homes owned by our Mentors. We also own
4
offices and lease
210
offices. We believe that our properties are adequate for our business as presently conducted and we believe we can meet requirements for additional space by exercising options on leases or by finding alternative space.
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Item 3.
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Legal Proceedings
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We are in the health and human services business and, therefore, we have been and continue to be subject to substantial claims alleging that we, our employees or our Mentors failed to provide proper care for an individual that we support. We are also subject to claims by individuals we support, our employees, our Mentors or community members against us for negligence, intentional misconduct or violation of applicable laws. Included in our recent claims are claims alleging personal injury, assault, abuse, wrongful death, violations of wage and hour laws and other charges. Regulatory agencies may initiate administrative proceedings alleging that our programs, employees or agents violate statutes and regulations and seek to impose monetary penalties on us. We could be required to incur significant costs to respond to regulatory investigations or defend against civil lawsuits and, if we do not prevail, we could be required to pay substantial amounts of money in damages, settlement amounts or penalties arising from these legal proceedings.
We also are subject to potential lawsuits under the False Claims Act and other federal and state whistleblower statutes designed to combat fraud and abuse in the health care industry. These lawsuits can involve significant monetary awards that may incentivize private plaintiffs to bring these suits. If we are found to have violated the False Claims Act, we could be excluded from participation in Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs which would have a material adverse effect on our business. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provides a mandate for more vigorous and widespread enforcement activity to combat fraud and abuse in the health care industry.
Finally, we are also subject to employee-related claims under state and federal law, including claims for wage and hour violations under the Fair Labor Standards Act or state wage and hour laws and claims for discrimination, wrongful discharge or retaliation. The Company currently has three pending complaints in California state court that allege certain wage and hour violations of California labor laws and seek to be designated as a class-action. One additional wage and hour class action was previously settled and preliminarily approved by the court.
We reserve for costs related to contingencies when a loss is probable and the amount is reasonably estimable. While we believe our provision for legal contingencies is adequate, the outcome of our legal proceedings is difficult to predict, and we may settle legal claims or be subject to judgments for amounts that differ materially from our estimates. In addition, legal contingencies could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations in any given future reporting period.
See “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Note 17. Other Commitments and Contingencies" for additional information.
|
|
Item 4.
|
Mine Safety Disclosures
|
Not applicable.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2017
1. Business Overview
Civitas Solutions, Inc., through its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”), is the leading provider of home- and community-based health and human services to adults and children with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities, acquired brain injury and other catastrophic injuries and illnesses; and to youth with emotional, behavioral and/or medically complex challenges. Since the Company’s founding in 1980, the Company has evolved into a diversified national network providing an array of high-quality services and care in large, growing and highly-fragmented markets. The Company currently provides services to individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (“I/DD”), individuals with catastrophic injuries and illnesses, particularly acquired brain injury (“ABI”), youth with emotional, behavioral and/or medically complex challenges, or at-risk youth (“ARY”), and elders in need of day health services to support their independence, or adult day health (“ADH”). As of
September 30, 2017
, the Company operated in
36
states, serving approximately
11,800
individuals in residential settings and more than
18,600
individuals in non residential settings.
The Company designs customized service plans to meet the individual needs of those served by the Company, which it delivers in home- and community-based settings. Most of the Company’s service plans involve residential support, typically in small group homes, host home settings, or specialized community facilities, designed to improve the quality of life of the individuals served by the Company and to promote their independence and participation in community life. Other services offered include supported living, day and transitional programs, vocational services, case management, family-based and outpatient therapeutic services, post-acute treatment and neurorehabilitation, neurobehavioral rehabilitation and physical, occupational and speech therapies, among others. The Company’s customized service plans offer individuals as well as the payors of these services, an attractive, cost-effective alternative to health and human services provided in large, institutional settings.
Civitas is the parent of a consolidated group of subsidiaries that market their services under The MENTOR Network tradename. Prior to October 1, 2015, Civitas was a partially owned subsidiary of NMH Investment, LLC (“NMH Investment”), which was formed in connection with the acquisition of the business by affiliates of Vestar Capital Partners (“Vestar”) in 2006. The equity interests of NMH Investment were owned by Vestar and certain executive officers, directors and other members of management. On October 1, 2015, in connection with an underwritten secondary offering, NMH Investment distributed all of its
25,250,000
shares of common stock of Civitas Solutions, Inc. it held to its existing members in accordance with their respective membership interests. NMH Holdings, LLC ("NMHH") is a wholly owned subsidiary of Civitas Solutions, Inc. and National Mentor Holdings, Inc. (“NMHI”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of NMHH. The financial results of Civitas Solutions, Inc. are primarily composed of the financial results of National Mentor Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
2. Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated in consolidation.
Reclassifications
Prior year amounts related to goodwill and intangible impairments have been reclassified to conform with the 2017 presentation as a separate statement of income item.
On October 1, 2016, the Company retrospectively adopted ASU 2015-03,
Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs.
As a result of the adoption, the Company revised its balance sheet presentation as of September 30, 2016 to reflect
$5.9 million
of deferred financing costs as a deduction to the carrying amount of its long term debt. Prior to the adoption these costs were included with Other Assets.
On July 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU No. 2015-17,
Income Taxes: Balance Sheet (Topic 710) Classification of Deferred Taxes
. Under this standard, deferred tax liabilities and assets are required to be classified as non-current in the Company's consolidated balance sheet. Prior to the adoption, deferred tax assets and liabilities were separated into current and long-term amounts based on the classification of the related assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and netted by jurisdiction. The Company adopted this standard retrospectively, which resulted in reclassification of
$18.0 million
of deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities, from current to non-current as of
September 30, 2016
.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments and methodologies. Actual results could differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Fair Value Measurements
The accounting standard for fair value measurements defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with GAAP, and requires detailed disclosures about fair value measurements. Under this standard, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The valuation techniques are based on observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect readily obtainable data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect certain market assumptions. This standard classifies these inputs into the following hierarchy:
Level 1 Inputs
- Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
Level 2 Inputs
- Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.
Level 3 Inputs
- Instruments with primarily unobservable value drivers.
The fair value hierarchy level is determined by asset class based on the lowest level of significant input. In periods of market inactivity, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for certain instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be reclassified between levels. During the years ended
September 30, 2017
and
2016
, there were no transfers between levels.
Cash Equivalents
The Company considers short-term investments with maturity dates of
90 days
or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of
September 30, 2017
and
2016
, the Company did not have any cash equivalents.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash consists of a cash collateral account set up to support the issuance of letters of credit under the Company’s institutional letter of credit facility and funds provided from government payors restricted for use by individuals served by the Company.
Concentrations of Credit and Other Risks
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, self-insurance receivables and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents are deposited with federally insured commercial banks in the United States, which, at times may exceed federally insured limits of
$250 thousand
. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. As of
September 30, 2017
, our accounts exceeded federally insured limits by
$7.0 million
.
The Company derives approximately
89%
of its revenue from state and local government payors. These entities fund a significant portion of their payments to the Company through federal matching funds, which pass through various state and local government agencies. Of the
36
states the Company operates in, Minnesota is our largest state and generates revenue from our contracts with state and local governmental payors which accounted for approximately
15%
of our net revenue in
fiscal
2017
,
2016
and 2015. California, our second largest state, accounted for
10%
of our net revenue in fiscal 2017. No other states accounted for 10% or more of our net revenue during fiscal years 2017, 2016, or 2015.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is reported net of allowances for unauthorized sales and estimated sales adjustments. Revenue is also reported net of any state provider taxes or gross receipts taxes levied on services the Company provides. Sales adjustments are estimated based on an analysis of historical sales adjustments and recent developments in payment trends. Revenue is recognized when evidence of an arrangement exists, the service has been provided, the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.
The Company recognizes revenue for services performed pursuant to contracts with various state and local government agencies and private health care agencies. The payment terms and rates of our contracts vary by jurisdiction and service type. The Company has four types of contractual arrangements with payors which include negotiated contracts, fixed fee contracts, retrospective reimbursement contracts and prospective payments contracts. Under the Company's units-of-service contracts, which include negotiated contracts and fixed fee contacts, revenue is recognized at the time the service is performed. Under the Company's cost reimbursement contracts, which include retrospective reimbursement contracts and prospective payment contracts, revenue is recognized at the time the service costs are incurred. For the Company’s cost-reimbursement contracts, the rate provided by the payor is based on a certain level of service and types of costs incurred in delivering the service. From time to time, the Company receives payments under cost-reimbursement contracts in excess of the allowable costs required to support those payments. In such instances, the Company estimates and records a liability for such excess payments. At the end of the contract period, any balance of excess payments is maintained as a liability until it is reimbursed to the payor or until the Company has exhausted efforts to make the reimbursement. Revenue in the future may be affected by changes in rate-setting structures, methodologies or interpretations that may be enacted in states where the Company operates or by the federal government.
Cost of Revenue
The Company classifies expenses directly related to providing services as cost of revenue, except for depreciation and amortization related to cost of revenue, which are shown separately in the consolidated statements of income. Direct costs and expenses principally include salaries and benefits for service provider employees, per diem payments to independently contracted host-home caregivers (“Mentors”), residential occupancy expenses, which are primarily composed of rent and utilities related to facilities providing direct care, certain expenses, such as food and medicine and transportation costs for individuals requiring services, professional and general liability expense, employment practices liability expense and workers’ compensation expense.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost and are depreciated using a straight-line method when placed into service, based on their estimated useful lives as follows:
|
|
|
|
Asset Description
|
Estimated Useful Life
|
|
(in years)
|
Land
|
Indefinite
|
|
Building
|
30
|
|
Building improvements
|
10
|
|
Leasehold improvements
|
Not to exceed 7 years or length of lease
|
|
Vehicles
|
5
|
|
Computer hardware and software
|
3
|
|
Furniture, fixtures and equipment
|
3-5
|
|
Capital lease assets are depreciated over the lesser of the lease term or the useful life of the asset. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operating expenses as incurred. When assets are sold or retired, the corresponding cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the related accounts and any gain or loss is recorded in the period of the sale or retirement.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable primarily consist of amounts due from government agencies, not-for-profit providers and commercial insurance companies. An estimated allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded to the extent it is probable that a portion or all of a particular account will not be collected. In evaluating the collectability of accounts receivable, the Company considers a number of factors, including payment trends in individual states, age of the accounts and the status of ongoing disputes with third party payors. Complex rules and regulations regarding billing and timely filing requirements in various states are also a factor in our assessment of the collectability of accounts receivable. Actual collections of accounts receivable in subsequent periods may require changes in the estimated allowance for doubtful accounts. Changes in these estimates are charged or credited to revenue as a contractual allowance in the consolidated statements of income in the period of the change in estimate.
Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets
The Company reviews costs of purchased businesses in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired (goodwill), and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, unless significant changes in circumstances indicate a potential impairment may have occurred sooner. The Company conducts its annual impairment test for both goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets on July 1
st
of each year.
In fiscal 2016, the Company conducted the goodwill impairment test on a reporting unit basis using the two step process in accordance with the guidance in ASC 350. The Company had the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. The Company elected to bypass the qualitative assessments and proceeded directly to the two-step impairment test. The first step is to compare the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying value. The fair value of the reporting unit is determined by using the income approach, specifically the discounted cash flow method. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value then the second step of the goodwill impairment test is performed. The second step of the goodwill impairment test compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill in order to determine the amount of impairment to be recognized. The excess of the carrying value of goodwill above the implied goodwill, if any, would be recognized as an impairment charge. Fair values are estimated using the discounted cash flow method.
As of July 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU No. 2017-04
—Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
. The update eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The annual impairment test is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying value. The fair value of the reporting unit is determined by using the income approach, specifically the discounted cash flow method. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not impaired and no further testing is required. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.
For its indefinite-lived intangible assets, the Company has elected to bypass the qualitative assessments and proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test. The impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets requires the determination of the fair value of the intangible asset. If the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the difference. Fair values are estimated using the relief from royalty method.
As described above, the fair value of a reporting unit is based on discounted estimated future cash flows. The assumptions used to estimate fair value include management’s best estimates of future operating cash flows, including revenue growth, tax rates, capital expenditures, discount rates and working capital changes. As such, actual results may differ from these estimates and lead to a revaluation of the Company’s goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets.
Impairment of Long-Lived Tangible and Intangible Assets
The Company reviews long-lived tangible and intangible assets for impairment when events or circumstances have occurred that indicate the estimated useful life of these assets may warrant revision or that the carrying amount of these assets may be impaired. To compute whether assets have been impaired, the estimated undiscounted future cash flows for the estimated remaining useful life of the assets are compared to the carrying value. To the extent that the future cash flows are less than the carrying value, the assets are written down to the estimated fair value of the asset.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined by multiplying the differences between the financial reporting and tax reporting bases for assets and liabilities by the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such differences are recovered or settled. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are estimated based on the Company’s assessment of the realizability of such amounts.
The Company recognizes the benefits of tax positions when certain criteria are satisfied. The Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position should be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense which is consistent with the recognition of these items in prior reporting periods.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company reports derivative financial instruments on the balance sheet at fair value and establishes criteria for designation and effectiveness of hedging relationships. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded each period in current operations or in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) depending upon whether the derivative is designated as part of a hedge transaction and, if it is, the type of hedge transaction.
The Company, from time to time, enters into interest rate swap agreements to hedge against variability in cash flows resulting from fluctuations in the benchmark interest rate, which is LIBOR, on the Company’s debt. These agreements involve the exchange of variable interest rates for fixed interest rates over the life of the swap agreement without an exchange of the notional amount upon which the payments are based. On a quarterly basis, the differential to be received or paid as interest rates change is accrued and recognized as an adjustment to interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. In addition, on a quarterly basis, the mark to market valuation is recorded as an adjustment to gain (loss) on derivative within the consolidated statements of comprehensive income with any ineffective portion recorded to gain (loss) on derivatives within the consolidated statement of income. The related amount receivable from or payable to counterparties is included as an asset or liability, respectively, in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Stock-Based Compensation
Prior to the Company's initial public offering ("IPO"), NMH Investment maintained an equity-based compensation plan, and from time to time it issued units of limited liability company interests pursuant to such plan. The units were available for issuance to the Company’s employees and members of the Board of Directors. The Company recognized the fair value of these awards as compensation expense over the requisite services period or when the satisfaction of the vesting conditions were determined to be probable.
In October 2015, NMH Investment distributed all of the
25,250,000
shares of our common stock it held to its existing members in accordance with their respective membership interests and pursuant to the terms of the NMH Investment's Limited Liability Company Agreement and the management unitholders agreements (the “Distribution”). The Distribution triggered the vesting conditions for all unvested awards. As a result, the Company recorded compensation expense of
$10.5 million
that is included in General and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of income during the year ended September 30, 2016.
In fiscal 2014, Civitas adopted an equity-based compensation plan and began issuing stock-based awards including non-qualified stock options ("NSOs"), restricted stock units ("RSUs"), and performance based restricted stock units ("PRSUs"). The Company recognizes the fair value of stock-based compensation expense over the requisite service period of the individual grantee, which equals the vesting period. The fair value of each NSO granted was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The fair value of each RSU was determined based on the Company's closing stock price on the date of grant. The fair value of each PRSU was determined based on either the Company's closing stock price on the date of grant or through a Monte Carlo simulation methodology for those awards that included a market condition. The number of performance based restricted stock units earned is determined based on the Company's attainment of predefined performance targets set by the Compensation Committee. At each reporting period, the Company assesses the number of performance based restricted stock units expected to vest based on the expected attainment of the performance targets. The Company is required to estimate future forfeitures of stock-based awards for recognition of compensation expense. The Company will record additional expense if the actual forfeitures are lower than estimated and will record a recovery of prior recognized expense if the actual forfeitures are higher than estimated. The actual expense recognized over the vesting period will only be for those awards that vest.
Self-Insurance
The Company maintains insurance for professional and general liability, workers’ compensation, automobile liability and health insurance with policies that include self-insured retentions. Employment practices liability is fully self-insured. The Company records expenses related to claims on an incurred basis, which includes estimates of fully developed losses for both reported and unreported claims. The accruals for the health, workers’ compensation, automobile, employment practices liability and professional and general liability programs are based on analyses performed internally by management and for certain balances, take into account reports by independent third party actuaries. Self-insurance accruals are periodically re-evaluated and increased or decreased based on new information.
The Company reports its insurance liabilities on a gross basis without giving effect to insurance recoveries. Anticipated insurance recoveries are presented in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Self-insured liabilities are presented in Accrued payroll and related costs, Other accrued liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Legal Contingencies
The Company reserves for costs related to contingencies when a loss is probable and the amount is reasonably estimable or a range of loss can be determined. These accruals represent management’s best estimate of probable loss. Disclosure is also provided when it is reasonably possible that a loss will be incurred or when it is reasonably possible that the amount of loss will exceed the recorded provision. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability and the determination as to whether an exposure is reasonably estimable. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, accruals are based only on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, the Company reassesses the potential liability related to pending claims and litigation and may revise its estimates. These revisions in the estimates of the potential liabilities could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations and financial position.
Leases
The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC Topic 840
Leases
. For lease agreements that provide for escalating rent payments and rent holidays, the Company recognized rent expense on a straight-line basis over the non-cancellable lease term and option renewal periods where failure to exercise such options would result in an economic penalty such that the renewal appears, at the inception of the lease, to be reasonably assured. The lease term commences when the Company becomes obligated under the terms of the lease agreement.
Subsequent Events
The Company considers events or transactions that have occurred after the balance sheet date of
September 30, 2017
, but prior to the filing of the financial statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, to provide additional evidence relative to certain estimates or to identify matters that require additional recognition or disclosure. Subsequent events have been evaluated through the filing of the financial statements accompanying this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
3. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Revenue from Contracts with Customers—
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers Topic 606 (ASU 2014-09), which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 defines a five step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than are required under existing U.S. GAAP including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. The FASB has subsequently issued amendments to ASU No. 2014-09 that have the same effective date and transition date. ASU 2014-09, as amended, is effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning October 1, 2018, and, at that time, the Company expects to adopt the new standard under the modified retrospective approach for contracts with customers. Under the modified retrospective approach, the guidance is applied to the most current period presented, recognizing the cumulative effect of the adoption change as an adjustment to beginning retained earnings. In fiscal 2017, the Company established a formal program and cross-functional implementation team to identify design and implement changes to
its accounting systems and policies and internal controls to support recognition and disclosure under the new standard. This process includes a review of the requirements under the new standard compared to the current accounting policies for each of the Company’s revenue streams. To date, the Company has not identified any material impact expected upon adoption, however the review is not yet complete. The full assessment of adoption including any potential impact to the results of operations, financial position and financial disclosures as well as the method of adoption will be finalized during fiscal 2018.
Going Concern—
On July 1, 2017, we adopted ASU No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern: Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which requires an entity to evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued (or within one year after the financial statements are available to be issued when applicable) and to provide related footnote disclosures in certain circumstances. The implementation of this ASU did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Leases—
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02—Leases (Topic 842). The new standard requires that all lessees recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases on the balance sheet and disclose qualitative and quantitative information about its leasing arrangements. The standard will be effective for the Company on October 1, 2019. The Company is still evaluating the method of adoption. The adoption of this standard is expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position. As of
September 30, 2017
and
September 30, 2016
, the Company had gross operating lease commitments of approximately
$317 million
and
$284 million
, respectively. Upon adoption, a substantial portion of these lease commitments will be recorded at their net present value as a right of use asset and a lease obligation.
Stock Compensation—
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09—Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The areas for simplification in this Update involve several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The transition method varies for the amendments in this update. The new standard became effective for the Company on October 1, 2017. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Stock Compensation—
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09—Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, which amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements. The ASU provides guidance on the types of changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards to which an entity would be required to apply modification accounting under ASC 718. Specifically, an entity would not apply modification accounting if the fair value, vesting conditions, and classification of the awards are the same immediately before and after the modification. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. The new standard will be effective for the Company on October 1, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that this standard may have on its consolidated financial statements.
Statement of Cash Flows
— In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15—Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The update addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice, including classification of debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and proceeds from the settlement of company owned life insurance policies. The new standard should be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented and will be effective for the Company on October 1, 2018.
Statement of Cash Flows
— In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18—Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. The update requires that a statement of cash flows present the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The new standard will be applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented and will be effective for the Company on October 1, 2018. As of
September 30, 2017
and
September 30, 2016
, the Company had total restricted cash amounts of
$50.3 million
and
$51.0 million
, respectively.
Business Combinations
— In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01—Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The update provides guidance to determine when an integrated set of assets and activities is not a business. When substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired, or disposed of, is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, then the acquisition, or disposition, is not a business. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively on or after the effective date. No disclosures are required at transition. The new standard will be effective for the Company on October 1, 2018. Early application of the amendments in this
update is permitted for transactions meeting certain criteria. This standard could reduce the number of acquisitions that are treated as business combinations in the future.
Derivatives and Hedging
—In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, which amends the hedge accounting recognition and presentation requirements in ASC 815. The Board’s objectives in issuing the ASU are to (1) improve the transparency and understandability of information conveyed to financial statement users about an entity’s risk management activities by better aligning the entity’s financial reporting for hedging relationships with those risk management activities and (2) reduce the complexity of and simplify the application of hedge accounting by preparers. This standard is to be applied through a cumulative-effect adjustment related to eliminating the separate measurement of ineffectiveness to accumulated other comprehensive income with a corresponding adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year the standard is adopted. The new standard will be effective for the Company on October 1, 2019. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.
4. Business Combinations
The operating results of the businesses acquired are included in the consolidated statements of income from the date of acquisition. The Company accounted for these acquisitions under the acquisition method and, as a result, the purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their respective fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of net tangible assets was allocated to specifically identified intangible assets, with the residual being allocated to goodwill.
Fiscal 2017 Acquisitions
During the year ended
September 30, 2017
, the Company acquired the assets or equity interests of
11
companies for total cash consideration of
$82.1 million
, net of
$0.5 million
of cash acquired.
The following table summarizes the recognized amounts of identifiable net assets acquired at the date of each acquisition:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
Identifiable
Intangible Assets
|
|
Other Assets, Net
|
|
Total Identifiable
Assets
|
|
Goodwill
|
|
Purchase Consideration
|
Loma Linda
|
$
|
2,225
|
|
|
$
|
33
|
|
|
$
|
2,258
|
|
|
$
|
483
|
|
|
$
|
2,741
|
|
Rainbow ADH
|
13,260
|
|
|
1,497
|
|
|
14,757
|
|
|
9,852
|
|
|
24,609
|
|
JLH
|
1,301
|
|
|
60
|
|
|
1,361
|
|
|
136
|
|
|
1,497
|
|
Mi Casa
|
2,960
|
|
|
59
|
|
|
3,019
|
|
|
1,921
|
|
|
4,940
|
|
Harbor Rehab
|
1,642
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1,642
|
|
|
461
|
|
|
2,103
|
|
Brockton Stoughton ADH
|
4,000
|
|
|
195
|
|
|
4,195
|
|
|
2,055
|
|
|
6,250
|
|
Country Life
|
6,177
|
|
|
72
|
|
|
6,249
|
|
|
3,156
|
|
|
9,405
|
|
HSI
|
18,860
|
|
|
1,539
|
|
|
20,399
|
|
|
9,569
|
|
|
29,968
|
|
Other acquisitions
|
432
|
|
|
138
|
|
|
570
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
578
|
|
Total
|
$
|
50,857
|
|
|
$
|
3,593
|
|
|
$
|
54,450
|
|
|
$
|
27,641
|
|
|
$
|
82,091
|
|
Loma Linda Management Company, Inc. ("Loma Linda")
. On
January 31, 2017
, the Company acquired the assets of Loma Linda for
$2.7 million
. Loma Linda is located in California and provides adult day health and community integration services to individuals with developmental disabilities and other special needs. The Company acquired
$2.2 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included approximately
$1.7 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12
years. As a result of the acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.5 million
of goodwill in the I/DD segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Rainbow Adult Day Health ("Rainbow ADH")
. On
March 1, 2017
, the Company acquired the assets of Rainbow ADH for
$24.6 million
. Rainbow ADH is located in Maryland and provides adult day health services. The Company acquired
$13.3 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$11.3 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12
years,
$2.0 million
of licenses and permits with a weighted average useful life of
10
years. In addition, the Company acquired total tangible assets of
$1.5 million
, consisting primarily of vehicles. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$9.9 million
of goodwill in the Corporate and other segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
JLH Enterprises, Chippewa Valley, Inc ("JLH")
. On
June 1, 2017
, the Company acquired the assets of JLH for
$1.5 million
. JLH is located in Wisconsin and is engaged in the business of providing residential services, supported living services,
day program services and similar services to individuals with developmental disabilities and similar conditions. The Company acquired
$1.3 million
of identifiable intangible assets, all of which were agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of 12 years. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.1 million
of goodwill in the I/DD segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Mi Casa es Su Casa, Inc. ("Mi Casa")
. On
June 9, 2017
, the Company acquired the assets of Mi Casa for
$4.9 million
. Mi Casa is located in New Jersey and provides adult day health services. The Company acquired
$3.0 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$2.5 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$1.9 million
of goodwill in the Corporate and other segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Harbor Rehabilitation, LLC ("Harbor Rehab")
. On
June 12, 2017
, the Company acquired the assets of Harbor Rehab for
$2.1 million
. Harbor Rehab is located in Michigan and provides physical therapy, rehabilitation and related services to individuals with injuries or impairments. The Company acquired
$1.6 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$1.1 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12
years. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.5 million
of goodwill in the SRS segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Brockton and Stoughton Adult Medical Day Care Center, Inc. ("Brockton Stoughton ADH")
. On
June 26, 2017
, the Company acquired the assets of Brockton Stoughton ADH for
$6.3 million
. Brockton Stoughton ADH is located in Massachusetts and provides adult day health services. The Company acquired
$4.0 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$3.4 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12
years. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$2.1 million
of goodwill in the Corporate and other segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Country Life Care Centers, Inc. ("Country Life")
. On
July 1, 2017
, the Company acquired the assets of Country Life for
$9.4 million
. Country Life is located in Utah and is engaged in the business of operating a rehabilitation and sub-acute care facility that provides short-term and long-term medical care for people after a catastrophic injury or illness or with chronic medical conditions. The Company acquired
$6.2 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$4.8 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
11
years. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$3.2 million
of goodwill in the SRS segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Habilitative Services, Inc. ("HSI").
On
September 29, 2017
, the Company acquired all of the outstanding capital stock of HSI and two related companies for
$30.0 million
. HSI is located in Minnesota and is engaged in the business of providing residential or supported living services and other services to individuals with developmental disabilities, traumatic brain injuries or mental illness. The Company acquired
$18.9 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$14.7 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12
years, and
$4.1 million
of licenses and permits with a weighted average useful life of
10
years. The Company also acquired
$1.5 million
of other assets, net of liabilities, consisting primarily of accounts receivable and fixed assets. The estimated fair values of the intangible assets acquired at the date of acquisition were determined based on a preliminary valuation that has yet to be finalized. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$9.6 million
of goodwill in the I/DD segment, which is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Other Acquisitions.
During fiscal 2017, the Company acquired the assets of Hope Homes, Inc. ("Hope Homes"), Res-Care Wisconsin, Inc. ("RC"), and Micki's Creative Option, Inc. ("Micki's"). Hope Homes provides residential and day program services for individuals with developmental disabilities in Ohio, RC provides adult family home residential services to elderly individuals in Wisconsin, and Micki's provides group home services, supported living services and related services to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities in Ohio. These acquisitions are included in our I/DD segment. Total cash consideration for these companies was
$0.6 million
.
The Company's consolidated statement of income for the year ended
September 30, 2017
included revenue totaling approximately
$18.2 million
from the acquisition date of each respective acquisition. The Company has not disclosed income from operations because it is immaterial.
Fiscal 2016 Acquisitions
During the fiscal year ended
September 30, 2016
, the Company acquired certain assets of
12
companies for total cash consideration of
$45.2 million
.
The following table summarizes the recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired at the date of each acquisition:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
Identifiable
Intangible
Assets
|
|
Tangible Assets
|
|
Total Identifiable
Assets
|
|
Goodwill
|
|
Purchase Consideration
|
Mother's Touch
|
$
|
2,741
|
|
|
$
|
9
|
|
|
$
|
2,750
|
|
|
$
|
650
|
|
|
$
|
3,400
|
|
Winways
|
619
|
|
|
29
|
|
|
648
|
|
|
108
|
|
|
756
|
|
Triumph
|
2,335
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
2,335
|
|
|
265
|
|
|
2,600
|
|
Brighton Worcester ADH
|
10,600
|
|
|
363
|
|
|
10,963
|
|
|
2,677
|
|
|
13,640
|
|
TLC Duluth
|
7,132
|
|
|
26
|
|
|
7,158
|
|
|
1,342
|
|
|
8,500
|
|
Maryland ADH
|
7,680
|
|
|
769
|
|
|
8,449
|
|
|
3,835
|
|
|
12,284
|
|
Eagle Crest
|
1,698
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1,698
|
|
|
302
|
|
|
2,000
|
|
CRM
|
934
|
|
|
87
|
|
|
1,021
|
|
|
119
|
|
|
1,140
|
|
RHD
|
18
|
|
|
43
|
|
|
61
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
61
|
|
Learning Services
|
100
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
100
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
100
|
|
Pine Grove
|
407
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
407
|
|
|
93
|
|
|
500
|
|
Milne
|
210
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
215
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
215
|
|
Total
|
$
|
34,474
|
|
|
$
|
1,331
|
|
|
$
|
35,805
|
|
|
$
|
9,391
|
|
|
$
|
45,196
|
|
Mother's Touch, LLC ("Mother's Touch")
. On
November 30, 2015
, the Company acquired the assets of Mother's Touch for
$3.4 million
. Mother's Touch is located in Indiana and provides residential and community-based services to individuals with developmental disabilities. The Company acquired
$2.7 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included approximately
$2.7 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12
years. As a result of the acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.7 million
of goodwill in the I/DD segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Winways, LLC ("Winways")
. On
December 31, 2015
, the Company acquired the assets of Winways for
$0.8 million
. Winways is located in California and provides residential and day treatment services to individuals with traumatic brain injuries, neurological illnesses and similar conditions. The Company acquired
$0.6 million
of identified intangible assets which included
$0.5 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12
years. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.1 million
of goodwill in the SRS segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Triumph Rehabilitation, LLC ("Triumph")
. On
February 1, 2016
, the Company acquired the assets of Triumph for
$2.6 million
. Triumph is located in Michigan and provides physical therapy, rehabilitation and related services to individuals with traumatic brain injuries, neurological illnesses, and similar conditions. The Company acquired
$2.3 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$2.2 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.3 million
of goodwill in the SRS segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Brighton Worcester Massachusetts Adult Day Health, Inc.
("Brighton Worcester ADH"). On
February 1, 2016
the Company acquired the assets of Brighton Worcester ADH for
$13.6 million
. Brighton Worcester ADH is located in Massachusetts and provides nursing and health oversight, medication management, therapy services, nutritional and dietary services, counseling and case management to elders. The Company acquired
$10.6 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$9.9 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
and
$0.7 million
of tradenames with a weighted average useful life of
5 years
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$2.7 million
of goodwill in the Corporate and other segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Tender Loving Care Duluth, LLC
("TLC Duluth")
.
On
February 29, 2016
, the Company acquired the assets of TLC Duluth for
$8.5 million
. TLC Duluth is located in Minnesota and provides full-time services in the community residential setting for individuals with developmental disabilities, traumatic brain injuries or mental illness. The Company acquired
$7.1 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$6.2 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
and
$0.9 million
of licenses and permits with a weighted average useful life of
10 years
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$1.3 million
of goodwill in the I/DD segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Maryland Adult Day Health, Inc.
("Maryland ADH"). On
March 14, 2016
, the Company acquired the assets of Maryland ADH for
$12.3 million
. Maryland ADH is located in Maryland and provides adult day health care services to the Medicaid eligible elderly population. The Company acquired
$7.7 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$6.7 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
and
$1.0 million
of tradenames with a weighted average useful life of
5 years
. In addition, the Company acquired total tangible assets, consisting primarily of vehicles, of
$0.8 million
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$3.8 million
of goodwill in the Corporate and other segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Eagle Crest Center, LLC
("Eagle Crest"). On
March 15, 2016
, the Company acquired the assets of Eagle Crest for
$2.0 million
. Eagle Crest is located in California and provides skilled nursing services and related services to individuals with traumatic brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, neuro-muscular or congenital anomalies, and similar conditions. The Company acquired
$1.7 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$1.4 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.3 million
of goodwill in the SRS segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
CRM Habilitative Services, Inc.
("CRM"). On
March 31, 2016
, the Company acquired the assets of CRM for
$1.1 million
. CRM is located in Pennsylvania and provides group home services and day program services and related services to individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The Company acquired
$0.9 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$0.8 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.1 million
of goodwill in the I/DD segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Other acquisitions.
During fiscal 2016, the Company acquired the assets of Resources for Human Development ("RHD"), Learning Services, Inc. ("Learning Services"), Pine Grove Habilitation Center ("Pine Grove"), and Alexander Milne Developmental Services ("Milne"). RHD, Pine Grove and Milne are in the business of providing residential group home services to individuals with developmental disabilities and similar conditions and is included in our I/DD segment. Learning Services is engaged in the business of providing supported living and rehabilitation services for individuals with acquired brain injuries and similar conditions and is included in our SRS segment. Total cash consideration for these companies was
$0.9 million
.
The Company's consolidated statement of income for the year ended September 30, 2016 included revenue totaling approximately
$27.6 million
. The Company has not disclosed income from operations because it is immaterial.
Fiscal 2015 Acquisitions
During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015, the Company acquired certain assets of
10
companies for total fair value consideration of
$44.8 million
, including
$6.1 million
of contingent consideration.
The following table summarizes the recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired assumed at the date of the acquisition:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
Identifiable
Intangible
Assets
|
|
Tangible Assets
|
|
Total Identifiable
Assets
|
|
Goodwill
|
|
Purchase Consideration
|
Capstone
|
$
|
3,539
|
|
|
$
|
178
|
|
|
$
|
3,717
|
|
|
$
|
758
|
|
|
$
|
4,475
|
|
Lakeview
|
6,664
|
|
|
48
|
|
|
6,712
|
|
|
1,272
|
|
|
7,984
|
|
Cassell
|
11,600
|
|
|
37
|
|
|
11,637
|
|
|
12,633
|
|
|
24,270
|
|
CPS
|
876
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
895
|
|
|
355
|
|
|
1,250
|
|
Snug Harbor
|
938
|
|
|
28
|
|
|
966
|
|
|
34
|
|
|
1,000
|
|
Heritage
|
1,252
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
1,252
|
|
|
945
|
|
|
2,197
|
|
Visions of N.E.W.
|
2,240
|
|
|
122
|
|
|
2,362
|
|
|
663
|
|
|
3,025
|
|
Other acquisitions
|
361
|
|
|
48
|
|
|
409
|
|
|
228
|
|
|
637
|
|
Total
|
$
|
27,470
|
|
|
$
|
480
|
|
|
$
|
27,950
|
|
|
$
|
16,888
|
|
|
$
|
44,838
|
|
Capstone Services, LLC (“Capstone”).
On
October 31, 2014
, the Company acquired the assets of Capstone for
$4.5 million
. Capstone is located in Minnesota and provides residential and home-based supportive living services to individuals with developmental disabilities. The Company acquired
$3.5 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$2.6 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
,
$0.8 million
of licenses and permits with a weighted average useful life of
10 years
, and
$0.1 million
for a non-compete/non-solicit agreement with a useful life of
5 years
. In addition, the Company acquired total tangible assets of
$0.2 million
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.8 million
of goodwill in the I/DD segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Lakeview Systems (“Lakeview”).
On
December 29, 2014
, the Company acquired certain assets of Lakeview’s New Hampshire programs for
$8.0 million
. Lakeview provides community-based residential services for individuals with brain injuries. The Company acquired
$6.7 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$6.0 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
,
$0.7 million
of licenses and permits with a weighted average useful life of
10 years
, and
$31 thousand
for a non-compete/non-solicit agreement with a useful life of
5 years
. In addition, the Company
acquired total tangible assets of
$48 thousand
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$1.3 million
of goodwill in the SRS segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Cassell & Associates LLC ("Cassell").
On
January 13, 2015
, the Company acquired the assets of Cassell's Michigan programs for
$24.3 million
, including
$6.1 million
of contingent consideration. The terms of the acquisition agreement require the Company to pay an earn-out upon successfully meeting certain revenue and EBITDA targets through February 2017. The earn-out obligation was settled through two payments of
$4.7 million
and
$2.3 million
during the years ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Cassell provides non-residential therapeutic vocational services to individuals recovering from brain injuries in the state of Michigan. The Company acquired
$11.6 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$10.3 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
,
$0.2 million
of non-compete/non-solicit agreement with a useful life of
5 years
, and
$1.1 million
of trade names with a useful life of
5 years
. In addition, the Company acquired total tangible assets of
$37 thousand
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$12.6 million
of goodwill in the SRS segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Comprehensive Professional Services ("CPS").
On
March 23, 2015
, the Company acquired the assets of CPS's Michigan programs for
$1.3 million
. CPS provides community-based, residential services for individuals with brain injuries. The Company acquired
$0.9 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$0.7 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
,
$0.2 million
of licenses and permits with a weighted average useful life of
10 years
,
$5 thousand
for a non-compete/non-solicit agreement with a useful life of
5 years
. In addition, the Company acquired total tangible assets of
$19 thousand
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.4 million
of goodwill in the SRS segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Snug Harbor Home Health, Inc. ("Snug Harbor").
On
April 1, 2015
, the Company acquired the assets of Snug Harbor for
$1.0 million
. Snug Harbor provides home and community-based services to individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. The Company acquired
$0.9 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
. In addition, the Company acquired total tangible assets of
$28 thousand
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$34 thousand
of goodwill in the I/DD segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Heritage Residential Services, Inc. ("Heritage").
On
April 30, 2015
, the Company acquired the assets of Heritage for
$2.2 million
. Heritage provides residential and related services to individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. The Company acquired
$1.3 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$1.1 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
,
$0.2 million
of licenses and permits with a weighted average useful life of
10 years
, and
$22 thousand
of trade names with a useful life of
1 year
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.9 million
of goodwill in the I/DD segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Visions of N.E.W., LLC ("Visions of N.E.W.").
On
April 30, 2015
, the Company acquired the assets of Visions of N.E.W. for
$3.0 million
. Visions of N.E.W. provides residential, transportation, job coaching, supportive care and similar services to individuals with developmental disabilities. The Company acquired
$2.2 million
of identifiable intangible assets which included
$1.8 million
of agency contracts with a weighted average useful life of
12 years
, and
$0.4 million
of licenses and permits with a weighted average useful life of
10 years
. In addition, the Company acquired total tangible assets of
$0.1 million
. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded
$0.7 million
of goodwill in the I/DD segment, which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
Other Acquisitions.
During fiscal 2015, the Company acquired the assets of Kessel Group Home, Inc ("Kessel"), Individual Expressions, Inc ("Individual Expressions"), and Georgia Rehabilitation Institute, Inc at Harison Heights ("Harison Heights"). Kessel and Individual Expressions are in the business of providing group home and related services to individuals with developmental disabilities and are included in our I/DD segment. Harison Heights is engaged in the business of providing assisted living, supported living or transitional living services to individuals with brain injuries, neuromuscular disorders, spinal cord injuries and similar conditions and is included in our SRS segment. Total cash consideration for these companies was
$0.6 million
of which
$0.4 million
was recorded for identifiable intangible assets,
$0.2 million
was recorded for goodwill and
$48 thousand
was recorded for tangible assets.
The Company's consolidated statement of income for the year ended September 30, 2015 included revenue totaling
$25.2 million
related to these businesses. The Company has not disclosed income from operations because it is immaterial.
5. Proforma Results of Operations (unaudited)
The following table reflects the unaudited pro forma results of operations for fiscal
2017
,
2016
, and
2015
assuming that the acquisitions made during fiscal
2017
,
2016
, and
2015
had occurred on October 1, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
Year Ended
September 30, 2017
|
|
Year ended September 30, 2016
|
|
Year ended September 30, 2015
|
Net revenue
|
$
|
1,534,532
|
|
|
$
|
1,507,342
|
|
|
$
|
1,429,166
|
|
Net income
|
12,058
|
|
|
19,254
|
|
|
9,779
|
|
The unaudited pro forma information is presented for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the actual results that would have been achieved had the acquisitions occurred as of October 1, 2015, 2014 and 2013, or the results that may be achieved in future periods.
6. Disposition of Businesses
As part of a strategic review of our ARY operations, the Company decided to discontinue ARY services in the states of Florida, Louisiana, Indiana, North Carolina and Texas in fiscal 2015. These operations were included in the ARY segment. On December 1, 2015, the Company completed the sale of its ARY operations in the state of North Carolina. As consideration, the buyer assumed our lease and service delivery obligations in exchange for the assets of the business, excluding working capital items, and a cash payment of
$1.3 million
to the buyer. Upon the completion of the sale, the Company recorded a loss of
$1.3 million
. The closures of the ARY operations in Florida and Louisiana were complete as of December 31, 2015 and the closures of our ARY operations in Indiana and Texas were completed in January 2016. During fiscal 2016, the Company recorded cash charges of approximately
$2.0 million
, consisting of severance costs of
$0.5 million
and lease termination costs of
$1.5 million
.
The Company assessed the disposal group under the guidance of ASU 2014-08, Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity and concluded that the closure of the disposal group does not represent a "strategic shift" and therefore has not been classified as discontinued operations for any of the periods presented. However, the Company has concluded that the disposal group was an individually significant disposal group. There were no operating results for the disposal group during the year ended
September 30, 2017
. Pretax losses for this disposal group were
$5.6 million
and
$13.9 million
for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Pretax losses for the year ended September 30, 2016 included exit costs of
$2.0 million
disclosed above.
7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
As a result of recent changes in the Company's organizational structure, which took effect on October 1, 2016, the Company now has
three
reportable business segments: the I/DD segment, the SRS segment and the ARY segment. The ADH operating segment, which was previously aggregated in the Human Services segment, is included in Corporate and Other. For more information refer to Note 19, "Segment Information."
The changes in goodwill for the fiscal years ended
September 30, 2017
and
2016
are as follows (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I/DD
|
|
SRS
|
|
ARY
|
|
Corporate/Other
|
|
Total
|
Balance as of September 30, 2015
|
$
|
101,951
|
|
|
$
|
81,234
|
|
|
$
|
73,464
|
|
|
$
|
17,871
|
|
|
$
|
274,520
|
|
Goodwill acquired through acquisitions
|
2,204
|
|
|
675
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
6,512
|
|
|
9,391
|
|
Impairment
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(10,251
|
)
|
|
(10,251
|
)
|
Balance as of September 30, 2016
|
104,155
|
|
|
81,909
|
|
|
73,464
|
|
|
14,132
|
|
|
273,660
|
|
Impact of segment change
(1)
|
44,980
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(44,980
|
)
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Acquisition adjustments
|
(17
|
)
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
(7
|
)
|
Goodwill acquired through acquisitions
|
10,198
|
|
|
3,616
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
13,827
|
|
|
27,641
|
|
Impairment
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(27,969
|
)
|
|
(27,969
|
)
|
Balance as of September 30, 2017
|
$
|
159,316
|
|
|
$
|
85,525
|
|
|
$
|
28,484
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
273,325
|
|
(1)
In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017, the Company corrected the estimates used to determine the allocation of goodwill in connection with the segment change as of October 1, 2016. As a result, an additional
$9.7 million
was allocated to the I/DD reporting unit compared to the allocation amount previously reported in fiscal 2017. Total segment assets have been updated
from previously reported amounts for this change.
As a result of segment and reporting unit changes, which are described in Note 19, the Company allocated goodwill between the new reporting units based on the relative fair values, resulting in an allocation of
$45.0 million
. The Company estimated the fair value of the new reporting units using the income approach. The income approach is based on a discounted cash flow analysis and calculates the fair value of a reporting unit by estimating the after–tax cash flows attributable to a reporting unit and then discounting them to a present value using a risk-adjusted discount rate. In the discounted cash flow analysis, cash flows for the new reporting units were forecasted for each of the next ten years and a long term growth rate was applied to the final year of the forecasted cash flows to estimate terminal value. The cash flows were then discounted to a present value using a risk-adjusted discount rate. The discount rates, which are intended to reflect the risks inherent in future cash flow projections used in the discounted cash flow analysis, are based on estimates of the weighted average costs of capital of market participants relative to each respective reporting unit.
This change in the Company's I/DD and ARY reporting units was considered a triggering event that indicated a test for goodwill impairment was necessary as of October 1, 2016. The Company completed impairment tests for these reporting units as of October 1, 2016 and it was determined that the carrying value of goodwill was not impaired as the fair value of the reporting units significantly exceeded the carrying value.
Annual Goodwill Impairment Testing
The Company tests goodwill at least annually for possible impairment. Accordingly, the Company completes the annual testing of impairment for goodwill on July 1st of each fiscal year. In addition to its annual test, the Company regularly evaluates whether events or circumstances have occurred that may indicate a potential impairment of these assets.
The Company has elected to bypass the qualitative assessments and proceed directly to the quantitative test. The Company utilizes the income approach, specifically the discounted cash flow method, to estimate the fair value of its reporting units when testing for impairment of goodwill. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the income approach to forecast operating cash flows, including revenue growth, tax rates, capital spending, discount rate and working capital changes. These inputs are not observable in the market and represent Level 3 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. Cash flow forecasts are based on business unit operating plans and historical relationships. The income approach is sensitive to changes in long-term terminal growth rates and the discount rate. The discount rate was selected based on the estimated rate of return as well as time value of money.
As mentioned in Note 2, the Company early adopted ASU 2017-04 as of July 1, 2017, which eliminated Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The Company conducted Step 1of the annual goodwill impairment test as of July 1, 2017, which indicated that the fair value of the ADH reporting unit, that is included within Corporate and Other, was less than its carrying value. Based on the guidance in ASU 2017-04, the Company recognized an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeded the reporting unit’s fair value. The
$28.0 million
impairment charge is included in Goodwill and intangible asset impairment in the consolidated statement of income for the year ended
September 30, 2017
. The goodwill impairment was attributable to a reduction in the profit projections of the core ADH business and a decrease in the forecasted contributions from future new start programs as compared to the prior year's projections.
Prior to adoption of ASU 2017-04, our annual impairment analysis as of July 1, 2016 indicated that the Step 2 analysis was necessary for the ADH reporting unit, that is included within Corporate/Other, as the carrying value exceeded the fair value of the reporting unit. Step 2 of the goodwill test is performed to measure the impairment loss. Step 2 requires that the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill be compared to the carrying amount of that goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss shall be recognized in an amount equal to that excess. After performing Step 2, it was determined that the implied value of goodwill was less than the carrying amount, resulting in an impairment charge of
$10.3 million
that is included in Goodwill and intangible asset impairment in the consolidated statement of income for the year ended September 30, 2016. The impairment was driven by higher than anticipated operating costs in recently acquired businesses that have negatively affected the reporting unit's projected operating margins.
The Company completed Step 1 for its other reporting units as of July 1, 2017 and 2016 and concluded that there was no goodwill impairment. Additionally, the Company performed its annual impairment testing for its reporting units as of July 1, 2015 and concluded based on the first step of the process that there was no goodwill impairment.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consist of the following as of
September 30, 2017
(in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Description
|
Weighted Average
Remaining Life
|
|
Gross Carrying
Value
|
|
Accumulated
Amortization
|
|
Intangible
Assets, Net
|
Agency contracts
|
7 years
|
|
|
$
|
540,826
|
|
|
$
|
290,687
|
|
|
$
|
250,139
|
|
Non-compete/non-solicit
|
1 year
|
|
|
7,196
|
|
|
5,228
|
|
|
$
|
1,968
|
|
Relationship with contracted caregivers
|
—
|
|
|
7,521
|
|
|
7,521
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Trade names
|
2 years
|
|
|
7,138
|
|
|
4,779
|
|
|
$
|
2,359
|
|
Trade names (indefinite life)
|
—
|
|
|
42,400
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
42,400
|
|
Licenses and permits
|
3 years
|
|
|
58,443
|
|
|
42,234
|
|
|
$
|
16,209
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
663,524
|
|
|
$
|
350,449
|
|
|
$
|
313,075
|
|
Intangible assets consist of the following as of
September 30, 2016
(in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Description
|
Weighted Average
Remaining Life
|
|
Gross Carrying
Value
|
|
Accumulated
Amortization
|
|
Intangible
Assets, Net
|
Agency contracts
|
7 years
|
|
|
$
|
499,652
|
|
|
$
|
257,104
|
|
|
$
|
242,548
|
|
Non-compete/non-solicit
|
2 years
|
|
|
6,438
|
|
|
4,432
|
|
|
2,006
|
|
Relationship with contracted caregivers
|
—
|
|
|
7,521
|
|
|
7,505
|
|
|
16
|
|
Trade names
|
2 years
|
|
|
6,516
|
|
|
4,014
|
|
|
2,502
|
|
Trade names (indefinite life)
|
—
|
|
|
45,800
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
45,800
|
|
Licenses and permits
|
2 years
|
|
|
49,773
|
|
|
40,416
|
|
|
9,357
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
615,700
|
|
|
$
|
313,471
|
|
|
$
|
302,229
|
|
For fiscal years ended
2017
,
2016
and
2015
, the amortization expense for continuing operations was
$37.0 million
,
$38.1 million
and
$38.7 million
, respectively.
Annual Indefinite Life Impairment Testing
The Company tests indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually for possible impairment. Accordingly, the Company completes the annual testing of impairment for indefinite-lived intangible assets on July 1 of each fiscal year. In addition to its annual test, the Company regularly evaluates whether events or circumstances have occurred that may indicate a potential impairment of these assets.
The impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss in an amount equal to that excess is recognized. The Company has consistently employed the relief from royalty model to estimate the current fair value when testing for impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets. In addition, the Company evaluates the remaining useful life of its indefinite-lived intangible assets at least each reporting period to determine whether events or circumstances continue to support an indefinite useful life. If events or circumstances indicate that the useful lives of indefinite-lived intangible assets are no longer indefinite, the assets will be tested for impairment.
The Company performed its annual impairment testing as of July 1,
2017
,
2016
and
2015
and concluded that there is no impairment to its indefinite lived trade names. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017, the Company concluded that the useful lives of the indefinite-lived ADH trade names are no longer indefinite as a result of the Company's decision to phase in one national brand name for this business. The Company performed an impairment test using the relief from royalty model over the remaining useful life of one year. The impairment test indicated that the
$3.4 million
carrying value of the indefinite-lived ADH trade names exceeded its fair value, resulting in an impairment charge of
$3.0 million
which is included in Goodwill and intangible asset impairment in the consolidated statement of income for the year ended September 30, 2017. The remaining net book value of
$0.4 million
will be amortized over the remaining useful life of one year.
Long-Lived Impairment Testing
The Company reviews long-lived tangible and intangible assets for impairment when events or circumstances have occurred that indicate the estimated useful life of these assets may warrant revision or that the carrying amount of these assets may be impaired.
During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the Company concluded it had a triggering event requiring assessment of impairment for certain long-lived assets held by ADH due to the impairment of goodwill. The Company estimated the future net undiscounted cash flows and compared them to the carrying amount of the assets. Based on this assessment the Company concluded that the assets are recoverable as the undiscounted cash flows exceeded the carrying amount, therefore; an impairment does not exist at September 30, 2017 and 2016.
During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2015, the Company decided to discontinue ARY services in the states of Illinois, Florida, Louisiana, Indiana, North Carolina and Texas. As a result, the Company determined certain assets were impaired and recorded impairment charges of
$0.4 million
for relationships with contracted caregivers,
$9.8 million
for agency contracts, and
$0.2 million
of other intangibles. The total impairment charge of
$10.4 million
is included in depreciation and amortization expense for fiscal year ended September 30, 2015. See Note 6 for more information on these divestitures.
The estimated remaining amortization expense related to intangible assets with finite lives for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter is as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
Year Ending September 30,
|
(In thousands)
|
2018
|
$
|
40,940
|
|
2019
|
39,512
|
|
2020
|
38,415
|
|
2021
|
35,007
|
|
2022
|
33,236
|
|
Thereafter
|
83,565
|
|
|
$
|
270,675
|
|
8. Property and Equipment
Property and equipment consists of the following as of September 30 (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
Buildings, building improvements and land
|
$
|
126,497
|
|
|
$
|
125,604
|
|
Vehicles
|
76,677
|
|
|
66,421
|
|
Computer hardware and software
|
35,863
|
|
|
33,053
|
|
Leasehold improvements
|
97,476
|
|
|
83,533
|
|
Furniture and fixtures
|
19,530
|
|
|
18,148
|
|
Office and telecommunication equipment
|
7,613
|
|
|
6,236
|
|
Software for internal use
|
6,129
|
|
|
4,608
|
|
Construction in progress
|
3,181
|
|
|
2,472
|
|
|
372,966
|
|
|
340,075
|
|
Less accumulated depreciation
|
(189,628
|
)
|
|
(165,067
|
)
|
Property and equipment, net
|
$
|
183,338
|
|
|
$
|
175,008
|
|
For fiscal years ended
2017
,
2016
and
2015
, depreciation expense for continuing operations was
$38.7 million
,
$34.9 million
and
$32.8 million
, respectively, and depreciation expense for discontinued operations was
$0
,
$38 thousand
and
$0.1 million
, respectively.
9. Certain Balance Sheet Accounts
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following as of September 30 (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
Prepaid business expense
|
$
|
3,827
|
|
|
$
|
3,283
|
|
Prepaid insurance
|
279
|
|
|
524
|
|
Anticipated insurance recoveries
|
7,291
|
|
|
8,067
|
|
Other
|
1,601
|
|
|
8,967
|
|
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
|
$
|
12,998
|
|
|
$
|
20,841
|
|
Other Accrued Liabilities
Other accrued liabilities consist of the following as of September 30 (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
Accrued insurance
|
$
|
19,328
|
|
|
$
|
19,374
|
|
Overpayments
|
1,752
|
|
|
1,459
|
|
Due to third party payors
|
6,942
|
|
|
6,601
|
|
Accrued professional services
|
3,225
|
|
|
2,028
|
|
Accrued interest
|
166
|
|
|
86
|
|
Other
|
10,871
|
|
|
22,132
|
|
Other accrued liabilities
|
$
|
42,284
|
|
|
$
|
51,680
|
|
Other Long-Term Liabilities
Other long-term liabilities consist of the following as of September 30 (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
Accrued self-insurance reserves
|
$
|
55,096
|
|
|
$
|
60,080
|
|
Other
|
21,985
|
|
|
21,386
|
|
Other long-term liabilities
|
$
|
77,081
|
|
|
$
|
81,466
|
|
10. Long-term Debt
The Company’s long-term debt consists of the following as of September 30 (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
Term loan principal; principal and interest are due in quarterly installments through January 31, 2021
|
$
|
632,476
|
|
|
$
|
639,030
|
|
Original issue discount on term loan, net of accumulated amortization
|
(901
|
)
|
|
(1,178
|
)
|
Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization
|
(5,122
|
)
|
|
(5,890
|
)
|
|
626,453
|
|
|
631,962
|
|
Less current portion
|
6,554
|
|
|
6,554
|
|
Long-term debt
|
$
|
619,899
|
|
|
$
|
625,408
|
|
As of
September 30, 2017
and
2016
, the Company did not have any borrowings under the senior revolver.
Senior Secured Credit Facilities
As of September 30, 2017, NMHI's senior credit agreement (the “senior credit agreement”), as amended, governs a
$655.0 million
(
$730.0 million
after giving effect to the
$75.0 million
incremental term loan funded on October 25, 2017) Tranche B term loan facility (the “term loan facility”), of which
$50.0 million
was deposited in a cash collateral account in support of the issuance of letters of credit under an institutional letter of credit facility (the “institutional letter of credit facility”), and a
$120.0 million
senior secured revolving credit facility (the “senior revolver”). The term loan facility matures on January 31, 2021 and the senior revolver matures on January 31, 2019, except as further discussed in Note 24. All of the obligations under the senior secured credit facilities are guaranteed by NMHH and the subsidiary guarantors named therein. The senior credit agreement provides that NMHI may make one or more offers to the lenders, and consummate transactions with individual lenders that accept the terms contained in such offers, to extend the maturity date of the lender’s term loans and/or revolving commitments, subject to certain conditions, and any extended term loans or revolving commitments will constitute a separate class of term loans or revolving commitments.
On May 25, 2017, NMHI entered into Amendment No. 5 to its senior credit agreement (the "repricing amendment"). Under the terms of the repricing amendment, the applicable interest margin for the term loan facility under the senior credit agreement decreased by
25
basis points for both alternate base rate ("ABR") borrowings and Eurodollar borrowings, and reduced the Eurodollar floor by
25
basis points. The repricing amendment also reset the period during which a
1.0%
prepayment premium may be required for a repricing transaction (as defined in the senior credit agreement) until May 25, 2018.
The senior revolver includes borrowing capacity available for letters of credit and for borrowings on same-day notice, referred to as the “swingline loans.” Any issuance of letters of credit or borrowing on a swingline loan will reduce the
amount available under the senior revolver. As of
September 30, 2017
, NMHI had
no
borrowings under the senior revolver,
$47.4 million
of letters of credit issued under the institutional letter of credit facility and
$2.9 million
of standby letters of credit under the senior revolver.
As a result of the repricing amendment, borrowings under the term loan facility bear interest, at our option, at: (i) an alternate base rate ("ABR") equal to the greater of (a) the prime rate of Barclays Bank PLC, (b) the federal funds rate plus 1/2 of
1.0%
, and (c) the Eurodollar rate for an interest period of one-month plus
100
basis points (provided that the ABR applicable to the term loan facility will not be less than
2.00%
per annum), plus
2.00%
; or (ii) the Eurodollar rate (provided that the Eurodollar rate applicable to the term loan facility will not be less than
0.75%
per annum), plus
3.00%
. Borrowings under the revolving and swingline loans bear interest at our option at (i) an alternate base rate equal to the greater of (a) the prime rate of Barclays Bank PLC, (b) the federal funds rate plus 1/2 of
1.0%
, and (c) the Eurodollar rate for an interest period of one-month plus
100
basis points (provided that the ABR applicable to the term loan facility will not be less than
2.00%
per annum), plus
2.25%
; or (ii) the Eurodollar rate (provided that the Eurodollar rate applicable to the term loan facility will not be less than
0.75%
per annum), plus
3.25%
. NMHI is also required to pay a commitment fee to the lenders under the senior revolver at an initial rate of
0.50%
of the average daily unutilized commitments thereunder. NMHI must also pay customary letter of credit fees.
The senior credit agreement requires NMHI to make mandatory prepayments, subject to certain exceptions, on a percentage of NMHI's annual Excess Cash Flow, as defined in the senior credit agreement. NMHI determines whether or not a mandatory prepayment is required at the end of each fiscal year. NMHI was not required to make a prepayment for the fiscal year ended
September 30, 2017
.
Senior Notes
During fiscal 2015, NMHI redeemed the remaining
$212.0 million
of senior notes. The redemption price of the senior notes was
106.25%
of the principal amount redeemed. As a result of the redemptions, NMHI incurred expense of
$17.1 million
during fiscal 2015 related to deferred financing fees, debt issuance costs and associated call premiums. The expense is reflected in extinguishment of debt in the consolidated statements of income.
Covenants
The senior credit agreement contains negative covenants, including, among other things, limitations on the Company’s ability to incur additional debt, create liens on assets, transfer or sell assets, pay dividends, redeem stock or make other distributions or investments, and engage in certain transactions with affiliates. The senior credit agreement contains a springing financial covenant. If, at the end of any fiscal quarter, the Company’s outstanding borrowings under the senior revolver exceeds
30%
of the commitments thereunder, it is required to maintain at the end of each such fiscal quarter a consolidated first lien leverage ratio of not more than
5.50
to 1.00. This consolidated first lien leverage ratio stepped down to
5.00
to 1.00 in the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2017. The springing financial covenant was not in effect as of
September 30, 2017
as our usage of the senior revolver did not exceed the threshold for that quarter.
Derivatives
On January 20, 2015, NMHI entered into
two
interest rate swap agreements in an aggregate notional amount of
$375.0 million
in order to reduce the variability of cash flows of our variable rate debt. NMHI entered into these interest rate swaps to hedge the risk of changes in the floating rate of interest on borrowings under the term loan. Under the terms of the swaps, NMHI will receive from the counterparty a quarterly payment based on a rate equal to the greater of 3-month LIBOR or
1.00%
per annum, and NMHI will make payments to the counterparty based on a fixed rate of
1.795%
per annum, in each case on the notional amount of
$375.0 million
, settled on a net payment basis. The swap agreements expire on March 31, 2020.
The fair value of the swap agreements, representing the price that would be received to transfer the liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, was
$0.2 million
or
$0.1 million
after taxes at
September 30, 2017
, and
$6.0 million
or
$3.6 million
after taxes, at
September 30, 2016
. The fair value was recorded in Other accrued liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheet and was determined based on pricing models and independent formulas using current assumptions. Hedge ineffectiveness, if any, associated with the swap will be reported by the Company in interest expense. The Company did not record any interest expense for ineffectiveness during the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
Annual maturities
Annual maturities of the Company’s debt for the fiscal year ended September 30 are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
(In thousands)
|
2018
|
$
|
6,554
|
|
2019
|
6,554
|
|
2020
|
6,554
|
|
2021
|
612,814
|
|
Total
|
$
|
632,476
|
|
Amounts due at any year end may increase as a result of the provision in the senior credit agreement that requires a prepayment of a portion of the outstanding term loan amount if NMHI generates certain levels of cash flow.
11. Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock
The holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to receive dividends when and as declared by the Company’s Board of Directors. In addition, the holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share.
Preferred Stock
The Company has authorized
50,000,000
shares of
$0.01
par value preferred stock.
No
shares of preferred stock are outstanding.
12. Employee Savings and Retirement Plans
The Company has a multi-company plan (the “Plan”) which covers all of its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Under the Plan, employees may contribute a portion of their earnings, which are invested in mutual funds of their choice. After January 1, the Company makes a matching contribution for the previous calendar year on behalf of all participants employed on the last day of the year. This matching contribution vests immediately. In addition, there is a profit sharing feature of the Plan, whereby, at the discretion of management, an allocation may be made to all of the eligible employees in one or more of its business units. Profit sharing contributions vest ratably over
three years
with forfeitures available to cover plan costs and employer matches in future years. The Company made contributions of
$6.2 million
,
$6.4 million
and
$7.4 million
, for fiscal years
2017
,
2016
and
2015
, respectively.
The Company has the following
two
deferred compensation plans:
The National Mentor Holdings, LLC Executive Deferred Compensation Plan
The National Mentor Holdings, LLC Executive Deferred Compensation Plan is an unfunded, nonqualified deferred compensation arrangement for senior management, in which the Company contributes to the executive’s account a percentage of the executive’s base compensation. This contribution is made at the end of the year for service rendered during the year. The Company contributed
$0.4 million
,
$0.6 million
and
$0.6 million
for fiscal
2017
,
2016
and
2015
, respectively. The unfunded accrued liability was
$3.0 million
and
$3.1 million
as of
September 30, 2017
and
2016
, respectively, and was included in other long-term liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
The National Mentor Holdings, LLC Executive Deferral Plan
The National Mentor Holdings, LLC Executive Deferral Plan, available to highly compensated employees, is a plan in which participants contribute a percentage of salary and/or bonus earned during the year. Employees contributed
$1.1 million
,
$1.3 million
and
$1.4 million
for fiscal
2017
,
2016
and
2015
, respectively. The accrued liability related to this plan was
$10.4 million
and
$9.7 million
as of
September 30, 2017
and
2016
, respectively, and was included in other long-term liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
In connection with the National Mentor Holdings, LLC Executive Deferral Plan, the Company has purchased company owned life insurance (“COLI”) policies on certain plan participants. The cash surrender value of the COLI policies is designed to provide a source for funding the accrued liability. The cash surrender value of the COLI policies was
$9.0 million
and
$8.0 million
as of
September 30, 2017
and
2016
, respectively, and was included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Retirement Agreement
The Company entered into a retirement agreement with the Company's former Executive Chair, (the “Retirement Agreement”) on August 19, 2015. Pursuant to the Retirement Agreement, the Company expects to pay him the following amounts in connection with his retirement: (i)
$800,000
over a period of
two years
, representing a continuation of his salary, (ii)
$48,000
over a period of
two years
(representing a payment of
$2,000
per month for 24 months in lieu of continuing health and welfare benefits) and (iii)
$800,000
over the next
two years
, representing his target annual bonus of
100%
of base salary under the incentive compensation plan for
two years
after his retirement. As of
September 30, 2017
, the Company had
no
accrued liability related to these retirement benefits. As of
September 30, 2016
, the accrued liability related to these retirement benefits was
$1.4 million
.
The expense related to the deferred compensation plans and retirement agreement for the fiscal years ended September 30,
2017
,
2016
and
2015
was
$1.9 million
,
$1.6 million
and
$2.2 million
, respectively.
13. Related Party Transactions
Lease Agreements
The Company leases several offices, homes and other facilities from its employees, or from relatives of employees, primarily in the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. These leases have various expiration dates extending out as far as September 2024. Related party lease expense was
$0.7 million
,
$0.7 million
and
$0.8 million
for the fiscal years ended
September 30, 2017
,
2016
and
2015
, respectively.
14. Fair Value Measurements
The Company measures and reports its financial assets and liabilities on the basis of fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.
A three-level hierarchy for disclosure has been established to show the extent and level of judgment used to estimate fair value measurements, as follows:
Level 1:
Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2:
Significant other observable inputs (quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability).
Level 3:
Significant unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. These values are generally determined using pricing models which utilize management estimates of market participant assumptions.
Valuation techniques for assets and liabilities measured using Level 3 inputs may include methodologies such as the market approach, the income approach or the cost approach, and may use unobservable inputs such as projections, estimates and management’s interpretation of current market data. These unobservable inputs are only utilized to the extent that observable inputs are not available or cost-effective to obtain.
A description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.
The following table set forth the Company’s assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of
September 30, 2017
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
Total
|
|
Quoted
Market Prices
(Level 1)
|
|
Significant Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
|
|
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
|
Liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
|
$
|
(153
|
)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(153
|
)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
The following table set forth the Company’s assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of
September 30, 2016
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
Total
|
|
Quoted
Market Prices
(Level 1)
|
|
Significant Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
|
|
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
|
Liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
|
$
|
(5,979
|
)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
(5,979
|
)
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Contingent consideration
|
(5,915
|
)
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(5,915
|
)
|
Interest rate-swap agreements.
The Company’s interest rate swap agreements are classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the swap agreements was recorded in current liabilities (under Other accrued liabilities) in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of these agreements was determined based on pricing models and independent formulas using current assumptions that included swap terms, interest rates and forward LIBOR curves and the Company’s credit risk.
Contingent Consideration.
In connection with the acquisition of Mass Adult Day Health (“Adult Day Health”) in September 2014 and Cassell in January 2015, the Company recorded contingent consideration pertaining to the amounts potentially payable to the former owners upon the businesses achieving certain performance targets. The fair values of the Company's contingent consideration obligations were based on a probability-weighted approach derived from the overall likelihood of achieving certain performance targets. The resultant probability-weighted earn-out payments were discounted using a discount rate based upon the weighted-average cost of capital. The fair value measurement was based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which represent Level 3 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. The valuation of contingent consideration used assumptions the Company believed would be made by a market participant. The Company assessed these estimates on an ongoing basis until settlement as additional data impacting the assumptions is obtained. Increases or decreases in the fair values of the contingent consideration obligations may result from changes in discount periods and rates, changes in the timing and amount of earn-out criteria and changes in probability assumptions with respect to the likelihood of achieving the various earn-out criteria. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration related to updated assumptions and estimates were recognized in General and administrative expense within the consolidated statements of operations.
The Company settled the remaining Adult Day Health and Cassell contingent consideration obligations during the year ended
September 30, 2017
for
$6.1 million
.
The following table presents a summary of changes in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 liabilities measured on a recurring basis for fiscal years
2017
and
2016
.
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
Level 3
Inputs
Liabilities
|
Balance at September 30, 2015
|
$
|
9,075
|
|
Present value accretion
|
(211
|
)
|
Fair value adjustments
|
616
|
|
Payments
|
(3,565
|
)
|
Balance at September 30, 2016
|
$
|
5,915
|
|
Fair value adjustments
|
194
|
|
Payments
|
(6,109
|
)
|
Balance at September 30, 2017
|
$
|
—
|
|
As of
September 30, 2017
, the Company had
no
contingent consideration liability. As of
September 30, 2016
, the Company had
$5.9 million
of contingent consideration liabilities, which was reflected in Other accrued liabilities.
Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis.
The Company’s intangible assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using Level 3 inputs. During the year ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded a
$3.0 million
impairment charge associated with the indefinite-lived ADH trade names due to the Company's decision to phase in one national brand name for its ADH business unit. See Note 7 for further information about the impairment charge which was recorded in Goodwill and intangible asset impairment in the consolidated statement of income. The impairment charge was determined by comparing the fair value based on the relief from royalty model over the remaining useful life of one year to the assets' carrying value of
$3.4 million
.
During the year ended September 30, 2015, certain intangible assets associated with the at-risk youth business with a carrying value of
$10.4 million
were written off because the Company determined the assets had no net realizable value. See Note 6 for further information about the decision to discontinue at-risk youth services in Florida, Louisiana, Indiana, North Carolina and Texas. The asset impairment charge of
$10.4 million
was recorded in Goodwill and intangible asset impairment in the consolidated statement of income. These impairment charges were determined by comparing the fair value based on projected future discounted cash flows to be provided from the intangible assets to the assets' carrying value. There were no other items measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the years ended September 30, 2017, 2016 or 2015.
At
September 30, 2017
and September 30, 2016, the carrying values of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and variable rate debt approximated fair value.
15. Leases
Operating leases
The Company leases office and residential facilities, vehicles and certain office equipment in several locations under operating lease arrangements, which expire at various dates through fiscal
2033
. In addition to base rents presented below, the majority of the leases require payments for additional expenses such as taxes, maintenance and utilities. Certain of the leases contain renewal options at the Company’s option and some have escalation clauses which are recognized as rent expense on a straight line basis. Total rent expense from continuing operations for fiscal
2017
,
2016
and
2015
was
$73.5 million
,
$70.0 million
and
$65.1 million
, respectively.
On September 23, 2015, the Company entered into an amendment to its lease agreement for its corporate office. The lease agreement, as amended, expires on July 31, 2024 and the Company has the option to extend the lease term for a period of
5 years
. As of September 30,
2017
, the Company had total expected minimum lease commitments of approximately
$14.3 million
over the lease term. Total rent expense related to this lease was
$1.9 million
,
$1.9 million
and
$1.7 million
for fiscal years
2017
,
2016
and
2015
, respectively.
Future minimum lease payments for non-cancellable operating leases for the fiscal years ending September 30 are as follows (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
2018
|
$
|
67,731
|
|
2019
|
57,408
|
|
2020
|
45,903
|
|
2021
|
36,321
|
|
2022
|
28,372
|
|
Thereafter
|
81,635
|
|
|
$
|
317,370
|
|
Capital leases
The Company leases certain facilities and office equipment under various non-cancellable capital leases that expire at various dates through fiscal
2026
. Assets acquired under capital leases with an original cost of
$7.8 million
and
$7.8 million
and related accumulated amortization of
$4.0 million
and
$3.4 million
are included in property and equipment, net as of September 30,
2017
and
2016
, respectively. Amortization expense for fiscal years
2017
,
2016
and
2015
was
$0.6 million
.
The following is a schedule of the future minimum lease payments under the capital leases for the fiscal years ending September 30 (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
2018
|
$
|
1,124
|
|
2019
|
1,124
|
|
2020
|
1,124
|
|
2021
|
1,124
|
|
2022
|
777
|
|
Thereafter
|
1,854
|
|
Total minimum lease payments
|
7,127
|
|
Less: Interest payments
|
(2,115
|
)
|
|
$
|
5,012
|
|
Interest expense on capital leases during fiscal years
2017
,
2016
and
2015
was
$0.6 million
,
$0.6 million
, and
$0.7 million
, respectively.
16. Accruals for Self-Insurance
The Company maintains insurance for professional and general liability, workers’ compensation liability, automobile liability and health insurance liabilities that includes self-insured retentions. The Company intends to maintain such coverage in the future and is of the opinion that its insurance coverage is adequate to cover potential losses on asserted claims. Employment practices liability is fully self-insured.
The Company records expenses related to claims on an incurred basis, which includes estimates of fully developed losses for both reported and unreported claims. The accruals for the health, workers’ compensation, automobile, and professional and general liability programs are based on analyses performed by management and take into account reports by independent third parties. Accruals are periodically reevaluated and increased or decreased based on new information. The expense related to professional and general liability for the fiscal years ended
September 30, 2017
,
2016
and
2015
was
$7.2 million
,
$12.9 million
and
$10.5 million
, respectively. The expense related to employment practices liability for the fiscal years ended
September 30, 2017
,
2016
and
2015
was
$5.5 million
,
$0.2 million
, and
$0.4 million
, respectively.
For professional and general liability, from October 1, 2014 to September 30, 2015, the Company was self-insured for
$4.0 million
per claim and
$28.0 million
in the aggregate. Commencing October 1, 2015, the Company is self-insured for
$3.0 million
per claim and
$28.0 million
in the aggregate.
For workers’ compensation, the Company has a
$350 thousand
per claim retention with statutory limits. Automobile liability has a
$100 thousand
per claim retention, with additional insurance coverage above the retention. The Company purchases specific stop loss insurance as protection against extraordinary claims liability for health insurance claims. Stop loss insurance covers claims that exceed
$300 thousand
on a per member basis.
The Company reports its self-insurance liabilities on a gross basis without giving effect to insurance recoveries. Anticipated insurance recoveries are presented in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Self-insured liabilities are presented in Accrued payroll and related costs, Other accrued liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets.
17. Other Commitments and Contingencies
The Company is in the health and human services business and, therefore, has been and continues to be subject to numerous claims alleging that the Company, its employees or its independently contracted host-home caregivers (“Mentors”) failed to provide proper care for an individual served by the Company. The Company is also subject to claims by these individuals, its employees, its Mentors or community members against the Company for negligence, intentional misconduct or violation of applicable laws. Included in the Company’s recent claims are claims alleging personal injury, assault, abuse, wrongful death, violations of wage and hour laws and other charges. Regulatory agencies may initiate administrative proceedings alleging that the Company’s programs, employees or agents violate statutes and regulations and seek to impose monetary penalties on the Company. The Company could be required to incur significant costs to respond to regulatory investigations or defend against civil lawsuits and, if the Company does not prevail, the Company could be required to pay substantial amounts of money in damages, settlement amounts or penalties arising from these legal proceedings.
The Company is also subject to potential lawsuits under the False Claims Act and other federal and state whistleblower statutes designed to combat fraud and abuse in the health care industry. These lawsuits can involve significant monetary awards that may incentivize private plaintiffs to bring these suits. If the Company is found to have violated the False Claims Act, it could be excluded from participation in Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs which would have a material adverse effect on our business. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provides a mandate for more vigorous and widespread enforcement activity to combat fraud and abuse in the health care industry.
The Company is also subject to employee-related claims under state and federal law, including claims for wage and hour violations under the Fair Labor Standards Act or state wage and hour laws, and claims for discrimination, wrongful discharge or retaliation. The Company currently has
three
pending complaints in California state court that allege certain wage and hour violations of California labor laws and seek to be designated as class-action.
One
additional wage and hour complaint has been settled and preliminarily approved by the court. The Company's policy is to accrue for all probable and estimable claims using information available at the time the financial statements are issued. Actual claims could settle in the future at materially different amounts due to the nature of litigation.
18. Income Taxes
The provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following as of September 30 (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
Current:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Federal
|
$
|
18,701
|
|
|
$
|
5,382
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
State
|
5,708
|
|
|
3,549
|
|
|
2,333
|
|
Total current tax provision
|
24,409
|
|
|
8,931
|
|
|
2,333
|
|
Deferred:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Federal
|
(17,894
|
)
|
|
4,701
|
|
|
1,735
|
|
State
|
(4,651
|
)
|
|
(342
|
)
|
|
(1,379
|
)
|
Net deferred tax provision (benefit)
|
(22,545
|
)
|
|
4,359
|
|
|
356
|
|
Income tax provision
|
$
|
1,864
|
|
|
$
|
13,290
|
|
|
$
|
2,689
|
|
The Company paid income taxes, net of any refunds, during fiscal
2017
,
2016
and
2015
of
$17.4 million
,
$12.6 million
, and
$1.9 million
, respectively.
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following as of September 30 (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
Gross deferred tax assets:
|
|
|
|
Deferred compensation
|
$
|
1,300
|
|
|
$
|
1,371
|
|
Interest rate swap agreements
|
62
|
|
|
2,418
|
|
Accrued workers’ compensation
|
11,147
|
|
|
11,196
|
|
Net operating loss carryforwards
|
6,215
|
|
|
7,330
|
|
Allowance for bad debts
|
6,398
|
|
|
4,797
|
|
Stock compensation
|
3,353
|
|
|
2,040
|
|
Other accrued liabilities
|
9,634
|
|
|
4,666
|
|
|
38,109
|
|
|
33,818
|
|
Valuation allowance
|
(6,215
|
)
|
|
(7,322
|
)
|
Deferred tax assets
|
31,894
|
|
|
26,496
|
|
Deferred tax liabilities:
|
|
|
|
Depreciation
|
(1,596
|
)
|
|
(994
|
)
|
Amortization of goodwill and intangible assets
|
(52,647
|
)
|
|
(67,175
|
)
|
Net deferred tax liabilities
|
$
|
(22,349
|
)
|
|
$
|
(41,673
|
)
|
The Company is required to record a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of the evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. After consideration of all the evidence, both positive and negative, management determined that valuation allowances at
September 30, 2017
and
2016
of
$6.2 million
and
$7.3 million
, respectively, were necessary to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that will more likely than not be realized. The valuation allowances primarily related to certain state net operating loss carryforwards.
For federal purposes, the Company had
no
net operating loss carryforwards as of
September 30, 2017
. For state purposes, the Company had
$139.4 million
of net operating loss carryforwards for fiscal
2017
, which expire from 2018 through 2037.
The following is reconciliation between the statutory and effective income tax rates at September 30 (in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
Federal income tax at statutory rate
|
35.0
|
%
|
|
35.0
|
%
|
|
35.0
|
%
|
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit
|
8.5
|
%
|
|
9.3
|
%
|
|
3.6
|
%
|
Nondeductible compensation
(1)
|
7.9
|
%
|
|
18.8
|
%
|
|
0.8
|
%
|
Other nondeductible expenses
|
(0.4
|
)%
|
|
1.5
|
%
|
|
9.1
|
%
|
Credits
|
(22.5
|
)%
|
|
(6.6
|
)%
|
|
(3.0
|
)%
|
Other
|
(5.8
|
)%
|
|
0.4
|
%
|
|
(5.7
|
)%
|
Effective tax rate
|
22.7
|
%
|
|
58.4
|
%
|
|
39.8
|
%
|
(1)
The higher impact on the effective rate for fiscal 2016 was due to a stock compensation charge of
$10.5 million
recorded in the first quarter of fiscal 2016 related to certain awards under our former equity compensation plan that vested in October 2015. Refer to Note 21 - Stock-Based Compensation for further information.
Companies may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position should be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement.
There was
no
unrecognized tax benefit for the years ended
September 30, 2017
,
2016
and
2015
. The Company does not expect any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense which is consistent with the recognition of these items in prior reporting periods.
No
interest and penalties were accrued as of
September 30, 2017
,
2016
and
2015
.
The Company files a federal consolidated return and files various state income tax returns and, generally, the Company is no longer subject to income tax examinations by the taxing authorities for years prior to September 30, 2014. The Company believes that it has appropriate support for the income tax positions taken and to be taken on the Company’s income tax returns. In addition, the Company believes its accruals for income tax liabilities are adequate for all open years based on an assessment of many factors including past experience and interpretations of the tax laws as applied to the facts of each matter.
19. Segment Information
The Company previously operated its business in two reportable segments, Human Services and Post-Acute Specialty Rehabilitation Services ("SRS"). Effective as of October 1, 2016, the Company re-aligned its businesses within the Human Services reporting segment to a service line organizational structure. As a result of such change, the Human Services reporting segment has been divided into
two
reporting segments: the Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities ("I/DD") segment and the At-Risk Youth ("ARY") segment. This change aligns with the Company's service offerings and how it conducts and operates its businesses commencing in the first quarter of fiscal 2017. The Adult Day Health ("ADH") operating segment, which was previously aggregated in the Human Services segment, is now included in Corporate and Other. There has been no change to the SRS segment.
The change results in the Company having
three
reportable business segments: the I/DD segment, the SRS segment, and the ARY segment.
Through the I/DD segment, the Company provides home- and community-based human services to adults and children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Through the SRS segment, the Company delivers services to individuals who have suffered acquired brain injury, spinal injuries and other catastrophic injuries and illnesses. The operations of the SRS segment have been organized by management into
two
operating segments, NeuroRestorative and CareMeridian, based upon service type. The NeuroRestorative operating group provides behavioral therapies to individuals with brain injuries in post-acute community settings and the CareMeridian operating group provides a higher level of medical support to individuals with traumatic injuries
.
Through the ARY segment, the Company provides home- and community-based human services to youth with emotional, behavioral and/or medically complex challenges.
Each operating group is aligned with the Company’s reporting structure and has a segment manager that is directly accountable for its operations and regularly reports results to the chief operating decision maker, which is the Company's Chief Operating Officer, for the purpose of evaluating these results and making decisions regarding resource allocations.
The Company evaluates performance based on EBITDA. EBITDA for each segment is defined as income (loss) from continuing operations for the segment before income taxes, before depreciation and amortization, and interest income (expense).
Activities classified as “Corporate and Other” in the table below relate to the results of the ADH operating segment and unallocated home office expenses and stock-based compensation expense. Total assets included in the Corporate and Other segment include assets associated with the ADH operating segment and assets maintained by the corporate entity including cash, restricted cash, and other current and non-current assets.
The following table is a financial summary by reportable segments for the periods indicated (in thousands).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For the Year Ended September 30,
|
I/DD
|
|
SRS
|
|
ARY
|
|
Corporate/Other
|
|
Consolidated
|
2017
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net revenue
(1)
|
$
|
967,033
|
|
|
$
|
309,543
|
|
|
$
|
141,742
|
|
|
$
|
56,192
|
|
|
$
|
1,474,510
|
|
EBITDA
|
138,976
|
|
|
51,799
|
|
|
21,590
|
|
|
(95,060
|
)
|
|
117,305
|
|
Total assets
(3)
|
512,658
|
|
|
257,718
|
|
|
71,298
|
|
|
207,708
|
|
|
1,049,382
|
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
37,445
|
|
|
23,622
|
|
|
5,662
|
|
|
8,984
|
|
|
75,713
|
|
Purchases of property and equipment
|
25,234
|
|
|
12,625
|
|
|
1,258
|
|
|
7,532
|
|
|
46,649
|
|
2016
(2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net revenue
(1)
|
$
|
935,941
|
|
|
$
|
289,093
|
|
|
$
|
147,279
|
|
|
$
|
35,274
|
|
|
$
|
1,407,587
|
|
EBITDA
|
140,279
|
|
|
54,855
|
|
|
20,597
|
|
|
(86,112
|
)
|
|
129,619
|
|
Total assets
|
475,206
|
|
|
253,612
|
|
|
82,617
|
|
|
256,710
|
|
|
1,068,145
|
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
37,850
|
|
|
23,412
|
|
|
5,722
|
|
|
6,077
|
|
|
73,061
|
|
Purchases of property and equipment
|
21,050
|
|
|
11,417
|
|
|
1,990
|
|
|
8,899
|
|
|
43,356
|
|
2015
(2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net revenue
(1)
|
$
|
891,851
|
|
|
$
|
263,920
|
|
|
$
|
191,511
|
|
|
$
|
19,664
|
|
|
$
|
1,366,946
|
|
EBITDA
|
134,275
|
|
|
49,099
|
|
|
27,171
|
|
|
(83,669
|
)
|
|
126,876
|
|
Total assets
|
466,122
|
|
|
257,446
|
|
|
94,051
|
|
|
218,470
|
|
|
1,036,089
|
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
37,287
|
|
|
22,740
|
|
|
7,227
|
|
|
4,258
|
|
|
71,512
|
|
Purchases of property and equipment
|
20,662
|
|
|
16,551
|
|
|
1,647
|
|
|
3,933
|
|
|
42,793
|
|
(1)
In fiscal 2015 and 2016, we discontinued ARY services in the states of Illinois, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, North Carolina and Texas. Included in the results for fiscal 2016 and 2015 is net revenue of
$7.1 million
and
$53.9 million
, respectively, related to these businesses.
(2)
The previously reported segment information for fiscal 2015 and 2016 has been revised to reflect the new composition of the reportable segments.
(3)
In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017, the Company corrected the estimates used to determine the allocation of goodwill in connection with the segment change as of October 1, 2016. As a result, an additional
$9.7 million
was allocated to the I/DD segment compared to the allocation amount previously reported in fiscal 2017. Total segment assets have been updated from previously reported amounts for this change.
A reconciliation of EBITDA to income from continuing operations on a consolidated basis is as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Ended September 30
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
EBITDA
|
$
|
117,305
|
|
|
$
|
129,619
|
|
|
$
|
126,876
|
|
Less:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Depreciation and amortization
|
75,713
|
|
|
73,061
|
|
|
71,512
|
|
Interest expense, net
(1)
|
33,397
|
|
|
33,811
|
|
|
37,943
|
|
Intangible asset impairment charges
(2)
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
10,660
|
|
Income from continuing operations before income taxes
|
$
|
8,195
|
|
|
$
|
22,747
|
|
|
$
|
6,761
|
|
(1)
Interest expense, net includes interest income and acquisition related contingent consideration liabilities which is included in Other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of income.
(2)
Fiscal 2015 amounts represent impairment charges related to definite-lived intangible assets that have been reclassified to conform with the 2017 presentation as a separate statement of income item.
20. Net Income Per Share
Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the diluted weighted average number of common shares and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of common equivalent shares outstanding has been determined in accordance with the treasury-stock method. Common equivalent shares consist of common stock issuable on the exercise of outstanding options and vesting of restricted stock units when dilutive.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year Ended September 30,
|
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
Numerator
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income
|
|
$
|
6,331
|
|
|
$
|
9,187
|
|
|
$
|
3,072
|
|
Denominator
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic
|
|
37,302,941
|
|
|
37,112,794
|
|
|
36,959,997
|
|
Weighted average common equivalent shares
|
|
163,384
|
|
|
150,121
|
|
|
128,635
|
|
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted
|
|
37,466,325
|
|
|
37,262,915
|
|
|
37,088,632
|
|
Net income per share, basic and diluted
|
|
$
|
0.17
|
|
|
$
|
0.25
|
|
|
$
|
0.08
|
|
Equity instruments excluded from diluted net income per share calculation as the effect would have been anti-dilutive:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stock options
|
|
789,702
|
|
|
534,312
|
|
|
1,758
|
|
Restricted stock units
|
|
92,435
|
|
|
83,793
|
|
|
5,664
|
|
21. Stock-Based Compensation
Summary of Stock-Based Compensation Plans
2014 Plan
Civitas maintains a 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”). As of
September 30, 2017
, the 2014 Plan authorized the issuance of up to
6,663,240
shares of common stock as stock-based awards, including incentive stock options (“ISOs”), non-qualified stock options (“NSOs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance based restricted stock units ("PRSUs").
Stock Options
For the years ended
September 30, 2017
, 2016 and 2015, Civitas issued
319,604
,
230,739
and
12,168
NSOs, respectively, which vest over
three years
(one-third each year). The fair value of each option granted was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes valuation model with the following assumptions:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
Risk-free interest rate
|
1.83% - 2.08%
|
|
|
1.32% - 1.92%
|
|
|
1.69% - 1.74%
|
|
Expected term
|
6 years
|
|
|
6 years
|
|
|
6 years
|
|
Expected volatility
|
34.32% - 36.21%
|
|
|
34.65% - 36.20%
|
|
|
38.80% - 40.40%
|
|
Expected dividend yield
|
—
|
%
|
|
—
|
%
|
|
—
|
%
|
Risk-free interest rate
- The risk-free interest rate is equal to the U.S. federal Treasury bond rate consistent with the expected term assumption.
Expected term
- Expected term represents the period that Civitas’ option grants are expected to be outstanding. As Civitas had been operating as a private company, there is not sufficient historical data to calculate the expected term of the options. Therefore, management elected to utilize the “simplified method” to determine the expected term assumption. Under
this approach, the weighted average expected life is presumed to be the average of the vesting term and the contractual term of the option.
Expected volatility -
Management has estimated volatility for the units granted based on the historical volatility for a group of companies believed to be a representative peer group, selected based on industry and market capitalization, due to lack of sufficient historical publicly traded prices of our own common stock.
Expected dividend yield
- The expected dividend yield is
zero
as dividends are not expected to be paid in the foreseeable future.
The fair value of the stock options on the date of grant, less an estimated forfeiture rate, is recognized as expense in the Company’s consolidated financial statements on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods (vesting term) of the awards. The Company will record additional expense if the actual forfeitures are lower than the estimated and will record a recovery of prior recognized expense if the actual forfeitures are higher than estimated. The actual expense recognized over the vesting period will only be for those awards that vest.
The table below summarizes our stock option activity during fiscal year
2017
:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of
Shares
|
|
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
per Share
|
|
Weighted-
Average
Remaining Life
(Years)
|
|
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
|
Outstanding at September 30, 2016
|
709,832
|
|
|
$
|
19.42
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Granted
|
319,604
|
|
|
16.90
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forfeited
|
82,823
|
|
|
19.16
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercised
|
59,426
|
|
|
16.92
|
|
|
|
|
|
Expired
|
9,406
|
|
|
24.29
|
|
|
|
|
|
Outstanding at September 30, 2017
|
877,781
|
|
|
$
|
18.65
|
|
|
7.9
|
|
$
|
1,045
|
|
Vested or expected to vest as of September 30, 2017
|
857,299
|
|
|
$
|
18.65
|
|
|
7.8
|
|
$
|
1,020
|
|
Exercisable at September 30, 2017
|
457,195
|
|
|
$
|
18.07
|
|
|
6.9
|
|
$
|
580
|
|
The total intrinsic values of options exercised was less than
$0.1 million
for each of the years ended
September 30, 2017
, 2016 and 2015. As of September 30, 2017, there was
$2.1 million
of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of
1.9
years.
Restricted Stock Unit Awards (RSUs)
For the years ended
September 30, 2017
, 2016 and 2015, Civitas granted
566,668
,
283,865
and
39,393
RSUs, respectively, to employees and members of the Board of Directors. The fair value of all RSUs is based on the closing market value of our stock on the date of grant. The weighted average per share grant date fair value of the RSUs granted during the years ended
September 30, 2017
, 2016 and 2015 was
$17.79
,
$23.99
, and
$18.00
, respectively. These awards will vest over
three years
(one-third each year) for employee grants and
one year
(
100%
on the first anniversary of the grant date) for grants to members of the Board of Directors.
The fair value of the restricted stock unit awards on the date of grant, less an estimated forfeiture rate for employee grants, will be recognized as expense in the Company’s consolidated financial statements on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods (vesting term) of the awards. The Company will record additional expense if the actual forfeitures are lower than estimated and will record a recovery of prior recognized expense if the actual forfeitures are higher than estimated. The actual expense recognized over the vesting period will only be for those awards that vest.
A summary of our issued restricted stock unit awards is as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of
Restricted Stock Units
|
|
Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
|
Non-vested units at September 30, 2016
|
442,528
|
|
|
$
|
21.24
|
|
Granted
|
566,668
|
|
|
17.79
|
|
Forfeited
|
78,210
|
|
|
19.21
|
|
Vested
|
253,580
|
|
|
19.62
|
|
Non-vested units at September 30, 2017
|
677,406
|
|
|
$
|
19.20
|
|
The total fair values of RSUs that vested during the years ended
September 30, 2017
, 2016 and 2015 was
$4.5 million
,
$3.1 million
and
$5.3 million
, respectively. As of September 30, 2017, there was
$9.4 million
of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock unit awards. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of
2.0 years
.
Performance Based Restricted Stock Units (PRSUs)
During the year ended September 30, 2016, the Company awarded
42,467
PRSUs under the 2014 Plan. The PRSUs vest based upon the achievement of established performance targets in the third year of the
three
year performance period, or fiscal 2018. The number of PRSUs that may vest varies between
0%
-
200%
based on the achievement of such goals and thereafter may increase or decrease by
25%
based on the performance of the Company's common stock in relation to the Russell 2000 Healthcare Index. The PRSUs were valued at
$19.84
per share based on a Monte Carlo simulation methodology on the date of grant.
During the year ended September 30, 2017, the Company awarded
45,624
PRSUs under the 2014 Plan. The PRSUs vest based upon the achievement of established performance targets in the third year of the
three
year performance period, or fiscal 2019. The number of PRSUs that may vest varies between
0%
-
200%
based on the achievement of such goals. The PRSUs were valued at
$19.85
per share based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant.
To calculate compensation expense, the Company forecasts the likelihood of achieving the predefined performance targets and calculates the number of PRSUs expected to be earned. As of
September 30, 2017
, we expect to recognize
$0.7 million
of stock-based compensation expense related to our outstanding PRSUs based on our expected attainment levels. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of
2.0 years
.
A summary of PRSU activity for the year ended
September 30, 2017
is as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of Performance Based Restricted Stock Units
|
|
|
Weighted Average
Grant-Date Fair Value
|
Non-vested units at September 30, 2016
|
42,467
|
|
|
|
$
|
19.84
|
|
Granted
|
45,624
|
|
|
|
19.85
|
|
Forfeited
|
(3,586
|
)
|
|
|
19.84
|
|
Vested
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
Non-vested units at September 30, 2017
|
84,505
|
|
|
|
$
|
19.85
|
|
Units expected to vest as of September 30, 2017
|
45,624
|
|
|
|
$
|
19.85
|
|
For NSOs, RSUs and PRSUs under the 2014 Plan, the Company recorded
$8.4 million
,
$17.1 million
and
$5.2 million
of stock-based compensation expense during fiscal years
2017
,
2016
and
2015
, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense is included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of income.
Unit Plan
Prior to October 1, 2015, NMH Investment maintained the Amended and Restated 2006 Unit Plan (the “Unit Plan”). Under the Unit Plan, NMH Investment issued units of limited liability company interests pursuant to such plan, consisting of Class B Common Units, Class C Common Units, Class D Common Units, Class E Common Units, Class F Common Units, Class G Common Units and Class H Common Units. These units derived their value from the value of the Company.
On October 1, 2015, in connection with a secondary offering, NMH Investment distributed all of the
25,250,000
shares of our common stock it held to its existing members in accordance with their respective membership interests and pursuant to the terms of the NMH Investment's Limited Liability Company Agreement and the management unitholders agreements (the “Distribution”). The Distribution triggered the vesting condition for the Class H Common Units and the acceleration of unvested Class F Common Units. As a result, the Company recorded compensation expense of
$10.5 million
related to these awards during the quarter ended December 31, 2015. This expense is not deductible for tax purposes. The expense is included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of income. As a result of the Distribution, the Unit Plan has concluded and there will be no future issuances under this plan.
22. Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
The following table summarizes information about the allowances for doubtful accounts and sales allowances for the years ended
September 30, 2017
,
2016
and
2015
(in thousands):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance at
Beginning of
Year
|
|
Provision
|
|
Write-Offs
|
|
Balance at
end of Year
|
Fiscal year ended September 30, 2017
|
$
|
11,863
|
|
|
$
|
20,674
|
|
|
$
|
(16,540
|
)
|
|
$
|
15,997
|
|
Fiscal year ended September 30, 2016
|
$
|
11,207
|
|
|
$
|
14,784
|
|
|
$
|
(14,128
|
)
|
|
$
|
11,863
|
|
Fiscal year ended September 30, 2015
|
$
|
11,491
|
|
|
$
|
17,055
|
|
|
$
|
(17,339
|
)
|
|
$
|
11,207
|
|
The Company also had
$3.8 million
of accounts receivable collateralized by liens, net of allowances for those liens of
$1.0 million
, recorded as part of other assets within the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of
September 30, 2017
and
2016
.
23. Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)
The following table presents consolidated statement of income data for each of the eight quarters in the period which began October 1, 2015 and ended
September 30, 2017
. This information is derived from the Company’s unaudited financial statements, which in the opinion of management contain all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of such financial data. Operating results for these periods are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for a full year. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in future periods.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For The Quarters Ended
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
|
|
September 30,
2017
|
|
June 30,
2017
|
|
March 31,
2017
|
|
December 31,
2016
|
|
September 30,
2016
|
|
June 30,
2016
|
|
March 31,
2016
|
|
December 31,
2015
|
Net revenue
|
$
|
380,372
|
|
|
$
|
372,345
|
|
|
$
|
362,399
|
|
|
$
|
359,394
|
|
|
$
|
362,194
|
|
|
$
|
353,963
|
|
|
$
|
345,683
|
|
|
$
|
345,747
|
|
Gross margin
|
81,836
|
|
|
79,847
|
|
|
76,881
|
|
|
75,418
|
|
|
81,398
|
|
|
79,394
|
|
|
79,879
|
|
|
74,735
|
|
Income (loss) from continuing operations, net of tax
(1)
|
(10,688
|
)
|
|
7,361
|
|
|
5,479
|
|
|
4,179
|
|
|
2,675
|
|
|
4,843
|
|
|
7,513
|
|
|
(5,574
|
)
|
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(15
|
)
|
|
(27
|
)
|
|
(198
|
)
|
|
(30
|
)
|
Net income (loss)
|
$
|
(10,688
|
)
|
|
$
|
7,361
|
|
|
$
|
5,479
|
|
|
$
|
4,179
|
|
|
$
|
2,660
|
|
|
$
|
4,816
|
|
|
$
|
7,315
|
|
|
$
|
(5,604
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income (loss) per common share, basic and diluted
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income (loss) from continuing operations
|
$
|
(0.29
|
)
|
|
$
|
0.20
|
|
|
$
|
0.15
|
|
|
$
|
0.11
|
|
|
$
|
0.07
|
|
|
$
|
0.13
|
|
|
$
|
0.20
|
|
|
$
|
(0.15
|
)
|
Loss from discontinued operations
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Net income (loss)
|
$
|
(0.29
|
)
|
|
$
|
0.20
|
|
|
$
|
0.15
|
|
|
$
|
0.11
|
|
|
$
|
0.07
|
|
|
$
|
0.13
|
|
|
$
|
0.20
|
|
|
$
|
(0.15
|
)
|
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic
|
37,375
|
|
|
37,323
|
|
|
37,282
|
|
|
37,231
|
|
|
37,145
|
|
|
37,108
|
|
|
37,102
|
|
|
37,095
|
|
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, diluted
|
37,375
|
|
|
37,495
|
|
|
37,417
|
|
|
37,329
|
|
|
37,308
|
|
|
37,252
|
|
|
37,207
|
|
|
37,095
|
|
(1) During the three month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 the Company recorded goodwill impairment charges of
$28.0 million
and
$10.3 million
, respectively. See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for more information.
24. Subsequent Events
On October 1, 2017, the Company acquired the assets of Powell Life Skills, Inc. ("Powell") for consideration of
$1.0 million
, including
$0.6 million
of contingent consideration. Powell is located in Delaware and provides residential services,
supported living services, day program services and similar services to individuals with intellectual developmental disabilities and similar conditions. Powell will be included in the Company's I/DD segment.
On October 25, 2017, the Company acquired all of the outstanding capital stock of Mentis Neuro Rehabilitation, LLC and its direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, “Mentis”) for a purchase price of approximately
$74.9 million
. Mentis is located in Texas and Ohio and provides specialty rehabilitation services to individuals recovering from acquired brain injuries. Mentis will be included in the Company's SRS segment.
On October 24, 2017, the Company entered into Amendment No. 6 to its senior credit agreement which provided for an additional
$75 million
term loan. The net proceeds of the additional term loan were used by the Company to pay the purchase price for the acquisition of Mentis and to pay related fees and expenses, with any excess proceeds to be used for general corporate purposes.
On November 21, 2017, the Company entered into Amendment No. 7 to its senior credit agreement which increased the aggregate revolving commitments from
$120.0 million
to
$160.0 million
and extended the maturity date for
$90.0 million
of the revolving commitments ("the Extended Revolving Commitments") to January 31, 2021. The terms of the remaining
$70.0 million
of the revolving commitments ("the Initial Revolving Commitments"), which mature on January 31, 2019, remain unchanged. All of the other terms of the Extended Revolving Commitments are identical to the Initial Revolving Commitments, except that the applicable margin for the Extended Revolving Commitments will decrease by
0.25%
per annum when the Initial Revolving Commitments are terminated or expire.
Financial Statement Schedule
Schedule I—Condensed Parent Company Financial Information
Civitas Solutions, Inc. Parent-Only Condensed Balance Sheets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
September 30,
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
Assets
|
|
|
|
Cash
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Other assets
|
—
|
|
|
4,215
|
|
Deferred income taxes
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Investment in subsidiaries
|
163,477
|
|
|
142,568
|
|
Total assets
|
$
|
163,477
|
|
|
$
|
146,783
|
|
Liabilities & Stockholders' Equity
|
|
|
|
Other liabilities
|
$
|
560
|
|
|
$
|
1,193
|
|
Total liabilities
|
$
|
560
|
|
|
$
|
1,193
|
|
Stockholder's equity
|
|
|
|
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 350,000,000 shares authorized; and 37,441,257 and 37,214,758 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively
|
374
|
|
|
372
|
|
Additional paid-in-capital
|
301,819
|
|
|
294,295
|
|
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
|
(91
|
)
|
|
(3,561
|
)
|
Accumulated deficit
|
(139,185
|
)
|
|
(145,516
|
)
|
Total stockholders' equity
|
162,917
|
|
|
145,590
|
|
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
|
$
|
163,477
|
|
|
$
|
146,783
|
|
Civitas Solutions, Inc. Parent-Only Condensed Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
For the Year Ended September 30,
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
General and administrative expenses
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Equity in net income of subsidiary
|
6,331
|
|
|
9,187
|
|
|
2,608
|
|
Income from operations
|
6,331
|
|
|
9,187
|
|
|
2,608
|
|
Income before income taxes
|
6,331
|
|
|
9,187
|
|
|
2,608
|
|
Benefit for income taxes
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(464
|
)
|
Net income
|
6,331
|
|
|
9,187
|
|
|
3,072
|
|
Other comprehensive income (loss)
|
3,470
|
|
|
(1,857
|
)
|
|
(1,704
|
)
|
Comprehensive income
|
$
|
9,801
|
|
|
$
|
7,330
|
|
|
$
|
1,368
|
|
Civitas Solutions, Inc. Parent-Only Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
For the Year Ended September 30,
|
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
|
2015
|
Cash flows used in operating activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income
|
$
|
6,331
|
|
|
$
|
9,187
|
|
|
$
|
3,072
|
|
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity in net income loss of subsidiary
|
(6,331
|
)
|
|
(9,187
|
)
|
|
(2,608
|
)
|
Deferred income taxes
|
—
|
|
|
11,004
|
|
|
3,413
|
|
Other assets
|
4,215
|
|
|
1,021
|
|
|
(1,754
|
)
|
Other accrued liabilities
|
(633
|
)
|
|
—
|
|
|
(2,248
|
)
|
Net cash used in operating activities
|
3,582
|
|
|
12,025
|
|
|
(125
|
)
|
Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investment in NMHI
|
(3,582
|
)
|
|
(12,025
|
)
|
|
—
|
|
Dividend from NMHI
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
Net cash used in investing activities
|
(3,582
|
)
|
|
(12,025
|
)
|
|
—
|
|
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
(125
|
)
|
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
|
—
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
125
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
|
$
|
—
|
|
Notes to Condensed Civitas Solutions, Inc. Parent-Only Financial Statements
Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Nature of Operations
Civitas Solutions, Inc., formerly known as NMH Holdings, Inc. (“Civitas”), was incorporated in Delaware on June 15, 2007. Civitas has no other operations beyond its ownership of National Mentor Holdings, Inc. (“NMHI”).
The condensed Civitas financial information includes the activity of Civitas and its investment in NMHI using the equity method. The consolidated activity of Civitas and its subsidiaries are not included and are meant to be read in conjunction with the Civitas consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
.
Note 2 - Dividend from Subsidiaries
NMHI's ability to pay dividends on our common stock is limited by restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries and us to pay dividends or make distributions under the terms of NMHI’s current and any future agreements governing our indebtedness. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors, subject to compliance with covenants in NMHI’s current and any future agreements governing our indebtedness, and will depend upon our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant. Civitas received
no
dividends for the fiscal years ended 2015, 2016, or 2017.