NOTE 2 – MANAGEMENT’S PLANS
Our future expenditures and capital requirements will depend on numerous factors, including: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; the progress of our research and development efforts; the rate at which we can, directly or through arrangements with original equipment manufacturers, introduce and sell products incorporating our polymer materials technology; the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights; market acceptance of our products and competing technological developments; and our ability to establish cooperative development, joint venture and licensing arrangements. We expect that we will incur approximately $706,000 of expenditures per month over the next 12 months. Our current cash position enables us to finance our operations through April 2022. Pursuant to a
LIGHTWAVE LOGIC, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MARCH 31, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 2 – MANAGEMENT’S PLANS (CONTINUED)
purchase agreement with an institutional investor (described in Note 10), a remaining available amount of $7,459,403 is available to the Company per the agreement. Our cash requirements are expected to increase at a rate consistent with the Company’s path to revenue growth as we expand our activities and operations with the objective of commercializing our electro-optic polymer technology. We currently have no debt to service.
NOTE 3 – PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:
|
|
March 31, 2021
|
|
|
December 31, 2020
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Insurance
|
|
$
|
67,135
|
|
|
$
|
93,569
|
|
Research & Development Credit
|
|
|
49,288
|
|
|
|
101,629
|
|
Other
|
|
|
37,603
|
|
|
|
51,384
|
|
Rent
|
|
|
36,525
|
|
|
|
36,525
|
|
License
|
|
|
35,734
|
|
|
|
25,478
|
|
Deposit for Equipment
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
140,394
|
|
Prototype Devices
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
118,206
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
226,285
|
|
|
$
|
567,185
|
|
NOTE 4 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment consist of the following:
|
|
March 31, 2021
|
|
|
December 31, 2020
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Office equipment
|
|
$
|
86,097
|
|
|
$
|
86,097
|
|
Lab equipment
|
|
|
4,368,538
|
|
|
|
3,884,807
|
|
Furniture
|
|
|
33,128
|
|
|
|
33,128
|
|
Leasehold improvements
|
|
|
237,042
|
|
|
|
234,366
|
|
|
|
|
4,724,805
|
|
|
|
4,238,398
|
|
Less: Accumulated depreciation
|
|
|
2,538,854
|
|
|
|
2,364,849
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
2,185,951
|
|
|
$
|
1,873,549
|
|
LIGHTWAVE LOGIC, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MARCH 31, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 4 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT (CONTINUED)
Depreciation expense for the three months ending March 31, 2021 and 2020 was $174,005 and $178,293. During the three months ending March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not retire or sell any property and equipment.
NOTE 5 – INTANGIBLE ASSETS
This represents legal fees and patent fees associated with the prosecution of patent applications. The Company has recorded amortization expense on patents granted, which are amortized over the remaining legal life. Maintenance patent fees are paid to a government patent authority to maintain a granted patent in force. Some countries require the payment of maintenance fees for pending patent applications. Maintenance fees paid after a patent is granted are expensed, as these are considered ongoing costs to “maintain a patent”. Maintenance fees paid prior to a patent grant date are capitalized to patent costs, as these are considered “patent application costs”. No amortization expense has been recorded on the remaining patent applications since patents have yet to be granted.
Patents consists of the following:
|
|
March 31, 2021
|
|
|
December 31, 2020
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Patents
|
|
$
|
1,334,232
|
|
|
$
|
1,327,000
|
|
Less: Accumulated amortization
|
|
|
433,573
|
|
|
|
411,000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
900,659
|
|
|
$
|
916,000
|
|
Amortization expense for the three months ending March 31, 2021 and 2020 was $22,573 and $20,878. There were no patent costs written off for the three months ending March 31, 2021 and 2020.
NOTE 6 – LONG TERM EQUIPMENT PURCHASE PAYABLE
Outstanding long term equipment purchase payable is comprised of the following:
Final Year
of Maturity
|
|
|
Classification
|
|
|
Interest
Rate
|
|
|
March 31, 2021
|
|
|
December 31, 2020
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current
|
|
|
0.00
|
%
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
13,107
|
|
|
|
|
Long term
|
|
|
0.00
|
%
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
13,107
|
|
NOTE 7 – COMMITMENTS
On October 30, 2017, the Company entered into a lease agreement to lease approximately 13,420 square feet of office, laboratory and research and development space located in Colorado for the Company’s principal executive offices and research and development facility. The term of the lease is sixty- one (61) months, beginning on November 1, 2017 and ending on November 30, 2022. The term shall be extended for an additional twenty-four (24) months, subject to certain conditions, waivable solely by landlord in its sole and absolute discretion. Base rent for the first year of the lease term is approximately $168,824, with an increase in annual base rent of approximately 3% in each subsequent year of the lease term. As specified in the lease, the
LIGHTWAVE LOGIC, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MARCH 31, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 7 – COMMITMENTS (CONTINUED)
Company paid the landlord (i) all base rent for the period November 1, 2017 and ending on October 31, 2019, in the sum of $347,045; and (ii) the estimated amount of tenant’s proportionate share of operating expenses for the same period in the sum of $186,293. Commencing on November 1, 2019, monthly installments of base rent and one-twelfth of landlord’s estimate of tenant’s proportionate share of annual operating expenses shall be due on the first day of each calendar month. The lease also provides that (i) on November 1, 2019 landlord shall pay the Company for the cost of the cosmetic improvements in the amount of $3.00 per rentable square foot of the premises, and (ii) on or prior to November 1, 2019, the Company shall deposit with Landlord the sum of $36,524 as a security deposit which shall be held by landlord to secure the Company’s obligations under the lease. The lease contains an option to extend the term to October 31, 2024. On October 30, 2017, the Company entered into an agreement with the tenant leasing the premise from the landlord (“Original Lessee”) whereby the Original Lessee agreed to pay the Company the sum of $260,000 in consideration of the Company entering into the lease and landlord agreeing to the early termination of the Original Lessee’s lease agreement with landlord. The consideration of $260,000 was received on November 1, 2017.
Due to the adoption of the new lease standard, the Company has capitalized the present value of the minimum lease payments commencing November 1, 2019, including the additional option period using an estimated incremental borrowing rate of 6.5%. The minimum lease payments do not include common area annual expenses which are considered to be nonlease components.
As of January 1, 2019 the operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liability amounted to $885,094 with no cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings/accumulated deficit. The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities arising from short-term leases.
There are no other material operating leases.
The Company is obligated under the operating lease for office and laboratory space. The aggregate minimum future lease payments under the operating leases, including the extended term are as follows:
YEARS ENDING
DECEMBER 31,
|
|
AMOUNT
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021
|
|
$
|
151,378
|
|
2022
|
|
|
207,563
|
|
2023
|
|
|
213,781
|
|
2024
|
|
|
182,624
|
|
|
|
|
755,346
|
|
Less discounted interest
|
|
|
(92,634
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL
|
|
$
|
662,712
|
|
Rent expense totaling $33,466 and $11,155 is included in research and development and general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Rent expense totaling $32,359 and $10,786 is included in research and development and general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2020.
LIGHTWAVE LOGIC, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MARCH 31, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 8 – PAYCHECK PROTECTION PROGRAM ADVANCE
On April 24, 2020, the Company received $410,700 in loan funding from the Paycheck Protection Program, established pursuant to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act enacted on March 27, 2020 and administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration. The unsecured loan is evidenced by a promissory note of the Company dated April 23, 2020 in the principal amount of $410,700, to Community Banks of Colorado, a division of NBH Bank, the lender. The loan proceeds have been used to cover payroll costs, rent and utility costs. The loan was eligible for forgiveness as part of the CARES Act if certain requirements were met. The loan was forgiven by the Small Business Administration in its entirety on January 22, 2021.
NOTE 9 – INCOME TAXES
There is no income tax benefit for the losses for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 since management has determined that the realization of the net deferred tax asset is not assured and has created a valuation allowance for the entire amount of such benefits.
The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits as additional income taxes in the statement of operations. As of January 1, 2021, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits, or any tax related interest or penalties. There were no changes in the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits during the period ended March 31, 2021. The Company did not recognize any interest or penalties during 2020 related to unrecognized tax benefits. With few exceptions, the U.S. and state income tax returns filed for the tax years ending on December 31, 2017 and thereafter are subject to examination by the relevant taxing authorities.
NOTE 10 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred Stock
Pursuant to the Company’s articles of incorporation, the Company’s Board of Directors is empowered, without stockholder approval, to issue series of preferred stock with any designations, rights and preferences as they may from time to time determine. The rights and preferences of this preferred stock may be superior to the rights and preferences of the Company’s common stock; consequently, preferred stock, if issued could have dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the common stock. Additionally, preferred stock, if issued, could be utilized, under special circumstances, as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company’s business or a takeover from a third party.
Common Stock Options and Warrants
In January 2019, the Company signed a purchase agreement with the institutional investor to sell up to $25,000,000 of common stock. The Company registered 9,500,000 shares pursuant to a registration statement filed on January 30, 2019 which became effective February 13, 2019. The Company issued 350,000 shares of common stock to the institutional investor as an initial
LIGHTWAVE LOGIC, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MARCH 31, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 10 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (CONTINUED)
Common Stock Options and Warrants (Continued)
commitment fee valued at $258,125, fair value, and 812,500 shares of common stock are reserved for additional commitment fees to the institutional investor in accordance with the terms of the purchase agreement. The Company registered an additional 6,000,000 shares pursuant to a registration statement filed on January 24, 2020 which became effective February 4, 2020. The Company registered an additional 8,000,000 shares pursuant to a registration statement filed on November 20, 2020 which became effective November 20, 2020. During the period January 2019 through March 31, 2021, the institutional investor purchased 18,066,911 shares of common stock for proceeds of $14,754,647 and the Company issued 479,537 shares of common stock as additional commitment fee, valued at $492,162, fair value, leaving 332,963 in reserve for additional commitment fees. During the three month period ending March 31, 2021, the institutional investor purchased 3,791,911 shares of common stock for proceeds of $4,953,972 and the Company issued 161,009 shares of common stock as additional commitment fee, valued at $250,281, fair value. During April through May 2021, the institutional investor purchased 1,900,000 shares of common stock for proceeds of $2,785,950 with $7,459,403 as the remaining purchase amount available and the Company issued 90,545 shares of common stock as additional commitment fee, valued at $147,491, fair value.
NOTE 11 – STOCK BASED COMPENSATION
During 2007, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted the 2007 Employee Stock Plan (“2007 Plan”) that was approved by the shareholders. Under the 2007 Plan, the Company is authorized to grant options to purchase up to 10,000,000 shares of common stock to directors, officers, employees and consultants who provide services to the Company. The 2007 Plan is intended to permit stock options granted to employees under the 2007 Plan to qualify as incentive stock options under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Incentive Stock Options”). All options granted under the 2007 Plan, which are not intended to qualify as Incentive Stock Options are deemed to be non-qualified options (“Non-Statutory Stock Options”). Effective June 24, 2016, the 2007 Plan was terminated. As of March 31, 2021, options to purchase 4,420,000 shares of common stock have been issued and are outstanding.
During 2016, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (“2016 Plan”) that was approved by the shareholders at the 2016 annual meeting of shareholders on May 20, 2016. Under the 2016 Plan, the Company is authorized to grant awards of incentive and non-qualified stock options and restricted stock to purchase up to 3,000,000 shares of common stock to employees, directors and consultants. Effective May 16, 2019, the number of shares of the Company’s common stock available for issuance under the 2016 Plan was increased from 3,000,000 to 8,000,000 shares. As of March 31, 2021, options to purchase 4,131,250 shares of common stock have been issued and are outstanding and 3,868,750 shares of common stock remain available for grants under the 2016 Plan.
LIGHTWAVE LOGIC, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MARCH 31, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 11 – STOCK BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)
Both plans are administered by the Company’s Board of Directors or its compensation committee which determines the persons to whom awards will be granted, the number of awards to be granted, and the specific terms of each grant. Subject to the provisions regarding Ten Percent Shareholders, (as defined in the 2016 Plan), the exercise price per share of each option cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of grant. Options granted under the 2016 Plan are generally exercisable for a period of 10 years from the date of grant and may vest on the grant date, another specified date or over a period of time.
The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the grant-date fair value of an award, with the following assumptions for 2021: no dividend yield in all years, expected volatility, based on the Company's historical volatility, 70.4% to 71.4%, risk-free interest rate between 1.15% to 1.73% and expected option life of 10 years. The expected life is based on the estimated average of the life of options using the “simplified” method, as prescribed in FASB ASC 718, due to insufficient historical exercise activity during recent years.
As of March 31, 2021, there was $318,229 of unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested market-based share awards that is expected to be recognized through March 31, 2023.
Share-based compensation was recognized as follows:
|
|
For the Three
Months Ending
March 31, 2021
|
|
|
For the Three
Months Ending
March 31, 2020
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007 Employee Stock Option Plan
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
2016 Equity Incentive Plan
|
|
|
241,248
|
|
|
|
206,437
|
|
Warrants
|
|
|
7,965
|
|
|
|
26,924
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total share-based compensation
|
|
$
|
249,213
|
|
|
$
|
233,361
|
|
The following tables summarize all stock option and warrant activity of the Company during the three months ended March 31, 2021:
|
|
|
Non-Qualified Stock Options and
Warrants Outstanding and Exercisable
|
|
|
|
|
Number of
Shares
|
|
|
Exercise
Price
|
|
Weighted
Average
Exercise Price
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Outstanding, December 31, 2020
|
|
|
10,022,500
|
|
|
$0.51 - $1.69
|
|
$
|
0.84
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Granted
|
|
|
380,000
|
|
|
$1.27 - $1.46
|
|
$
|
1.28
|
|
Forfeited
|
|
|
(6,250
|
)
|
|
$1.27
|
|
$
|
1.27
|
|
Exercised
|
|
|
(30,000
|
)
|
|
$0.70
|
|
$
|
0.70
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Outstanding, March 31, 2021
|
|
|
10,366,250
|
|
|
$0.51 - $1.69
|
|
$
|
0.86
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercisable, March 31, 2021
|
|
|
9,874,796
|
|
|
$0.51 - $1.69
|
|
$
|
0.85
|
|
LIGHTWAVE LOGIC, INC.
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
MARCH 31, 2021 AND 2020
NOTE 11 – STOCK BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)
The aggregate intrinsic value of options and warrants outstanding and exercisable as of March 31, 2021 was $5,718,637. The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and warrants and the closing stock price of $1.42 for the Company’s common stock on March 31, 2021. During the three month period ending March 31, 2021, 30,000 options were exercised for proceeds of $21,000. No warrants were exercised during the three month period ending March 31, 2021.
Non-Qualified Stock Options and Warrants Outstanding
|
Range of
Exercise Prices
|
|
Number Outstanding
Currently Exercisable
at March 31, 2021
|
|
Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual Life
|
|
Weighted Average
Exercise Price of Options and
Warrants Currently Exercisable
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$0.51 - $1.69
|
|
9,874,796
|
|
5.02
|
|
$0.85
|
NOTE 12 – RELATED PARTY
At March 31, 2021 the Company had a legal accrual to related party of $44,731, travel and office expense accruals of officers in the amount of $2,969 and accounting service fee accrual to a related party of $6,712 offset by prepaid director operations committee fees in the amount of $23,700. At December 31, 2020, the Company had a legal accrual to related party of $30,100, director fees accrued in the amount of $10,000, travel and office expense accruals of officers in the amount of $7,177 and accounting service fee accrual to a related party of $2,520.
NOTE 13 – RETIREMENT PLAN
The Company established a 401(k) retirement plan covering all eligible employees beginning November 15, 2013. For the three months ending March 31, 2021 and 2020, a contribution of $14,009 and $13,080 was charged to expense for all eligible non-executive participants.
Item 2 Management’s Discussion
and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion
and analysis should be read in conjunction with our financial statements, included herewith. This discussion should not be construed to
imply that the results discussed herein will necessarily continue into the future, or that any conclusion reached herein will necessarily
be indicative of actual operating results in the future. Such discussion represents only the best present assessment of our management.
This information should also be read in conjunction with our audited historical financial statements which are included in our Annual
Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2021.
COVID-19
During
this uncertain time, our critical priorities are the health and safety of our employees and contractors, all of whom began working from
home and reduced travel to essential business needs starting in late March. We currently are operating under the guidelines of the State
of Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment and the Governor of Colorado’s Executive Order, Safer-at Home, as amended.
We began to incrementally bring certain employees back to work at our facilities on May 4, 2020 under the directives of the Governor’s
Executive Order, and under the guidelines of the local and state health departments. We will continue to actively monitor the situation
and may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required by federal, state, local authorities, or that we determine
are in the best interests of our employees and stockholders.
The
COVID-19 pandemic has had and continues to have a significant impact on local, state, national and global economies. The actions taken
by governments, as well as businesses and individuals, to limit the spread of the disease has significantly disrupted the Company’s
normal activities. Numerous businesses, including some of our contractors, collaborative partners and suppliers, have either shut down
or are operating on a limited basis with employees working from home, some employees have been furloughed or laid off and social distancing
has been mandated through stay-at-home orders, and continues with the Safer-at-Home orders, as amended. The Company expects these actions
to have a significant impact on the Company’s results of operations, particularly with respect to research and development, and
financial position. The full extent of the impact to the Company due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be currently determined.
The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will impact the Company will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot
be reasonably predicted, including the duration of the outbreak, the increase or reduction in governmental restrictions to businesses
and individuals, the potential for a resurgence of the virus and other factors. The longer the COVID-19 pandemic continues, the greater
the potential negative financial effect on the Company.
Overview
Lightwave Logic, Inc. is
a development stage company moving toward commercialization of next generation electro-optic photonic devices made on its P2ICTM
technology platform which uses in-house proprietary high-activity and high-stability organic polymers. Electro-optical devices convert
data from electric signals into optical signals for multiple applications.
Our differentiation at
the device level is in higher speed, lower power consumption, simplicity of manufacturing and reliability. We have demonstrated higher
speed and lower power consumption in packaged devices, and during 2019, we developed new materials that promise to further lower power
consumption. We are currently focused on testing and demonstrating the simplicity of manufacturability and reliability of our devices,
including in conjunction with the silicon photonics manufacturing ecosystem.
We are initially targeting
applications in data communications and telecommunications markets and are exploring other applications for our polymer technology platform.
Materials Development
Our Company designs and
synthesizes organic chromophores for use in its own proprietary electro-optic polymer systems and photonic device designs. A polymer
system is not solely a material, but also encompasses various technical enhancements necessary for its implementation. These include host
polymers, poling methodologies, and molecular spacer systems that are customized to achieve specific optical properties. Our organic electro-optic
polymer systems compounds are mixed into solution form that allows for thin film application. Our proprietary electro-optic polymers are
designed at the molecular level for potentially superior performance, stability and cost-efficiency. We believe they have the potential
to replace more expensive, higher power consuming, slower-performance materials and devices used in fiber-optic communication networks.
Our patented and patent
pending molecular architectures are based on a well-understood chemical and quantum mechanical occurrence known as aromaticity.
Aromaticity provides a high degree of molecular stability that enables our core molecular structures to maintain stability under a broad
range of operating conditions.
We expect our patented
and patent-pending optical materials along with trade secrets and licensed materials, to be the core of and the enabling technology for
future generations of optical devices, modules, sub-systems and systems that we will develop or potentially out-license to electro-optic
device manufacturers. Our Company contemplates future applications that may address the needs of semiconductor companies, optical network
companies, Web 2.0 media companies, high performance computing companies, telecommunications companies, aerospace companies, and government
agencies.
Device Design and Development
Electro-optic Modulators
Our Company designs its
own proprietary electro-optical modulation devices. Electro-optical modulators convert data from electric signals into optical signals
that can then be transmitted over high-speed fiber-optic cables. Our modulators are electro-optic, meaning they work because the optical
properties of the polymers are affected by electric fields applied by means of electrodes. Modulators are key components that are used
in fiber optic telecommunications, data communications, and data centers networks etc., to convey the high data flows that have been driven
by applications such as pictures, video streaming, movies etc., that are being transmitted through the Internet. Electro-optical modulators
are expected to continue to be an essential element as the appetite and hunger for data increases every year.
Polymer Photonic Integrated
Circuits (P2ICTM)
Our Company also designs
its own proprietary polymer photonic integrated circuits (otherwise termed a polymer PIC). A polymer PIC is a photonic device that integrates
several photonic functions on a single chip. We believe that our technology can enable the ultra-miniaturization needed to increase the
number of photonic functions residing on a semiconductor chip to create a progression like what was seen in the computer integrated circuits,
commonly referred to as Moore’s Law. One type of integration is to combine several instances of the same photonic functions such
as a plurality of modulators to create a 4 channel polymer PIC. In this case, the number of photonic components would increase by a factor
of 4. Another type is to combine different types of devices including from different technology bases such as the combination of a semiconductor
laser with a polymer modulator. Our P2IC™ platform encompasses both these types of architecture.
Current photonic technology
today is struggling to reach faster device speeds. Our modulator devices, enabled by our electro-optic polymer material systems, work
at extremely high frequencies (wide bandwidths) and possess inherent advantages over current crystalline electro-optic material contained
in most modulator devices such as lithium niobate (LiNbO3), indium phosphide (InP), silicon (Si), and gallium arsenide GaAs). Our advanced
electro-optic polymer platform is creating a new class of modulators such as the Polymer Stack ™ and associated PIC platforms that
can address higher data rates in a lower cost, lower power consuming manner, with much simpler modulation techniques.
Our electro-optic polymers
can be integrated with other materials platforms because they can be applied as a thin film coating in a fabrication clean room such as
may be found in semiconductor foundries. This approach we call Polymer Plus™. Our polymers are unique in that they are stable enough
to seamlessly integrate into existing CMOS, Indium Phosphide (InP), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), and other semiconductor manufacturing lines.
Of particular relevance are the integrated silicon photonics platforms that combine optical and electronic functions. These include a
miniaturized modulator for ultra-small footprint applications in which we term the Polymer Slot ™. This design is based on a slot
modulator fabricated into semiconductor wafers that include both silicon and indium phosphide.
Business Strategy
Our business strategy anticipates
that our revenue stream will be derived from one or some combination of the following: (i) technology licensing for specific product application;
(ii) joint venture relationships with significant industry leaders; or (iii) the production and direct sale of our own electro-optic device
components. Our objective is to be a leading provider of proprietary technology and know-how in the electro-optic device market. In order
to meet this objective, we intend to:
|
·
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Further the development of proprietary organic electro-optic polymer material systems
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|
·
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Develop photonic devices based on our P2ICTM technology
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·
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Continue to develop proprietary intellectual property
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·
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Grow our commercial device development capabilities
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·
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Grow our product reliability and quality assurance capabilities
|
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·
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Grow our optoelectronic packaging and testing capabilities
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·
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Grow our commercial material manufacturing capabilities
|
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·
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Maintain/develop strategic relationships with major telecommunications and data communications companies
to further the awareness and commercialization of our technology platform
|
|
·
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Continue to add high-level personnel with industrial and manufacturing experience in key areas of our materials
and device development programs.
|
Create Organic Polymer-Enabled Electro-Optic Modulators
We intend to utilize our
proprietary optical polymer technology to create an initial portfolio of commercial electro-optic polymer product devices with applications
for various markets, including telecommunications, data communications and data centers. These product devices will be part of our proprietary
photonics integrated circuit (PIC) technology platform.
We expect our initial modulator
products will operate at data rates at least 50 Gbaud (capable of 50 Gbps with standard data encoding of NRZ and 100 Gbps with more complex
PAM-4 encoding). Our devices are highly linear, enabling the performance required to take advantage of the more advance complex encoding
schemes. We are currently developing our polymer technology to operate at the next industry node of 100Gbaud.
Our Proprietary Products in Development
As part of a two-pronged
marketing strategy, our Company is developing several optical devices, which are in various stages of development and that utilize our
polymer optical materials. They include:
Ridge Waveguide Modulator, Polymer Stack ™
Our ridge electro-optic
waveguide modulator was designed and fabricated in our in-house laboratory. The fabrication of our first in-house device is significant
to our entire device program and is an important starting point for modulators that are being developed for target markets. We have multiple
generations of new materials that we will soon be optimizing for this specific design. In September 2017 we announced that our initial
alpha prototype ridge waveguide modulator, enabled by our P2IC™ polymer system, demonstrated bandwidth performance levels
that will enable 50 Gbaud modulation in fiber-optic communications. This device demonstrated true amplitude (intensity) modulation in
a Mach-Zehnder modulator structure incorporating our polymer waveguides. This important achievement will allow users to utilize arrays
of 4 x 50 Gbaud (4x 100 Gbps) polymer modulators using PAM-4 encoding to access 400 Gbps data rate systems. These ridge waveguide modulators
are currently being packaged with our partner into prototype packages.
These prototype packages
will enable potential customers to evaluate the performance at 50 Gbaud. Once a potential customer generates technical feedback on our
prototype, we expect to be asked to optimize the performance to their specifications. Assuming this is successful, we expect to enter
a qualification phase where our prototypes will be evaluated more fully.
In parallel, we are developing
modulators for scalability to higher data rates above 50 Gbaud. In September 2018, we showed in conference presentations the potential
of our polymer modulator platform to operate at over 100 GHz bandwidth. This preliminary result corresponds to 100 Gbaud data rates using
a simple NRZ data encoding scheme or 200 Gbps with PAM-4 encoding. With 4 channel arrays in our P2IC™ platform, the Company
thus has the potential to address both 400 Gbps and 800 Gbps markets. While customers may start the engagement at 50 Gbaud, we believe
potential customers recognize that scalability to higher speeds is an important differentiator of the polymer technology.
We believe the ridge waveguide
modulator Polymer Stack™ represents our first commercially viable device and targets the fiber optics communications market. We
have completed internal market analysis and are initially targeting interconnect reach distances of greater than 10km. In these markets,
the system network companies are looking to implement modulator-based transceivers that can handle aggregated data rates 100 Gbps and
above. The market opportunity for greater than 10km is worth over $1B over the next decade.
Ridge Waveguide Modulator, Polymer Stack ™
Using the ridge waveguide
design, we are developing a more compact modulator to be implemented directly with existing integrated photonics platforms such as silicon
photonics and Indium Phosphide. As our electro-optic polymers are applied in liquid form, they can be deposited as a thin film coating
in a fabrication clean room such as may be found in semiconductor foundries. This approach we call Polymer Plus™. The advantage
of this approach is that it allows existing semiconductor integrated photonics platforms such as silicon photonics and indium phosphide
to be upgraded with higher speed modulation functionality with the use of polymers in a straight-forward and simple approach. Further,
our polymers are unique in that they are stable enough to seamlessly integrate into existing CMOS, Indium Phosphide (InP), Gallium Arsenide
(GaAs), and other semiconductor manufacturing lines.
A large majority of commercial
silicon photonics platforms utilize large silicon photonics foundries such as those that manufacture IC products for a number of applications
such as communications, computing, consumer, etc. In order to seamlessly integrate our polymer materials to upgrade for example, silicon
photonics designs, partnering with a silicon foundry is necessary.
Advanced Modulator Structures
As part of supporting further
improvement and scalability of our platform, we continue to explore more advanced device structures. Our functional polymer photonics
slot waveguide modulator utilizes an existing modulator structure with one of our proprietary electro-optic polymer material systems as
the enabling material layer and is functional as an operating prototype device.
Preliminary testing and
initial data on our polymer photonics slot waveguide modulators demonstrated several promising characteristics. The tested polymer photonic
chip had a 1-millimeter square footprint, enabling the possibility of sophisticated integrated optical circuits on a single silicon substrate.
In addition, the waveguide structure was approximately 1/20 the length of a typical inorganic-based silicon photonics modulator waveguide.
With the combination of
our proprietary electro-optic polymer material and the extremely high optical field concentration in the slot waveguide modulator which
is called Polymer Slot™, the test modulators demonstrated less than 2.2 volts to operate. Initial speeds exceeded 30-35 GHz in the
telecom, 1550 nanometer frequency band. This is equivalent to 4 x 10Gbps, inorganic, lithium niobate modulators that would require approximately
12-16 volts to move the same amount of information.
We
are continuing our collaborative development of our polymer photonic slot waveguide modulators (Polymer Slot™) with an associated
third-party research . We are now designing Polymer Slot™
modulators to operate at data rates greater than 50 Gbaud.
Our Long-Term Device Development Goal - Multichannel
Polymer Photonic Integrated Circuit (P2IC™)
Our P2IC™
platform is positioned to address markets with aggregated data rates of 100 Gbaud, 400 Gbaud, 800 Gbaud and beyond. Our P2IC™
platform will contain a number of photonic devices that may include, over and above polymer-based modulators, photonic devices such as
lasers, multiplexers, demultiplexers, detectors, fiber couplers.
While our polymer-based
ridge waveguide and slot modulators are currently under development to be commercially viable products, our long-term device development
goal is to produce a platform for the 400 Gbps and beyond transceiver market. This has been stated in our photonics product roadmap that
is publicly available on our website. The roadmap shows a progression in speed from 50 Gbaud based ridge waveguide modulators to 100 Gbaud
based ridge waveguide modulators. The roadmap shows a progression in integration in which the modulators are arrayed to create a flexible,
multichannel P2IC™ platform that spans 100 Gbps, 400 Gbps, 800 Gbps, and a scaling philosophy that will grow to 1.6 Tbps
aggregated data-rate markets.
We showed bandwidths of
polymer-based modulator devices at a major international conference (ECOC – European Conference on Optical Communications 2018)
with bandwidths that exceeded 100GHz. We noted that to achieve 100Gbaud, the polymer-based modulator only needs to achieve 80GHz bandwidth.
During ECOC 2019, we showed environmental stability. We continue to develop our polymer materials and device designs to optimize additional
metrics. We are now optimizing the device parameters for very low voltage operation.
Our Target Markets
Cloud computing and data centers
Big data is a general
term used to describe the voluminous amount of unstructured and semi-structured data a Company creates – data that would take too
much time and cost too much money to load into a relational database for analysis. Companies are looking to cloud computing in their data
centers to access all the data. Inherent speed and bandwidth limits of traditional solutions and the potential of organic polymer devices
offer an opportunity to increase the bandwidth, reduce costs and improve speed of access.
Datacenters have grown to
enormous sizes with hundreds of thousands and even millions of servers in a single datacenter. The number of so-called “hyperscale”
datacenters are expected to continue to increase in number. Due to their size, a single “datacenter” may consist of multiple
large warehouse-size buildings on a campus or even several locations distributed around a metropolitan area. Data centers are confronted
with the problem of moving vast amounts of data not only around a single data center building, but also between buildings in distributed
data center architecture. Links within a single datacenter building may be shorter than 500 meters, though some will require optics capable
of 2 km. Between datacenter buildings, there is an increasing need for high performance interconnects over 10km in reach.
Our modulators are suitable
for single-mode fiber optic links. We believe that our single mode modulator solutions will be competitive at 500m to 10km link distances,
but it will be ideally suited at greater than 10km link distances.
Telecommunications/Data
Communications
The telecommunications
industry has evolved from transporting traditional analogue voice data over copper wire into the movement of digital voice and data. Telecommunication
companies are faced with the enormous increasing challenges to keep up with the resulting tremendous explosion in demand for bandwidth.
The metropolitan network is especially under stress now and into the near future. Telecommunications companies provide services to some
data center customers for the inter-data center connections discussed above. 5G mobile upgrade, autonomous driving and IoT are expected
to increase the need for data stored and processed close to the end user in edge data centers. This application similarly requires optics
capable of very high speeds and greater than 10 km reach.
Industry issues of scaling
The key issues facing the
fiber-optic communications industry are the economic progress and scalability of any PIC based technological platform. The polymer platform
is unique in that it is truly scalable. Scalable means being able to scale up for high-speed data rates, while simultaneously being able
to scale down in cost. This allows a competitive cost per data rate or cost per Gbps metric to be achieved.
Fiber optic datacenter
and high-performance computing customers want to achieve the metric of $1/Gbps @ 400Gbps (this essentially means a single mode fiber optic
link that has a total cost of $400 and operates with a data rate of 400Gbps ➔
which also means that each transceiver at each end of the fiber optic link must be able to be priced at $200), but as industry tries to
match this target, it is already falling behind as can be seen in the Figure below which plots generic typical PIC based technology:
In the above figures that forecast
$/Gbps to 2025 (where the left-hand graph is a linear vertical scale, and the right-hand graph is a log scale), it can be seen that the
orange curve plots the customer expectation, while the other color curves
show $/Gbps improvement over time for various high-speed
data rate transceivers using PIC based technologies. A gap is appearing between what customer expect and what the technologists can produce.
Polymers play an important
role in PICs over the next decade as they can reduce or close the gap between customer expectations and technical performance through
effective scaling increase of high performance with low cost. This is shown below how polymers have the potential to scale to the needs
of the customers over the next 5 years.
Some of the things needed
to achieve the scaling performance of polymers in integrated photonics platforms is within sight today:
|
1.
|
Increased r33 (which leads to very low Vpi in modulator devices) and we are
currently optimizing our polymers for this.
|
|
2.
|
Increase temperature stability so that the polymers can operate at broader temperature
ranges effective, where we have made significant progress over the past few years.
|
|
3.
|
Low optical loss in waveguides and active/passive devices for improved optical
budget metrics which is currently an ongoing development program at our Company.
|
|
4.
|
Higher levels of hermeticity for lower cost packaging of optical sub-assemblies
within a transceiver module, where our advanced designs are being implemented into polymer-based packages.
|
Scalability in terms of
cost reduction and high volume manufacturing can be enhanced by:
|
1.
|
Leverage of commercial silicon photonics manufacturing capacity. Our Polymer
Plus™ platform seeks to be additive to standard silicon photonics circuits.
|
|
2.
|
Reduction of optical packaging costs by integration at the chip level of multiple
modulators and also with other optical devices. Our P2IC™ platform seeks to address device integration.
|
Recent Significant Events and Milestones Achieved
During February and March
2018, we moved our Newark, Delaware synthetic laboratory and our Longmont, Colorado optical testing laboratory and corporate headquarters
to office, laboratory and research and development space located at 369 Inverness Parkway, Suite 350, Englewood, Colorado. The 13,420
square feet Englewood facility includes fully functional 1,000 square feet of class 1,000 cleanroom, 500 square feet of class 10,000 cleanroom,
chemistry laboratories, and analytic laboratories. The Englewood facility streamlines all of our Company’s research and development
workflow for greater operational efficiencies.
During March 2018, our
Company, together with our packaging partner, successfully demonstrated packaged polymer modulators designed for 50Gbps, which we believe
will allow us to scale our P2IC™ platform with our Mach-Zehnder ridge waveguide modulator design as well as other photonics
devices competitively in the 100Gbps and 400Gbps datacom and
telecommunications applications market. We
are currently fine-tuning the performance parameters of these prototypes in preparation for customer evaluations.
During June 2018, our Company
Acquired the Polymer Technology Intellectual Property Assets of BrPhotonics Productos Optoelectrónicos S.A., a Brazilian corporation,
which significantly advanced our patent portfolio of electro-optic polymer technology with 15 polymer chemistry materials, devices, packaging
and subsystems patent and further strengthened our design capabilities to solidify our market position as we prepare to enter the 400Gbps
integrated photonics marketplace with a highly competitive, scalable alternative to installed legacy systems.
Also, during June 2018,
our Company promoted polymer PICs and Solidified Polymer PICs as Part of the Photonics Roadmap at the World Technology Mapping Forum in
Enschede, Netherlands, which includes our Company’s technology of polymers and polymer PICs that have the potential to drive not
only 400Gbps aggregate data rate solutions, but also 800Gbps and beyond.
In August 2018 we announced
the completion (ahead of schedule) of our fully equipped on-site fabrication facility, where we are expanding our high-speed test and
design capabilities. We also announced the continuation of the building of our internal expertise with the hiring of world-class technical
personnel with 100Gbps experience.
In February 2019 we announced
a major breakthrough in our development of clean technology polymer materials that target the insatiable demand for fast and efficient
data communications in the multi-billion-dollar telecom and data markets supporting Internet, 5G and IoT (Internet of Things) webscale
services. The improved thermally stable polymer has more than double the electro-optic response of our previous materials, enabling optical
device performance of well over 100 GHz with extremely low power requirements. This addition to the family of PerkinamineTM
polymers will hold back run-away consumption of resources and energy needed to support ever-growing data consumption demands. We continue
to conduct testing of the material and assessment of associated manufacturing processes and device structures prior to release to full
development.
In March 2019 we created
an Advisory Board comprised of three world-class leaders in the photonics industry: Dr. Craig Ciesla, Dr. Christoph S. Harder, and Mr.
Andreas Umbach. The Advisory Board is working closely with our Company leadership to enhance our Company’s product positioning and
promote our polymer modulator made on our proprietary Faster by Design™ polymer P2IC™ platform. The mission
of the Advisory Board is initially to increase our Company’s outreach into the datacenter interconnect market and later to support
expansion into other billion-dollar markets. The Advisory Board members have each been chosen for their combination of deep technical
expertise, breadth of experience and industry relationships in the fields of fiber optics communications, polymer and semiconductor materials.
Each of the Advisory Board members has experience at both innovators like Lightwave Logic and large industry leaders of the type most
likely to adopt game-changing polymer-based products. In addition, they possess operational experience with semiconductor and polymer
businesses.
Also, in March 2019, our
Company received the “Best Achievement in PIC Platform” award for our 100 GHz polymer platform from the PIC International
Conference. The award recognizes innovative advances in the development and application of key materials systems driving today’s
photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and providing a steppingstone to future devices.
During the second quarter
of 2019, our Company promoted its polymers at CoInnovate in May and the World Technology Mapping Forum in June. CoInnovate is a meeting
of semiconductor industry experts. The World Technology Mapping Forum is a group authoring a photonics roadmap out to 2030.
In September 2019 at the
prestigious European Conference on Communications (ECOC) in Dublin, Ireland, we showed measured material response over frequency and the
resulting optical data bits stream on our clean technology polymer materials, the newest addition to our family of PerkinamineTM
polymers, that meet and exceed of our near-term target speed of 80 GHz. We also released data demonstrating stability under elevated temperatures
in the activated (poled to create data carrying capability) state.
In October 2019, we reported
that energy-saving polymer technology is highlighted in the recently published Integrated Photonics Systems Roadmap - International (IPSR-I).
The roadmap validates the need for low-voltage, high-speed technologies such as ours.
In May 2020, we announced
that our latest electro-optic polymer material has exceeded target performance metrics at 1310 nanometers (nm), a wavelength commonly
used in high-volume datacenter fiber optics. This material demonstrates an attractive combination at 1310 nm of high electro-optic coefficient,
low optical loss and good thermal stability at 850 Celsius.
The material is expected to enable modulators
with 80 GHz bandwidth and low drive power, and has an electro-optic coefficient of 200 pm/V, an industry measure of how responsive a material
is to an applied electrical signal. This metric, otherwise known as r33, is very important in lowering power consumption when the material
is used in modulator devices. This technology is applicable to shorter reach datacenter operators, for whom decreasing power consumption
is imperative to the bottom line of a facility. We considered this a truly historic moment—not only in our Company’s history,
but in our industry–as we have demonstrated a polymer material that provides the basis for a world-class solution at the 1310 nm
wavelength, something which other companies have spent decades attempting to achieve.
In July 2020, we announced
the official launch of our new corporate website www.lightwavelogic.com, reflecting ongoing efforts to provide up-to-date information
for investors and potential strategic partners. The revamped website offers a clean, modern design integrated with helpful tools and investor
relations resources, including a new corporate explainer video, to illustrate the target markets and advantages of Lightwave Logic’s
proprietary electro-optic polymers.
In August 2020, we announced
the addition of Dr. Franky So, a leading authority in the OLED industry, to our Advisory Board. Dr. So is the Walter and Ida Freeman Distinguished
Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at North Carolina State University. Previously, he was the Head of Materials
and Device research for OLEDs at OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, as well as Motorola’s corporate research lab in the 1990s. Dr. So was
an early researcher in electro-optic (EO) polymer modulators at Hoechst Celanese. As a member of the Company’s advisory board, Dr.
So will work closely with management to enhance Lightwave’s product positioning for, as well as the promotion of, its polymer modulators
made on its proprietary platform. In addition, he will provide technical support and advisory services to the Lightwave materials and
device teams.
On October 7, 2020 we announced
the receipt of U.S. Patent number 10,754,093 that improves both the performance and reliability of our high-speed, low-power electro-optic
polymer modulators intended for datacenter and telecommunications applications. The patent allows multi-layered electro-optic polymer
modulators to perform more efficiently through the design of custom interfaces. These interfaces are designed into the cladding layers
that allow optical transmission, electrical conductivity, material integrity, as well as a prevention of solvents affecting adjacent polymer
materials. The net impact of all of this allows for our Company’s modulators to improve performance across the board, enabling higher
reliability in the fiber optic communications environment.
On October 15, 2020, we
announced that our proprietary polymer technologies are compatible with currently available integrated photonics platforms. Our proprietary
electro-optic materials are currently in the prototyping phase and are fabricated onto standard silicon wafers, and this Polymer Plus™
advancement, driven by the feedback our Company received from potential customers to-date, has allowed our materials to be suitable for
additive integration to integrated photonics platforms such as silicon photonics, as well as indium phosphide and other standard platforms
– therefore enabling simpler integration by customers. We believe this breakthrough allows a polymer modulator to enhance the performance
of existing integrated photonics solutions in the marketplace, enabling higher speed and lower power consumption on foundry-fabricated
photonics designs. Since our technology is additive to existing platforms such as silicon photonics, our electro-optic polymers are not
actually competing with integrated photonic platforms, but rather enabling them to be more competitive in the marketplace, and it further
validates our EO polymer platform as ideally suited to enable optical networking more efficiently than ever.
On October 21, 2020, we
announced that we have optimized a robust, photo-stable organic polymer material for use in our next-generation modulators intended to
be trialed with potential customers under NDA. Our materials show high tolerance to high-intensity infrared light, common in a fiber optic
communications environment and increasingly important as higher density of devices access the network, directly resulting in higher intensity
infrared light levels. Our preliminary results suggest that our recently developed electro-optic polymer material, designed based on potential
customer input, displays unrivaled light tolerance (also known as photostability) compared to any organic commercial solution in use today.
Our results meet both our current internal criteria and address potential customer feedback.
On November 2, 2020, we
disclosed results on our polymer material stability testing including further results for electro-optic efficiency for our Company’s
materials that operate both at 1550nm as well as 1310nm. We demonstrated test materials results for electro-optic efficiency to 4000hrs,
improvement in sensitivity to oxygen as part of a broadband exposure test, and stability for polymers exposed to 1310nm light at 100mW.
On November 20, 2020 we
announced the receipt of U.S. Patent number 10,591,755 that details an important invention that allows users of electro-optic polymer
modulators to not only operate the devices with high speed and low power directly from CMOS IC chips, but gives them the opportunity to
avoid the expense, physical footprint and power consumption of high-speed modulator driver ICs. Furthermore, this patent strengthens our
freedom of manufacturing, and directly enables our modulators to become more competitive in the marketplace.
On December 16, 2020 we
announced the development of a new sealant for our future Chip-on-Board (COB) packaged polymer platform. The sealant, which blocks oxygen
and other atmospheric gases, is a key step in our Company’s
development towards a polymer modulator without
a package, an important enabling technology for the industry. We plan to develop the sealant for commercial implementation in our future
modulators. Recent results suggest that our electro-optic polymer sealant material displays encouraging barrier properties and is expected
to translate to significant improvement in bare chip robustness against atmospheric gases, as compared to existing EO polymer commercial
solutions in use today. While the initial measurements are highly promising, our Company plans to continue development work to further
optimize the sealant material and barrier performance towards the chip-on-board goal.
On January 13, 2021, we announced
the receipt of U.S. Patent number 10,886,694 that details an invention that allows electro-optic polymer modulators to be packaged in
a hermetic environment using well-known, high-volume and low-cost fabrication processes that are available in a typical semiconductor
fabrication foundry – improving suitability for mass production. Further, the design of this capsule package can improve both the
reliability and the coupling interface between fiber optic cables and their laser sources for arrayed photonic integrated circuit solutions.
The package can also interpose signals from an underlying circuit board to the polymer modulators, lasers, and other components for data
transfer. The hermetic capsule is built from a semiconductor base that contains electrical and optical circuits and components. A hermetic
capsule chamber is created by the design of a semiconductor lid that is sealed to the semiconductor base platform by a metallization process.
Using standardized fabrication techniques we can now create a package that achieves the performance, reliability, cost, and volume requirements
that has been a challenge for the photonics industry for years.
On
May 11, 2021, we announced the receipt of U.S. Patent number 10,989,871 that details an invention
that allows for improved protective polymer layers in modulators when designed into advanced integrated photonic
platforms, better positioning them for high-volume manufacturing processes. The protective layers will enhance electro-optic polymer devices'
performance through higher reliability, better optical performance and enable the use of standardized manufacturing processes best suited
for mass-production.
As we move forward to diligently
meet our goals, we continue to work closely with our packaging partner for the 50Gbaud and 100 Gbaud prototypes, and we are advancing
our reliability and characterization efforts to support our prototyping. We are actively engaged with test equipment manufacturers of
the most advanced test equipment to test our state-of-the-art polymer devices. We continue to engage with multiple industry bodies to
promote our roadmap. We continue to fine tune our business model with target markets, customers, and technical specifications. Discussions
with prospective customers are validating that our modulators are ideally suited for the datacenter and telecommunications markets that
are over 10km in length. Details of what these prospective customers are seeking from a prototype are delivered to our technical team.
Capital Requirements
As a development stage
company, we do not generate revenues. We have incurred substantial net losses since inception. We have satisfied our capital requirements
since inception primarily through the issuance and sale of our common stock.
Results of Operations
Comparison of three months ended March 31, 2021 to three months
ended March 31, 2020
Revenues
As a development stage company,
we had no revenues during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020. The Company is in various stages of photonic device
and material development and evaluation. We expect the next revenue stream to be in product development agreements and prototype devices
prior to moving into production.
Operating Expenses
|
|
|
|
|
|
Change from
|
|
Percent
|
|
|
For the Three
|
|
For the Three
|
|
Prior Three
|
|
Change from
|
|
|
Months Ending
|
|
Months Ending
|
|
Month
|
|
Prior Three
|
|
|
March 31, 2021
|
|
March 31, 2020
|
|
Period
|
|
Month Period
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
|
|
$
|
1,347,543
|
|
|
$
|
1,189,771
|
|
|
$
|
157,772
|
|
|
|
13
|
%
|
General and administrative
|
|
|
548,229
|
|
|
|
606,425
|
|
|
|
(58,196
|
)
|
|
|
-10
|
%
|
|
|
$
|
1,895,772
|
|
|
$
|
1,796,196
|
|
|
$
|
99,576
|
|
|
|
6
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
expenses increased for the three months ended March 31, 2021, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to prototype
device development expenses, non-cash stock option and warrant amortization and operations committee fees. Prototype device expenses
increased by approximately $97 thousand in the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to the same period in 2020. Non-cash
stock option and warrant amortization expenses increased by approximately $33 thousand in the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared
to the same period in 2020.
We expect to continue to incur
substantial research and development expense developing and commercializing our photonic devices, and electro-optic materials platform.
These expenses will increase as a result of accelerated development effort to support commercialization of our non-linear optical polymer
materials technology; to build photonic device prototypes; hiring additional technical and support personnel; engaging senior technical
advisors; pursuing other potential business opportunities and collaborations; customer testing and evaluation; and incurring related operating
expenses.
General and administrative expenses
decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2021, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to a reduction
in auditing fees, non-cash stock option amortization and legal fees. Auditing fees decreased by approximately $24 thousand in the three
months ended March 31, 2021, compared to the same period in 2020. The additional auditing expenses incurred during the prior period related
to the audit of internal controls for the year ended December 31, 2019 required for accelerated filers. The Company was not an accelerated
filer for the year ended December 31, 2020. Non-cash stock option amortization expenses decreased by approximately $17 thousand in the
three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to the same period in 2020. Legal fees decreased by approximately $15 thousand in the three
months ended March 31, 2021, compared to the same period in 2020.
Other Income (Expense)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Change from
|
|
Percent
|
|
|
For the Three
|
|
For the Three
|
|
Prior Three
|
|
Change from
|
|
|
Months Ending
|
|
Months Ending
|
|
Month
|
|
Prior Three
|
|
|
March 31, 2021
|
|
March 31, 2020
|
|
Period
|
|
Month Period
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other Income/(Expense)
|
|
$
|
160,728
|
|
|
$
|
(30,978
|
)
|
|
$
|
191,706
|
|
|
|
619
|
%
|
Other income (expenses) decreased
for the three months ended March 31, 2021, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily due to the Paycheck Protection
Program loan forgiveness January 22, 2021 in the amount of $410.7 thousand offset by an increase in commitment fee in the amount of $219.3
thousand associated with the purchase of shares by an institutional investor for sale under a stock purchase agreement.
Net Loss
|
|
|
|
|
|
Change from
|
|
Percent
|
|
|
For the Three
|
|
For the Three
|
|
Prior Three
|
|
Change from
|
|
|
Months Ending
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Months Ending
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Month
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Prior Three
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March 31, 2021
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March 31, 2020
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Period
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Month Period
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Net Loss
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$
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1,735,044
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$
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1,827,174
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$
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(92,130
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)
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-5
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%
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Net loss was $1,735,044 and $1,827,174
for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for a decrease of $92,130, due primarily to the aforementioned Paycheck
Protection Program loan forgiveness, decreases in auditing, general and administrative non-cash stock option amortization and legal expenses
offset by increases in commitment fee, prototype device development expenses, research and development non-cash stock option and warrant
amortization and operations committee fees.
Significant Accounting Policies
We believe our significant
accounting policies affect our more significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our financial statements. Our Annual
Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 contains a discussion of these significant accounting policies.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary source of operating
cash inflows are proceeds from the sale of common stock to an institutional investor pursuant to a purchase agreement with the institutional
investor as described in Sources and Uses of Cash below (Lincoln Park financing) and in Note 10 to the Financial Statements.
For the three months ended
March 31, 2021
During the three months ended
March 31, 2021, the Company received approximately $4.95 million pursuant to the purchase agreement with the institutional investor. Our
primary sources of cash outflows from operations included payroll, rent, utilities, payments to vendors and third-party service providers.
At March 31, 2021, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $6,521,425, our assets totaled $10,497,032, our liabilities totaled $982,164,
and we had stockholders’ equity of $9,514,868.
For the three months ended March 31, 2020
During the three months ended
March 31, 2020, the Company received approximately $1.35 million pursuant to the purchase agreement with the institutional investor. Our
primary sources of cash outflows from operations included payroll, rent, utilities, payments to vendors and third-party service providers.
At March 31, 2020, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $2,028,259, our assets totaled $6,401,796, our liabilities totaled $1,704,774,
and we had stockholders’ equity of $4,697,022.
Sources and Uses of Cash
Our future expenditures
and capital requirements will depend on numerous factors, including: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; the progress of our research
and development efforts; the rate at which we can, directly or through arrangements with original equipment manufacturers, introduce and
sell products incorporating our polymer materials technology; the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims
and other intellectual property rights; market acceptance of our products and competing technological developments; and our ability to
establish cooperative development, joint venture and licensing arrangements. We expect that we will incur approximately $706,000 of
expenditures per month over the next 12 months.
Subject to any additional
impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we expect our Lincoln Park financing (described below) to provide us with sufficient funds to maintain
our operations over that period of time. However, any additional funds provided by our Lincoln Park financing may not be available on
terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. Market volatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic or other factors could adversely impact
our ability to access capital as and when needed. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, we may be required to delay
or limit our operations, including research and development efforts relating to the commercializing our electro-optic polymer technology.
Our current cash position enables us to finance our operations through April 2022. Pursuant to a purchase agreement with an institutional
investor (described in Note 10 and below), a remaining available amount of $7,459,403 is available to the Company per the agreement.
Our cash requirements are expected to increase at a rate consistent with the Company’s path to revenue growth as we expand our activities
and operations with the objective of commercializing our electro-optic polymer technology. We currently have no debt to service.
On January 21, 2019,
our Company entered into a purchase agreement with Lincoln Park, pursuant to which Lincoln Park agreed to purchase from us up to $25,000,000
of our Common Stock (subject to certain limitations) from time to time over a 36-month period. Pursuant to the purchase agreement, Lincoln
Park is obligated to make purchases as the Company directs in accordance with the purchase agreement, which may be terminated by the Company
at any time, without cost or penalty. Sales of shares will be made in specified amounts and at prices that are based upon the market prices
of our Common Stock immediately preceding the sales to Lincoln Park. We expect this financing to provide us with sufficient funds to maintain
our operations for the foreseeable future.
With the additional capital, we expect to achieve a level of revenues attractive enough to fulfill our development activities and adequate
enough to support our business model for the foreseeable future. We cannot assure you that we will meet the conditions of the purchase
agreement with Lincoln Park in order to obligate Lincoln Park to purchase our shares of common stock. In the event we fail to do so, and
other adequate funds are not available to satisfy long-term capital requirements, or if planned revenues are not generated, we may be
required to substantially limit our operations. This limitation of operations may include reductions in capital expenditures and reductions
in staff and discretionary costs.
There are no trading volume
requirements or restrictions under the purchase agreement, and we will control the timing and amount of any sales of our Common Stock
to Lincoln Park. Lincoln Park has no right to require any sales by us, but is obligated to make purchases from us as we direct in accordance
with the purchase agreement. We can also accelerate the amount of Common Stock to be purchased under certain circumstances. There are
no limitations on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future funding, rights of first refusal, participation
rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the purchase agreement. Lincoln Park may not assign or transfer its rights and obligations
under the purchase agreement.
On April 24, 2020, the
Company received $410,700 in loan funding from the Paycheck Protection Program, established pursuant to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and
Economic Security Act enacted on March 27, 2020 and administered by the U.S. Small Business
Administration. The unsecured loan is evidenced by a promissory note of the Company dated April 23, 2020 in the principal amount of $410,700,
to Community Banks of Colorado, a division of NBH Bank, the lender. The loan proceeds have been used to cover payroll costs, rent and
utility costs. The loan was eligible for forgiveness as part of the CARES Act if certain requirements were met. The loan was forgiven
by the Small Business Administration in its entirety on January 22, 2021.
We expect that our cash used in
operations will continue to increase through 2021 and beyond as a result of the following planned activities:
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The addition of management, sales, marketing, technical and other staff to our workforce;
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Increased spending for the expansion of our research and development efforts, including purchases of additional laboratory and production
equipment;
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Increased spending in marketing as our products are introduced into the marketplace;
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Developing and maintaining collaborative relationships with strategic partners;
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Developing and improving our manufacturing processes and quality controls; and
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Increases in our general and administrative activities related to our operations as a reporting public company and related corporate compliance
requirements.
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Analysis of Cash Flows
For the three months ended March 31, 2021
Net cash used in operating activities
was $1,253,391 for the three months ended March 31, 2021, primarily attributable to the net loss of $1,735,044 adjusted by $7,965 in warrants
issued for services, $241,248 in options issued for services, $250,281 in common stock issued for services, $196,578 in depreciation expenses
and patent amortization expenses, $340,900 in prepaid expenses, ($144,619) in accounts payable and accrued expenses and ($410,700) in
Paycheck Protection Program loan forgiveness. Net cash used in operating activities consisted of payments for research and development,
legal, professional and consulting expenses, rent and other expenditures necessary to develop our business infrastructure.
Net cash used by investing activities
was $493,639 for the three months ended March 31, 2021, consisting of $7,232 in cost for intangibles and $486,407 in asset additions primarily
for the new Colorado headquarter facility and labs.
Net cash provided by financing
activities was $4,961,865 for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and consisted of $21,000 in proceeds from exercise of options, $4,953,972
in proceeds from resale of common stock to an institutional investor offset by $13,107 repayment of equipment purchased.
For the three months ended March 31, 2020
Net cash used in operating activities
was $1,322,249 for the three months ended March 31, 2020, primarily attributable to the net loss of $1,827,174 adjusted by $26,924 in
warrants issued for services, $206,437 in options issued for services, $31,008 in common stock issued for services, $199,171 in depreciation
expenses and patent amortization expenses, ($8,877) in prepaid expenses and $50,262 in accounts payable and accrued expenses. Net
cash used in operating activities consisted of
payments for research and development, legal, professional
and consulting expenses, rent and other expenditures necessary to develop our business infrastructure.
Net cash used by investing activities
was $13,504 for the three months ended March 31, 2020, consisting of $8,149 in cost for intangibles and $5,355 in asset additions primarily
for the new Colorado headquarter facility and labs.
Net cash provided by financing
activities was $1,127,668 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and consisted of $1,352,113 in proceeds from resale of common stock
to an institutional investor offset by $224,445 repayment of equipment purchased.
Contractual Obligations
There have been no material
changes outside the ordinary course of business in our contractual commitments during the three months ended March 31, 2021.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of March 31, 2021, we
do not have an interest in any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K that have or are reasonably
likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of
operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources that is material to investors.