ITEM
9. UNDERTAKINGS
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(a)
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The
undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:
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(1)
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to
file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment
to this registration statement:
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(i) to
include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;
(ii) to
reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent
post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set
forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if
the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high
end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule
424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering
price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and
(iii) to
include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement
or any material change to such information in the registration statement;
provided,
however, That: paragraphs (a)(l)(i), (a)(l)(ii) and (a)(l)(iii) of this section do not apply if the registration statement
is on Form S-3 and the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports
filed with or furnished to the Commission by such registrant pursuant to section 13 or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant
to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.
(2) That,
for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed
to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time
shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(3) To
remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at
the termination of the offering.
(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:
(i) If
the registrant is relying on Rule 430B:
(A) Each
prospectus filed by such registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of
the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and
(B) Each
prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5) or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on
Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii) or (x) for the purpose of providing the information
required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement
as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale
of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and
any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement
relating to the securities in the registration statement to which the prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities
at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof; provided, however, that no statement
made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or
deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will,
as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made
in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately
prior to such effective date.
(ii) If
the registrant is subject to Rule 430C, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating
to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A,
shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness.
Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement
or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part
of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify
any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in
any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.
(5) That,
for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution
of the securities: the undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of such undersigned registrant
pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if
the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, such undersigned registrant
will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:
(i) Any
preliminary prospectus or prospectus of such undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to
Rule 424;
(ii) Any
free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of such undersigned registrant or used or referred to
by such undersigned registrant;
(iii) The
portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about an undersigned registrant
or its securities provided by or on behalf of such undersigned registrant; and
(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by such registrant to the purchaser.
(b) The
undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each
filing of the registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and,
where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement
relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial
bona fide offering thereof.
(c)
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and
controlling persons of the undersigned registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the undersigned registrant
has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as
expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities
(other than the payment by such registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of such registrant
in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection
with the securities being registered, such registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by
controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against
public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.