4. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
We have one stock option plan that terminated in March 2017. This plan permitted annual stock option grants to non-employee directors with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the shares at the date of grant. Options outstanding and exercisable were granted at a stock option price which was not less than the fair market value of our common stock on the date the option was granted and no option has a term in excess of ten years. Under this plan, no options were awarded to directors during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 or 2016 and therefore, no share based compensation expense was recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 or 2016. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the stock option activity under this now expired stock option plan was as follows:
We have a restricted stock plan that was adopted by our Board of Directors in January 2013 and approved by our stockholders in June 2013. The plan reserves up to 300,000 shares of our common stock for restricted stock awards to our executive officers, non-employee directors and other key employees. Awards granted under the plan may be stock awards or performance awards, and may be subject to a graded vesting schedule with a minimum vesting period of four years, unless otherwise determined by the committee that administers the plan.
In February 2017, our five independent directors were awarded restricted stock grants consisting of 1,801 shares each. In March 2016, our Chief Executive Officer and President were awarded restricted stock grants consisting of 11,765 shares each, and our five independent directors were awarded restricted stock grants consisting of 2,031 shares each. All of these grants vest in equal annual amounts over a four-year period. The fair value of these restricted stock grants is based on the market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Compensation costs for these awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the four-year vesting period.
On June 6, 2017, vesting for certain restricted stock grants to three of our independent directors whose Board service had ended was accelerated which resulted in $104,000 of compensation expense that was recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
A summary of the activity for non-vested restricted common stock awards as of September 30, 2017 and 2016 is presented below:
As of September 30, 2017, unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested restricted stock awards was $208,533 which we expect will be recognized in each of the following years as follows:
The net effect of assuming the exercise of all potentially dilutive common share equivalents, including stock options to purchase common stock at exercise prices less than the average market prices and restricted stock awards of an aggregate of 36,801 and 121,562 shares of common stock have been included in the computations of diluted EPS for the quarters ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
6. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Our reportable operating segments have been determined as separately identifiable business units, and we measure segment earnings as operating earnings, defined as income before interest and income taxes. The 2016 segment information has been restated to conform to the current segment structure.
Geographic sales information is based on the location of the customer. No single foreign country, except for Canada, accounted for any material amount of our consolidated net sales for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. We do not have any significant long-lived assets outside of the United States.
Item 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations.
Our Business
We are the world’s largest specialty retailer of leather and leathercraft related items, offering quality tools, leather, accessories, kits and teaching materials. We sell our products through company-owned stores and through orders generated from our website, www.tandyleather.com. We are a Delaware corporation, and our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “TLF.” We have built our business by offering our customers quality products in one location at competitive prices.
We operate in two segments: North America and International. Prior to January 1, 2017, we operated in three segments: Wholesale, Retail and International. To better reflect how management analyzes the business and allocates resources, we combined Wholesale and Retail into North America effective January 1, 2017, while International remains the same. All prior year data discussed throughout this Form 10Q has been restated to conform to the new reporting segment structure. There is no change to our consolidated financial position or results.
We believe that the key to our success is our ability to profitably grow our base business. We expect to grow that business by opening new locations and by increasing sales in our existing locations. To date in 2017, we have reopened one store in Harrisburg, PA and opened new stores in Allen, TX; Miami, FL; and McAllen, TX.
As of November 1, 2017, our North America segment operates 115 company-owned stores located in 42 U.S. states and 7 Canadian provinces. We expect to grow the number of stores in North America to approximately 150 in the future. Our pace of store openings has recently picked up due to a change in strategy with a focus on growth.
Our International Leathercraft segment operates four company-owned stores with one located in each of Northampton, United Kingdom; Manchester, United Kingdom; Sydney, Australia; and Jerez, Spain. We expect to continue opening international stores in the future, but do not intend to open any new international stores in 2017 or 2018.
Our customer base is diverse, with individual retail customers as our largest customer group, representing approximately 56% of our 2016 sales. The remaining 44% of our 2016 sales were to our wholesale, manufacturer and institutional groups (including horse and tack shops, Western wear, crafters, upholsterers, cobblers, auto repair, education, hospitals, prisons and other large businesses that use our products as raw materials to produce goods for resale). Generally, our retail customers provide a higher gross profit than our wholesale and manufacturer groups.
Our initiatives to increase sales include new merchandising with an expanded product line intended to grow business to our retail customers, a refocus on business development to our wholesale and manufacturer groups, improvements to our digital and e-commerce channels, as well as updates to our promotional and clearance activity. We have also increased our training efforts with our store associates to strengthen their product knowledge. We believe that our store associates, armed with a solid knowledge of our extensive product line, can drive higher average tickets and traffic conversion.
We are also focusing on improving our customer experience, increasing our brand awareness, and strengthening our store performance. To help achieve those goals, in early 2017, we announced a district restructuring with our store footprint divided into fifteen districts (previously, our store footprint was divided into five regions). Each district contains six to ten stores, reporting to a district manager who is tasked with growing traffic and sales, as well as training store managers and associates to better serve our customers and succeed in today’s retail environment. As of November 1, 2017, we have filled eleven of our fifteen district manager positions.
Our strategy has required, and is expected to continue to require, investments in our new stores, expanded inventory and merchandising, as well as operating costs for additional headcount, travel, training and marketing expenses. We believe we are investing in areas that will drive sustainable long-term growth.
Critical Accounting Policies
A description of our critical accounting policies appears in Item 7 “Management's Discussions and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements contained in this report and other materials we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by us, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements generally are accompanied by words such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “budgeted,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “potential,” “estimate,” “continue,” or “future” variations thereof or other similar statements. There are certain important risks that could cause results to differ materially from those anticipated by some of the forward-looking statements. Some, but not all, of the important risks, including, without limitation, those described below, could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements. Please refer also to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 for additional information concerning these and other uncertainties that could negatively impact the Company. Potential factors, which could cause our actual results of operations to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, among others:
Ø
|
General economic conditions in the United States and abroad;
|
Ø
|
Increased pressure on margins;
|
Ø
|
Increases in the cost of the products we sell or a reduction in availability of those products;
|
Ø
|
Challenges in implementing our planned expansion and district restructuring;
|
Ø
|
Failure to hire and train qualified personnel to operate new and existing stores;
|
Ø
|
Failure to protect our trademarks and other proprietary intellectual property rights;
|
Ø
|
Negative impact of foreign currency fluctuations on our financial condition and results of operations;
|
Ø
|
Information technology system failures or network disruptions;
|
Ø
|
Significant data security or privacy breach of our information systems;
|
Ø
|
Loss or prolonged disruption in the operation of our centralized distribution center; and
|
We assume no obligation to update or otherwise revise our forward-looking statements even if experience or future changes make it clear that any projected results, express or implied, will not be realized
.
Results of Operations
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016
The following tables present selected financial data for each of our segments:
|
|
Quarter Ended Sept 30, 2017
|
|
|
Quarter Ended Sept 30, 2016
|
|
|
|
Net Sales
|
|
|
Income from Operations
|
|
|
Net Sales
|
|
|
Income from Operations
|
|
North America
|
|
$
|
17,421,013
|
|
|
$
|
649,797
|
|
|
$
|
17,745,130
|
|
|
$
|
1,589,071
|
|
International
|
|
|
967,368
|
|
|
|
478
|
|
|
|
883,232
|
|
|
|
(49,012
|
)
|
Total
|
|
$
|
18,388,381
|
|
|
$
|
650,275
|
|
|
$
|
18,628,362
|
|
|
$
|
1,540,059
|
|
Consolidated net sales for the quarter ended September 30, 2017 decreased $239,981, or 1.3%, compared to the same period in 2016. International reported a sales increase of 9.5%, while North America reported a sales decline of 1.8%. Income from operations on a consolidated basis for the quarter ended September 30, 2017 decreased $889,784, from the third quarter of 2016 primarily due to the decrease in sales and an increase in operating expenses, primarily related to the six new stores opened since October 2016, as well as the additional expenses associated with our new district manager structure.
The following table shows in comparative form our consolidated net income for the third quarter of 2017 and 2016:
|
|
2017
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
% change
|
|
Net income
|
|
$
|
521,414
|
|
|
$
|
1,000,350
|
|
|
|
(47.9
|
%)
|
Additional information appears below for each segment (see also the information contained in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Report).
North America
North America consisted of 115 stores at September 30, 2017 and 109 stores at September 30, 2016. Six new stores opened since the beginning of the third quarter of 2016, with one each in Philadelphia, PA (October 2016); Lyndhurst, NJ (November 2016); Johnston, RI (December 2016); Allen, TX (April 2017); Miami, FL (May 2017); and McAllen, TX (May 2017). Our Harrisburg, PA store was temporarily closed from April 2016 through December 2016. A store is categorized as “new” until it is operating for the full comparable period in the prior year. The table below reports our net sales by store category:
|
|
# Stores
|
|
|
Qtr Ended
09/30/17
|
|
|
#
Stores
|
|
|
Qtr Ended
09/30/16
|
|
|
$
Change
|
|
|
% Change
|
|
Same stores
|
|
|
108
|
|
|
$
|
16,786,811
|
|
|
|
108
|
|
|
$
|
17,745,130
|
|
|
$
|
(958,319
|
)
|
|
|
(5.4
|
%)
|
New stores
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
518,777
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
518,777
|
|
|
|
N/A
|
|
Temp closed store
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
115,425
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
115,425
|
|
|
|
N/A
|
|
Total net sales
|
|
|
115
|
|
|
$
|
17,421,013
|
|
|
|
109
|
|
|
$
|
17,745,130
|
|
|
$
|
(324,117
|
)
|
|
|
(1.8
|
)%
|
The following table presents our sales mix by customer categories for the quarters ended September 30:
Customer Group
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
RETAIL
(end users, consumers, individuals)
|
58%
|
|
55%
|
INSTITUTION
(prisons, prisoners, hospitals, schools, youth organizations, etc.)
|
3%
|
|
3%
|
WHOLESALE
(resellers & distributors, saddle & tack shops, authorized dealers, etc.)
|
35%
|
|
37%
|
MANUFACTURERS
|
4%
|
|
5%
|
|
100%
|
|
100%
|
Net sales decreased 1.8%, or $324,000, for the third quarter of 2017 compared to the third quarter of 2016, primarily due to the negative impact from the recent hurricanes as discussed more fully below, as well as a continued trend of lower sales to our wholesale and manufacturer groups, partially offset by higher sales to our retail customers. We believe our wholesale and manufacturer groups are buying less as their businesses are struggling from e-commerce and other competition as well as attrition, while sales to our retail group have increased due to new marketing and merchandising initiatives.
We have and will continue to evaluate the impact of recent hurricanes. We have four stores in South Texas and five stores in Florida, all of which were closed during the days leading up to the hurricanes and for several days afterwards for our employees’ safety, as well as loss of power and/or ingress/egress issues, although none of our stores sustained significant flooding or damage. However, we expect that sales may continue to be negatively impacted as our customers in South Texas and Florida focus on rebuilding. For the quarter ended September 30, 2017, our sales for these nine stores declined by 16.3% as compared to the quarter ended September 30, 2016. We are seeing this trend continue through the date of this filing.
Income from operations for North America during the quarter ended September 30, 2017 decreased by $939,000 from the comparative 2016 quarter due to a decrease in gross profit of $87,000 and increase in operating expenses of $852,000. Gross profit as a percentage of sales improved from 62.7% in the third quarter of 2016 to 63.4% in the third quarter of 2017, due to an increase in sales of higher margin products compared to last year’s third quarter and customer mix with more retail than business sales. Operating expenses increased 8.9% compared to last year’s comparable period. The most significant expense increases occurred in personnel, occupancy and selling costs related to the six new stores that have opened since October 2016 as well as the increase in our store manager salaries and the investment in our district manager structure. We believe these investments in personnel and new stores are laying the foundation for future profitable growth.
International Leathercraft
International Leathercraft consists of all stores located outside of North America. As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, this segment contained four stores, two of which are located in United Kingdom and one each in Australia and Spain. This segment’s sales totaled approximately $967,000 for the third quarter of 2017, compared to approximately $883,000 in the third quarter of 2016, an increase of $84,000 or 9.5%. The increase was primarily due to higher sales in Spain and the UK from an increase in ticket counts, while Australia’s sales and ticket counts were relatively flat. Additionally, favorable exchange rates also positively impacted sales and gross profit. International’s operating expenses of $597,000 for the third quarter of 2017 increased by $28,000 compared to third quarter of 2016, primarily due to higher personnel costs from turnover at our store in Australia. Overall, advertising and marketing expenses are this segment’s largest expense, followed by employee compensation, rent, travel, and shipping costs to customers.
Other Expenses
We paid $53,000 in interest on our bank debt in the third quarter of 2017, compared to $43,000 in the third quarter of 2016 due to a slightly higher interest rate and higher weighted average outstanding balance in 2017 compared to 2016. We recorded income of $42,000 for currency fluctuations in the third quarter of 2017, compared to a $3,600 expense in the third quarter of 2016.
Income Taxes
The decrease in the effective tax rate of 25% for the third quarter of 2017 compared to 33% in the third quarter of 2016 was due to the reversal of our deferred tax position for fixed assets.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016
The following tables present selected financial data for each of our segments:
|
|
Nine Months Ended Sept 30, 2017
|
|
|
Nine Months Ended Sept 30, 2016
|
|
|
|
Net Sales
|
|
|
Income from Operations
|
|
|
Net Sales
|
|
|
Income from Operations
|
|
North America
|
|
$
|
55,080,152
|
|
|
$
|
4,276,247
|
|
|
$
|
56,043,559
|
|
|
$
|
6,644,592
|
|
International
|
|
|
2,738,844
|
|
|
|
(233,044
|
)
|
|
|
2,779,935
|
|
|
|
97,148
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
57,818,996
|
|
|
$
|
4,043,203
|
|
|
$
|
58,823,494
|
|
|
$
|
6,741,740
|
|
Consolidated net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 decreased $1,004,498, or 1.7%, compared to the same period in 2016. North America and International reported sales declines of 1.7% and 1.5%, respectively. Income from operations on a consolidated basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 decreased 40%, or $2,698,537, from the same period in 2016 primarily due to the decrease in sales and an increase in operating expenses, primarily related to seven new stores opened since the beginning of 2016, as well as investments in our district manager structure.
The following table shows in comparative form our consolidated net income for the first nine months of 2017 and 2016:
|
|
2017
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
% change
|
|
Net income
|
|
$
|
2,780,411
|
|
|
$
|
4,342,262
|
|
|
|
(36.0
|
%)
|
Additional information appears below for each segment (see also the information contained in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Report).
North America
In addition to the six new stores mentioned previously, Nyack, NY opened in March 2016 and is considered a new store in the following table of net sales by store category. Our Harrisburg, PA store was temporarily closed from April 2016 through December 2016:
|
|
# Stores
|
|
|
Nine Months Ended
09/30/17
|
|
|
#
Stores
|
|
|
Nine Months Ended
09/30/16
|
|
|
$
Change
|
|
|
% Change
|
|
Same stores
|
|
|
107
|
|
|
$
|
53,196,638
|
|
|
|
107
|
|
|
$
|
54,863,405
|
|
|
$
|
(1,666,767
|
)
|
|
|
(3.0
|
%)
|
New stores
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
1,562,619
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
622,336
|
|
|
|
940,283
|
|
|
|
151.1
|
%
|
Closed/temp closed stores
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
320,895
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
557,818
|
|
|
|
(236,923
|
)
|
|
|
(42.5
|
%)
|
Total net sales
|
|
|
115
|
|
|
$
|
55,080,152
|
|
|
|
109
|
|
|
$
|
56,043,559
|
|
|
$
|
(963,407
|
)
|
|
|
(1.7
|
)%
|
The following table presents our sales mix by customer categories for the nine months ended September 30:
Customer Group
|
2017
|
|
2016
|
RETAIL
(end users, consumers, individuals)
|
58%
|
|
55%
|
INSTITUTION
(prisons, prisoners, hospitals, schools, youth organizations, etc.)
|
3%
|
|
3%
|
WHOLESALE
(resellers & distributors, saddle & tack shops, authorized dealers, etc.)
|
35%
|
|
37%
|
MANUFACTURERS
|
4%
|
|
5%
|
|
100%
|
|
100%
|
Net sales decreased 1.7%, or $963,000, for the first nine months of 2017 compared to the same period in 2016, primarily due to a 3% decrease in same store sales. By customer group, sales to our wholesale and manufacturer groups have been weak as their businesses have been struggling from e-commerce and other competition as well as attrition, while sales to our retail group has increased due to new marketing and merchandising initiatives. Additionally, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, our sales for the nine stores impacted by the recent hurricanes declined by 6.3% as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
Income from operations for North America for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 decreased $2,368,000 from the comparative 2016 period. A decrease in gross profit of $125,000 and an increase in operating expenses of $2,243,000 contributed to the decline in income from operations. Gross profit as a percentage of sales increased from 63.1% in the first nine months of 2016 to 64.0% in the first nine months of 2017, due to an increase in sales of higher margin products compared to last year’s first three quarters and customer mix. Operating expenses increased 7.8% compared to last year’s comparable period. The most significant expense increases occurred in personnel, occupancy and selling costs related to the seven new stores opened as well as the increase in our store manager salaries and the investment in our new district manager structure. We believe these investments in personnel and new stores are laying the foundation for future profitable growth.
International Leathercraft
International’s sales totaled approximately $2,739,000 for the first nine months of 2017, compared to approximately $2,780,000 in the first nine months of 2016, a decrease of $41,000 or 1.5%, primarily due to a lower average ticket and unfavorable foreign currency exchange rates in the first nine months of the year in the UK and to a lesser extent, Spain. As discussed previously, our third quarter performance had an improvement in sales and exchange rates. The unfavorable exchange rates in the first half of the year also negatively impacted our gross profit margin which declined from 65.8% in 2016 to 57.6% in 2017. The impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates in the UK and Spain makes our products more expensive and compresses gross profit. International’s operating expenses increased by $78,000 due to higher personnel, rent and advertising costs. Operating expenses totaled approximately $1,810,000 in the first nine months of 2017, compared to $1,732,000 in the first nine months of 2016. Overall, advertising and marketing expenses are this segment’s largest expense, followed by employee compensation, rent, travel, and shipping costs to customers.
Other Expenses
We paid approximately $143,000 in interest on our bank debt in the first nine months of 2017, compared to approximately $109,000 in the first nine months of 2016. We recorded approximately $4,700 in interest income on our cash balances in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to approximately $3,600 in the nine months ended September 30, 2016. We recorded income of $27,000 for currency fluctuations in the first three quarters of 2017. Comparatively, in the first three quarters of 2016, we recorded income of $1,700 for currency fluctuations.
Income Taxes
The decrease in the effective tax rate of 31% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to 35% in 2016 was due to the reversal of our deferred tax position for fixed assets.
Capital Resources, Liquidity and Financial Condition
We require cash principally for day-to-day operations, to purchase inventory, to finance capital investments, and to service our outstanding debt. We expect to fund our operating and liquidity needs as well as our store growth from a combination of current cash balances and internally generated funds. Our cash balances at September 30, 2017 totaled $12. 2 million. In addition, we have available a $6 million line of credit, more fully described below.
In August 2015, our Board authorized a share repurchase program where we may repurchase up to 1.2 million shares of our common stock at prevailing market rates through August 2016. Subsequently, the program was amended to increase the number of shares available for repurchase to 2.2 million and to extend the program throughAugust 2018. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, no shares were repurchased, while 520,500 shares were repurchased during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. At September 30, 2017, there are 1,150,793 shares available for repurchase under the plan.
On September 18, 2015, we executed a Promissory Note and Business Loan Agreement with BOKF, NA d/b/a Bank of Texas (“BOKF”) which provided us with a line of credit facility of up to $10,000,000 for the purpose of repurchasing shares of our common stock pursuant to our stock repurchase program. On August 25, 2016, this line of credit was amended to increase the availability from $10,000,000 to $15,000,000 for the repurchase of shares of our common stock through the earlier of August 25, 2017 or the date on which the entire amount is drawn. On August 10, 2017, this line of credit was further amended to extend the drawdown period and conversion date from August 25, 2017 to August 18, 2018 to align with our stock repurchase program. During this time period, we are required to make monthly interest-only payments. At the end of this time period, we expect that the principal balance will be rolled into a 4-year term note. This Promissory Note is secured by a Deed of Trust on the real estate located at 1900 SE Loop 820, Fort Worth, Texas. There were no amounts drawn on this line during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we drew approximately $3.7 million on this line which was used to repurchase approximately 520,500 shares of our common stock. At September 30, 2017, the unused portion of the line of credit was approximately $7.6 million.
Also, on September 18, 2015, we executed a Promissory Note and Business Loan Agreement with BOKF which provides us with a line of credit facility of up to $6,000,000 and is secured by our inventory. On August 10, 2017, this line of credit was amended to extend the maturity to September 18, 2019. The Business Loan Agreement contains covenants that require us to maintain a funded debt to EBITDA ratio of no greater than 1.5 to 1 and a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio greater than or equal to 1.2 to 1. Both ratios are calculated quarterly on a trailing four quarter basis. For the nine month periods ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, there were no amounts drawn on this line.
Amounts drawn under either facility accrue interest at the London interbank Eurodollar market rate for U.S. dollars (commonly known as “LIBOR”) plus 1.85% (3.086% and 2.557% at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively).
On our consolidated balance sheet, total assets increased from $70.7 million at year-end 2016 to $74.4 million at September 30, 2017. Total stockholders’ equity increased from $53.7 million at December 31, 2016 to $57.9 million at September 30, 2017, primarily due to net income earned in the first nine months of 2017, the exercise of stock options and impact of foreign currency translation. Our current ratio increased from 6.5 at December 31, 2016 to 7.7 at September 30, 2017 due primarily to the increase in inventory.
As of September 30, 2017, our investment in inventory increased by $8.0 million from year-end 2016, as we stocked up following the holiday sales, invested in the four new stores opened/reopened since December 31, 2016, and expanded our product line to support new marketing and merchandising initiatives. Inventory turnover reached an annualized rate of 2.1 times during the first three quarters of 2017, decreasing from 2.2 times for the same period in 2016. Inventory turnover was 2.5 times for all of 2016. We compute our inventory turns as sales divided by average inventory. At September 30, 2017, average inventory per store was $181,000, an increase of 3% compared to $175,000 at September 30, 2016.
Accounts payable increased approximately $1 million to $2.6 million at September 30, 2017 compared to $1.6 million at year-end 2016 due to the increase in inventory and timing of payments. Accrued expenses decreased from $5.9 million at December 31, 2016 to $4.6 million at September 30, 2017. The payment of the 2016 manager bonuses in March 2017 primarily accounted for the reduction.
During the first nine months of 2017, cash flow used in operating activities was $3.3 million, composed of net income of $2.8 million, plus $1.5 million of depreciation and amortization, plus $962,000 of foreign currency translation, offset by changes in working capital including purchases of inventory and payments of 2016 bonuses.
By comparison, during the first nine months of 2016, cash flow provided by operating activities was approximately $1.9 million, composed of net income of $4.3 million, plus $1.3 million of depreciation and amortization, offset by the increase in inventory of $3.5 million.
Cash flow used in investing activities totaled approximately $1.6 million and $1.4 million in the first three quarters of 2017 and 2016, respectively, consisting primarily of the purchase of fixtures for new stores, store moves and remodels and computer equipment, and in 2017, vehicles and computer equipment for our new district managers.
There was $223,000 of cash provided by financing activities in the first nine months of 2017, related to proceeds from the exercise of stock options, compared to $22,000 used in financing activities in the first nine months of 2016. In 2016, we repurchased $3.7 million of treasury stock, funded primarily through drawdowns on our line of credit with BOKF, as well as made a scheduled payment on our capital lease obligation for $6,710.