Annual and Transition Report (foreign Private Issuer) (20-f)

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION.

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness.

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors.

Summary of Risk Factors

An investment in our ADSs is subject to a number of risks, including risks related to doing business in the PRC, risks related to our limited operating history, financial position and capital requirements, risks related to the discovery, development and regulatory approval of our product candidates, risks related to our reliance on third parties, risks related to commercialization of our product candidates, risks related to our business operations and industry, risks related to intellectual property, and risks related to ownership of our ADSs. Investors should carefully consider all of the information in this annual report before making an investment in the ADSs. The following list summarizes some, but not all, of these risks. Please read the information in the section entitled “Risk Factors” for a more thorough description of these and other risks.

Risks Related to Doing Business in the PRC

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Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History, Financial Position and Capital Requirements

Risks Related to the Discovery, Development and Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates

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Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties

Risks Related to Commercialization of Our Product Candidates

Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Industry

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

Risks Related to Ownership of Our ADSs

Risks Related to Ownership of Our ADSs

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Foreign Private Issuer

Emerging Growth Company

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. As such, we may take advantage of specific exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other publicly traded entities that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

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As a result, we do not know if some investors will find our ADSs less attractive. The result may be a less active trading market for our ADSs, and the price of our ADSs may become more volatile.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of: (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues exceed $1.07 billion; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering; (iii) the date that we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our common equity held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter; or (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt securities during any three-year period.

Foreign Private Issuer

We report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, as long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we will be exempt from specific provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including:

In addition, we will not be required to file annual reports and consolidated financial statements with the SEC as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act, and we will not be required to comply with Regulation FD, which restricts the selective disclosure of material information.

Both foreign private issuers and emerging growth companies also are exempt from some more stringent executive compensation disclosure rules. Thus, even if we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, but remain a foreign private issuer, we will continue to be exempt from the more stringent compensation disclosures required of companies that are neither an emerging growth company nor a foreign private issuer.

RISK FACTORS

Investors should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this annual report, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this annual report and in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” before deciding whether to invest or maintain any investment in our American Depositary Shares, or ADSs. Our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially and adversely affected if any of these risks occurs, and as a result, the market price of our ADSs could decline and some or all of their value may be lost. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Doing Business in the PRC

We could be adversely affected by rising political tensions and any potential conflicts between the United States and the PRC.

Rising political tensions and any potential conflicts between the United States and the PRC could reduce levels of trade, investments, technological exchanges and other economic activities between the two major economies, which would have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, there have been recent media reports on deliberations within the U.S. government regarding potentially limiting or restricting PRC-based companies from accessing U.S.

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capital markets. If any such deliberations were to materialize, the resulting legislation may have a material and adverse impact on the stock performance of PRC-based issuers listed in the United States. It is unclear if this proposed legislation would be enacted.

A substantial part of our drug discovery and clinical operations are conducted in the PRC and the United States, and we are required to comply with the PRC, U.S. or other laws and regulations on import and export controls, including the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Export Administration Regulations. Currently, such laws and regulations do not restrict our ability to offer our U.S.-origin drug discovery tools to our subsidiaries in the PRC. However, we may be affected by future changes in U.S. import or export control laws and regulations. If we were unable to transfer our U.S.-origin drug discovery tools to the PRC, source U.S.-origin software and components from third parties or otherwise access U.S. technology as a result of such regulatory changes, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

The PRC and the United States have each imposed tariffs that have adversely affected trade between the two countries. It is not yet clear what impact tariff negotiations between the two countries may have or what further actions the governments may take, and tariffs could potentially increase the price of our clinical supplies and negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in the political and economic policies of the PRC government may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and may result in our inability to sustain our growth and expansion strategies.

Our financial condition and results of operations are affected to a significant extent by economic, political and legal developments in the PRC, where we have significant operations. The PRC economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the extent of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in the PRC is still owned by the government. In addition, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The PRC government also exercises significant control over the PRC’s economic growth by allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, regulating financial services and institutions and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past three decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall PRC economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are currently applicable to us. In addition, in the past the PRC government implemented some measures, including interest rate increases, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in the PRC, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations. In July 2021, the PRC government provided new guidance on PRC-based companies raising capital outside of the PRC, including through arrangements called variable interest entities, or VIEs. In light of such developments, the SEC has imposed enhanced disclosure requirements on PRC-based companies seeking to register securities with the SEC. Although we do not have a VIE structure, due to our operations in the PRC, any future PRC, U.S. or other rules and regulations that place restrictions on capital raising or other activities or require enhanced disclosure by PRC-based companies could adversely affect our business and results of operations. If the business environment in the PRC deteriorates from the perspective of domestic or international investment, the PRC government may intervene with our operations and our business in the PRC and the United States, and the market price of our ADSs could be adversely affected.

The PRC government may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and significantly and adversely impact the value of our ADSs.

The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected some industries such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry or us that could require us to seek permission from PRC governmental authorities to continue to operate our business, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, recent statements made by the PRC government have indicated an intent to increase the PRC government’s oversight and control over offerings of companies with significant operations in the PRC that are to be conducted in non-PRC markets, as well as non-PRC investment in PRC-based issuers like us. Any such action, once taken by the PRC government, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors, and could cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless.

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The audit report included in this annual report was prepared by an auditor who is not inspected by the PCAOB and, as such, our investors are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Since our auditor is located in the PRC, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB has been unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the PRC authorities, our auditor is not currently inspected by the PCAOB.

The inability to conduct PCAOB inspections in the PRC prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of our independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, we and investors in our ADSs are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. Also, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in the PRC makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of the PRC that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors in our ADSs and potential investors in our ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

Our ADSs may be delisted and our ADSs and shares prohibited from trading in the over-the-counter market under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or fully investigate auditors located in the PRC. Under the current law, delisting and prohibition from over-the-counter trading in the U.S. could take place in 2024. If this happens there is no certainty that we will be able to list our ADSs or shares on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the U.S. The delisting of our ADSs or prohibition from trading, or the threat of their being delisted or prohibited from trading, may materially and adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

As part of a regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by foreign national laws, in particular the PRC’s, the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or HFCAA, was signed into law on December 18, 2020, amending the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and directing the SEC to prohibit securities of any registrant from being listed on any of the U.S. securities exchanges or traded “over-the-counter” if the registered public accounting firm of the registrant’s financial statements has not been subject to PCAOB inspection for three consecutive years from the beginning of 2021.

On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCAA, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCAA, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

On December 2, 2021 the SEC adopted final rules implementing the HFCAA. As a result, the SEC will identify issuers that have filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority taken in that jurisdiction. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong because of positions taken by PRC and Hong Kong authorities in those jurisdictions.

In March 2022 the SEC began to identify issuers under the HFCAA. An issuer identified by the SEC will be required to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that it is not owned or controlled by a government entity in that foreign jurisdiction and also will be required to include disclosure in its annual report regarding its audit arrangements and governmental influence on it. If we are so identified, we will be required to comply with the submission and disclosure requirements in our annual report that we file in 2023 for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, and if we continue to be so identified for three consecutive years, we may become subject to a trading prohibition on our ADSs by as early as 2024. The trading prohibition could be accelerated to 2023 if the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act is enacted.

If our auditor fails to be inspected or investigated by the PCAOB before the required deadline due to factors beyond our control, we will be de-listed from Nasdaq, deregistered from the SEC and/or face other risks, which may materially and adversely affect the market price and liquidity of our ADSs, or effectively terminate trading of our ADSs in the United States. If this happens there is no certainty that we will be able to list our ADSs or shares on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the U.S.

Even before the required deadlines to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement, these efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our ADSs could be

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adversely affected. Consequently, we may not be able to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all. While we understand that there has been dialogue among the CSRC, the SEC and the PCAOB regarding the inspection of PCAOB-registered accounting firms in the PRC, there can be no assurance that our auditor will be able to comply with requirements imposed by U.S. regulators. The trading prohibition on our ADSs resulting from such non-compliance could cause holders of our ADSs to sell our ADSs prior to the effective date of such prohibition or to convert them into our Ordinary Shares. Even before such trading prohibition, the market price of our ADSs could be adversely affected as a result of anticipated negative impacts of executive or legislative actions upon, as well as negative investor sentiment towards, companies with significant operations in the PRC that are listed in the United States, regardless of whether these executive or legislative actions become effective or are implemented and regardless of our actual performance. For example, when the SEC began to identify issuers under the HFCAA in March 2022, the trading price of equity securities of PRC-based companies, including our ADSs, declined.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which, if enacted, would amend the HFCAA and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three. This could have a material and adverse impact on the value of any investment in our ADSs.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed a bill known as the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, and on February 4, 2022, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill known as the America Competes Act of 2022 which includes the exact same amendments as the bill passed by the Senate, but also includes a broader range of legislation unrelated to the HFCAA. It is unclear when the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives will resolve the differences in the bills currently passed, or when or whether the U.S. President will sign an agreed bill into law. If enacted, such law would amend the HFCAA and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three.

Compliance with the PRC’s new Data Security Law, Cybersecurity Review Measures, Personal Information Protection Law, regulations and guidelines relating to the multi-level protection scheme and any other future laws and regulations may entail significant expenses and could materially affect our business.

The PRC has implemented or is implementing rules and is considering a number of additional proposals relating to data protection. The PRC’s new Data Security Law took effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law provides that the data processing activities must be conducted based on “data classification and hierarchical protection system” for the purpose of data protection and prohibits entities in the PRC from transferring data stored in the PRC to foreign law enforcement agencies or judicial authorities without prior approval by the authorized PRC governmental authority.

Additionally, the PRC’s Cyber Security Law requires companies to take some organizational, technical and administrative measures and other necessary measures to ensure the security of their networks and data stored on their networks. Specifically, the Cyber Security Law provides that the PRC adopt a multi-level protection scheme, or MLPS, under which network operators are required to perform obligations of security protection to ensure that the network is free from interference, disruption or unauthorized access, and prevent network data from being disclosed, stolen or tampered.

Recently, the Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”) has taken action against several PRC internet companies in connection with their initial public offerings on U.S. securities exchanges, for alleged national security risks and improper collection and use of the personal information of PRC data subjects. In April 2020, the Chinese government promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures (the “2020 Cybersecurity Review Measures”), which came into effect on June 1, 2020. In July 2021, the CAC and other related authorities released a draft amendment to the 2020 Cybersecurity Review Measures for public comments. On December 28, 2021, the Chinese government promulgated amended Cybersecurity Review Measures (the “2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures”), which came into effect and replaced the 2020 Cybersecurity Review Measures on February 15, 2022. According to the 2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures, (i) critical information infrastructure operators that purchase network products and services and internet platform operators that conduct data processing activities shall be subject to cybersecurity review in accordance with the 2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures if such activities affect or may affect national security; and (ii) internet platform operators holding personal information of more than one million users and seeking to have their securities list on a stock exchange in a foreign country shall file for cybersecurity review with the Cybersecurity Review Office. On November 14, 2021, the CAC released the draft Administrative Regulation on Network Data Security for public comments through December 13, 2021 (the “Draft Administrative Regulation”). Under the Draft Administrative Regulation, foreign listed data processors shall carry out annual data security evaluation and submit the evaluation report to the municipal cyberspace administration authority.

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It is unclear at the present time how widespread the cybersecurity review requirement and the enforcement action will be and what effect they will have on the life sciences sector generally and on us in particular. Any failure or delay in the completion of the cybersecurity review procedures or any other non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations may result in fines or suspension of operations, and this could lead to us de-listing from the U.S. stock market.

Also, recently, the National People’s Congress released the Personal Information Protection Law, which became effective on November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law provides a comprehensive set of data privacy and protection requirements that apply to the processing of personal information and expands data protection compliance obligations to cover the processing of personal information of persons by organizations and individuals in the PRC, and the processing of personal information of persons in the PRC outside of the PRC if such processing is for purposes of providing products and services to, or analyzing and evaluating the behavior of, persons in the PRC. The Personal Information Protection Law also provides that critical information infrastructure operators and personal information processing entities who process personal information meeting a volume threshold to be set by PRC cyberspace regulators are also required to store in the PRC personal information generated or collected in the PRC, and to pass a security assessment administered by PRC cyberspace regulators for any export of such personal information. Lastly, the Personal Information Protection Law provides for significant fines for serious violations of up to RMB 50 million or 5% of annual revenues from the prior year and may also be ordered to suspend any related activity or be revoked the relevant business permits or business license by competent authorities. We do not maintain, nor do we intend to maintain, personally identifiable health information of patients in the PRC. We do, however, collect and maintain de-identified health data for clinical trials in compliance with local regulations.

Interpretation, application and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations evolve from time to time and their scope may continually change, through new legislation, amendments to existing legislation or changes in enforcement. Compliance with such laws, rules and regulations could significantly increase the cost of our operations, require significant changes to our operations or even prevent us from operating in jurisdictions in which we currently operate or in which we may operate in the future. Despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, rules, regulations and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection and information security, it is possible that our operations could fail to meet all of the requirements imposed on us. Any failure on our part to comply, or any compromise of security that results in unauthorized access, use or release of personal information or other data, or the perception or allegation that any failure or compromise has occurred, could damage our reputation, discourage new and existing partners, vendors or other parties from contracting with us or result in investigations, fines, suspension or other penalties by governmental authorities and private claims or litigation, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if our operations are not subject to legal challenge, the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, the legal uncertainty created by such laws, rules and regulations and the recent PRC government actions could materially adversely affect our ability to raise capital, or to do so on favorable terms, including engaging in public or private equity or debt financings in the U.S. market.

There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations.

Our operations in the PRC are governed by PRC laws, rules and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to laws, rules and regulations applicable to foreign investment in the PRC. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

The PRC has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws, rules and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in the PRC or may be subject to significant degrees of interpretation by PRC regulatory agencies. In particular, because these laws, rules and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited number of published decisions and the non-binding nature of such decisions, and because the laws, rules and regulations often give the relevant regulator significant discretion in how to enforce them, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations involve uncertainties and can be inconsistent and unpredictable. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until after the occurrence of the violation.

Any administrative and court proceedings in the PRC may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Recently, PRC regulators have announced regulatory actions aimed at providing the PRC government with greater oversight over sectors of the economy in the PRC, including the for-profit education sector and technology platforms that have a quantitatively significant number of users located in the PRC. Although the biotechnology industry is already highly regulated in the PRC and while

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there has been no indication to date that such actions or oversight would apply to companies like us, the PRC government may in the future take regulatory actions that materially adversely affect the business environment and financial markets in the PRC as they relate to us, our ability to operate our business, our liquidity and our access to capital.

The approval of the CSRC may be required under a PRC regulation in connection with any future offerings of our securities in the U.S. market. The regulation also establishes more complex procedures for acquisitions conducted by non-PRC investors that could make it more difficult for us to grow through acquisitions.

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, currently known as the SAMR, the CSRC, and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, jointly adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which came into effect on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules include, among other things, provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle that is controlled by PRC domestic companies or individuals and that has been formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of securities through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies or assets to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published on its official website procedures regarding its approval of overseas listings by special purpose vehicles. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the scope and applicability of the M&A Rules to offshore special purpose vehicles.

While the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear, we believe, based on our understanding of the current PRC laws and regulations, that the CSRC approval under the M&A Rules would not be required in the context of future offerings of our securities in the U.S. market because Connect SZ was incorporated as a domestic company in May 2012 and became a sino-foreign equity venture on August 23, 2012 in compliance with the M&A Rules, such that the M&A Rules are not applicable to it thereafter; provided that the CSRC has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether follow-on offerings of securities in the U.S. market are subject to the M&A Rules. There can be no assurance that the relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC legal counsel. If the CSRC or any other PRC regulatory body determines that we need to obtain the CSRC’s approval for follow-on offerings or if the CSRC or any other PRC government authorities promulgates any interpretation or implements rules that would require us to obtain CSRC or other governmental approvals for follow-on offerings, we may be unable to obtain such approvals on a timely basis or at all and we may face adverse actions or sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies if we proceed with an offering of our securities without first receiving any required approvals. In any such event, these regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in the PRC, limit our operating privileges in the PRC, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from future offerings into the PRC or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects.

These regulations also established additional procedures and requirements that are expected to make merger and acquisition activities in the PRC by non-PRC investors more time-consuming and complex. For example, the M&A rules require that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a non-PRC investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise if (i) any important industry is concerned,(ii) such transaction involves factors that have or may have impact on the national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. The approval from the MOFCOM shall be obtained in circumstances where overseas companies established or controlled by PRC enterprises or residents acquire affiliated domestic companies. Mergers, acquisitions or contractual arrangements that allow one market player to take control of or to exert decisive impact on another market player must also be notified in advance to the anti-monopoly authority under the State Council when the threshold under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings issued by the State Council in August 2008 and amended in September 2018, is triggered. In addition, the security review rules issued by the MOFCOM that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by non-PRC investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which non-PRC investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the MOFCOM, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. We may grow our business in part by acquiring other companies operating in our industry. Complying with the requirements of the new regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including approval from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. In addition, as PRC governmental authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions, we cannot assure you that we are not required to obtain such approval or pass such review under PRC laws, regulations or policies if the relevant PRC governmental authorities take a contrary position, nor can we predict whether or how long it will take to obtain such approval or pass such review. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the requisite governmental approval or review would subject us to sanctions imposed by the relevant PRC regulatory authority, including orders to stop the illegal act, confiscation of illegal income and a fine ranging from 1% to 10% of the

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sale amount of the preceding year or not more than 500,000 RMB (the specific amount of fines shall be determined in consideration of the nature of the illegal act, the extent and the period of time during which the act was continuing etc.).

Furthermore, on December 24, 2021, the CSRC released the draft Administrative Provisions on the Offshore Listing and Securities Issuance of PRC-Based Companies and the draft Administrative Measures on the Filing of Offshore Listing and Securities Issuance of PRC-Based Companies for public comments through January 23, 2022 (collectively, the “CSRC Draft Rules”). Under the CSRC Draft Rules, the PRC-based companies involved in any of the following circumstances shall not list or offer securities on foreign exchanges: (i) where the circumstances under which listing for financing is expressly prohibited by the laws, regulations and relevant provisions; (ii) the overseas offering and listing threatens or endangers the national security upon examination and verification by the relevant competent department of the PRC State Council; (iii) a major ownership dispute over the equity, main assets, core technology, etc.; (iv) such PRC-based company or its controlling shareholder or actual controller has, in the past three years, committed a criminal offence such as corruption, bribery, encroachment or misappropriation of property or undermined the order of socialist market economy, or is under investigation by the judicial authority for being suspected of committing a crime or being involved in a major violation of laws or regulations; (v) any director, supervisor or senior management personnel of such PRC-based company has been subject to any administrative punishment in the last three years with serious circumstances, or is subject to a case filing and investigation by the judicial authority for being suspected of a crime or a major violation of laws or regulations; and (vi) any other circumstance recognized by the PRC State Council. Where a PRC-based company falls under any of the aforesaid circumstances prior to its overseas listing and offering, the relevant competent authorities shall request such PRC-based company to suspend or terminate its overseas listing and offering. In addition, an overseas listed Chinese Company may be subject to the following obligations of filing or report: (i) an overseas listed Chinese company shall complete a filing for a follow-on offering with the CSRC within three (3) business days upon the completion of the follow-on offering; (ii) an overseas listed Chinese company shall report detailed information to the CSRC within three (3) business days from the occurrence of the following major events after its overseas listing, including the change of such issuer’s control right, investigation and punishment imposed by the overseas regulatory security authority or the relevant competent authority and the termination of listing voluntarily or compulsorily; and (iii) where there is any material change in the major business and operation activities of an overseas listed Chinese company and such change does not fall within the scope of filing requirement, such issuer shall, within three (3) business days from the occurrence of such change, submit a special report and a legal opinion issued by a PRC law firm to the CSRC to explain the relevant information. It is uncertain whether, when and in what form the CSRC Draft Rules will be enacted. If the CSRC Draft Rules are enacted in the current form, we will be required to make such filing or report with respect to offerings we make in the future. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete such filing or comply with any other requirements that may be imposed on us under the Overseas Listing Rules, on a timely basis or at all. Failure to comply with the filing requirements or any other requirements under the CSRC Draft Rules (if enacted) could result in warnings, a fine ranging from RMB 1 million to RMB 10 million, suspension of specific business operations, orders of rectification and revocation of business license.

PRC government agencies may exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and non-PRC investment in PRC-based issuers. We face uncertainty about future actions by the PRC government that could significantly affect our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and could significantly negatively affect the value of our ADSs.

Recently, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the “Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law,” or the Opinions, which was made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen administration over illegal securities activities, and the need to strengthen supervision over overseas listings by PRC companies. Effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems will be taken to deal with the risks and incidents of PRC-based overseas listed companies, and cybersecurity and data privacy protection requirements and similar matters. The Opinions and any related implementing rules to be enacted may subject us to compliance requirements in the future.

Given the current regulatory environment in the PRC, we are still subject to the uncertainty of interpretation and enforcement of the rules and regulations in the PRC, which can change quickly with little advance notice, and any future actions of the PRC authorities. It is uncertain whether we will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to maintain our listing on any U.S. exchange (including retroactively), and even if such permission is sought, whether it will be denied or rescinded. As a result, our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to our business or industry.

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We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing rules, enterprises established under the laws of jurisdictions outside of the PRC with “de facto management bodies” located in the PRC may be considered PRC tax resident enterprises for tax purposes and may be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their global income. “De facto management body” refers to a managing body that exercises substantial and overall management and control over the production and operations, personnel, accounting and assets of an enterprise. The SAT issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore-Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, on April 22, 2009, which was most recently amended on December 29, 2017. Circular 82 provides specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in the PRC. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises, not those controlled by non-PRC enterprises or individuals, the determining criteria set forth in Circular 82 may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises. If we were to be considered a PRC resident enterprise, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our global income. In such case, our cash flow may be materially reduced as a result of our global income being taxed under the Enterprise Income Tax Law. We believe that none of our entities outside of the PRC is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.”

Dividends paid to our non-PRC investors (should we ever pay dividends) and gains on the sale of our ADSs by our non-PRC investors may become subject to PRC tax.

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation regulations issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC withholding tax is applicable to dividends paid to investors that are non-resident enterprises, which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or which have such establishment or place of business but the dividends are not effectively connected with such establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. Any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such investors is also subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 10%, if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. If we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid on our ordinary shares or ADSs, and any gain realized from the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and would as a result be subject to PRC taxation. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to individual investors who are non-PRC residents and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such investors may be subject to PRC tax (which in the case of dividends may be withheld at source) at a rate of 20%. Any PRC tax liability may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty. However, if we or any of our subsidiaries established outside the PRC are considered a PRC resident enterprise, it is unclear whether holders of our ADSs would be able to claim the benefit of income tax treaties or agreements entered into between the PRC and other countries or areas. If dividends paid to our non-PRC investors, or gains from the transfer of our ADSs by such investors, are deemed as income derived from sources within the PRC and thus are subject to PRC tax, the value of our ADSs may decline significantly.

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We and our shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises or other assets attributed to a PRC establishment of a non-PRC company, or immovable properties located in the PRC owned by non-PRC companies.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Bulletin 7. Pursuant to this Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including non-publicly traded equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in the PRC, immovable properties located in the PRC, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include, without limitation: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in the PRC or if its income mainly derives from the PRC; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immovable properties located in the PRC or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax of 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Bulletin 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange. On October 17, 2017, the SAT promulgated the Announcement of the SAT on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Circular 37, which became effective on December 1, 2017 and was most recently amended on June 15, 2018. SAT Circular 37, among other things, simplified procedures of withholding and payment of income tax levied on non-resident enterprises.

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of past and future transactions where PRC or other taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. We may be subject to filing obligations, required to obtain independent valuations, or taxed if we are the transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if we are the transferee in such transactions under Bulletin 7 and SAT Circular 37. If there are transfers of our securities by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under Bulletin 7 and SAT Circular 37. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Bulletin 7 and SAT Circular 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these publications, or to establish that we should not be taxed under these publications, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We and our shareholders face uncertainties with respect to reorganizations or restructurings that we may undertake.

We have historically undertaken various reorganizations and restructurings of our subsidiaries and of intellectual property and other assets. We currently anticipate that we may undertake further reorganizations or restructurings that may, for instance, involve licensing or assigning of intellectual property and other assets, but any further reorganization or restructuring has still to be effected, remains to be fully planned out, would involve complexity, and no assurance can be given that any such reorganization or restructuring would be effective at achieving its intended goals and may result in unintended tax or other consequences that may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investments in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies may restrict or prevent us from making loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries.

We are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries, which are treated as “foreign-invested enterprises” under PRC laws, through loans or capital contributions. However, loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of SAFE and capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the requirement of making necessary registration with competent governmental authorities in the PRC.

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SAFE promulgated the Notice of the SAFE on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, effective on June 1, 2015. According to Circular 19, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from non-PRC currency-denominated registered capital of a non-PRC-invested company is regulated such that RMB capital may not be used for the issuance of RMB entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of banks loans that have been transferred to a third party. Although Circular 19 allows RMB capital converted from non-PRC currency-denominated registered capital of a non-PRC-invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within the PRC, it also reiterates the principle that RMB converted from the non-PRC currency-denominated capital of a non-PRC-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope. Thus, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital to be used for equity investments in the PRC in actual practice. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the SAFE on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from non-PRC currency-denominated registered capital of a non-PRC-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of Circular 19 and Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. Circular 19 and Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any non-PRC currency we hold, to our PRC subsidiaries, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in the PRC. On October 23, 2019, SAFE promulgated the Circular of the SAFE on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment, or Circular 28, which permits non-investment non-PRC-invested enterprises to use their capital funds to make equity investments in the PRC, with genuine investment projects and in compliance with effective non-PRC investment restrictions and other applicable laws. However, as Circular 28 was issued recently, there are still substantial uncertainties as to its interpretation and implementations in practice.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investments in, our PRC subsidiaries, we cannot assure investors that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. As a result, uncertainties exist as to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiaries when needed. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use non-PRC currency, and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee share incentive plans may subject our equity incentive plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and participate in any share incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with the SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete other procedures, unless some exceptions are available. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of share options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or non-PRC citizens living in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and have been granted options are subject to these regulations. Failure to complete SAFE registrations may subject them to fines of up to RMB300,000 for entities and up to RMB50,000 for individuals and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries and our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law. See Item 6. “Directors, Senior Management and – Compensation.”

In addition, the SAT has issued some circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in the PRC who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes for those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC government authorities. See Item 6. “Directors, Senior Management and – Compensation.”

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PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to change their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC laws.

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or Circular 37. Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities as well as non-PRC individuals that are deemed as PRC residents for foreign exchange administration purposes) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. Circular 37 further requires amendment to the SAFE registrations in the event of any changes with respect to the basic information of the offshore special purpose vehicle, such as change of a PRC individual shareholder, name and operation term, or any significant changes with respect to the offshore special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contribution, share transfer or exchange, or mergers or divisions. Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015 by the SAFE, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under Circular 37 from June 1, 2015.

If our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches or qualified local banks, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing to us its profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

We may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our securities, nor can we compel our shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. We cannot assure investors that all shareholders or beneficial owners of ours who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make, obtain or update any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations.

The failure or inability of such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us or the non-compliant shareholders or beneficial owners to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure. As a result, our business operations and our ability to distribute any future profits to investors could be materially and adversely affected.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to remit funds out of the PRC and utilize our capital or future revenues effectively and could affect the value of any investment in our ADSs.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the renminbi into non-PRC currencies and, in some cases, the remittance of currency out of the PRC. We fund our PRC operations and expect to receive some of our future revenues in renminbi. Approval from or registration with appropriate PRC governmental authorities is required where renminbi is to be converted into non-PRC currency and remitted out of the PRC to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in non-PRC currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than renminbi owed to entities outside the PRC, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside the PRC in a currency other than renminbi.

In light of the flood of capital outflows of the PRC in 2016 due to the weakening renminbi, the PRC government has imposed more restrictive foreign exchange policies and stepped-up scrutiny of major outbound capital movement including overseas direct investment. More restrictions and a substantial vetting process have been put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. If any of our shareholders regulated by such policies fails to satisfy the applicable overseas direct investment filing or approval requirement timely or at all, it may be subject to penalties from the relevant PRC authorities. The PRC government may at its discretion further restrict access in the future to non-PRC currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient non-PRC currencies to satisfy our non-PRC currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in non-PRC currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

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Recent litigation, regulatory scrutiny and negative publicity surrounding PRC-based companies listed in the United States may result in increased regulatory scrutiny of us and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs.

We believe that litigation, regulatory scrutiny and negative publicity surrounding PRC-based companies that are listed in the United States have negatively impacted stock prices for such companies. U.S.-listed public companies that have substantially all of their operations in the PRC have been the subject of intense scrutiny by investors, equity-based research organizations and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC and PCAOB. Some of these companies have become subject to shareholder litigation or are conducting internal or external investigations into allegations of, among other things, accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting and inadequate corporate governance policies. Any similar scrutiny of us, regardless of its lack of merit, could result in a diversion of management resources and energy, potential costs to defend ourselves against rumors or litigation, decreases and volatility in our ADS trading price, and increased directors and officers insurance premiums, and could have a material adverse effect upon our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The enforcement of the PRC Labor Law, Labor Contract Law, and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may increase our labor costs and limit our flexibility to use labor. If we fail to comply with PRC labor-related laws, we may be exposed to penalties.

According to the PRC Labor Contract Law, an employer is obliged to sign an unfixed-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for 10 consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract must have an unfixed term, with some exceptions. The employer must pay economic compensation to an employee where a labor contract is terminated or not renewed upon expiration in accordance with the PRC Labor Contract Law, except for some situations which are specifically regulated. As a result, our ability to terminate employees is significantly restricted. In addition, the PRC government has issued various labor-related regulations to further protect the rights of employees. According to such laws and regulations, employees who have worked continuously for not less than 12 months are entitled to annual leave ranging from five to 15 days and are able to be compensated for any untaken annual leave days in the amount of three times their daily salary, subject to some exceptions. In the event that we decide to change our employment or labor practices, the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may also limit our ability to effect those changes in a manner that we believe to be cost-effective. In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these new regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may not be at all times deemed in compliance with the new regulations. If we are subject to severe penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations, our business and financial conditions may be adversely affected.

Companies operating in the PRC are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to specific percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of their employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time. The requirement to maintain employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by local governments in the PRC given the different levels of economic development in different locations. We may not pay social security and housing fund contributions in strict compliance with the relevant PRC regulations for and on behalf of our employees due to differences in local regulations and inconsistent implementation or interpretation by local authorities in the PRC and varying levels of acceptance of the housing fund system by our employees. We may be subject to fines and penalties for any such failure to make payments in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations. We may be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines. If we are subject to penalties, late fees or fines in relation to any underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Some of our leasehold interests in leased properties have not been registered with the relevant PRC governmental authorities as required by relevant PRC laws. The failure to register leasehold interests may expose us to potential fines.

We have not registered some of our lease agreements with the relevant government authorities. Under the relevant PRC laws and regulations, we may be required to register and file with the relevant government authority executed leases. The failure to register the lease agreements for our leased properties will not affect the validity of these lease agreements, but the competent housing authorities may order us to register the lease agreements in a prescribed period of time and impose a fine ranging from RMB1,000 to RMB10,000 for each non-registered lease if we fail to complete the registration within the prescribed timeframe.

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Our business benefits from tax benefits or financial incentives and discretionary policies granted by governmental authorities in the PRC. Expiration, elimination or reduction of these incentives or policies would have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Governmental authorities in the PRC have granted tax benefits or financial incentives to our PRC subsidiaries as part of their efforts to encourage the development of PRC businesses, including in connection with our land use and investment agreements with governmental authorities in the PRC. We are undertaking various obligations and responsibilities under such agreements. We have not obtained necessary permits in connection with the construction of our PRC facilities and the construction project is currently put on hold, with no assurance that the construction can be completed on time or at all or that we will be able to meet all obligations and responsibilities under such agreements, which may result in the loss of financial incentives, deny access to future opportunities, and jeopardize or damage our relationships from or with governmental authorities in the PRC, which in turn would negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The timing, amount and criteria of tax benefits or governmental financial incentives are determined within the sole discretion of the local government authorities and cannot be predicted with certainty before we actually receive any financial incentive. We do not have the ability to influence government authorities in making these decisions. Governmental authorities may decide to reduce or eliminate tax benefits or incentives at any time. In addition, some of the governmental tax benefits or financial incentives are granted on a project or milestone basis and subject to the satisfaction of some conditions, including compliance with the applicable investment or financial incentive agreements and completion of the specific project or milestone therein. We cannot guarantee that we will satisfy all relevant conditions, and if we fail, we may be deprived of the relevant tax benefits or incentives. We cannot assure investors of the continued availability of governmental tax benefits or incentives currently enjoyed by us. Any elimination or reduction of tax benefits or financial or other incentives granted to us would have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

The pharmaceutical industry in the PRC is highly regulated and such regulations are subject to change which may affect approval and commercialization of our drugs.

Most of our research and development operations and facilities are in the PRC, which we believe confers clinical, commercial and regulatory advantages. The pharmaceutical industry in the PRC is subject to comprehensive government regulation and supervision encompassing the approval, registration, manufacturing, packaging, licensing and marketing of new drugs. See Item 4. Business Overview—Government Regulation and Product Approval—PRC Regulation” for a discussion of the regulatory requirements that are applicable to our current and planned business activities in the PRC. In recent years, the regulatory framework in the PRC regarding the pharmaceutical industry has undergone significant changes, and we expect that it will continue to undergo significant changes. Any such changes or amendments may result in increased compliance costs on our business or cause delays in or prevent the successful development or commercialization of our product candidates in the PRC and reduce the current benefits we believe are available to us from developing and manufacturing product candidates in the PRC. PRC authorities have become increasingly vigilant in enforcing laws in the pharmaceutical industry and any failure by us or our partners to maintain compliance with applicable laws and regulations or obtain and maintain required licenses and permits may result in the suspension or termination of our business activities in the PRC. We believe our strategy and approach are aligned with the PRC government’s regulatory policies, but we cannot ensure that our strategy and approach will remain so aligned.

We may be restricted from transferring our scientific data outside of the PRC.

On May 28, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Regulation on the Administration of Human Genetic Resources, or the Regulation, which became effective on July 1, 2019. Under this Regulation, provision of human genetic resources materials (“HGR Materials”) and human genetic resources information (“HGR Information”) to non-PRC parties is subject to different forms of review and pre-approval. HGR Materials refers to genetic materials, such as organs, tissues or cells, which contain the human genome, genes and their products, and HGR Information refers to genetic information or data generated by using the HGR Materials. Only in order to obtain marketing authorization for relevant drugs and medical devices in the PRC and in the event without export, no approval is required in international clinical trial cooperation using the PRC’s HGR Materials and HGR Information at clinical institutions. However, the type, quantity and usage of the HGR Materials and HGR Information to be used shall be filed with the Ministry of Science and Technology, or the MOST, before clinical trials. Otherwise, international cooperation in scientific research carried out by utilization of the PRC’s HGR Materials and HGR Information shall meet specified conditions, and the two cooperative parties shall jointly submit an application, which shall be approved by the MOST. In addition, delivery, mailing or carrying out of HGR Materials outside of the PRC shall be subject to the approval of the MOST, and an export certificate shall be obtained. The provision of HGR Information to non-PRC parties or permitting uses of HGR Information by non-PRC parties requires a record filing with MOST and submission of that corresponding information’s copy. If such provision or permitting uses could impact the public health, national security or public interest of the PRC, an additional security review will be conducted.

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If we are unable to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filing process in a timely manner, or at all, our research and development of product candidates may be hindered, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial conditions and prospects. If relevant PRC governmental authorities consider the transmission of our materials, data or information to be in violation of relevant regulations, we may be subject to specific administrative penalties imposed by those government authorities, including warnings, orders to make corrections, confiscation of illegal gains as well as the HGR Materials and HGR Information illegally collected and preserved, fines of not less than one million RMB but not more than 10 million RMB (if the illegal gains are more than one million RMB, the fine shall be more than 5 times and less than 10 times the illegal gains), and temporary (1-5 years) or permanent debarment of companies, institutions and responsible persons from further human genetic resources projects, or even criminal liability.

The ability of U.S. authorities to bring actions for violations of U.S. securities law and regulations against us, our directors, executive officers or the expert named in this annual report may be limited. Therefore, investors may not be afforded the same protection as provided to investors in U.S. domestic companies.

The SEC, the U.S. Department of Justice, or the DOJ, and other U.S. authorities often have substantial difficulties in bringing and enforcing actions against non-U.S. companies such as us, and non-U.S. persons, such as our directors and officers in the PRC. Due to jurisdictional limitations, matters of comity and various other factors, the SEC, the DOJ and other U.S. authorities may be limited in their ability to pursue bad actors, including in instances of fraud, in emerging markets such as the PRC. With respect to our operations and assets in the PRC, there are significant legal and other obstacles for U.S. authorities to obtain information needed for investigations or litigation against us or our directors, executive officers or other gatekeepers in case we or any of these individuals engage in fraud or other wrongdoing. In addition, local authorities in the PRC may be constrained in their ability to assist U.S. authorities and overseas investors in connection with legal proceedings. As a result, if we, our directors, executive officers or other gatekeepers commit any securities law violation, fraud or other financial misconduct, the U.S. authorities may not be able to conduct effective investigations or bring and enforce actions against us, our directors, executive officers or other gatekeepers. Therefore, investors may not be able to enjoy the same protection provided by various U.S. authorities as it is provided to investors in U.S. domestic companies.

Investors may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing non-PRC judgments or bringing original actions in the PRC, based on United States or other non-PRC laws, against us, our directors, executive officers or the expert named in this annual report. Therefore, investors may not be able to enjoy the protection of such laws in an effective manner.

With respect to our operations and assets in the PRC, it may not be possible to effect service of process upon us, our directors and officers, including with respect to matters arising under U.S. federal securities laws or applicable state securities laws. Even if an investor obtains a judgment against us, our directors or officers, or the expert named in this annual report in a U.S. court or other court outside the PRC, an investor may not be able to enforce such judgment against us or them in the PRC. The PRC does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts in the United States or most other western countries. Therefore, recognition and enforcement in the PRC of judgments of a court in any of these jurisdictions may be difficult or impossible. In addition, investors may not be able to bring original actions in the PRC based on the U.S. or other non-PRC laws against us, our directors or officers, or the expert named in this annual report. As a result, shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including class actions based on securities law and fraud claims, are difficult or impossible to pursue as a matter of law and practicality in the PRC.

For example, in the PRC, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside the PRC or otherwise with respect to non-PRC entities. Although the local authorities in the PRC may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States have not been efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to overseas parties. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law is not yet available, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the PRC may further increase difficulties faced by investors in protecting the interests of investors. Therefore, investors may not be able to effectively enjoy the protection offered by the U.S. laws and regulations that are intended to protect public investors in the U.S.

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Additional remedial measures could be imposed on PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, in administrative proceedings instituted by the SEC, as a result of which our consolidated financial statements may be determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, if at all.

In December 2012, the SEC brought administrative proceedings against the PRC-based “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that they had violated U.S. securities laws by failing to provide audit work papers and other documents related to some other PRC-based companies under investigation by the SEC. In February 2015, each of the four PRC-based accounting firms agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC and to audit U.S.-listed companies. The settlement required the firms to follow detailed procedures to seek to provide the SEC with access to such firms’ audit documents via the CSRC. If the firms did not follow these procedures or if there is a failure in the process between the SEC and the CSRC, the SEC could impose penalties such as suspensions, or it could restart the administrative proceedings. If our independent registered public accounting firm is subject to additional legal challenges or penalties such as suspensions, our ability to file our consolidated financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could be impacted. A determination that we have not timely filed consolidated financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could ultimately lead to our de-listing from Nasdaq or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

In the event that the PRC-based “big four” accounting firms become subject to additional legal challenges by the SEC or the PCAOB depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible de-listing. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding PRC-based, U.S.-listed companies such as us and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm were denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our consolidated financial statements, our consolidated financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the de-listing of our ADSs from Nasdaq or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History, Financial Position and Capital Requirements

We have a limited operating history, have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. We may never generate any revenue or become profitable or, if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain it.

Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history upon which investors can evaluate our business and prospects. We commenced operations in 2012, and to date, we have focused primarily on organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, performing research and development activities, establishing our intellectual property portfolio, discovering potential product candidates and conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials. Our approach to the discovery and development of product candidates is unproven, and we do not know whether we will be able to develop any products of commercial value. We only have CBP-201, CBP-307, and CBP-174 in clinical development. There is no guarantee that we will be able to continue the development of or advance any product candidate into further clinical trials, including to meet the capital requirements for such activities. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully obtain regulatory approvals, manufacture a commercial scale product, or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Consequently, any predictions made about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a history of successfully developing and commercializing biopharmaceutical products.

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We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. If our product candidates are not successfully developed and approved, we may never generate any revenue. Our net losses were RMB 1,306.8 million (USD 205.0 million) and RMB 779.2 million (USD 119.4 million) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of RMB 2.4 billion (USD 373.0 million). Substantially all of our losses have resulted from expenses incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. Our product candidates will require substantial additional development time and resources before we would be able to apply for or receive regulatory approvals and begin generating revenue from product sales. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we anticipate these losses will increase substantially as we conduct our ongoing and planned preclinical studies and clinical trials, continue our research and development activities, increase our production capacity, and seek regulatory approvals for our product candidates, as well as hire additional personnel, obtain and protect our intellectual property and incur additional costs for commercialization or to expand our pipeline of product candidates.

To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing and eventually commercializing products that generate significant revenue. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval for these product candidates and manufacturing, marketing and selling any products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. We are only in the preliminary stages of most of these activities. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability. In addition, we have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the biopharmaceutical industry. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with biopharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability. If we fail to become and remain profitable, the value of our ADSs could be depressed and our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our product candidates or even continue our operations could be impaired, and some or all of the value of our ADSs could be lost.

We will require substantial additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development programs, commercialization efforts or other operations. Our existing capital will not be sufficient for us to fund our product candidates through regulatory approval, and we will need to raise additional capital to complete their development and commercialization.

The development of biopharmaceutical product candidates is capital-intensive. Since our inception, we have used substantial amounts of cash to fund our operations and we expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities during the next few years, particularly as we conduct our ongoing and planned clinical trials of CBP-201, CBP-307 and CBP-174, continue research and development for any additional product candidates, and seek regulatory approval for our current product candidates and any future product candidates we may develop. In addition, as our product candidates progress through development and toward commercialization, we may need to make royalty or other payments to our licensors and other third parties. Furthermore, if and to the extent we seek to acquire or in-license additional product candidates or rights in the future, we may be required to make significant upfront payments, milestone payments, licensing payments, royalty payments and/or other types of payments. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we also expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. Because the outcome of any clinical trial or preclinical study is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates. Furthermore, we have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital or find alternative sources of financing when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts.

Our operating plans and other demands on our cash resources may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings or other capital sources, including potentially collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or other unexpected events on the capital markets may affect the availability, amount and type of financing available to us in the future. Attempting to secure additional financing may divert our management from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop our product candidates.

Our future financing requirements will depend on many factors, including:

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Conducting clinical trials (especially if and as we move into Phase 3 clinical trials which are typically substantially more expensive and of longer duration) and preclinical studies is a time consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain regulatory approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of products that we do not expect to be commercially available for many years, if at all.

Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs, future commercialization efforts or other operations.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenues, we expect to finance our business and operational needs through equity offerings, debt financings or other financing sources, including potentially collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, investors’ ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect investors’ rights as a holder of our ADSs. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

If we raise funds through future collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or that may reduce the value of our ADSs. We may also lose control of the development of our products or product candidates, such as the pace and scope of clinical trials, as a result of such third-party arrangements. If we are unable to raise funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market products or product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

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Risks Related to the Discovery, Development and Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates

Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome. We may incur unforeseen costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

All jurisdictions in which we intend to conduct our clinical drug development activities regulate these activities in great depth and detail. We intend to focus our activities on major markets, including the United States and the PRC. We currently conduct clinical trials, including in the United States, the PRC, Australia and New Zealand and must comply with the numerous and varying regulatory requirements of each jurisdiction. Before obtaining marketing approval from the FDA, the NMPA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must complete preclinical development and extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of our product candidates. Clinical testing is expensive, time-consuming and subject to uncertainty. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of the process, and the outcome of preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their drugs.

To date, we have not completed any pivotal clinical trials for any of our product candidates. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be initiated or conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. We also cannot be sure that submission of an IND or similar application will result in the FDA, the NMPA or another regulatory authority, as applicable, allowing clinical trials to begin in a timely manner, if at all. For example, we initiated in the second half of 2021 a PRC specific pivotal trial evaluating CBP-201 for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, and in light of recent PRC governmental guidelines, we are now expanding that clinical trial in number and types of patients, so that enrollment and availability of data will take longer than originally anticipated. Moreover, even if these trials begin, issues may arise that could cause regulatory authorities to suspend or terminate such clinical trials. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing, and our future clinical trials may not be successful. Events that may prevent successful or timely initiation or completion of clinical trials include:

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In addition, disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic increased and may continue to increase the likelihood that we encounter such difficulties or delays in initiating, enrolling, conducting or completing our planned and ongoing preclinical and clinical trials. For example, enrollment of our Phase 2 clinical trial of CBP-307 in patients with CD in the PRC was prematurely terminated due to challenges in recruitment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, enrollment in one Phase 1 clinical trial of CBP-307 and the Phase 1 clinical trial of CBP-174 in Australia have been slow due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Any inability to successfully initiate or complete clinical trials could result in additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenue from product sales. In addition, if we make manufacturing or formulation changes to our product candidates, we may be required to or we may elect to conduct additional studies to bridge our modified product candidates to earlier versions. Clinical trial delays or failure could also shorten any periods during which our products have patent protection and may allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may seriously harm our business.

Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA, the NMPA and other applicable regulatory authorities’ requirements, regulations or guidelines, which can change unexpectedly and significantly, and are subject to oversight by these governmental agencies and ethics committees or IRBs at the medical institutions where the clinical trials are conducted. We could encounter delays or failure in the development of our product candidates if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, by the data safety monitoring board for such trial or by the FDA, the NMPA or any other regulatory authority, or if the IRBs of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted suspend or terminate the participation of their clinical investigators and sites subject to their review. Such authorities may suspend or terminate a clinical trial due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA, the NMPA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product candidate, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.

Further, conducting clinical trials in foreign countries for our product candidates, as in our ongoing clinical trials, presents additional risks that may delay completion of our clinical trials. These risks include the failure of enrolled patients in foreign countries to adhere to clinical protocol as a result of differences in healthcare services, languages or cultural customs, managing additional administrative burdens associated with foreign regulatory schemes, as well as political and economic risks relevant to such foreign countries, including war. For example, we have engaged CROs to conduct clinical trials outside of the U.S., including in Ukraine for our ongoing CBP-307 and CBP-201 trials. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 may impact our ability to conduct some of our trials in Ukraine and the surrounding region and may prevent us from obtaining data on patients already enrolled at sites in these countries. This could hinder the completion of our clinical trials and/or analyses of clinical results, which could materially harm our business.

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Moreover, principal investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and receive compensation in connection with such services. Under some circumstances, we may be required to report some of these relationships to the FDA, the NMPA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. The FDA, the NMPA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may conclude that a financial relationship between us and a principal investigator has created a conflict of interest or otherwise affected interpretation of the study. The FDA, the NMPA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may therefore question the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized. This could result in a delay in approval, or rejection, of our marketing applications by the FDA, the NMPA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority, as the case may be, and may ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of our product candidates.

Delays or failure in the completion of any clinical trial of our product candidates will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and delay or potentially jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate product revenue. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. Any delays to or failure in our clinical trials that occur as a result could shorten any period during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates and our competitors may be able to bring products to market before we do, and the commercial viability of our product candidates could be significantly reduced. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

We depend on enrollment of patients in our clinical trials for our product candidates. If we experience delays or difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our research and development efforts and business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Successful and timely completion of clinical trials will require that we enroll a sufficient number of patient candidates. These trials and other trials we conduct may be subject to delays for a variety of reasons, including as a result of patient enrollment taking longer than anticipated, patient withdrawal or adverse events. These types of developments could cause us to delay the trial or halt further development.

Our clinical trials will compete with other clinical trials that are in the same therapeutic areas as our product candidates, and this competition reduces the number and types of patients available to us, as some patients who might have opted to enroll in our trials may instead opt to enroll in a trial being conducted by one of our competitors. Because the number of qualified clinical investigators and clinical trial sites is limited, we expect to conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which will reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials at such clinical trial sites. In addition, there may be limited patient pools from which to draw for clinical studies. The eligibility criteria of our clinical studies will further limit the pool of available study participants as we will require that patients have specific characteristics that we can measure or to assure their disease is either severe enough or not too advanced to include them in a study.

Patient enrollment also depends on many other factors, including:

These factors may make it difficult for us to enroll enough patients to complete our clinical trials in a timely and cost-effective manner, or may require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. For example, enrollment of our Phase 2 clinical trial of CBP-307 in patients with CD in the PRC was prematurely terminated due to challenges in recruitment caused by the COVID-19

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pandemic and enrollment in one Phase 1 clinical trial of CBP-307 and the Phase 1 clinical trial of CBP-174 in Australia have been slow due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we have engaged CROs to conduct clinical trials outside of the U.S., including in Ukraine for our ongoing CBP-307 and CBP-201 trials. Delays in the completion of any clinical trial of our product candidates will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and delay or potentially jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenue. In addition, some of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

Our product candidates may be associated with serious adverse events or undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or halt their clinical development, delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit their commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences.

Adverse events or other undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA, the NMPA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities for such product candidates.

During the conduct of clinical trials, patients report changes in their health, including illnesses, injuries, and discomforts, to their study doctor. Often, it is not possible to determine whether or not the product candidate being studied caused these conditions. It is possible that as we test our product candidates in larger, longer and more extensive clinical trials, or as use of these product candidates becomes more widespread if they receive regulatory approval, illnesses, injuries, discomforts and other adverse events that were observed in previous trials, as well as conditions that did not occur or went undetected in previous trials, will be reported by patients. Many times, side effects are only detectable after investigational products are tested in large-scale clinical trials or, in some cases, after they are made available to patients on a commercial scale following approval. In the single-dose regimen of our Phase 1 trial of CBP-307, one healthy adult treated with 2.5mg of CBP-307 experienced bradycardia associated with transient asystole, which was deemed a treatment-related serious adverse event. The subject was treated with high-flow oxygen and fully recovered.

If any serious adverse events occur, clinical trials or commercial distribution of any product candidates or products we develop or commercialize could be suspended or terminated, and our business could be seriously harmed. Treatment-related side effects could also affect patient recruitment and the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential liability claims. Regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of, deny approval of, or require us to cease selling any product candidates or products for any or all targeted indications. If we are required to delay, suspend or terminate any clinical trial or commercialization efforts, the commercial prospects of such product candidates or products may be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues from them or other product candidates that we develop may be delayed or eliminated. Additionally, if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable side effects or adverse events caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including but not limited to:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and could seriously harm our business.

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We have conducted and may continue to conduct clinical trials for our product candidates in international sites, and the applicable regulatory authority may not accept data from trials conducted in foreign locations.

We have conducted, and may in the future choose to conduct, clinical trials outside the United States for our product candidates. The acceptance of study data from clinical trials conducted outside the U.S. or another jurisdiction by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may be subject to specific conditions or may not be accepted at all. In cases where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the sole basis for marketing approval in the U.S., the FDA will generally not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless (i) the data are applicable to the U.S. population and U.S. medical practice; (ii) the trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence and pursuant to GCP regulations; and (iii) the data may be considered valid without the need for an on-site inspection by the FDA, or if the FDA considers such inspection to be necessary, the FDA is able to validate the data through an on-site inspection or other appropriate means. In addition, even where the foreign study data are not intended to serve as the sole basis for approval, the FDA will not accept the data as support for an application for marketing approval unless the study is well designed, conducted, performed, monitored, audited, recorded, analyzed, and reported in a way that provides assurance that the data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, safety, and well-being of trial subjects are protected, in accordance with GCP requirements. FDA must also be able to validate the data from the study through an onsite inspection if deemed necessary. Many foreign regulatory authorities have similar approval requirements. In addition, such foreign trials would be subject to the applicable local laws of the foreign jurisdictions where the trials are conducted. There can be no assurance that the FDA, NMPA or any similar foreign regulatory authority will accept data from trials conducted outside of the United States or the applicable jurisdiction. If the FDA, NMPA or any similar foreign regulatory authority does not accept the data from our clinical trials of our product candidates, it would likely result in the need for additional trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay or permanently halt our development of our product candidates.

Interim, “top-line” or preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publicly disclose top-line or preliminary data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. Moreover, caution should be exercised in drawing any conclusions from a comparison of data that does not come from head-to-head analysis. As a result, the top-line or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Top-line or preliminary data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, top-line or preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available.

From time to time, we may also disclose interim data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials. Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available or as patients from our clinical trials continue other treatments for their disease. Adverse differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects. Disclosure of interim data by us or by our competitors could also result in volatility in the price of our ADSs.

Further, others, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimations, calculations, conclusions or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercialization of the particular product candidate or product and our ADSs. In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically extensive information, and investors or others may not agree with what we determine is material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure. If the interim, top-line, or preliminary data that we report differ from actual results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for, and commercialize, our product candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition.

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We may attempt to secure approval from the FDA, the NMPA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities through the use of accelerated approval pathways. If we are unable to obtain such approval, we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials beyond those that we contemplate, which could increase the expense of obtaining, and delay the receipt of, necessary marketing approvals. Even if we receive accelerated approval from the FDA, the NMPA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, if our confirmatory trials do not verify clinical benefit, or if we do not comply with rigorous post-marketing requirements, the FDA, the NMPA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may seek to withdraw accelerated approval.

We may in the future seek an accelerated approval for one or more of our product candidates. Under the accelerated approval program in the United States, for example, the FDA may grant accelerated approval to a product candidate designed to treat a serious or life-threatening condition that provides meaningful therapeutic benefit over available therapies upon a determination that the product candidate has an effect on a surrogate endpoint or intermediate clinical endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. The FDA considers a clinical benefit to be a positive therapeutic effect that is clinically meaningful in the context of a given disease, such as irreversible morbidity or mortality. For the purposes of accelerated approval, a surrogate endpoint is a marker, such as a laboratory measurement, radiographic image, physical sign, or other measure that is thought to predict clinical benefit, but is not itself a measure of clinical benefit. An intermediate clinical endpoint is a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit. The accelerated approval pathway may be used in cases in which the advantage of a new drug over available therapy may not be a direct therapeutic advantage, but is a clinically important improvement from a patient and public health perspective. If granted, accelerated approval is usually contingent on the sponsor’s agreement to conduct, in a diligent manner, additional post-approval confirmatory studies to verity and describe the drug’s clinical benefit. If such post-approval studies fail to confirm the drug’s clinical benefit, the FDA, the NMPA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may withdraw approval of the drug.

Prior to seeking accelerated approval for any of our product candidates, we intend to seek feedback from the FDA, the NMPA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities and will otherwise evaluate our ability to seek and receive accelerated approval. There can be no assurance that after our evaluation of the feedback and other factors we will decide to pursue or submit an NDA or BLA, for accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review or approval. Similarly, there can be no assurance that after subsequent regulatory feedback we will continue to pursue or apply for accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review or approval, even if we initially decide to do so. Furthermore, if we decide to submit an application for accelerated approval or receive an expedited regulatory designation (e.g., breakthrough therapy designation) for our product candidates, there can be no assurance that such submission or application will be accepted or that any expedited development, review or approval will be granted on a timely basis, or at all. The FDA, the NMPA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities could also require us to conduct further studies prior to considering our application or granting approval of any type.

Further, there have been recent regulatory initiatives in the PRC in relation to clinical trial approvals, the evaluation and approval of some drugs and medical devices and the simplification and acceleration of the clinical trial process. As a result, the regulatory process in the PRC is evolving and subject to change.

A failure to obtain accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review or approval for one of our product candidates would result in a longer time period to commercialization of such product candidate, if any, could increase the cost of development of such product candidate and could harm our competitive position in the marketplace.

We are early in our development efforts and have only three product candidates, CBP-201, CBP-307, and CBP-174, in clinical development. If we are unable to successfully develop product candidates or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

We are in the early stages of our development efforts and have only three product candidates, CBP-201, CBP-307 and CBP-174, in clinical development. Any additional product candidates will need to progress through IND-enabling studies prior to clinical development. We have invested substantially all of our efforts and financial resources into developing our current product candidates, identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials. As a result, we have limited infrastructure and experience in conducting clinical trials as a company and in engaging in regulatory interactions, and cannot be certain that our ongoing or planned clinical trials will be initiated or completed on time, if at all, that our planned development programs would be acceptable to the FDA, the NMPA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities, or that, if approval is obtained, such product candidates can be successfully commercialized.

Because of the early stage of our development and clinical programs, the success of our product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following:

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The success of our business, including our ability to finance our business and generate any revenue in the future, will primarily depend on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates, which may never occur. We may not succeed in demonstrating the safety or efficacy for any product candidates in clinical trials or in obtaining marketing approval thereafter. Given our early stage of development, it may be several years, if at all, before we have demonstrated the safety or efficacy of any of our product candidates sufficient to warrant approval for commercialization. If we are unable to develop, or obtain regulatory approval for, or, if approved, successfully commercialize our product candidates, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to continue our business.

Our approach to the discovery and development of product candidates based on potent T cell modulation activity is unproven, and we do not know whether we will be able to develop any products of commercial value, or if competing technological approaches will limit the commercial value of our product candidates or render our approach obsolete.

The success of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop and commercialize products based on the rapid identification of molecules with potent T cell modulation activity, which is a novel and unproven approach. Our drug screening approach is designed to enable us to identify and develop product candidates targeting multiple allergic and autoimmune diseases.

While we believe our preclinical, Phase 1 and/or Phase 2 results for each of CBP-201, CBP-307, and CBP-174 were supportive of further clinical development, we have not yet succeeded and may never succeed in demonstrating the safety and efficacy of any of our product candidates in later stage clinical trials or in obtaining marketing approval thereafter. We do not have any other product candidates in clinical development.

Our approach to targeting molecules that we believe have potent T cell modulation activity may be unsuccessful in identifying additional product candidates, and any product candidates based on our technology may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may necessitate additional clinical testing or make the product candidates unmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval. Further, adverse developments with respect to any of our CBP-201, CBP-307 and CBP-174 programs may have a significant adverse impact on the actual or perceived likelihood of success and value of our future product candidates based on our drug-screening approach.

In addition, the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies. Our future success will depend in part on our ability to maintain a competitive position with our T cell modulating activity approach. If we fail to stay at the forefront of technological change in utilizing this technology and approach to create and develop product candidates, we may be unable to compete effectively. Our competitors may render our approach obsolete, or limit the commercial value of our product candidates, by advancing existing technological approaches or developing new or different approaches (including, for example, using different targeting approaches from ours), potentially eliminating the advantages that we believe we derive from our targeting of molecules with potent T cell modulation activity. By contrast, adverse developments with respect to other companies that attempt to use a similar T cell modulation approach to ours may adversely impact the actual or perceived value of and potential of our product candidates.

If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for one or more programs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and could potentially cause us to cease operations.

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We have never conducted later-stage clinical trials or submitted an NDA or BLA, and may be unable to do so for any of our product candidates.

We are early in our development efforts for our product candidates, and we will need to successfully complete pivotal clinical trials in order to obtain FDA, NMPA or comparable foreign regulatory approval to market any of our current or future product candidates. Carrying out later-stage clinical trials and the submission of a successful NDA or BLA is a complicated and expensive time-consuming process. We have not previously conducted any pivotal clinical trials, have limited experience as a company in preparing, submitting and prosecuting regulatory filings and have not previously submitted an IND or an NDA or BLA or other comparable foreign regulatory submission for any product candidate. We also plan to conduct a number of clinical trials for multiple product candidates in parallel over the next several years, which may be a difficult process to manage with our limited resources and which may divert the attention of management. In addition, we have had limited interactions with the FDA, the NMPA, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities and cannot be certain how many additional clinical trials of CBP-201, CBP-307, CBP-174 or any of our other product candidates will be required or how such trials should be designed. Consequently, we may be unable to successfully and efficiently execute and complete necessary clinical trials in a way that will support regulatory submissions and lead to approval of any of our product candidates. We may require more time and incur greater costs than our competitors and may not succeed in obtaining regulatory approvals of product candidates that we develop. Failure to commence or complete, or delays in, our planned clinical trials, could prevent us from or delay us in submitting NDAs or BLAs for and commercializing our product candidates.

The regulatory approval processes of the FDA, the NMPA and comparable foreign authorities are lengthy, time consuming and unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business will be substantially harmed.

The time required to obtain approval by the FDA, the NMPA and comparable foreign authorities is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary unexpectedly and significantly among jurisdictions. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any product candidate in the United States, the PRC or any other jurisdiction, and it is possible that any product candidates we may seek to develop in the future will never obtain regulatory approval. Neither we nor any future collaborator is permitted to market any of our product candidates in the United States or any other jurisdiction until we receive regulatory approval of an NDA or BLA from the FDA or the comparable foreign regulatory submission from a foreign regulatory authority.

Prior to obtaining approval to commercialize a product candidate in the United States, the PRC or elsewhere, we or our collaborators must demonstrate with substantial evidence from well-controlled clinical trials, and to the satisfaction of the FDA, the NMPA or foreign regulatory agencies, as applicable, that such product candidates are safe and effective, or in the case of biologics, safe, pure, and potent, for their intended uses. Results from nonclinical studies and clinical trials can be interpreted in different ways. Even if we believe the nonclinical or clinical data for our product candidates are promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA, the NMPA or other regulatory authorities. The FDA, the NMPA or other foreign regulatory authorities may also require us to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials for our product candidates either prior to or post-approval, or it may object to elements of our clinical development program.

The FDA, the NMPA or any foreign regulatory bodies can delay, limit or deny approval of our product candidates, or require us to conduct additional nonclinical or clinical testing or abandon a program for many other reasons, including the following:

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Of the large number of drugs in development, only a small percentage successfully complete the FDA, the NMPA or foreign regulatory approval processes and are commercialized. The lengthy approval process as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates, which would significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Even if we eventually complete clinical trials and receive approval of an NDA, BLA or foreign marketing application for our product candidates, the FDA, the NMPA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly additional clinical trials, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and/or the implementation of a REMS, which may be required to ensure safe use of the drug after approval. The FDA, the NMPA or the comparable foreign regulatory authority also may approve a product candidate for a more limited indication or patient population than we originally requested. Any delay in obtaining, or inability to obtain, the applicable regulatory approval would delay or prevent commercialization of that product candidate and would materially adversely impact our business and prospects.

Disruptions at the FDA, the NMPA, comparable foreign regulatory authorities, and other government agencies caused by funding shortages or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, or otherwise prevent new or modified products from being developed, approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA, the NMPA, comparable foreign regulatory authorities and other government agencies to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, statutory, regulatory and policy changes, the regulatory authority’s ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and other events that may otherwise affect the regulatory authority’s ability to perform routine functions. For example, average review times at the FDA and the NMPA have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA, the NMPA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs and biologics or modifications to approved drugs and biologics to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and some regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical employees and stop critical activities.

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Separately, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in March 2020 the FDA announced its intention to postpone most inspections of foreign manufacturing facilities, and on March 18, 2020 the FDA temporarily postponed routine surveillance inspections of domestic manufacturing facilities. Subsequently, in July 2020, the FDA resumed some on-site inspections of domestic manufacturing facilities subject to a risk-based prioritization system. The FDA utilized this risk-based assessment system to assist in determining when and where it was safest to conduct prioritized domestic inspections. Additionally, on April 14 2021, the FDA issued a guidance document in which the FDA described its plans to conduct voluntary remote interactive evaluations of some drug manufacturing facilities and clinical research sites, among other facilities. According to the guidance, the FDA may request such remote interactive evaluations where the FDA determines that remote evaluation would be appropriate based on mission needs and travel limitations. In May 2021, the FDA outlined a detailed plan to move toward a more consistent state of inspectional operations, and in July 2021, the FDA resumed standard inspectional operations of domestic facilities and was continuing to maintain this level of operation as of September 2021. More recently, the FDA has continued to monitor and implement changes to its inspectional activities to ensure the safety of its employees and those of the firms it regulates as it adapts to the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Regulatory authorities outside the United States may adopt similar restrictions or other policy measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, or if global health concerns continue to prevent the FDA, the NMPA or other regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections, reviews or other regulatory activities, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA, the NMPA or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our product candidates for which we intend to seek approval as biologic products may face competition sooner than anticipated.

The Affordable Care Act includes a subtitle called the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, or BPCIA, which created an abbreviated approval pathway for biological products that are biosimilar to or interchangeable with an FDA-licensed reference biological product. Under the BPCIA, an application for a highly similar or “biosimilar” product may not be submitted to the FDA until four years following the date that the reference product was first approved by the FDA. In addition, the approval of a biosimilar product may not be made effective by the FDA until 12 years from the date on which the reference product was first approved. During this 12-year period of exclusivity, another company may still market a competing version of the reference product if the FDA approves a full BLA for the competing product containing the sponsor’s own preclinical data and data from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the safety, purity and potency of their product. The law is complex and is still being interpreted and implemented by the FDA. As a result, its ultimate impact, implementation, and meaning are subject to uncertainty.

We believe that any of our product candidates approved as a biological product under a BLA should qualify for the 12-year period of exclusivity. However, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider our product candidates to be reference products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for competition sooner than anticipated. Other aspects of the BPCIA, some of which may impact the BPCIA exclusivity provisions, have also been the subject of recent litigation. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, will be substituted for any one of our reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biological products is not yet clear, and will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that are still developing.

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Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties

We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties, including independent clinical investigators and CROs, to conduct some aspects of our preclinical studies and clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with applicable regulatory requirements or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.

We have relied upon and plan to continue to rely upon third parties, including independent clinical investigators and third-party CROs, to conduct some aspects of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and to monitor and manage data for our ongoing preclinical and clinical programs. We rely on these parties for execution of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, and control only some aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies and trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on these third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our third-party contractors, including our CROs, are required to comply with GCP requirements, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA, the NMPA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for our products candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of these third parties, including our CROs, fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, the NMPA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure investors that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with GCP regulations. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under Current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP, regulations. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. Moreover, our business may be adversely affected if any of these third parties violates federal, state or foreign fraud and abuse or false claims laws and regulations or healthcare privacy and security laws.

Further, these investigators and CROs are not our employees and we will not be able to control, other than by contract, the amount of resources, including time, which they devote to our product candidates and clinical trials. These third parties may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other product development activities, which could affect their performance on our behalf. If independent investigators or CROs fail to devote sufficient resources to the development of our product candidates, or if they do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised or incorrect due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be unproductive and may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates. As a result, our results of operations and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed or precluded entirely.

Our clinical sites and CROs have the right to terminate their agreements with us in the event of an uncured material breach. In addition, some of our clinical sites and CROs have an ability to terminate their respective agreements with us if it can be reasonably demonstrated that the safety of the subjects participating in our clinical trials warrants such termination, if we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors or if we are liquidated.

Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the provision of some products and services to countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. U.S. sanctions that have been or may be imposed as a result of military conflicts in other countries may impact CROs’ ability to continue activities at clinical trial sites within regions covered by such sanctions. For example, as a result of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the United States and its European allies have recently announced the imposition of sanctions on specific industry sectors and parties in Russia and the regions of Donetsk and Luhansk in Ukraine, as well as enhanced export controls on some products and industries. These and any additional sanctions and export controls, as well as any economic countermeasures by the governments of Russia or other jurisdictions, could adversely impact our ability to continue activities at clinical trial sites within regions covered by such sanctions or directly or indirectly disrupt our supply chain. If we or our third-party contractors, including our CROs, fail to comply with export and import regulations and such economic sanctions, penalties could be imposed, including fines and/or denial of some export privileges.

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If any of our relationships with these third parties terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative sites or CROs or to do so on commercially reasonable terms. Switching or adding additional sites and CROs involves additional cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new site or CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Additionally, clinical sites and CROs may lack the capacity to absorb higher workloads or take on additional capacity to support our needs. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs and through them clinical sites, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

We contract with third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates for preclinical studies and our ongoing clinical trials, and expect to continue to do so for additional clinical trials and ultimately, in some jurisdictions, for commercialization. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our product candidates or drugs or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent or impair our development or commercialization efforts.

We do not currently have the infrastructure or internal capability to manufacture supplies of our product candidates for use in development and commercialization. We are planning to construct facilities to be used to develop and manufacture preclinical and clinical material for future clinical trials for some product candidates and to build commercial supply in some jurisdictions, including the PRC. However, we rely, and we expect to continue to rely, on third-party manufacturers for the production of our product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials. We do not have long-term supply agreements. Furthermore, the raw materials for our product candidates are sourced, in some cases, from a single-source supplier. If we were to experience an unexpected loss of supply of any of our product candidates or any of our future product candidates for any reason, whether as a result of manufacturing, supply or storage issues or otherwise, we could experience delays, disruptions, suspensions or terminations of, or be required to restart or repeat, any pending or ongoing clinical trials. For example, the extent to which the continuing COVID-19 pandemic impacts our ability to procure sufficient supplies for the development of our product candidates will depend on the severity and duration of the spread of the virus and variants of the virus, and the actions undertaken to contain COVID-19 or treat its effects.

We expect to continue to rely on third-party manufacturers for the commercial supply of any of our product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. We are continuously evaluating multiple vendors both in the PRC and outside of the PRC to ensure that we have a continuous supply of product candidates for global studies and trials. However, we may be unable to maintain or establish required agreements with third-party manufacturers or to do so on acceptable terms. Even if we are able to establish agreements with third-party manufacturers, reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including:

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We do not have complete control over all aspects of the manufacturing process of, and are dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners for compliance with cGMP regulations for manufacturing both active drug substances and finished drug products. Third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with cGMP regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside of the United States or successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications. If our contract manufacturers cannot comply with the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA, the NMPA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain marketing approval for their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we do not have control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA, the NMPA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain marketing approval for or market our product candidates, if approved. If we, or if our third-party manufacturers, fail to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or drugs, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our product candidates or drugs and harm our business and results of operations.

Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our product candidates or drugs may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any product candidates that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis.

Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor or other third party will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.

Because we currently rely on other third parties to manufacture our product candidates and to perform development, quality testing and other services, we must, at times, share our proprietary technology and confidential information, including trade secrets, with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our advisors, employees and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements are intended to limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, but such agreements could be breached, and we might not enter into such agreements with all applicable parties. Despite the contractual provisions employed when working with third parties, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by our competitors or other third parties, are intentionally or inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets and despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, the discovery by a competitor or other third party of our proprietary technology and confidential information or other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We expect to seek to enter into collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements and may not be successful in doing so, and even if we are, we may not realize the benefits of such relationships.

We expect to seek to enter into collaborations, joint ventures, licenses and other similar arrangements for the development or commercialization of our product candidates, due to capital costs or other reasons affecting our ability to develop or commercialize the product candidates or manufacturing constraints in some or all jurisdictions. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish other such collaborations for our product candidates because our research and development pipeline may be insufficient, our product candidates may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort or third parties may not view our product candidates as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy or significant commercial opportunity. In addition, we face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners, and the negotiation process can be time consuming and complex. Further, any future collaboration agreements may restrict us from entering into additional agreements with potential collaborators. We cannot be certain that, following a strategic transaction or license, we will achieve an economic benefit that justifies such transaction.

Even if we are successful in our efforts to establish such collaborations, the terms that we agree upon may not be favorable to us, and we may not be able to maintain such collaborations if, for example, development or approval of a product candidate is delayed, the safety of a product candidate is questioned or sales of an approved product candidate are unsatisfactory.

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In addition, any potential future collaborations may be terminable by our strategic partners, and we may not be able to adequately protect our rights under these agreements. Furthermore, strategic partners may negotiate for some rights to control decisions regarding the development and commercialization of our product candidates, if approved, and may not conduct those activities in the same manner as we do. Any termination of collaborations we enter into in the future, or any delay in entering into collaborations related to our product candidates, could delay the development and commercialization of our product candidates and reduce their competitiveness if they reach the market, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If the custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant local branch of the State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR. We generally execute legal documents by affixing chops or seals, rather than having the designated legal representatives sign the documents. The chops of our subsidiaries are generally held by the relevant entities so that documents can be executed locally. Although we usually utilize chops to execute contracts, the registered legal representatives of our subsidiaries have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops, unless such contracts set forth otherwise.

In order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally have them stored in secured locations accessible only to the designated key employees of our legal, administrative or finance departments. Our designated legal representatives generally do not have access to the chops. Although we have approval procedures in place and monitor our key employees, including the designated legal representatives of our subsidiaries, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our key employees or designated legal representatives could abuse their authority, for example, by binding our subsidiaries with contracts against our interests, as we would be obligated to honor these contracts if the other contracting party acts in good faith in reliance on the apparent authority of our chops or signatures of our legal representatives. If any designated legal representative obtains control of the chop in an effort to obtain control over the relevant entity, we will need to have a shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and to take legal action to seek the return of the chop, apply for a new chop with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal remedies for the legal representative’s misconduct. If any of the designated legal representatives obtains and misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling intangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve while distracting management from our operations, and our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Commercialization of Our Product Candidates

Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they will be subject to ongoing regulatory review and significant post-marketing regulatory requirements and oversight.

Any regulatory approvals that we may receive for our product candidates will require the submission of reports to regulatory authorities and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidates, may contain significant limitations related to use restrictions for specified age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, and may include burdensome post-approval study or risk management requirements. For example, the FDA may require a REMS in order to approve our product candidates, which could entail requirements for a medication guide, physician training and communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. In addition, if the FDA, the NMPA or foreign regulatory authorities approve our product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, sampling, promotion, import, export and recordkeeping for our product candidates will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as on-going compliance with cGMP and GCPs for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic, unannounced inspections by the FDA, the NMPA and other regulatory authorities to ensure compliance with cGMP or similar regulations and standards. If we or a regulatory authority discover previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facilities where the product is manufactured, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturing facility or us, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing. Accordingly, we and others with whom we work must continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production and quality control.

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In addition, failure to comply with FDA, NMPA and other comparable foreign regulatory requirements may subject us to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions, including:

The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate revenue and could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity.

The FDA’s, the NMPA’s and other regulatory authorities’ policies may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

The FDA, the NMPA and other regulatory agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses. If we are found or alleged to have improperly promoted off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability.

If any of our product candidates are approved and we are found to have improperly promoted off-label uses of those products, we may become subject to significant liability. The FDA, the NMPA and other regulatory agencies strictly regulate the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, such as our product candidates, if approved. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA, the NMPA or such other regulatory agencies as reflected in the product’s approved labeling. If we receive marketing approval for a product candidate, physicians may nevertheless prescribe it to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label. If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The U.S. federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion of off-label use and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The government has also required companies to enter into consent decrees or imposed permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed. If we cannot successfully manage the promotion of our product candidates, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The commercial success of our product candidates will depend upon the degree of market acceptance of such product candidates by physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community.

Our product candidates may not be commercially successful. Even if any of our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors or others in the medical community. The commercial success of any of our current or future product candidates will depend significantly on the broad adoption and use of the resulting product by physicians and patients for approved indications. The degree of market acceptance of our products, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

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If any product candidate is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare payors or others in the medical community, we may not generate sufficient revenue from that product and may not become or remain profitable. Our efforts to educate the medical community and healthcare payors regarding the benefits of our products may require significant resources and may never be successful.

The successful commercialization of our product candidates, if approved, will depend in part on the extent to which governmental authorities and health insurers establish coverage, adequate reimbursement levels and favorable pricing policies. Failure to obtain or maintain coverage and adequate reimbursement for our products could limit our ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate revenue.

The availability of coverage and the adequacy of reimbursement by governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid in the U.S., private health insurers, and other third-party payors are essential for most patients to be able to access and afford prescription medications such as our product candidates, if approved. There is significant uncertainty related to third-party payor coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. Our ability to achieve coverage and acceptable levels of reimbursement for our products by third-party payors will have an effect on our ability to successfully commercialize our products. Even if we obtain coverage for a given product by a third-party payor, the resulting reimbursement payment rates may not be adequate or coverage policies may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement in the United States, the PRC, the European Union, or EU, or elsewhere will be available for any product that we may develop, and any reimbursement that may become available may be decreased or eliminated in the future.

In the United States, governmental payors, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs, play an important role in determining the extent to which new drugs will be covered and reimbursed. The Medicare and Medicaid programs increasingly are used as models for how private payors and other governmental payors develop their coverage and reimbursement policies for drugs. However, no uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors in the United States. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for products can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage processes may require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance. It is possible that a third-party payor may consider our products as substitutable and only offer to provide coverage for a less expensive product.

Furthermore, rules and regulations regarding reimbursement change frequently, in some cases at short notice, and we believe that changes in these rules and regulations are likely. Obtaining and maintaining reimbursement status is time consuming, costly and uncertain. These payors may deny or revoke the reimbursement amount of a given product at any time. If reimbursement is not available or is available at only limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our products and may not be able to obtain a satisfactory financial return on products that we may develop. It is difficult to predict at this time what third-party payors will decide with respect to the coverage and reimbursement of our products.

Third-party payors increasingly are challenging prices paid for pharmaceutical products and services and requesting discounts or rebates through pharmacy benefit managers. Even if we are successful in demonstrating improved efficacy or safety with our products, pricing of existing drugs may limit the amount we will be able to charge for our products. As a result, market prices, including discounts we may be required to provide, for our products may be too low to enable us to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. Additional foreign price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our products. Accordingly, in markets outside the United States, including the PRC, the reimbursement for our products may be reduced compared with the United States and may be insufficient to generate commercially reasonable revenue and profits.

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In the PRC, the National Healthcare Security Administration of the PRC, or the NHSA, or provincial or local healthcare security authorities, together with other government authorities, review the inclusion or removal of drugs from the PRC’s National Drug Catalog for Basic Medical Insurance, Work-related Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance, or the National Reimbursement Drug List, or the NRDL, or provincial or local medical insurance catalogues for the National Medical Insurance Program regularly, and the tier under which a drug will be classified, both of which affect the amounts reimbursable to program participants for their purchases of those drugs. There can be no assurance that any of our product candidates will be included in the NRDL after initial approval for commercial sale. Historically, pharmaceutical products included in the NRDL are typically generic and essential drugs, while innovative drugs similar to our product candidates have been more limited on their inclusion in the NRDL due to cost constraints. Since 2019, innovative drugs similar to ours are subject to pricing negotiation with the NHSA for the NRDL inclusion, potentially with significant price reduction. If we were to successfully launch commercial sales of our products but fail in our efforts to have our products included in the NRDL, our revenue from commercial sales will be highly dependent on patient self-payment, which can make our products less competitive.

Moreover, increasing efforts by governmental and third-party payors in the United States, the PRC and other jurisdictions to cap or reduce healthcare costs may cause payors to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for newly approved products and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our products. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of any of our products due to the overall rising costs of healthcare, the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations, and additional legislative or regulatory changes. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has become very intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products.

Outside the United States and the PRC, international operations are generally subject to extensive governmental price controls and other market regulations, and we believe the increasing emphasis on cost-containment initiatives in Europe and other countries has and will continue to put pressure on the pricing and usage of our products. In many countries, the prices of medical products are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. Other countries allow companies to fix their own prices for medical products but monitor and control company profits.

We face significant competition, and if our competitors develop technologies or product candidates more rapidly than we do or their technologies are more effective, our ability to develop and successfully commercialize products may be adversely affected.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary and novel products and product candidates. Our competitors have developed, are developing or may develop products or product candidates competitive with our product candidates. Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. We believe that a significant number of products are currently under development, and may become commercially available in the future, for the treatment of conditions for which we may attempt to develop product candidates. In particular, there is intense competition in the fields of immunology and inflammation. Our competitors include larger and better funded pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, biotechnological and therapeutics companies. Moreover, we may also compete with universities and other research institutions who may be active in the indications we are targeting and could be in direct competition with us. We also compete with these organizations to recruit management, scientists and clinical development personnel, which could negatively affect our level of expertise and our ability to execute our business plan. We will also face competition in establishing clinical trial sites, enrolling patients for clinical trials and in identifying, in-licensing and establishing intellectual property and proprietary protection for new product candidates. Smaller or early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies.

We expect to face competition from existing products and products in development for each of our product candidates as described in the section titled “Business—Competition” elsewhere in this annual report.

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We have competitors in the United States, the PRC and elsewhere, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, sales and supply resources or experience than we do. If we successfully obtain approval for any product candidate, we will face competition based on many different factors, including the safety and effectiveness of our products, the ease with which our products can be administered, the timing and scope of regulatory approvals for these products, the availability and cost of manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities, price, reimbursement coverage and patent position. Competing products could present superior treatment alternatives, including by being more effective, safer, more convenient, less expensive or marketed and sold more effectively than any products we may develop. Competitive products may make any products we develop obsolete or noncompetitive before we recover the expense of developing and commercializing our product candidates. If we are unable to compete effectively, our opportunity to generate revenue from the sale of our products we may develop, if approved, could be adversely affected.

If the market opportunities for our products are smaller than we believe they are, our revenue may be adversely affected, and our business may suffer.

The precise incidence and prevalence for all the conditions we aim to address with our product candidates are unknown. Our projections of both the number of people who have these diseases, as well as the subset of people with these diseases who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on our beliefs and estimates. These estimates have been derived from a variety of sources, including the scientific literature, surveys of clinics, patient foundations or market research, and may prove to be incorrect. Further, new trials may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of these diseases.

The total addressable market across our product candidates will ultimately depend upon, among other things, the diagnosis criteria included in the final label for each of our product candidates approved for sale for these indications, the availability of alternative treatments and the safety, convenience, cost and efficacy of our product candidates relative to such alternative treatments, acceptance by the medical community and patient access, drug pricing and reimbursement. The number of patients in the United States, the PRC and other major markets and elsewhere may turn out to be lower than expected, patients may not be otherwise amenable to treatment with our products or new patients may become increasingly difficult to identify or gain access to, all of which would adversely affect our results of operations and our business.

We currently have no marketing and sales organization and have no experience as a company in commercializing products, and we may have to invest significant resources to develop these capabilities. If we are unable to establish marketing and sales capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our products, we may not be able to generate product revenue.

We have no internal sales, marketing or distribution capabilities, nor have we commercialized a product. If any of our product candidates ultimately receives regulatory approval, we must build a marketing and sales organization with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize each such product in major markets, which will be expensive and time consuming, or collaborate with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems. We have no prior experience as a company in the marketing, sale and distribution of biopharmaceutical products and there are significant risks involved in building and managing a sales organization, including our ability to hire, retain and incentivize qualified individuals, generate sufficient sales leads, provide adequate training to sales and marketing personnel and effectively manage a geographically dispersed sales and marketing team. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of these products. We may not be able to enter into collaborations or hire consultants or external service providers to assist us in sales, marketing and distribution functions on acceptable financial terms, or at all. In addition, our product revenues and our profitability, if any, may be lower if we rely on third parties for these functions than if we were to market, sell and distribute any products that we develop ourselves. We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively. If we are not successful in commercializing our products, either on our own or through arrangements with one or more third parties, we may not be able to generate any future product revenue and we would incur significant additional losses.

Our future growth may depend, in part, on our ability to operate in foreign markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory burdens and other risks and uncertainties.

Our future growth may depend, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates in foreign markets. We are not permitted to market or promote any of our product candidates before we receive regulatory approval from applicable regulatory authorities in foreign markets, and we may never receive such regulatory approvals for any of our product candidates. To obtain

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separate regulatory approval in many other countries or areas we must comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements regarding safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, commercial sales, pricing and distribution of our product candidates.

If we obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates and ultimately commercialize our products in foreign markets, we would be subject to additional risks and uncertainties, including:

Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Industry

We are subject to risks arising from COVID-19 and other epidemic diseases.

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus, COVID-19, was first reported in Wuhan, PRC and has since become a global pandemic. In an effort to contain the spread of COVID-19 and variants of the virus (when we refer to COVID-19 in this annual report we include its variants), many countries, including the PRC, the United States and most other jurisdictions around the world, have imposed unprecedented restrictions on travel, business closures, quarantines and lock-downs, resulting in a substantial reduction in economic activity.

As COVID-19 has continued to evolve, it has resulted in adverse effects in the global economy and financial markets, such as significant volatility in the global stock markets. The effects of government actions and our own policies and those of third parties to reduce the spread of COVID-19 have and may continue to negatively impact productivity and slow down or delay our ongoing and future clinical trials, preclinical studies and research and development activities, and have caused, and may further cause, disruptions to our supply chain and may impair our ability to execute our business development strategy. For example, enrollment of our Phase 2 clinical trial of CBP-307 in patients with CD in the PRC was prematurely terminated due to challenges in recruitment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, enrollment in one Phase 1 clinical trial of CBP-307 and the Phase 1 clinical trial of CBP-174 in Australia have been slow due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have transitioned to a hybrid model with some of our employees generally working both remotely and onsite, and we anticipate we will continue to use this model

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going forward. In the event that government authorities were to enhance current restrictions, our employees who currently are working onsite may no longer be able to access our facilities, and our operations may be limited or curtailed.

COVID-19’s continuing impact and any future epidemic diseases may cause disruptions that could severely impact our business, preclinical studies and clinical trials, including:

These and other disruptions in our operations and the global economy could negatively impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our clinical trials have been, and may in the future be, affected by COVID-19. For example, some of our clinical trial sites experienced slow-down of enrollment of new patients in clinical trials, denied access to site monitors and were otherwise impacted in some of their operations. Similarly, our ability to recruit and retain principal investigators and site staff who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19, may be adversely impacted. We and our CROs have also made some adjustments to the operation of our trials in an effort to ensure the monitoring and safety of patients and minimize risks to trial integrity during the pandemic in accordance with the guidance issued by the FDA on March 18, 2020 and most recently updated on January 27, 2021, and may need to make further adjustments in the future. Many of these adjustments are new and untested, may not be effective in mitigating risks, and may have unforeseen effects on the enrollment, progress and completion of these trials and the findings from these trials. These events could delay our clinical trials, increase the cost of completing our clinical trials and negatively impact the integrity, reliability or robustness of the data from our clinical trials.

In addition, quarantines, shelter-in-place and similar government orders related to COVID-19 or other epidemic or infectious diseases, or the perception that such orders, shutdowns or other restrictions on the conduct of business operations could occur, could adversely affect personnel at third-party manufacturing facilities upon which we rely, or the availability or cost of materials, which could disrupt the supply chain for our product candidates. To the extent our suppliers and service providers are unable to comply with their obligations under our agreements with them or they are otherwise unable to deliver or are delayed in delivering goods and services to us due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our ability to continue meeting clinical supply demand for our product candidates or otherwise advancing development of our product candidates may become impaired.

The spread of COVID-19 and actions taken to reduce its spread may also materially affect us economically. While the potential economic impact brought by, and the duration of, the COVID-19 pandemic may be difficult to assess or predict, it has already caused, and could result in further, significant disruption of global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect our liquidity and financial position. In addition, the trading prices for other biopharmaceutical companies have been highly volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, we may face difficulties raising capital through sales of our ADSs or other securities and such sales may be on unfavorable terms.

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COVID-19 and other epidemic or infectious diseases, as well as actions taken to reduce their spread continue to rapidly evolve. The extent to which COVID-19 and other epidemic or infectious diseases may impede the development of our product candidates, reduce the productivity of our employees, disrupt our supply chains, delay our clinical trials, reduce our access to capital or limit our business development activities, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, the duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions and social distancing in the PRC, the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease. To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, such as those relating to the timing and results of our clinical trials and our financing needs.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or any guidance we may provide.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. These fluctuations may occur due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including, but not limited to:

The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.

This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our ADSs could decline substantially. Such an ADS price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated revenue or earnings guidance we may provide.

We are dependent on the services of our management and other clinical and scientific personnel, and if we are not able to retain these individuals or recruit additional management or clinical and scientific personnel, our business will suffer.

Our success depends in part on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management and clinical and scientific personnel. We are highly dependent upon our senior management, particularly our Chief Executive Officer and our President and Chairman, as well as our senior scientists and other members of our senior management team. The loss of services of any of these individuals could delay or prevent the successful development of our product pipeline, initiation or completion of our planned clinical trials or the commercialization of our product candidates. Although we have executed employment agreements or offer letters with each member of our senior management team, these agreements are terminable at will and, therefore, we may not be able to retain their services as expected. We do not currently maintain “key person” life insurance on the lives of our executives or any of our employees, except for our Chief Executive Officer and our President and Chairman. This lack of insurance means that we may not have adequate compensation for the loss of the services of these individuals.

We will need to expand and effectively manage our managerial, operational, financial and other resources in order to successfully pursue our clinical development and commercialization efforts. We compete for qualified management and scientific personnel with

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other life science and technology companies, universities, and research institutions in the United States, the PRC and other countries. We may not be successful in maintaining our unique company culture and continuing to attract or retain qualified management and scientific and clinical personnel in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other businesses. Our industry has experienced a high rate of turnover of management personnel in recent years. If we are not able to attract, integrate, retain and motivate necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will significantly impede the achievement of our development objectives, our ability to raise additional capital and our ability to implement our business strategy.

We may encounter difficulties in managing our growth and expanding our operations successfully, including with respect to expanding our senior management team and constructing facilities.

We had 108 full-time employees as of December 31, 2021. We have been experiencing challenges in attracting and retaining qualified personnel, including with respect to expanding our senior management team. We expect to continue to hire, but could encounter difficulties in finding and securing sufficient candidates that meet our needs in a timely manner and on favorable terms.

We plan to expand our facilities in the United States and the PRC to support our growth, including the clinical development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. However, if we are unable to obtain adequate committed third party financing or if there are otherwise delays in bringing the facilities on-line, we may not have sufficient capacity to meet our long-term requirements. In addition, we are making significant investments and undertaking various obligations and responsibilities, including in connection with our land use and investment agreements with governmental authorities in the PRC. We face challenges in meeting timelines in connection with the construction of our PRC facilities, including having not obtained necessary permits, with no assurance that this investment can be recouped or that we will be able to meet all obligations and responsibilities under such agreements, which may result in land retrieval, penalties and/or fines, the loss of financial incentives, or the loss of access to future opportunities, and jeopardize or damage our relationships, from or with governmental authorities in the PRC, which in turn would have a negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

As we continue development and pursue the potential commercialization of our product candidates, as well as function as a public company, we will need to continue to expand our financial, development, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities or contract with third parties to provide these capabilities for us. As our operations expand, we expect that we will need to manage additional relationships with various strategic partners, suppliers and other third parties. Our future financial performance and our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates and to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth effectively.

Because we have multiple product candidates in our clinical pipeline and are considering a variety of target indications, we may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on specific product candidates, indications and development programs. We also plan to conduct several clinical trials for multiple product candidates in parallel over the next several years, which may make our decision as to which product candidates to focus on more difficult. As a result, we may forgo or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates that could have had greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through future collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate.

Additionally, we may pursue additional in-licenses or acquisitions of development-stage assets or programs, which entails additional risk to us. Identifying, selecting and acquiring promising product candidates requires substantial technical, financial and human resources expertise. Efforts to do so may not result in the actual acquisition or license of a particular product candidate, potentially resulting in a diversion of our management’s time and the expenditure of our resources with no resulting benefit. For example, if we are unable to identify programs that ultimately result in approved products, we may spend material amounts of our capital and other resources evaluating, acquiring and developing products that ultimately do not provide a return on our investment.

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We have incurred and may continue to incur significant costs for our clinical trials for CBP-201 and CBP-307.

The majority of our third-party expenses have been related to the development of CBP-201 and CBP-307. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, we spent RMB 58.5 million and RMB 349.5 million (USD 54.8 million), respectively, in clinical trial related expenses relating to CBP-201, and RMB 46.5 million and RMB 112.3 million (USD 17.6 million), respectively, in clinical trial related expenses relating to CBP-307. Product candidates in a later-stage of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect our costs to increase as we continue clinical trials (especially if and as we move into Phase 3 clinical trials) and, if we manufacture or have manufactured, CBP-201 and CBP-307.

We cannot determine with certainty the timing or costs or probability of success of current or future clinical trials of CBP-201 and CBP-307 due to the inherently unpredictable nature of clinical development. We anticipate that we will make determinations as to which indications to pursue, as well as how much funding is needed to direct to each indication on an ongoing basis in response to the results of clinical trials, regulatory developments and our assessments as to each product candidate’s commercial potential. It is likely that we will need to raise additional capital in the future for clinical development of CBP-201 and CBP-307 and if either or both of CBP-201 and CBP-307 can be commercialized.

Our clinical development costs for CBP-201 and CBP-307 are highly uncertain and may vary significantly based on factors such as:

Any of these variables with respect to the development of CBP-201 and CBP-307 could result in a significant change in the costs and timing associated with their development. Despite our efforts and the costs incurred and to be incurred, we may never succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for either or both of CBP-201 and CBP-307, which could significantly harm our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition.

We may be exposed to liabilities under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and Chinese anti-corruption laws, and any determination that we have violated these laws could have a material adverse effect on our business or our reputation.

We are subject to the FCPA. The FCPA generally prohibits us from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We are also subject to the anti-bribery laws of other jurisdictions, particularly mainland China. As our business continues to expand, the applicability of the FCPA and other anti-bribery laws to our operations will continue to increase. Our procedures and controls to monitor anti-bribery compliance may fail to protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or agents. If we, due to either our own deliberate or inadvertent acts or those of others, fail to comply with applicable anti-bribery laws, our reputation could be harmed and we could incur criminal or civil penalties, other sanctions and/or significant expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

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We are subject to various foreign, federal, and state healthcare laws and regulations, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations could harm our results of operations and financial condition.

Our business operations and current and future arrangements with investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party payors and customers expose us to broadly applicable foreign, federal and state fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations. These laws may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct our operations, including how we research, market, sell and distribute any products for which we obtain marketing approval. Such laws include:

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Actual or perceived failures to comply with applicable data protection, privacy and security laws, regulations, standards and other requirements could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve in jurisdictions worldwide, and there has been an increasing focus on privacy and data protection issues with the potential to affect our business. Complying with such requirements can be difficult, time-consuming, expensive, and could require us to change our business practices and put in place additional compliance mechanisms. Failure to comply with laws, regulations and contractual and other obligations governing personal or other sensitive information could result in enforcement actions against us, including fines, public censure, processing penalties, claims for damages by affected individuals, damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill. It is possible that new and existing laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices and our efforts to comply with the evolving data protection rules may be unsuccessful.

In the United States., HIPAA imposes, among other things, specific standards relating to the privacy, security, transmission and breach reporting of individually identifiable health information. Most healthcare providers, including research institutions from which we obtain patient health information, are subject to privacy and security regulations promulgated under HIPAA. While we do not believe that we are currently acting as a covered entity or business associate under HIPAA and thus are not directly regulated under HIPAA, any person may be prosecuted under HIPAA’s criminal provisions either directly or under aiding-and-abetting or conspiracy principles. Consequently, depending on the facts and circumstances, we could face substantial criminal penalties if we knowingly receive individually identifiable health information from a HIPAA-covered healthcare provider or research institution that has not satisfied HIPAA’s requirements for disclosure of individually identifiable health information.

Some states have also adopted comparable privacy and security laws and regulations, which govern the privacy, processing and protection of health-related and other personal information. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our future customers and strategic partners. For example, California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, or the CCPA, went into effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA creates individual privacy rights for California consumers and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling specific personal information. It also provides a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation and creates a statutory damages framework. In addition, on November 3, 2020, California voters approved a new privacy law, the California Privacy Rights Act, or CPRA, which significantly amends the CCPA, including by expanding consumers’ rights with respect to personal information and creating a new state agency to oversee implementation and enforcement efforts. Many of the CPRA’s provisions will become effective on January 1, 2023, and additional compliance investment and potential business process changes may be required. Similar laws have passed in Virginia and Colorado, and have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States. The enactment of such laws could have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging. In the event that we are subject to or affected by HIPAA, the CCPA, the CPRA or other domestic privacy and data protection laws, any liability from failure to comply with the requirements of these laws could adversely affect our financial condition.

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Our operations in Europe may also be subject to increased scrutiny or attention from data protection authorities. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, went into effect in May 2018 and imposes strict requirements for processing the personal data of individuals within the European Economic Area, or EEA. The GDPR increases our obligations with respect to clinical trials conducted in the EU by expanding the definition of personal data to include coded data and requiring changes to informed consent practices and more detailed notices for clinical trial subjects and investigators. Failure to comply with the requirements of GDPR may result in fines of up to €20,000,000 or up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher, and other administrative penalties. In addition, the GDPR confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies, and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR. Among other requirements, the GDPR regulates transfers of personal data subject to the GDPR to third countries that have not been found to provide adequate protection to such personal data, including the United States; in July 2020, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) limited how organizations could lawfully transfer personal data from the EU/EEA to the United States by invalidating the Privacy Shield for purposes of international transfers and imposing further restrictions on the use of standard contractual clauses (SCCs). The European Commission issued revised SCCs on June 4, 2021 to account for the decision of the CJEU and recommendations made by the European Data Protection Board. The revised SCCs must be used for relevant new data transfers from September 27, 2021; existing standard contractual clauses arrangements must be migrated to the revised clauses by December 27, 2022. The new SCCs apply only to the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA and not the United Kingdom, or the UK; the UK’s Information Commissioner’s Office launched a public consultation on its draft revised data transfers mechanisms in August 2021 and laid its proposal before Parliament, with the UK SCCs expected to come into force in March 2022, with a two-year grace period. There is some uncertainty around whether the revised clauses can be used for all types of data transfers, particularly whether they can be relied on for data transfers to non-EEA entities subject to the GDPR. As supervisory authorities issue further guidance on personal data export mechanisms, including circumstances where the SCCs cannot be used, and/or start taking enforcement action, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines, and/or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could adversely affect our financial results.

Since the beginning of 2021, after the end of the transition period following the UK’s departure from the EU, we are also subject to the UK data protection regime, which imposes separate but similar obligations to those under the GDPR and comparable penalties, including fines of up to £17.5 million or 4% of a noncompliant company’s global annual revenue for the preceding financial year, whichever is greater. As we continue to expand into other foreign countries and jurisdictions, we may be subject to additional laws and regulations that may affect how we conduct business.

Regulatory authorities in the PRC have implemented and are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. For example, the PRC’s Cyber Security Law, which became effective in June 2017, created the PRC’s first national-level data protection for “network operators,” which may include all organizations in the PRC that provide services over the internet or another information network. Numerous regulations, guidelines and other measures are expected to be adopted under the umbrella of the Cyber Security Law. Drafts of some of these measures have now been published, including the draft rules on cross-border transfers published by the China Cyberspace Administration in 2017, which may, upon enactment, require security review before transferring human health-related data out of the PRC. In addition, some industry-specific laws and regulations affect the collection and transfer of personal data in the PRC. For example, on June 10, 2019 the PRC State Council promulgated the Regulation on the Administration of Human Genetic Resources which became effective on July 1, 2019. Under the Regulation, international collaborative projects involving human genetic resources or HGR are subject to approval by the PRC Ministry of Science and Technology ("MOST"), except for international collaborations on clinical trials intended to support marketing approval of drugs and devices in the PRC that do not transfer HGR Materials abroad. This HGR regulatory regime is further confirmed by the Biosecurity Law of the PRC published by the Standing Committee of the NPC of the PRC in October 2020. The PRC has established a record-filing procedure for such exceptions. To comply with such record-filing procedure, the parties must submit information as to the types, quantities and purposes of the HGR used prior to the commencement of the trials. As for cross-border transfer of the HGR samples or associated data, they are subject to different forms of review and pre-approval respectively. Any export or cross-border transfer of the HGR samples shall be subject to the approval of the MOST, and an export certificate shall be obtained. The provision of HGR associated data to non-PRC parties or permitting uses of HGR associated data by non-PRC parties requires a record filing with MOST and submission of that corresponding information’s copy. If such provision or permitting uses could impact the public health, national security or public interest of the PRC, an additional security review will be conducted. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices, potentially resulting in disgorgement of illegal gains, confiscation of HGR samples and associated data, administrative fines, temporary (1-5 years) or permanent disbarment of companies and responsible persons from further HGR projects, or even criminal liability.

The PRC’s new Data Security Law took effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law provides that the data processing activities must be conducted based on a “data classification and hierarchical protection system” for the purpose of data protection and that the provision of “important data” outside of the PRC should comply with security management measures for cross-border transfer of data

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and fulfill risk assessment. In addition, entities in the PRC are prohibited from transferring data stored in the PRC to foreign law enforcement agencies or judicial authorities without prior approval by the PRC government. The Personal Information Protection Law, which took effect on November 1, 2021, includes biometric and medical health information in the scope of "sensitive personal information", and the cross-border transfer of personal information should also comply with the relevant assessment requirements. The relevant specific interpretative and implementation rules are still under development.

Although we work to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards, our contractual obligations and other legal obligations, these requirements are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another or other legal obligations with which we must comply. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our employees, representatives, contractors, consultants, collaborators, or other third parties to comply with such requirements or adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Recently enacted legislation, future legislation and healthcare reform measures may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval for and commercialize our product candidates and may affect the prices we may set.

In the United States, the PRC and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system, including cost-containment measures that may reduce or limit coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs and affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. In particular, there have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the U.S. federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of healthcare.

For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, collectively the Affordable Care Act, or ACA, was enacted in the United States. Among the provisions of the ACA of importance to our potential product candidates, the ACA: established an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents; extended manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; expands eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs; expanded the entities eligible for discounts under the 340B Drug Discount Pricing program; increased the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; created a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program; established a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research; and established a Center for Medicare Innovation at CMS to test innovative payment and service delivery models to lower Medicare and Medicaid spending.

Since its enactment, there have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges to some aspects of the ACA. On June 17, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the most recent judicial challenge to the ACA brought by several states without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA. Prior to the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision, President Biden issued an executive order to initiate a special enrollment period for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the ACA marketplace, which began on February 15, 2021 and remained open through August 15, 2021. The executive order also instructed some governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the ACA. It is unclear how the healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration, if any, will impact our business.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. On August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 was signed into law, which, among other things, resulted in reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1, 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will remain in effect through 2031, with the exception of a temporary suspension from May 1, 2020 through March 31, 2022 and a 1% reduction from April 1, 2022 through June 30, 2022, unless additional Congressional action is taken. On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. More recently, on March 11, 2021, President Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 into law, which eliminates the statutory Medicaid drug rebate cap, currently set at 100% of a drug’s average manufacturer price, beginning January 1, 2024.

Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny in the United States of pharmaceutical pricing practices in light of the rising cost of prescription drugs. Such scrutiny has resulted in several recent congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. At the federal level, by way of example, the Biden Administration has supported legislation including substantial drug pricing reforms, including the

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establishment of a drug price negotiation program within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that would require manufacturers to charge a negotiated “maximum fair price” for specific selected drugs or pay an excise tax for noncompliance, and the establishment of rebate payment requirements on manufacturers of specific drugs payable under Medicare Parts B and D, as seen in the Build Back Better Act. Similar or other drug pricing proposals could appear in future legislation. Further, it is possible that additional governmental action will be taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to address pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including transparency measures that require the disclosure of prices, including price changes, marketing costs, and research costs, among others. Price controls on payment amounts by third-party payors or other restrictions could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Additionally, on May 30, 2018, the Trickett Wendler, Frank Mongiello, Jordan McLinn, and Matthew Bellina Right to Try Act of 2017, or Right to Try Act, was signed into law. The law, among other things, provides a federal framework for some patients with life-threatening diseases or conditions to access some investigational new drug products that have completed a Phase 1 clinical trial. Under some circumstances, eligible patients can seek treatment without enrolling in clinical trials and without obtaining FDA approval under the FDA expanded access program. There is no obligation for a drug manufacturer to make its drug products available to eligible patients as a result of the Right to Try Act.

We expect that healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, more rigorous coverage criteria, new payment methodologies and additional downward pressure on the price that we may charge for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our product candidates, if approved.

Some of our investments may be subject to review from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, or CFIUS, which may delay or block a transaction from closing.

The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, or CFIUS, has jurisdiction over investments in which a foreign person acquires control over a U.S. company, as well as some non-controlling investments in U.S. businesses that deal in critical technology, critical infrastructure, or sensitive personal data. Some transactions involving U.S. businesses that deal in critical technology are subject to a mandatory filing requirement. Accordingly, to the extent the U.S. portion of our business decides to take investments from foreign persons, or we decide to invest in or acquire, in whole or in part, a U.S. business, such investments could be subject to CFIUS’ jurisdiction. To date, none of our investments have been subject to CFIUS review but, depending on the particulars of ongoing or future investments, we may be obligated to secure CFIUS approval before closing, which could delay the time period between signing and closing. If we determine that a CFIUS filing is not mandatory (or otherwise advisable), there is a risk that CFIUS could initiate its own review, if it determines that the transaction is subject to its jurisdiction. If an investment raises significant national security concerns, CFIUS has the authority to impose mitigation conditions or recommend that the President block a transaction.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our products.

We face an inherent risk of product liability as a result of the clinical trials of our product candidates and will face an even greater risk if we commercialize our product candidates. For example, we may be sued if our product candidates allegedly cause injury or are found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product candidate, negligence, strict liability or a breach of warranties. Claims may be brought against us by clinical trial participants, patients or others using, administering or selling products that may be approved in the future. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts.

If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit or cease the commercialization of our products. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

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We may need to increase our insurance coverage as we expand our clinical trials or if we commence commercialization of our product candidates. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. Our inability to obtain and retain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of our product candidates. Although we maintain such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. Our insurance policies will also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We may have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts.

Our information technology systems, or those of our CROs, manufacturers, other contractors or consultants or collaborators, may fail or suffer system failures, security breaches or deficiencies in cyber-security, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs, compromise sensitive information related to our business or trigger contractual and legal obligations.

We collect and maintain information in digital form that is necessary to conduct our business, and we are increasingly dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure to operate our business. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store and transmit large amounts of confidential information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information. It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future CROs and other contractors, consultants, vendors and collaborators may fail and are vulnerable to attack, breakdown, breach, interruption or damage from computer viruses, cybersecurity threats, computer hackers, malicious code, human error or malfeasance, theft or misuse, denial-of-service attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war, fire and telecommunication and electrical failures. Our information technology and other internal infrastructure systems, including corporate firewalls, servers and connection to the Internet, face the risk of systemic failure that could disrupt our operations.

Cyber-based attacks, security breaches, computer viruses, malware and other incidents could cause misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of clinical or other confidential data, materials or information. Increasingly complex methods have been used in cyberattacks, including ransomware, phishing, structured query language injections and distributed denial-of-service attacks. We have, for instance, experienced unauthorized access to our systems in May 2021 due to phishing, as a result of which we incurred a loss of RMB 7.0 million (USD 1.1 million). The risk of a security breach or disruption has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we may also face increased cybersecurity risks due to our reliance on internet technology and the number of our employees who are working remotely, which may create additional opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched, and can originate from a wide variety of sources, including outside groups such as external service providers, organized crime affiliates, terrorist organizations or hostile foreign governments or agencies. As such, we may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period. Even if identified, we may be unable to adequately investigate or remediate incidents or breaches due to attackers increasingly using tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, to avoid detection, and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence.

We and some of our contractors or CROs are from time to time subject to cyberattacks and security incidents. While we do not believe that we have experienced any significant system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations or result in the unauthorized use, disclosure of or access to personally identifiable information or individually identifiable health information (potentially violating privacy laws such as the GDPR), it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss of our trade secrets or other similar disruptions cause us to breach our contractual obligations, subject us to mandatory corrective action, and otherwise subject us to liability under laws, regulations and contracts that protect the privacy and security of personal information, which could result in significant legal and financial exposure and reputational damages. Some applicable federal, state and foreign government requirements include obligations of companies to notify individuals of security breaches involving particular personally identifiable information, which could result from breaches experienced by us or by our vendors, contractors, or organizations with which we have

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formed strategic relationships. Even though we may have contractual protections with such vendors, contractors, or other organizations, notifications and follow-up actions related to a security breach could impact our reputation, cause us to incur significant costs, including legal expenses, harm customer confidence, hurt our expansion into new markets, cause us to incur remediation costs, or cause us to lose existing customers. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. We also rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure or use of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed, and we could be subject to significant fines, penalties or liabilities for any noncompliance with privacy and security laws. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Further, the costs of attempting to protect against the foregoing risks and the costs of responding to a cyber-attack are significant. Large scale data breaches at other entities increase the challenge we and our contractors or CROs face in maintaining the security of our systems and networks. Following a cyber-attack, our and/or our contractors or CROs’ remediation efforts may not be successful, and a cyber-attack could result in interruptions, delays or cessation of business. In addition, breaches of our and/or our contractors or CROs’ security measures and the unauthorized dissemination of clinical or other confidential data or information could expose us to the risk of financial or medical identity theft, or expose us or other third parties to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, and result in investigations, regulatory enforcement actions, material fines and penalties, loss of business, litigation or other actions which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, reputation, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if we fail to adhere to our policies and other published statements or applicable laws concerning our processing, use, transmission and disclosure of protected information, or if our statements or practices are found to be deceptive or misrepresentative, we could face regulatory actions, fines and other liability.

Any breach or interruption of our security measures or information technology infrastructure could compromise our networks, and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, breach, or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, and liability under federal, state or foreign laws that protect the privacy of personal information, and could give rise to regulatory penalties. Notice of breaches may need to be made to affected individuals, federal, state, or foreign regulators, and the media. Such a notice could harm our reputation and our ability to compete.

We have insurance coverage generally for potential claims, liabilities, and costs relating to security incidents that may arise from our business or operations; however, the coverage may not be sufficient to cover all claims, liabilities, and costs arising from the incidents, including fines and penalties. For example, in connection with the unauthorized access to our systems in May 2021, we incurred a loss of RMB 7.0 million (USD 1.1 million), of which RMB 1.0 million was recovered from our cyber insurance provider. In addition, we cannot be certain that insurance for cybersecurity incidents will continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. It could be difficult to predict the ultimate resolution of any such incidents or to estimate the amounts or ranges of potential loss, if any, that could result therefrom. If we cannot successfully resolve a security incident or contain any potential loss, it could materially impact our ability to operate our business as well as our results of operations and financial position.

Our internal computer systems, or those of any of our CROs, manufacturers, other contractors or consultants or potential future collaborators, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs, compromise sensitive information related to our business or trigger contractual and legal obligations.

The United States federal and various state government, the PRC government and foreign governments have adopted or proposed requirements regarding the collection, distribution, use, security, and storage of personally identifiable information and other data relating to individuals, and federal and state consumer protection laws are being applied to enforce regulations related to the online collection, use, and dissemination of data. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future CROs and other contractors, consultants, vendors and collaborators may fail and are vulnerable to breakdown, breach, interruption or damage from computer viruses, cybersecurity threats, computer hackers, malicious code, employee error or malfeasance, theft or misuse, denial-of-service attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war, fire and telecommunication and electrical failures. The risk of a security breach or disruption has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. We may not be able to anticipate all types of security threats, and we may not be able to implement preventive measures effective against all such security threats. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched, and can originate from a wide variety of sources, including outside groups such as external service providers, organized crime affiliates, terrorist organizations or hostile foreign governments or agencies. Our information technology and other internal infrastructure systems, including corporate firewalls, servers and connection to the Internet, face the risk of systemic failure that could disrupt our operations.

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If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations or result in the unauthorized use, disclosure of or access to personally identifiable information or individually identifiable health information (potentially violating privacy laws such as the GDPR), it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss of our trade secrets or other similar disruptions cause us to breach our contractual obligations, subject us to mandatory corrective action, and otherwise subject us to liability under laws, regulations and contracts that protect the privacy and security of personal information, which could result in significant legal and financial exposure and reputational damages. Some applicable federal, state and foreign government requirements include obligations of companies to notify individuals of security breaches involving particular personally identifiable information, which could result from breaches experienced by us or by our vendors, contractors, or organizations with which we have formed strategic relationships. Any costs might not be covered by insurance, in whole or in part. Even though we may have contractual protections with such vendors, contractors, or other organizations, notifications and follow-up actions related to a security breach could impact our reputation, cause us to incur significant costs, including legal expenses, harm customer confidence, hurt our expansion into new markets, cause us to incur remediation costs, or cause us to lose existing customers. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. We also rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure or use of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed, and we could be subject to significant fines, penalties or liabilities for any noncompliance with privacy and security laws. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Cyber-based attacks (including ransomware, phishing, etc.), security breaches, loss of data and other disruptions in relation to our systems and networks could compromise clinical or other confidential data or information related to our business, prevent us from accessing it, and expose us to substantial liability, which could adversely affect our business and reputation.

Cyber-based attacks, security breaches, computer viruses, malware and other incidents could cause misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of clinical or other confidential data, materials or information. Increasingly complex methods have been used in cyber-attacks, including ransomware, phishing, structured query language injections and distributed denial-of-service attacks. A cyber-attack can also be in the form of unauthorized access or a blocking of authorized access. We have, for instance, experienced unauthorized access to our systems in May 2021 due to a phishing scam, as a result of which we incurred a loss of RMB 7.0 million (USD 1.1 million), although we implemented mitigating steps, similar or worse incidents could occur in the future. We can provide no assurance that we or our contractors or CROs will be able to detect, prevent or contain the effects of such attacks or other information security risks or threats in the future.

The costs of attempting to protect against the foregoing risks and the costs of responding to a cyber-attack are significant. Large scale data breaches at other entities increase the challenge we and our contractors or CROs face in maintaining the security of our systems and networks. Following a cyber-attack, our and/or our contractors or CROs’ remediation efforts may not be successful, and a cyber-attack could result in interruptions, delays or cessation of business. In addition, breaches of our and/or our contractors or CROs’ security measures and the unauthorized dissemination of clinical or other confidential data or information could expose us to the risk of financial or medical identity theft, or expose us or other third parties to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, and result in investigations, regulatory enforcement actions, material fines and penalties, loss of business, litigation or other actions which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, reputation, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if we fail to adhere to our policies and other published statements or applicable laws concerning our processing, use, transmission and disclosure of protected information, or if our statements or practices are found to be deceptive or misrepresentative, we could face regulatory actions, fines and other liability.

The secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of information are vital to our operations and business strategy, and we devote significant resources to protecting such information. Although we take reasonable measures to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, use, modification or disclosure, no security measures can be perfect and our information technology infrastructure could be vulnerable to hackers, phishing scams, malware, viruses, security flaws, employee errors, and other malfeasance or inadvertent disruptions. Any breach or interruption of our security measures or information technology infrastructure could compromise our networks, and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, breach, or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, and liability under federal, state or foreign laws that protect the privacy of personal information, and could give rise to regulatory penalties. Notice of breaches may need to be made to affected individuals, federal, state, or foreign regulators, and the media. Such a notice could harm our reputation and our ability to compete.

Although we have implemented security measures to prevent unauthorized access to data, such data is currently accessible through multiple channels, and there is no guarantee we can protect all data from breach. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could disrupt our operations (including our ability to perform our analysis, provide clinical data, conduct research and development, develop

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intellectual property, collect, process and prepare financial information, and manage our business) and damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. As cyber threats evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our practices and controls to protect our systems or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities, and these efforts may not be successful.

We have insurance coverage generally for potential claims, liabilities, and costs relating to security incidents that may arise from our business or operations; however, the coverage may not be sufficient to cover all claims, liabilities, and costs arising from the incidents, including fines and penalties. In addition, we cannot be certain that insurance for cybersecurity incidents will continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. It could be difficult to predict the ultimate resolution of any such incidents or to estimate the amounts or ranges of potential loss, if any, that could result therefrom. If we cannot successfully resolve a security incident or contain any potential loss, it could materially impact our ability to operate our business as well as our results of operations and financial position.

Our employees and independent contractors, including principal investigators, CROs, consultants and vendors, may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees and independent contractors, including principal investigators, CROs, consultants and vendors, may engage in misconduct or other improper activities. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violate: (1) the laws and regulations of the FDA, the NMPA or other similar regulatory requirements, including those laws that require the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to such authorities, (2) manufacturing standards, including cGMP requirements, (3) federal and state data privacy, security, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations in the United States and abroad or (4) laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, the creation of fraudulent data in our preclinical studies or clinical trials, or illegal misappropriation of drug product, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations.

In addition, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and financial results, including, without limitation, the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgements, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other healthcare programs, individual imprisonment, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

We may engage in strategic transactions that could impact our liquidity, increase our expenses and present significant distractions to our management.

From time to time, we may consider strategic transactions, such as acquisitions of companies, asset purchases and out-licensing or in-licensing of intellectual property, products or technologies. In addition, we have, and may have, arrangements with governmental authorities that have obligations or responsibilities that we cannot successfully fulfill with potentially significant adverse consequences to us. Any future transactions could increase our near and long-term expenditures, result in potentially dilutive issuances of our equity securities, including our ADSs, or the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities, amortization expenses or acquired in-process research and development expenses, any of which could affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

Additional potential transactions that we may consider in the future include a variety of business arrangements, including spin-offs, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, restructurings, divestitures, business combinations and investments. Future acquisitions may also require us to obtain additional financing, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all. These transactions may never be successful and may require significant time and attention of management. In addition, the integration of any business that we may acquire in the future may disrupt our existing business and may be a complex, risky and costly endeavor for which we may never realize the full benefits. Accordingly, although there can be no assurance that we will undertake or successfully complete any transactions of the nature described above, any such transactions that we do complete could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

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Risks Related to Intellectual Property

Our success depends on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies.

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent, trade secret and other intellectual property and proprietary protection for our current and any future product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses as well as our ability to operate without infringing upon, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property and proprietary rights of others. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights or if our intellectual property and proprietary rights are inadequate for our current or any future product candidates, our competitive position could be harmed. We generally seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States, the PRC and abroad related to our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses that are important to our business. We also seek to protect our proprietary position by acquiring or in-licensing relevant issued patents, pending patent applications and other intellectual property from third parties. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our proprietary and intellectual property position.

Pending patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless, and until, patents issue from such applications, and then only to the extent the issued claims cover such technology. There can be no assurance that our current or future patent applications or the patent applications of our current and future licensors will be considered patentable by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, courts in the United States, the China National Intellectual Property Administration, or NIPA, courts in the PRC or by the patent offices and courts in other jurisdictions or will result in patents being issued. In addition, there can be no assurance that any issued patents will afford sufficient protection against competitors or other third parties with similar technology, or will not be infringed, designed around or invalidated. Even issued patents may later be found invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, or may be modified or revoked in proceedings instituted by third parties before various patent offices or in courts. Only limited protection may be available and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. In addition, under PRC patent law, any organization or individual that applies for a patent in a foreign country for an invention or utility model accomplished in the PRC is required to report to NIPA for confidentiality examination.

Otherwise, if an application is later filed in the PRC, the patent right will not be granted. These uncertainties and/or limitations in our ability to properly protect the intellectual property rights relating to our current and any future product candidates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The patent application process is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, and there can be no assurance that we or any of our potential future collaborators will be successful in protecting our current and any future product candidates by obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing patents. These risks and uncertainties include the following:

The patent prosecution process is also expensive and time consuming, and we and our licensors may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner or in all jurisdictions where protection may be commercially advantageous. It is also possible that we and our licensors will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. We and our current and future licensors may also inadvertently make statements to regulatory agencies during the regulatory approval process that may be inconsistent with positions that have been taken during prosecution of the patent applications, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated or held

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unenforceable. Moreover, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, directed to technology that we license to or from third parties. We may also require the cooperation of our licensors, licensees or other collaborators in order to enforce or defend the licensed patent rights, and such cooperation may not be provided. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted, maintained, enforced and defended in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. We cannot be certain that patent prosecution and maintenance activities by our licensors have been or will be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, which may affect the validity and enforceability of such patents or any patents that may issue from such applications. If they fail to do so, this could cause us to lose rights in any applicable intellectual property that we in-license, and as a result our ability to develop and commercialize products or product candidates may be adversely affected and we may be unable to prevent competitors from making, using and selling competing products.

In addition, although we enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our employees, outside scientific collaborators, CROs, third-party manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties, any of these parties may breach such agreements and disclose such output before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospect.

If we fail to comply with our obligations under any license, collaboration or other agreements, or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our collaborators or licensors, we may be required to pay damages and could lose intellectual property rights that are necessary for developing and protecting our current and future product candidates.

We have in-licensed some intellectual property rights, including specific intellectual property rights relating to H3R antagonists, and we may license other intellectual property rights in the future. If, for any reason, any license agreement is terminated or we otherwise lose the rights associated with such license, it could adversely affect our business. Any collaboration agreement or license agreement we have entered into, or are likely to enter into, imposes or is likely to impose, various development, commercialization, funding, diligence, sublicensing, insurance, patent prosecution and enforcement or other obligations on us, as well as milestone, royalty, annual maintenance and other payment obligations. If we breach any material obligations, or use the intellectual property licensed to us in an unauthorized manner, or if, in spite of our efforts, a collaborator or licensor concludes that we have materially breached our obligations under such agreement, we may be required to pay damages and the licensor may have the right to terminate the license, which could result in us being unable to develop, manufacture, have manufactured, and commercialize products that are covered by the licensed technology or having to negotiate new or reinstated licenses on less favorable terms, or enable a competitor or other third party to gain access to the licensed technology. Additionally, if any future license agreement includes a sublicense from a third party who is not the original licensor of the intellectual property at issue, then we must rely on our direct licensor to comply with its obligations under the primary license agreements under which such licensor obtained rights in the applicable intellectual property, where we may have no relationship with the original licensor of such rights. If such a licensor fails to comply with its obligations under its upstream license agreement, including due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its business operations, the original third-party licensor may have the right to terminate the original license, which may terminate our sublicense. If this were to occur, we would no longer have rights to the applicable intellectual property unless we are able to secure our own direct license with the owner of the relevant rights, which we may not be able to do on reasonable terms or at all, or such license may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us. Any such events may impact our ability to continue to develop and commercialize our current and any future product candidates incorporating the relevant intellectual property.

We may need to obtain further licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our current and any future product candidates, and we cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents or other intellectual property or proprietary rights do not exist which might be enforced against our current and any future product candidates in the absence of such a license. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop or license replacement technology. If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected product candidates, which could materially harm our business and the third parties owning such intellectual property rights could seek either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation.

Licensing of intellectual property is of high importance to our business and involves complex legal, business and scientific issues. Disputes may arise between us and our licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement, including:

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These agreements may be complex, and some provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on acceptable terms, we may not be able to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates. In addition, some of our agreements may limit or delay our ability to consummate some transactions, may impact the value of those transactions, or may limit our ability to pursue some activities. Any of the foregoing would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.

If the scope of any patent protection we obtain is not sufficiently broad, or if we lose any of our patent protection, our ability to prevent our competitors and other third parties from commercializing product candidates similar or identical to ours would be adversely affected.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions, and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than U.S. law does. Publications of discoveries in scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

Similarly, in the PRC, intellectual property laws are constantly evolving, with efforts being made to improve intellectual property protection in the PRC. For example, PRC Patent Law was amended on October 17, 2020 and became effective on June 1, 2021. It provides that in order to compensate for the time taken up by the review and approval of new drugs for marketing, the patent administrative department shall grant compensation for the duration of patent rights for invention patents related to new drugs that have been granted a marketing license in the PRC. The compensation period shall not exceed five years, and the total valid patent right period shall not exceed fourteen years after the new drug is approved for marketing. Therefore, the terms of our PRC patents will be eligible for extension and allow us to extend patent protection of our products, and the terms of the patents owned by third parties may also be extended, which may in turn affect our ability to commercialize our products candidates without facing infringement risks. If we are required to delay commercialization for an extended period of time, technological advances may develop and new competitor products may be launched, which may render our product non-competitive. We also cannot guarantee that other changes to PRC intellectual property laws would not have a negative impact on our intellectual property protection.

The coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. During the patent examination process, we or our licensors may be required to narrow the pending claims to overcome prior art, a process that may limit the scope of patent protection. Even if patent applications we own or license issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors or other third parties from competing with us, or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Any future patents that we own or license, now or in the future, may be challenged or circumvented by third parties or may be narrowed, modified, invalidated or revoked as a result of challenges by third parties. Consequently, we do not know whether our current or any future product candidates will be protectable or remain protected by valid and enforceable patents. Our competitors or other third parties may be able to circumvent our future patents or the patents of our current and future licensors by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States, the PRC or elsewhere. The inventorship and ownership rights for patents that we own or in-license or may own or in-license in the future may be challenged by third parties. Such challenges could

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result in loss of exclusive rights to such patents, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or require us to obtain a license from such third parties on commercially reasonable terms to secure exclusive rights. If any such challenges to inventorship or ownership were asserted, there is no assurance that a court would find in our favor or that, if we choose to seek a license, such license would be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Moreover, we may be subject to a third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO challenging the priority of an invention claimed within one of our patents or patent applications (which submissions may be made prior to a patent’s issuance) or otherwise become involved in pre- and post-issuance proceedings, including opposition, derivation, re-examination, revocation, inter partes review, post-grant review, interference or other proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others from whom we have obtained licenses to such rights. For example, if we or a licensor or other collaborator initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid or unenforceable. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, in whole or in part, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture, have manufactured, or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights.

Any loss of patent rights, loss of exclusivity or patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part, could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, without payments to us, limit the duration of the patent protection of our current or any future product candidates, or result in our inability to manufacture, have manufactured, and commercialize our product candidates, which could materially and adversely impact our business. Proceedings relating to intellectual property also may result in substantial cost and require significant time from our scientists and management, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications or the patents and patent applications of our current and future licensors is threatened, regardless of the outcome, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize our current or any future product candidates. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.

The patent protection and patent prosecution for our current or any future product candidates may be dependent on third parties.

We may in the future rely on third parties to file and prosecute patent applications and maintain patents and otherwise protect and enforce the licensed intellectual property under some current and future license agreements. Under such arrangements, we may not have sufficient control over these activities for some licensed patents or patent applications and other intellectual property rights. We cannot be certain that such activities by third parties have been or will be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations or will result in valid and enforceable patents or other intellectual property rights. In addition, our current and future licensors or licensees may not be fully cooperative or disagree with us as to the prosecution, maintenance, enforcement or defense of any patent rights, which could compromise such patent rights. Therefore, we cannot be certain that such patents and patent applications will be prepared, filed, prosecuted, maintained, enforced, and defended in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business.

We may in the future enter into license agreements where the licensors or licensees may have the right to control enforcement of the licensed patents or defense of any claims asserting the invalidity of these patents, and even if we are permitted to pursue such enforcement or defense, it might require the cooperation of our licensors or licensees. We cannot be certain that our licensors or licensees will allocate sufficient resources or prioritize their or our enforcement of such patents or defense of such claims to protect our interests in the licensed patents. Even if we are not a party to these legal actions, an adverse outcome could harm our business because it might prevent us from continuing to license intellectual property that we may need to operate our business or result in invalidation or limitation of the scope of the licensed patents or other intellectual property rights. If any of our current or future licensors, licensees or collaborators fail to appropriately prosecute and maintain patent protection for patents covering our current or any future product candidates, our ability to develop and commercialize those product candidates may be adversely affected and we may not be able to prevent competitors or other third parties from making, using and selling competing products.

In addition, even where we have the right to control prosecution, maintenance, enforcement and defense of patent applications or patents we have acquired or licensed from third parties, we may still be adversely affected or prejudiced by actions or inactions of prior owners, licensors and/or their counsel that took place prior to us assuming control over such activities.

Licensors may retain rights to the technology that they license to us, including the right to use the underlying technology for noncommercial academic and research use, to publish general scientific findings from research related to the technology, and to make customary scientific and scholarly disclosures of information relating to the technology. It is difficult to monitor whether such licensors limit their use of the technology to these uses, and we could incur substantial expenses to enforce our rights to the licensed technology in the event of misuse.

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If we are limited in our ability to utilize acquired or licensed technologies, or if we lose our rights to critical in-licensed technology, we may be unable to successfully develop, out-license, market and sell our products, which could prevent or delay new product introductions. Our business strategy depends on the successful development of licensed and acquired technologies into commercial products. Therefore, any limitations on our ability to utilize these technologies may impair our ability to develop, out-license or market and sell our product candidates. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we are not successful in obtaining patent term extensions for our current and future product candidates, our business may be harmed, and the lack of effective enforcement of patent linkage and the absence of patent term extension and data and market exclusivity for product candidates approved by the NMPA could increase the risk of early generic competition with our products in the PRC.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, for example, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after the filing of the earliest non-provisional application to which the patent claims priority. Various extensions may be available; however, the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. We may be required to disclaim a portion of patent term in order to overcome double patenting rejections from the applicable patent office, thus potentially shortening our exclusivity period. Without patent protection for our current or future product candidates, we may be open to competition, including from generic versions of such products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. Hence, we expect to seek extensions of patent terms in the United States and abroad.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing approval of our current and future product candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term restoration under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term of up to five years beyond the normal expiration of the patent as compensation for patent term lost during drug development and the FDA regulatory review process, which is limited to the approved indication (or any additional indications approved during the period of extension). This extension is limited to only one patent that covers the approved product, the approved use of the product, or a method of manufacturing the product. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only those claims covering such approved drug product, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. Patent term extension may also be available in some foreign countries upon obtaining the applicable regulatory approval for our current and any future product candidates. However, the applicable authorities, including the FDA and the USPTO in the United States, and any equivalent regulatory authority in other countries or areas, may not agree with our assessment of whether such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant extensions to our patents, or may grant more limited extensions than we request. We may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request.

If we or our licensors are unable to extend the expiration date of our or their existing patents or obtain new patents with longer expiry dates, as applicable, our competitors and other third parties may be able to take advantage of our investment in development and clinical trials by referencing our clinical and preclinical data to obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration and launch their product earlier than might otherwise be the case.

The Hatch-Waxman Amendments also provide a process for patent linkage, pursuant to which the FDA will stay approval of some follow-on applications during the pendency of litigation between the follow-on applicant and the patent holder or licensee, generally for a period of 30 months. Finally, the Hatch-Waxman Amendments provide for statutory exclusivities that can prevent submission or approval of some follow-on marketing applications. For example, federal law provides a five-year period of non-patent data exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to obtain approval of a new chemical entity and three years of exclusivity protecting some innovations to previously approved active ingredients where the applicant was required to conduct new clinical investigations to obtain approval for the modification. Similarly, the U.S. Orphan Drug Act provides seven years of market exclusivity for some drugs to treat rare diseases, where the FDA designates the product candidate as an orphan drug and the drug is approved for the designated orphan disease or condition. These provisions, designed to promote innovation, can prevent competing products from entering the market for a period of time after the FDA grants marketing approval for the innovative product.

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In the PRC, however, due to the lack of effective law or regulation providing for patent linkage or data exclusivity (referred to as regulatory data protection), historically a lower-cost generic drug could emerge onto the market much more quickly. PRC regulators published regulations in 2021 for a patent dispute early resolution mechanism, which may be comparable to the patent linkage system in the U.S. PRC regulators have also set forth a legislative framework for data exclusivity and patent term extension. To be implemented, this framework will require adoption of regulations. To date, no regulations have been issued for data exclusivity and patent term extension. These factors result in weaker protection for us against generic competition in the PRC than could be available to us in the United States. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the USPTO, NIPA and other foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. In addition, the USPTO, NIPA and various foreign national or international patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of patent rights include, but are not limited to, failure to timely file national and regional stage patent applications based on an international patent application, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents within prescribed time limits. If we or our licensors fail to maintain patents and patent applications, whether owned or in-licensed now or in the future, covering any of our current or future product candidates and technologies, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Third-party claims or litigation alleging infringement, misappropriation or other violation of, or seeking to invalidate, patents or other intellectual and proprietary rights, may delay or prevent the development and commercialization of any of our current or future product candidates.

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property and proprietary rights of third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including patent infringement lawsuits and interference, derivation, inter partes review and post-grant review proceedings before the USPTO, as well as oppositions and similar processes in foreign jurisdictions. Litigation or other proceedings relating to intellectual property rights are often very complex in nature, may be very expensive and time-consuming, may divert our management’s attention from our core business, and may result in unfavorable results that could limit our ability to prevent third parties from competing with our current and future product candidates.

One or more third parties may challenge our current or future patents, which could result in the invalidation of, or render unenforceable, some or all of the relevant patent claims, or a finding of non-infringement. For example, if a third party files an Abbreviated New Drug Application, or ANDA, for a generic copy of one of our products, and relies in whole or in part on studies conducted by or for us, the third party will be required to certify to the FDA that either: (1) there is no patent information listed in the FDA’s Orange Book, or Orange Book, with respect to our NDA for the applicable approved product candidate; (2) the patents listed in the Orange Book have expired; (3) the listed patents have not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or (4) the listed patents are invalid or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of the third party’s generic drug. A certification that the new drug will not infringe the Orange Book-listed patents for the applicable approved product candidate, or that such patents are invalid, is called a paragraph IV certification. If the third party submits a paragraph IV certification to the FDA, a notice of the paragraph IV certification must also be sent to us once the third party’s ANDA is accepted for filing by the FDA. We may then initiate a lawsuit to defend the patents identified in the notice. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of receipt of the notice automatically prevents the FDA from approving the third party’s ANDA until the earliest of 30 months or the date on which the patent expires, the lawsuit is settled, or the court reaches a decision in the infringement lawsuit in favor of the third party. If we do not file a patent infringement lawsuit within the required 45-day period, the third party’s ANDA will not be subject to the 30-month stay of FDA approval. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion includes an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Any challenge to our current or future patents could result in the invalidation of some or all of the patents that might otherwise be eligible for listing in the Orange Book for one of our products. If a third party successfully challenges all of the patents

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that might otherwise be eligible for listing in the Orange Book for one of our products, we will not be entitled to the 30-month stay of FDA approval upon the filing of an ANDA for a generic copy of our product.

We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist which might be enforced against our current and future product candidates. Numerous U.S., PRC and other foreign issued patents and pending patent applications owned by third parties exist in the fields in which we are or may in the future be developing product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, and as we gain greater visibility and market exposure as a public company, the risk increases that our product candidates or other business activities may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent and other proprietary rights of third parties.

Third parties may assert that we are infringing their patents or employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our current and future product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue and may be confidential for 18 months or more after filing, and because pending patent claims can be revised before issuance, there may be currently pending patent applications—including ones we are unaware of—that may later result in issued patents that our current and future product candidates may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents.

Even if we believe that such claims are without merit, there is no assurance that a court would find in our favor on questions of infringement, validity, enforceability, or priority. In order to successfully challenge the validity of a U.S. patent in federal court, we would need to overcome a presumption of validity. As this burden is a high one requiring us to present clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of any such U.S. patent claim, there is no assurance that a court of competent jurisdiction would invalidate the claims of any such U.S. patent. If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be valid and enforceable and cover the manufacturing process of any of our current and future product candidates, any molecules formed during such manufacturing process, any final products resulting from such manufacturing process, or our formulations or methods of use thereof, including combination therapy, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidate unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire. Such a license would likely include significant payment and other obligations, or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain such a license, it could be granted on non-exclusive terms, thereby providing our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us. In addition, we may be subject to claims that we are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating others’ intellectual property rights, such as trademarks, copyrights or trade secrets, and to the extent that our employees, consultants or contractors use intellectual property or proprietary information owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize our current and future product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful infringement or other intellectual property claim against us, we also may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, obtain one or more licenses from third parties, pay royalties or redesign our affected products, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. We cannot predict whether any such license would be available at all or whether it would be available on commercially reasonable terms. Furthermore, even in the absence of litigation, we may need to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our current and future product candidates, and we have done so from time to time. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. As a result, we might be unable to further develop and commercialize any affected product candidates, which could harm our business significantly. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have an adverse effect on the price of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Any of the foregoing would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may not identify relevant third-party patents or may incorrectly interpret the relevance, scope or expiration of a third-party patent, which might adversely affect our ability to develop and market our products.

We cannot guarantee that any of our patent searches or analyses, including the identification of relevant patents, the scope of patent claims or the expiration dates of relevant patents, are complete or thorough, nor can we be certain that we have identified each and every third-party patent and pending application in the United States, the PRC and elsewhere that is relevant to or necessary for the commercialization of our product candidates in any jurisdiction.

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The scope of a patent claim is determined by an interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a patent and the patent’s prosecution history. Our interpretation of the relevance or the scope of a patent or a pending application may be incorrect, which may negatively affect our ability to market our products. We may incorrectly determine that our products are not covered by a third-party patent or may incorrectly predict whether a third party’s pending application will issue with claims of relevant scope. Our determination of the expiration date of any patent in the United States, the PRC or elsewhere that we consider relevant may be incorrect, and if we fail to identify and correctly interpret relevant patents our ability to develop and market our products may be negatively affected.

We may need to acquire or license intellectual property from third parties, and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.

Because our development programs may require the use of intellectual property rights held by other parties, the growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use such third-party intellectual property rights. We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary for our current and any future product candidates. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights or maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of the applicable program and/or develop alternative approaches that do not infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate such intellectual property rights. This could entail additional costs and development delays, and the development of such alternatives may not be feasible. Any of the foregoing could prevent us from developing or commercializing one or more of our product candidates, force us to modify such product candidates, or cease some aspect of our business operations, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could suffer.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our or our licensors’ patents or other intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate our or our licensors’ patents or other intellectual property rights. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we or our licensors may be required to file legal claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in such a proceeding, a court may decide that an asserted patent is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that the asserted patent or other intellectual property right does not cover the third-party technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more asserted patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put related patent applications at risk of not issuing. The initiation of a claim against a third party may also cause the third party to bring counter claims against us, such as claims asserting that our patents are invalid or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, the PRC and elsewhere, defendant counterclaims challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of asserted patents are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, non-enablement or lack of statutory subject matter. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant material information from the USPTO, NIPA or any other applicable patent office, or made a materially misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar validity claims before the USPTO in post-grant proceedings such as ex parte re-examinations, inter partes review, or post-grant review, or oppositions or similar proceedings outside the United States, in parallel with litigation or even outside the context of litigation. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. We cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. For patents and patent applications that we license in the future, we may have limited or no right to participate in the defense of any licensed patents against challenge by a third party. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of any future patent protection on our current or future product candidates. Such a loss of patent protection could harm our business.

We may not be able to detect or prevent, alone or with our licensors, infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States. Any litigation or other proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights may fail, and even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. Even if we establish infringement, the court may decide not to grant an injunction against further infringing activity and instead award only monetary damages, which may or may not be an adequate remedy. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there

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is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have an adverse effect on the price of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Derivation, interference or other proceedings may be necessary to determine priority of inventions relating to our current or future product candidates, and an unfavorable outcome may require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights from the prevailing party.

Derivation, interference or other proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us or declared by the USPTO or similar proceedings in foreign patent offices may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our current or future patents or patent applications or those of our current and future licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our defense of such proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with such proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties or enter into development or manufacturing partnerships that would help us bring our current and any future product candidates to market.

Because of the expense and uncertainty of litigation, we may not be in a position to enforce our intellectual property rights against third parties.

Because of the expense and uncertainty of litigation, we may conclude that even if a third party is infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating our owned or in-licensed patents or other intellectual property rights, the risk-adjusted cost of bringing and enforcing a claim or action against such third party may be too high or not in the best interest of our shareholders. In such cases, we may decide that the more prudent course of action is to simply monitor the situation or initiate or seek some other non-litigious action or solution.

Patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our current and future patent applications or those of our current and future licensors and the enforcement or defense of our current and future issued patents or those of our current and future licensors.

Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involve both technological and legal complexity and are therefore costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. Recent patent reform legislation in the United States and other countries could increase those uncertainties and costs.

On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act made a number of significant changes to United States patent laws. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and challenged at the USPTO and may also affect patent litigation. The USPTO has developed and continues to develop new regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act.

The Leahy-Smith Act established a “first-to-file” system, under which, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application generally will be entitled to a patent on the invention regardless of whether another inventor had made the invention earlier. This will require us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application and be diligent in filing patent applications, but circumstances could prevent us from promptly filing patent applications on our inventions. Therefore, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could make it more difficult to obtain patent protection for our inventions and increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Similarly, the PRC also adopted a “first-to-file” system.

The Leahy-Smith Act also includes a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and also may affect patent litigation. These include limiting where a patentee may file a patent infringement suit, allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and providing for additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent at the USPTO by post-grant review, inter partes review and derivation proceedings. An adverse determination in any such submission or proceeding could reduce the scope or enforceability of, or invalidate, our patent rights, in whole or in part, which could adversely affect our competitive position.

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Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in U.S. federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. Thus, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our future patent applications or those of our current and future licensors and the enforcement or defense of our future issued patents or those of our current and future licensors, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Changes in U.S. patent law, PRC patent law or patent laws in other countries could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our current and any future product candidates.

Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involve a high degree of technological and legal complexity. Therefore, obtaining and enforcing biopharmaceutical patents is costly, time consuming and inherently uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or in the interpretations of patent laws in the United States, the PRC and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property and may increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. We cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our future patents or in third-party patents. In addition, there are periodic proposals for changes to the patent laws of the PRC, the United States and other countries that, if adopted, could impact our ability to enforce our proprietary technology.

In the PRC, intellectual property laws are constantly evolving, with efforts being made to improve intellectual property protection in the PRC. For example, PRC Patent Law was amended on October 17, 2020 and became effective on June 1, 2021. It provides that in order to compensate for the time taken up by the review and approval of new drugs for marketing, the patent administrative department shall grant compensation for the duration of patent rights for invention patents related to new drugs that have been granted a marketing license in the PRC. The compensation period shall not exceed five years, and the total valid patent right period shall not exceed fourteen years after the new drug is approved for marketing. Therefore, the terms of our PRC patents will be eligible for extension and allow us to extend patent protection of our products, and the terms of the patents owned by third parties may also be extended, which may in turn affect our ability to commercialize our products candidates without facing infringement risks. If we are required to delay commercialization for an extended period of time, technological advances may develop and new competitor products may be launched, which may render our product non-competitive. We also cannot guarantee that other changes to PRC intellectual property laws would not have a negative impact on our intellectual property protection.

Evolving judicial interpretation of patent law could also adversely affect our business. The U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have issued numerous precedential opinions in recent years narrowing the scope of patent protection available in some circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in some situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. federal courts, the USPTO or similar authorities in foreign jurisdictions, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce or defend patents that we have licensed or that we might own or license in the future. Similarly, changes in patent law and regulations in other countries or jurisdictions or changes in the governmental bodies that enforce them or changes in how the relevant governmental authority enforces patent laws or regulations may weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our current and future owned and licensed patents.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world, including in the PRC.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents for our current and future product candidates in all relevant jurisdictions throughout the world could be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. The requirements for patentability differ in some jurisdictions, particularly developing countries. For example, the PRC has a heightened requirement for patentability and, specifically, requires a detailed description of medical uses of a claimed drug. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries, including the PRC, do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our current or any future product candidates, and our patents, the patents of our current and future licensors or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. Additionally, some countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. Many countries also limit the enforceability of patents against

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government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of many foreign countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement, misappropriation or other violation of our intellectual property rights or the marketing of competing products in violation of our intellectual property or proprietary rights. In particular, the validity, enforceability and scope of protection available under the relevant laws in the PRC are uncertain and still evolving. Implementation and enforcement of PRC intellectual property-related laws have historically been deficient and ineffective. Accordingly, intellectual property and confidentiality legal regimes in the PRC may not afford protection to the same extent as in the United States or other countries. Policing unauthorized use of intellectual property or proprietary technology in foreign jurisdictions is difficult and expensive, and we may need to resort to litigation to enforce or defend patents issued to us or our current or future licensors or to determine the enforceability, scope and validity of our proprietary rights or those of others. Such litigations and proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents or the patents of our current and future licensors at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications or the patent applications of our current and future licensors at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. Moreover, the experience and capabilities of courts in foreign jurisdictions, including PRC courts, in handling intellectual property litigation varies, and outcomes are unpredictable. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. An adverse determination in any such proceeding or litigation could materially impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation.

In addition, as permitted by the PRC laws, other parties may register trademarks which may look similar to our registered trademarks under some circumstances, which may cause confusion among consumers. We may not be able to prevent other parties from using trademarks that are similar to ours and our consumers may confuse our treatment centers with others using similar trademarks. In such case, the goodwill and value of our trademarks and the public perception of our brand and our image may be adversely affected. A negative perception of our brand and image could have a material and adverse effect on our sales, and therefore on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license, and any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Compulsory standards for remuneration to creators or inventors of the patents they contribute to our business could be considerable.

Under PRC laws, we are required to remunerate inventors or creators of patents they create for our business during the course of their employment. In the event of a dispute between an inventor or creator and us, there is a risk that the compulsory standards for remuneration, as set forth in relevant laws and regulations, may apply. Our policies do not include any rules regarding a predetermined lump sum or proportion of profits to award inventors as remuneration for the patents they contribute to our business and in the potential event of a dispute between us and an inventor, there is a potential risk that the compulsory standard for remuneration, as set forth in relevant laws and regulations, may apply. Such compulsory standards for remuneration could be considerable and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

We also rely on the protection of our trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. Although we have taken steps to protect our trade secrets and unpatented know-how, including entering into confidentiality agreements with third parties, and confidential information and inventions agreements with employees, consultants, CROs and advisors, we cannot provide any assurances that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary information and that all such agreements have been duly executed, and any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose or use our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures of trade secrets and other confidential information is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our trade secrets or confidential information will be effective. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these security measures, they may be breached.

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Moreover, third parties may still lawfully obtain our trade secrets or proprietary information or may develop or otherwise come upon this or similar information independently, and we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of these events occurs or if we otherwise lose protection for our trade secrets, the value of this information may be greatly reduced and our competitive position would be harmed. If we cannot otherwise maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary technology and other confidential information, then our ability to protect our trade secret information may be jeopardized. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of their former employers or other third parties.

We employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. Although we endeavor to ensure that our employees, consultants and independent contractors do not use the intellectual property, proprietary information, know-how or trade secrets of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed alleged trade secrets or other confidential information of a former employer or another third party. We may also be subject to claims that former employers or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims, and there is no guarantee of success. If we fail in defending these claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property, if such intellectual property rights are found to incorporate or be derived from the trade secrets or other proprietary information of third parties. Even if we are successful, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and other employees. Moreover, any such litigation or the threat thereof may adversely affect our reputation, our ability to form strategic alliances or sublicense our rights to collaborators, engage with scientific advisors or hire employees or consultants, each of which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property on our behalf to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Such agreements may not be self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

We intend to use registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names to brand and market ourselves and our products. We may design or create new trademarks and apply to register them, but our trademark applications may not be approved in the United States, the PRC or any other relevant jurisdiction. Third parties may oppose or attempt to cancel our trademark applications or trademarks, or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our drugs, which could result in loss of brand recognition and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Competitors or other parties may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, they may infringe our trademarks and we may not have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks. If we attempt to enforce our trademarks and assert trademark infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we have asserted are invalid or unenforceable, or that the party against whom we have asserted trademark infringement has superior rights to the marks in question. In this case, we could ultimately be forced to cease use of such trademarks.

We may license our trademarks and trade names to third parties, such as distributors. Though these license agreements may provide guidelines for how our trademarks and trade names may be used, a breach of these agreements or misuse of our trademarks and tradenames by our licensees may jeopardize our rights in or diminish the goodwill associated with our trademarks and trade names.

Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected.

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Any collaboration arrangements that we have or may enter into in the future may not be successful, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our products.

The success of our collaboration arrangements will depend heavily on the efforts and activities of our collaborators and partners. Collaborations and partnerships are subject to numerous risks, which may include that:

Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:

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Should any of these events occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our ADSs

The trading price of our ADSs could be highly volatile, and purchasers of our ADSs could incur substantial losses.

The trading price of our ADSs has been and may continue to be volatile. The stock market in general and the market for shares of biopharmaceutical companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, some or all of the value of our ADSs may be lost. The market price for our ADSs may be influenced by those factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and many others, including:

In addition, in the past, shareholders have initiated class action lawsuits against biopharmaceutical companies following periods of volatility in the market prices of these companies’ shares. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could cause us to incur substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the price of our ADSs.

From time to time, the global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. There can be no assurance that future deterioration in credit and financial markets and confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Our business strategy and performance may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, volatile business environment or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. The financial markets and the global economy may also be adversely affected by the current or anticipated impact of military conflict, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, terrorism or other geopolitical events. Sanctions imposed by the United States and other countries in response to such conflicts, including the conflict in Ukraine, may also adversely impact the financial markets and the global economy, and any economic countermeasures by the affected countries or others could exacerbate market and economic instability. If the current equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the price of our ADSs.

If we fail to meet the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, it could result in a de-listing of our ADSs.

If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our ADSs. Such a de-listing would likely have a negative effect on the price of our ADSs and would impair the ability of investors to sell or purchase our ADSs when any investor may wish to do so. In the event of a de-listing, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our ADSs to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our ADSs, prevent our ADSs from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements.

An active, liquid trading market for our ADSs may not be maintained.

We can provide no assurance that we will be able to maintain an active trading market for our ADSs. The lack of an active market may impair the ability of any investor to sell our ADSs at the time an investor may wish to sell them or at a price that an investor may consider reasonable. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other businesses or technologies using our shares as consideration, which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business.

Our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders, if they choose to act together, will have the ability to control or significantly influence all matters submitted to shareholders for approval. Furthermore, many of our current directors were appointed by our principal shareholders.

Our executive officers, directors and greater than 5% shareholders, in the aggregate, own approximately 78.8% of our outstanding ordinary shares (including 43,434,363 ordinary shares represented by ADSs and assuming no exercise of outstanding options). Furthermore, many of our current directors were appointed by our principal shareholders. As a result, such persons or their appointees to our board of directors, acting together, have and will continue to have the ability to control or significantly influence all matters submitted to our board of directors or shareholders for approval, including the appointment of our management, the election and removal of directors and approval of any significant transaction, as well as our management and business affairs. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us, or discouraging a potential acquiror from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our business, even if such a transaction would benefit other shareholders.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our securities, and, consequently, the ability to achieve a return on investment in our ADSs will depend on appreciation, if any, in the price of our ADSs.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our securities. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends.

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Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to the requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or its share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in its being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on any investment in our ADSs will depend on any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our ADSs were or are purchased. Some or all of any investment in our ADSs may be lost.

Sales of a substantial number of our ADSs or ordinary shares by our existing shareholders in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of our ADSs or ordinary shares in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur could significantly reduce the market price of our ADSs and impair our ability to raise adequate capital.

We have a total of 49,429,019 ordinary shares represented by ADSs outstanding, assuming no exercise of outstanding options, which are freely tradable, without restriction, in the public market, unless they are held or purchased by one of our affiliates. ADSs held by our affiliates are eligible for sale in the public market and will be subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 under the Securities Act.

The holders of approximately 18.9 million of our outstanding ordinary shares, or approximately 34.3% of our total outstanding ordinary shares, are entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act. Registration of these shares (including, in the case of affiliates, for resale) under the Securities Act would result in these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act. Any sales of securities by these shareholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

We are an emerging growth company, and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our ADSs less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act, and may remain an emerging growth company until the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our IPO. However, if specific events occur prior to the end of such five-year period, including if we become a “large accelerated filer,” our annual gross revenues exceed $1.07 billion or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in any three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from some disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

We have taken advantage of reduced reporting burdens in this annual report. Our ADSs may be less attractive by relying on these exemptions, and as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ADSs and the trading price of our ADSs may be reduced or more volatile.

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As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to some U.S. securities law disclosure requirements that apply to a domestic U.S. issuer, which may limit the information publicly available to our shareholders.

As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and therefore there may be less publicly available information about us than if we were a U.S. domestic issuer. For example, we currently report financial information on a six-monthly basis and have no current plans to report financial information on a quarterly basis, as a U.S. domestic issuer would be required to do. Also, we are not subject to the proxy rules in the United States and disclosure with respect to our annual general meetings will be governed by the Cayman Islands’ requirements. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from reporting (i.e., will not file Forms 3, 4, or 5 when they trade) and are not subject to the “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder. Therefore, our shareholders may not have timely information and may not, for instance, know when our officers, directors and principal shareholders purchase or sell our ordinary shares or ADSs.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to adopt some home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with corporate governance listing standards.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to take advantage of some provisions in the Nasdaq listing rules that allow us to follow Cayman Islands law for some governance matters. Corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands may differ significantly from corporate governance listing standards as, except for general fiduciary duties and duties of care, Cayman Islands law has no corporate governance regime which prescribes specific corporate governance standards. Cayman Islands law does not impose a requirement that our board of directors consist of a majority of independent directors. Nor does Cayman Islands law impose specific requirements on the establishment of a compensation committee or nominating committee or nominating process. To the extent we choose to follow home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would have under corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

Under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, investors do not have the same rights with respect to shareholder meetings and voting that shareholders of some U.S. corporations have.

Our holding company is incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provides that a quorum required for the transaction of business at any general meeting of shareholders shall consist of one or more shareholders present in person or by proxy, holding shares which carry in aggregate not less than one-third of all votes attaching to all of our shares in issue and entitled to vote. Additionally, our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provides that any voting at any shareholders’ meeting shall be decided by a show of hands unless a poll is demanded (before or on the declaration of the result of the show of hands) by the chairman of such meeting or by any one or more shareholders who together hold not less than 10% of the votes attaching to the total number of ordinary shares which are present in person or by proxy at the meeting. Although our minority quorum provisions satisfy the requirements applicable to Nasdaq-listed companies, some U.S. corporations have stricter quorum requirements than these. Additionally, shareholder votes of some U.S. corporations, such as corporations incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, must be in written form and cannot be conducted by a show of hands. Therefore, as a result of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, investors do not have the benefit of the procedural protections relating to shareholder meetings and voting that shareholders of some U.S. corporations enjoy.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if, for example, more than 50% of our ordinary shares are directly or indirectly held by residents of the United States and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status on this date, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from specific corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq listing rules. As a U.S.-listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer, and accounting, reporting and other expenses in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange.

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Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of any investment in our ADSs.

The value of the renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted, and the exchange rate between the renminbi and U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. In June 2010, the People’s Bank of China, or PBOC, announced that the PRC government would increase the flexibility of the exchange rate, and thereafter allowed the renminbi to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar within the narrow band fixed by the PBOC. However, more recently, on August 11, 12 and 13, 2015, the PBOC significantly devalued the renminbi by fixing its price against the U.S. dollar 1.9%, 1.6%, and 1.1% lower than the previous day’s value, respectively. On October 1, 2016, the renminbi joined the International Monetary Fund’s basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, or SDR, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the renminbi depreciated significantly while the U.S. dollar surged and the PRC experienced persistent capital outflows. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system. There is no guarantee that the renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces, PRC and U.S. government’s policies and regulations may impact the exchange rate between the renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Significant revaluation of the renminbi may have a material adverse effect on any investment in our ADSs. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. In addition, appreciation or depreciation in the value of the renminbi relative to U.S. dollars would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms regardless of any underlying change in our business or results of operations.

Very limited hedging options are available in the PRC to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert renminbi into non-PRC currency.

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Holders of our ADSs have fewer rights than our shareholders and must act through the depositary to exercise their rights.

Holders of our ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of our ADSs, an investor will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. As a holder of our ADSs, an investor will only be able to exercise the voting rights carried by the underlying ordinary shares which are represented by our ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Upon receipt of voting instructions from any investor, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the ordinary shares underlying our ADSs in accordance with investor instructions. If we ask for investor instructions, then upon receipt of investor voting instructions, the depositary will try to vote the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for investor instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with instructions the investor gives, but it is not required to do so. An investor will not be able to directly exercise any right to vote with respect to the underlying ordinary shares unless the investor withdraws the shares, and becomes the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. When a general meeting is convened, an investor may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the shares underlying our ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow the investor to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent an investor from withdrawing the ordinary shares underlying our ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that an investor would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. If we ask for instructions from investors, the depositary will notify investors of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to investors. We have agreed to give the depositary notice of shareholder meetings sufficiently in advance of such meetings. Nevertheless, we cannot assure investors that investors will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that investors can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying ordinary shares represented by our ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that investors may not be able to exercise any right to direct how the shares underlying our ADSs are voted and investors may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying our ADSs are not voted as requested. In addition, in an investor’s capacity as an ADS holder, the investor will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

Except in limited circumstances, the depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the ordinary shares underlying our ADSs if investors do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, which could adversely affect the interests of investors.

Under the deposit agreement for our ADSs, if investors do not vote, the depositary will deem that investors have instructed the depositary to give us a discretionary proxy to vote the ordinary shares underlying our ADSs at shareholders’ meetings unless:

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that investors cannot prevent our ordinary shares underlying our ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence our management. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

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Investors may not receive distributions on our ADSs or any value for them if such distribution is illegal or impractical or if any required government approval cannot be obtained in order to make such distribution available to any investor.

Although we do not have any present plan to pay any dividends, the depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to investors the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses and any applicable taxes and governmental charges. Investors will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares our ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities whose offering would require registration under the Securities Act but are not so properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not reasonably practicable to distribute some property. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under the U.S. securities laws any offering of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that investors may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to investors. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs.

Investors’ right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to holdings in our ADSs.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to investors in the United States unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Also, under the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will not make rights available to investors unless either both the rights and any related securities are registered under the Securities Act, or the distribution of them to ADS holders is exempted from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. If the depositary does not distribute the rights, it may, under the deposit agreement, either sell them, if possible, or allow them to lapse. Accordingly, investors may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in holdings in our ADSs.

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares.

We would be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year if, after the application of specific look-through rules, either: (i) 75% or more of our gross income for such year is “passive income” (as defined in the relevant provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the income test), or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income (the asset test). Based on the value of our assets, including goodwill, and the composition of our income and assets, we do not believe we were a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our taxable year ended December 31, 2021. However, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and we cannot assure investors that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year. Adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation Considerations”) if we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which such U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares.

Investors may be subject to limitations on transfers of our ADSs.

Our ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

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Investors’ rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement.

Under the deposit agreement, any action or proceeding against or involving the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning our ADSs may only be instituted in a state or federal court in New York, New York, and any investor, as a holder of our ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which the investor may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding. The depositary may, in its sole discretion, require that any dispute or difference arising from the relationship created by the deposit agreement be referred to and finally settled by an arbitration conducted under the terms described in the deposit agreement. These arbitration provisions govern such dispute or difference and do not, in any event, preclude investors from pursuing claims under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act in state or federal courts.

ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing our ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that, subject to the depositary’s right to require a claim to be submitted to arbitration, the federal or state courts in the City of New York have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine claims arising under the deposit agreement and in that regard, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders, including purchasers of ADSs in secondary transactions, waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our ordinary shares, our ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the U.S. Supreme Court. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and our ADSs. It is advisable that investors consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before investing in our ADSs.

If an investor or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or our ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, an investor or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not enforced, to the extent a court action proceeds, it would proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

Investors may face difficulties in protecting the interests of investors, and the ability to protect the rights of investors through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

Our holding company is an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law (2020 Revision) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have the standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

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Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association and any special resolutions passed by such companies, and the registers of mortgages and charges of such companies) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Under Cayman Islands law, the names of our current directors can be obtained from a search conducted at the Registrar of Companies. Our directors have discretion under our amended and restated articles of association, to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for investors to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management or members of our board of directors than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If our remediation of the material weaknesses is not effective, or if we experience additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate and timely consolidated financial statements could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the trading price of our ADSs may decline.

Pursuant to Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley, our management will be required to report upon the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with the annual report for our fiscal year ending December 31, 2022. When we lose our status as an “emerging growth company” and reach an accelerated filer threshold, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. To comply with the requirements of being a reporting company under the Exchange Act, we will need to upgrade our information technology systems, implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and hire additional accounting and finance staff. If we or, if required, our auditor is unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the trading price of our ADSs may decline.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements, as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weakness in our internal control over the financial statement closing process. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses that have been identified relate to (i) our lack of sufficient and competent financial reporting and accounting personnel with appropriate knowledge of IFRS and reporting requirements set forth by the SEC to address complex IFRS technical accounting issues, and to prepare and review consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with IFRS and SEC reporting requirements; and (ii) our lack of formal and effective financial closing policies and procedures, specifically those related to period end expenses cut-off and accruals.

We are working to remediate these material weaknesses and are taking steps to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting through the development and implementation of processes and controls over the financial reporting process. Specifically, we are working to implement the newly established period-end financial closing policies and procedures, including expense reconciliation between finance and operation departments, execute the developed staffing plan for hiring additional accounting and finance personnel in 2022, hire additional qualified resources with appropriate knowledge and expertise to handle complex accounting issues and effectively prepare financial statements and conduct regular and continuous IFRS accounting and financial reporting training programs for our financial reporting and accounting personnel. However, we cannot assure investors that these measures will significantly improve or remediate the material weaknesses described above.

We cannot assure investors that there will not be additional material weaknesses or any significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines we have a material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting once that firm begin its Section 404 reviews, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our ADSs could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

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Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third party from acquiring us, which could limit our shareholders’ opportunity to sell their shares, including ordinary shares represented by our ADSs, at a premium.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of us or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of us in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of us or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that the courts of the Cayman Islands and the U.S. federal courts will be the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for complaints against us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that, unless otherwise agreed by us, (i) the federal courts of the United States shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear, settle and/or determine any dispute, controversy or claim arising under the provisions of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, which are referred to as the “U.S. Actions;” and (ii) save for such U.S. Actions, the courts of the Cayman Islands shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear, settle and/or determine any dispute, controversy or claim whether arising out of or in connection with our articles of association or otherwise, including without limitation:

These exclusive-forum provisions may increase a shareholder’s cost and limit the shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any of our shares or other security, such as our ADSs, whether by transfer, sale, operation of law or otherwise, shall be deemed to have notice of and have irrevocably agreed and consented to these provisions. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions, and the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings. It is possible that a court could find this type of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find this provision in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could have adverse effect on our business and financial performance.

We could be subject to securities class action litigation.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us, because biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant share price volatility in recent years. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business.

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If securities or industry analysts do not continue to publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs relies in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us or our business. We do not control these analysts. If research analysts do not maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our ADSs or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline significantly.

The increasing use of social media platforms presents new risks and challenges.

Social media is increasingly being used to communicate about us and the diseases our products are designed to treat. Social media practices in the biopharmaceutical industry continue to evolve and regulations relating to such use are not always clear and create uncertainty and risk of noncompliance with regulations applicable to our business. For example, patients may use social media channels to comment on the effectiveness of a product or to report an alleged adverse event. When such disclosures occur, there is a risk that we fail to monitor and comply with applicable adverse event reporting obligations or we may not be able to defend ourselves or the public’s legitimate interests in the face of the political and market pressures generated by social media due to restrictions on what we may say about our products. There is also a risk of inappropriate disclosure of sensitive information or negative or inaccurate posts or comments about us on any social networking website. Further, there is a risk that unmerited or unsupported claims about our products may circulate on social media. If any of these events were to occur or we otherwise fail to comply with applicable regulations, we could incur liability, face overly restrictive regulatory actions, or incur other harm to us and our business, including damage to the reputation of our products.