By Lindsay Gellman 

To land a summer job on Wall Street this year, Fairfield University junior Matthew Edgar sent 300 emails, made dozens of phone calls and several networking trips to New York banks from the Connecticut campus.

Darwin Li had a more direct route: The Princeton University junior applied online for positions and attended campus information sessions where company recruiters walked him through the application process and the firm's culture.

A growing number of employers say a degree from a prestigious college counts less than it once did. But among elite finance and management-consulting firms--which offer some of the highest starting salaries for new graduates--an alma mater still matters. That puts students from less-selective schools at a disadvantage, career-services officers and students say.

"We teach our students that they're going to have to compete," said Eugene Gentile, director of the office of career management at Rutgers Business School. "Many of our students are not already moneyed. They're often first-generation college students. When they get out there in these firms, they compete with the best of them."

Competition is intense for summer analyst positions at Wall Street firms and management-consulting firms, the surest way to land a full-time role after graduation. For instance, fewer than 2% of applicants to Goldman Sachs Group Inc.'s summer investment-banking programs are accepted.

The odds can be even longer for students at places like Fairfield, Rutgers and Northeastern University, which are usually considered "nontarget" schools by recruiters. For those students, getting a foot in the door at a prominent Wall Street firm means sending hundreds of emails and cold-calling a string of bankers in hopes of landing a brief phone interview and a recommendation.

Wall Street target-school lists vary, but they tend to include Ivy League schools and a handful of other elite institutions, such as Stanford University, because that's where they find top students, recruiters said.

At target schools, it can seem as though banks and consulting firms are the ones in hot pursuit during fall recruiting season. Students submit applications for summer-analyst roles, which are then funneled directly to recruiters who visit campus several times throughout the fall semester for information sessions and informal coffees.

By the time a bank invites applicants to a first-round interview, "we've probably met you three or four times" on a target-school campus, said one big bank recruiter.

Classmates have to do little outside work aside from just showing up, said Mr. Li, the 20-year-old Princeton student, who recently accepted a summer-analyst offer at Credit Suisse Group AG. "The industry is very connection-based," he said.

Rutgers senior Jason Seo, co-president of Little Investment Bankers of Rutgers (LIBOR), the school's finance club, said companies "are actively searching for kids" at target schools, while "we are actively searching for firms."

Recruiters and alumni employees from consulting firms like McKinsey & Co. visit target campuses several times a semester, hosting informational events and getting to know students.

Bank and consulting firm recruiters say that all applicants for summer positions who make it into the pool of candidates for consideration are evaluated equally.

For students at nontarget schools, the trick is finding a way into that pool. Without recruiters on campus, they must initiate a blitz of emails, calls and messages through networking sites like LinkedIn to find a banker or consultant willing to flag their application to recruiters.

"I treated every phone call like an interview," Sameer Saifi, a 22-year-old senior at the University of Texas at Austin, said of his two dozen calls to bankers. Those calls were followed by 200 emails, he said. Houston banks recruit heavily at the school, which is on some big banks' target lists, but recruiters for New York-based investment-banking positions rarely visit, he added.

Mr. Saifi got a foothold at Bank of America Corp., where bankers he spoke with agreed to give his application a nod, landing him a first-round interview in New York, and a summer-analyst stint at the bank last year. After graduation, he'll begin work with Goldman Sachs in San Francisco, he said.

Mr. Edgar, the 20-year-old Fairfield junior, was determined not to end up in a back-office role. He said he contacted a Fairfield alumnus at Morgan Stanley who put him in touch with colleagues for informational chats. He followed up with a visit to the firm's New York headquarters, where he asked the Fairfield graduate to introduce him to other bankers.

In addition, Mr. Edgar said he spent upward of five hours a week teaching himself investment-banking concepts, such as valuation techniques, that would come up in interviews--and that competing applicants from higher-tier schools likely knew already.

J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. and other firms dedicate recruiters specifically for applicants from nontarget schools who read applications but don't typically visit campuses. But the banks say they are doing more to cast a wider net.

Goldman Sachs said its list contains more than 25 schools, including some that others consider nontargets, like Rutgers ( Harvey Schwartz, the firm's finance chief, is an alumnus). Bank of America Merrill Lynch said last year it rolled out Web-based info sessions to reach a wider array of potential candidates at schools it isn't able to physically visit. Citigroup Inc. said 28% of its incoming summer investment-banking analysts hail from schools it didn't visit. And J.P. Morgan said a significant portion of each summer analyst class is made up of candidates from nontarget schools.

Mr. Edgar's Morgan Stanley contacts came through, and he landed a summer analyst spot this year. The extra legwork tested, and ultimately confirmed, his interest in investment banking, he said. "I know this is exactly what I want to do with my life."

Write to Lindsay Gellman at Lindsay.Gellman@wsj.com

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