ICLR ICON PLC

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ICON plc

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3. Business Combinations

Acquisitions – Clinical Research Management, Inc.

On September 15, 2016, a subsidiary of the Company, ICON US Holdings Inc. acquired ClinicalRM resulting in an initial net cash outflow of $52.4 million inclusive of certain payments made on behalf of ClinicalRM totaling $9.2 million.

ClinicalRM is a full-service CRO specializing in preclinical through Phase IV support of clinical research and clinical trial services for biologics, drugs and devices. The organization helps customers progress their products to market faster with a wide array of research, regulatory and sponsor services within the U.S. and around the globe. ClinicalRM provide full service and functional research solutions to a broad range of US government agencies. Their extensive expertise extends across basic and applied research, infectious diseases, vaccines development and testing and the response to bio-threats. They have worked in collaboration with government and commercial customers to respond to the threat of global viral epidemics. Further consideration of up to $12.0 million is payable if certain performance milestones are achieved in respect of periods up to December 31, 2017.  The fair value of the contingent consideration on acquisition and at March 31, 2017 was estimated at $6 million.  The evaluation of the performance and forecast performance of ClinicalRM against performance milestones was updated as required at June 30, 2017.  Arising from that evaluation, the fair value of the contingent consideration liability was determined as $Nil, resulting in a net credit of $6 million being recorded within Selling, general & administrative expenses in the Statement of operations.

The acquisition of ClinicalRM has been accounted for as a business combination in accordance with FASB ASC 805 Business Combinations . The Company has made a provisional assessment of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as at that date. The table following summarizes the Company’s provisional estimates of the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

*Goodwill represents the acquisition of an established workforce with experience in preclinical through Phase IV support of clinical research and clinical trial services for biologics, drugs and devices. Goodwill related to the US portion of the business acquired is tax deductible.

**The Company has made an initial estimate of separate intangible assets acquired of $8.6 million, being customer relationships and order book assets.  This assessment is under review and will be finalized within 12 months of the date of acquisition.

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Acquisitions - PMG

On December 4, 2015, a subsidiary of the Company, ICON Clinical Research LLC. acquired PMG for total cash outflows of $65.4 million, including certain payments made on behalf of PMG totaling $10.1 million. PMG is an integrated network of 52 clinical research sites in North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Illinois and Iowa. The site network includes wholly owned facilities and dedicated clinical research sites. PMG conducts clinical trials in all major therapeutic areas and has particular expertise in vaccine, gastroenterology, cardiovascular, neurology and endocrinology studies. It has a proprietary database of clinical trial participants.   It also has access to in excess of 2 million active patients via electronic medical records through its partnerships with healthcare institutions and community physical practices.

The acquisition of PMG has been accounted for as a business combination in accordance with FASB ASC 805 Business Combinations .  The table following summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

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Acquisitions - MediMedia Pharma Solutions

On February 27, 2015, a subsidary of the Company, ICON Holdings Unlimited Company (formerly ICON Holdings), acquired MediMedia Pharma Solutions for cash consideration of $104.8 million (net of working capital adjustments of $3.9 million). In addition to the cash consideration, certain payments were made on behalf of MediMedia Pharma Solutions on completion totaling $11.3 million. Headquartered in Yardley, Pennsylvania, MediMedia Pharma Solutions includes MediMedia Managed Markets and Complete Healthcare Communications. MediMedia Managed Markets is a leading provider of strategic payer-validated market access solutions. Complete Healthcare Communications is one of the leading medical and scientific communication agencies working with medical affairs, commercial and brand development teams within life science companies. The acquisition agreement also provided for certain working capital targets to be achieved by MediMedia Pharma Solutions.

The acquisition of MediMedia Pharma Solutions has been accounted for as a business combination in accordance with FASB ASC 805 Business Combinations . The table following summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on acquisition:

*Goodwill represents the acquisition of an established workforce with experience in the provision of strategic payer-validated market access solutions while the acquisition of Complete Healthcare Communications comprises an established workforce with significant communication experience working with medical affairs, commercial and brand development teams within the life science industry.  Goodwill related to the US portion of the business is tax deductible.

** Payments made at acquisition date of $11.3 million were in respect of certain one-time liabilities which have subsequently been discharged.

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4. Restructuring

Restructuring charges

A restructuring charge of $7.8 million was recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2017 under a restructuring plan adopted following a review of operations.  The restructuring plan reflected resource rationalization across the business to improve resource utilization.

Details of the restructuring charge recognized in the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 are as follows;

Prior Periods Restructuring charges

A restructuring charge of $8.2 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2016 under a restructuring plan adopted following a review by the Company of its operations.  The restructuring plan includes resource rationalizations in certain areas of the business to improve resource utilization, resulting in a charge of $6.2 million and office consolidation resulting in the recognition of an onerous lease obligation of $2.0 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.  No additional charge was recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2017.

At June 30, 2017, $7.9 million is included within other liabilities and $0.5 million within non-current other liabilities.

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5. Income Taxes

Income taxes recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2017 comprise:

As at June 30, 2017 the Company maintains a $31.2 million liability (December 31, 2016: $29.9 million) for unrecognized tax benefit, which is comprised of $27.4 million (December 31, 2016: $26.6 million) related to items generating unrecognized tax benefits and $3.8 million (December 31, 2016: $3.3 million) for interest and related penalties to such items. The Company recognizes interest accrued on unrecognized tax benefits as an additional income tax expense.

The Company has analyzed the filing positions in all of the significant federal, state and foreign jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns, as well as open tax years in these jurisdictions. The only periods subject to examination by the major tax jurisdictions where the Company does business are 2012 through 2016 tax years. The Company does not believe that the outcome of any examination will have a material impact on its financial statements.

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7. Share-based Awards

Share Options

On July 21, 2008 the Company adopted the Employee Share Option Plan 2008 (the “2008 Employee Plan”) pursuant to which the Compensation and Organization Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors may grant options to any employee, or any Director holding a salaried office or employment with the Company or a Subsidiary for the purchase of ordinary shares. On the same date, the Company also adopted the Consultants Share Option Plan 2008 (the “2008 Consultants Plan”), pursuant to which the Compensation and Organization Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors may grant options to any consultant, adviser or non-executive Director retained by the Company or any Subsidiary for the purchase of ordinary shares.

On February 14, 2017 both the 2008 Employee Plan and the 2008 Consultants Plan (together the “2008 Option Plans”) were amended and restated in order to increase the number of options that can be issued under the 2008 Consultants Plan from 400,000 to 1 million and to extend the date for options to be granted under the 2008 Option Plans.

Each option granted under the 2008 Option Plans will be an employee stock option, or Non-qualifying Stock Options (‘NSO’), as described in Section 422 or 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. Each grant of an option under the 2008 Options Plans will be evidenced by a Stock Option Agreement between the optionee and the Company. The exercise price will be specified in each Stock Option Agreement, however option prices will not be less than 100% of the fair market value of an ordinary share on the date the option is granted.

An aggregate of 6 million ordinary shares have been reserved under the 2008 Employee Plan, as reduced by any shares issued or to be issued pursuant to options granted under the 2008 Consultants Plan, under which a limit of 1 million shares applies.  Further, the maximum number of ordinary shares with respect to which options may be granted under the 2008 Employee Option Plan, during any calendar year to any employee shall be 400,000 ordinary shares.  There is no individual limit under the 2008 Consultants Plan. No options may be granted under the 2008 Option Plans after February 14, 2027.

On January 17, 2003 the Company adopted the Share Option Plan 2003 (the “2003 Share Option Plan”) pursuant to which the Compensation and Organization Committee of the Board could grant options to officers and other employees of the Company or its subsidiaries for the purchase of ordinary shares. An aggregate of 6 million ordinary shares were reserved under the 2003 Share Option Plan; and, in no event could the number of ordinary shares issued pursuant to options awarded under this plan exceed 10% of the outstanding shares, as defined in the 2003 Share Option Plan, at the time of the grant, unless the Board expressly determined otherwise. Further, the maximum number of ordinary shares with respect to which options could be granted under the 2003 Share Option Plan during any calendar year to any employee was 400,000 ordinary shares. The 2003 Share Option Plan expired on January 17, 2013. No new options may be granted under this plan.

Share option awards are granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company’s shares at date of grant. Share options typically vest over a period of five years from date of grant and expire eight years from date of grant. The maximum contractual term of options outstanding at June 30, 2017 is eight years.

The following table summarizes option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2017:

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The Company has outstanding options with fair values ranging from $6.72 to $25.99 per option or a weighted average fair value of $11.40 per option. The Company issues ordinary shares for all options exercised. The total amount of fully vested share options which remained outstanding at June 30, 2017, was 704,604. Fully vested share options at June 30, 2017, have an average remaining contractual term of 3.76 years, an average exercise price of $37.38 and a total intrinsic value of $42.6 million. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2017 was $14.0 million (June 30, 2016: $4.1 million).

The following table summarizes the movement in non-vested share options for the six months ended June 30, 2017:

Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our common stock over a period equal to the expected term of the options; the expected life represents the weighted average period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding given consideration to vesting schedules and our historical experience of past vesting and termination patterns. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. government zero-coupon bonds yield curve in effect at time of the grant for periods corresponding with the expected life of the option.

Restricted Share Units and Performance Share Units

On July 21, 2008 the Company adopted the 2008 Employees Restricted Share Unit Plan (the “2008 RSU Plan”) pursuant to which the Compensation and Organization Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors may select any employee, or any Director holding a salaried office or employment with the Company, or a Subsidiary to receive an award under the plan. An aggregate of 1.0 million ordinary shares have been reserved for issuance under the 2008 RSU Plan.

 

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On April 23, 2013 the Company adopted the 2013 Employees Restricted Share Unit (“RSU”) and Performance Share Unit (“PSU”) Plan (the “2013 RSU Plan”) pursuant to which the Compensation and Organization Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors may select any employee, or any Director holding a salaried office or employment with the Company, or a Subsidiary to receive an award under the plan.  On May 11, 2015 the 2013 RSU Plan was amended and restated in order to increase the number of shares that can be issued under the RSU Plan by 2.5 million shares.  Accordingly, an aggregate of 4.1 million ordinary shares have been reserved for issuance under the 2013 RSU Plan. The shares are awarded at par value and vest over a service period. Awards under the 2013 RSU Plan may be settled in cash or shares at the option of the Company.

The Company has awarded RSUs and PSUs to certain key individuals of the Group. The following table summarizes RSU and PSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2017:

The fair value of RSUs vested for the six months ended June 30, 2017 totaled $15.4 million (full year 2016: $10.8 million).

The fair value of PSUs vested for the six months ended June 30, 2017 totaled $14.5 million (the fair value of PSUs vested for the full year 2016 was $10.3 million).

The PSUs vest based on service and specified EPS targets over the period 2014 – 2017, 2015 – 2018, 2016 – 2019 and 2017 – 2020. Since 2013, 304,761 PSUs (net of forfeitures) have been granted.  Up to an additional 282,568 PSUs may also be granted, based on the actual EPS from 2014 to 2020.

Non-cash stock compensation expense

Non-cash stock compensation expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 has been allocated as follows:

 

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Total non-cash stock compensation expense not yet recognized at June 30, 2017 amounted to $70.5 million. The weighted average period over which this is expected to be recognized is 2.3 years.

The amendments required by Accounting Standards Update (‘ASU’) 2016-09 ‘Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting’ require the Company to record all tax effects related to share-based payments through the income statement rather than additional paid in capital. The Company has applied the updated standard prospectively in the first half of the year ended December 31, 2017.

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8. Share Capital

On October 3, 2016 the Company commenced a previously announced share buyback program of up to $400 million.  The Company can acquire up to 10% of its outstanding ordinary shares (by way of redemption), in accordance with Irish law, the United States securities laws, and the Company’s constitutional documents through open market share acquisitions.

The buyback program gives a broker authority to acquire the Company’s ordinary shares from time to time on the open market in accordance with agreed terms and limitations. The acquisition of shares pursuant to the buyback program was effected by way of redemption and cancellation of the shares, in accordance with the Constitution of the Company.

During the six months ended June 30, 2017 1,368,136 ordinary shares were redeemed by the Company under this buyback program for a total consideration of $108.1 million. At June 30, 2017 a total of 2,797,323 ordinary shares were redeemed by the Company under this buyback program for a total consideration of $218.1 million. All ordinary shares that were redeemed under the buyback program were canceled in accordance with the Constitution of the Company and the nominal value of these shares transferred to an other undenominated capital reserve as required under Irish Company Law.

9. Business Segment Information

The Company determines and presents operating segments based on the information that is internally provided to the chief operating decision maker, together the (‘CODM’) in accordance with FASB ASC 280-10 Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprises and Related Information . The Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, were together considered the Company’s CODM in the period up to and including March 1, 2017.  On March 1, 2017, Mr Ciaran Murray transitioned from his role as Chief Executive Officer to the role of Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors and Dr. Steve Cutler was appointed as Chief Executive Officer. As of March 1, 2017, the Company determined that the CODM is comprised of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer.

The Company determines and presents operating segments based on the information that is provided to the CODM.  The Company has determined that we operate in one single business segment which is the provision of outsourced development services on a global basis to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical devices industries. There have been no changes to the basis of segmentation or the measurement basis for the segment results in the period.

The Company is a contract research organization (“CRO”), providing outsourced development services on a global basis to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device industries. It specializes in the strategic development, management and analysis of programs that support all stages of the clinical development process - from compound selection to Phase I-IV clinical studies.  The Company has the expertise and capability to conduct clinical trials in most major therapeutic areas on a global basis and has the operational flexibility to provide development services on a stand-alone basis or as part of an integrated “full service” solution.  The Company has expanded predominately through internal growth together with a number of strategic acquisitions to enhance its expertise and capabilities in certain areas of the clinical development process.

The Company is generally awarded projects based upon responses to requests for proposals received from companies in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device industries or work orders executed under our strategic partnership arrangements. Contracts with customers are generally entered into centrally, in most cases with ICON Clinical Research Limited (“ICON Ireland”), the Company’s principal operating subsidiary in Ireland. Revenues, which consist primarily of fees earned under these contracts, are allocated to individual entities within the Group, based on where the work is performed in accordance with the Company’s global transfer pricing model.

ICON Ireland acts as the group entrepreneur under the Company’s global transfer pricing model given its role in the development and management of the group, it’s ownership of key intellectual property and customer relationships, its key role in the mitigation of risks faced by the group and its responsibility for maintaining the Company’s global network. ICON Ireland enters into the majority of the Company’s customer contracts.

ICON Ireland remunerates other operating entities in the ICON Group on the basis of a guaranteed cost plus mark up for the services they perform in each of their local territories. The cost plus mark up for each ICON entity is established to ensure that each of ICON Ireland and the ICON entities that are involved in the conduct of services for customers, earn an appropriate arms-length return having regard to the assets owned, risks borne, and functions performed by each entity from these intercompany transactions. The cost plus mark-up policy is reviewed annually to ensure that it is market appropriate.

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The geographic split of revenue disclosed for each region outside Ireland is the cost plus revenue attributable to these entities. The residual revenues of the Group, once each ICON entity has been paid its respective intercompany service fee, generally fall to be retained by ICON Ireland. As such revenues and income from operations in Ireland are a function of this global transfer pricing model and comprise net revenues of the Group after deducting the cost plus revenues attributable to the activities performed outside Ireland.

The Company's areas of operation outside of Ireland include the United States, United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, The Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey, Poland, Czech Republic, Latvia, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Israel, Romania, Switzerland, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Peru, India, China, South Korea, Japan, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, The Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.

The geographical distribution of the Company’s segment measures as at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and June 30, 2016 is as follows:

a)	The distribution of net revenue by geographical area was as follows:

* All sales shown for Ireland are export sales.

b)	The distribution of income from operations, including restructuring, by geographical area was as follows:

 

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c)	The distribution of income from operations, excluding restructuring, by geographical area was as follows:

d)	The distribution of property, plant and equipment, net, by geographical area was as follows:

e)	The distribution of depreciation and amortization by geographical area was as follows:

 

f) The distribution of total assets by geographical area was as follows:

 

 

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ICON plc

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere herein and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto included in our  Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

Overview

We are a CRO providing outsourced development services on a global basis to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device industries. We specialize in the strategic development, management and analysis of programs that support all stages of the clinical development process - from compound selection to Phase I-IV clinical studies. Our vision is to be the Global CRO partner of choice, delivering best in class information, solutions and performance in clinical and outcomes research.

We believe that we are one of a select group of CROs with the expertise and capability to conduct clinical trials in most major therapeutic areas on a global basis and have the operational flexibility to provide development services on a stand-alone basis or as part of an integrated “full service” solution. At June 30, 2017, we employed approximately 12,327 employees, in 84 locations in 38 countries. During the six months ended June 30, 2017 we derived approximately 47.2%, 41.2% and 11.6% of our net revenue in the United States, Europe and Rest of World respectively.

Revenue consists primarily of fees earned under contracts with third-party clients. In most cases, a portion of the contract fee is paid at the time the study or trial is started, with the balance of the contract fee generally payable in installments over the study or trial duration, based on the delivery of certain performance targets or "milestones". Revenue from contracts is recognized on a proportional performance method based on the relationship between time incurred and the total estimated duration of the trial or on a fee-for-service basis depending to the particular circumstances of the contract. As is customary in the CRO industry, we contract with third party investigators in connection with clinical trials. All investigator fees and certain other costs, where reimbursed by clients, are deducted from gross revenue to arrive at net revenue. As these costs vary from contract to contract, we view net revenue as our primary measure of revenue growth.

As the nature of our business involves the management of projects having a typical duration of a few weeks to several years, the commencement or completion of projects in a fiscal year can have a material impact on revenues earned with the relevant clients in such years. In addition, as we typically work with some, but not all, divisions of a client, fluctuations in the number and status of available projects within such divisions can also have a material impact on revenues earned from clients from year to year.

Termination or delay in the performance of an individual contract may occur for various reasons, including, but not limited to, unexpected or undesired results, production problems resulting in shortages of the drug, adverse patient reactions to the drug, the client’s decision to de-emphasize a particular trial or inadequate patient enrolment or investigator recruitment. In the event of termination the Company is usually entitled to all sums owed for work performed through the notice of termination and certain costs associated with the termination of the study. In addition, contracts generally contain provisions for renegotiation in the event of changes in the scope, nature, duration, or volume of services of the contract.

Our backlog consists of potential net revenue yet to be earned from projects awarded by clients. At June 30, 2017 we had a backlog of approximately $4.4 billion, compared with approximately $4.2 billion at December 31, 2016. We believe that our backlog as of any date is not necessarily a meaningful predictor of future results, due to the potential for cancellation or delay of the projects underlying the backlog, and no assurances can be given on the extent to which we will be able to realize this backlog as net revenue.

Although we are domiciled in Ireland, we report our results in U.S. dollars. As a consequence the results of our non-U.S. based operations, when translated into U.S. dollars, could be materially affected by fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies of those operations.

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In addition to translation exposures, we are also subject to transaction exposures because the currency in which contracts are priced can be different from the currencies in which costs relating to those contracts are incurred.  Our operations in the United States are not materially exposed to such currency differences as the majority of our revenues and costs are in U.S. dollars. However, outside of the United States the multinational nature of our activities means that contracts are usually priced in a single currency, most often U.S. dollars or euro, while costs arise in a number of currencies, depending, among other things, on which of our offices provide staff for the contract and the location of investigator sites. Although many such contracts benefit from some degree of natural hedging, due to the matching of contract revenues and costs in the same currency, where costs are incurred in currencies other than those in which contracts are priced, fluctuations in the relative value of those currencies could have a material effect on our results of operations.

As we conduct operations on a global basis, our effective tax rate depends on the geographic distribution of our revenue and earnings among locations with varying tax rates. Our results therefore may be affected by changes in the tax rates of the various jurisdictions. In particular, as the geographic mix of our results of operations among various tax jurisdictions changes, our effective tax rate may vary significantly from period to period.

Net revenue for the period increased by $20.4 million, or 5.0%, from $410.6 million   for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $431.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Net revenue increased by 6.0% in constant currency and by 2.6% in constant dollar organic terms. The increase in revenues in the three months ended June 30, 2017 can be explained by both continued organic growth, and the additional net revenues from the acquisition of ClinicalRM on September 15, 2016.  During the three months ended June 30, 2017 we derived approximately 47.8%, 40.5% and 11.7% of our net revenue in the United States, Europe and Rest of World respectively.  During the three months ended June 30, 2017 $179.1 million or 41.6% of our net revenues were derived from our top 5 customers compared to $190.0 million or 46.3% of net revenues derived from our top 5 customers during the three months ended June 30, 2016. The largest of these customers related to a Strategic Partnership with a large global pharmaceutical company.  Net revenue from this customer contributed 20% of net revenue for the quarter, compared to 28% of net revenue in respect of the three months ended June 30, 2016. The addition of new customer accounts, particularly mid-tier pharma customers and biotech customers continues to result in a reduction in concentration of revenues from our top five customers. 

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Net revenue in Ireland increased from $95.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $95.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Net revenue in Ireland is principally a function of the Company’s global transfer pricing model ( see note 9 Business Segmental Information for further details ).   Net revenue in our Rest of Europe region decreased from $79.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $78.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, while net revenue in our Rest of World region increased from $42.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $50.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017.  Net revenue in the U.S. region increased from $193.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $206.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. This reflects a non-recurring intercompany pricing adjustment for services historically provided by certain Rest of World Subsidiaries. Net revenues in the U.S. region for the three months ended June 30, 2017 was impacted positively by the acquisition of ClinicalRM which was acquired on September 15, 2016.

Direct costs for the period increased by $12.0 million, or 5.1%, from $238.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $250.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Direct costs consist primarily of compensation, associated fringe benefits and share based compensation expense for project-related employees and other direct project driven costs. The increase in direct costs during the period arose from an increase in headcount and a corresponding increase in personnel related expenditure of $10.8 million, and increases in other direct project related costs of $1.5 million. These increases were offset by a decrease in travel related costs of $0.1 million and laboratory costs of $0.2 million. As a percentage of net revenue, direct costs for the three months ended June 30, 2017 was 58%, which is in line with the three months ended June 30, 2016.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the period increased by $0.6 million, or 0.8%, from $80.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $80.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Selling, general and administrative expenses comprise primarily of compensation, related fringe benefits and share based compensation expense for non-project-related employees, recruitment expenditure, professional service costs, advertising costs and all costs related to facilities and information systems. During the three months ended June 30, 2017 a credit of $6 million was recorded being the reduction in the assessment of the fair value of contingent consideration liability relating to the acquisition of ClinicalRM (see note 3).  Once-off professional costs of $3.5 million were also recorded in the period. Lease charges of $3.1 million were recorded principally in respect of premises vacated during the period on review of our facilities.  The net increase in selling, general and administration expenses for the period of $0.6 million reflects these items in addition to a continued focus on personnel related expenditure and facilities and related costs. As a percentage of net revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses, decreased from 19.5% for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to 18.8% for the three months ended June 30, 2017.

Depreciation expense for the period decreased by $0.1 million, or 1.6%, from $10.5 million for three months ended June 30, 2016 to $10.4 million for three months ended June 30, 2017. Depreciation expense arises principally from continued investment in facilities, information systems and equipment to support the Company’s growth. As a percentage of net revenue the depreciation expense for the three months ended June 30, 2017 (2.4%) decreased marginally on the percentage of net revenue charge for the three months ended June 30, 2016 (2.5%).  Amortization expense for the period increased by $0.1 million, or 2.7%, from $3.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $4.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Amortization expense represents the amortization of intangible assets acquired on business combinations. The main reason for the increase in the amortization expense for the period relates to the additional amortization for the period related to the acquisition of ClinicalRM.  As a percentage of net revenue, amortization expense decreased from 1.0% for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to 0.9% for the three months ended June 30, 2017.

During the three months ended June 30, 2017, a restructuring charge of $7.8 million was recognized under a restructuring plan adopted following a review by the company of its operations.  The restructuring plan includes resource rationalizations in certain areas of the business to improve resource utilization ( see   note 4 Restructuring for further information). During the three months ended June 30, 2016, a restructuring charge of $4.1 million was recognized.

As a result of the above, income from operations for the three months increased by $4.1 million, or 5.5%, from $73.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 ($78.0 million excluding restructuring charges)   to $78.0 million ($85.8 million excluding restructuring charges) for the three months ended June 30, 2017. As a percentage of net revenue, income from operations increased from 18.0% of net revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2016   ( 19.0% excluding restructuring charges) to 18.1% of net revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2017 ( 19.9% excluding restructuring charges).

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Income from operations in Ireland decreased from a profit of $54.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 ( $58.3 million excluding restructuring charges) to a profit of $38.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017 ( $46.4 million excluding restructuring charges). Income from operations in Ireland is impacted by the Group’s global transfer pricing model (see note 9 Business Segmental Information for further details). Income from operations in our Rest of Europe region increased from $4.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 ( $5.2 million excluding restructuring charges)  to $8.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017 ( $8.9 million excluding restructuring charges), while income from operations in our Rest of World region increased from $2.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 ( $2.7 million excluding restructuring charges) to $4.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017 ( $4.2 million excluding restructuring charges). This reflects a non-recurring intercompany pricing adjustment for services historically provided by certain Rest of World subsidiaries.  Income from operations in the U.S. region increased from $11.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 ( $11.8 million excluding restructuring charges) to $26.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017 ( $26.2 million excluding restructuring charges), principally reflecting the credit of $6 million recorded on revaluation of the contingent consideration related to the acquisition of ClinicalRM, the income contribution since acquisition of ClinicalRM, and the impact of refinements to the consideration earned by US subsidiaries under the Group’s global transfer pricing model, offset in part by increased amortization charges.

Interest expense of $3.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017 is in line with the charge for the three months ended June 30, 2016. Interest income increased by $0.2 million or 61.4%, from $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $0.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017.

Provision for income taxes increased from $10.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 to $10.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017.  The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2017 was 14.0% ( 13.9% excluding restructuring charges) compared with 14.1% ( 14.0% excluding restructuring charges) for the three months ended June 30, 2016. The Company’s effective tax rate is principally a function of the distribution of pre-tax profits amongst the territories in which it operates.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 compared with Six Months Ended June 30, 2016

The following table sets forth for the periods indicated certain financial data as a percentage of net revenue and the percentage change in these items compared to the prior comparable period. The trends illustrated in the following table may not be indicative of future results.

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Net revenue for the period increased by $51.8 million, or 6.4%, from $811.2 million   for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $863.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Net revenue increased by 7.1% in constant currency and by 3.5% in constant dollar organic terms. The increase in revenues in the six months ended June 30, 2017 can be explained by both continued organic growth, and the additional net revenues from the acquisition of ClinicalRM on September 15, 2016.  During the six months ended June 30, 2017 we derived approximately 47.2%, 41.2% and 11.6% of our net revenue in the United States, Europe and Rest of World respectively.  During the six months ended June 30, 2017 $374.1 million or 43.3% of our net revenues were derived from our top 5 customers compared to $367.7 million or 45.3% of net revenues derived from our top 5 customers during the six months ended June 30, 2016. The largest of these customers related to a Strategic Partnership with a large global pharmaceutical company.  Net revenue from this customer contributed 22.1% of net revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2017, compared to 28.6% of net revenue in respect of the six months ended June 30, 2016. The addition of new customer accounts, particularly mid-tier pharma customers and biotech customers continues to result in a reduction in concentration of revenues from our top five customers. 

Net revenue in Ireland increased from $196.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $205.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Net revenue in Ireland is principally a function of the Company’s global transfer pricing model ( see note 9 Business Segmental Information for further details ).   Net revenue in our Rest of Europe region decreased from $155.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $150.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, while net revenue in our Rest of World region increased from $82.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $100.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. This reflects a non-recurring intercompany pricing adjustment for services historically provided by certain Rest of World subsidiaries. Net revenue in the U.S. region increased from $377.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $407.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Net revenues in the U.S. region for the six months ended June 30, 2017 was impacted positively by the acquisition of ClinicalRM which was acquired on September 15, 2016.

Direct costs for the period increased by $33.9 million, or 7.3%, from $466.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $500.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Direct costs consist primarily of compensation, associated fringe benefits and share based compensation expense for project-related employees and other direct project driven costs. The increase in direct costs during the period arose from an increase in headcount and a corresponding increase in personnel related expenditure of $27.9 million, and increases in other direct project related costs of $6.3 million and laboratory costs of $1.1 million.  This increase was offset by a decrease in travel related costs of $1.4 million. As a percentage of net revenue, direct costs increased from 57.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to 58.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2017.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the period increased by $1.2 million, or 0.8%, from $161.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $162.2 million for the six  months ended June 30, 2017. Selling, general and administrative expenses comprise primarily of compensation, related fringe benefits and share based compensation expense for non-project-related employees, recruitment expenditure, professional service costs, advertising costs and all costs related to facilities and information systems. During the six months ended June 30, 2017 a credit of $6 million was recorded being the reduction in the assessment of the fair value of contingent consideration liability relating to the acquisition of ClinicalRM (see note 3).  Once-off professional costs of $3.5 million were also recorded in the period. Lease charges of $3.1 million were recorded principally in respect of premises vacated during the period on review of our facilities.  The net increase in selling, general and administration expenses of $1.2 million reflects these items and continued focus on personnel related expenditure and facilities and related costs. As a percentage of net revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses, decreased from 19.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to 18.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2017.

Depreciation expense for the period decreased by $0.3 million, or 1.5%, from $20.7 million for six months ended June 30, 2016 to $20.4 million for six months ended June 30, 2017. Depreciation expense arises principally from continued investment in facilities, information systems and equipment to support the Company’s growth. As a percentage of net revenue the depreciation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2017 (2.4%) decreased marginally on the percentage of net revenue charge for the six months ended June 30, 2016 (2.6%).  Amortization expense for the period decreased by $0.4 million, or 4.7%, from $8.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $8.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Amortization expense represents the amortization of intangible assets acquired on business combinations. The main reason for the decrease in the amortization expense for the period relates to the cessation of the amortization charge in respect of the MediMedia order backlog asset in line with the amortization period of 2 years, this was offset in part by the additional amortization for the period related to the acquisition of ClinicalRM.  As a percentage of net revenue, amortization expense decreased from 1.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to 1.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2017.

During the six months ended June 30, 2017 the Company implemented a restructuring plan which contains Company resource rationalizations in order to improve operating efficiencies and reduce expenses. A restructuring charge of $7.8 million was recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2017.  (S ee note 4 Restructuring for further information). A restructuring charge of $4.1 million was recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2016.

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As a result of the above, income from operations for the six months increased by $13.8 million, or 9.1%, from $149.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016   ($154.0 million excluding restructuring charges) to $163.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 ($171.4 million excluding restructuring charges). As a percentage of net revenue, income from operations increased from 18.5% (19.0% excluding restructuring charges) of net revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2016   to 19.0% of net revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2017 (19.9% excluding restructuring charges).

Income from operations in Ireland decreased from a profit of $114.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 ($117.9 million excluding restructuring charges) to a profit of $102.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 ($110.4 million excluding restructuring charges). Income from operations in Ireland is impacted by the Group’s global transfer pricing model (see note 9 Business Segmental Information for further details). Income from operations in our Rest of Europe region increased from $8.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 ($8.6 million excluding restructuring charges) to $12.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 ($12.6 million excluding restructuring charges), while income from operations in our Rest of World region increased from $4.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 ($4.9 million excluding restructuring charges) to $11.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 ($11.7  million excluding restructuring charges). This reflects a non-recurring intercompany pricing adjustment for services historically provided by certain Rest of World subsidiaries.  Income from operations in the U.S. region increased from $22.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 ($22.6 million excluding restructuring charges) to $36.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 ($36.7 million excluding restructuring charges), principally reflecting a credit of $6 million recorded on revaluation of the contingent consideration related to the acquisition of ClinicalRM, the income contribution since acquisition of ClinicalRM, and the impact of refinements to the consideration earned by US subsidiaries under the Group’s global transfer pricing model, offset in part by increased amortization charges.

Interest expense of $6.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is in line with the charge for the six months ended June 30, 2016. Interest income increased by $0.4 million or 63.7%, from $0.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017.

Provision for income taxes increased from $20.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $22.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017.  The Company’s effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2017 was 14.0% (13.9% excluding restructuring charges) compared with 14.0% (13.6% excluding restructuring charges) for the six months ended June 30, 2016. The Company’s effective tax rate is principally a function of the distribution of pre-tax profits amongst the territories in which it operates.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

The CRO industry is generally not capital intensive. The Group’s principal operating cash needs are payment of salaries, office rents, travel expenditures and payments to investigators. Investing activities primarily reflect capital expenditures for facilities and information systems enhancements, the purchase and sale of short term investments and acquisitions.

Our clinical research and development contracts are generally fixed price with some variable components and range in duration from a few weeks to several years. Revenue from contracts is generally recognized as income on the basis of the relationship between time incurred and the total estimated contract duration or on a fee-for-service basis. The cash flow from contracts typically consists of a small down payment at the time the contract is entered into, with the balance paid in installments over the contract's duration, in some cases on the achievement of certain milestones. Accordingly, cash receipts do not correspond to costs incurred and revenue recognized on contracts.

Cash and cash equivalents and net borrowings