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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

☒    ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020
or
☐    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _________________ to _____________________

Commission file number 1-5978

SIFCO Industries, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Ohio 34-0553950
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 970 East 64th Street, Cleveland Ohio
 44103
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(216) 881-8600
                (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares SIF NYSE American

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes ☒  No ☐  

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
large accelerated filer ☐ accelerated filer ☐ non-accelerated filer ☐ smaller reporting company ☒ emerging growth company ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
1
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨  
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter is $6,614,854.

The number of the Registrant’s Common Shares outstanding at October 31, 2020 was 5,916,123.

Documents incorporated by reference: Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on January 27, 2021 (Part III).
2

Annual Report on Form 10-K
For the Year-ended September 30, 2020

Table of Contents

Item Number
PART I
1
4
1A.
7
2
3
PART II
5
7
8
9
9A
9B
PART III
10
11
12
13
14
PART IV
15

3

PART I

Item 1. Business
A.The Company
SIFCO Industries, Inc. ("SIFCO," "Company," "we" or "our"), an Ohio corporation, was incorporated in 1916. The executive offices of the Company are located at 970 East 64th Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44103, and its telephone number is (216) 881-8600.

SIFCO is engaged in the production of forgings, sub-assemblies, and machined components primarily for the Aerospace and Energy ("A&E") markets. The processes and services include forging, heat-treating and machining. The Company's operations are conducted in a single business segment. Information relating to the Company's financial results is set forth in the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

COVID-19 Pandemic
In March 2020, a novel strain of coronavirus ("COVID-19") was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization and the outbreak subsequently became increasingly widespread in the United States and other countries in which the Company operates. As a result of the pandemic, governments around the world implemented stringent measures to help control the spread of the virus, including quarantines, “stay at home” orders, travel restrictions, and other measures. During this time, we took proactive measures to ensure the safety of our employees and customers as well as to preserve the Company's financial flexibility. The full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the Company continues to evolve and the full extent of the effects of the pandemic on the Company's financial condition, liquidity and future results is uncertain. Also uncertain is the timing, duration, shape and magnitude of recovery. While a number of the markets in which the Company operates have reopened, other markets, while open, have since experienced a resurgence of COVID-19 cases, while others, particularly international markets, remain closed or are enforcing renewed or extended quarantines or other restrictions.
B.Principal Products and Services
Operations
SIFCO is a manufacturer of forgings and machining components for the A&E markets. We provide our customers with envelope and precision forgings, rough and machined components, as well as sub-assemblies. SIFCO services both original equipment manufacturers ("OEM") and aftermarket customers with products that range in size from approximately 2 to 1,200 pounds. The Company's strategic vision is to build a leading A&E company positioned for long-term, stable growth and profitability.

SIFCO's long-term plan is to have a balance comprised of military and commercial aerospace revenues, supplemented with energy components. In fiscal 2020, commercial and military revenues accounted for 42.6% and 57.4% of revenues, respectively, compared with 48.9% in commercial revenues and 51.1% in military revenues in fiscal 2019. The Company's capabilities are focused on supplying critical components, consisting primarily of steel, high temperature alloys, titanium and aluminum.

SIFCO operates from multiple locations. SIFCO manufacturing facilities are located in Cleveland, Ohio ("Cleveland"); Orange, California ("Orange"); and Maniago, Italy ("Maniago"). SIFCO's operations are AS 9100D and/or ISO 9001:2015 certified and the Company also holds multiple NADCAP certifications and site approvals from key OEM customers.

The Company's success is not dependent on patents, trademarks, licenses or franchises.
Raw Materials
SIFCO generally has multiple sources for its raw materials, which consist primarily of high-quality metals essential to its business. Suppliers of such materials are located principally in North America and Europe. SIFCO generally does not depend on a single source for the supply of its materials. Due to the limited supply of certain raw materials, some material is provided by a small number of suppliers; however, SIFCO believes that its sources are adequate for its business.




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Products
SIFCO’s products are made primarily of steel, stainless steel, nickel alloy, titanium and aluminum. SIFCO's product offerings include: OEM and aftermarket components for aircraft and industrial gas turbine engines; steam turbine blades; structural airframe components; aircraft landing gear components; aircraft wheels and brakes; critical rotating components for helicopters; and commercial/industrial products. SIFCO also provides heat-treatment, surface-treatment, non-destructive testing and select machining and sub-assembly of forged components.

Industry
The performance of the domestic and international air transport industry, the energy industry, and government defense spending, directly and significantly impacts the performance of SIFCO. The impact of COVID-19 continues to be assessed by the Company. It has significantly impacted the commercial aerospace industry through the ongoing disruption of global travel, which continues to remain depressed. Therefore, as the outbreak and responses continue to be fluid and ever changing, the shape and speed of recovery for the commercial aerospace industry remain uncertain.

•SIFCO supplies new and spare components for the U.S. military for aircraft, helicopters, vehicles, and munitions. The defense budget in the United States varies from year to year, driven by defense procurement policy and government budget constraints. The defense aerospace market has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic less than the commercial aerospace. Uncertainty may arise if the government reprioritizes funding, such as potentially shifting funds to fight the pandemic or aid in recovery. Certain programs in which the Company participates have been favorable and are expected to continue.

•SIFCO supplies new and spare components for commercial aircraft, principally for large aircraft produced by Boeing and Airbus. As the pandemic has continued, the decrease in passenger air travel demand has impacted and continues to impact our customers' orders for new aircraft. Current estimates regarding the return of passenger air traffic to pre-COVID-19 levels is three to five years. Build rates, particularly the Boeing 777X, 787, 737 Max and the Airbus A320/A321neo and A350, have declined as a result of the impacts of COVID-19 on commercial air travel.

•SIFCO supplies new and spare components to the energy industry, particularly the industrial gas and steam turbine markets. The industrial gas and steam turbine markets have experienced a downturn in demand for new units in the near term. While alternative energy markets continue to strengthen, oil and gas prices are expected to rebound from historic lows. As such, it's currently anticipated that purchases of parts and supplies within the industry will increase. SIFCO has positioned itself to support OEM production in a more limited role, but with flexibility to address the demand cycle in this segment as well as continuing to support the aftermarket.

Competition
SIFCO competes with numerous companies, approximately fifteen of which are known by SIFCO.  SIFCO competes with both U.S. and non-U.S. suppliers of forgings, some of which are significantly larger than SIFCO; however, our competitors range from companies focused on the A&E markets to large diversified corporations that may also have business interests outside of the A&E markets to smaller companies that offer a limited portfolio of products in this market. SIFCO believes that it has an advantage and distinguishes itself in the primary markets it serves due to its: (i) demonstrated A&E expertise; (ii) focus on quality and customer service; (iii) operating initiatives such as SMART (Streamlined Manufacturing Activities to Reduce Time/Cost) and Six Sigma; and (iv) broad range of capabilities and offerings. As customers establish new facilities throughout the world, SIFCO will continue to encounter non-U.S. competition. SIFCO believes it can expand its market share by (i) continuing to increase capacity utilization; (ii) broadening its product lines through investment in equipment that expands its manufacturing capabilities; and (iii) developing new customers in markets where the participants require similar technical competence and service as those in the A&E industries. See further discussion of the risks relating to competition SIFCO faces in Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Government Contracts
Companies, such as SIFCO, that supply equipment and products to the U.S. military are subject to certain risks related to commercial relationships with the U.S. government and its agencies. Under the terms of these agreements, it is possible for demand and build rate to fluctuate or for the U.S. government to terminate existing contracts.




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Customers
During fiscal 2020, SIFCO had three customers that accounted for 47% of consolidated net sales; and 49% of the Company's consolidated net sales were from four customers and their direct subcontractors, which individually accounted for 16%, 13%, 10% and 10% of net sales. SIFCO believes that the loss of sales to such customers would result in a material adverse impact on the business. However, SIFCO has maintained a business relationship with these customers for many years and is currently conducting business with them under multi-year agreements. Although there is no assurance that these relationships will continue, historically, as one or more major customers have reduced their purchases, SIFCO has generally been successful in gaining new business, thereby avoiding a material adverse impact on the Company. SIFCO relies on its ability to adapt its services and operations to changing requirements of the market in general and its customers in particular. No material part of SIFCO’s business is seasonal. For additional financial information about geographic areas, refer to Note 12, Business Information, of the consolidated financial statements.

Backlog of Orders
SIFCO’s total backlog as of September 30, 2020 decreased to $91.1 million, compared with $117.6 million as of September 30, 2019. Orders for delivery scheduled in the upcoming fiscal year 2021 decreased to $63.6 million compared with $93.8 million scheduled in fiscal 2020. Orders may be subject to modification or cancellation by the customer with limited charges. The decrease in total backlog as of September 30, 2020 compared with the previous year is primarily due to timing of annual awards and SIFCO's customers adjusting orders as a result of impacts of COVID-19 on the commercial airline industry. The continuing uncertainty regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and its duration and impact on the commercial airline industry is expected and may continue to impact sales order backlog growth in that market into fiscal 2021. Backlog information may not be indicative of future sales.

C.Regulatory Matters
The Company is subject to a number of domestic and foreign regulations relating to our operations worldwide and is required to comply with various environmental, health, and employee safety laws and regulations. The Company believes that it is in compliance with these laws and regulations. Historically, compliance with such laws and regulations have not had, and are not presently expected to have a material effect on capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position of the Company or its subsidiaries under existing regulations and interpretations. Nevertheless, the Company cannot guarantee that, in the future, it will not incur additional costs for compliance or that such costs will not be material.

D.Employees
The number of SIFCO employees were approximately 434 at the beginning of fiscal 2020 and increased to approximately 446 employees at the end of fiscal 2020. The increase in employee headcount is a result of increasing production at the Orange location as a result of the progress in the restoration from the fire incident that occurred in fiscal 2019. The Company’s employees include full-time, part-time, and temporary employees. Approximately 73% of our employees were located within the U.S. and 27% of our employees were located in Italy. Approximately 64% of our workforce within the U.S. is composed of skilled and unskilled labor, and the remaining population includes management, corporate, administrative and support staff.

The Company is a party to collective bargaining agreements ("CBA") with certain employees within the Cleveland location. The Cleveland location has two bargaining units; the Company ratified its CBA with one such unit in December 2019. The second bargaining unit received notice in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 from the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Union that they were disclaiming all interest in representing such unit. In the same quarter, the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers Union filed a petition to represent such unit. In June 2020, the National Labor Relations Board certified the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers as the elected representative of the Company’s second bargaining unit.  Negotiations with this second bargaining group are ongoing and there have been no work disruptions as the Company continues to operate per the terms of the previous contract. The Company’s obligations will be more fully understood following the ratification of a collective bargaining agreement. The Maniago location is party to the National Collective Agreement in Metalworking, which expired in December 2019. Negotiations have been ongoing regarding such agreement; however, until an agreement is reached, Maniago will continue to apply existing terms of its most recent contract.

The skills, experience and industry knowledge of our employees significantly benefit our operations and performance. There are several ways in which we attract, develop, and retain highly qualified talent, including by making the safety and health of our employees a top priority. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we developed, implemented, and have maintained procedures and protocols to minimize the risk to the health and safety of our employees while allowing us to continue to operate our facilities and provide our products to our customers on a timely basis. Included among these procedures were providing for remote work where practicable and implementing protocols for social distancing, disinfecting, sanitation and
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mask-wearing. Throughout the pandemic, we have consistently been able to meet our customers' demands for our products, while at the same time making the necessary investments to ensure that we prioritize the health, safety and welfare of our employees.

E.Non-U.S. Operations
The Company's products are distributed in the U.S. as well as non-U.S. markets.

Financial information about the Company's U.S. and non-U.S. operations is set forth in Note 12, Business Information, of the consolidated financial statements.

F.Available Information
The Company files annual, quarterly, and current reports, proxy statements, and other documents with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The public can obtain any documents that are filed by the Company at http://www.sec.gov.
    
In addition, our annual reports on Form 10-K, as well as our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to all of the foregoing reports, are made available free of charge on or through the “Investor Relations” section of our website at www.sifco.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC.
 
Information relating to our corporate governance at SIFCO, including the Audit Committee, Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee and Compensation Committee Charters, as well as the Corporate Governance Guidelines and Policies and the Code of Conduct & Ethics adopted by our Board of Directors, is available free of charge on or through the “Investor Relations” section of our website at www.sifco.com. References to our website or the SEC’s website do not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on such websites, and such information is not part of this Form 10-K.


Item 1A. Risk Factors
Set forth below are material risks and uncertainties that could negatively affect our business and financial condition and could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements contained in this report. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations and financial condition. We face risks related to the COVID-19 outbreak and actions in response thereto, which have exacerbated or could further exacerbate conditions in our risk factors noted below.

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations
We are subject to the cyclical nature of the A&E industries and the continuing or further downturn in these industries could adversely impact the demand for our products.
The commercial aerospace industry is historically driven by the demand from commercial airlines for new aircraft. Demand for commercial aircraft is influenced by airline industry profitability, trends in airline passenger traffic, the state of U.S. and world economies, the ability of aircraft purchasers to obtain required financing and numerous other factors including the effects of terrorism, health and safety concerns and environmental constraints imposed upon aircraft operators. The commercial aerospace industry has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and may continue to be negatively impacted for a prolonged period of time and the magnitude of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on this industry cannot be fully understood at this time. We have experienced changes in demands from our customers in this market and the reduction in demand for commercial aircraft will adversely impact our net sales and operating results.

The military aerospace cycle is highly dependent on U.S. and foreign government funding; as well as the effects of terrorism, a changing global political environment, U.S. foreign policy, the retirement of older aircraft and technological improvements to new engines. Accordingly, the timing, duration and severity of cyclical upturns and downturns cannot be forecast with certainty. Downturns or reductions in demand could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The energy industry is also cyclical in nature. Demand for our new and spare components in this industry is, in turn, driven by the global demand for energy, which is affected by, among other factors, the state of the world economies, the political environments of numerous countries and environmental constraints. The availability of alternative energy and oil and gas, and related prices, also have a large impact on demand. Reductions in demand for products in this market could have a material adverse effect on our business.
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Cyclical declines or sustained weakness in these markets could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Government spending priorities and terms may change in a manner adverse to our business.
At times, our supplying of products to the U.S. military has been adversely affected by significant changes in U.S. defense and national security budgets. Budget changes that result in a decline in overall spending, program delays, program cancellations or a slowing of new program starts on programs in which we participate could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations. Future levels of expenditures and authorizations for defense-related programs by the U.S. government may decrease, remain constant or shift to programs in areas where we do not currently provide products, thereby reducing the chances that we will be awarded new contracts.

SIFCO has contracts for programs where the period of performance may exceed one year. Congress and certain foreign governments must usually approve funds for a given program each fiscal year and may significantly reduce funding of a program in a particular year. Significant reductions in these appropriations or the amount of new defense contracts awarded may affect our ability to complete contracts, obtain new work and grow our business. At times when there are perceived threats to national security, U.S. defense spending can increase; at other times, defense spending can decrease. Future levels of defense spending are uncertain and subject to congressional debate. Any reduction in future U.S. defense spending levels could adversely impact our sales, operating profit and our cash flow.

Failure to retain existing contracts or win new contracts under competitive bidding processes may adversely affect our sales.
SIFCO obtains most of its contracts through a competitive bidding process, and substantially all of the business that we expect to seek in the foreseeable future likely will be subject to a competitive bidding process. Competitive bidding presents a number of risks, including:

a.the need to compete against companies or teams of companies with more financial and marketing resources and more experience in bidding on and performing major contracts than we have;
b.the need to compete against companies or teams of companies that may be long-term, entrenched incumbents for a particular contract for which we are competing and that have, as a result, greater domain expertise and better customer relations;
c.the need to compete to retain existing contracts that have in the past been awarded to us on a sole-source basis or that have been incumbent for a long time;
d.the award of contracts to providers offering solutions at the “lowest price technically acceptable,” which may lower the profit we may generate under a contract awarded using this pricing method or prevent us from submitting a bid for such work due to us deeming such work to be unprofitable;
e.the reduction of margins achievable under any contracts awarded to us;
f.the need to bid on some programs in advance of the completion of their specifications, which may result in unforeseen technological difficulties or increased costs that lower our profitability;
g.the substantial cost and managerial time and effort, including design, development and marketing activities, necessary to prepare bids and proposals for contracts that may not be awarded to us;
h.the need to develop, introduce and implement new and enhanced solutions to our customers’ needs;
i.the need to locate and contract with teaming partners and subcontractors;
j.the need to accurately estimate the resources and cost structure that will be required to perform any contract that we are awarded; and
k.long term agreements - changes in our cost profile over the life of a long-term agreement.

If SIFCO wins a contract, and upon expiration, the customer requires further services of the type provided by the contract, there is frequently a competitive rebidding process. There can be no assurance that we will win any particular bid, that we will win the contract at the same profit margin, or that we will be able to replace business lost upon expiration or completion of a contract.

If SIFCO is unable to consistently retain existing contracts or win new contract awards, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.







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The Company may not receive the full amounts estimated under the contracts in our total backlog, which could reduce our sales in future periods below the levels anticipated, and which makes backlog an uncertain indicator of future operating results.
As of September 30, 2020, our total backlog was $91.1 million. Orders may be canceled and scope adjustments may occur, and we may not realize the full amounts of sales that we anticipate in our backlog numbers. Further, there is no assurance that our customers will purchase all the orders represented in our backlog, due in part to the U.S. government’s ability to modify, curtail or terminate major programs. Additionally, the timing of receipt of orders, if any, on contracts included in our backlog could change. The failure to realize amounts reflected in our backlog could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in future periods.

SIFCO business is dependent on a small number of direct and indirect customers.
A substantial portion of SIFCO's business is conducted with a relatively small number of large direct and indirect customers. In fiscal 2020, three customers accounted for approximately 47% percent of our consolidated net sales and 49% of the Company’s consolidated net sales were from four customers and their direct subcontractors. A financial hardship experienced by any one of these key customers, the loss of any of them or a reduction in or substantial delay of orders from any of them could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The Company's failure to identify, attract and retain qualified personnel could adversely affect our existing business, financial condition and results of operations.
SIFCO may not be able to identify, attract or retain qualified technical personnel, sales and customer service personnel, employees with expertise in forging, or management personnel to supervise such activities. We may also not attract and retain employees who share the Company's core values, who can maintain and grow our existing business, and who are suited to work in a public company environment, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The Company's business could be negatively affected by cybersecurity threats, information systems interruptions, intrusions or new software implementations and other disruptions.
SIFCO faces cyber threats, as well as the potential for business disruptions associated with information technology failures and interruptions, new software implementation, and damaging weather or other acts of nature, and pandemics or other public health crises, which may adversely affect our business.

Although we continue to review and enhance our systems and cybersecurity controls, SIFCO has experienced and expects to continue to experience cybersecurity threats, including threats to our information technology infrastructure and attempts to gain access to the Company’s sensitive information, as do our customers, suppliers and subcontractors. Although we maintain information security policies and procedures to prevent, detect, and mitigate these threats, information system disruptions, equipment failures or cybersecurity attacks, such as unauthorized access, malicious software and other intrusions, could still occur and may lead to potential data corruption, exposure of proprietary and confidential information. Further, while SIFCO works cooperatively with its customers, suppliers and subcontractors to seek to minimize the impacts of cyber threats, other security threats or business disruptions, in addition to our internal processes, procedures and systems, it must also rely on the safeguards put in place by those entities.

Any intrusion, disruption, breach or similar event may cause operational stoppages, fines, penalties, diminished competitive advantages through reputational damages and increased operational costs. The costs related to cyber or other security threats or disruptions may not be fully mitigated by insurance or other means. Further, these risks may be increased to the extent employees work from home as part of our response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The occurrence of any of these events could adversely affect our internal operations, the services we provide to customers, our competitive advantages, our future financial results, our reputation, our stock price, and lead to early obsolescence of our products and services. The occurrence of any of these events could also result in civil and/or criminal liabilities.

SIFCO relies on our suppliers to meet the quality or delivery expectations of our customers.
The ability to deliver SIFCO's products on schedule is dependent upon a variety of factors, including execution of internal performance plans, availability of raw materials, internal and supplier produced parts and structures, conversion of raw materials into parts and assemblies, and performance of suppliers and others. We rely on numerous third-party suppliers for raw materials and a large proportion of the components used in our production process. Certain of these raw materials and components are available only from single sources or a limited number of suppliers, or similarly, customers’ specifications may require SIFCO to obtain raw materials and/or components from a single source or certain suppliers. Many of our suppliers are small companies with limited financial resources and manufacturing capabilities. We do not currently have the ability to manufacture these components ourselves. Consequently, we risk disruptions in our supply of key products and components if our suppliers fail or are unable to perform because of shortages in raw materials, operational problems, strikes, natural disasters,
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health crises (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) or other factors. We may have disputes with our vendors arising from, among other things, the quality of products and services or customer concerns about the vendor. If any of our vendors fail to timely meet their contractual obligations or have regulatory compliance or other problems, our ability to fulfill our obligations may be jeopardized. Economic downturns can adversely affect a vendor’s ability to manufacture or deliver products. Further, vendors may also be enjoined from manufacturing and distributing products to us as a result of litigation filed by third parties, including intellectual property litigation. If SIFCO were to experience difficulty in obtaining certain products, there could be an adverse effect on its results of operations and on its customer relationships and our reputation. Additionally, our key vendors could also increase pricing of their products, which could negatively affect our ability to win contracts by offering competitive prices.

Any material supply disruptions could adversely affect our ability to perform our obligations under our contracts and could result in cancellation of contracts or purchase orders, penalties, delays in realizing revenues, and payment delays, as well as adversely affect our ongoing product cost structure.

Failure to perform by our subcontractors could materially and adversely affect our contract performance and its ability to obtain future business.
The performance of contracts often involves subcontractors, upon which we rely to complete delivery of products to our customers. SIFCO may have disputes with subcontractors. A failure by a subcontractor to satisfactorily deliver products can adversely affect our ability to perform our obligations as a prime contractor. Any subcontractor performance deficiencies could result in the customer terminating our contract for default, which could expose us to liability for excess costs of re-procurement by the customer and have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete for other contracts.

The Company's future success depends on the ability to meet the needs of its customer requirements in a timely manner.
The Company believes that the commercial A&E markets in which we operate require sophisticated manufacturing and system-integration techniques and capabilities using composite and metallic materials. The Company’s success depends to a significant extent on our ability to acquire, develop, execute and maintain such sophisticated techniques and capabilities to meet the needs of our customers and to bring those products to market quickly and at cost-effective prices. If we are unable to acquire and/or develop, execute and maintain such techniques and capabilities, we may experience an adverse effect to our business, financial condition or results of operation.

The Company faces certain significant risk exposures and potential liabilities that may not be covered adequately by insurance or indemnity.
We are exposed to liabilities that are unique to the products we provide. While we maintain insurance for certain risks, the amount of insurance or indemnity may not be adequate to cover all claims or liabilities, and we may be forced to bear substantial costs from an accident or incident. It also is not possible for SIFCO to obtain insurance to protect against all operational risks and liabilities. Substantial claims resulting from an incident in excess of the indemnification we receive and our insurance coverage would harm our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Moreover, any accident or incident for which we are liable, even if fully insured, could negatively affect our standing with our customers and the public, thereby making it more difficult for us to compete effectively, and could significantly impact the cost and availability of adequate insurance in the future.

The Company's business is subject to risks associated with international operations.
SIFCO has operations in Maniago, Italy. A number of risks inherent in international operations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, including:

a.fluctuations in U.S. dollar value arising from transactions denominated in foreign currencies and the translation of certain foreign currency subsidiary balances;
b.difficulties in staffing and managing multi-national operations;
c.general economic and political uncertainties and potential for social unrest in countries in which we or our customers operate;
d.limitations on our ability to enforce legal rights and remedies;
e.restrictions on the repatriation of funds;
f.changes in trade policies, laws, regulations, political leadership and environment, and/or security risks;
g.tariff regulations;
h.difficulties in obtaining export and import licenses and compliance with export/import controls and regulations;
i.the risk of government financed competition;
j.compliance with a variety of international laws as well as U.S. regulations, rules and practices affecting the activities of companies abroad; and
k.difficulties in managing and staffing international operations and the required infrastructure costs, including legal, tax, accounting, and information technology.

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We operate in a highly competitive and price sensitive industry, and customer pricing pressures could reduce the demand and/or price for our products and services.
The end-user markets SIFCO serves are highly competitive and price sensitive. We compete globally with a number of domestic and international companies that have substantially greater manufacturing, purchasing, marketing and financial resources than we do. Many of SIFCO's customers have the in-house capability to fulfill their manufacturing requirements. SIFCO's larger competitors may be able to vie more effectively for very large-scale contracts than we can by providing different or greater capabilities or benefits such as technical qualifications, past performance on large-scale contracts, geographic presence, price and availability of key professional personnel. If SIFCO is unable to successfully compete for new business, our net sales growth and operating margins may decline. Competitive pricing pressures may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results. Further, there can be no assurance that competition from existing or potential competitors will not have a material adverse effect on our financial results. If SIFCO does not continue to compete effectively and win contracts, our future business, financial condition, results of operations and our ability to meet its financial obligations may be materially compromised.

The Company uses estimates when pricing contracts and any changes in such estimates could have an adverse effect on our profitability and our overall financial performance.
When agreeing to contractual terms, some of which extend for multiple years, SIFCO makes assumptions and projections about future conditions and events. These projections assess the productivity and availability of labor, complexity of the work to be performed, cost and availability of materials, impact of delayed performance and timing of product deliveries. Contract pricing requires judgment relative to assessing risks, estimating contract revenues and costs, and making assumptions for schedule and technical issues. Due to the size and nature of many of our contracts, the estimation of total revenues and costs at completion is complicated and subject to many variables. For example, assumptions are made regarding the length of time to complete a contract since costs also include expected increases in wages, prices for materials and allocated fixed costs. Similarly, assumptions are made regarding the future impact of our efficiency initiatives and cost reduction efforts. Incentives, awards or penalties related to performance on contracts are considered in estimating revenue and profit rates and are recorded when there is sufficient information to assess anticipated performance. Suppliers' assertions are also assessed and considered in estimating costs and profit rates.

Because of the significance of the judgment and estimation processes described above, it is possible that materially different amounts could be obtained if different assumptions were used or if the underlying circumstances were to change. Changes in underlying assumptions, circumstances or estimates may have a material adverse effect upon the profitability of one or more of the affected contracts, future period financial reporting and performance.

Our technologies could become obsolete, reducing our revenues and profitability.
Technologies related to our products have undergone, and in the future may undergo, significant changes and the future of our business will depend in large part upon the continuing relevance of our forging capabilities. SIFCO could encounter competition from new or revised technologies that render its technologies and equipment less profitable or obsolete in our chosen markets and our operating results may suffer.

If the Company fails to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, it may not be able to accurately or timely report its financial results. As a result, current and potential shareholders could lose confidence in the Company's financial reporting, which would harm the business and the trading price of its common stock.
As further described in Item 9A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020, management identified a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and determined that SIFCO’s internal control over financial reporting and its disclosure controls and procedures were not effective. Management identified a material weaknesses related to insufficient review of specific controls associated with revenue, inventory and income taxes at its Maniago location. Until remediated, these material weaknesses could result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As with any internal control deficiency, there can be no assurance that our remedial measures will be successful or otherwise sufficient to address the material weakness. If the Company is unable to remediate the material weaknesses, or is otherwise unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, the Company’s ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within required time periods, could be adversely affected, which could subject the Company to litigation or investigations requiring management resources and payment of legal and other expenses, including civil penalties, negatively affect investor confidence in our financial statements and adversely impact our stock price.


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Labor disruptions by our employees could adversely affect our business.
As of September 30, 2020, we employed approximately 446 people. Two of our locations are parties to collective bargaining agreements. Although we have not experienced any material labor-related work stoppage and consider our relations with our employees to be good, labor stoppages may occur in the future. If the unionized workers were to engage in a strike or other work stoppage, or if SIFCO is unable to negotiate acceptable collective bargaining agreements with the unions, or if other employees were to become unionized, we could experience a significant disruption of our operations, higher ongoing labor costs and possible loss of customer contracts, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Risks Related to Financial Matters

Global economic conditions may adversely impact our business, operating results or financial condition.
Disruption and volatility in global financial markets may lead to increased rates of default and bankruptcy and may negatively impact consumer and business spending levels. In 2020, the widespread public health crisis caused by the COVID-19 outbreak has adversely impacted the economies and financial markets worldwide, resulting in an economic downturn that has adversely impacted many businesses, including ours. The pandemic and other events could adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition. Current or potential customers may delay or decrease spending on our products and services as their business and/or budgets are impacted by economic conditions. The inability of current and potential customers to pay SIFCO for its products and services may adversely affect its earnings and cash flows.

Our indebtedness and restrictive covenants under our credit facilities could limit our operational and financial flexibility.
We have incurred significant indebtedness, and may incur additional debt in the future. Our ability to make interest and scheduled principal payments and operate within restrictive covenants could be adversely impacted by changes in the availability, terms and cost of capital, changes in interest rates or changes in our credit ratings or our outlook. These changes could increase our cost of business, limiting our ability to pursue acquisition opportunities, react to market conditions and meet operational and capital needs, thereby placing us at a competitive disadvantage. Further, the Company's credit agreement matures within the next 12 months. While it is the intent of the Company's management to refinance its credit facilities with the existing lender, no assurances can be made that such refinancing will be completed or completed on similar terms to the existing credit facilities.

If we do not meet the standards for forgiveness of our PPP Loan, we may be required to repay the loan over a period of two years.
On April 10, 2020, we entered into a promissory note evidencing an unsecured $5.0 million loan under the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP Loan”). The Paycheck Protection Program (or “PPP”) was established under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and is administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration. The PPP Loan was made by the Company’s current lenders. The term of the PPP Loan is two years and the interest rate on the PPP Loan is 0.98%. Although the Company intends to apply for forgiveness of all or a portion of its PPP Loan (with such forgiveness based on the use of loan proceeds for payroll costs and mortgage interest, rent or utility costs and the maintenance of employee and compensation levels), we make no representations that we will qualify for forgiveness of all or part of the PPP Loan. While we expect to meet the standards for full forgiveness of the PPP Loan, there can be no assurance that we will meet such standards. Further, as a consequence of post-PPP Loan rule making by the Small Business Administration, shifting regulatory guidance and/or other factors, we may be required to repay the PPP Loan before its expected maturity date.

The funding and costs associated with our pension plans and significant changes in key estimates and assumptions, such as discount rates and assumed long-term returns on assets, actual investment returns on our pension plan assets, and legislative and regulatory actions could affect our earnings, equity and contributions to our pension plans in future periods.
Certain of the Company's employees are covered by its noncontributory defined benefit pension plans (“Plans”). The impact of these Plans on our earnings may be volatile in that the amount of expense we record and may materially change from year to year because those calculations are sensitive to changes in several key economic assumptions, including discount rates, inflation, expected return on plan assets, retirement rates and mortality rates. These pension costs are dependent on significant judgment in the use of various estimates and assumptions, particularly with respect to the discount rate and expected long-term rates of return on plan assets. Changes to these estimates and assumptions could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Differences between actual investment returns and our assumed long-term returns on assets will result in changes in future pension expense and the funded status of our Plans, and could increase future funding of the Plans. Changes in these factors affect our plan funding, cash flows, earnings, and shareholders’ equity. Additionally, the Company contributed to a multi-employer retirement plan. While the Company withdrew from this plan to mitigate future costs, the Company may be subject to liability in connection with such withdrawal (see Note 8, Retirement Benefit Plans).


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Market volatility and adverse capital or credit market conditions may affect our ability to access cost-effective sources of funding and may expose SIFCO to risks associated with the financial viability of suppliers.
The financial markets can experience high levels of volatility and disruption, reducing the availability of credit for certain issuers and the financial markets have undergone significant volatility in reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The tightening of the credit market and standards, as well as capital market volatility, could negatively impact our ability to obtain additional debt financing on terms equivalent to our existing Credit Agreement. Capital market uncertainty and volatility, together with the Company’s market capitalization and status as a smaller reporting company, could also negatively impact our ability to obtain capital market financing or bank financing on favorable terms, or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Tightening credit markets could also adversely affect our suppliers' ability to obtain financing. Delays in suppliers' ability to obtain financing, or the unavailability of financing, could negatively affect their ability to perform their contracts with SIFCO and cause our inability to meet our contract obligations. The inability of our suppliers to obtain financing could also result in the need for us to transition to alternate suppliers, which could result in significant incremental costs and delays.

A write-off of all or part of our goodwill or other intangible assets could adversely affect our operating results and net worth.
Goodwill and other intangible assets are a component of our assets. At September 30, 2020, goodwill was $3.5 million and other intangible assets were $1.9 million of our total assets of $121.9 million. We may have to write off all or part of our goodwill or other intangible assets if their value becomes impaired. Although this write-off would be a non-cash charge, it could reduce our earnings and our financial condition.

General Risks
Our business is subject to risks associated with widespread public health crises, including the current COVID-19 pandemic.
In March 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, and the outbreak subsequently became increasingly widespread in the United States and other countries in which we conduct business. While we continue to actively monitor the pandemic and take steps to mitigate the risks posed by its spread, there is no guarantee that our efforts will mitigate the adverse impacts of COVID-19 or will be effective. Uncertain factors relating to the COVID-19 pandemic continue to include the duration of the outbreak, the severity of the disease, and the actions taken, or perception of actions that may be taken, to contain or treat its impact, including declarations and/or re-instituting states of emergency, business closures, manufacturing restrictions and a prolonged period of travel, commercial and/or other similar restrictions and limitations.

The pandemic is affecting and is expected to continue to affect certain elements of our operations and business. We have experienced operational interruptions as a result of COVID-19, including the temporary suspension of operations at our facilities in Maniago, Italy and border closures that have resulted in delayed shipments, as well as temporary interruptions of the Company's other facilities in order to undertake deep cleaning and other preventative measures. Further or more prolonged operational disruptions in the U.S. or other locations in which we or our customers operate could have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations.

We have experienced and expect to continue to experience unpredictable changes in demand from the markets we serve. The A&E industries have been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of various restrictions on air travel and concern regarding air travel during a pandemic. These factors have caused reductions in demand for commercial aircraft, which will adversely impact our net sales and operating results and may continue to do so for an extended period of time. Further, an overall reduction in business activity as a result of the disruption has led to a continued softening of the energy market. If the pandemic continues and conditions worsen, we may experience additional adverse impacts on our operations, costs, customer orders, and collections of accounts receivable, which may be material. While we are unable to predict the magnitude of the impact of these factors at this time, the loss of, or significant reduction in, purchases by our large customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Additionally, the pandemic could lead to an extended disruption of economic activity whereby the impact on our consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows could be material. While the potential economic impact brought by and the duration of the coronavirus outbreak may be difficult to assess or predict, the continuation of a widespread pandemic could result in significant or sustained disruption of global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect our liquidity. While the Company believes it has adequate cash/liquidity available to finance its operations, our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness, depends on our future performance, which is subject to general economic, financial, competitive and other factors (including
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the continued impact of COVID-19) beyond our control. In addition, while we believe we have taken appropriate steps to maintain a safe workplace to protect our employees from contracting and spreading the coronavirus, we may not be able to prevent the spread of the virus among our employees, face litigation or other proceedings making claims related to unsafe working conditions, inadequate protection of our employees or other claims. Any of these claims, even if without merit, could result in costly litigation or divert management's attention and resources. Furthermore, we may face a sustained disruption to our operations due to one or more of the factors described above.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic may also exacerbate other risks and uncertainties the Company faces or may face. The impact depends on the severity and duration of the current COVID-19 pandemic and actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties in response, each of which is uncertain, rapidly changing and difficult to predict.

The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly.
An active, liquid and orderly market for our common stock may not be sustained, which could depress the trading price of our common stock.

Volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent you from being able to sell your shares at or above the price you paid for your shares or at all. The market price of our common stock could fluctuate significantly for various reasons, which include:
a.our quarterly or annual earnings or those of our competitors or our significant customers;
b.the public’s reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission;
c.changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by research analysts who track the stocks of our competitors;
d.new laws or regulations or new interpretations of laws or regulations applicable to our business;
e.changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;
f.changes in general conditions in the domestic and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, health crises (such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic) or responses to such events;
g.litigation involving our company or investigations or audits by regulators into the operations of our company or our competitors;
h.strategic action by our competitors;
i.sales of common stock by our directors, executive officers and significant shareholders; and
j.our stock being closely held by insider holdings and is thinly traded which impacts price volatility.

In addition, the stock market in general has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may significantly affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of actual operating performance. In addition, in the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. If litigation is instituted against us, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

Unanticipated changes in our tax provisions or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect our profitability and cash flow.
SIFCO is subject to income taxes in the United States, Italy and Ireland. Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes. In the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Changes in applicable income tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation, could result in higher or lower income tax rates or changes in the taxability of certain sales or the deductibility of certain expenses, thereby affecting our income tax expense and profitability. In addition, the final results of any tax audits or related litigation could be materially different from our related historical income tax provisions and accruals. Additionally, changes in our tax rate as a result of changes in our overall profitability, changes in tax legislation, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in differences between financial reporting income and taxable income, the examination of previously filed tax returns by taxing authorities and continuing assessments of our tax exposures can also impact our tax liabilities and affect our income tax expense, profitability and cash flow.

Damage or destruction of our facilities caused by storms, earthquakes or other causes could adversely affect our financial results and financial condition.
We have operations located in regions of the world that may be exposed to damaging storms, earthquakes and other natural disasters as well as other events outside of our control, such as fires, floods and other catastrophic events. Although we maintain standard property casualty insurance covering our properties and may be able to recover costs associated with certain natural disasters through insurance. Even if covered by insurance, any significant damage or destruction of our facilities due to such events could result in its inability to meet customer delivery schedules and may result in the loss of customers and
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significant additional costs to SIFCO. Thus, any significant damage or destruction of our properties could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The occurrence of litigation where we could be named as a defendant is unpredictable.
From time to time, we are involved in various legal and other proceedings that are incidental to the conduct of our business. While we believe no current proceedings, if adversely determined, could have a material adverse effect on our financial results, no assurances can be given. Any such claims may divert financial and management resources that would otherwise be used to benefit our operations and could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

Our operations are subject to environmental laws, and complying with those laws may cause us to incur significant costs.
Our operations and facilities are subject to numerous stringent environmental laws and regulations. Although we believe that we are in compliance with these laws and regulations, future changes in these laws, regulations or interpretations of them, or changes in the nature of our operations may require us to make significant capital expenditures to ensure compliance.


Item 2. Properties
The Company’s property, plant and equipment include the facilities described below and a substantial quantity of machinery and equipment, most of which consists of industry specific machinery and equipment using special dies, jigs, tools and fixtures and in many instances having automatic control features and special adaptations. In general, the Company’s property, plant and equipment are in good operating condition, are well maintained, and its facilities are in regular use. The Company considers its investment in property, plant and equipment as of September 30, 2020 suitable and adequate given the current product offerings for the respective operations in the current business environment. The square footage numbers set forth in the following paragraphs are approximations:
•SIFCO operates and manufactures in multiple facilities—(i) an owned 240,000 square foot facility located in Cleveland, Ohio, which is also the site of the Company’s corporate headquarters, (ii) leased facilities aggregating approximately 70,500 square feet located in Orange, California, and (iii) owned facilities aggregating approximately 91,000 square feet located in Maniago, Italy.


Item 3. Legal Proceedings
In the normal course of business, the Company may be involved in ordinary, routine legal actions. The Company cannot reasonably estimate future costs, if any, related to these matters and does not believe any such matters are material to its financial condition or results of operations. The Company maintains various liability insurance coverages to protect its assets from losses arising out of or involving activities associated with ongoing and normal business operations; however, it is possible that the Company’s future operating results could be affected by future costs of litigation. See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies, of the consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the legal proceedings in which the Company is involved.


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Executive Officers of the Registrant

Set forth below is certain information concerning the Company's executive officers. The executive officers are appointed annually by the Board of Directors.

•Peter W. Knapper - President and Chief Executive Officer
•Thomas R. Kubera - Chief Financial Officer
Name Age Title and Business Experience
Peter W. Knapper 59 President and Chief Executive Officer since June 2016. Prior to joining SIFCO, Mr. Knapper worked for the TECT Corporation from 2007 to 2016 and was the Director of Strategy and Site Development. TECT offers the aerospace, power-generation, transportation, marine, and medical industries a combination of capabilities unique among metal component manufacturers. Prior to this role, Mr. Knapper, served as President of TECT Aerospace and Vice President of Operations of TECT Power. In addition, Mr. Knapper spent five years at Rolls Royce Energy Systems, Inc., a subsidiary of Rolls-Royce Holdings plc, as the Director of Component Manufacturing and Assembly. Mr. Knapper brings his strategic and industry experience to his role in management and to the Board of the Company.
Thomas R. Kubera 61 Chief Financial Officer since August 8, 2018. Prior to his appointment, Mr. Kubera was Interim Chief Financial Officer from July 1, 2017 to August 7, 2018 and Chief Accounting Officer since January 31, 2018. Mr. Kubera was Corporate Controller from May 2014 and had served as Interim Chief Financial Officer from April 2015 to May 2015. Prior to joining SIFCO, Mr. Kubera was previously at Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc. (previously known as Cliffs Natural Resources, Inc.) from April 2005 through 2014, most recently as the Controller of Global Operations Services. He also held several assistant controller positions and was a Senior Manager of External Reporting while at Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc.


PART II

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Form 10-K may contain various forward-looking statements and includes assumptions concerning the Company’s operations, future results and prospects. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and are subject to risk and uncertainties. In connection with the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, the Company provides this cautionary statement identifying important economic, political and technological factors, among others, the absence or effect of which could cause the actual results or events to differ materially from those set forth in or implied by the forward-looking statements and related assumptions. Such factors include the following: (1) the impact on business conditions in general, and on the demand for product in the A&E industries in particular, of the global economic outlook, including the continuation of military spending at or near current levels and the availability of capital and liquidity from banks, the financial markets and other providers of credit; (2) the future business environment, including capital and consumer spending; (3) competitive factors, including the ability to replace business that may be lost at comparable margins; (4) metals and commodities price increases and the Company’s ability to recover such price increases; (5) successful development and market introduction of new products and services; (6) continued reliance on consumer acceptance of regional and business aircraft powered by more fuel efficient turboprop engines; (7) continued reliance on military spending, in general, and/or several major customers, in particular, for revenues; (8) the impact on future contributions to the Company’s defined benefit pension plans due to changes in actuarial assumptions, government regulations and the market value of plan assets; (9) stable governments, business conditions, laws, regulations and taxes in economies where business is conducted; (10) the ability to successfully integrate businesses that may be acquired into the Company’s operations; (11) cyber and other security threats or disruptions faced by us, our customers or our suppliers and other partners; (12) our exposure to additional risks as a result of our international business, including risks related to geopolitical and economic factors, suppliers, laws and regulations; (13) the ability to maintain a qualified workforce; (14) the adequacy and availability of our insurance coverage; (15) our ability to develop new products and technologies and maintain technologies, facilities, and equipment to win new competitions and meet the needs of our customers; (16) our ability to realize amounts in our backlog; (17) investigations, claims, disputes, enforcement actions, litigation and/or other legal proceedings; (18) extraordinary or force majeure events affecting the business or operations of our business; and (19) the impact of the novel COVID-19 pandemic and related impact on the global economy, which may exacerbate the above factors and/or impact our results of operations and financial condition.


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Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The Company’s Common Shares are traded on the NYSE American exchange under the symbol “SIF.”

Dividends and Shareholders

The Company did not declare a cash dividend during fiscal 2020 or fiscal 2019. The Company will continue to evaluate the payment of dividends annually based on its relative profitability, available resources, and investment strategies. The Company currently intends to retain a significant majority of its earnings for operations and to aid in mitigating the uncertainty of the impact to COVID-19. Additionally, the Company’s ability to declare or pay cash dividends is limited by its credit agreement. At October 30, 2020, there were approximately 373 shareholders of record of the Company’s Common Shares, as reported by Computershare, Inc., the Company’s Transfer Agent and Registrar, which maintains its U.S. corporate offices at 250 Royall Street, Canton, MA 02021.
Reference Part III, Item 12. “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” for information related to the Company’s equity compensation plans.


Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

SIFCO is engaged in the production of forgings and machined and sub-assembled components primarily for the A&E markets. The processes and services include forging, heat-treating and machining. The Company operates under one business segment.

When planning and evaluating its business operations, the Company takes into consideration certain factors, including the following: (i) the projected build rate for commercial, business and military aircraft, as well as the engines that power such aircraft; (ii) the projected build rate for industrial steam and gas turbine engines; and (iii) the projected maintenance, repair and overhaul schedules for commercial, business and military aircraft, as well as the engines that power such aircraft.

The Company operates within a cost structure that includes a significant fixed component. Therefore, higher net sales volumes are expected to result in greater operating income because such higher volumes allow the business operations to better leverage the fixed component of their respective cost structures. Conversely, the opposite effect is expected to occur at lower net sales and related production volumes.

A.         Results of Operations
Overview
The Company produces forged components for (i) turbine engines that power commercial, business and regional aircraft as well as military aircraft and armored military vehicles; (ii) airframe applications for a variety of aircraft; (iii) industrial gas and steam turbine engines for power generation units; and (iv) other commercial applications.

In fiscal 2020, the Company continued to make significant progress in the restoration of its operations at the manufacturing facility at the Company’s Orange location, which was damaged by a fire that occurred in fiscal 2019. As part of these efforts, the Company continued to actively work with its insurance carrier to obtain insurance proceeds in order to restore its Orange location to full service as safely and quickly as possible following the fire. SIFCO relocated a press to Orange from a temporary Michigan location in November 2019, which was placed into service in March 2020, and two other presses were brought into service at the Orange location, one in December 2019 and the second at the end of July 2020. Restoration of the building structure is nearly complete. As of September 30, 2020, Orange had six out of eight presses in production. Two of the six presses damaged in the fire are still in the restoration process. The Company currently anticipates having those restored within the first half of fiscal 2021; however, no assurances can be made that the restoration will be completed within such time-frame.

In fiscal 2020, the Company realized insurance recoveries of $9.0 million ($7.4 million has been received) and in fiscal 2019 realized $12.0 million ($8.5 million was received) in connection with the Orange fire. As the fire damaged a building leased by the Company, pursuant to the terms of the lease agreement, the Company was responsible for restoring the property to full replacement value. With the Company being fully insured, the restoration of the property was covered by insurance and the insurance carrier has separately funded payments of insurance proceeds as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, directly to the landlord for the restoration of the building as prescribed under the lease arrangement in the amount of $0.7 million and $2.9 million, respectively. See Note 11, Commitment and Contingencies, of the consolidated financial statements, for further information on how the insurance proceeds are reflected within the financial results. Any additional recoveries in
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excess of recognized losses are treated as gain contingencies and will be recognized when the gain is realized or realizable. The Company maintains business interruption insurance coverage and continues to work with the insurance company to reach an agreement on the recoverable amounts of business interruption expenses. The Company recognized business interruption proceeds of $1.2 million in each of fiscal year 2020 and 2019, which is reflected within the cost of goods sold line within the consolidated financial statements.

As previously noted, the COVID-19 pandemic became increasingly widespread in the United States and other countries in which the Company operates. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the Company continues to evolve and the full extent the pandemic will have on the Company's financial condition, liquidity and future results is uncertain. Also uncertain is the timing, duration, shape and magnitude of recovery. A number of the markets in which the Company operates have reopened, other markets, while open, have since experienced a resurgence of COVID-19 cases. Other markets, particularly international markets, remain closed or are enforcing renewed or extended quarantines or other restrictions. As such, the Company continues to actively monitor the impact of the pandemic on its operations and the industries served. The resurgence of COVID-19 cases, renewed or extended quarantines and other restrictions, the continued disruptions to travel, and the accompanying impact that the pandemic has had on businesses worldwide. Our ability to meet customer demands for products may be impaired or, similarly, our customers have experienced and may continue to experience adverse business consequences. Reduced demand for products or impaired ability to meet customer demand (including as a result of disruptions at our facilities, in the transportation of products, and/or in the operations of our vendors) could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial performance. There continues to be significant uncertainty regarding the duration of the pandemic as well as the timing and scope of recovery in the commercial aerospace industry, with a return to pre-COVID-19 levels of activity not expected in commercial aerospace industry for several years. The Company expects to continue to assess the potential implications of these conditions on its operations and take actions to preserve liquidity, including certain cost reduction measures it has taken subsequent to the end of fiscal year 2020, including a furlough of employees at one of its locations, starting in late November 2020 and continuing through the balance of the calendar year, in response to market conditions and its impact on customers’ ordering schedules.

Fiscal Year 2020 Compared with Fiscal Year 2019

Net Sales
Net sales comparative information for fiscal 2020 and 2019, respectively, is as follows:
(Dollars in millions) Years Ended
September 30,
Increase
(Decrease)
Net Sales 2020 2019
Aerospace components for:
Fixed wing aircraft $ 52.0  $ 52.9  $ (0.9)
Rotorcraft 31.5  23.6  7.9 
Energy components for power generation units 16.7  17.6  (0.9)
Commercial product and other revenue 13.4  18.3  (4.9)
Total $ 113.6  $ 112.4  $ 1.2 

While COVID-19 has had an unprecedented impact on the global market, interruptions to SIFCO's operations have not been significant thus far as we have remained operational and in production working to fulfill customer orders. SIFCO was deemed an essential business, as such, received exemptions or was otherwise exempt from government "stay at home" restrictions based on the nature of our operations both domestically and in the Maniago location. We took precautionary measures in the second quarter of fiscal 2020 and performed deep cleaning of the Maniago location, which resulted in a temporary five day shutdown. Additionally, we experienced some further disruptions at our Maniago facility as a result of the closure of borders between countries. While the Maniago location experienced product shipment delays in the second and third quarters, most of the shipments were completed prior to the end of the fiscal year. During fiscal 2020, the Company experienced a shift in customer orders for commercial aircraft, including the Boeing 737 Max, which was not cleared for re-entry into service until late 2020.

Net sales in fiscal 2020 increased 1.0%, or $1.2 million to $113.6 million, compared with $112.4 million in fiscal 2019. The increase of $7.9 million in rotorcraft sales in fiscal 2020 compared to the same period in fiscal 2019 is primarily due to the increased shipments relating to certain military programs, such as the Black Hawk, V-22 and CH53. Commercial products and other revenue decreased $4.9 million, primarily due to timing of shipments for the Hellfire II missile program. The decrease in fixed wing aircraft sales of $0.9 million is primarily attributed to shift in build rates in certain commercial programs, partially offset by increased military programs. The energy components for power generation units decreased $0.9 million compared with the same period last year as the location continues to experience market softening; however, the Company experienced positive results in its energy components sales in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020.
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Commercial net sales were 42.6% of total net sales and military net sales were 57.4% of total net sales in fiscal 2020, compared with 48.9% and 51.1%, respectively, in the comparable period in fiscal 2019. Commercial net sales (which includes energy components) decreased $6.7 million to $48.3 million in fiscal 2020, compared to $55.0 million in fiscal 2019 primarily due to shift in build rates in the commercial aerospace industry. Military net sales increased $7.8 million to $65.2 million in fiscal 2020, compared to $57.4 million in fiscal 2019 primarily due to increase in demand for certain military programs.
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of goods sold decreased by $8.2 million, or 8.1%, to $93.6 million, or 82.4% of net sales, during fiscal 2020, compared with $101.8 million or 90.5% of net sales in the comparable period of fiscal 2019. The decrease was due primarily to improved productivity at its Orange location, as more presses were operational, as well as improved operating margins at its remaining locations, partially offset by a one-time pension withdrawal charge of $0.8 million for exiting its multi-employer plan as further explained in Note 8, Retirement Benefit Plans, of the consolidated financial statements.
Gross Profit
Gross profit increased by $9.3 million, or 87.7%, to $20.0 million during fiscal 2020, compared with $10.6 million in fiscal 2019. Gross margin percent of sales was 17.6% during fiscal 2020, compared with 9.5% in fiscal 2019, primarily due to improved productivity across all Company sites and product mix.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses were $14.0 million, or 12.4% of net sales, during fiscal 2020, compared with $15.3 million, or 13.6% of net sales, in fiscal 2019. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses is due to the continued cost reduction efforts by management such as less travel expense, as well as reduced bank fees, lower legal and professional costs (prior year included arbitration costs), lower equity compensation and commissions, partially offset by a higher incentive compensation accrual of $0.6 million.
Amortization of Intangibles
Amortization of intangibles decreased $0.1 million to $1.5 million during fiscal 2020, compared with $1.6 million in the comparable period of fiscal 2019.
Other/General
The Company recorded operating income of $10.1 million during fiscal 2020, compared with an operating loss of $7.0 million in fiscal 2019.
Current period results include a gain on insurance recoveries of $5.9 million in fiscal 2020 compared to fiscal 2019, a net $7.3 million gain on insurance recoveries from the fire at the Orange location was recorded, which includes $1.1 million impairment of assets damaged by the fire. Prior year results include an $8.3 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge related to the Maniago reporting unit that was recorded in the third quarter of fiscal 2019, discussed further in Note 3, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, of the consolidated financial statements.
Interest expense decreased $0.2 million to $0.9 million in fiscal 2020, compared with $1.1 million in the same period in fiscal 2019. The decrease is primarily due to the reduction of interest rates and lower average borrowings. See Note 5, Debt, of the consolidated financial statements for further information.
The following table sets forth the weighted average interest rates and weighted average outstanding balances under the Company’s debt agreements in fiscal 2020 and 2019:
  Weighted Average
Interest Rate
Years Ended September 30,		 Weighted Average
Outstanding Balance
Years Ended September 30,
  2020 2019 2020 2019
Revolving credit agreement 2.9% 4.1% $ 13.8 million $ 16.9 million
Foreign term debt 4.4% 2.7% $ 5.5 million $ 6.9 million
Other debt 0.5% 0.9% $ 6.1 million $ 0.6 million

Other expense, net amount includes pension cost related to other components of net periodic benefit costs that are presented outside of operating income. Also included in both fiscal 2020 and 2019 is approximately $0.2 million in pension settlement expense that was accelerated in the current period, primarily due to lump sum distributions from our qualified pension plans exceeding a threshold of service and interest cost for the period.
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The Company believes that inflation did not materially affect its results of operations in either fiscal 2020 or 2019 and does not expect inflation to be a significant factor in fiscal 2021.
Income Taxes
The Company’s effective tax rate in fiscal 2020 was (2.3%) compared with 8.5% in fiscal 2019. The effective tax rate differences between years is primarily attributable to changes in jurisdictional mix of income in fiscal 2020 compared with fiscal 2019 with no associated tax expense, given the effects of the valuation allowance. The effective tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate due primarily to the valuation allowance against the Company’s U.S. deferred tax assets and income in foreign jurisdictions that are taxed at different rates than the U.S. statutory tax rate.
Net Income (Loss)
Net income was $9.2 million during fiscal 2020, compared with net loss of $7.5 million in fiscal 2019. Net income in the current period increased primarily due to higher gross profit attributable to improved productivity and insurance proceeds received, and lower selling, general and administrative expenses. Additionally, the current period did not include the non-cash impairment charge described in Other/General.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Presented below is certain financial information based on our EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA. References to “EBITDA” mean earnings (losses) from operations before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, and references to “Adjusted EBITDA” mean EBITDA plus, as applicable for each relevant period, certain adjustments as set forth in the reconciliations of net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA.

Neither EBITDA nor Adjusted EBITDA is a measurement of financial performance under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The Company presents EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA because it believes that they are useful indicators for evaluating operating performance and liquidity, including the Company’s ability to incur and service debt and it uses EBITDA to evaluate prospective acquisitions. Although the Company uses EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the reasons noted above, the use of these non-GAAP financial measures as analytical tools has limitations. Therefore, reviewers of the Company’s financial information should not consider them in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of the Company's results of operations as reported in accordance with GAAP. Some of these limitations include:
•Neither EBITDA nor Adjusted EBITDA reflects the interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest payments, on indebtedness;
•Although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and neither EBITDA nor Adjusted EBITDA reflects any cash requirements for such replacements;
•The omission of the substantial amortization expense associated with the Company’s intangible assets further limits the usefulness of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA; and
•Neither EBITDA nor Adjusted EBITDA includes the payment of taxes, which is a necessary element of operations.
Because of these limitations, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as measures of discretionary cash available to the Company to invest in the growth of its businesses. Management compensates for these limitations by not viewing EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA in isolation and specifically by using other GAAP measures, such as net income (loss), net sales, and operating profit (loss), to measure operating performance. The Company’s calculation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to the calculation of similarly titled measures reported by other companies.







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The following table sets forth a reconciliation of net loss to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA: 
(Dollars in thousands) Years Ended
September 30,
  2020 2019
Net income (loss) $ 9,191  $ (7,506)
Adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization expense 7,380  7,525 
Interest expense, net 886  1,053 
Income tax benefit (211) (701)
EBITDA 17,246  371 
Adjustments:
Foreign currency exchange loss (gain), net (1) 51  (7)
Other expense (income), net (2) (13) 117 
Loss (gain) on disposal and impairment of assets (3) 174  (282)
Gain on insurance recoveries (4) (5,874) (7,253)
Equity compensation expense (5) 398  511 
Pension settlement/curtailment benefit (6) 239  — 
LIFO impact (7) (10) (75)
Goodwill impairment charge (8) —  8,294 
Adjusted EBITDA $ 12,211  $ 1,676 

(1)Represents the gain or loss from changes in the exchange rates between the functional currency and the foreign currency in which the transaction is denominated.
(2)Represents miscellaneous non-operating income or expense, such as pension costs and grant income. Pension settlement costs was reclassed from this line to Pension settlement/curtailment benefit. See Footnote 6.
(3)Represents the difference between the proceeds from the sale of operating equipment and the carrying values shown on the Company’s books or asset impairment of long-lived assets.
(4)Represents the difference between the insurance proceeds received for the damaged property and the carrying values shown on the Company's books for the assets that were damaged in the fire at the Orange location.
(5)Represents the equity-based compensation expense recognized by the Company under its 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as the amendment and restatement of, and successor to, the 2007 Long-Term Incentive Plan, and referred to as the "2016 Plan") due to granting of awards, awards not vesting and/or forfeitures.
(6)Represents expense incurred by a defined benefit pension plan related to settlement of pension obligations.
(7)Represents the change in the reserve for inventories for which cost is determined using the last in, first out ("LIFO") method.
(8)Represents non-cash charge of goodwill impairment experienced at its reporting unit level.

Reference to the above activities can found in the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

B.         Liquidity and Capital Resources
Historically, the main sources of liquidity of the Company have been cash flows from operations and borrowings under our Credit Agreement. However, the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (and the rapidly changing U.S. and global market and economic conditions due to the COVID-19 outbreak) remain uncertain, with the commercial aerospace market continuing to be significantly impacted by the global disruption in travel and, further, the pandemic and responses to the continued spread of the pandemic causing continued interruptions to the business of our customers and suppliers, which in turn is likely to impact our business, operations and results as well as our liquidity and capital resources. The Company's liquidity could be negatively affected by customers extending payment terms to the Company and/or the decrease in demand for our products as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Company has experienced a decrease in orders as a result of the impact of COVID-19 on the commercial airline industry.

Since the start of the pandemic, management has continuously evaluated the Company’s liquidity and capital resources and has taken a number of steps to help preserve financial flexibility in light of uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic by deferring wage increases to non-union employees, increased oversight of all capital expenditure approval, working with
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vendors to reduce costs and obtaining a Paycheck Protection Program Loan as referenced in Note 5, Debt and for the reasons described below. As the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and the Company's operations continues to evolve, the Company expects to continue to focus on preserving cash and managing costs.

Cash and cash equivalents increased to $0.4 million at September 30, 2020 compared with $0.3 million at September 30, 2019. At September 30, 2020 and 2019, approximately $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were in the possession of its non-U.S. subsidiaries. Distributions from the Company’s non-U.S. subsidiaries to the Company may be subject to adverse tax consequences.
Operating Activities
The Company’s operating activities provided $0.4 million of cash in fiscal 2020, compared with $5.7 million in fiscal 2019.  The cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2020 was primarily due to non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization of $7.6 million, equity based compensation, deferred income taxes and LIFO effect, partially offset by a gain on insurance recovery combined with gain on disposal of assets of $5.7 million and an increase in working capital of $10.5 million and net income of $9.1 million. The decrease in cash from operating activities was primarily due to increased inventories and payments to suppliers and disbursements related to the fire recovery.

The Company’s operating activities provided $5.7 million of cash in fiscal 2019. The cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2019 was primarily due to reduction in working capital of $4.8 million, and non-cash items, such as $8.3 million related to the goodwill impairment charge, depreciation and amortization of $7.5 million and equity based compensation, deferred income taxes and LIFO effect, partially offset by a gain on insurance recovery combined with gain on disposal of asset of $7.5 million and a net loss of $7.5 million. The increase in cash from working capital was primarily due to decreased receivables due to improved collections and decreased inventories, and by timing of payments to suppliers, partially offset by insurance receivables.

Investing Activities
Cash used for investing activities was $1.2 million in fiscal 2020, which includes $7.8 million in proceeds from insurance recovery on the damaged property related to the fire at the Orange location, compared with investing activities used of $0.8 million in fiscal 2019, which includes cash proceeds of $8.4 million from insurance proceeds received in the prior year related to the Orange location. Capital expenditures were $9.0 million, mainly funded by insurance proceeds from the fire in fiscal 2020 and $9.4 million in fiscal 2019. Expenditures in fiscal 2020 and in 2019 were used primarily for the restoration of the Orange location as a result of the fire. Capital commitments at September 30, 2020 were $2.1 million, including $1.4 million in capital commitments for the continued restoration of equipment and the building at the Orange facility related to the fire. The Company anticipates the total fiscal 2021 capital expenditures will be within the range of $4.0 million to $6.0 million (excluding fire related expenditures) and will relate principally to the further enhancement of production and product offering capabilities and operating cost reductions. Separate from the range provided, SIFCO anticipates incurring additional costs in fiscal 2021 of approximately $2.0 million to $3.5 million for capital expenditures related to the Orange location in order to finalize the restoration as a result of the fire. These costs are expected to be funded by insurance proceeds.

Financing Activities
Cash provided by financing activities was $0.8 million in fiscal 2020, compared with $5.9 million of cash used for financing activities in fiscal 2019.

As discussed in Note 5, Debt, of the consolidated statements the Company received cash proceeds of $6.6 million, which $5.0 million relates to the PPP loan and $1.5 million from a non-U.S. bank at its Maniago location and have made repayments of $1.6 million of long-term debt, of which $1.3 million were from the Company's foreign term loan, compared with repayments of $1.4 million in the comparable period.
In August 2018, the Company entered into an asset-based Credit Agreement ("Credit Agreement") and Security Agreement ("Security Agreement") with a lender. See Note 5, Debt, of the consolidated statements for further discussion related to the Credit Agreement and the First, Second, Third and Fourth Amendment to the Credit Agreement.

The Company had net repayments under its revolving credit facility of $2.7 million in fiscal 2020 and $5.7 million in fiscal 2019.

Amounts borrowed under the Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all the assets of the Company and its U.S. subsidiaries and a pledge of 66.67% of the stock of its first-tier non-U.S. subsidiaries. Borrowings will bear interest at the lender's established domestic rate or LIBOR, plus the applicable margin as set forth in the Credit Agreement. The revolver has a rate based on LIBOR plus a 1.50% spread, which was 1.7% at September 30, 2020 and the Export Credit Agreement as discussed in Note 5, Debt, of the consolidated financial statements has a rate based on LIBOR plus a 1.00% spread, which was
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1.2% at September 30, 2020. The Company also has a commitment fee of 0.25% under the Credit Agreement to be incurred on the unused balance of the revolver.

As the Company’s Credit Agreement is asset-based, a sustained significant decrease in revenue in the U.S. or excessive aging of the underlying receivables as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic could materially affect the collateral capacity limitation of the availability under the Credit Agreement and could impact our ability to comply with covenants in our Credit Agreement.

Under the Company's Credit Agreement, the Company is subject to certain customary loan covenants regarding availability as discussed in Note 5, Debt. The availability at September 30, 2020 was $13.3 million. The Credit Agreement provides for testing of a fixed charge coverage ratio ("FCCR") in the event (a) of a default or if availability under the Credit Agreement or (b) the Company does not meet certain availability requirements under the Credit Agreement. If the occurrence of such event occurs and the Company is required to test its FCCR, such ratio must not be less than 1.1 to 1.0. In the event of a default, we may not be able to access our revolver, which could impact the ability to fund working capital needs, capital expenditures and invest in new business opportunities. Because the availability was greater than the 12.5% of the Revolving Commitment as of September 30, 2020, the FCCR calculation was not required.

The Company incurred debt issuance costs related to the above Credit Agreements and amendments in fiscal 2019. See Note 5, Debt, of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
Future cash flows from the Company’s operations may be used to pay down amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement and its foreign related debts. The Company believes it has adequate cash/liquidity available to finance its operations from the combination of (i) the Company’s expected cash flows from operations and (ii) funds available under the Credit Agreement for its domestic locations. In fiscal 2020, the Company was able to obtain financing with a lender and was able to defer payments for certain debt obligations at its Maniago location to provide Maniago with sufficient liquidity.  The Company's current Credit Agreement is set to mature within the next twelve months, and as such, if the Company is not successful in refinancing, it may experience certain challenges in meeting its obligations. While no assurances can be made that such refinancing will be completed or occur on terms similar to the terms of the existing Credit Agreement or otherwise satisfactory to management, management intends to refinance the Credit Agreement with its Lender. Such refinancing is deemed probable to be implemented based on previous experience and recent communications with the Lender, which would mitigate any adverse consequences of the Credit Agreement maturing.

Additionally, the credit and capital markets saw significant volatility in 2020. Tightening of the credit market and standards, as well as capital market volatility, could negatively impact our ability to obtain additional debt financing on terms equivalent to our existing Credit Agreement, in the event the Company seeks additional liquidity sources as a result of the continued impact of COVID-19. Capital market uncertainty and volatility, together with the Company’s market capitalization and status as a smaller reporting company could also negatively impact our ability to obtain equity financing.

C.         Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In the normal course of business, the Company may be party to certain arrangements that are not reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company does not have obligations that meet the definition of an off-balance sheet arrangement that have had, or are reasonably likely to have, a material effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

D.        Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Allowances for Doubtful Accounts
The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of certain customers to make required payments. The Company evaluates the adequacy of its allowances for doubtful accounts each quarter based on the customers’ credit-worthiness, current economic trends or market conditions, past collection history, aging of outstanding accounts receivable and specific identified risks. As these factors change, the Company’s allowances for doubtful accounts may change in subsequent periods. Historically, losses have been within management’s expectations and have not been significant.

Inventories
The Company maintains allowances for obsolete and excess inventory. The Company evaluates its allowances for obsolete and excess inventory each quarter. The Company maintains a formal policy, which requires at a minimum, that a reserve be established based on an analysis of the age of the inventory. In addition, if the Company learns of specific obsolescence, other than that identified by the aging criteria, an additional reserve will be recognized. Specific obsolescence may arise due to a
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technological or market change or based on cancellation of an order. Management’s judgment is necessary in determining the realizable value of these products to arrive at the proper allowance for obsolete and excess inventory.

Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue using the five-step revenue recognition model in which it depicts the transfer of goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which a company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The revenue standard also requires disclosure sufficient to enable users to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers, including qualitative and quantitative disclosures about contracts with customers, significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from the cost to obtain or fulfill a contract.

The Company recognizes revenue in the following manner using the five-step revenue recognition model. A contract exists when there is approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable.

Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of the contract with a customer of the Company are satisfied. A portion of the Company's contracts are from purchase orders ("PO's"), which continue to be recognized as of a point in time when products are shipped from the Company's manufacturing facilities or at a later time when control of the products transfers to the customer. Revenue was previously recognized for certain long-term agreements ("LTA's"), firm fixed pricing agreements, and PO's at the point in time when the shipping terms were satisfied. Under the revenue standard, the Company now recognizes certain revenue over time as it satisfies the performance obligations because the conditions of transfer of control to the applicable customer are as follows:

•Certain military contracts, which relate to the provisions of specialized or unique goods to the U.S. government with no alternative use, include provisions within the contract that are subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulation ("FAR"). The FAR provision allows the customer to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience and requires the customer to pay the Company for costs incurred plus reasonable profit margin and take control of any work in process.

•For certain commercial contracts involving customer-specific products with no alternative use, the contract may fall under the FAR clause provisions noted above for military contracts or may include certain provisions within their contract that the customer controls the work in process based on contractual termination clauses or restrictions of the Company's use of the product and the Company possesses a right to payment for work performed to date plus reasonable profit margin.

As a result of control transferring over time for these products, revenue is recognized based on progress toward completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products to be provided. The Company elected to use the cost to cost input method of progress based on costs incurred for these contracts because it best depicts the transfer of goods to the customer based on incurring costs on the contracts. Under this method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods. An accounting policy election to exclude from transaction price was made for sales, value add, and other taxes the Company collects concurrent with revenue-producing activities when applicable. The Company has elected to recognize incremental costs incurred to obtain contracts, which primarily represent commissions paid to third party sales agents where the amortization period would be less than one year, as selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations as incurred.

The Company elected a practical expedient under Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") 606 ("Topic 606") to not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of any significant financing component where the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the Company transfers a promised good to a customer and when the customer pays for that good will be one year or less. Finally, the Company's policy is to exclude performance obligations resulting from contracts with a duration of one year or less from its disclosures related to remaining performance obligations.

The amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods is not generally subject to significant variations.

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The Company elected to recognize the cost of freight and shipping when control of the products has transferred to the customer as an expense in cost of goods sold on the consolidated statements of operations, because those are costs incurred to fulfill the promise recognized, not a separate performance obligation. To the extent certain freight and shipping fees are charged to customers, the Company recognizes the amounts charged to customers as revenues and the related costs as an expense in cost of goods sold when control of the related products has transferred to the customer.

Contracts are occasionally modified to account for changes in contract specifications, requirements, and pricing. The Company considers contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new or changes the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Substantially all of the Company's contract modifications are for goods that are distinct from the existing contract. Therefore, the effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and the Company's measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is generally recognized on a prospective basis.

Contract Balances
Contract assets on the consolidated balance sheets are recognized when a good is transferred to the customer and the Company does not have the contractual right to bill for the related performance obligations. In these instances, revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer and the right to payment is not solely subject to the passage of time. Amounts do not exceed their net realizable value. Contract liabilities relate to payments received in advance of the satisfaction of performance under the contract. Payment from customers are received based on the terms established in the contract with the customer.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, when events and circumstances warrant such a review. This review involves judgment and is performed using estimates of future undiscounted cash flows, which include proceeds from disposal of assets and which the Company considers a critical accounting estimate. If the carrying value of a long-lived asset is greater than the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, then the long-lived asset is evaluated for impairment. The Company would assess the fair value of the asset group and compare it to its carrying value. The long-lived assets are considered impaired if the carrying value of the long-lived assets exceeds its fair value, in which case an impairment charge is recorded for the amount by which the carrying value of the long-lived asset exceeds its fair value.

In projecting future undiscounted cash flows, the Company relies on internal budgets and forecasts, and projected proceeds upon disposal of long-lived assets. The Company’s budgets and forecasts are based on historical results and anticipated future market conditions, such as the general business climate and the effectiveness of competition. The Company believes that its estimates of future undiscounted cash flows and fair value are reasonable; however, changes in estimates of such undiscounted cash flows and fair value could change the Company’s estimates, which could result in future impairment charges.

Impairment of Goodwill
Goodwill is tested for impairment annually as of July 31. If circumstances change during interim periods between annual tests that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value, the Company will test goodwill for impairment. Factors that would necessitate an interim goodwill impairment assessment include a sustained decline in the Company's stock price, prolonged negative industry or economic trends, or significant under-performance relative to expected, historical or projected future operating results. Management uses judgment to determine whether to use a qualitative analysis or a quantitative fair value measurement for its goodwill impairment testing. The Company's fair value measurement approach combines the income and market valuation techniques for each of the Company’s reporting units that carry goodwill. These valuation techniques use estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, the determination of appropriate market comparables, projected future cash flows (including timing and profitability), discount rate reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows, perpetual growth rate, and projected future economic and market conditions.

As permitted, if the reporting unit fails the impairment test, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued an Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") removing step two from the goodwill impairment test. If a reporting unit fails the quantitative impairment test, impairment expense is immediately recorded as the difference between the reporting unit's fair value and carrying value. The Company adopted this standard effective March 31, 2017.

2020 Annual Goodwill Impairment Tests
SIFCO performed its annual test as of July 31, 2020. Goodwill existed at one of the Company's reporting units, Cleveland, Ohio as of September 30, 2020. No impairment charge was identified in connection with the annual goodwill impairment test with respect to the Cleveland reporting unit. Refer to Note 3, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, of the consolidated financial statements for further details.


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2019 Interim and Annual Goodwill Impairment Tests
SIFCO performed an interim assessment of goodwill for its Maniago location as of May 31, 2019 and performed its annual test as of July 31, 2019. The Maniago reporting unit's goodwill was fully impaired based on the interim assessment. Goodwill existed at one of the Company's reporting units, Cleveland, Ohio as of September 30, 2019 and no impairment charge was identified in connection with the annual goodwill impairment test.
Defined Benefit Pension Plan Expense
The Company maintains three defined benefit pension plans in accordance with the requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). The amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for pension benefits under these three defined benefit pension plans are determined on an actuarial basis utilizing various assumptions. The following table illustrates the sensitivity to change in the assumed discount rate and expected long-rate of return on assets for the Company's pension plans as of September 30, 2020.
Impact on Fiscal 2020 Benefits Expense Impact on September 30, 2020 Projected Benefit Obligation for Pension Plans
Change in Assumptions
(In thousands)
25 basis point decrease in discount rate $ 31  $ 895 
25 basis point increase in discount rate $ (31) $ (895)
100 basis point decrease in expected long-term rate of return on assets $ 92  $ — 
100 basis point increase in expected long-term rate of return on assets $ (92) $ — 

The discussion that follows provides information on the significant assumptions/elements associated with these defined benefit pension plans.

The Company determines the expected return on plan assets principally based on (i) the expected return for the various asset classes in the respective plans’ investment portfolios and (ii) the targeted allocation of the respective plans’ assets. The expected return on plan assets is developed using historical asset return performance as well as current and anticipated market conditions such as inflation, interest rates and market performance. Should the actual rate of return differ materially from the assumed/expected rate, the Company could experience a material adverse effect on the funded status of its plans and, accordingly, on its related future net pension expense.

The discount rate for each plan is determined, as of the fiscal year end measurement date, using prevailing market spot-rates (from an appropriate yield curve) with maturities corresponding to the expected timing/date of the future defined benefit payment amounts for each of the respective plans. Such corresponding spot-rates are used to discount future years’ projected defined benefit payment amounts back to the fiscal year end measurement date as a present value. A composite discount rate is then developed for each plan by determining the single rate of discount that will produce the same present value as that obtained by applying the annual spot-rates. The discount rate may be further revised if the market environment indicates that the above methodology generates a discount rate that does not accurately reflect the prevailing interest rates as of the fiscal year end measurement date. The Company computes a weighted-average discount rate taking into account anticipated plan payments and the associated interest rates from the Findley Pension Discount Curve.

As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, SIFCO used the following assumptions:
  Years Ended
September 30,
  2020 2019
Discount rate for expenses 2.9  % 4.2  %
Expected return on assets 7.2  % 7.5  %

Deferred Tax Valuation Allowance
The Company accounts for deferred taxes in accordance with the provisions of the Accounting Standards Codification guidance related to accounting for income taxes, whereby the Company recognizes an income tax benefit related to income tax credits, loss carryforwards and deductible temporary differences between financial reporting basis and tax reporting basis.

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A high degree of judgment is required to determine the extent a valuation allowance should be provided against deferred tax assets. On a quarterly basis, the Company assesses the likelihood of realization of its deferred tax assets considering all available evidence, both positive and negative. In determining whether a valuation allowance is warranted, the Company evaluates factors such as prior earnings history, expected future earnings, carry-back and carry-forward periods and tax strategies that could potentially enhance the likelihood of the realization of a deferred tax asset. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the evidence may be objectively verified. It is generally difficult to outweigh objectively verifiable negative evidence of recent financial reporting losses. Based on the weight of available evidence, the Company determines if it is more likely than not that its deferred tax assets will be realized in the future.

As a result of losses incurred in recent years, the Company entered into a three-year cumulative loss position in the U.S. jurisdiction during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016 and in fiscal 2020, the Company entered into a three-year cumulative income position. Based on the Company’s assessment of all available evidence, the Company maintained its valuation allowance on its U.S. deferred tax assets as of the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020.

Uncertain Tax Positions
The calculation of the Company's tax liabilities also involves considering uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. SIFCO recognizes liabilities for uncertain income tax positions based on its estimate of whether it is more likely than not that additional taxes will be required, and it reports related interest and penalties as income taxes. Refer to Note 7, Income Taxes, of the consolidated financial statements.

E.         Impact of Newly Issued Accounting Standards
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" and subsequent updates. ASU 2016-13 changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. The new guidance will replace the current incurred loss approach with an expected loss model. The new expected credit loss impairment model will apply to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loans, held-to-maturity debt instruments, net investments in leases, loan commitments and standby letters of credit. Upon initial recognition of the exposure, the expected credit loss model requires entities to estimate the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure (or pool of exposures). The estimate of expected credit losses should consider historical information, current information and reasonable and supportable forecasts, including estimates of prepayments. Financial instruments with similar risk characteristics should be grouped together when estimating expected credit losses. ASU 2016-13 does not prescribe a specific method to make the estimate, so its application will require significant judgment. ASU 2016-13 is effective for public companies in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. However, in November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10, "Financial Instruments - Credit Loss (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Leases (Topic 842)," which defers the effective date for public filers that are considered smaller reporting companies ("SRC"), as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission, to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Because SIFCO is considered a SRC, the Company does not need to implement until October 1, 2023. The Company will continue to evaluate the effect of adopting ASU 2016-13 will have on the Company's results within the consolidated statements of operations and financial condition.

In December 2019, ASU 2019-12, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes" was issued to (i) reduce the complexity of the standard by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and (ii) improve consistency and simplify other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. This ASU is effective for the Company beginning October 1, 2021. The Company continues to evaluate the effect adopting this ASU will have on the Company's results within the consolidated statements of operations and financial condition.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Shareholders
SIFCO Industries, Inc.

Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of SIFCO Industries, Inc. (an Ohio corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the two years then ended, and the related notes and financial statement schedule included under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Change in accounting principle
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases as of October 1, 2019 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842).

Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.




/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

Cleveland, Ohio
December 23, 2020
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SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
 
  Years Ended September 30,
  2020 2019
Net sales $ 113,573  $ 112,454 
Cost of goods sold 93,611  101,817 
Gross profit 19,962  10,637 
Selling, general and administrative expenses 14,022  15,274 
Goodwill impairment —  8,294 
Amortization of intangible assets 1,497  1,648 
Loss (gain) on disposal or impairment of operating assets 174  (282)
Gain on insurance recoveries (5,874) (7,253)
Operating income (loss) 10,143  (7,044)
Interest expense, net 886  1,053 
Foreign currency exchange loss (gain), net 51  (7)
Other expense, net 226  117 
Income (loss) before income tax benefit 8,980  (8,207)
Income tax benefit (211) (701)
Net income (loss) $ 9,191  $ (7,506)
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic $ 1.62  $ (1.35)
Diluted $ 1.59  $ (1.35)
Weighted-average number of common shares (basic) 5,661  5,566 
Weighted-average number of common shares (diluted) 5,791  5,566 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Amounts in thousands)
Years Ended September 30,
  2020 2019
Net income (loss) $ 9,191  $ (7,506)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax $0 and $0, respectively
 410  (712)
Retirement plan liability adjustment, net of tax $0 and $0, respectively
 (569) (3,968)
Comprehensive income (loss) $ 9,032  $ (12,186)
See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
 
  September 30,
  2020 2019
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 427  $ 341 
Receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $249 and $592, respectively
 23,225  23,159 
Other receivables 1,547  3,500 
Contract asset 11,997  10,349 
Inventories, net 15,569  10,509 
Refundable income taxes 103  141 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,338  1,459 
Total current assets 55,206  49,458 
Property, plant and equipment, net 44,201  39,610 
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net 17,021  — 
Intangible assets, net 1,890  3,320 
Goodwill 3,493  3,493 
Other assets 137  218 
Total assets $ 121,948  $ 96,099 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt $ 7,144  $ 5,786 
Revolver 12,870  15,542 
Short-term operating lease liabilities 991  — 
Accounts payable 14,002  19,799 
Accrued liabilities 8,290  5,557 
Total current liabilities 43,297  46,684 
Long-term debt, net of current maturities 4,606  2,052 
Long-term operating lease liabilities, net of short-term 16,188  — 
Deferred income taxes 1,400  1,718 
Pension liability 10,165  9,528 
Other long-term liabilities 769  63 
Shareholders’ equity:
Serial preferred shares, no par value, authorized 1,000 shares
 —  — 
Common shares, par value $1 per share, authorized 10,000 shares; issued and outstanding shares – 5,916 at September 30, 2020 and 5,777 at September 30, 2019
 5,916  5,777 
Additional paid-in capital 10,736  10,438 
Retained earnings 42,339  33,148 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (13,468) (13,309)
Total shareholders’ equity 45,523  36,054 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 121,948  $ 96,099 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.

31
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Amounts in thousands)
 Years Ended September 30,
  2020 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss) $ 9,191  $ (7,506)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 7,380  7,525 
Amortization of debt issuance costs 129  99 
Loss (gain) on disposal of operating assets or impairment of operating assets 174  (282)
Gain on insurance proceeds received for damaged property (5,874) (7,253)
LIFO effect (10) (75)
Share transactions under employee stock plan 390  515 
Deferred income taxes (422) (565)
Goodwill impairment —  8,294 
Other long-term liabilities 27  162 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Receivables 251  4,506 
Contract assets (1,648) (209)
Inventories (4,653) 1,025 
Refundable income taxes 38  (15)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (980) (3,069)
Other assets 125  (50)
Accounts payable (7,060) 2,046 
Accrued liabilities 3,240  714 
Accrued income tax and other 151  (133)
Net cash provided by operating activities 449  5,729 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Insurance proceeds received for damaged property 7,828  8,363 
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment —  317 
Capital expenditures (9,026) (9,447)
Net cash used for investing activities (1,198) (767)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from long-term debt 6,628  1,505 
Repayments of long-term debt (1,618) (1,424)
Proceeds from revolving credit agreement 111,404  80,154 
Repayments of revolving credit agreement (114,076) (85,865)
Proceeds from short-term debt borrowings 3,206  6,363 
Repayments of short-term debt borrowings (4,722) (6,408)
Payments for debt financing —  (132)
Share retirement —  (62)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities 822  (5,869)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 73  (907)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 341  1,252 
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 13  (4)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 427  $ 341 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.

32
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Supplemental disclosure of Cash Flow Information
(Amounts in thousands)
 Years Ended September 30,
  2020 2019
Cash paid during the year:
Cash paid for interest $ (692) $ (952)
Cash paid for income tax, net $ (52) $ (123)
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Additions to property, plant & equipment - incurred but not yet paid $ 915  $ 2,480 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.


33
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
(Amounts in thousands)
 
Common
Shares		 Additional
Paid-In
Capital		 Retained
Earnings		 Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss		 Total
Shareholders’
Equity
Balance - September 30, 2018 $ 5,690  $ 10,031  $ 37,097  $ (8,629) $ 44,189 
Cumulative effect for the adoption of ASC 606 —  —  3,598  —  3,598 
Comprehensive loss —  —  (7,506) (4,680) (12,186)
Shares retired (21) —  (41) —  (62)
Performance and restricted share expense —  511  —  —  511 
Share transactions under employee stock plans 108  (104) —  —  4 
Balance - September 30, 2019 5,777  10,438  33,148  (13,309) 36,054 
Comprehensive income (loss) —  —  9,191  (159) 9,032 
Other —  47  —  —  47 
Performance and restricted share expense —  398  —  —  398 
Share transactions under employee stock plans 139  (147) —  —  (8)
Balance - September 30, 2020 $ 5,916  $ 10,736  $ 42,339  $ (13,468) $ 45,523 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
34
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
 
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

A. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and its subsidiaries are engaged in the production of forgings and machined components primarily in the Aerospace and Energy ("A&E") market. The Company’s operations are conducted in a single business segment, "SIFCO" or the "Company."

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
In March 2020, a novel strain of coronavirus ("COVID-19") was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization and the outbreak subsequently became increasingly widespread in the United States and other countries in which the Company operates.

The Company has taken proactive steps to ensure the safety of its employees and customers as well as to preserve the Company’s financial flexibility. Immediate action was taken by the Company to minimize the spread of COVID-19 in its workplace and monitor the development of and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact it may have on the business. We have been following the guidance from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control to protect employees and prevent the spread at our plant locations. The actions implemented include: telework, alternate schedules, pre-shift temperature screenings, masks, social distancing, and enhanced cleaning protocols. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the Company continues to evolve and the full magnitude the pandemic will have on the Company's financial condition, liquidity and future results is uncertain. Also uncertain is the timing, duration, shape and magnitude of recovery.

The resurgence of COVID-19 cases, and the continuation of restrictions, disruptions to travel, and businesses worldwide, may reduce customer demand and/or impair our ability to meet customer demands for products. Reduced demand for products or impaired ability to meet customer demand (including as a result of disruptions at our facilities, in the transportation of products, and/or in the operations of our vendors) could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial performance. There continues to be significant uncertainty regarding the duration of the pandemic as well as the timing and scope of recovery in the commercial aerospace industry, with a return to pre-COVID-19 levels of activity not expected in commercial aerospace industry for several years. The Company expects to continue to assess the potential implications of these conditions on its operations and take actions to preserve liquidity, including certain cost reduction measures taken subsequent to the end of fiscal year 2020, including a furlough of employees at one of its locations, starting in late November 2020 and continuing through the balance of the calendar year, in response to market conditions and its impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on customers’ ordering schedules.
B. PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency for all the Company’s U.S. operations and its non-operating subsidiaries. For these operations, all gains and losses from completed currency transactions are included in income. The functional currency for the Company's other non-U.S. subsidiaries is the Euro. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the rates of exchange at the end of the period, and revenues and expenses are translated using average rates of exchange. Foreign currency translation adjustments are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity.

C. CASH EQUIVALENTS
The Company considers all highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. A substantial majority of the Company’s cash and cash equivalent bank balances are within federally insured limits as of September 30, 2020 and 2019.







35
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)







D. CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK
Receivables are presented net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $249 and $592 at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Accounts receivable outstanding longer than the contractual payment terms are considered past due. The Company writes off accounts receivable when they become uncollectible. During fiscal 2020 and 2019, $263 and $33, respectively, of accounts receivable were written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts. Bad debt expense totaled $80 and $39 in fiscal 2020 and fiscal 2019, respectively.

Most of the Company’s receivables represent trade receivables due from manufacturers of turbine engines and aircraft components as well as turbine engine overhaul companies located throughout the world, including a significant concentration of U.S. based companies. In fiscal 2020, 47% of the Company’s consolidated net sales were from three of its largest customers; and 49% of the Company's consolidated net sales were from the four largest customers and their direct subcontractors, which individually accounted for 16%, 13%, 10% and 10%, of consolidated net sales, respectively. In fiscal 2019, 44% of the Company’s consolidated net sales were from three of its largest customers; and 50% of the Company's consolidated net sales were from four of the largest customers and their direct subcontractors which individually accounted for 14%, 13%, 12% and 11%, of consolidated net sales, respectively. Other than what has been disclosed, no other single customer or group represented greater than 10% of total net sales in fiscal 2020 and 2019.
At September 30, 2020, two of the Company’s largest customers had outstanding net accounts receivable which individually accounted for 30% of the total net accounts receivable; and three of the largest customers and their direct subcontractors had outstanding net accounts receivable which accounted for 13%, 13%, and 12% of total net accounts receivable, respectively. At September 30, 2019, two of the Company’s largest customers had outstanding net accounts receivable which individually accounted for 10% of total net accounts receivable; and three of the largest customers and their direct subcontractors had outstanding net accounts receivable which accounted for 15%, 14%, and 12% of total net accounts receivable, respectively. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial conditions. The Company believes its allowance for doubtful accounts is sufficient based on the credit exposures outstanding at September 30, 2020.
E. INVENTORY VALUATION
For a portion of the Company's inventory, cost is determined using the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method. For approximately 47% and 27% of the Company’s inventories at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, the LIFO method is used to value the Company’s inventories. The first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method is used to value the remainder of the Company’s inventories, which are stated at the lower cost or net realizable value.

The Company maintains allowances for obsolete and excess inventory. The Company evaluates its allowances for obsolete and excess inventory each quarter and requires at a minimum that reserves be established based on an analysis of the age of the inventory. In addition, if the Company identifies specific obsolescence, other than that identified by the aging criteria, an additional reserve will be recognized. Specific obsolescence and excess reserve requirements may arise due to technological or market changes or based on cancellation of an order. The Company’s reserves for obsolete and excess inventory were $3,676 and $3,335 at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

F. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is generally computed using the straight-line method. Depreciation is provided in amounts sufficient to amortize the cost of the assets over their estimated useful lives. Depreciation provisions are based on estimated useful lives: (i) buildings, including building improvements - 5 to 40 years; (ii) machinery and equipment, including office and computer equipment - 3 to 20 years; (iii) software - 3 to 7 years (included in machinery and equipment); and (iv) leasehold improvements - remaining life or length of the lease, whichever is less (included in buildings).









36
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)







The Company's property, plant and equipment assets by major asset class at September 30 consist of:
  2020 2019
Property, plant and equipment:
Land $ 1,000  $ 964 
Buildings 15,564  15,805 
Machinery and equipment 91,461  82,379 
Total property, plant and equipment 108,025  99,148 
Less: Accumulated depreciation
 63,824  59,538 
Property, plant and equipment, net $ 44,201  $ 39,610 

The (gain) loss on disposal of operating assets is included as a separate line item in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Depreciation expense was $5,883 and $5,877 in fiscal 2020 and 2019, respectively.

G. ASSET IMPAIRMENT
The Company reviews the carrying value of its long-lived assets ("asset groups"), including property, plant and equipment, when events and circumstances indicate a triggering event has occurred. This review is performed using estimates of future undiscounted cash flows, which include proceeds from disposal of assets. Under the Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") 360 ("Topic 360"), if the carrying value of a long-lived asset is greater than the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, then the long-lived asset is considered impaired and an impairment charge is recorded for the amount by which the carrying value of the long-lived asset exceeds its fair value.

Fiscal 2020
The Company continuously monitors triggers to determine if further testing is necessary. In fiscal 2020, the Company evaluated triggers for asset impairment three times. During two of the three assessments, it was determined that there were no triggering events requiring further review of its assets groups. The fourth quarter assessment resulted in further evaluation. Certain qualitative factors, such as the reduction on future forecasted sales due to the reduction of committed orders by certain customers triggered a recoverability test on its Orange, California ("Orange") location. The result of management's analysis on the asset group's recoverability at year-end indicated that the long-lived assets, right-of-use assets and definite lived intangible assets were recoverable and did not require further review for impairment.

Fiscal 2019
The Company experienced three triggering events in fiscal 2019 requiring the review of two asset groups to determine if the carrying value of each asset group is recoverable. Certain qualitative factors were triggered at its Orange location. See Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies, of the consolidated financial statements, for further discussion on the evaluation of its long-lived assets as it relates to the Orange asset group. The Maniago, Italy ("Maniago") location triggered certain qualitative factors, which led to an assessment of its long-lived assets as of May 31, 2019 and September 30, 2019, respectively, due to the continued challenges on operating income trends for the respective asset group. The results of management's analysis on the asset group's recoverability at interim and at year-end, respectively, indicated that the long-lived assets and definite lived intangible assets were recoverable and did not require further review for impairment.

H. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets of an acquired business. Goodwill is subject to impairment testing if triggered in the interim, and if not, on an annual basis. The Company has selected July 31 as the annual impairment testing date. With the adoption of Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") 2017-04, Step 2 has been eliminated from the goodwill impairment test. The first step of the goodwill impairment test compares the fair value of a reporting unit (as defined) with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered impaired. However, if the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, the Company should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. See Note 3, Goodwill and Intangibles, of the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the July 31, 2020 and 2019 annual impairment test results and its interim goodwill test performed as of May 31, 2019 for one of its reporting units.


37
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)







Intangible assets consist of identifiable intangibles acquired or recognized in the accounting for the acquisition of a business and include such items as a trade name, a non-compete agreement, below market lease, customer relationships and order backlog. Intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives ranging from one year to ten years. Identifiable intangible assets assessment for impairment is evaluated when events and circumstances warrant such a review, as noted within Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Asset Impairment, of the consolidated financial statements.

I. NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE
The Company’s net income and loss per basic share has been computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Net income in the current period, per diluted share reflects the effect of the Company's outstanding restricted shares and performance shares under the treasury method. In the prior period, due to the net loss for each reporting period, zero restricted shares are included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would be anti-dilutive. The dilutive effect is as follows:

  September 30,
  2020 2019
Net income (loss) $ 9,191  $ (7,506)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (basic) 5,661  5,566 
Effect of dilutive securities:
Restricted shares 120  — 
Performance shares 10  — 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (diluted) 5,791  5,566 
Net income (loss) per share – basic: $ 1.62  $ (1.35)
Net income (loss) per share – diluted: $ 1.59  $ (1.35)
Anti-dilutive weighted-average common shares excluded from calculation of diluted earnings per share 207  196 

J. REVENUE RECOGNITION
The Company recognizes revenue using the five-step revenue recognition model in which it depicts the transfer of goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which a company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The revenue standard also requires disclosure sufficient to enable users to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers, including qualitative and quantitative disclosures about contracts with customers, significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from the cost to obtain or fulfill a contract.

Contract Balances
Contract assets on the consolidated balance sheets are recognized when a good is transferred to the customer and the Company does not have the contractual right to bill for the related performance obligations. In these instances, revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer and the right to payment is not solely subject to the passage of time. Amounts do not exceed their net realizable value. Contract liabilities relate to payments received in advance of the satisfaction of performance under the contract. Payment from customers are received based on the terms established in the contract with the customer.

K. LEASES
The Company has implemented ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)" and ASU 2018-11, "Leases (Topic 842) Targeted Improvements," (collectively with ASU 2016-02, "Topic 842"), which was adopted on October 1, 2019 using the cumulative-effect adjustment transition method. Significant changes to the Company's accounting policies as a result of adopting Topic 842 are referenced in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Impact of Recently Adopted Accounting Standards and in Note 10, Leases.


38
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)






L. IMPACT OF RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
The Company adopted Topic 842 as of October 1, 2019, using the cumulative effective method. Under the transition method selected by the Company, leases that are not short-term in nature existing at, or entered on October 1, 2019 were required to be recognized and measured. Prior period amounts were not adjusted and continue to be reflected with the Company's historical accounting. The adoption of Topic 842 resulted in the Company recording right-of-use ("ROU") assets and operating lease liabilities of approximately $18,059 to the consolidated balance sheet as of October 1, 2019, with no related impact on the Company's consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) or consolidated statement of cash flows.

M. IMPACT OF NEWLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" and subsequent updates. ASU 2016-13 changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. The new guidance will replace the current incurred loss approach with an expected loss model. The new expected credit loss impairment model will apply to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loans, held-to-maturity debt instruments, net investments in leases, loan commitments and standby letters of credit. Upon initial recognition of the exposure, the expected credit loss model requires entities to estimate the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure (or pool of exposures). The estimate of expected credit losses should consider historical information, current information and reasonable and supportable forecasts, including estimates of prepayments. Financial instruments with similar risk characteristics should be grouped together when estimating expected credit losses. ASU 2016-13 does not prescribe a specific method to make the estimate, so its application will require significant judgment. ASU 2016-13 is effective for public companies in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. However, in November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10, "Financial Instruments - Credit Loss (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Leases (Topic 842)," which defers the effective date for public filers that are considered smaller reporting companies ("SRC"), as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission, to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Because SIFCO is considered a SRC, the Company does not need to implement until October 1, 2023. The Company will continue to evaluate the effect of adopting ASU 2016-13 will have on the Company's results within the consolidated statements of operations and financial condition.

In December 2019, ASU 2019-12, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes" was issued to (i) reduce the complexity of the standard by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and (ii) improve consistency and simplify other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. This ASU is effective beginning October 1, 2021. The Company continues to evaluate the effect adopting this ASU will have on the Company's results within the consolidated statements of operations and financial condition.

N. USE OF ESTIMATES
Accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. require management to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities, at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period in preparing these financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

O. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred. Research and development expenses were nominal in fiscal 2020 and 2019.

P. DEBT ISSUANCE COSTS
Debt issuance costs are capitalized and amortized over the life of the related debt. Amortization of debt issuance costs is included in interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations.









39
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)






Q. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss as shown on the consolidated balance sheets at September 30 are as follows:
2020 2019
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of income tax benefit of $0 and $0, respectively
 $ (5,257) $ (5,667)
Net retirement plan liability adjustment, net of income tax benefit of $(3,758) and $(3,758), respectively
 (8,211) (7,642)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss $ (13,468) $ (13,309)

The following table provides additional details of the amounts recognized into net earnings from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment Retirement Plan Liability Adjustment Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance at September 30, 2018 $ (4,955) $ (3,674) $ (8,629)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications (712) (4,643) (5,355)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income —  675  675 
  Net current-period other comprehensive loss (712) (3,968) (4,680)
Balance at September 30, 2019 (5,667) (7,642) (13,309)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 410  (1,560) (1,150)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income —  991  991 
  Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) 410  (569) (159)
Balance at September 30, 2020 $ (5,257) $ (8,211) $ (13,468)

The following table reflects the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the Company for September 30, 2020 and 2019:
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss
Details about accumulated other comprehensive loss components 2020 2019 Affected line item in the Consolidated Statement of Operations
Amortization of Retirement plan liability:
Prior service costs
 $ —  $ —  (1)
Net actuarial gain (loss)
 (808) (4,214) (1)
Settlements/curtailments
 239  246  (1)
(569) (3,968) Total before taxes
—  —  Income tax expense
$ (569) $ (3,968) Net of taxes
(1) These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost. See Note 8, Retirement Benefit Plans, of the consolidated financial statements for further information.






40
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)






R. INCOME TAXES
The Company files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return and tax returns in various state and local jurisdictions. The Company’s Irish and Italian subsidiaries also file tax returns in their respective jurisdictions.

The Company provides deferred income taxes for the temporary difference between the financial reporting basis and tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Such taxes are measured using the enacted tax rates that are assumed to be in effect when the differences reverse. Deductible temporary differences result principally from recording certain expenses in the financial statements in excess of amounts currently deductible for tax purposes. Taxable temporary differences result principally from tax depreciation in excess of book depreciation.

The Company evaluates for uncertain tax positions taken at each balance sheet date. The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest cumulative benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax
authority. The Company's policy for interest and/or penalties related to underpayments of income taxes is to include interest and penalties in tax expenses.

The Company maintains a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets when management believes it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset may not be realized. Changes in valuation allowances are recorded in the period of change. In determining whether a valuation allowance is warranted, the Company evaluates factors such as prior earnings history, expected future earnings, carry-back and carry-forward periods and tax strategies that could potentially enhance the likelihood of the realization of a deferred tax asset.

The Tax Cut and Jobs Act (the "Act") includes provisions for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) wherein minimum taxes are imposed on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on the tangible assets of foreign corporations. This income will effectively be taxed at a 10.5% tax rate. GILTI was effective for the Company starting in fiscal 2019. The Company has elected to account for GILTI as a component of tax expense in the period in which the Company is subject to the rules.

S. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company utilizes certain assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and/or the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. Based on the examination of the inputs used in the valuation techniques, the Company is required to provide the following information according to the fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values.

Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value will be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:
Level 1 - Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2 - Observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The book value of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable are considered to be representative of their fair values because of their short maturities. The carrying value of debt is considered to approximate the fair value based on the borrowing rates currently available to us for loans with similar terms and maturities. Fair value measurements of non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities are primarily used in goodwill, other intangible assets and long-lived assets impairment analysis, the valuation of acquired intangibles and in the valuation of assets held for sale. Goodwill and intangible assets are valued using Level 3 inputs.






41
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)






T. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Share-based compensation is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award and the probability of meeting its performance condition, and is recognized as expense when it is probable that the performance conditions will be met over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period). Share-based expense includes expense related to restricted shares and performance shares issued under the Company's 2007 Long-Term Incentive Plan ("2007 Plan") and the Company's 2007 Plan Long-Term Incentive Plan (Amended and Restated as of November 16, 2016) (as further amended, the "2016 Plan"). The Company recognizes share-based expense within selling, general, and administrative expense.

U. GOING CONCERN
In accordance with ASU 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40) (“ASC 205-40”), the Company has the responsibility to evaluate whether conditions and/or events raise substantial doubt about its ability to meet its future financial obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. This evaluation requires management to perform two steps. First, management must evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. Second, if management concludes that substantial doubt is raised, management is required to consider whether it has plans in place to alleviate that doubt. As required by ASC 205-40, this evaluation shall initially not take into consideration the potential mitigating effects of plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the financial statements are issued. Disclosures in the notes to the consolidated financial statements are required if management concludes that substantial doubt exists or that its plans alleviate the substantial doubt that was raised. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets, or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. See Note 5, Debt, for further discussion regarding the Company's Credit Agreement, which matures in fewer than 12 months and management's plan related to going concern.

2. Inventories

Inventories at September 30 consist of:
2020 2019
Raw materials and supplies $ 6,548  $ 4,512 
Work-in-process 3,786  2,721 
Finished goods 5,235  3,276 
Total inventories $ 15,569  $ 10,509 

If the FIFO method had been used for the entire Company, inventories would have been $8,286 and $8,296 higher than reported at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. LIFO benefit was $10 and $75 in fiscal 2020 and 2019, respectively.
There was no LIFO liquidation in fiscal 2020. In fiscal 2019, results showed a reduction of inventory resulting in liquidations of LIFO inventory quantities. The estimated liquidation of LIFO inventory quantities results in a projected increase in cost of goods sold of approximately $340 during fiscal 2019. These inventories were carried in prior periods at the then prevailing costs, which were accurate at the time, but differ from the current manufacturing cost and/or material costs.
42
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)







3. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The Company’s intangible assets by major asset class subject to amortization as of:
September 30, 2020 Weighted Average Life at September 30, Original
Cost		 Accumulated
Amortization		 Impairment Currency Translation Net Book
Value
Intangible assets:
Trade name
8 years
 $ 1,876  $ 1,729  $ —  $ (12) $ 135 
Technology asset
5 years
 1,869  1,843  —  (24) 2 
Customer relationships
10 years
 13,589  11,833  —  (3) 1,753 
Total intangible assets $ 17,334  $ 15,405  $ —  $ (39) $ 1,890 
September 30, 2019        
Intangible assets:
Trade name 8 years $ 1,876  $ 1,503  $ —  $ (13) $ 360 
Technology asset
5 years
 1,869  1,544  —  (28) 297 
Customer relationships
10 years
 13,589  10,859  —  (67) 2,663 
Total intangible assets $ 17,334  $ 13,906  $ —  $ (108) $ 3,320 

The amortization expense on identifiable intangible assets for fiscal 2020 and 2019 was $1,497 and $1,648, respectively.

Amortization expense associated with the identified intangible assets is expected to be as follows:
  Amortization
Expense
Fiscal year 2021 $ 1,009 
Fiscal year 2022 327 
Fiscal year 2023 250 
Fiscal year 2024 177 
Fiscal year 2025 127 

Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to an annual impairment test. The Company tests its goodwill for impairment in the fourth fiscal quarter, and in interim periods if certain events occur indicating that the carrying amount of goodwill may be impaired.

The Company uses a fair value measurement approach which combines the income (discounted cash flow method) and market valuation (market comparable method) techniques for each of the Company’s reporting units that carry goodwill. These valuation techniques use estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, the determination of appropriate market comparable, projected future cash flows (including timing and profitability), discount rate reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows, perpetual growth rate, and projected future economic and market conditions (Level 3 inputs).

Although the Company believes its assumptions are reasonable, actual results may vary significantly and may expose the Company to material impairment charges in the future.  The methodology for determining fair values was consistent for the periods presented. 
2020 Annual Goodwill Impairment Tests
SIFCO performed its annual impairment test as of July 31, 2020 for the Cleveland, Ohio ("Cleveland") reporting unit, it was determined that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value. No impairment charge as of September 30, 2020.



43
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)






2019 Annual Goodwill Impairment Tests
During the third quarter of fiscal 2019, management reviewed qualitative factors under ASC 350 ("Topic 350"), which triggered an interim goodwill assessment as of May 31, 2019 for its Maniago reporting unit. Certain qualitative factors, such as lower sales due to the soft energy market and continued under-performance relative to projected future operating results were factors that led the Company to perform an interim assessment of goodwill.
Upon completion of the interim impairment test performed in fiscal 2019 for the Maniago reporting unit, it was determined that the fair value of the reporting unit for Maniago did not exceed the carrying value, which resulted in a full write-down of the reporting unit's goodwill in the third quarter of fiscal 2019 in the amount of $8,294 (non-cash charge).
Upon completion of the annual impairment testing for the Cleveland reporting unit, it was determined that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value. As such, no additional impairment of goodwill existed as of September 30, 2019.

Goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Changes in the net carrying amount of goodwill were as follows:
Balance at September 30, 2018 $ 12,020 
Goodwill impairment adjustment (8,294)
  Currency translation (233)
Balance at September 30, 2019 3,493 
  Goodwill impairment adjustment — 
  Currency translation — 
Balance at September 30, 2020 $ 3,493 

4.     Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities at September 30 consist of:
2020 2019
Accrued employee compensation and benefits $ 5,476  $ 4,238 
Accrued workers’ compensation 546  181 
Contract liabilities 636  382 
Other accrued liabilities 1,632  756 
Total accrued liabilities $ 8,290  $ 5,557 

5.    Debt
Debt at September 30 consists of:
 
2020 2019
Revolving credit agreement $ 12,870  $ 15,542 
Foreign subsidiary borrowings 5,759  6,592 
Capital lease obligations 80  138 
Other, net of unamortized debt issuance cost $(20) and $(25)
 5,911  1,108 
Total debt 24,620  23,380 
Less – current maturities (20,014) (21,328)
Total long-term debt $ 4,606  $ 2,052 




44
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)

Credit Agreement and Security Agreement of 2018
On August 8, 2018, the Company entered into an asset-based Credit Agreement ("Credit Agreement") and a Security Agreement (“Security Agreement”) with its current lender. The Credit Agreement matures on August 6, 2021 and is comprised of a senior secured revolving credit facility with a maximum borrowing of $30,000. The Credit Agreement also has an accordion feature, which allows the Company to increase maximum borrowings by up to $10,000 upon consent of the existing lender or upon additional lenders joining the Credit Agreement. The terms of the Credit Agreement contain both a lock box arrangement and subjective acceleration clause. As a result, the amount outstanding on the revolving credit facility is classified as a short-term liability. The proceeds from the Credit Agreement were used to pay fees and expenses incurred in connection with entering into the Credit Agreement and continue to be used for working capital purposes and general corporate purposes.
The Credit Agreement contains affirmative and negative covenants and events of defaults. As set forth in the Credit Agreement, the Company is required to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio ("FCCR") of 1.1 to 1.0 any time the availability is equal to or less than 12.5% of the revolving commitment. In the event of a default, the Company may not be able to access the revolver, which could impact the ability to fund working capital needs, capital expenditures and invest in new business opportunities. See discussion below regarding the Fourth Amendment (the "Fourth Amendment") to the Credit Agreement and Security Agreement discussion, which revises the provision related to FCCR.
On November 5, 2018, the Company entered into the First Amendment with its lender. The First Amendment retroactively amended certain definitions and provisions effective as of the original closing date to clarify the parties' original understanding.
On December 17, 2018, the Company entered into an Export Credit Agreement (the “Export Credit Agreement”) with its Lender. Pursuant to the terms of the Export Credit Agreement, the Lender will lend amounts to the Company on foreign receivables that are guaranteed by the Export-Import Bank of the United States of America. The Export Credit Agreement provides for a revolving commitment of $5,000, therefore increasing the maximum borrowing of the revolver to $35,000. The borrowings under the Export Credit Agreement will bear interest at (depending on the type of borrowing) the Prime or LIBOR Rate, plus the applicable margin as set forth in the Export Credit Agreement. The maturity date under the Export Credit Agreement is August 6, 2021 (or such earlier date as the revolving commitments under the Export Credit Agreement are reduced to zero or otherwise terminated). The Export Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, covenants and events of default, including, without limitation, the affirmative covenants under the Company’s Credit Agreement dated August 8, 2018, as amended with the Lender. In connection with entering into the Export Credit Agreement, the Company also entered into the Second Amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to its Credit Agreement. The Second Amendment amends certain definitions and provisions to provide for the Company’s entrance into the Export Credit Agreement.
On March 29, 2019, the Company entered into a Third Amendment with its Lender. This amendment extended the time frame for when certain post-closing requirements would be satisfied by March 31, 2019 to June 30, 2019. These post-closing requirements were completed by June 30, 2019.
On September 20, 2019, the Company entered into a Fourth Amendment with its Lender. As previously stated, the Company is subject to certain customary loan covenants if availability is less than or equal to 12.5% of the revolving commitment for three or more business days in any consecutive 30 day period; however, the Fourth Amendment to the Credit Agreement resulted in the reduction of its availability from 12.5% of the revolving commitment to 10% of the lesser of the collateral or total revolving commitment, with a $2,000 floor through June 30, 2020. This previous requirement prior to the Fourth Amendment reset on July 1, 2020. As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, the total collateral was $26,964 and $24,000, respectively, and the revolving commitment was $35,000 for both periods. Total availability at September 30, 2020 and 2019 was $13,284 and $7,709, respectively, which exceed both the collateral and total commitment threshold. If availability had fallen short, the Company would be required to meet the FCCR covenant, which must not be less than 1.1 to 1.0. Because the availability was greater than the 12.5% of the revolving commitment as of September 30, 2020, the FCCR calculation was not required.
Amounts borrowed under the Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all the assets of the Company and its U.S. subsidiaries and a pledge of 66.67% of the stock of its first-tier non-U.S. subsidiaries. Borrowings will bear interest at the lender's established domestic rate or LIBOR, plus the applicable margin as set forth in the Credit Agreement. The revolver has a rate based on LIBOR plus a 1.50% spread, which was 1.7% and 3.6% at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Export Credit Agreement has a rate based on LIBOR plus a 1.00% spread at September 30, 2020 and 1.25% spread at September 30, 2019, which was 1.2% and 3.4% at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company also has a commitment fee of 0.25% under the Credit Agreement to be incurred on the unused balance of the revolver.
45
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)

The Company's Credit Agreement is set to mature within the next twelve months. Absent being able to refinance, the reporting entity would not be able to meet its obligations within the next year. Although there is no assurance that management will be successful in completing such refinancing or that such refinancing will be on terms similar to the current Credit Agreement or otherwise satisfactory to management, management intends to refinance its Credit Agreement with its Lender and is deemed probable of being implemented which would mitigate any adverse conditions.
Foreign subsidiary borrowings
Foreign debt at September 30 consists of:
2020 2019
Term loan $ 2,670  $ 2,318 
Short-term borrowings 2,620  3,744 
Factor 469  530 
Total debt $ 5,759  $ 6,592 
Less – current maturities (3,544) (5,501)
Total long-term debt $ 2,215  $ 1,091 
Receivables pledged as collateral $ 1,859  $ 672 

Interest rates are based on Euribor rates plus spread which range from 1.0% to 4.2%. In December 2018, Maniago entered into a six month short-term debt arrangement with one of its lenders in the amount of $1,137, to be used for working capital purposes, which has been repaid as of the end of the fiscal year 2019. In September 2020, Maniago entered into a long-term term debt agreement in the amount of $1,465, which was used to repay existing debt and for working capital purposes. The long-term loan repayment schedule is over a 72 month period and has a rate based on EURIBOR plus 3.20% spread, which was 2.7% at September 30, 2020. To assist with the preservation of liquidity and uncertainty of COVID-19, subsequent to September 30, 2020, Maniago finalized with certain lenders a deferment of payments ranging between 6 to 12 months which has been reflected within the future minimum payment schedule.

The Company factors receivables from one of its customers. The factoring programs are uncommitted, whereby the Company offers receivables for sale to an unaffiliated financial institution, which are then subject to acceptance by the unaffiliated financial institution. Following the sale and transfer of the receivables to the unaffiliated financial institution, the receivables are not isolated from the Company, and effective control of the receivables is not passed to the unaffiliated financial institution, which does not have the right to pledge or sell the receivables. The Company accounts for the pledge of receivables under this agreement as short-term debt and continues to carry the receivables on its consolidated balance sheets.

Payments on long-term debt under the foreign term debt and other debt (excluding finance lease obligations, see Note 10, Leases, of the consolidated financial statements) over the next 5 years are as follows:
Minimum long-term debt payments
2021 $ 3,995 
2022 2,789 
2023 595 
2024 575 
2025 381 
thereafter 266 
 Total Minimum long-term debt payments $ 8,601 




46
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)


Debt issuance costs
The Company incurred debt issuance costs as it pertains to the Credit Agreement in the amount of $212, and incurred additional costs in fiscal 2019 of $75 related to the First and Second Amendments, which are included in the consolidated balance sheet as a deferred charge in other current assets, net of amortization of $205 and $106 at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Other
In response to the economic uncertainty created by the COVID-19 pandemic, as described above in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and taking into consideration the Company’s market capitalization, status as a smaller reporting company, and uncertainties and volatility in, and disruptions to, the capital markets, as well as the terms of the Company’s Credit Agreement, the Company applied for and received funds under Paycheck Protection Program (or "PPP") of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"). On April 10, 2020, the Company entered into an unsecured promissory note under the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP Loan”). The PPP Loan to the Company was made through JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., a national banking association and the Company’s existing lender. The note has an aggregate principal amount of approximately $5,025 and a two year term. The interest rate on the PPP Loan is 0.98%, which was deferred for the first six months of the term of the loan. The promissory note evidencing the PPP Loan contains customary events of default relating to, among other things, payment defaults, breach of representations and warranties, or provisions of the promissory note. The occurrence of an event of default may result in the repayment of all amounts outstanding, collection of all amounts owing from the Company, and/or filing suit and obtaining judgment against the Company. The loan proceeds were received on April 10, 2020 and were used for payroll, interest on mortgage obligations, rents on leases and utility payments. The Company repaid $261 of proceeds back to its lender, leaving a remaining balance of $4,764, of which $3,176 will be paid in the next twelve months and the remaining $1,588 in the following twelve months after, pending any forgiveness of such loan, as described below.

Under the terms of the CARES Act, PPP Loan recipients can apply for and potentially be granted forgiveness for all or a portion of loans granted under the PPP. Such forgiveness will be determined, subject to limitations, based on the use of loan proceeds for payroll costs and mortgage interest, rent or utility costs and the maintenance of employee and compensation levels. Although the Company intends to file for forgiveness, no assurance is provided that the Company will obtain forgiveness of the PPP Loan in whole or in part. As of September 30, 2020, the Company is waiting for further guidance regarding how to apply for the forgiveness for all or a portion of the PPP loan.

6.    Revenue
The Company produces forged components for (i) turbine engines that power commercial, business and regional aircraft as well as military aircraft and armored military vehicles; (ii) airframe applications for a variety of aircraft; (iii) industrial gas and steam turbine engines for power generation units; and (iv) other commercial applications.

The following table represents a breakout of total revenue by customer type:.
Years Ended
September 30,
2020 2019
Commercial revenue $ 48,335  $ 54,999 
Military revenue 65,238  57,455 
Total $ 113,573  $ 112,454 










47
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)


The following table represents revenue by the various components:
Years Ended
September 30,
Net Sales 2020 2019
Aerospace components for:
Fixed wing aircraft $ 52,039  $ 52,895 
Rotorcraft 31,454  23,602 
Energy components for power generation units 16,682  17,646 
Commercial product and other revenue 13,398  18,311 
Total $ 113,573  $ 112,454 

The following table represents revenue by geographic region based on the Company's selling operation locations:
Years Ended
September 30,
Net Sales 2020 2019
North America $ 98,144  $ 95,667 
Europe 15,429  16,787 
Total $ 113,573  $ 112,454 

In addition to the disaggregating revenue information provided above, approximately 59% and 56% of total net sales as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, was recognized on an over-time basis because of the continuous transfer of control to the customer, with the remainder recognized as a point in time. 

Contract Balances
Generally, payment is due shortly after the shipment of goods. For performance obligations recognized at a point in time, a contract asset is not established as the billing and revenue recognition occur at the same time. For performance obligations recognized over time, a contract asset is established as revenue that is recognized prior to billing and shipment. Upon shipment and billing, the value of the contract asset is reversed and accounts receivable is recorded. In circumstances where prepayments are required and payment is made prior to satisfaction of performance obligations, a contract liability is established. If the satisfaction of the performance obligation occurs over time, the contract liability is reversed over the course of production. If the satisfaction of the performance obligation is point in time, the contract liability reverses upon shipment.  

The following table contains a roll forward of contract assets and contract liabilities for the period ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
Contract assets - Beginning balance, October 1, 2018 $ 10,140 
Additional revenue recognized over-time 62,499 
Less amounts billed to the customers (62,290)
Contract assets - Ending balance, September 30, 2019 $ 10,349 
Additional revenue recognized over-time 67,043 
Less amounts billed to the customers (65,395)
Contract assets - Ending balance, September 30, 2020 $ 11,997 








48
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)


Contract liabilities (included within Accrued liabilities) - Beginning balance, October 1, 2018 $ — 
Payments received in advance of performance obligations (2,000)
Performance obligations satisfied 1,618 
Contract liabilities (included within Accrued liabilities) - Ending balance, September 30, 2019 $ (382)
Payments received in advance of performance obligations (865)
Performance obligations satisfied 611 
Contract liabilities (included within Accrued liabilities) - Ending balance, September 30, 2020 $ (636)
There were no impairment losses recorded on contract assets during the year ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Remaining performance obligations
As of September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company has $91,135 and $117,600, respectively, of remaining performance obligations, the majority of which are anticipated to be completed within the next twelve months.

7.     Income Taxes

The components of income (loss) before income tax benefit are as follows:
  Years Ended 
September 30,
  2020 2019
U.S. $ 10,071  $ 3,416 
Non-U.S. (1,091) (11,623)
Income (loss) before income tax benefit $ 8,980  $ (8,207)

Income tax benefit consist of the following:
  Years Ended
September 30,
  2020 2019
Current income tax provision (benefit):
U.S. federal $ —  $ — 
U.S. state and local 19  (27)
Non-U.S. 192  (109)
Total current tax provision (benefit) 211  (136)
Deferred income tax provision (benefit):
U.S. federal 10  8 
U.S. state and local 1  2 
Non-U.S. (433) (575)
Total deferred tax provision (benefit) (422) (565)
Income tax benefit $ (211) $ (701)





49
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)


The income tax benefit in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations differs from amounts determined by using the statutory rate as follows: 
  Years Ended
September 30,
  2020 2019
Income (loss) before income tax benefit $ 8,980  $ (8,207)
Income tax provision (benefit) at U.S. federal statutory rates $ 1,886  $ (1,723)
Tax effect of:
Foreign rate differential —  1,698 
State and local income taxes 20  14 
Federal tax credits (135) (144)
Valuation allowance (2,025) (556)
Other 43  10 
Income tax benefit $ (211) $ (701)

As described above, on March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was enacted and signed into law, which includes provisions relating to refundable payroll tax credits, deferral of certain payment requirements for the employer portion of Social Security taxes, net operating loss carryback periods and temporarily increasing the amount of net operating losses that corporations can use to offset income, alternative minimum tax ("AMT") credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations, and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. The CARES Act did not materially affect the Company’s fiscal 2020 income tax provision, deferred tax assets and liabilities, or related taxes payable. The Company continues to assess the future implications of these provisions within the CARES Act on its consolidated financial statements but does not expect the impact to be material.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities at September 30 consist of the following:
2020 2019
Deferred tax assets:
Net U.S. operating loss carryforwards $ 3,543  $ 5,002 
Net non-U.S. operating loss carryforwards 789  866 
Employee benefits 2,688  2,456 
Inventory reserves 1,049  970 
Allowance for doubtful accounts 73  144
Intangibles 2,197  2,535 
Foreign tax credits 1,724  1,724 
Other tax credits 1,359  1,232 
Other 1,171  918 
Total deferred tax assets 14,593  15,847 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation (8,653) (8,135)
Prepaid expenses (376) (192)
Other (1,635) (1,681)
Total deferred tax liabilities $ (10,664) $ (10,008)
Net deferred tax assets 3,929  5,839 
Valuation allowance (5,329) (7,557)
Net deferred tax liabilities (1,400) (1,718)

50
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)


At September 30, 2020, the Company has a non-U.S. tax loss carryforward of approximately $6,141 related to the Company’s non-operating and Italian subsidiaries. The Company's non-operating subsidiary ceased operations in 2007 and therefore, a valuation allowance has been recorded against the deferred tax asset related to the Irish tax loss carryforward because it is unlikely that such operating loss can be utilized unless the Irish subsidiary resumes operations. Additionally, a valuation allowance has been recorded in fiscal 2020 against a portion of the deferred tax asset related to the Italian tax loss carryforward that was not considered realizable. The non-operating and Italian tax loss carryforwards do not expire.
The Company has $1,724 of foreign tax credit carryforwards that are subject to expiration in fiscal 2023-2028, $1,182 of U.S. general business tax credits that are subject to expiration in 2035-2040, and $12,943 of U.S. Federal tax loss carryforwards with $9,622 subject to expiration in fiscal 2037 and $3,321 that do not expire. A valuation allowance has been recorded against the deferred tax assets related to the foreign tax credit carryforwards, U.S. general business credits, and U.S. Federal tax loss carryforwards.
In addition, the Company has $178 of U.S. state tax credit carryforwards subject to expiration in fiscal 2022-2024 and $25,782 of U.S. state and local tax loss carryforwards subject to expiration in fiscal 2021-2039. The U.S. state tax credit carryforwards and U.S. state and local tax loss carryforwards have been fully offset by a valuation allowance.
As of fiscal 2020, the valuation allowance on the Company’s U.S. net deferred tax assets is $5,329. Each reporting period, the Company assesses available positive and negative evidence and estimate in determining the realizability of its deferred tax assets. Through fiscal 2019, the Company’s history of U.S. operating losses has resulted in significant negative evidence requiring a full valuation allowance to be recorded against the U.S. net deferred tax assets. Recent positive evidence includes profitable fiscal 2020 U.S. results, however, there continues to be uncertainty as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, the Company has maintained a full valuation allowance on its U.S. net deferred tax assets in fiscal 2020. However, it is reasonably possible that sufficient positive evidence required to release all, or a portion, of the valuation allowance in the U.S. will exist within the next 12 months.
The Company reported liabilities for uncertain tax positions, excluding any related interest and penalties, of $22 for both fiscal 2020 and 2019. If recognized, $22 of the fiscal 2020 uncertain tax positions would impact the effective tax rate. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had accrued interest of $14 and recognized $1 for interest and penalties in operations. The Company classifies interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as income tax expense. A summary of activity related to the Company’s uncertain tax position is as follows:
2020 2019
Balance at beginning of year $ 22  $ 53 
Decrease due to lapse of statute of limitations —  (31)
Balance at end of year $ 22  $ 22 
The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, Ireland, Italy and various states and local jurisdictions. The Company believes it has appropriate support for its federal income tax returns. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for fiscal years prior to 2017, state and local income tax examinations for fiscal years prior to 2014, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for fiscal years prior to 2007.
The Company does not record deferred taxes on the undistributed earnings of its non-U.S. subsidiaries as it does not expect the temporary differences related to those unremitted earnings to reverse in the foreseeable future. As of September 30, 2020, the Company's non-U.S. subsidiaries had accumulated deficits of approximately $485. Future distributions of accumulated earnings of the Company's non-U.S. subsidiaries may be subject to nominal withholding taxes.




51
SIFCO Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - (Continued)

8.     Retirement Benefit Plans

Defined Benefit Plans
The Company and certain of its subsidiaries sponsor four defined benefit pension plans covering some of its employees. The Company’s funding policy for its defined benefit pension plans is based on an actuarially determined cost method allowable under Internal Revenue Service regulations. One of the defined benefit pension plans covers non-union employees of the Company’s U.S. operations who were hired prior to March 1, 2003. Benefit accruals ceased in March 2003. A second defined benefit plan covered employees at a business location that closed in December 2013, at which time benefits accruals ceased. The third defined pension plan covers one of the Company's union groups at the Cleveland location. See Notes 11 and 12, Commitment and Contingencies and Business information, for further discussion regarding its union status. Benefits accruals under this plan ceased in March 2020, when the then-current union disclaimed all interest in the bargaining unit. Curtailment occurred; however, there was no impact to consolidated financial statements. A new union has been certified and collective bargaining is underway. Such bargaining will determine whether benefit accruals under this plan will resume or whether retirement benefits will be provided through a defined contribution plan. The Company sponsors a fourth defined benefit plan for certain employees at its Maniago location. The plan is a severance entitlement payable to the Italian employees who qualified prior to December 27, 2006. The plan is considered an unfunded defined benefit plan and its liability is measured as the actuarial present value of the vested benefits to which the employees would be entitled if they separated at the consolidated balance sheet date.

The Company uses a September 30 measurement date for its U.S. defined benefit pension plans. Net pension expense, benefit obligations and plan assets for the Company-sponsored defined benefit pension plans consists of the following:
  Years Ended
September 30,
  2020 2019
Service cost $ 341  $ 299 
Interest cost 832  1,055 
Expected return on plan assets (1,453) (1,573)
Amortization of net loss 752  429 
Settlement cost 239  246 
Net pension expense for defined benefit plans $ 711  $ 456 
The status of all defined benefit pension plans at September 30 is as follows:
2020 2019
Benefit obligations:
Benefit obligations at beginning of year $ 30,548  $ 27,437 
Service cost 341  299 
Interest cost 832  1,055 
Actuarial loss 2,037  3,691 
Benefits paid (1,965) (1,914)
Currency translation —  (20)
Benefit obligations at end of year $ 31,793  $ 30,548 
Plan assets: