By Douglas MacMillan And Deepa Seetharaman 

The sudden death of technology executive David Goldberg has left Silicon Valley without one of its greatest champions of the private startup.

A veteran of the technology industry who founded, advised, invested in or ran dozens of companies, Mr. Goldberg advocated for keeping startups private, away from the regulatory hurdles of the public markets, for as long as possible.

He put this philosophy to work over the past six years at SurveyMonkey.com LLC, which he took from a 12-person startup to a 500-person company while raising more than $1.2 billion from investors. Many private companies are following that strategy today, raising as much capital as possible to stave off an IPO.

"This is the biggest loss in Silicon Valley since Steve Jobs," Marc Benioff, CEO of Salesforce.com Inc., said in an interview. "The way that Steve Jobs was very much a visionary in technology, Dave Goldberg was very much a visionary in how to lead a life of all seasons."

Mr. Goldberg, the husband of Facebook Inc. Chief Operating Officer Sheryl Sandberg, died Friday while vacationing in Mexico with family and friends, a spokesman for the Attorney General's office of Nayarit state said Monday.

The spokeswoman, who didn't wish to be named, said Mr. Goldberg appeared to have lost his balance on a treadmill in Punta Mita and fallen, hitting the back of his head. Mr. Goldberg was still alive when he was found by his brother, Robert, the spokeswoman said, and he was rushed to a nearby hospital, where he died.

Cause of death was ruled a severe brain trauma caused by massive loss of blood, the spokeswoman said. He was 47 years old.

An invitation-only memorial service was scheduled for Tuesday at Stanford University's Memorial Auditorium. Invitations specified that men should not wear ties, "in keeping with Dave's lifelong hatred of ties."

Mr. Goldberg's death leaves an opening at the helm of SurveyMonkey, the fast-growing online questionnaire service that was valued by investors at close to $2 billion in a round of funding last December. Mr. Goldberg had led several new initiatives at the company over the past year, including a benchmarking service that helps businesses measure how their customer and employee satisfaction compares to their competitors.

A spokeswoman for SurveyMonkey said the company hasn't named a successor to Mr. Goldberg. "Out of respect for Dave, his family and SurveyMonkey employees now is not the time to discuss succession," she said. "The company has a solid leadership team firmly in place that has been with the company for more than five years."

Though it hasn't gone public, SurveyMonkey has rewarded employees and early investors with cash through Mr. Goldberg's creative approach to private fundraising. He joined the company in 2009, when a consortium of private-equity firms led by Spectrum Equity Investors took majority ownership. In 2013, he raised more than $800 million in debt and equity to buy employee stock and cash out some earlier investors.

"This transaction affords us all of the capital benefits of a public offering without the costs and distractions of an IPO and the demands of operating as a public company," Mr. Goldberg said at the time. Mr. Goldberg has taken specific issue with the strict regulatory requirements that can limit a public company's ability to take bold chances.

"If it was about bragging rights and Dave's agenda, he would probably have gone public," said Bill McGlashan, head of private-equity fund TPG Growth, who served on SurveyMonkey's board until earlier this year. "The agenda was to keep building a great business."

Mr. Goldberg's views may have stemmed from his losses during the dot-com bubble. He took his first startup, a music magazine called Launch, public in April 1999. Soon after, the stock crashed and he ended up selling to Yahoo Inc. for around $12 million.

As the husband of Facebook's number-two executive, however, he also had a front-row seat at the largest IPO of a U.S. tech company when the social network went public in 2012.

As a director on the board of Ancestry.com Inc., Mr. Goldberg helped lead a push, in 2012, to sell a controlling stake to European private-equity firm Permira, taking the company private.

A well-liked community builder in the tech industry, Mr. Goldberg played in poker games and an annual dinner at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. He also served as a mentor and advisor to startups.

When Nextdoor founder Nirav Tolia was struggling with an earlier version of his startup, called Fanbase, he asked for advice from Mr. Goldberg, who he had spent time with as fellow entrepreneurs-in-residence at the venture-capital firm Benchmark. Mr. Tolia said he planned to give Fanbase investors their money back and start a new company, but Mr. Goldberg talked him out of it.

"Dave was the main person who said, 'You're not giving the money back, you are entrepreneurs who are building something great,'" Mr. Tolia said. "When someone like Dave has that kind of conviction, you have to listen."

José de Córdoba contributed to this article.

Write to José de Córdoba at jose.decordoba@wsj.com

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