Indicate the number of outstanding shares
of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the Annual Report: As
of December 31, 2013, the issuer had 10,470,230 ordinary shares outstanding and no preferred shares outstanding.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant
is a well known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes
¨
No
x
If this report is an annual or transition
report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or (15)(d) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934. Yes
¨
No
x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
(1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding
12 months (or for such shorter periods that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
reporting requirements for the past 90 days.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted
and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter
period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes
x
No
¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and
large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large Accelerated Filer
¨
Accelerated
Filer
¨
Non-Accelerated Filer
x
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting
the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
If “Other” has been checked
in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.
Item 17
¨
Item 18
¨
If this is an annual report, indicate by
check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes
¨
No
x
As used in this Annual Report on Form 20-F
(hereinafter referred to as this “Annual Report”), unless the context requires otherwise, references to “we”,
“our”, “us”, “Rosetta” or the “Company” are references to Rosetta Genomics Ltd.,
a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel, and its subsidiary.
Our consolidated financial statements have
been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. Except as otherwise specified,
financial information is presented in U.S. dollars. All references in this Annual Report to “U.S. dollars,” “dollars”
or “$” are to United States dollars and all references in this Annual Report to “NIS” or “shekels”
are to New Israeli Shekels.
All information in this Annual Report on Form 20-F relating
to shares or price per share reflect (i) the 1-for-4 reverse stock split effected by Rosetta on July 6, 2011 and (ii) the 1-for-15
reverse stock split effected by Rosetta on May 14, 2012.
This Annual Report contains forward-looking
statements. These forward-looking statements include, in particular, statements about our plans, strategies and prospects and may
be identified by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “scheduled,”
“plan,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “aim,”
“potential,” or “continue” or the negative of those terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking
statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations
are reasonable, we may not achieve our plans, intentions or expectations.
Important factors that could cause actual
results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements we make in this Annual Report are set forth in “Item 3.
Key Information - D. Risk Factors.” All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are
expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements in “Risk Factors,” in which we have disclosed the
material risks related to our business. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, and the cautionary statements
identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those predicted in any forward-looking statements.
We undertake no obligation to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this Annual Report to conform those
statements to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by applicable law.
You should read this Annual Report and
the documents that we reference in this Annual Report and have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report, that we have filed with
the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), completely and with the understanding that our actual future results,
levels of activity, performance and achievements may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking
statements by these cautionary statements.
PART I
|
ITEM 1.
|
IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS
|
Not Applicable.
|
ITEM 2.
|
OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE
|
Not Applicable.
|
A.
|
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
|
We have prepared our historical consolidated
financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (U.S. GAAP). The following
financial data for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013, and as of December 31, 2012 and 2013 have been derived from
our audited financial statements which are included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The following financial data for the years
ended December 31, 2009 and 2010 and as of December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011 have been derived from our audited financial statements
which are not included in this Annual Report. In July 2008, through our wholly owned subsidiary Rosetta Genomics Inc., we purchased
Parkway Clinical Laboratories, Inc., a privately held Pennsylvania corporation owning a CLIA-certified laboratory. Parkway remained
an indirect wholly owned subsidiary until we sold it in May 2009. On April 18, 2013, we signed a settlement agreement with Sanra
Laboratories ("Sanra") in connection with our sale of Parkway to Sanra. Under the terms of the agreement, on April 20,
2013 and on May 10, 2013, Sanra and Parkway paid us a total of $625,000. Operating results for Parkway have been classified as
discontinued operations for all presented periods. On February 4, 2010, we established Rosetta Green Ltd. (“Rosetta Green”)
as a controlled subsidiary. As of December 31, 2010, we owned approximately 76.2% of the outstanding ordinary shares of Rosetta
Green, therefore, Rosetta Green results were consolidated in 2010. In December 2011, we sold our complete ownership interest in
Rosetta Green, which represented approximately 50.03% of the outstanding ordinary shares of Rosetta Green. Information relating
to Rosetta Green is incorporated into the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss at item net loss from discontinued operations,
with no effects on 2013 results. You should read this information in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, including
the related notes, and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future period.
|
|
Year Ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2012
|
|
|
2011
|
|
|
2010
|
|
|
2009
|
|
|
|
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
|
|
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Revenues:
|
|
$
|
405
|
|
|
$
|
201
|
|
|
$
|
103
|
|
|
$
|
279
|
|
|
$
|
150
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost of revenues
|
|
|
709
|
|
|
|
258
|
|
|
|
324
|
|
|
|
628
|
|
|
|
339
|
|
Gross loss
|
|
|
304
|
|
|
|
57
|
|
|
|
221
|
|
|
|
349
|
|
|
|
189
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Consolidated Statements of Operations:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating expenses:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
|
|
|
1,744
|
|
|
|
1,247
|
|
|
|
3,386
|
|
|
|
5,707
|
|
|
|
6,552
|
|
Marketing and business development
|
|
|
7,002
|
|
|
|
3,938
|
|
|
|
2,633
|
|
|
|
4,881
|
|
|
|
4,451
|
|
General and administrative
|
|
|
4,297
|
|
|
|
3,025
|
|
|
|
2,537
|
|
|
|
2,424
|
|
|
|
3,605
|
|
Other expenses related to the settlement with Prometheus
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
554
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Total operating expenses
|
|
|
13,043
|
|
|
|
8,210
|
|
|
|
8,556
|
|
|
|
13,566
|
|
|
|
14,608
|
|
Operating loss
|
|
|
13,347
|
|
|
|
8,267
|
|
|
|
8,777
|
|
|
|
13,915
|
|
|
|
14,797
|
|
Financial expenses (income), net
|
|
|
(177
|
)
|
|
|
2,429
|
|
|
|
(1,384
|
)
|
|
|
(1,031
|
)
|
|
|
(45
|
)
|
Loss from continuing operations
|
|
|
13,170
|
|
|
|
10,696
|
|
|
|
7,393
|
|
|
|
12,884
|
|
|
|
14,752
|
|
Other comprehensive income attributed to marketable securities
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Net loss (income) from discontinued operations
|
|
|
(273
|
)
|
|
|
(239
|
)
|
|
|
1,444
|
|
|
|
1,871
|
|
|
|
1,753
|
|
Net loss after discontinued operations
|
|
|
12,897
|
|
|
|
10,457
|
|
|
|
8,830
|
|
|
|
14,755
|
|
|
|
16,505
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net loss attributable to Rosetta Genomics
|
|
$
|
12,897
|
|
|
$
|
10,457
|
|
|
$
|
8,830
|
|
|
$
|
14,755
|
|
|
$
|
16,505
|
|
Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share from continuing operations
|
|
$
|
1.37
|
|
|
$
|
2.40
|
|
|
$
|
14.55
|
|
|
$
|
45.75
|
|
|
$
|
65.4
|
|
Basic and diluted net loss (income) per ordinary share from discontinued operations attributable to Rosetta Genomics
|
|
$
|
(0.028
|
)
|
|
$
|
(0.054
|
)
|
|
$
|
2.85
|
|
|
$
|
6.6
|
|
|
$
|
7.8
|
|
Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share attributable to Rosetta Genomics
|
|
$
|
1.34
|
|
|
$
|
2.35
|
|
|
$
|
17.4
|
|
|
$
|
52.35
|
|
|
$
|
73.2
|
|
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share attributable to Rosetta Genomics
|
|
|
9,593,952
|
|
|
|
4,448,449
|
|
|
|
507,622
|
|
|
|
281,801
|
|
|
|
225,722
|
|
|
|
As of December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2012
|
|
|
2011
|
|
|
2010
|
|
|
2009
|
|
|
|
(In thousands)
|
|
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents
|
|
$
|
16,774
|
|
|
$
|
30,798
|
|
|
$
|
735
|
|
|
$
|
2,635
|
|
|
$
|
3,329
|
|
Restricted cash
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
|
34
|
|
|
|
37
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
1,076
|
|
Short-term bank deposits
|
|
|
7,667
|
|
|
|
130
|
|
|
|
112
|
|
|
|
190
|
|
|
|
3,143
|
|
Marketable securities
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
148
|
|
|
|
2,756
|
|
Trade receivable
|
|
|
224
|
|
|
|
88
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
|
72
|
|
Working capital (deficiency)
|
|
|
23,060
|
|
|
|
30,487
|
|
|
|
(638
|
)
|
|
|
501
|
|
|
|
8,628
|
|
Total assets
|
|
|
25,880
|
|
|
|
32,530
|
|
|
|
2,044
|
|
|
|
5,293
|
|
|
|
12,743
|
|
Convertible loan
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
1,500
|
|
Long-term liabilities
|
|
|
309
|
|
|
|
364
|
|
|
|
552
|
|
|
|
2,592
|
|
|
|
3,596
|
|
Total shareholders’ equity (deficiency)
|
|
|
23,633
|
|
|
|
30,900
|
|
|
|
(356
|
)
|
|
|
(630
|
)
|
|
|
6,842
|
|
Capital stock
|
|
|
132,032
|
|
|
|
126,402
|
|
|
|
84,689
|
|
|
|
74,778
|
|
|
|
68,206
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B.
|
CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS
|
Not applicable.
|
C.
|
REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS
|
Not applicable.
If any of the following risks occur,
our business, business prospects, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows could be materially harmed.
Risks Related to Our Business, Our Financial
Results and Need for Financing
We will require substantial additional
funds to continue our operations and, if additional funds are not available, we may need to significantly scale back or cease our
operations.
We have used substantial funds to discover,
develop, commercialize and protect our microRNA tests and technologies and will require substantial additional funds to continue
our operations. As of December 31, 2013, we had cash, cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits and restricted cash of $24.5 million,
compared to $31 million as of December 31, 2012. Based on our current operations, we believe our existing funds will be sufficient
to fund operations until late 2015. We may seek additional funding through collaborative arrangements and public or private equity
offerings and debt financings, and we may elect to raise additional funds even before we need them if the conditions for raising
capital are favorable. Additional funds may not be available to us when needed on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, the
terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our existing shareholders. For example, if we raise additional
funds by issuing equity securities, further dilution to our then-existing shareholders may result. Debt financing, if available,
may involve restrictive covenants that could limit our flexibility in conducting future business activities. If we are unable to
obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail one or more of our research or development programs.
We also could be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborators or others that may require us to relinquish rights
to some of our technologies, tests or products in development or approved tests or products that we would otherwise pursue on our
own. Our failure to raise capital when needed will materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The approach we are taking to discover
and develop novel diagnostics and therapeutics is new and may never lead to commercially accepted products.
We
have concentrated our research and development efforts on diagnostics and therapeutics in the new field of microRNAs.
We
are currently marketing and selling the following four diagnostic tests based on our proprietary microRNA technologies: Rosetta
Cancer Origin
Test
™
(formerly “miRview
®
mets
2
“),
Rosetta Mesothelioma Test
™
(formerly “miRview
®
meso”),
Rosetta Lung Cancer Test
™
(formerly “miRview
®
lung”), and
Rosetta Kidney Cancer Test
t™
(formerly miRview
®
kidney”).
To date, these tests have achieved very limited commercial success. The scientific discoveries that form
the basis for our efforts to develop diagnostics and therapeutics are relatively new, and the scientific evidence to support the
feasibility of developing products based on these discoveries is limited. Further, our focus solely on developing microRNA-based
diagnostics and therapeutics as opposed to multiple or more proven technologies for the development of diagnostics and therapeutics
increases the risks associated with the ownership of our ordinary shares. If we or a collaborative partner are not successful in
commercializing our existing diagnostic tests or developing and commercializing additional microRNA-based tests or products, our
business may fail.
Because we have a short operating
history, there is a limited amount of information about us upon which our business and prospects can be evaluated.
Our operations began in 2000, and we have
only a limited operating history upon which our business and prospects can be evaluated. In addition, as a company providing relatively
new diagnostic services, we have limited experience and have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the
risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the biotechnology
area. For example, to execute our business plan, we will need to successfully:
|
•
|
maintain and further build our strong intellectual property portfolio;
|
|
•
|
execute development activities using an unproven technology;
|
|
•
|
execute sales, marketing and distribution activities;
|
|
•
|
continue to develop and maintain successful strategic relationships;
|
|
•
|
manage our spending while costs and expenses increase as we expand our efforts to discover, develop
and commercialize diagnostics and therapeutics based on microRNAs; and
|
|
•
|
gain commercial and, if applicable, regulatory acceptance of our tests and products.
|
If we are unsuccessful in accomplishing
these objectives, we may not be able to raise capital, develop additional tests or products, successfully commercialize our existing
tests, expand our business or continue our operations.
We have a history of losses and may
never be profitable.
We have experienced significant operating
losses since our inception in 2000, and as of December 31, 2013, we had an accumulated deficit of $108.4 million. We had net loss
after discontinued operations of $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Our net loss from continuing operations for
the year ended December 31, 2013 was $13.2 million. We anticipate that the majority of any revenues we generate over the next several
years will be from sales of our currently marketed products in the United States and from existing and future collaborations and
licensing arrangements and the sale of future diagnostic tests using our microRNA technology. We cannot be certain, however, that
our sales efforts in the United States or our existing collaborations will be successful or that we will be able to secure any
collaborations or achieve any milestones that may be required to receive payments or that diagnostic tests based on our technologies,
including our currently marketed tests, will be successfully commercialized. If we are unable to secure significant revenues from
our current selling efforts or through collaborations and the sale of tests or products, we may be unable to continue our efforts
to discover, develop and commercialize microRNA-based diagnostics and therapeutics without raising additional funds from other
sources.
Fluctuations in currency exchange
rates of the New Israeli Shekel vs. the U.S. dollar may have a significant impact on our reported results of operations.
Fluctuations in currency exchange rates
may have a significant impact on our reported results of operations. Although our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, significant
portions of our expenses are denominated in New Israeli Shekels, or NIS. In periods when the U.S. dollar is devalued against the
NIS, our reported results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, fluctuations in currencies may result in valuation
adjustments in our assets and liabilities which could affect our reported results of operations. We enter from time to time into
foreign currency hedge transactions in order to mitigate some of this risk, however, we are unlikely to offset the entire currency
exchange risk.
Fluctuations in our share price may
have a significant impact on our reported liabilities and reported results of financial income or expenses.
Fluctuations in our share price may have
a significant impact on our reported liabilities because certain outstanding warrants are classified as liabilities measured at
fair value each reporting period until they are exercised or expire, with changes in the fair values being recognized in our statement
of operations as financial income or expense. In periods when share price is ascending, the reported liability and the reported
results of financial expense are adversely affected.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
If we are not able to obtain and
enforce patent protection for our discoveries, our ability to develop and commercialize microRNA-based diagnostics and therapeutics
will be harmed.
Our success depends, in large part, on
our ability to protect proprietary methods and technologies that we develop under the patent and other intellectual property laws
of the United States, Israel and other countries, so that we can prevent others from unlawfully using our inventions and proprietary
information. As of March 17, 2014, our patent portfolio included a total of 31 issued U.S. patents, one issued Australian patent,
one issued European patent, two issued Israeli patents, 46 pending patent applications worldwide, consisting of 26 U.S. patent
applications, one of which received notice of allowance, six applications that are pending in Europe, three applications pending
in Israel, two applications pending in Japan, two applications pending in Australia, two applications pending in Canada, three
applications pending in China, two applications pending in Brazil and one application pending in Korea. There can be no assurance,
however, that any of these pending patent applications will result in issued patents. The patent position of pharmaceutical or
biotechnology companies, including ours, is generally uncertain and involves complex legal and factual considerations, and, therefore,
validity and enforceability cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated, or
circumvented.
Furthermore, the standards that the U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, and its foreign counterparts use to grant patents are not always applied predictably or
uniformly and may change. There is also no uniform, worldwide policy regarding the subject matter and scope of claims granted or
allowable in pharmaceutical or biotechnology patents. Furthermore, the field of microRNAs is new and developing. Accordingly, there
is significant uncertainty about what patents will be issued, and what their claims may cover. It is likely that there will be
significant litigation and other proceedings, such as interference proceedings and opposition proceedings, in certain patent offices,
relating to patent rights in the microRNA field. Others may attempt to invalidate our intellectual property rights. Currently,
there are two oppositions filed against one of our issued patents in the European Union. These oppositions relate to a patent allowed
by the European Patent Office that claims the use of a certain microRNA for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for
treating cancer, wherein the cancer is p53 negative. The oppositions both cite, as grounds, added subject matter, priority entitlement,
sufficiency, prior art and that the patent is not novel for various reasons. Even if these oppositions are successful, we do not
anticipate that they will have an adverse effect on our business. Even if our other rights are not directly challenged, disputes
among third parties could lead to the weakening or invalidation of our intellectual property rights. Accordingly, we do not know
the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights or the breadth of claims that will be allowed in any patents issued
to us or to others. Additionally, the mere issuance of a patent does not guarantee that it is valid or enforceable, so even issued
patents may not be valid or enforceable against third parties.
In addition, we cannot be certain that
we hold the rights to the technology covered by our pending patent applications or to other proprietary technology required for
us to commercialize our proposed tests and products. Because certain U.S. patent applications are confidential until patents issue,
and because certain applications will not be filed in foreign countries, third parties may have filed patent applications for technology
covered by our pending patent applications without our being aware of those applications, and our patent applications may not have
priority over those applications. For this and other reasons, we may be unable to secure desired patent rights, thereby losing
desired exclusivity. Thus, it is possible that one or more organizations will hold patent rights to which we will need a license.
If those organizations refuse to grant us a license to such patent rights on reasonable terms, we will not be able to market our
tests and products.
From time to time, the U.S. Supreme Court,
other federal courts, the U.S. Congress or the USPTO may change the standards of patentability and any such changes could have
a negative impact on our business. There have been several cases involving “gene patents” and diagnostic claims that
have been considered by the U.S. Supreme Court. On June 13, 2013, in
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics,
Inc.
the Court held that claims to isolated genomic DNA were not patentable subject matter, but claims to complementary DNA
(cDNA) molecules were patentable subject matter. The effect of the decision on patents for other isolated natural products is uncertain,
and this uncertainty includes microRNAs, which have a different chemical composition, differ in size, and have a more complicated
discovery process than DNA. On March 20, 2012, in
Mayo Collaborative Services, DBA Mayo Medical Laboratories, et al. v. Prometheus
Laboratories, Inc.
, the Court held that several claims drawn to measuring drug metabolite levels from patient samples and correlating
them to drug doses were not patentable subject matter. Although the decision relates to biomarker method patents affecting treatment
decisions, the decision has created uncertainty around the ability to patent certain biomarker-related method patents. These decisions
have increased the uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future as well as the value of current and future
patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. federal courts and the Patent Office, the interpretation of laws and
regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce
our existing patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
On March 4, 2014, the USPTO issued a memorandum
to patent examiners titled 2014 Procedure For Subject Matter Eligibility Of Claims Reciting Or Involving Laws Of Nature/Natural
Principles, Natural Phenomena, And/Or Natural Products. These guidelines instruct USPTO examiners on the ramifications of the Prometheus
and Myriad rulings. And, while they expand the scope of the Myriad ruling to include all naturally occurring nucleic acids, our
patents and pending applications include claims to non-naturally occurring derivatives of microRNAs, which we believe are patentable
under U.S. and foreign patent laws. In addition, These guidelines reflect the USPTO’s interpretation of Supreme Court case
law addressing patent subject matter eligibility. As such, the guidelines are subject to challenge in a court proceeding and are
subject to modification by future court or USPTO decisions.
In addition, Congress has directed the
USPTO to study effective ways to provide independent, confirming genetic diagnostic test activity where gene patents and exclusive
licensing for primary genetic diagnostic tests exist. This study will examine the impact that independent second opinion testing
has on providing medical care to patients; the effect that providing independent second opinion genetic diagnostic testing would
have on the existing patent and license holders of an exclusive genetic test; the impact of current practices on testing results
and performance; and the role of insurance coverage on the provision of genetic diagnostic tests. The USPTO was directed to report
the findings of the study to Congress and provide recommendations for establishing the availability of independent confirming genetic
diagnostic test activity by June 16, 2012. On August 28, 2012, the Department of Commerce sent a letter to the House and Senate
Judiciary Committee leadership updating them on the status of the genetic testing report. The letter stated in part: “Given
the complexity and diversity of the opinions, comments, and suggestions provided by interested parties, and the important policy
considerations involved, we believe that further review, discussion, and analysis are required before a final report can be submitted
to Congress.” The USPTO issued a Request for Comments and Notice of Public Hearing on Genetic Diagnostic Testing on January
25, 2012, and held additional public hearings in February and March 2013. It is unclear whether the results of this study will
be acted upon by the USPTO or result in Congressional efforts to change the law or process in a manner that could negatively impact
our patent portfolio or our future research and development efforts.
If we become involved in patent litigation
or other proceedings related to a determination of rights, we could incur substantial costs and expenses, substantial liability
for damages or be required to stop our development and commercialization efforts.
A third party may sue us for infringing
its patent rights. Likewise, we may need to resort to litigation to enforce a patent issued or licensed to us or to determine the
scope and validity of third-party proprietary rights. In addition, a third party may claim that we have improperly obtained or
used its confidential or proprietary information. The cost to us of any litigation or other proceeding relating to intellectual
property rights, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, and the litigation would divert our management’s efforts.
Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they
have substantially greater resources, and we may not have sufficient resources to adequately enforce our intellectual property
rights. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could limit our ability to continue our
operations.
If we are found to infringe upon intellectual
property rights of third parties, we could be forced to pay damages, potentially including treble damages, if we are found to have
willfully infringed on such parties’ patent rights. In addition to any damages we might have to pay, a court could require
us to stop the infringing activity or obtain a license. If we fail to obtain a required license and are unable to design around
a patent, we may be unable to effectively market some of our technology, tests and products, which could limit our ability to generate
revenues or achieve profitability and possibly prevent us from generating revenues sufficient to sustain our operations. Moreover,
we expect that a number of our collaborations will provide that royalties payable to us for licenses to our intellectual property
may be offset by amounts paid by our collaborators to third parties who have competing or superior intellectual property positions
in the relevant fields, which could result in significant reductions in our revenues from tests or products developed through collaborations.
We license patent rights from third-party
owners. If such owners do not properly maintain or enforce the patents underlying such licenses, our competitive position and business
prospects will be harmed.
We are a party to license agreements that
give us rights to third-party intellectual property that we believe may be necessary or useful for our business, such as our agreements
with The Rockefeller University, Max Planck Innovation GmbH, or Max Planck, and Johns Hopkins University. We intend to enter into
additional licenses of intellectual property with third parties in the future. Our success will depend in part on the ability of
our licensors to obtain, maintain and enforce patent protection for our licensed intellectual property, in particular, those patents
to which we have secured exclusive or co-exclusive rights. Our licensors may not successfully prosecute the patent applications
which we have licensed. Even if patents are issued in respect of these patent applications, our licensors may fail to maintain
these patents, may determine not to pursue litigation against other companies that are infringing these patents, or may pursue
such litigation less aggressively than we would. Without protection for the intellectual property we license, other companies might
be able to offer substantially identical tests or products for sale, which could adversely affect our competitive business position
and harm our business prospects. Our current material license agreements contain the following patent enforcement provisions:
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under our license agreements with The Rockefeller University, if Rockefeller University fails to
enforce the patents we licensed, we have the right to enforce the patents and pursue litigation against any infringement of such
patents;
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under our license agreement with Max Planck for diagnostic purposes, we have the responsibility
to assist in the prosecution of any patent infringement actions undertaken by Max Planck;
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under our license agreement with Max Planck for research purposes, Max Planck controls the filing,
prosecution, maintenance and abandonment of all patents; and
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under our agreement with Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins is responsible for prosecution
and maintenance of patents, and we have the right but not the obligation to enforce the patents against any infringement by third
parties.
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If we fail to comply with our obligations
under any licenses or related agreements, we could lose license rights that may be necessary for developing microRNA-based diagnostics
and therapeutics.
Our current licenses impose, and any future
licenses we enter into are likely to impose, various development, commercialization, funding, royalty, diligence, sublicensing,
insurance and other obligations on us. Such obligations may include:
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annual maintenance fees;
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payment of fees relating to patent prosecution, maintenance and enforcement;
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maintaining insurance coverage; and
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using commercially reasonable efforts to develop tests and products using the licensed technology.
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If we breach any of our obligations under
our licenses, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license, which could result in our being unable to develop, manufacture
and sell tests or products that are covered by the licensed technology or a competitor gaining access to the licensed technology.
Confidentiality agreements with employees
and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.
We rely on trade secrets, know-how and
technology, which are not protected by patents, to maintain our competitive position. In order to protect our proprietary technology
and processes, we rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our collaborators, employees, consultants, outside scientific
collaborators and sponsored researchers and other advisors. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential
information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition,
others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases we could not assert any trade secret
rights against such party. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary
rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.
Risks Related to Development, Clinical Testing and Regulatory
Approval of Diagnostics and Therapeutics
We and others who may develop diagnostic
tests applying our microRNA technology are subject to a variety of regulatory frameworks.
We and others who may develop diagnostic
tests based on our microRNA technology are subject to a variety of laws enforced by the U.S. federal government and the states
in which they, and we conduct, or will conduct, business, including CLIA, state clinical laboratory licensure laws and regulations,
and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and related regulations. The growth of our business may subject us to increasing regulation.
Any action brought against us, or any business partners, for alleged violations of these laws or regulations, even if we or they
successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention
from the operation of our business. If their or our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws and regulations,
they or we may be subject to a range of penalties associated with the violation, including injunctions, fines, civil or criminal
penalties, and exclusion from government programs and they or we could be required to curtail or cease operations. Any of the foregoing
consequences could seriously harm our business and our financial results.
If we do not comply with governmental
regulations applicable to our CLIA-certified laboratory, we may not be able to continue our operations.
The operations of our laboratory in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania are subject to regulation by numerous federal, state and local governmental authorities in the United States. The
laboratory holds a CLIA certificate of compliance and is licensed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, which enables us to provide
testing services to residents of most states. We have also obtained licenses from California, Maryland, Rhode Island, Florida and
New York, and plan to obtain licenses from other states as required. In addition, we are accredited by the College of American
Pathologists, or CAP. The CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program is an internationally recognized program that utilizes teams of
practicing laboratory professionals as inspectors, and accreditation by CAP can also be used to meet CLIA and state certification
requirements.
CLIA is a federal law that regulates clinical
laboratories that perform testing on human specimens for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or
treatment of disease. CLIA imposes quality standards for laboratory testing to ensure the accuracy, reliability and timeliness
of reporting patient test results. CLIA-certified laboratories are subject to survey and inspection every two years. Moreover,
CLIA inspectors may make random inspections of these laboratories. If we were to lose our CLIA certification or our state licenses,
or if they were limited in scope, we would no longer be able to continue our testing operations which would have a material adverse
effect on our business.
Any diagnostic tests that may be
developed by us or others using our microRNA technology may be subject to regulatory approval, which can be lengthy, costly and
burdensome.
Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration,
or FDA, has consistently stated that it has the authority to regulate clinical laboratory tests as medical devices, it has generally
exercised enforcement discretion in not otherwise regulating most tests developed and validated at the high complexity CLIA-certified
laboratory at which the test is performed. These tests are known as laboratory-developed tests, or LDTs. Our currently marketed
tests were launched as LDTs by our CLIA–certified clinical laboratory operating in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 2012, the
FDA indicated that it was reviewing the regulatory requirements that will apply to LDTs, and held a public meeting to obtain input
from stakeholders on how it should apply its authority to implement a reasonable risk-based and effective regulatory framework
for LDTs. Since then, the FDA has periodically indicated that it still intends to provide more guidance in this area, but it has
not indicated when or how those changes will be implemented. We are monitoring this development carefully, and although we intend
to continue to launch new clinical tests as LDTs in our CLIA-certified laboratory, we cannot provide any assurance that FDA regulation,
including pre-market clearance or approval, will not be required in the future for LDTs applying our microRNA technology. If pre-market
clearance or approval is required, our business could be negatively impacted because we would have to obtain the data required
to support required submissions to the FDA and because our CLIA-certified laboratory may be required to stop offering our tests
until they are cleared or approved by the FDA.
Diagnostic tests based on our microRNA
technology may require the performance of clinical trials, which can be lengthy, costly and burdensome.
If the FDA decides to require pre-market
clearance or approval of tests based on our microRNA technology, it may require us to perform clinical trials prior to submitting
a marketing application. If we are required to conduct clinical trials, whether using prospectively acquired samples or archival
samples, delays in the commencement or completion of clinical testing could significantly increase development costs and delay
commercialization. The commencement of clinical trials may be delayed due to our inability to obtain a sufficient number of patient
samples, which is a function of many factors, including the size of the relevant patient population and the nature of the disease
or condition being studied. It also may be necessary to engage contract research organizations, or CROs, to perform data collection
and analysis and other aspects of these clinical trials, which might increase the cost and increase the time to completion.
We may be unable to obtain regulatory
approval of any therapeutic product that we or a collaborator may develop.
Any therapeutic product that we or our
collaborators may develop will be subject to extensive governmental regulations including those relating to development, clinical
trials, manufacturing and commercialization. Rigorous preclinical testing, the performance of clinical trials and an extensive
regulatory review process are required to be successfully completed in the United States and in many foreign jurisdictions before
a new therapeutic product can be sold. Satisfaction of these and other regulatory requirements is costly, time consuming, uncertain
and subject to unanticipated delays. The time required to obtain FDA and other approvals for therapeutic products is unpredictable
but typically exceeds several years. It is possible that none of the therapeutic products we or our collaborators may develop will
obtain the appropriate regulatory approvals necessary for us or our collaborators to begin selling them.
Furthermore, the FDA has not yet established
any definitive policies, practices or guidelines in relation to the newly discovered class of therapeutic products we seek to develop.
The lack of such policies, practices or guidelines may hinder or slow review by the FDA of any regulatory filings that we or our
collaborators may submit. Moreover, the FDA may respond to these submissions by defining requirements we may not have anticipated.
Such responses could lead to significant delays in the approval of therapeutic products. Any delay or failure in obtaining required
approvals could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenues from a particular therapeutic product.
Furthermore, any regulatory approval to
market a therapeutic product may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses. These limitations may limit the size of the market
for the therapeutic product. Any therapeutic product that we or our collaborators may develop will also be subject to numerous
foreign regulatory requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing authorization, pricing and
third-party reimbursement among other things. The foreign regulatory approval process includes all of the risks associated with
FDA approval described above as well as risks attributable to the satisfaction of local regulations in foreign jurisdictions. Therefore,
approval by the FDA of a therapeutic product does not assure approval by regulatory authorities outside the United States or vice
versa.
We have no experience in conducting,
managing or sponsoring clinical trials for potential therapeutic products.
We have no experience in conducting and
managing the clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approvals for any therapeutic product, and we intend to rely on third
parties such as CROs, medical institutions and clinical investigators to perform these functions. Our reliance on third parties
for clinical development activities reduces our control over these activities. Third-party contractors may not complete activities
on schedule, or may not conduct clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our trial design. If these third
parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet required performance standards or expected deadlines, we
might be required to replace them or the data that they provide could be rejected, all of which may result in a delay of the affected
trial.
If we are found to have violated
laws protecting the privacy or security of patient health information, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, which
could increase our liabilities and harm our reputation or our business.
There are a number of U.S. federal and
state laws and foreign laws protecting the privacy and security of individually identifiable patient health information, or “protected
health information” including patient records, and restricting the use and disclosure of that protected health information
that we are subject to. In the United States, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services promulgated health information privacy
and security rules under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and then significantly strengthened
and broadened the applicability of HIPAA under the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH).
HIPAA and HITECH and their implementing regulations and guidance will be collectively referred to herein as “HIPAA”.
HIPAA’s privacy rules protect medical records and protected health information in all forms by limiting its use and disclosure,
giving individuals the right to access, amend and seek accounting of their own health information and limiting, in some circumstances,
the use and disclosure of protected health information to the minimum amount reasonably necessary to accomplish the intended purpose
of the use or disclosure. HIPAA’s security standards require regulated entities or “Covered Entities” to implement
administrative, physical and technical security measures to maintain the security of protected health information in electronic
form. Covered entities must conduct initial and ongoing risk assessments to ensure the ongoing effectiveness of security measures
and maintain a written information security plan. HITECH amended HIPAA to require the reporting of breaches of protected health
information to affected individuals, the federal government and in some cases, to the media. We are also subject to random audit
by federal authorities, or audit and investigation in response to complaints. If we are found to be in violation of the privacy
rules or security standards under HIPAA, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties as well as fines, which could increase
our liabilities and harm our reputation or our business. Any publicly reported breach could cause significant reputational harm
to our business and significant expense for reporting, mitigation of harm and implementation of corrective actions mandated by
regulators. HITECH expended HIPAA enforcement authority to state attorneys general, so we are subject to additional enforcement
and penalties from each state where individuals affected by a HIPAA violation may reside. Allegations that we have violated individuals’
privacy or security rights, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in
adverse publicity that could harm our business. Beyond HIPAA, most states have adopted data security laws protecting the personal
data of state residents. Personal data subject to protection typically includes name coupled with social security number, state-issued
identification number, or financial account number. Most states require specific, technical security measures for the protection
of all personal data, including employee data, and impose their own breach notification requirements in the event of a loss of
personal data. State data security laws generally overlap and apply simultaneously with HIPAA. In the event of a data breach affecting
individuals from more than one state, we must comply with all relevant state notification requirements as well as HIPAA and are
subject to enforcement by all relevant state and federal authorities as well as fines and penalties imposed by each state. Non-U.S.
privacy protection requirements such as the European Union’s Data Protection Directive governing the processing of personal
data, may be stricter than the U.S. law and violation would impose similar penalties.
If we do not comply with laws regulating
the protection of the environment and health and human safety, our business could be adversely affected.
Our research and development activities
involve the use of hazardous and chemicals materials, and we maintain quantities of various flammable and toxic chemicals in our
facilities in Israel and the United States. We believe our procedures for storing, handling and disposing these materials in our
Israel and U.S. facilities comply with the relevant guidelines of the State of Israel and the United States. Although we believe
that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards mandated by applicable regulations,
the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. If an accident occurs, we could be held
liable for resulting damages, which could be substantial. We are also subject to numerous environmental, health and workplace safety
laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures, exposure to blood-borne pathogens and the handling of biohazardous
materials. We may incur substantial costs to comply with, and substantial fines or penalties if we violate, any of these laws or
regulations.
If we do not comply with laws regulating
the use of human tissues, our business could be adversely affected.
We use human tissue samples for the purpose
of development and validation of our tests. Our access and use of these samples is subjected to government regulation, in the United
States, Israel and elsewhere and may become subject to further regulation. For example, the Israeli Ministry of Health requires
compliance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration, the Public Health Regulations (Clinical Trials in Human Subjects) 1980,
the provisions of the Guidelines for Clinical Trials in Human Subjects and the provisions of the current Harmonized Tripartite
Guideline for Good Clinical Practice. Our failure to comply with these or similar regulations could impact our business and results
of operations.
Risks Related to Competition and Commercialization
If we are unable to expand sales
of our diagnostic tests in the United States, it would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
In November 2010, we reacquired the U.S.
commercial rights to our current diagnostic tests, and in May 2011, we established our own internal oncology sales team consisting
of four oncology sales specialists, which has been since been increased and currently stands at thirteen oncology sales specialists
and one national sales director. To date, this team has had limited success in commercializing our diagnostic tests. In addition,
in July 2012 (as amended in October 2012), we entered into a co-marketing agreement with Precision Therapeutics, pursuant to which
we granted Precision Therapeutics the co-exclusive right, along with us, to market the
Rosetta
Cancer Origin Test
TM
in the United States. Precision Therapeutics launched its marketing effort in October 2012,
but had limited success and this agreement terminated on February 28, 2014. If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing
and distribution capabilities to successfully commercialize our tests in the United States, whether independently or with third
parties, it will have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
The intensely competitive biotechnology
market could diminish demand for our tests and products.
The biopharmaceutical market is intensely
competitive and rapidly changing. Many diagnostic, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, governmental
agencies and other public and private research organizations are pursuing the research of technologies and development of novel
diagnostic tests and therapeutic products for the same diseases that we and others who may develop products based on our microRNA
technology are targeting or may target. We and they will face intense competition from tests and products that have already been
approved and accepted by the medical community for the diseases for which we or they may develop tests or products. We and others
who may develop products based on our microRNA technology may also face competition from new tests or products that enter the market.
We believe a significant number of tests and products are currently under development, and may become commercially available in
the future, for the diseases for which we, our collaborators, or third-party licensees may try to develop tests and products. In
addition to the competition we face from existing tests and products in development, we and others who may develop products based
on our microRNA technology will also face competition from other companies working to develop novel tests and products using technology
that competes more directly with our microRNA technologies. We are aware of several other companies that are working to develop
microRNA-based diagnostics and therapeutics, including Combimatrix Corporation, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Asuragen Inc., Exiqon
A/S, Life Technologies Corporation, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Merck & Co., Inc., Santaris Pharma A/S, Regulus Therapeutics and
others. In addition, we face competition from companies that have developed or are developing diagnostic tests based on other non-microRNA
technologies such as Response Genetics, Inc. and Biotheranostics, Inc. Any of these companies may develop microRNA-based or other
tests or products more rapidly and more effectively than we or our collaborators will. If we are unable to compete effectively
with existing tests and products, new treatment methods and new technologies, we and others who may develop products based on our
microRNA technology may be unable to commercialize any diagnostic tests or therapeutic products that we or they develop.
Many of our competitors have:
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much greater financial, technical and human resources than we have at every stage of the discovery,
development, manufacture and commercialization process;
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more extensive experience in preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory
approvals, and in manufacturing and marketing diagnostics and therapeutics;
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tests or products that have been approved or are in late stages of development; and
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collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions.
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Our competitors may develop or commercialize
tests or products with significant advantages over any diagnostic tests or therapeutic products we, our collaborators or third-party
licensees may develop. Our competitors may therefore be more successful in commercializing their tests and products than we, our
collaborators, or third party licensees are, which could adversely affect our competitive position and business.
Health insurers and other third-party
payors may decide not to cover our diagnostic products or may provide inadequate reimbursement, which could jeopardize our commercial
prospects.
In the United States, private and government
payors decide whether to cover a new diagnostic test, the amount that they will pay for a covered test and the specific conditions
for reimbursement. In May 2012, we announced that the designated Medicare Administrative Contractor, or MAC, with jurisdiction
for the
Rosetta Cancer Origin Test
TM
had informed us that it plans to cover
this test for Medicare beneficiaries, and in June 2012, we announced that the MAC had established a reimbursement rate for the
test. We then announced that this MAC had formalized their coverage decision in a Local Coverage Determination (LCD) effective
August 1
st
, 2013. Each third-party payor, however, makes its own decision about which tests it will cover and how much
it will pay. While many third-party payors will follow the lead of Medicare, we cannot provide any assurance that other payors
will cover this test or any of our other tests. The coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process
that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of each of our tests to each payor separately, with
no assurance that approval will be obtained. Furthermore, reimbursement from third party payors depends upon whether a service
is covered under the patient’s policy and if payment practices for the service have been established. If third-party payors
decide not to cover our diagnostic tests or if Medicare or other payors offer inadequate payment amounts, our ability to generate
revenue from our diagnostic tests could be limited. Third-party payors that decide to reimburse for our tests may stop or lower
payment at any time, which would reduce revenue. We cannot predict whether third-party payors will cover our tests or offer adequate
payments. We also cannot predict the timing of such decisions. In addition, physicians or patients may decide not to order our
tests if third-party payments are inadequate, especially if ordering the test could result in financial liability for the patient.
In the United States, the American Medical
Association, or AMA, assigns specific Current Procedural Terminology, or CPT, codes, which are a medical nomenclature used to report
medical procedures and services under public and private health insurance plans. Once the CPT code is established, the Centers
for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, establishes reimbursement payment levels and coverage rules for Medicare, and private
payors establish rates and coverage rules independently. While we have been assigned a CPT code for the
Rosetta
Cancer Origin Test
TM
, we cannot guarantee that any of our other tests will be assigned a CPT code and will be
approved for reimbursement by Medicare or other third-party payors. Additionally, any or all of our diagnostic tests developed
in the future may not be approved for reimbursement or may be approved at a level that limits our commercial success.
In addition, payment for diagnostic tests
furnished to Medicare beneficiaries in most instances is made based on a fee schedule set by CMS. In recent years, payments under
these fee schedules have decreased and may decrease more, which could jeopardize our commercial prospects. Reimbursement decisions
in the European Union and in other jurisdictions outside of the United States vary by country and regions and there can be no assurance
that we will be successful obtaining adequate reimbursement.
Changes in healthcare policy could
increase our costs, decrease our revenues and impact sales of and reimbursement for our tests.
In March 2010, the President of the United
States signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation
Act, or the ACA. This law substantially changes the way health care will be financed by both governmental and private insurers,
and significantly impacts our industry. The ACA contains a number of provisions that are expected to impact our business and operations,
including those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes and fraud and abuse, which will impact
existing government healthcare programs and will result in the development of new programs.
Additional provisions of the ACA, some
of which became effective in 2011, may negatively affect our revenues. For example, the ACA mandates a reduction in payments for
clinical laboratory services paid under the Medicare Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule of 1.75% for the years 2011 through 2015.
This adjustment is in addition to a productivity adjustment to the Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule. It also imposes an excise
tax of 2.3% on the sales of medical devices in the United States beginning in 2013.
In addition to the ACA, there will continue
to be proposals by legislators at both the federal and state levels, regulators and third-party payors to keep these costs down.
Some of these changes could impose additional limitations on the prices we will be able to charge for our tests or the amounts
of payment available for our tests from governmental agencies or third-party payors. While in general it is too early to predict
specifically what effect the ACA and its implementation or any future healthcare reform legislation or policies will have on our
business, current and future healthcare reform legislation and policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and
financial condition.
The market may not be receptive to
any diagnostic tests or therapeutic products using our microRNA technology upon their commercial introduction.
Any diagnostic tests or therapeutic products
using our microRNA technology that we, our collaborators or third-party licensees have developed or are developing are based upon
new technologies or diagnostic or therapeutic approaches. Key participants in pharmaceutical marketplaces, such as physicians,
third-party payors and consumers, may not accept a microRNA-based approach. As a result, it may be more difficult for us, our collaborators
or third-party licensees to convince the medical community and third-party payors to accept and use such tests and products. Other
factors that we believe will materially affect market acceptance of diagnostic tests or therapeutic products using our microRNA
technology include:
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the timing of any marketing approvals, the terms of any approvals and the countries in which approvals
are obtained;
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the success of physician education programs;
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the availability of alternative diagnostics and therapeutics; and
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the pricing of such tests or products, particularly as compared to alternatives.
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Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties
We are largely dependent upon our
distributors for the success of commercialization of our current diagnostic tests.
We currently have the following distribution
agreements relating to our diagnostic tests:
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with Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., pursuant to which Teva has the right to distribute these
tests in Turkey and Israel;
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with Warnex Medical Laboratories, a division of Warnex, Inc., pursuant to which Warnex has the
right to distribute some of these tests in Canada;
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with Genekor S.A., pursuant to which Genekor has the exclusive right to distribute these tests
in Greece and Romania and a non-exclusive right to distribute these tests in Turkey;
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with Super Religare Laboratories Limited (SRL), pursuant to which SRL has the non-exclusive right
to distribute these tests in India, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates; and
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with Genetic Technologies Limited (GTL), pursuant to which GTL has the exclusive right to distribute
these tests in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore.
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We are largely dependent upon these distributors
for the commercial success of our tests outside of the United States. The potential revenues from these agreements are based on
the sale of our products by these distributors and will depend upon our distributors’ ability to devote the necessary resources
to successfully commercialize these tests. In addition, if any of our current or potential future distributors were to breach or
terminate its agreement with us, the commercialization of these tests could be adversely affected because we may not have sufficient
financial resources or capabilities to successfully commercialize these tests on our own or find other partners.
If any of our distributors or co-marketers
does not devote sufficient time and resources to the collaboration or if a collaboration is breached or terminated, we may not
realize the potential commercial benefits of the arrangement, and our results of operations may be adversely affected.
We contract with a single manufacturer
for the purchase of microarray chips for certain tests, including the
Rosetta Cancer Origin
Test
™
and the Rosetta Kidney Cancer
Test
™
.
The failure of this manufacturer to supply sufficient quantities on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on our
business.
We use a single manufacturer for the supply
of microarray chips for certain tests, including the
Rosetta Cancer Origin Test
™
and the Rosetta Kidney Cancer
Test
™
. While we believe that there
are a number of manufacturers from whom we could obtain such chips, we have not screened or approved any such manufacturers as
potential back-up manufacturers for these chips, and it could take a significant amount of time and would be costly to do so. Accordingly,
if this manufacturer is unable or unwilling to supply sufficient quantities of chips on a timely basis, it could have a material
adverse effect on our business.
We may not be able to execute our
business strategy if we are unable to enter into additional collaborations with other companies that can provide capabilities and
funds for the development and commercialization of our microRNA-based diagnostics and therapeutics.
We have limited capabilities for sales,
marketing, distribution and product development, including obtaining regulatory approval of therapeutic products. Accordingly,
we may enter into additional collaborations with pharmaceutical, biotechnology or diagnostic companies to jointly develop specific
tests or products and to jointly commercialize them. In such collaborations, we would expect our collaborators to provide substantial
capabilities in clinical development, regulatory affairs, marketing and sales. While such agreements could provide us with an opportunity
to develop and commercialize tests and products, they may necessitate a reliance on our collaboration partner in numerous aspects
of the research and development, regulation, manufacturing, marketing and sales of these tests and products. We may not be successful
in entering into any additional collaborations on favorable terms or maintaining any such collaborations into which we enter. In
addition, while such agreements would provide us with opportunities, they would also require us to share the down-stream profits
with our collaborators, thereby reducing our ability to fully capitalize on sales.
If any collaborator terminates or
fails to perform its obligations under agreements with us, the development and commercialization of our tests and products could
be delayed or terminated.
Our expected dependence on collaborators
for certain capabilities and funding means that our business would be adversely affected if any collaborator terminates its collaboration
agreement with us or fails to perform its obligations under that agreement. Our current or future collaborations, if any, may not
be scientifically or commercially successful. Disputes may arise in the future with respect to the ownership of rights to tests
or products developed with collaborators, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to develop and commercialize any affected
test or product. If a collaborator terminates its collaboration with us, for breach or otherwise, it could be difficult for us
to attract new collaborators and it could adversely affect how we are perceived in the business and financial communities. In addition,
a collaborator could determine that it is in its financial interest to:
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pursue alternative technologies or develop alternative tests or products, either on its own or
jointly with others, that may be competitive with the tests or products on which it is collaborating with us or which could affect
its commitment to the collaboration with us;
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pursue higher priority programs or change the focus of their development programs, which could
affect the collaborator’s commitment to us; or
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if it has marketing rights and obligations, choose to devote fewer resources to the marketing of
our tests or products, than they do for tests or products of their own development, or of their co-development with third parties.
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If any of these occur, we may not have
sufficient financial resources or capabilities to continue the development and commercialization of such test or product on our
own.
We rely on third parties for tissue
samples and other materials required for our research and development activities and if we are unable to reach agreements with
these third parties our research and development activities would be delayed.
We rely on third parties, primarily hospitals,
health clinics and academic institutions, for the provision of tissue samples and other materials required in our research and
development activities. Obtaining these materials requires various approvals as well as reaching a commercial agreement on acceptable
terms with the hospital or other provider of the materials. We may not be able to reach agreements with a sufficient number of
suppliers or do so on terms acceptable to us. If we are unable to reach acceptable agreements with a sufficient number of suppliers
of research materials, our research and development activities will be delayed and our ability to implement our business plan will
be compromised.
We currently have limited sales,
marketing or distribution experience and may in the future depend significantly on third parties to commercialize microRNA-based
diagnostic tests or therapeutic products we may develop.
We currently have a relatively small U.S.
sales and marketing team. We may need to expand our sales team or, in the future, rely on collaborators or other third parties
to commercialize certain future tests we may develop in the United States. We have limited control over the sales, marketing and
distribution activities of our collaborators, and our future revenues will depend on the success of the efforts of our collaborators.
To expand our internal sales, distribution and marketing capabilities, we will have to invest financial and management resources,
and we will face a number of additional risks, including:
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we may not be able to attract and build a significant marketing or sales force;
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the cost of establishing a marketing or sales force may not be justifiable in light of the revenues
generated by any particular test or product; and
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our direct sales and marketing efforts may not be successful.
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Risks Related to Our Operations
If we are unable to attract and retain
qualified key management and scientists, staff consultants and advisors, our ability to implement our business plan may be adversely
affected.
We are highly dependent upon certain of
our senior management and scientific staff. The loss of the service of these persons may significantly delay or prevent our achievement
of product development and other business objectives. Our employment agreements with our key personnel are terminable by the employee
at any time with notice. Additionally, although we have generally been successful in our recruiting efforts, we face intense competition
for qualified individuals from numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities, governmental entities and other
research institutions. We may be unable to attract and retain suitably qualified individuals, and our failure to do so could have
an adverse effect on our ability to implement our business plan.
There is a substantial risk of product
liability claims in our business. If we are unable to obtain sufficient insurance, a product liability claim against us could adversely
affect our business.
Our business exposes us to significant
potential product liability risks that are inherent in the development, manufacturing and marketing of diagnostics and therapeutics.
Product liability claims could delay or prevent completion of our clinical development programs. We currently have product liability
insurance covering our current commercial tests, and clinical trial insurance for certain trials and cancer programs requiring
insurance in an amount up to $5 million in the aggregate. We plan to obtain insurance for all research programs at appropriate
levels prior to initiating any required clinical trials and at higher levels prior to marketing approved therapeutic products.
Any insurance we obtain may not provide sufficient coverage against potential liabilities. Furthermore, clinical trial and product
liability insurance is becoming increasingly expensive. As a result, we may be unable to obtain sufficient insurance at a reasonable
cost to protect us against losses caused by product liability claims that could have a material adverse effect on our business.
If we are unable to manage the challenges
associated with our international operations, the growth of our business could be limited.
In addition to our operations in Rehovot,
Israel, our wholly owned subsidiary, Rosetta Genomics Inc., operates our CLIA- and CAP-accredited laboratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
We are subject to a number of risks and challenges that specifically relate to these international operations. Our international
operations may not be successful if we are unable to meet and overcome these challenges, which could limit the growth of our business
and may have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. These risks include:
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fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates that may increase the U.S. dollar cost of our international
operations;
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difficulty managing operations in multiple locations, which could adversely affect the progress
of our development programs and business prospects;
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local regulations that may restrict or impair our ability to conduct pharmaceutical and biotechnology-based
research and development;
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foreign protectionist laws and business practices that favor local competition;
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failure of local laws to provide the same degree of protection against infringement of our intellectual
property, which could adversely affect our ability to develop tests or products or reduce future product or royalty revenues, if
any, from tests or products we may develop;
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laws and regulations governing U.S. immigration and entry into the United States that may restrict
free movement of our employees between Israel and the United States; and
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laws and regulations governing U.S. immigration and entry into the United States that could limit
the number of foreign employees in our U.S. facilities.
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We are exposed to risks relating
to evaluations of controls required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Under the rules of the SEC, we are required
to comply with the management assessment of internal control over financial reporting requirement of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act of 2002. We have evaluated our internal control systems to allow management to report on our internal control over financial
reporting as of December 31, 2013. We have not identified any internal control deficiencies that constitute a “material weakness”
under applicable SEC and Public Company Accounting Oversight Board rules and regulations or that otherwise would materially affect
internal controls over financial reporting. A “material weakness” is a control deficiency, or combination of control
deficiencies that results in more than a remote likelihood that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements
will not be prevented or detected. We cannot guarantee that we will not identify material weaknesses or significant control deficiencies
in the future. Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their
implementation, could result in significant deficiencies or material weaknesses and cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting
obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements, which in turn could lead to a decline in our stock
price. Any such failure could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations regarding the effectiveness
of our internal control over financial reporting.
Risks Related to Israeli Law and Our
Operations in Israel
For certain calendar years, we were
a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. There may be negative tax consequences for
holders of our ordinary shares who are U.S. residents and do not make certain timely tax elections.
We believe that we were a PFIC for
the years ended December 31, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, and 2011. In addition, we believe we may be a PFIC for the year ended
December 31, 2013 and 2012. The determination of whether or not we are a PFIC is made on an annual basis and will depend on the
composition of our income and assets from time to time. Specifically, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will generally
be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year in which either: (i) 75% or more of our gross income is passive income or (ii)
at least 50% of the average value (determined on a quarterly basis) of our total assets for the taxable year (including cash)
produce or are held for the production of passive income. The calculation of the value of our assets will be based, in part,
on the quarterly market value of our ordinary shares. It is difficult to make accurate predictions of our future income,
assets, activities and market capitalization, all of which are relevant to the PFIC determination. Accordingly, there can be
no assurances that the United States Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) will not challenge our analysis or our
conclusion regarding our PFIC status. For years in which we are determined to be a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes,
highly complex rules will apply to U.S. holders owning our ordinary shares and such U.S. holders could suffer adverse U.S.
tax consequences. Our treatment as a PFIC could therefore result in a reduction in the after-tax return of U.S. holders of
our ordinary shares and may cause a reduction in the value of our shares. For more information please see “Item 10.
Additional Information – E. Taxation - Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations – Passive Foreign
Investment Company.”
Holders of our ordinary shares should consult their own tax
advisors as to the United States, Israeli or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary
shares, including, in particular, the effect of any foreign, state or local taxes.
We are headquartered in Israel and
therefore our results may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel.
Our principal executive offices and research
and development facilities are located in Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel may directly
affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between
Israel and its Arab neighbors, as well as incidents of civil unrest. During the winter of 2008, Israel was engaged in an armed
conflict with Hamas in the Gaza Strip. This conflict involved missile strikes against civilian targets in central Israel that resulted
in economic losses. Although Israel has entered into various agreements with the Palestinian Authority, Israel has been and is
subject to related civil unrest and Palestinian terrorist activity, with varying levels of severity, since September 2000. In addition,
tension among the different Palestinian factions may create additional unrest and uncertainty.
In addition, during 2011, riots and uprisings
in several countries in the Middle East led to severe political instability and to a decline in the regional security situation.
Such instability may affect the global economy and marketplace, could negatively affect business conditions and therefore could
adversely affect our operations and make it more difficult for us to raise capital.
We can give no assurance that security
and political conditions will have no impact on our business in the future. Hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or
curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners could adversely affect our operations and could make it more
difficult for us to raise capital. Ongoing and revived hostilities or other adverse political or economic developments in Israel
or the region could harm our operations and product development and cause sales of any approved products to decrease. In addition,
Israel and companies doing business with Israel have, in the past, been subject to economic boycotts. Several countries, principally
those in the Middle East, still restrict business with Israel and Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may seriously
limit our ability to sell any approved products in these countries.
Our business insurance does not cover losses
that may occur as a result of events associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government
currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, there can be no
assurance that this government coverage will be maintained. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse
effect on our business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions
and could harm our results of operations.
Our operations could be disrupted
as a result of the obligation of management or key personnel to perform military service in Israel.
Many of our male employees in Israel are
obligated to perform military reserve duty annually for extended periods of time through the age of 45 (or older for citizens with
certain occupations) and, in the event of a military conflict, could be called to active duty. In response to increases in terrorist
activity, there have been periods of significant call-ups of military reservists. It is possible that there will be additional
call-ups in the future. Our operations could be disrupted by the absence of a significant number of our employees related to military
service or the absence for extended periods of military service of one or more of our key employees.
The government tax benefits that
we are currently eligible to receive require us to meet several conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which
would increase our costs.
Some of our operations in Israel have been
granted “approved enterprise” status by the Investment Center in the Israeli Ministry of Economy that resulted in our
currently being eligible for tax benefits under the Israeli Law for Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959, as amended. These
benefits will commence in the first year in which we produce taxable income. Pursuant to these benefits, undistributed income that
we generate from our “approved enterprise” will be tax exempt for two years and, thereafter, will be subject to a corporate
tax at a rate of 25% for an additional five to eight years, depending on the extent of foreign investment in us. The availability
of these tax benefits, however, is subject to certain requirements, including, among other things, making specified investments
in fixed assets and equipment, financing a percentage of those investments with our capital contributions, compliance with our
marketing program which was submitted to the Investment Center, filing of certain reports with the Investment Center and compliance
with Israeli intellectual property laws. If we do not meet these requirements in the future, these tax benefits may be cancelled
and we may be required to refund the amount of the benefits already received, in whole or in part, with the addition of linkage
differentials to the Israeli consumer price index and interest, or other monetary penalty. The tax benefits that we anticipate
receiving under our current “approved enterprise” program may not be continued in the future at their current levels
or at all.
We participate in programs supported
by the Israeli Chief Scientist, which may restrict the transfer of know-how that we develop.
We are currently participating in the consortium
“Rimonim,” which is supported by the Office of the Chief Scientist at the Ministry of Economy of the State of Israel,
or the OCS. The aim of this consortium is to develop technologies for the use of siRNA and microRNA mimetics for therapeutics.
The consortium includes five companies and eight academic groups. In addition, we are participating in a joint research program
with Tel Aviv University that is jointly funded by the OCS, the aim of which is to develop a delivery system for microRNA mimetics
for the treatment of cancer. The transfer of know-how developed in the framework of these programs or rights to manufacture based
on and/or incorporating such know-how to third parties which are not members of the programs requires the consent of the OCS.
Provisions of Israeli law may delay,
prevent or impede an acquisition of us, which could prevent a change of control.
Israeli corporate law regulates mergers,
requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving
directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions.
For example, a merger may not be completed unless at least 50 days have passed from the date that a merger proposal was filed by
each merging company with the Israel Registrar of Companies and at least 30 days from the date that the shareholders of both merging
companies approved the merger. In addition, if the target company's shares are divided into classes, the approval of a majority
of each class of shares of the target company is required to approve a merger.
Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations
may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty
with Israel exempting such shareholders from Israeli tax. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax free share exchanges
to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but
makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of numerous conditions, including a holding period of two years from the date
of the transaction during which sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are restricted. Moreover, with
respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when the time expires, tax then becomes payable
even if no actual disposition of the shares has occurred.
These provisions could delay, prevent or
impede an acquisition of us, even if such an acquisition would be considered beneficial by some of our shareholders.
It may be difficult to enforce a
U.S. judgment against us, our officers and directors or to assert U.S. securities law claims in Israel.
We are incorporated in Israel. Most of
our executive officers and directors are not residents of the United States, and a majority of our assets and the assets of these
persons are located outside of the United States. Therefore, it may be difficult to enforce a judgment obtained in the United States,
against us or any of these persons, in U.S. or Israeli courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities
laws. Additionally, it may be difficult to enforce civil liabilities under U.S. federal securities laws in original actions instituted
in Israel.
Being a foreign private issuer exempts
us from certain SEC and NASDAQ requirements
We are a “foreign private issuer”
within the meaning of rules promulgated by the SEC. As such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. public companies
including:
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the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form
10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K;
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the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations
in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;
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the provisions of Regulation FD aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of
material information; and
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the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership
and trading activities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction
(a purchase and sale, or sale and purchase, of the issuer’s equity securities within less than six months).
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In addition, under the rules and regulations
of The NASDAQ Stock Market, a foreign private issuer may follow its home country practice in lieu of certain NASDAQ listing requirements.
For example, under NASDAQ’s rules, each of (1) the private placement completed in December 2010, (2) the concurrent private
placement and registered direct offering completed in February 2011, (3) the private placement completed in October 2011, (4) the
Debenture transaction completed in January 2012, (5) the registered direct offering completed in April 2012, and (6) the registered
direct offerings completed in May 2012, would have required shareholder approval because these offerings represented the issuance
(or potential issuance) of more than 20% of our outstanding ordinary shares at a price per share below the greater of book value
per share or market value per share. However, we chose to follow our home country practice, which did not require shareholder approval
of these offerings. Because of these SEC and NASDAQ exemptions, investors are not afforded the same protections or information
generally available to investors holding shares in public companies organized in the United States.
Risks Related to this Offering and our
Ordinary Shares
Our stock price has been and is likely
to continue to be volatile and the market price of our ordinary shares may drop.
Prior to our February 2007 initial public
offering, there was not a public market for our ordinary shares. There is a limited history on which to gauge the volatility of
our stock price; however, since our ordinary shares began trading on NASDAQ on February 27, 2007 through March 28, 2014, our stock
price has fluctuated from a low of $1.40 to a high of $619.77 (after giving effect to the reverse stock splits effected in July
2011 and May 2012). Furthermore, the stock market has recently experienced significant volatility, particularly with respect to
pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and other life sciences company stocks. The volatility of pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and other
life sciences company stocks often does not relate to the operating performance of the companies represented by the stock. Some
of the factors that may cause the market price of our ordinary shares to fluctuate include:
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failure of any of our diagnostic tests to achieve commercial success;
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introduction of technological innovations or new commercial products by us or our competitors;
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our entry into new, or termination or other developments relating to our existing, collaboration,
distribution and licensing agreements;
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developments relating to our efforts to commercialize our tests in the United States;
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regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;
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developments or disputes concerning patents or other proprietary rights;
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failure to secure adequate capital to fund our operations, or the issuance of equity securities
at prices below fair market price;
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changes in estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if any cover our securities;
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future sales of our ordinary shares;
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general market conditions;
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changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;
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economic and other external factors or other disasters or crises;
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period-to-period fluctuations in our financial results; and
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overall fluctuations in U.S. equity markets.
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These and other external factors may cause
the market price and demand for our ordinary shares to fluctuate substantially, which may limit or prevent investors from readily
selling their shares and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our ordinary shares. In addition, in the past, when the
market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have instituted securities class action litigation against the
company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders brought a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending
the lawsuit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management.
We do not intend to pay any cash
dividends in the foreseeable future and, therefore, any return on an investment in our ordinary shares must come from increases
in the fair market value and trading price of our ordinary shares.
We do not intend to pay any cash dividends
in the foreseeable future and, therefore, any return on an investment in our ordinary shares must come from increases in the fair
market value and trading price of our ordinary shares.
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ITEM 4.
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INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY
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A.
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HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY
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History
We were incorporated under the laws of
the State of Israel on March 9, 2000 as Rosetta Genomics Ltd., an Israeli company. The principal legislation under which we operate
is the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999, as amended (referred to herein as the “Companies Law”). Our principal executive
office is located at 10 Plaut Street, Science Park, Rehovot 76706 Israel, and our telephone number is + 972-73-222-0700. Our wholly
owned subsidiary, Rosetta Genomics Inc., which was incorporated in Delaware on April 21, 2005, is located at 3711 Market Street,
Suite 740, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A., telephone number: (215) 382-9000 and 3 Independence Way, Princeton, New Jersey
08540, telephone number: (609) 419-4000. Through Rosetta Genomics Inc., we market our products and perform lab services in the
United States. Our web site address is www.rosettagenomics.com. The information on our web site is not incorporated by reference
into this Annual Report and should not be considered to be a part of this Annual Report.
On February 4, 2010, we established Rosetta
Green Ltd., an Israeli Company, as a controlled subsidiary. As of December 31, 2010, we owned approximately 76.2% of the outstanding
ordinary shares of Rosetta Green. In February 2011, Rosetta Green completed an initial public offering in Israel on the Tel Aviv
Stock Exchange, or TASE. In December 2011, we sold our complete ownership interest in Rosetta Green, which represented approximately
50.03% of the outstanding ordinary shares of Rosetta Green. We received an upfront payment of $900,000 for the Rosetta Green ordinary
shares. In addition, we would have received in the future an additional payment of $2.0 million if Rosetta Green was acquired within
three years from the date of signing of the share transfer agreement at a price per share reflecting Rosetta Green’s valuation
of at least $90 million. In February 2013, Rosetta Green’s activity and assets were acquired by A.B. Seeds Ltd., an affiliate
of Monsanto Co., at a valuation lower than $90 million.
On July 22, 2008, through Rosetta Genomics
Inc., we purchased all of the shares of Parkway Clinical Laboratories, Inc., a privately held Pennsylvania corporation owning a
CLIA-certified laboratory, for an aggregate purchase price of $2.9 million (not including $207,000 of transaction expenses), consisting
of $1.9 million in cash and $1.0 million of our ordinary shares, plus an additional $300,000 payable upon the achievement of certain
milestones, which were not met. Parkway remained an indirect wholly owned subsidiary until May 18, 2009, when we sold Parkway for
up to $2.5 million, to be paid as a fixed percentage from the revenues over six years. The purchaser was in default of its payment
obligations to us, and on May 10, 2013, we entered into a settlement agreement pursuant to which we received $625,000 as total
settlement of all past and future claims relating to the transaction of sale of Parkway. With its CLIA certification, Parkway helped
us to obtain CLIA certification for our laboratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Principal Capital Expenditures
We had net capital expenditures and repayment
of capital lease of $626,000 in 2013, $298,000 in 2012, and $89,000 in 2011. Our capital expenditures during 2013, 2012, and 2011
consisted primarily of laboratory equipment, computer equipment and leasehold improvements. We have financed our capital expenditures
with cash generated from financing activities.
Overview
We are seeking to develop and commercialize
new diagnostic tests and therapeutics based on a group of genes known as microRNAs. MicroRNAs are naturally expressed, or produced,
using instructions encoded in DNA and are believed to play an important role in normal function and in various pathologies. We
have established a CLIA-certified laboratory in Philadelphia, which enables us to commercialize our own diagnostic tests applying
our microRNA technology.
We
believe that we were the first commercial enterprise to focus on the emerging microRNA field, and that as a result, we have developed
an early and strong intellectual property position related to the development and commercialization of microRNA-based diagnostics.
Using our intellectual property, collaborative relationships with leading commercial enterprises and academic and medical institutions,
and expertise in the field of microRNAs, we have initiated microRNA-based diagnostic programs for various cancers.
We
are currently marketing and selling the following four diagnostic tests based on our proprietary microRNA technologies:
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Rosetta Cancer Origin Test
™
(formerly
“miRview
®
mets
2
“)– This test is our second-generation microRNA-based diagnostic
for the identification of the primary site of metastatic cancer, specifically metastatic cancer of unknown primary (CUP). The Rosetta
Cancer Origin Test
™
has replaced miRview
®
mets as our primary CUP assay.
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Rosetta Mesothelioma
Test
™
(formerly
“miRview
®
meso”)
– This test leverages microRNA’s high-specificity as biomarkers
to differentiate mesothelioma, a cancer connected to asbestos exposure and other risk factors, from other carcinomas in the lung
and pleura, a medically and legally important differential diagnosis.
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Rosetta Lung Cancer
Test
™
(formerly “miRview
®
lung”)
- This test is a microRNA-based lung cancer classification test for cytology samples, mainly fine-needle
aspirate, or FNA, samples as well as pathology samples, such as small biopsies and resections. This test classifies primary lung
cancers into Neuroendocrine vs. non-small cell lung cancer
, or NSCLC, and then further
classifies NSCLC into squamous vs. non-squamous and Neuroendocrine into small cell lung cancer, or SCLC, vs. carcinoid. The
Rosetta
Lung Cancer
Test
™
has replaced miRview
®
squamous as our primary
lung diagnostic assay.
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Rosetta Kidney Cancer
Test
™
(formerly
"miRview
®
kidney”)
– This test is a microRNA-based kidney tumor classification test
for pathology samples. This test was designed to classify primary kidney tumors into one of the four most common types: the malignant
renal cell carcinomas clear cell (conventional), papillary and chromophobe as well as the benign oncocytoma.
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We currently have distribution agreements
with respect to some of these tests covering Australia, Canada, Greece, India, Israel, New Zealand, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates. All of these distribution agreements call for samples to be sent to our CLIA-certified
laboratory in Philadelphia for analysis.
In general, we are generating demand for
our testing services, primarily the
Rosetta Cancer Origin Test
™
,
through our direct selling effort in the United States and are successfully fulfilling that demand in our lab in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. We are working with our reimbursement vendor and consultants to gain more consistent payment from commercial payors,
as well as to secure reimbursement coverage from Medicare. In addition, we have hired a Director of Reimbursement and Managed Care,
and we are increasing our activity to establish policy-level reimbursement, which could improve our ability to receive prompt payment
from commercial payors. In May 2012, we announced that the designated Medicare Administrative Contractor, or MAC, for the
Rosetta
Cancer Origin Test
tm
had informed us that it plans to cover this test for all Medicare beneficiaries, and in
June 2012, we announced that the MAC had established a reimbursement rate for the test.
In addition, we have a number of projects
in our diagnostics and therapeutics pipelines. In our diagnostics pipeline, we are in the discovery stage for four different diagnostic
assays.
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We are in the discovery stage for a diagnostic assay for the differential diagnosis of thyroid
nodules in indeterminate Fine Needle Aspirates (FNAs). We have performed initial studies in thyroid resection samples as well as
FNAs preserved in cell blocks, which demonstrated that by using microRNA expression levels we can differentiate malignant nodules
from benign nodules. We also demonstrated we could extract and profile microRNAs from thyroid FNAs preserved in smears. We are
currently commencing larger studies.
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We are in the discovery stage for a blood-based diagnostic test for early diagnosis and refined
risk stratification of patients following Myocardial Infarction (MI). We have performed a proof of concept (POC) study which demonstrated
that by using microRNA expression levels in serum we could identify heart failure patients. We also performed additional studies
involving various blood fractions to assess the feasibility to develop a minimally invasive microRNA-based stratification test
for HF.
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We are in early discovery stage for a blood- or urine-based assay for the non-invasive diagnosis
of chronic kidney rejection.
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We are in the early discovery stage for a diagnostic assay for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s
disease (AD). We have performed preliminary studies comparing serum samples of AD patients to samples of healthy controls and identified
several microRNAs differentially expressed in AD serum were expressed in AD brain. Rosetta plans to conduct a proof-of-concept
study in additional cohorts in order to profile differentially expressed microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients compared
with normal donors using deep sequencing. We plan to advance studies relating to this project in 2014.
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MicroRNAs also represent potential targets
for the development of novel drugs. We have three distinct therapeutic projects:
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We are in the discovery stage of a project aimed at developing a microRNA-based therapeutic for
the treatment of human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. We are currently studying the effect of a library of microRNA mimetics
and microRNA inhibitors on the viral replication.
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We are participating in the Rimonim Consortium, which is supported by the Office of the Chief Scientist
at the Ministry of Economy of the State of Israel, or the OCS. The aim of this consortium is to develop technologies for the use
of short interfering RNA, or siRNA, and microRNA mimetics for therapeutics. In this consortium, we are attempting to develop novel
microRNA mimetic molecules with novel chemical modifications, as well as novel delivery systems for microRNAs. The consortium includes
five companies and eight academic groups. The transfer of know-how developed in the framework of the consortium or rights to manufacture
based on and/or incorporating such know-how to third parties which are not members of the consortium requires the consent of the
OCS. See also “Item 4.B. Business Overview – Rimonim Consortium.
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We are working in collaboration with Prof. Ronit Satchi-Fainaro (Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,
Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University) on the Magneton project, which is supported by the OCS. This project aims at developing
a nano-carrier delivery system for micoRNA mimetics for the treatment of cancer, the transfer of knowledge discovered in this project
is subject to limitations specified in the Israeli R&D law. See also “Item 4.B. Business Overview – Rimonim Consortium.
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Background
Rosetta Genomics was founded in 2000 with
the belief that what was known as “junk DNA” actually contains hundreds, possibly thousands, of tiny RNA genes that
encode small RNA molecules, later termed microRNAs, which play an important role in the regulation of protein production, and hence
the onset and progression of disease. In the cell, genes are expressed through information carried from our DNA by messenger RNAs,
or mRNAs, which is in turn translated into proteins. Proteins are the building blocks of all living cells. The type of cell, its
function, and the timing of its death are determined by which proteins are produced in the cell, and at what quantities and time
they are produced. However, the proteins are the end product of a complex process which begins with the genetic code present in
DNA. Before a protein is expressed, or produced, relevant parts of the DNA are copied into a mRNA. Each mRNA holds a code with
instructions on how to build a specific protein using a process called translation. Although one messenger RNA molecule is capable
of translating hundreds of thousands of protein molecules, the number it actually produces is regulated by microRNAs. MicroRNAs
have been found to regulate the expression of other genes by binding to the mRNA.
MicroRNAs have been shown to have varying
expression levels across various pathological conditions, and thus have significant potential as a class of highly sensitive and
tissue specific biomarkers. We have developed a microRNA discovery process and have demonstrated, in a work published by us in
Nature Genetics
, that the number of human microRNAs is significantly higher than what was previously believed. We have discovered
hundreds of biologically validated human microRNAs and dozens of validated viral microRNAs and filed extensive patent applications
with claims potentially covering these microRNAs, some of which have been issued.
To leverage the potential of microRNAs
as a novel diagnostic platform, we have developed proprietary methods to extract microRNAs from a wide range of tissue and body
fluid samples and to quantify specific microRNA expression signatures, which may be used as diagnostic panels to potentially diagnose
cancers, their subtypes, as well as the origin of metastases. We have already developed and launched a number of diagnostic tests
based on our platforms and have published several papers demonstrating how our methods can be used to develop such diagnostics
(e.g. Rosenwald et al.,
Modern Pathology
, 2010; Benjamin et al.,
Journal of Molecular Diagnostics
, 2010). Moreover,
we were able to demonstrate the utility of our developed tests in post-market studies with collaborators from leading medical centers
in the United States and Europe (Bishop et al.
Clinical Cancer Research
, 2010; Muller et al.,
The Oncologist
, 2010).
We believe that microRNAs are stable, sensitive
and specific markers, and we are advancing diagnostic development programs in cancer and other areas, to potentially enable accurate
diagnosis and improve patient care management worldwide.
Our Strategy
Rosetta’s goal is to become a leader
in the development and commercialization of microRNA-based diagnostic tests. Our key business strategies to achieve this goal are
as follows:
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Leverage our knowledge and experience
. We plan to leverage our extensive microRNA knowledge
and experience to potentially develop additional tissue based as well as body fluid-based diagnostic tests.
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Maximize sales of our current commercial tests through
geographic partners and our own commercial efforts
. We plan to maximize revenues from our four current commercial tests via
corporate relationships and through our own targeted commercial efforts. To date we have entered into distribution agreements with
five distributors, pursuant to which these distributors have the right to commercialize these tests in their territories. Furthermore,
during 2013 we expanded our sales force from five to 10 territory managers at the end of 2013 and 13 as of the date of this report.
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Build and maintain a strong intellectual property position
. We believe that we were the
first commercial enterprise to focus on the emerging field of microRNAs. We also believe we have an early and strong intellectual
property position (both patents we own and those we have exclusively, co-exclusively, or non-exclusively licensed) in the area
of developing and commercializing microRNA-based diagnostic tests. Our patent strategy is to seek broad coverage on all of our
identified microRNA sequences. We have also filed, and intend to continue to file, patent applications that claim our technical
platforms and method-of-use for specific diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Leverage our intellectual property position and microRNA expertise to continue to establish
strategic collaborations
. We intend to continue to establish strategic collaborations with leading clinical diagnostic and
pharmaceutical companies to further develop and commercialize microRNA-based diagnostics. We believe that our strong intellectual
property position and expertise in the field of microRNAs will be very attractive to additional collaboration partners.
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Our Diagnostic Tests
The Role of MicroRNAs in Diagnostic
Products
Ideally, diagnostic tests provide physicians
and their patients with information relating to one or more of the following:
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the existence or the probability of developing disease;
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the exact type of the disease;
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the severity of the disease;
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the potential efficacy of specific therapies, such as different drugs or therapeutic procedures;
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the monitoring of success of a chosen therapy; or
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the likelihood of disease recurrence.
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We believe that using microRNAs as diagnostic
biomarkers will enable the development of diagnostic products that can provide more accurate and comprehensive information to doctors
and patients. Currently, many diagnostic tests are designed to detect abnormal levels of messenger RNAs or proteins. We believe
microRNA-based tests have the potential to be superior to these tests because it is believed that microRNAs are closer to the biological
origin of disease and many studies have shown their involvement in disease processes, including the demonstration that microRNAs
are both diagnostic and prognostic markers. A change in the expression level of a single microRNA may affect the activity of dozens
of messenger RNA genes, which in turn may affect the level of hundreds of proteins. In addition, microRNAs are very tissue specific
and very stable in body fluids and tissue samples. Thus, we expect that by focusing our efforts on microRNAs, we can develop a
less complex biomarker panel, resulting in a more specific and sensitive test. Furthermore, extracting microRNAs from tissue and
body fluid samples is more reliable than extracting messenger RNAs because of the greater stability of microRNAs. In addition,
amplification technologies, such as PCR, can potentially increase the sensitivity of a microRNA-based diagnostic test by generating
millions of copies of a particular microRNA and thereby making it easier for the test to detect the presence of the microRNA. Since
amplification technologies cannot be used with proteins, we believe microRNA-based diagnostic tests have the potential to be more
sensitive than protein-based diagnostic tests.
Our Diagnostic Product Development Process
Our development process for diagnostic
products consists of the following important steps:
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Access to samples
. As a prerequisite for the development and clinical validation of diagnostic
products, evaluation of clinical samples is critical. Accordingly, we have entered into collaborations with several institutions
in Israel, Europe and the United States that provide us high quality clinical samples. These relationships provide us the opportunity
to study thousands of well-characterized samples relevant to different disease areas such as cancer, cardiovascular indications,
women’s health, and neurodegenerative diseases. The sample collections include solid tumor samples and various body fluids
such as blood, as well as high quality tissue samples from archival pathology banks. Where relevant, samples are accompanied by
a database of medical history and clinical information, such as diagnosis, treatment and response to treatment, recurrence and
survival, which for the samples from the archival pathology banks can be as long as 20 years.
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RNA extraction
. We utilize both commercial and our proprietary technologies to extract microRNAs
from both tissue and body fluid samples.
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Expression profiling
. The identification of microRNA biomarkers requires sensitive and specific
measurements of the levels of the microRNAs extracted from the tissue or body fluid samples. We have developed proprietary methods
to rapidly, robustly and accurately perform these measurements. Our methods allow us to perform simultaneous profiling of multiple
samples, and we believe result in more accurate measurements of expression levels for each of the analyzed samples.
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Analysis
. We analyze expression profiles to identify microRNA signatures, which detect the
existence of disease and provide information on certain disease parameters, such as tumor subtype, tumor origin, tumor aggressiveness,
response to treatment, and risk of recurrence. Identifying microRNA signatures is a complex task, and we believe our analytical
expertise is one of our key advantages.
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Current Commercial Tests
We are currently marketing and selling
the following four diagnostic tests based on our proprietary microRNA technologies:
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Rosetta Cancer Origin Test
TM
(formerly “miRview
®
mets
2
“)
–
This test is our second-generation
microRNA-based diagnostic for the identification of the primary site of metastatic cancer, specifically metastatic cancer of unknown
primary (CUP). CUP is a heterogeneous group of cancers that constitutes approximately 3-5% of all cancers with a poor median survival
of six to ten months. It is estimated that between 30,000 to 70,000 patients in the United States are diagnosed with CUP each year.
A patient is typically diagnosed with CUP only after undergoing a wide range of tests, including various imaging tests such as
x-ray, CT, MRI, and PET, which have failed to identify the origin of the cancer. Presently, the choice of treatment for metastatic
cancer is largely dependent on the nature of the primary tumor. Patients with CUP pose a therapeutic dilemma and treatment is often
empiric with a “one treatment fits all” approach. In the era of rapidly growing effective cytotoxic and targeted therapies
for known cancers, quicker and more accurate methods to identify the tissue of origin of CUP cancers would permit the use of these
therapies, thereby improving the chances of achieving a response and possibly extending the patient’s survival. The Rosetta
Cancer Origin Test
tm
is able to identify 42 tumor types that include carcinomas,
soft tissue tumors, lymphoma and other malignancies with very high accuracy.
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Rosetta Mesothelioma Test
TM
(formerly “miRview
®
meso”)
–
This test leverages microRNA’s high-specificity as biomarkers to differentiate mesothelioma,
a cancer connected to asbestos exposure and other risk factors, from other carcinomas in the lung and pleura, a medically and legally
important differential diagnosis. Malignant pleural mesothelioma, or MPM, is a solid, locally aggressive tumor of the lung pleura
that covers and later invades the lung parenchyma, which leads to a severe clinically symptomatic disease. Exposure to asbestos
is still a major factor that contributes to the continuing growth in number of cases. As mesothelioma patients require specific
treatment regimens, an accurate diagnosis is critical. However, the distinction between mesothelioma and carcinomas that involve
the pleura, in particular peripheral pulmonary adenocarcinoma, can be challenging. Because of the inter-observer variations between
pathologists, and because of the absence of a single specific and reliable biomarker for the diagnosis of mesothelioma, there is
a need for a reliable and objective assay that would help make this distinction with greater confidence. We used microRNA biomarkers
we identified to develop the Rosetta Mesothelioma Test
tm
, a molecular assay for the differential diagnosis of mesothelioma.
This assay provides a standardized, quantitative alternative to the currently applied methods. The small number of microRNAs needed
for classification, the high tissue specificity of these microRNAs and the ease of their determination from archival fixed tissues
embedded in paraffin, makes this assay a practical option. The microRNA-based assay that we have developed, uses expression levels
of only three microRNAs, and is able to accurately diagnose mesothelioma and distinguish it from lung adenocarcinoma and other
malignancies involving the lung and pleura with very high sensitivity and specificity. This assay is simple to perform and highly
reliable in its reproducibility.
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Rosetta Lung Cancer Test
TM
(formerly “miRview
®
lung”)
-
This test is a microRNA-based lung cancer classification test for cytology samples, mainly fine-needle
aspirate, or FNA, samples as well as pathology samples, such as small biopsies and resections. The test targets all newly diagnosed
lung cancer patients, estimated to be more than 200,000 people annually in the United States alone. The test classifies primary
lung cancers into Neuroendocrine vs. NSCLC and then further classifies NSCLC into squamous vs. non-squamous and Neuroendocrine
into Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) vs. carcinoid. The microRNA-based assay that we have developed is performed by measuring microRNA
biomarkers in a sample from the tumor, where the sample can be either a cytology sample or a pathology sample. The assay measures
the expression of 8 microRNAs and using that expression accurately identifies the lung cancer subtype. The Rosetta Lung Cancer
Test
tm
has replaced miRview ® squamous as our primary lung diagnostic assay.
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Lung cancer is the leading cause
of cancer-related death in both men and women worldwide and in the United States. It is estimated that in the United States alone,
there will be were 224,210 new cases of lung cancer diagnosed in 2014 and that approximately 159,260 people will die of the disease
this year.
For patients with lung carcinoma,
the accurate determination of tumor type significantly influences treatment decision. In general, SCLC, the main sub-type of Neuroendocrine
tumors, is much more responsive to chemotherapy and consequently this comprises the mainstay of treatment. This is in contrast
to NSCLC which is relatively chemoresistant and thus primarily treated with surgical resection for local disease. In addition,
the recent emergence of novel biological therapies that effectively target specific cellular alterations now demands the most precise
classification possible for non-small cell carcinomas. For example, lung adenocarcinomas are more likely to respond to EGFR tyrosine
kinase inhibitors (e.g. erlotinib). Similarly, antibody therapy (bevacizumab) directed against vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) is more effective in the treatment of adenocarcinomas. Not only is bevacizumab less effective in treating squamous cell
lung cancers, but the squamous phenotype is associated with much higher rates of life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage. Thus, the
distinction of squamous from non-squamous carcinomas is becoming increasingly important. Current methods for differentiating squamous
from non-squamous NSCLC are not standardized, are difficult to reproduce and have an unacceptable level of variability between
pathologists and laboratories, as indicated in numerous peer review publications.
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Rosetta Kidney Cancer Test
TM
(formerly miRview
®
kidney”)
-
In May 2012 we launched this microRNA-based kidney tumor classification test for pathology samples.
This test targets newly diagnosed kidney tumor patients, estimated to be more than 65,000 people in the United States in 2013.
Renal cancers account for more than 3% of adult malignancies and cause more than 13,000 deaths per year in the United States. The
test was designed to classify primary kidney tumors into one of the four most common types: the malignant renal cell carcinomas
clear cell (conventional), papillary and chromophobe as well as the benign oncocytoma. These histological subtypes vary in their
clinical course and their prognosis, and different clinical strategies have been developed for their management. In some of the
kidney tumor cases it is difficult for the pathologist to distinguish between tumor types on the basis of morphology. The microRNA-based
assay that we have developed is performed by measuring microRNA biomarkers in a sample from the tumor. The assay uses the expression
of 24 microRNAs to accurately identify the kidney tumor subtype.
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We currently have the following active
distribution agreements:
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with Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., pursuant to which Teva has the right to distribute the
Rosetta Cancer Origin Test
TM
, the Rosetta Mesothelioma Test
TM
and the Rosetta Lung Cancer Test
TM
in Turkey and Israel;
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with Genekor S.A., pursuant to which Genekor has the exclusive right to distribute the Rosetta
Cancer Origin Test
TM
, the Rosetta Mesothelioma Test
TM
and the Rosetta Lung Cancer Test
TM
in Greece
and Romania and a non-exclusive right to distribute these tests in Turkey; and
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with Genetic Technologies Limited (GTL), pursuant to which GTL has the right to distribute the
Rosetta Cancer Origin Test
TM
, the Rosetta Mesothelioma Test
TM
and the Rosetta Lung Cancer Test
TM
in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore.
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On June 9, 2011 we entered into an agreement
with PACE claims services, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Navigant Inc., (PACE), according to which, PACE will provide us exclusive
educational and marketing services to defendants involved in lawsuits relating to malignant pleural mesothelioma and asbestos exposure,
provided the exclusivity does not apply to our own marketing efforts and to any marketing efforts of our distributors offering
our tests outside of the United States. According to this agreement, PACE will be entitled to certain remuneration derived from
actual sales to defendants in these lawsuits.
All of these distribution and other agreements
call for samples to be sent to our CLIA-certified laboratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for analysis.
Our Long-term Pipeline
We are currently working on the development
of the following diagnostic tests, based on microRNA’s:
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Thyroid neoplasia differential diagnosis
- we are seeking to discover tissue-based microRNA
biomarkers in order to develop a new assay for the differential diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid Fine Needle Aspirate (FNA) samples.
Four to seven percent of the general population develops nodules in the thyroid that can be felt on examination though fewer than
10% are malignant. An FNA to obtain tissue for analysis is the standard technique for detecting cancer. It is estimated that close
to 500,000 FNAs are performed each year in the U.S. and approximately 740,000 are performed annually in Europe. Interpretation
of FNA samples is not always straightforward, leading to an indeterminate result in up to 30% of the samples. Currently, many patients
with indeterminate results are sent to surgery as a precaution, though the majority are benign, exposing patients to unnecessary
surgical risk and costing the system hundreds of millions of dollars. The assay we are seeking to develop has the potential to
improve clinical management in a cost effective manner by reducing the number of unnecessary surgeries. We have so far conducted
initial studies in which we have analyzed the microRNA expression in resected thyroid nodules as well as indeterminate FNAs preserved
in cellblocks. Results demonstrated that by using microRNA expression levels we can differentiate malignant nodules from benign
nodules. We have also demonstrated we could extract and profile microRNAs from thyroid FNAs, in various sample types and in a way
consistent with common clinical practices. We are currently commencing larger studies. We anticipate launching this assay
by the end of 2015.
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Heart Failure
- We are seeking to discover blood-based microRNA biomarkers in order to develop
a new diagnostic assay for early diagnosis of heart failure and refined risk stratification of patients following Myocardial Infarction
(MI). Heart Failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder
that impairs the ability of the ventricles to fill with or eject blood. It is the most prevalent disease in the western world
and the only cardiovascular disease whose prevalence continues to rise. The worldwide prevalence of heart failure is estimated
to be 23 million, with 6.6 million in the U.S. alone. The latter number is expected to rise to 9.6 million by 2030 due to population
aging and increased survival from MI. Besides its high prevalence, HF is also the most expensive disease in western countries.
Costs of treating HF in the U.S. were estimated at $31 billion in 2012. The assay we are seeking to develop has the potential to
influence clinical management in a cost effective manner, by improving diagnosis, refining risk stratification and guiding therapy. We
have so far conducted a first study, in which we have profiled 60 serum samples of HF patients and matching healthy controls. The
study results were published in the European Journal of Heart Failure (Goren et. al., 2012), showing that elevated serum
levels of specific microRNAs identify heart failure patients. In addition, we have conducted another study, in which we have measured
microRNA levels in platelets isolated from blood samples of HF patients. Study results were published in the American Journal of
Cardiology (Goren et al., 2014), showing that a significant reduction in the level of a specific microRNA (miR-150) in platelets
of HF patients that also suffered Atrial Fibrillation (heart rhythm disorder).We are performing additional studies aimed at further
examining the expression of the identified microRNA biomarkers in various blood fractions. We anticipate launching this assay in
2017.
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Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
- we are seeking to develop a new microRNA-based
diagnostic test for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is a progressive, degenerative disease that affects
1 in 10 people over the age of 65. The assay we are seeking to develop has the potential to influence clinical management of AD
patients by diagnosing the disease early and enabling early intervention. We have so far profiled serum samples of AD patients
in comparison to serum samples of healthy controls and identified that several microRNAs differentially expressed in AD blood maintained
their direction when compared between AD brain and brain cancer tissue. Rosetta plans to conduct a proof-of-concept study in additional
cohorts in order to profile differentially expressed microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients compared with normal donors.
The Company expects to advance studies relating to this project in 2014.
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Non-invasive diagnosis of chronic kidney rejection
- we are seeking to discover blood- or
urine-based microRNA biomarkers in order to develop a new diagnostic test for chronic kidney rejection. At the present, kidney
transplantation is widely accepted as treatment of choice for end-stage kidney disease. Worldwide, the number of patients receiving
renal replacement therapy (RRT) is estimated at more than 1.4 million, with incidence growing by approximately 8% annually. Advances
in post-transplant care including the introduction of new potent immunosuppressive drugs has led to a dramatic decrease in acute
kidney rejection. However, long-term stable graft function remains an unreachable goal. In the recent decade, the progressive chronic
deterioration, named also chronic rejection or chronic allograft dysfunction or nephropathy (CAD or CAN), resulting in the inevitable
graft loss, has become a major problem in organ transplantation. The incidence of this phenomenon is quite prominent, involving
30% of all grafts in the first post-transplant year, progressing to 50% in year 5 and reaching nearly 100% of functioning grafts
10 years after transplantation. Chronic rejection is currently diagnosed only by histological examination of a tissue sample obtained
by biopsy, which is expensive, unpleasant for the patient and, while usually well tolerated, associated with risk of bleeding and
other complications and therefore unsuitable for a serial clinical use. Furthermore, morphological changes may be patchy, difficult
to interpret and subject to observer bias. Therefore, presently, it is widely accepted that measurement of chronic graft injury
is imprecise. The non-invasive test we are seeking to develop is being designed to diagnose patients at an earlier stage at a time
that changes in therapy have the potential to alter outcome.
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Therapeutic Products
MicroRNAs are important regulators of protein
expression, and as such, they represent potential targets for the development of drugs. Expression studies indicate significant
changes in microRNA expression in different disease states in comparison to normal tissue. Inhibition or replacement of one microRNA
can extensively effect a cell internally and significantly alter the cellular phenotype since it can change a number of genes that
are direct targets of the microRNA, as well as genes influenced by those direct targets, therefore influencing whole pathways.
Accordingly, microRNA inhibition or replacement has the potential to be a key factor in the treatment of various disease conditions.
MicroRNA replacement will strive to mimic the natural effect of a down-regulated microRNA in a specific indication. This will result
in silencing the natural targets to reverse the phenotypic changes the cell experienced after the de-regulation of this specific
microRNA.
Because microRNAs are natural regulators
of protein expression, we believe it is possible to develop microRNA-based therapeutic products, which can either increase or decrease
the levels of proteins. A drug that mimics a microRNA should result in decreased levels of the proteins naturally regulated by
that microRNA, while a drug that inhibits the microRNA should result in increased levels of those proteins. We believe that microRNAs
can serve as a basis for a new class of therapeutic products and that we can leverage our microRNA diagnostic capabilities to help
develop drugs targeting microRNAs.
We have demonstrated this in liver cancer,
ovarian cancer and pancreatic cancer, where differential microRNAs that were shown in tissues of patients were used to find drug
candidates that could inhibit those cancers through either microRNA inhibition or mimetics. In ovarian cancer we selected microRNAs
that were over-expressed in ovarian tissues (both tumor and normal) comparing to other normal tissues, and in liver and pancreatic
cancer we chose microRNAs that are over expressed in the cancerous tissue comparing to adjacent healthy tissue. Those microRNAs
served to help us design modified oligonucleotides with anti-sense sequences that were used in vitro in proliferation assays. We
specifically wanted to see microRNA inhibition that can lead to reduction in proliferation of cancer cell lines. The anti-microRNAs
with the strongest effect over cell proliferation were selected as the drug candidates with most potential.
Our therapeutic pipeline consists of the
following projects:
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CMV Therapeutic
- microRNAs are abundant among various organisms including DNA viruses of
the herpesvirus family, such as human Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Viral microRNAs may directly regulate viral genes or they could target
host genes and are involved in viral replication and in assisting the virus evade the host immune system. Human CMV is a widespread
pathogen that infects the majority of the world's population by early adulthood. Human CMV can be the cause of morbidity and mortality
in populations with immature or compromised immune systems. It is the leading viral cause of birth defects, where infection of
neonates causes deafness and mental retardation, and is the major cause of retinitis and blindness in AIDS patients. Human CMV
contributes to graft loss in bone marrow and solid organ transplants, causes disease in cancer patients receiving immunosuppressive
chemotherapy, and likely contributes to ageing-associated immunosenescence. There is no vaccine to prevent human CMV infection,
and the currently FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of CMV disease suffer from low bioavailability, toxicity, and the formation
of resistant viruses.There is a true medical need for novel therapeutics for CMV infection. We are in the discovery stage in a
project aimed at developing microRNA-based therapeutic for the treatment of human CMV infection. We have so far identified several
viral microRNA candidates and prepared a library of microRNA mimetics as well as specific inhibitors of these microRNAs. We are
currently studying the effect of the library compounds on viral replication and infectivity. We anticipate completing lead candidate
selection in the third quarter of 2014 and are considering various alternative routes, through third parties and otherwise, for
pre-clinical and clinical development.
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Rimonim Consortium
- In January 2011, we joined the Rimonim Consortium, which is supported
by the Office of the Chief Scientist at the Ministry of Economy of the State of Israel, or the OCS. The purpose of the consortium
is to develop RNA interference, or RNAi, -based therapeutics. As a member of the consortium, we are entitled to certain grants
to support our research and development activities. Under the terms applicable to members of the consortium, so long as we continue
to meet the criteria for receiving these grants, which criteria include the payment by us of part of the expenses for the activities
funded by the grants and the timely delivery to OCS of written reports regarding those activities, then we are not required to
repay the grants. If we cease to meet these and other criteria, then the grant amounts for the year in which we ceased to meet
the criteria become immediately due and payable to OCS. As of December 31, 2013, we had received total grants of $206,000 from
the OCS for our development within the consortium and continued to meet the criteria to receive grants such that we are not obligated
to repay those funds. The vision of the consortium is to develop new advanced technologies that are expected to help in solving
some of the key problems and deficiencies that the industry is facing in developing RNAi-based therapeutics and create a significant
RNAi-based industry in Israel by using breakthrough technologies and producing RNAi therapeutics and a range of additional products
(diagnostics, chemical and biological services). Since discovery, the development of RNAi as first, a powerful research tool and,
more recently, as a promising therapeutic approach, has occurred very rapidly. The ability to specifically silence virtually every
gene including previously non-druggable (non-amenable for development of small molecule inhibitors) targets has made RNAi-based
therapeutics a very attractive approach for treating diseases in many therapeutic areas.
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The main challenges in the development
of siRNA/microRNA therapeutics addressed by the consortium are:
1. siRNA/microRNA drug substance:
Only a very limited number of non-toxic chemical modifications to the basic structures that are suitable to make the drug active
and with the desirable properties are available.
2. siRNA/microRNA drug delivery
to target tissues/cells: This is the major problem in the field. Practically all RNAi drugs in development are currently delivered
only locally, and even the local delivery is not optimized. Efficient and productive systemic siRNA delivery has been demonstrated
only to the kidney (non-formulated) and to the liver (formulated), whereas systemic delivery is needed for many serious diseases.
In addition, most formulations currently available are highly toxic, thus allowing only very narrow therapeutic windows.
Members of the consortium, are
established representatives of the industry and academia in Israel that will share their expertise and experience in various fields
of the technological challenges: biology, toxicology, physical and structural chemistry, formulation, and others, to establish
a meaningful scientific/technological basis for what has the potential to be one of the most promising technical breakthroughs
in biological research in the last decade.
The transfer of know-how developed
in the framework of the consortium or rights to manufacture based on and/or incorporating such know-how to third parties which
are not members of the consortium requires the consent of the OCS.
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Magneton project
- this project is being conducted in collaboration with Prof. Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
(Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University). It is aimed at developing a nano-carrier
delivery system for micoRNA mimetics for the treatment of cancer.
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Our Intellectual Property Strategy and
Position
Our success will depend significantly on
our ability to:
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obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for the technology, inventions and
improvements we consider important to our business;
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Navigate the changing legal patent landscape;
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preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets; and
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operate without infringing the patents and proprietary rights of third parties.
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We believe that we were the first commercial
enterprise to focus on the emerging microRNA field, and as a result, we have developed an early and strong intellectual property
position related to the development and commercialization of research, diagnostic and therapeutic products and other applications
based on microRNAs. Our patent strategy is to seek broad coverage on all of our identified microRNA sequences. We also filed applications
which claim groups of microRNAs which are grouped for example by chromosomal locations of the microRNA genes. We have filed, and
will continue to file, patent applications that claim method-of-use for specific diagnostic and therapeutic applications as we
or our collaborators develop them. We believe this approach will provide strong and broad patent protection for a large number
of microRNAs that we have discovered and may provide us with a competitive advantage over new entrants to the field.
As of March 17, 2014, our patent portfolio
included a total of 31 issued U.S. patents, one issued Australian patent, one issued European patents, two issued Israeli patents,
46 pending patent applications worldwide, consisting of 26 U.S. patent applications, one of which received notice of allowance,
six applications pending in Europe, three applications pending in Israel, two applications pending in Japan, two applications pending
in Australia, two applications pending in Canada, three applications pending in China, two applications pending in Brazil and one
application that was nationalized in Korea. Of these patent applications, 40 relate to human microRNAs and their uses, three claim
viral microRNAs, and two contain claims related to our discovery process. 28 applications contain claims directed to microRNA-based
diagnostics in Heart Failure, Alzheimer’s disease, Cancer of Unknown Origin (CUP), lung, mesothelioma and other cancers;
and eight contain claims directed to microRNA-based therapeutics. The issued patents expire between 2022 and 2029. To date, patent
protection related to numerous human genes has been obtained in the United States and elsewhere. Although recent rulings from the
U.S. Supreme Court, as well as guidelines recently issued by the USPTO expanding these, have caused uncertainty relating to the
patentability of naturally occurring nucleic acid sequences, our patents and pending applications include claims to non-naturally
occurring derivatives of microRNAs, which we believe are patentable under U.S. and foreign patent laws. In addition, microRNAs
require more extensive discovery methods than naturally occurring DNA. For additional information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D.
Risk Factors— If we are not able to obtain and enforce patent protection for our discoveries, our ability to develop and
commercialize microRNA-based diagnostics and therapeutics will be harmed.” for a description of recent U.S. case law that
could affect the patentability of genes and genetic material.
In order to obtain maximum patent protection
for composition of matter of microRNAs in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, our patent applications:
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provide for utility, function and disease targets for each microRNA sequence;
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claim specific microRNA sequences as opposed to general mechanism or concept; and
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identify the functional fragment of each microRNA sequence.
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We believe this approach avoids common
mistakes made by others in the past with respect to attempts to patent genes and, if patents are issued, will make it more difficult
for competitors to design around our patents.
Our intellectual property strategy is closely
coordinated with our research and development plan and we have an ongoing three-tier approach to obtaining patent protection, which
is illustrated and described below:
First Tier: Composition-of-Matter
Patent applications on Biologically Validated MicroRNAs
We have filed a first tier of patent applications
claiming patent coverage for the composition-of-matter of microRNAs that we have either detected by microarray or biologically
validated by sequencing or qRT-PCR. In addition to the function and utility based on informatically calculated targets, the microRNAs,
claimed in these patent applications are further described as potential markers of a disease, as supported by differential expression
of these microRNAs in healthy versus diseased tissue. Our patent portfolio includes 29 issued patents and eight patent applications
with composition-of-matter claims related to validated microRNAs.
Second Tier: Technologies to detect
MicroRNAs
We have filed a second tier of patent applications
claiming patent coverage for our proprietary discovery process technologies for microRNA detection, including qRT-PCR methods,
microarray, in-situ hybridization and extraction methods from all body fluids. Our patent portfolio includes two patent applications
related to discovery process technologies.
Third Tier: Method-of-Use Patents
We have filed a third tier of patent applications
claiming patent coverage for the method-of-use of microRNAs, including diagnostic and therapeutic uses for specific diseases. This
tier of patent applications includes applications which we have filed ourselves and those that we have filed jointly with academic,
medical and commercial partners with whom we collaborate. Our patent portfolio includes 35 patent applications with method of use
claims related to diagnostic and therapeutic uses of microRNAs and we expect to file additional third tier applications in the
future.
Individual patents extend for varying periods
depending on the effective date of filing of the patent application or the date of patent issuance, and the legal term of the patents
in the countries in which they are obtained. Generally, patents issued in the United States are effective for:
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the longer of 17 years from the issue date or 20 years from the earliest effective filing date,
if the patent application was filed prior to June 8, 1995; and
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20 years from the earliest effective filing date, if the patent application was filed on or after
June 8, 1995.
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All of our current patent applications
were filed after June 8, 1995.
The term of foreign patents varies in accordance
with provisions of applicable local law, but typically is 20 years from the earliest effective filing date. In addition, in some
instances, a patent term in the United States and outside of the United States can be extended to recapture a portion of the term
effectively lost as a result of the health authority regulatory review period. These extensions, which may be as long as five years,
are directed to the approved product and its approved indications. We intend to seek such extensions as appropriate. Because of
the extensive time required for development, testing and regulatory review of a potential product, it is possible that a patent
may remain in force for a short period following commercialization, thereby reducing the advantage of the patent to our business
and products.
The patent positions of companies like
ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary
position for our technology will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. We
do not know whether any of our patent applications will result in the issuance of any patents or if issued will assist our business.
Any patents that may issue in the future may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. This could limit our ability to stop competitors
from marketing related products and reduce the length of term of patent protection that we may have for any products. In addition,
the rights granted under any patents which may issue may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages against
competitors with similar technology. Our competitors may develop similar technologies, duplicate any technology developed by us,
or use their patent rights to block us from taking full advantage of the market.
In addition to patents, we may rely, in
some circumstances, on trade secrets to protect our technology. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We seek to protect
the trade secrets in our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with commercial
partners, collaborators, employees, consultants, scientific advisors and other contractors and into invention assignment agreements
with our employees and some of our commercial partners and consultants. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary
information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of the technologies that are developed.
These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise
become known or be independently discovered by competitors.
In-Licensed Intellectual Property
License Agreement with The Rockefeller
University (Diagnostics)
In May 2006, we signed a royalty-bearing,
co-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with The Rockefeller University. Under this agreement, we were granted the right to make,
use and sell Rockefeller’s proprietary microRNAs for diagnostic purposes including a limited right to sublicense. Our right
to sublicense is limited to sublicenses we grant as part of a license that includes other technology or patent rights of ours.
The agreement covers microRNAs and microRNA candidates, including approximately 80 biologically validated human microRNAs and approximately
30 biologically validated viral microRNAs discovered by researchers at The Rockefeller University and for which it has filed patent
applications. These microRNAs can be licensed by Rockefeller in the diagnostics field to three additional parties. In consideration
for this license, we paid an initiation fee and will pay a fixed annual license maintenance fee, royalties based on net sales and
a percentage of our revenues from any sublicenses. Rockefeller is obligated to notify us of any license it grants to a third party
at a lower royalty rate and we will have the right to modify the terms of our license to adopt all of the material terms and conditions
of that license.
Rockefeller controls prosecution, maintenance
and enforcement of all the licensed patent rights; however, we are responsible for a pro rata share of associated costs. Also,
if Rockefeller elects not to take action against a claim of infringement of the licensed patent rights, we may undertake such action
at our own expense. We are obligated to indemnify Rockefeller against any liabilities arising from our development and use of the
licensed microRNAs and any actions brought by third parties or related to clinical trials or studies. We are also required to maintain
comprehensive insurance coverage.
The agreement will terminate upon the later
of the expiration or abandonment of the last patent to expire or become abandoned. If no patent ever issues, the agreement will
terminate ten years after the first commercial sale of the first licensed product. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration
of the last patent to expire, we estimate that we will pay a minimum of approximately $960,000 in aggregate annual license maintenance
fees over the term of this agreement. Rockefeller has the right to terminate the agreement if we are more than 30 days late in
meeting our payment obligations and do not pay in full within ten days of Rockefeller’s written demand; or upon our uncured
material breach. We can terminate the agreement by providing sixty days written notice to Rockefeller, ceasing all use of the licensed
products, terminating any sublicenses granted under the agreement and paying all amounts owed to Rockefeller through the date of
termination.
License Agreement with The Rockefeller
University (Therapeutics)
In May 2007, we signed a royalty-bearing,
co-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with The Rockefeller University. Under this agreement, we were granted the right to make,
use and sell Rockefeller’s proprietary microRNAs for therapeutic purposes, including a limited right to sublicense. Our right
to sublicense is limited to sublicenses that are for research and development of products and that are granted as part of a license
that includes other technology or patent rights of ours. The agreement covers microRNAs and microRNA candidates, including approximately
80 biologically validated human microRNAs and approximately 30 biologically validated viral microRNAs discovered by researchers
at The Rockefeller University for which it has filed patent applications. These microRNAs can be licensed by Rockefeller in the
therapeutics field to three additional parties. In consideration for this license, we paid an initiation fee and are required to
pay a fixed annual license maintenance fee, milestone payments and royalties based on net sales and a percentage of our revenues
from any sublicenses. Rockefeller is obligated to notify us of any license it grants to a third party at a lower royalty rate,
and we will have the right to modify the terms of our license to adopt all of the material terms and conditions of that license.
Rockefeller controls prosecution, maintenance
and enforcement of all the licensed patent rights; however, we are responsible for a pro rata share of associated costs. Also,
if Rockefeller elects not to take action against a claim of infringement of the licensed patent rights, we may undertake such action
at our own expense. We are obligated to indemnify Rockefeller against any liabilities arising from our development and use of the
licensed microRNAs and any actions brought by third parties or related to clinical trials or studies. We are also required to maintain
comprehensive insurance coverage.
The agreement will terminate upon the later
of the expiration or abandonment of the last patent to expire or become abandoned. If no patent ever issues, the agreement will
terminate ten years after the first commercial sale of the first licensed product. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration
of the last patent to expire, we estimate that we will pay a minimum of approximately $690,000 in aggregate annual license maintenance
fees over the term of this agreement. Rockefeller has the right to terminate the agreement if we are more than 30 days late in
meeting our payment obligations and do not pay in full within ten days of Rockefeller’s written demand; or upon our uncured
material breach. We can terminate the agreement by providing 60 days written notice to Rockefeller, ceasing all use of the licensed
products, terminating any sublicenses granted under the agreement and paying all amounts owed to Rockefeller through the date of
termination.
License Agreement with The Rockefeller
University (Research)
In January 2008, we signed a royalty-bearing,
nonexclusive, worldwide license agreement with The Rockefeller University. Under this agreement, we were granted the right to make,
use, import, sell and offer for sale Rockefeller’s proprietary microRNAs for research purposes including a limited right
to sublicense. Our right to sublicense is limited to sublicenses we grant as part of a license that includes other technology or
patent rights of ours. The agreement covers microRNAs and microRNA candidates, including approximately 80 biologically validated
human microRNAs and approximately 30 biologically validated viral microRNAs discovered by researchers at The Rockefeller University
and for which it has filed patent applications. In consideration for this license, we paid an initiation fee and will pay a minimum
annual royalty, based on net sales and a percentage of our revenues from any sublicenses. Rockefeller is obligated to notify us
of any license it grants to a third party at a lower royalty rate and we will have the right to modify the terms of our license
to adopt all of the material terms and conditions of that license.
Rockefeller controls preparation, prosecution
and maintenance of the licensed patent rights and the selection of patent council with our input; however, we are responsible for
a pro rata share of associated costs. Also, if Rockefeller elects not to take action against a claim of infringement of the licensed
patent rights, we may undertake such action at our own expense. We are obligated to indemnify Rockefeller against any liabilities
arising from our development, testing, use, manufacture, promotion, sale of other disposition of the licensed microRNAs and any
actions brought by third parties. We are also required to maintain comprehensive insurance coverage.
The agreement will terminate upon the later
of the expiration or abandonment of the last patent to expire or become abandoned. If no patent ever issues, the agreement will
terminate ten years after the first commercial sale of the first licensed product. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration
of the last patent to expire, we estimate that we will pay a minimum of approximately $440,000 in aggregate minimum annual royalty
over the term of this agreement. Rockefeller has the right to terminate the agreement if we are more than 30 days late in meeting
our payment obligations and do not pay in full within ten days of Rockefeller’s written demand; or upon our uncured material
breach. We can terminate the agreement by providing 60 days written notice to Rockefeller, ceasing all use of the licensed products,
terminating any sublicenses granted under the agreement and paying all amounts owed to Rockefeller through the date of termination.
License Agreement with Max Planck Innovation
GmbH (Diagnostics)
In June 2006, we entered into a royalty-bearing,
co-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with Max Planck Innovation GmbH, or Max Planck, the technology transfer agency of the
Max Planck Society. This agreement was amended and restated in March 2009. Under this agreement, we licensed from Max Planck the
rights to its proprietary microRNAs for diagnostics purposes. The agreement covers microRNAs and microRNA candidates, including
approximately 110 biologically validated human microRNAs, discovered by the researchers of the Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical
Chemistry in Goettingen. In consideration for this license, we paid an initiation fee, and are required to pay a fixed annual license
maintenance fee, royalties based on net sales and a percentage of our revenues from any sublicenses.
These microRNAs can be licensed by Max
Planck for diagnostics purposes to three other parties. Max Planck is obligated to notify us of any more favorable license in the
diagnostics field it grants for these microRNAs, in which event we shall have the right to adopt all material terms of such license.
We have the right to enter into sublicense agreements, only in the event that the granted sublicense includes a license to intellectual
property rights owned or co-owned by us as well, is reasonably necessary for sublicensee in order to further develop and/or commercialize
or manufacture products and permits no more than one tier of sublicensing.
Max Planck is responsible, in its sole
discretion, to apply for, seek issuance of, maintain and prosecute the licensed patent rights, and we have the right to comment
on the documents to be filed by the patent office. We are required, however, to pay a pro rata share of associated costs. We are
obligated to indemnify Max Planck against any liabilities arising from any use by us, our affiliates, sublicensees and sales partners
of the patent rights, the development and use of any product, process or service under the agreement, and the use by third parties
of any products, processes or services sold by us. We are also required to maintain comprehensive insurance coverage.
The agreement terminates upon the expiration
or abandonment of all issued and filed licensed patents. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration of the last patent to expire,
we estimate that we will pay a minimum of approximately $537,000 in aggregate annual license maintenance fees over the term of
this agreement. We have the right to terminate the agreement with three months’ prior written notice. We have the obligation
to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize the products and services based on the licensed patents in
the field of diagnostics. In the event we cease carrying out our business related to the agreement we must notify Max Planck and
then both parties have the right to terminate the agreement with three months’ prior notice. Max Planck also has the right
to terminate the agreement if we challenge one of the licensed patents; if we fail to cure a breach within 60 days of receiving
notice of such breach; or if we fail to pay within 30 days of a notice requiring a payment. The agreement will terminate automatically
upon filing of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings by or against us, or upon the assignment of all or a substantial portion of
our assets for the benefit of creditors.
License Agreement with Max Planck Innovation
GmbH (Research)
In December 2006, we entered into a royalty-bearing,
non-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with Max Planck. Under this agreement, we licensed from Max Planck the rights to its
proprietary microRNAs for research purposes. The agreement covers microRNAs and microRNA candidates, including approximately 110
biologically validated human microRNAs, discovered by the researchers of the Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in
Goettingen. In consideration for this license, we will pay an initiation fee, and are required to pay a fixed annual license maintenance
fee, royalties based on net sales and a percentage of our revenues from any sublicenses.
Max Planck is obligated to notify us of
any more favorable license in the research field it grants for these microRNAs, in which event we shall have the right to adopt
all material terms of such license. We have the right to enter into sublicense agreement, but only if the granted sublicense includes
a license to microRNAs owned by us as well.
Max Planck is responsible, in its sole
discretion, to apply for, seek issuance of, maintain and prosecute the licensed patent rights, and we have the right to comment
on the documents to be filed with the patent office. We are obligated to indemnify Max Planck against any liabilities arising from
any use by us, our affiliates, sublicensees and sales partners of the patent rights, the development and use of any product, process
or service under the agreement, and the use by third parties of any products, processes or services sold by us. We are also required
to maintain comprehensive insurance coverage.
The agreement terminates upon the later
of the expiration or abandonment of the last patent to expire or become abandoned of the patent rights contemplated under the agreement,
or, if no patent ever issues from the patent rights, ten years after the first commercial sale of the first licensed product, as
contemplated under the agreement. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration of the last patent to expire, we estimate that
we will pay a minimum of approximately $330,000 in aggregate annual license maintenance fees over the term of this agreement. We
have the right to terminate the agreement with 60 days prior written notice. Max Planck also has the right to terminate the agreement
if we fail to cure a breach within 60 days of receiving notice of such breach; or if we fail to pay within 30 days of a notice
requiring a payment.
License Agreement with Johns Hopkins
University
In August 2006, we signed a royalty-bearing,
exclusive, worldwide license agreement with Johns Hopkins University. This agreement was amended and restated in August 2011. Under
the restated agreement, we have licensed from Johns Hopkins the rights to its proprietary microRNAs for all fields and applications
on a non-exclusive basis. The agreement covers approximately 130 biologically validated microRNAs. We also have the right to further
sublicense these rights, provided that such sublicense includes a license to substantial intellectual property rights owned or
co-owned by us and is consistent with the terms of our license agreement. In consideration for the restated license we paid an
amendment fee, and are required to pay minimum annual royalties, royalties based on net sales and a percentage of our revenues
from any sublicense. We are obligated to perform commercially reasonable diligent efforts in the development of products, including
or using the licensed microRNAs.
Johns Hopkins is responsible for filing,
prosecuting and maintaining the licensed patent rights, and we have the right to comment on and advise Johns Hopkins with respect
to such matters. We are required to pay all expenses related to filing, prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patent rights;
unless we provide Johns Hopkins notice that we elect not to do so. If we so elect, Johns Hopkins may file, prosecute or maintain
such patent rights at its own expense and any license we have with respect to such patent rights shall terminate. We have the right
but not the obligation to enforce the patent rights against infringement.
We are obligated to indemnify Johns Hopkins
against any liabilities arising out of use by us, our affiliates or sublicensees of the licensed microRNAs. We are also obligated
to establish and maintain product liability or other appropriate insurance prior to initial human testing or first commercial sale
of any product incorporating the licensed microRNAs.
The agreement terminates with respect to
each country in which a patent has issued upon the expiration of the last to expire patent covered by the terms of the agreement
in such country. If no patents ever issue in a country but patent applications are filed in such country, the agreement will expire
with respect to such country upon the cancellation, abandonment, withdrawal or disallowance of all claims under all patent applications
in that country or at such time as there is no claim that has been pending in such country for less than six years from the date
such claim was filed in a non-provisional patent application in that country. Based on an estimate of the date of expiration of
the last patent to expire, we estimate that we will pay a minimum of approximately $320,000 in aggregate annual royalties over
the term of the agreement. In addition, either party may terminate the agreement (1) upon the filing of bankruptcy or insolvency
proceedings with respect to the other party or (2) if the other party is in material breach of the agreement and such breach is
not cured within 30 days of notice. We also have the right to terminate the agreement for any reason upon 90-day notice.
Competition
Our industry is highly competitive and
subject to rapid and significant technological change. All of the tests and products we are developing or may develop in the future,
if approved, will compete against existing non-microRNA-based diagnostic tests and therapies. In addition, we believe a significant
number of non-microRNA-based diagnostic tests and drug candidates are currently under development and may become available for
the diseases we are targeting or may target. In addition to the competition we face from non-microRNA-based competing tests and
products from companies such as Response Genetics, Inc. Biotheranostics, Inc. and Veracyte, Inc. that have developed or are developing
diagnostic tests based on other non-microRNA technologies, we also face competition from other companies working to develop novel
tests and products using technology that competes more directly with our microRNAs. We are aware of several other companies that
are working to develop microRNA diagnostics and therapeutics, including Combimatrix Corporation, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
Asuragen Inc., Exiqon A/S, Life Technologies Corporation, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Merck & Co., Inc., Santaris Pharma A/S, Regulus
Therapeutics and others. We believe the key competitive factors affecting the commercial success of our potential tests and products
will be:
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the safety and effectiveness of our products;
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the timing and scope of regulatory approvals, if required, for these tests and products;
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the availability and cost of manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities;
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reimbursement coverage; and
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Many of our potential competitors, either
alone or with their collaborative partners, have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and
significantly greater experience in the discovery and development of diagnostics and therapeutics, obtaining FDA and other regulatory
approvals of tests and products and the commercialization of those tests and products. Accordingly, our competitors may be more
successful than we may be in obtaining FDA approval and achieving widespread market acceptance. Our competitors’ tests or
products may be more effective, or more effectively marketed and sold, than any test or product we may commercialize and may render
our tests and products obsolete or non-competitive before we can recover the expenses of developing and commercializing them. We
anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as advanced technologies become available.
Manufacturing
We currently intend to rely on contract
manufacturers or our collaborative partners to produce materials for diagnostic tests and drug substances and drug products required
for preclinical studies and clinical trials. We plan to continue to rely upon contract manufacturers and collaboration partners
to manufacture commercial quantities of these materials for any marketed diagnostic or therapeutic.
Regulatory
Diagnostics
CLIA and Other Laboratory Licensure
Laboratories that perform testing on human
specimens for the purpose of providing information for diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease or assessment of health are
subject to the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, or CLIA. This law imposes quality standards for laboratory testing
to ensure the accuracy, reliability and timeliness of patient test results. The FDA is responsible for the categorization of commercially
marketed IVD tests under CLIA into one of three categories based upon the potential risk to public health in reporting erroneous
results. The categories were devised on the basis of the complexity of the test and include waived tests, tests of moderate complexity,
and tests of high complexity. Laboratories performing moderate or high-complexity testing must meet the CLIA requirements for proficiency
testing, patient test management, quality control, quality assurance and personnel.
Under CLIA, certified laboratories are
required to hold a certificate applicable to the type of work they perform and to comply with standards covering personnel, facilities
administration, quality systems and proficiency testing. CLIA-certified laboratories are typically subject to survey and inspection
every two years to assess compliance with program standards. In addition to CLIA certification, laboratories offering clinical
testing services are required to hold certain federal, state and local licenses, certifications and permits. Clinical laboratories
are licensed by the states in which they are located. In addition, some states require any clinical laboratory that analyzes samples
from residents of that state to also be licensed by it. Many CLIA-certified laboratories also seek accreditation by the College
of American Pathologists, or CAP, and licensure by states that require that state specific licensure for a laboratory that intends
to test clinical samples from residents of that state. The CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program is an internationally recognized
program that utilizes teams of practicing laboratory professionals as inspectors, and accreditation by CAP can often be used to
meet CLIA and state certification requirements.
Food and Drug Administration
Laboratory Developed Tests
Although the FDA has consistently stated
that it has the authority to regulate clinical laboratory tests as medical devices, it has generally exercised enforcement discretion
in not otherwise regulating most tests developed and validated at the high complexity CLIA-certified laboratory at which the test
is performed. These tests are known as LDTs. More recently, the FDA has indicated that it is reviewing the regulatory requirements
that will apply to LDTs, and held a two-day public meeting in 2010, to obtain input from stakeholders on how it should apply its
authority to implement a reasonable risk-based and effective regulatory framework for LDTs. In 2012, the FDA indicated that it
was reviewing the regulatory requirements that will apply to LDTs, and held a public meeting to obtain input from stakeholders
on how it should apply its authority to implement a reasonable risk-based and effective regulatory framework for LDTs. The FDA
has not indicated when or how those changes will be implemented, but it left little doubt that changes are forthcoming.
In Vitro Diagnostics
The type of regulation to which our tests
and diagnostics may be subject will depend in large part on how we intend to commercialize them. Diagnostics that will be commercialized
through direct product sales as
in vitro
diagnostic kits are subject to review by the FDA as medical devices and must be
cleared or approved before they can be marketed. Most tests that are offered as LDTs by a CLIA-certified laboratory have generally
not been subject to regulation by the FDA, however, this may change after the FDA announces the new requirements that will apply
to LDTs.
The FDA regulates the sale or distribution
of medical devices, including
in vitro
diagnostic test kits and some
in vitro
diagnostic tests. The information that
must be submitted to the FDA in order to obtain clearance or approval to market a new medical device varies depending on how the
medical device is classified by the FDA. Medical devices are classified into one of three classes on the basis of the controls
deemed by the FDA to be necessary to reasonably ensure their safety and effectiveness. Class I devices are subject to general controls,
including labeling, pre-market notification and adherence to FDA’s quality system regulation, which are device-specific good
manufacturing practices. Class II devices are subject to general controls and special controls, including performance standards
and post-market surveillance. Class III devices are subject to most of the previously identified requirements as well as to pre-market
approval. Nearly all Class I devices are exempt from premarket review; most Class II devices require 510(k) clearance and all Class
III devices must receive premarket approval before they can be sold in the United States. The payment of a fee is usually required
when a 510(k) notice or premarket approval application is submitted.
510(k) Premarket Notification
. A
510(k) notification requires the sponsor to demonstrate that a medical device is substantially equivalent to another marketed device,
termed a “predicate device”, that is legally marketed in the United States and for which a PMA was not required. A
device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device if it has the same intended use and technological characteristics as the
predicate; or has the same intended use but different technological characteristics, where the information submitted to the FDA
does not raise new questions of safety and effectiveness and demonstrates that the device is at least as safe and effective as
the legally marketed device.
The FDA is supposed to issue a decision
letter within 90 days of receipt of the 510(k) if it has no additional questions or send a first action letter requesting additional
information within 75 days. However, in 2012, the FDA issued a guidance document in which it indicated that it will conduct a preliminary
review of a 510(k) based on an acceptance checklist within 15 business days of the submission of the 510(k). If the FDA determines
that the 510(k) is not administratively complete, it will refuse to accept the application until a complete response is submitted
in response to the refuse to accept, or RTA, notification. Most 510(k)s do not require clinical data for clearance, but a minority
will. Requests for additional data, including clinical data, will increase the time necessary to review the notice. If the FDA
believes that the device is not substantially equivalent to a predicate device, it will issue a “Not Substantially Equivalent”
letter and designate the device as a Class III device, which will require the submission and approval of a PMA before the new device
may be marketed. Under certain circumstances, the sponsor may petition the FDA to make a risk-based determination of the new device
and reclassify the new device as a Class I or Class II device. The FDA continues to reevaluate the 510(k) review process, and we
cannot predict what if any changes will occur.
Premarket Approval
. The PMA process
is more complex, costly and time consuming than the 510(k) process. A PMA must be supported by more detailed and comprehensive
scientific evidence, including clinical data, to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the medical device for its intended purpose.
If the device is determined to present a “significant risk,” the sponsor may not begin a clinical trial until it submits
an investigational device exemption, or IDE, to the FDA and obtains approval from the FDA to begin the trial.
After the PMA is submitted, the FDA has
45 days to make a threshold determination that the PMA is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. If the PMA is complete,
the FDA will file the PMA. The FDA is subject to a performance goal review time for a PMA that is 180 days from the date of filing,
although in practice this review time is longer. Questions from the FDA, requests for additional data and referrals to advisory
committees may delay the process considerably. The total process may take several years and there is no guarantee that the PMA
will ever be approved. Even if approved, the FDA may limit the indications for which the device may be marketed. The FDA may also
request additional clinical data as a condition of approval or after the PMA is approved. Any changes to the medical device may
require a supplemental PMA to be submitted and approved.
Any products sold by us pursuant to FDA
clearances or approvals will be subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including record keeping requirements,
reporting of adverse experiences with the use of the device and restrictions on the advertising and promotion of our products.
Device manufacturers are required to register their establishments and list their devices with the FDA and are subject to periodic
inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies. Noncompliance with applicable FDA requirements can result in, among other things,
warning letters, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, recalls or seizures of products, total or partial suspension of production,
refusal of the FDA to grant 510(k) clearance or PMA approval for devices, withdrawal of 510(k) clearances and/or PMA approvals
and criminal prosecution.
European Regulations
In the European Union, IVD medical devices
have been regulated under EU-Directive 98/79/EC, or the IVD Directive, and corresponding national provisions. The IVD Directive
requires that medical devices meet the essential requirements set out in an annex of the directive. These requirements include
the safety and efficacy of the devices. According to the IVD Directive, the Member States presume compliance with these essential
requirements in respect of devices which are in conformity with the relevant national standards transposing the harmonized standards
of which the reference numbers have been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities. These harmonized standards
include ISO 13485:2003, the quality standard for medical device manufacturers. IVDs are not subject to pre-market authorization
by a regulatory authority but to a conformity assessment which is often performed by the manufacturer. Certain specified high-risk
devices and devices for self-testing require that the conformity assessment be performed by an independent third party known as
a “notified body.” Notified bodies are designated and monitored by the Member States and act under the control of the
national authorities. Once certified, devices bear the CE marking which allows them to circulate freely in the EU/EFTA countries
and Turkey.
In 2012, the EU published a revision to
the current Directive in the form of a proposed Regulation. Unlike a Directive, a Regulation minimizes the likelihood of divergent
transposition by Member States by ensuring that the legal requirements are implemented in the same way and at the same time. The
proposed Regulation will introduce a new risk-based classification system based on the Global Harmonization Task Force classification
rules. Depending on the level of risk associated with an IVD, IVD manufacturers will be required to include a notified body in
the conformity assessment process. In addition, clinical evidence will be required for some IVDs. The new regulatory process is
expected to replace the current one and will be phased in over a 5-year period.
IVD medical devices, other than devices
for performance evaluation, must bear the CE marking of conformity when they are placed on the market. The CE mark is a declaration
by the manufacturer that the product meets all the appropriate provisions of the relevant legislation implementing the relevant
European Directive. As a general rule, the manufacturer must follow the procedure of the EC Declaration of conformity to obtain
this CE marking.
Each European country must adopt its own
laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with the IVD Directive. Member States may not create any obstacle
to the placing on the market or the putting into service within their territory of devices bearing the CE marking according to
the conformity assessment procedures. In September 2012, the European Commission adopted a proposal for a regulation which if adopted
will change the way that most medical devices are regulated in the European Union, and may subject our products to additional requirements.
Therapeutics
In the United States, the process of obtaining
regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state and local statutes and regulations require the
expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable United States requirements at any
time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or
judicial sanctions. The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:
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completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies in compliance
with the FDA’s Good Laboratory Practices or other applicable regulations;
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submission to the FDA of an investigational new drug application, or IND, which must become effective
before human clinical trials may begin;
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approval by an institutional review board, or IRB, at each institution participating in a clinical
trial, which must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that institution;
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performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with Good Clinical
Practices, or GCPs, to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug for its intended use;
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submission to the FDA of a new drug application, or NDA, if the drug is a small molecule, or a
biologics license application, or BLA, if the drug is a biologic;
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satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which
the drug is produced to assess compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP, to assure that the facilities, methods
and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity; and
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FDA review and approval of the NDA or BLA.
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Once a pharmaceutical candidate is identified
for development it enters the preclinical testing stage. Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry,
toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together
with manufacturing information and analytical data, and applicable clinical data or literature, among other things, to the FDA
as part of the IND. The sponsor will also include a protocol detailing, among other things, the objectives of the first phase of
the clinical trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated, if the first
phase lends itself to an efficacy evaluation. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless
the FDA, within the 30-day time period, places the clinical trial on a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA
must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. Clinical holds also may be imposed by the FDA at any
time before or during studies due to, among other things, safety concerns or non-compliance.
All clinical trials must be conducted under
the supervision of one or more qualified investigators in accordance with GCP regulations. An IRB at each institution participating
in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that institution. An IRB considers,
among other things, whether the risks to individuals participating in the trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to
anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the information regarding the trial and the consent form that must be provided to each
trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the study until completed.
Each new clinical protocol must be submitted
for FDA review, and to the IRBs for approval. Protocols detail, among other things, the objectives of the study, dosing procedures,
subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety.
Human clinical trials are typically conducted
in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:
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Phase 1
: The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety,
dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion. In the case of some products for severe or life-threatening
diseases, especially when the product may be too inherently toxic to ethically administer to healthy volunteers, the initial human
testing is often conducted in patients.
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Phase 2
: Involves studies in a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects
and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage
tolerance and optimal dosage.
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Phase 3
: Involves studies undertaken to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy and safety
in an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical study sites. These studies are intended to establish the
overall risk-benefit ratio of the product and provide an adequate basis for product labeling.
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Progress reports detailing the results
of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators
for serious and unexpected adverse events. The FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various
grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly,
an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in
accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.
Concurrent with clinical trials, companies
usually complete additional nonclinical studies and must also finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities
in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the
drug within required specifications and, among other things, the manufacturer must develop methods for testing the identity, strength,
quality and purity of the final drug. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must
be conducted to demonstrate that the drug does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.
United States Review and Approval Processes
The results of product development, preclinical
studies and clinical trials, along with descriptions of the manufacturing process, analytical tests conducted on the chemistry
of the drug, proposed labeling, and other relevant information are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA or BLA requesting approval
to market the product for one or more indications. The FDA initially reviews all NDAs and BLAs submitted to ensure that they are
sufficiently complete for substantive review before it accepts them for filing. The FDA may request additional information rather
than accept an NDA or BLA for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review.
The FDA may refer the NDA or BLA to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application
should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee.
The review process is lengthy and the FDA
may refuse to approve an NDA or BLA if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied or may require additional clinical
or other data and information. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA does
not satisfy the criteria for approval.
If a product receives regulatory approval,
the approval may be limited to specific diseases and dosages or the approved indications for use may otherwise be limited, which
could restrict the commercial value of the product. In addition, the FDA may require a company to conduct post-approval testing,
including Phase 4 clinical trials, to further assess a drug’s safety and effectiveness after NDA or BLA approval, and may
require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products which have been commercialized.
Post-approval Requirements
Approved drugs are subject to extensive
and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, cGMP compliance, record-keeping requirements, reporting of
adverse experiences with the drug, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, and complying with FDA promotion
and advertising requirements. Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory standards
is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications
and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations
prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject
to significant liability.
Non-U.S. Regulations
In addition to regulations in the United
States, we are subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution of our
tests and products outside the United States. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the necessary
approvals by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of
the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and the time may be longer or shorter than
that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, the approval process, product licensing,
pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country.
HIPAA and Other Privacy and Security
Laws
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act of 1996, or HIPAA, established for the first time comprehensive United States protection for the privacy and security of health
information. The HIPAA standards apply to three types of organizations, or “Covered Entities”: health plans, healthcare
clearing houses, and healthcare providers which conduct certain healthcare transactions electronically. Covered Entities must have
in place administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to guard against the misuse of protected health information. Specifically,
Title II of HIPAA, the administrative Simplification Act, contains four provisions that address the privacy of health data, the
security of health data, the standardization of identifying numbers used in the healthcare system and the standardization of data
content, codes and formats used in healthcare transactions. The privacy regulations protect medical records and other personal
health information by limiting their use and release and giving patients the right to access their medical records. The HIPAA security
standards require the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards and the adoption of written security policies
and procedures. Additionally, some state laws impose privacy protections more stringent than HIPAA and many impose security standards
and breach notification requirements that apply in addition to HIPAA. Most of the institutions and physicians from which we obtain
biological specimens that we use in our research and validation work are Covered Entities and must obtain proper authorization
from their patients for the subsequent use of those samples and associated clinical information. We are a Covered Entity to the
extent that our U.S. operations involve standard transactions conducted electronically (such as billing) in connection with clinical
testing. Accordingly, we have implemented privacy and security policies and procedures consistent with HIPAA standards and taken
other steps to comply.
In 2009, Congress enacted Subtitle D of
the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, provisions of the American Recovery and Reinvestment
Act of 2009. Final HITECH regulations were published in January, 2013. HITECH amends HIPAA and, among other things, creates significant
new regulatory compliance obligations for “business associates” or organizations that provide services to Covered Entities
involving the use or disclosure of protected health information and downstream entities providing services to business associates.
Additionally, HITECH expands and strengthens HIPAA enforcement, imposes new penalties for noncompliance and establishes new breach
notification requirements for Covered Entities and business associates. Under HITECH’s new breach notification requirements,
Covered Entities must, within 60 days of discovery, notify each individual whose information has been or is reasonably believed
to have been, accessed, acquired or disclosed as a result of a breach. Covered Entities must also report breaches to the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, or HHS, and in some cases, publish information about the breach in local or prominent media outlets.
Consequently, it is important that breaches of PHI are promptly detected and reported within the company, so that we can make all
required notifications. Most states have adopted data security laws protecting the personal data of state residents. Personal data
subject to protection typically includes name coupled with social security number, state-issued identification number, or financial
account number. Most states require specific, technical security measures for the protection of all personal data, including employee
data, and impose their own breach notification requirements in the event of a loss of personal data. State data security laws generally
overlap and apply simultaneously with HIPAA. In the event of a data breach affecting individuals from more than one state, we must
comply with all relevant state notification requirements as well as HIPAA and are subject to enforcement by all relevant state
and federal authorities as well as fines and penalties imposed by each state.
Federal Prohibitions on Health Care
Fraud and False Statements Related to Health Care Matters
Under the administrative simplification
provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
or HHS, issued regulations for protecting the privacy and security of protected health information. Additional administrative simplification
provisions created new federal crimes: health care fraud, false statements relating to health care matters, theft or embezzlement
in connection with a health benefit program and obstruction of criminal investigation of health care offenses. The health care
fraud statute prohibits knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any health care benefit program, including a private
insurer. The false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing, or covering up a material fact
or making any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for health care
benefits, items, or services. The theft or embezzlement statute prohibits knowingly and willfully embezzling, stealing or otherwise
converting or misapplying the money or property of a health care benefit program. The obstruction of criminal investigations of
health care offenses statute prohibits willfully preventing, obstructing, misleading or delaying the communication of information
and records relating to a violation of a federal health care offense to a criminal investigator. A violation of any of these laws
is a felony and may result in fines, imprisonment, or exclusion from the federal health care programs.
We are currently subject to the HIPAA regulations
and maintain an active program designed to address regulatory compliance issues. Regulations and guidance in this area are evolving
so we must regularly evaluate and update our regulatory compliance measures to remain in compliance with the law. We are subject
to audit by federal authorities and subject to prosecution or administrative enforcement and increased civil and criminal penalties
for non-compliance, including monetary penalties. We are also subject to enforcement by state attorneys general who were given
authority to enforce HIPAA under HITECH and who also enforce state data security laws.
Our activities must also comply with other
applicable privacy laws. For example, there are international privacy laws that impose restrictions on the access, use, and disclosure
of health and other personal information. All of these laws may impact our business. Our failure to comply with these privacy laws
or significant changes in the laws restricting our ability to obtain tissue samples and associated patient information or to conduct
clinical testing could significantly impact our business and our future business plans.
Compliance with Fraud and Abuse Laws
We have to comply with various U.S. federal
and state laws, rules and regulations pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback laws and physician self-referral
laws, rules and regulations. Violations of the fraud and abuse laws are punishable by criminal and civil sanctions, including,
in some instances, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid.
Anti-Kickback Statute
The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits
persons from knowingly or willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange
for or to induce:
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the referral of an individual for a service or product for which payment may be made by Medicare,
Medicaid or other government-sponsored healthcare program; or
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purchasing, ordering, arranging for, or recommending the ordering of, any service or product for
which payment may be made by a government-sponsored healthcare program.
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The definition of “remuneration”
has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, including such items as gifts, certain discounts, waiver of payments,
and providing anything at less than its fair market value. In addition, several courts have interpreted the law to mean that if
“one purpose” of an arrangement is intended to induce referrals, the statute is violated.
The Anti-Kickback Statue is broad and prohibits
many arrangements and practices that are lawful in businesses outside of the healthcare industry. Recognizing that the Anti-Kickback
Statute is broad and may technically prohibit many innocuous or beneficial arrangements, the Office of Inspector General of the
Department of Health and Human Services, or OIG, has issued regulations, commonly known as “safe harbors.” These safe
harbors set forth certain requirements that, if fully met, will assure healthcare providers, including medical device manufacturers,
that they will not be prosecuted under the Anti-Kickback Statute. Although full compliance with these safe harbor provisions ensures
against prosecution under the Anti-Kickback Statute, full compliance is often difficult and the failure of a transaction or arrangement
to fit within a specific safe harbor does not necessarily mean that the transaction or arrangement is illegal or that prosecution
under the Anti-Kickback Statute will be pursued. However, conduct and business arrangements that do not fully satisfy each applicable
safe harbor may result in increased scrutiny by government enforcement authorities such as the OIG. The statutory penalties for
violating the Anti-Kickback Statute include imprisonment for up to five years and criminal fines of up to $25,000 per violation.
In addition, through application of other laws, conduct that violates the Anti-Kickback Statute can also give rise to False Claims
Act lawsuits, civil monetary penalties and possible exclusion from Medicare and Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs.
In addition to the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, many states have their own kickback laws. Often, these laws closely follow the
language of the federal law, although they do not always have the same scope, exceptions, safe harbors or sanctions. In some states,
these anti-kickback laws apply not only to payment made by a government health care program but also with respect to other payors,
including commercial insurance companies.
Physician Self-Referral Laws
The federal ban on physician self-referrals,
commonly known as the “Stark Law,” prohibits, subject to certain exceptions, physician referrals of Medicare and Medicaid
patients to an entity providing certain “designated health services” if the physician or an immediate family member
of the physician has any financial relationship with the entity. The Stark Law also prohibits the entity receiving the referral
from billing for any good or service furnished pursuant to an unlawful referral, and any person collecting any amounts in connection
with an unlawful referral is obligated to refund such amounts. A person who engages in a scheme to circumvent the Stark Law’s
referral prohibition may be fined up to $100,000 for each such arrangement or scheme. The penalties for violating the Stark Law
also include civil monetary penalties of up to $15,000 per service and possible exclusion from federal healthcare programs. In
addition to the Stark Law, many states have their own self-referral laws. Often, these laws closely follow the language of the
federal law, although they do not always have the same scope, exceptions, safe harbors or sanctions. In some states these anti-referral
laws apply not only to payment made by a federal health care program but also with respect to other payors, including commercial
insurance companies. In addition, some state laws require physicians to disclose any financial interest they may have with a healthcare
provider to their patients when referring patients to that provider even if the referral itself is not prohibited.
Other Fraud and Abuse Laws
The federal False Claims Act, or FCA prohibits
any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim or knowingly making, or causing to made, a false
statement to obtain payment from the federal government. Those found in violation of the FCA can be subject to fines and penalties
of three times the damages sustained by the government, plus mandatory civil penalties of between $5,500 and $11,000 for each separate
false claim. Actions filed under the FCA can be brought by any individual on behalf of the government, a “qui tam”
action, and such individual, known as a “relator” or, more commonly, as a “whistleblower,” who may share
in any amounts paid by the entity to the government in damages and penalties or by way of settlement. In addition, certain states
have enacted laws modeled after the FCA, and this legislative activity is expected to increase. Qui tam actions have increased
significantly in recent years, causing greater numbers of healthcare companies, including medical device manufacturers, to defend
false claim actions, pay damages and penalties or be excluded from Medicare, Medicaid or other federal or state healthcare programs
as a result of investigations arising out of such actions.
The OIG also has authority to bring administrative
actions against entities for alleged violations of a number of prohibitions, including the Anti-Kickback Statute and the Stark
Law. The OIG may seek to impose civil monetary penalties or exclusion from the Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare
programs. Civil monetary penalties can range from $2,000 to $50,000 for each violation or failure plus, in certain circumstances,
three times the amounts claimed in reimbursement or illegal remuneration. Typically, exclusions last for five years.
In addition, we must comply with a variety
of other laws, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement under Medicare and Medicaid, all of which can also be triggered
by violations of federal anti-kickback laws; the Health Insurance Portability and Accounting Act of 1996, which makes it a federal
crime to commit healthcare fraud and make false statements; and the Federal Trade Commission Act and similar laws regulating advertisement
and consumer protections.
Reimbursement
United States
In the United States, payments for diagnostic
tests come from several sources, including third party payors such as insurance companies and health maintenance organizations;
government health programs such as Medicare and Medicaid; and patients; and, in certain circumstances, hospitals or referring laboratories
(who then bill health third-party payors for testing).
Code Assignment
. In the United States,
a third-party payor’s decisions regarding coverage and payment are driven, in large part, by the specific Current Procedural
Terminology, or CPT, code used to identify a test. The American Medical Association, or AMA, publishes the CPT, which is a listing
of descriptive terms and identifying codes for reporting medical services and procedures. The purpose of the CPT is to provide
a uniform language that accurately describes medical, surgical, and diagnostic services and therefore to ensure reliable nationwide
communication among healthcare providers, patients, and third-party payors.
A manufacturer of in vitro diagnostic kits
or a provider of laboratory services may request establishment of a Category I CPT code for a new product. Assignment of a specific
CPT code ensures routine processing and payment for a diagnostic test by both private and government third-party payors.
The AMA has specific procedures for establishing
a new CPT code and, if appropriate, for modifying existing nomenclature to incorporate a new test into an existing code. If the
AMA concludes that a new code or modification of nomenclature is unnecessary, the AMA will inform the requestor how to use one
or more existing codes to report the test.
While the AMA’s decision is pending,
billing and collection may be sought under an existing, non-specific CPT code. A manufacturer or provider may decide not to request
assignment of a CPT code and instead use an existing, non-specific code for reimbursement purposes. However, use of such codes
may result in more frequent denials and/or requests for supporting clinical documentation from the third-party payor and in lower
reimbursement rates, which may vary based on geographical location.
Coverage Decisions
. When deciding
whether to cover a particular diagnostic test, private and government third-party payors generally consider whether the test is
a covered benefit and, if so, whether it is reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness and injury. Most
third-party payors do not cover experimental services. Coverage determinations often are influenced by current standards of practice
and clinical data, particularly at the local level. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, which is the government
agency responsible for overseeing the Medicare program, has the authority to make coverage determinations on a national basis,
but most Medicare coverage decisions are made at the local level by contractors that administer the Medicare program in specified
geographic areas. Private and government third-party payors have separate processes for making coverage determinations, and private
third-party payors may or may not follow Medicare’s coverage decisions. If a third-party payor has a coverage determination
in place for a particular diagnostic test, billing for that test must comply with the established policy. Otherwise, the third-party
payor makes reimbursement decisions on a case-by-case basis.
Payment.
Payment for covered diagnostic
tests is determined based on various methodologies, including prospective payment systems and fee schedules. In addition, private
third-party payors may negotiate contractual rates with participating providers or set rates as a percentage of the billed charge.
Diagnostic tests furnished to Medicare inpatients generally are included in the bundled payment made to the hospital under Medicare’s
Inpatient Prospective Payment System. Payment for diagnostic tests furnished to Medicare beneficiaries in most other circumstances
is made based on the Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule, under which a payment amount is assigned to each covered CPT code. The law
technically requires fee schedule amounts to be adjusted annually by the percentage increase in the consumer price index, or CPI,
for the prior year, but Congress has frozen payment rates in certain years. For the 2011 calendar year the Clinical Laboratory
Fee Schedule, or CLFS, was reduced across all listed tests by 1.75%. Currently, the ceiling for established tests is set at 74%
of the median of all contractor fee schedule amounts for a particular test and 100% of the median for diagnostic tests for which
no limitation amount was established prior to 2001. Medicaid programs generally pay for diagnostic tests based on a fee schedule,
but reimbursement varies by state.
European Union
In the European Union the reimbursement
mechanisms used by private and public health insurers vary by country. For the public systems reimbursement is determined by guidelines
established by the legislator or responsible national authority. As elsewhere, inclusion in reimbursement catalogues focuses on
the medical usefulness, need, quality and economic benefits to patients and the healthcare system. Acceptance for reimbursement
comes with cost, use and often volume restrictions, which again can vary by country.
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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
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Rosetta Genomics Ltd. is organized under
the laws of the State of Israel and has a wholly owned subsidiary, Rosetta Genomics Inc., which is a Delaware corporation, and
a controlled subsidiary. In December 2011, we sold our complete ownership interest in Rosetta Green Ltd., a public Israeli company
whose shares are traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, which represented approximately 50.03% of the outstanding ordinary shares
of Rosetta Green.
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PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT
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We currently rent approximately 6,437 square
feet of office and laboratory space in Rehovot, Israel, under a lease that expires in October 2017. Our wholly owned subsidiary,
Rosetta Genomics Inc., rents approximately 3,651 square feet of office space in Princeton, New Jersey under a lease that expires
in September 30, 2018. In addition, Rosetta Genomics Inc. rents approximately 7,349 square feet of laboratory space in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania under a lease that expires in December 2018. If our business grows we may need additional space, but expect that alternate
facilities will be available on reasonable terms as and when needed.
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ITEM 4A.
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UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
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None.
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ITEM 5.
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OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
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The following discussion and analysis
of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with “Item 3. Key Information —
A. Selected Consolidated Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes to those statements
included elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion
and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and timing
of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors,
including those discussed under “Forward-Looking Statements,” “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors”
and elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Overview
We are seeking to develop and commercialize
new diagnostic products based on a recently discovered group of genes known as microRNAs. MicroRNAs are naturally expressed, or
produced, using instructions encoded in DNA and are believed to play an important role in regulating protein production. Proteins
control most biological processes and thus we believe that microRNAs as their regulators have the potential to form the basis of
a novel class of diagnostic tests and therapies for many serious illnesses.
Since our inception in March 2000, we have
generated significant losses. As of December 31, 2013, we had an accumulated deficit of $108.4 million. We funded our operations
through December 31, 2013 primarily through proceeds received from the sale of equity securities to investors in the aggregate
amount of approximately $133 million, including the following recent transactions:
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On March 22, 2013, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering
SM
Sales Agreement (the
“Cantor Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., as sales agent (“Cantor”), pursuant to which
we could offer and sell, from time to time through Cantor, our ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.6 per share, having an aggregate
offering price of up to $5.9 million. As of the time of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, we had sold through the
Cantor Sales Agreement an aggregate of 1,559,537 of our ordinary shares, and received gross proceeds of $5.9 million. Sales of our ordinary shares under the Cantor Sales Agreement were made in sales deemed
to be “at-the-market” equity offerings as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
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We have focused our efforts since inception
primarily on research and development, building and maintaining our intellectual property, business planning and commercializing
our products. We have not achieved profitability and we expect to incur significant additional losses over the next several years.
We expect our net losses to continue primarily due to research and development activities relating to our internal product development,
collaborations, business development, commercialization, and other general corporate activities. We anticipate that our operating
results will fluctuate for the foreseeable future. Therefore, period-to-period comparisons should not be relied upon as predictive
of the results in future periods. Our sources of potential funding for the next several years are expected to include our existing
cash and cash equivalents, as well as product revenues, additional equity and/or debt financings, funded research and development
payments, and license fees and/or milestone payments under potential future collaborative arrangements.
Research
and development expenses represented 13%, 15%, and 40% of our total operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012
and 2011, respectively. We have not tracked our historical research and development costs on a project-by-project basis because
the majority of our efforts have been focused on the development of capabilities associated with our microRNA discovery process
rather than on specific projects. Major components of the $1.7 million in research and development expenses for the year ended
December 31, 2013 included payroll and related expenses, research materials and related expenses, costs associated with license
fees and intellectual property-related costs.
In July 2008, through our wholly owned
subsidiary Rosetta Genomics Inc., we purchased all of the shares of Parkway Clinical Laboratories, Inc., a privately held Pennsylvania
corporation owning a CLIA-certified laboratory, for an aggregate purchase price of $2,900,000 (not including $207,000 of transaction
expenses), consisting of $1,900,000 in cash and $1,000,000 of our ordinary shares, plus an additional $300,000 payable upon the
achievement of certain milestones, which were not met. Parkway remained an indirect wholly owned subsidiary until May 2009, when
we sold Parkway for a purchase price of up to $2,500,000, to be paid as a fixed percentage of revenues over six years. During the
years 2010-2012, we received an amount of $178,000. Operating results for Parkway have been classified as discontinued operations
for all presented periods.
On April 18, 2013 we signed a settlement
agreement with Sanra Laboratories ("Sanra") in connection with the sale of Parkway to Sanra. Under the terms of the agreement,
on April 20, 2013 and on May 10, 2013, Sanra paid us a total of $625,000. As a result of this settlement, the Parkway asset has
been removed from the balance sheets and the corresponding gain in the amount of $273,000 was recorded in the consolidated statements
of comprehensive loss as income from discontinued operations.
On February 4, 2010, we established Rosetta
Green Ltd., an Israeli Company, as a controlled subsidiary. As of December 31, 2010, we owned approximately 76.2% of the outstanding
ordinary shares of Rosetta Green. In February 2011, Rosetta Green completed an initial public offering in Israel on the Tel Aviv
Stock Exchange, or TASE. In December 2011, we sold all our holdings in Rosetta Green (approximately 50.03% of the outstanding
shares of Rosetta Green).
We received
an upfront payment of $900,000 for the Rosetta
Green ordinary shares. In addition, we were entitled to a payment of $2.0 million if Rosetta Green was acquired within three years
and if certain other conditions were met in connection with such acquisition. In February 2013, Rosetta Green was acquired by
A.B. Seeds Ltd., an affiliate of Monsanto Co., however, the conditions required to be met for us to receive the $2.0 million were
not met.
Financial Operations Overview
Revenues
Revenues from continuing operations consist
of revenues from sales of our diagnostic tests processed in our laboratory in Philadelphia. Our first diagnostic products applying
our microRNA technology that were launched in late 2008 began generating revenues in 2009. We have generated revenues from continuing
operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011, in the amounts of $405,000, $201,000, and $103,000, respectively.
Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenues related to our products
consist primarily of salaries and employee benefits of our lab personnel as well as material costs and costs related to rent and
maintenance of our lab in Philadelphia.
Research and Development Expenses,
net
We expense research and development costs as incurred. Our research
and development expenses currently include costs of salaries and related expenses, activities related to intellectual property
and licensing, tissue samples and other research materials, supplies, equipment depreciation, outsourced clinical and other research
activities, consultants, utilities expenses and an allocation of corporate administrative costs.
We are currently conducting a number of studies analyzing microRNA
expression profiles in healthy and diseased samples and expect we will continue such studies in 2014. As a result, we expect that
our expenses related to the purchase of tissue and body fluid samples, as well as other research consumables, will increase in
the future. We have entered into several license agreements for rights to utilize certain technologies. The terms of the licenses
provide for up-front payments, annual maintenance payments and royalties on product sales. Costs to acquire and maintain licensed
technology are expensed as incurred.
Marketing and Business Development
Expenses
Marketing and business development expenses
consist primarily of salaries and related expenses as well as expenses related to advertising, marketing campaigns, and our commercialization.
As we continue to market our own products as well as explore new collaborations to develop and commercialize diagnostic and therapeutic
products based on microRNAs, we anticipate that these expenses will increase.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist
primarily of salaries and related expenses, patent expenses, professional fees and expenses related to general corporate activities.
We anticipate that general and administrative expenses will continue to grow in 2014 due to the continued growth and activities
of our business.
Financial Expenses (Income)
Financial income for the year ended December
31, 2013 consisted primarily of interest from bank deposits and revaluation of warrants related to share purchase agreements.
The revaluation of warrants related to share purchase agreements provided us with financial expense for the year ended December
31, 2012.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial
condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with
U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires
us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an ongoing
basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions
that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying
values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates
under different assumptions or conditions and could have a material impact on our reported results.
While our significant accounting policies
are more fully described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, we believe the following
accounting policies to be the most critical in understanding our consolidated financial statements and the assumptions management
used.
Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures
The carrying amounts of our financial instruments,
including cash and cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate
fair value because of their generally short-term maturities.
We apply ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements
and Disclosures". Under this standard, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid
to transfer a liability (i.e., the "exit price") in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement
date.
In determining fair value, we use various
valuation approaches. ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable
inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable
inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained
from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect our assumptions about the assumptions market
participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.
The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the
inputs as follows:
Level 1 - Valuations based on quoted prices
in active markets for identical assets that we have the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied
to Level 1 instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market,
valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment.
Level 2 - Valuations based on one or more
quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that
are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
The availability of observable inputs can
vary from investment to investment and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of investment,
the liquidity of markets and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models
or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment and the
investments are categorized as Level 3.
Revenue Recognition
We generate revenues from diagnosing patient
tissue received from private patients or third-party distributors. We perform the diagnostic testing in our lab in the U.S.
Revenues from sales of our diagnostic services
are recognized in accordance with ASC 605, "Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements" ("ASC 605") when (1)
persuasive evidence of an agreement exists, (2) delivery of tests result has occurred or services have been rendered, (3) the vendor's
fee is fixed or determinable, and (4) no further obligation exists and collectability is probable. In arrangements with private
patients, in which prior to delivery the patient's third-party insurance provider has not contractually set the sale prices, or
that are not covered by Medicare, we do not recognize revenue until the fees are fixed and determinable and collectability assured
or the amounts have been collected.
Criterion (1) is satisfied when a final
understanding between the parties as to the specific nature and terms exists. Criterion (2) is satisfied when we perform the test
and deliver a report to the physician, or make the patient report available to the patient. Determinations of criteria (3) and
(4) are based on our management’s judgments regarding whether the fee charged for products or services delivered is fixed
or determinable, and the collectability of those fees under any contract or arrangement is assured. When evaluating collectability,
we consider whether we have sufficient history to reliably estimate a payor’s individual payment patterns. To the extent
all criteria set forth above are not met when test results are delivered, service revenues are recognized when cash is received
from the payor. Under the arrangements with distributors, once delivery of a test result has occurred, the distributor is obligated
to pay us the fixed price for such test pursuant to the relevant distribution agreement.
Royalties from licensing the right to use
our products are recognized when earned and when written sales confirmation from the licensee is received and no future obligation
exists. Non-refundable, up front advancements of royalties from licensing the right to use our products which are fully chargeable
against royalties, are recorded as deferred revenue until the above mentioned criteria for recognizing revenue are met. As of December
31, 2013 and 2012, we had deferred revenue in an amount of $228,000.
Accounting for
Stock-Based Compensation
We account for stock-based compensation
in accordance with ASC 718 “Compensation- Stock Compensation”. ASC 718 requires companies to estimate the fair value
of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is
ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the requisite service periods in our consolidated income statements.
We recognize compensation expenses for
the value of awards granted based on the straight line method over the requisite service period of each of the awards, net of estimated
forfeitures. ASC 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods
if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Estimated forfeitures are based on actual historical pre-vesting forfeitures.
The term “forfeitures” is distinct from “cancellations” or “expirations” and represents only
the unvested portion of the surrendered option. We currently expect, based on future expected forfeitures, that approximately 90%
of our options will actually vest, and therefore have applied an annual forfeiture rate of 10% to all options that are not vested
as of December 31, 2013. Ultimately, the actual expenses recognized over the vesting period will only be for those shares that
vest.
We selected the Black-Scholes
option pricing model as the most appropriate fair value method for stock-option awards and value restricted stock based on the
market value of the underlying shares at the date of grant. The option-pricing model requires a number of assumptions, of which
the most significant are the expected stock price volatility and the expected option term. The computation of expected volatility
is based on realized historical stock price of our stock starting from the IPO date. As a result of the above-mentioned calculations,
the volatility used for the twelve months ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 was 119% and 122%, respectively. The risk-free interest
rate assumption is the implied yield currently available on United States treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal
to the expected life term of our options. We determined the expected life of the options according to the simplified method, average
of vesting and the contractual term of the options.
We apply ASC 718 and
ASC 505-50 "Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees", with respect to options and warrants issued to non-employees. ASC
718 requires the use of option valuation models to measure the fair value of the options and warrants at the measurement date.
At the end of each financial reporting
period prior to vesting, the value of these options, as calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, was re-measured
using the then current fair value of our ordinary shares. Since the fair market value of the ordinary shares to non-employees is
subject to change in the future, the compensation expense recognized during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011 may
not be indicative of future compensation charges.
A. OPERATING
RESULTS
Years Ended December 31, 2013 and
2012 - Continuing Operations
Revenues.
In the years ended December
31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, we recognized $405,000 and $201,000, respectively, as revenues from continuing operations. This
increase resulted primarily from our increased commercial activities and investments in our commercial infrastructure.
Cost of revenues.
Cost of revenues
were $709,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013, including $16,000 of non-cash stock-based compensation, compared to $258,000
for the year ended December 31, 2012, which included $15,000 of non-cash stock-based compensation. This increase resulted primarily
from a ramp up of resources to meet anticipated demand.
Research and development expense, net.
Research and development expenses were $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, including $83,000 of non-cash stock-based
compensation, compared to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, including $26,000 of non-cash stock-based compensation.
Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased as we grew our R&D activities and expanded
our pipeline.
Royalty bearing grants from the
Office
of the Chief Scientist at the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor of the State of Israel, or the OCS,
for funding approved
research and development projects are presented as a reduction from the research and development expenses. We received grants in
an amount of $206,000 and $153,000, for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
Marketing and business development expenses.
Marketing and business development expenses were $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, including $191,000 of non-cash
stock-based compensation, as compared to $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, including $326,000 of non-cash stock-based
compensation. This increase resulted primarily from increased advertising and marketing activities and further investments in our
commercial infrastructure.
General
and administrative expenses.
General and administrative expenses were $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, including
$603,000 of non-cash stock-based compensation, as compared to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, including $182,000
of non-cash stock-based compensation. This increase is a result of increased corporate activities due to the growth and expansion
of the
business.
Financial expenses (income), net
.
Net financial income was $177,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to a net financial expense of $2.4 million for
the year ended December 31, 2012. Financial income for 2013 consisted primarily of interest from bank deposits and revaluation
of warrants related to share purchase agreements. Financial expenses for 2012 primarily consisted of the change in fair value of
the embedded conversion feature of $1.5 million and interest of $288,000 related to the $1.75 million convertible debenture, which
was repaid in June 2012, as well as the revaluation of warrants related to share purchase agreements of $635,000.
Years Ended December 31, 2012 and
2011 - Continuing Operations
Revenues.
In the years ended December
31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, we recognized $201,000 and $103,000, respectively, as revenues from continuing operations. This
increase resulted primarily from our increased commercial activities and investments in our commercial infrastructure.
Cost of revenues.
Cost of revenues
were $258,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012, including $15,000 of non-cash stock-based compensation, compared to $324,000
for the year ended December 31, 2011, which included $19,000 of non-cash stock-based compensation. This decrease resulted primarily
from a decrease in depreciation expense attributable to lab equipment as well as an overall decrease in travel, office, and maintenance
expenditures related to cost-cutting initiatives.
Research and development expense, net.
Research and development expenses were $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, including $26,000 of non-cash stock-based
compensation, compared to $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, including $180,000 of non-cash stock-based compensation.
Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2012 were reduced significantly as a result of our restructuring
efforts during 2011.
Royalty bearing grants from the
Office
of the Chief Scientist at the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor of the State of Israel, or the OCS,
for funding approved
research and development projects are presented as a reduction from the research and development expenses. We received grants in
an amount of $165,000 and $206,000, for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
Marketing and business development expenses.
Marketing and business development expenses were $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, including $326,000 of non-cash
stock-based compensation, as compared to $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, including $266,000 of non-cash stock-based
compensation. This increase resulted primarily from increased commercial activities and investments in our commercial infrastructure.
General and administrative expenses.
General and administrative expenses were $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, including $182,000 of non-cash stock-based
compensation, as compared to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, including $138,000 of non-cash stock-based compensation.
This increase is a result of increased corporate activities due to the growth and expansion of the business.
Financial expenses (income), net
.
Net financial loss was $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, as compared to a net financial income of $1.4 million
for the year ended December 31, 2011. Financial expenses for 2012 primarily consisted of the change in fair value of the
embedded conversion feature of $1.5 million and interest of $288,000 related to the $1.75 million convertible debenture which was
repaid in June 2012, as well as the revaluation of warrants related to share purchase agreements of $635,000. Financial income
for 2011 included $1.6 million for revaluation of warrants related to share purchase agreements which was partially offset by $251,000
expenses related to issuance cost derived from warrants related to share purchase agreements.
Years Ended December 31, 2013, 2012
and 2011 - Discontinuing Operations
According to ASC 360, "Property, Plant,
and Equipment" / ASC 205, "Presentation of Financial Statements" when a component of an entity, as defined in ASC
360, has been disposed of, the results of its operations, including the gain or loss on its disposal should be classified as discontinued
operations when the operations and cash flows of the component have been eliminated from the company's consolidated operations
and the company will no longer have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the component.
Since Rosetta Green was consolidated prior
to the disposal it met the criteria for reporting as discontinued operations and, therefore, the results of operations of the business
and the loss on the sale have been classified as discontinued operations loss in the statement of comprehensive loss and prior
periods results have been reclassified accordingly. In addition, the comparative data of the assets and liabilities have been reclassified
as assets and liabilities attributed to discontinued operations in the balance sheets as described in more detail in Note 2i to
our Consolidated Financial Statements.
The sale of Parkway met the criteria for reporting as discontinued operations and, therefore, the results of operations of the
business and the loss on the sale have been classified as discontinued operations in the statement of operations and prior periods
results have been reclassified accordingly. In addition, the comparative data of the assets and liabilities have been reclassified
as assets and liabilities attributed to discontinued operations in the balance sheets.
B. LIQUIDITY
AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Since our inception, we have generated
significant losses and expect to continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2013, we had an accumulated
deficit of $108.4 million. We have funded our operations primarily through the proceeds from the sales of our equity and debt securities.
As of December 31, 2013, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term bank deposit of $24.5 million, compared to $30.9 million
as of December 31, 2012.
The total aggregate
amount of debt and equity capital that was raised from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2013 was $4.95 million.
Cash Flows
Net cash used in operating activities.
Net cash used in operating activities from continuing operations was $11.2 million in 2013, compared to $8.6 million in 2012, and
$10.0 million in 2011. These amounts were used to fund our commercial, corporate, and R&D activities for these periods, adjusted
for non-cash expenses and changes in operating assets and liabilities. Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from
discontinued operations for the years ended 2013, 2012 and 2011 were $625,000, $30,000, and $(1.2 million), respectively.
Net cash provided by (used in) investing
activities.
Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations was $8.2 million in 2013, compared to $225,000
in 2012 and net cash provided by investing activities from continuing operations of $1.2 million in 2011. Net cash used in investing
activities during 2013 primarily relates to deposit of bank. Net cash used in investing activities during 2012 primarily relates
to the purchase of property and equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities in 2011 is primarily from the sales net of
purchases of marketable securities, net of purchase of property and equipment and the sale of Rosetta Green shares. Net cash used
in investing activities from discontinued operations in 2013 and 2012 was $0, and $3.7 million in 2011
Net cash provided by financing activities.
Net cash provided by financing activities from continuing operations was $4.7 million in 2013, compared to $38.9 million in
2012 and $9.6 million in 2011. In 2013 and 2012, net cash provided by financing activities consisted primarily of proceeds from
the issuance of shares and warrants. In 2011, net cash provided by financing activities consisted of proceeds from the issuance
of shares. Net cash provided by financing activities from discontinued operations in 2013 and 2012 was $0, compared to $2.2 million
in 2011.
Funding Requirements
We expect to incur continuing and increasing
losses from operations for at least the next several years. In particular, we expect to incur significant marketing and business
development expenses, research and development expenses, and general and administrative expenses in the future as we expand our
operations and product development efforts and continue operating as a public company. We believe that our existing cash, cash
equivalents, short term bank deposits, and potential future revenue will be sufficient to fund our operations through late 2015.
However, our funding requirements may change and will depend upon numerous factors, including but not limited to:
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•
|
the timing, receipt and amount of sales of our products;
|
|
•
|
progress in our research and development programs;
|
|
•
|
the resources, time and costs required to initiate and complete development and any required preclinical
studies and clinical trials, and obtain regulatory approvals for our products;
|
|
•
|
the timing, receipt, and amount of milestone, royalty and other payments from present and future
collaborators, if any; and
|
|
•
|
costs necessary to protect our intellectual property.
|
We will require substantial additional
funding and expect to augment our cash balance through financing transactions, including the issuance of debt or equity securities
and further strategic collaborations. On December 7, 2012, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form F-3 with the SEC for
the issuance of ordinary shares, various series of debt securities and/or warrants to purchase any of such securities, either individually
or in units, with a total value of up to $75 million, from time to time at prices and on terms to be determined at the time of
such offerings. The filing was declared effective on December 19, 2012. As of the time of the filing of this Annual Report on Form
20-F, we had sold through the Cantor Sales Agreement an aggregate of 1,559,537 of our ordinary shares for gross proceeds of $5.9
million under this shelf registration statement, leaving an aggregate of approximately $69.1 million of securities available for
sale. If we need additional funding, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain adequate levels of additional funding
on favorable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are needed and not available, we may be required to:
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•
|
delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate certain research and development programs;
|
|
•
|
obtain funds through arrangements with collaborators or others on terms unfavorable to us or that
may require us to relinquish rights to certain technologies or products that we might otherwise seek to develop or commercialize
independently;
|
|
•
|
monetizing certain of our assets;
|
|
•
|
pursue merger or acquisition strategies; or
|
|
•
|
seek protection under the bankruptcy laws of Israel and the United States.
|
|
C.
|
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES, ETC.
|
Our research and development expenditures
were $1.7 million, $1.2 million and $3.4 million in the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. See also “Item
5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Financial Operations Overview - Research and Development Expenses.”
See “Item 5. Operating and Financial
Review and Prospects.”
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E.
|
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
|
We are not party to any material off-balance-sheet
arrangements.
|
F.
|
TABULAR DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
|
Set forth below is a description of our
contractual cash obligations as of December 31, 2013. Operating and capital lease obligations consist of rent payable under our
existing facility leases and lease payments for company automobiles and equipment. Other long-term obligations consist of cash
obligations under various license agreements.
(In thousands)
|
|
Total
|
|
|
2014
|
|
|
2015
|
|
|
2016
|
|
|
2017
|
|
|
2018
|
|
|
Thereafter
|
|
Operating and capital lease obligations
|
|
$
|
2,401
|
|
|
$
|
539
|
|
|
$
|
535
|
|
|
$
|
508
|
|
|
$
|
482
|
|
|
$
|
337
|
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
Other long-term liabilities
|
|
$
|
2,188
|
|
|
$
|
162
|
|
|
$
|
162
|
|
|
$
|
162
|
|
|
$
|
162
|
|
|
$
|
162
|
|
|
$
|
1,378
|
|
Under our license agreements as of December
31, 2013, we are obligated to pay an aggregate amount of approximately $162,000 annually after 2018 and until 2022, $100,000 annually
after 2022 and until 2029 and $10,000 annually after 2029 and until 2032. Each of these agreements terminates upon the expiration
of all patents relating to such agreement, including patents to be filed and potentially issued at an indeterminable date in the
future, and, thus, such termination dates cannot be determined at this time. Accordingly, we are also unable to determine the aggregate
amount of such payments due after 2018 at this time. However, based on current facts and circumstances, we estimate that our obligations
under these agreements will be through at least 2032. See “Item 4. Information on the Company” for more information
on our contractual obligations.
ITEM 6. DIRECTORS,
SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES
A. DIRECTORS
AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT
The following table sets forth information
regarding our corporate and executive officers and directors:
Name
|
|
Age
|
|
Position
|
Kenneth A. Berlin
|
|
49
|
|
Chief Executive Officer and President
|
Ron Kalfus
|
|
39
|
|
Chief Financial Officer
|
Dganit Bar, Ph.D.
|
|
45
|
|
Chief Scientific Officer
|
E. Robert Wassman, M.D.
|
|
63
|
|
Chief Medical Officer
|
Oded Biran
|
|
35
|
|
Chief Legal Officer
|
Eti Meiri, Ph.D.
|
|
45
|
|
Vice President, Research
|
Brian Markison (3)
|
|
54
|
|
Chairman of the Board of Directors
|
Roy N. Davis (4)
|
|
67
|
|
Director
|
Yitzhak Peterburg, M.D., Ph.D. (3) (4)
|
|
63
|
|
Director
|
Joshua Rosensweig, Ph.D. (2)
(3)
|
|
61
|
|
Director
|
Dr. David Sidransky, M.D. (1) (4)
|
|
53
|
|
Director
|
Gerald Dogon (1)(2)
|
|
74
|
|
External Director
|
Tali Yaron-Eldar (1)(2)
|
|
50
|
|
External Director
|
(1) Member of
our Audit Committee
(2) Member of
our Compensation Committee
(3) Member of
our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
(4) Member of
our Research and Development Committee
Kenneth A. Berlin
joined us in November
2009 as our President and Chief Executive Officer. He was later appointed by our shareholders in December 2009 as a member of our
board of directors, and resigned as a director in March 2011. Prior to joining us, Mr. Berlin, served as Worldwide General Manager
at cellular and molecular cancer diagnostics developer Veridex, LLC, a Johnson & Johnson company. Under his leadership the
organization grew to over 100 employees, and he spearheaded the launch of three cancer diagnostic products, the acquisition of
its cellular diagnostics partner, and delivered significant growth in sales as Veridex transitioned from a research and development
entity to a commercial provider of oncology diagnostic products and services. During Mr. Berlin’s tenure, Veridex received
numerous awards including recognition from the Cleveland Clinic and Prix Galien for the use of its innovative CellSearch® technology
in the fight against cancer. Mr. Berlin joined Johnson & Johnson in 1994 and served as corporate counsel for six years. He
then held positions of increasing responsibility within Johnson & Johnson and a number of its subsidiary companies. From 2001
until 2004, he served as Vice President, licensing and new business development in the pharmaceuticals group, and from 2004 until
2007 was Worldwide Vice President, franchise development, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics. Mr. Berlin holds an A.B. degree from Princeton
University and a J.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles School of Law.
Ron Kalfus
joined us in May 2012
as our Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining Rosetta, Mr. Kalfus served as the Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of MabCure
Inc., a publicly-traded biotechnology startup company in the field of early cancer detection using antibodies, from 2008 to 2012.
From 2003 to 2007, Mr. Kalfus held various positions with Toys “R” Us, Inc., being responsible for the company’s
financial reporting to the Securities and Exchange Commission and being responsible for the Toys “R” Us division’s
annual budget. Prior to joining Toys “R” Us, Inc., Mr. Kalfus worked as an auditor for two large public accounting
firms, specializing in audits of medium-sized enterprises as well as public companies. Mr. Kalfus holds an MSc in Accounting from
Fairleigh Dickinson University and a BBA in Finance from the University of Georgia.
Dganit Bar, Ph.D
. joined us in October
2012, as our Chief Scientific Officer. Dr. Bar joined Rosetta with more than 10 years of experience in drug development. Prior
to joining Rosetta, from 2004 to 2012 she served in various positions, including Executive Director Science & Technology at
BioLineRx, Ltd, a biopharmaceutical company, where she led the development and out-licensing of several drug candidates spanning
different therapeutic areas, including oncology, cardiovascular and CNS. From 2000 to 2004 Dr. Bar was with QBI Enterprises, Ltd,
where she held several positions including Head of Cancer Research working on the company’s oncology pipeline. Dr. Bar received
her B.Sc. in Life Science from The Hebrew University, Jerusalem. She holds a M.Sc. in Biotechnology and a Ph.D. in Biotechnology
Engineering from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
E. Robert Wassman, M.D
. joined us
in October 2012, as our Chief Medical Officer. Dr. Wassman joined Rosetta with more than 30 years of experience in genetics-based
diagnostics. Prior to joining Rosetta, he served in various positions focused on advancing the translation and delivery of cutting-edge
diagnostic technology into clinical service, including Chief Medical and Chief Genomics Officer at Generation Health; SVP/CMO of
Helicos BioSciences; Co-Founder and CMO of Good Start Genetics, and President/CMO of Celula, Inc. Prior to leading these start-up
ventures, he was the Vice President and National Medical Director of Genzyme Genetics after helping lead Alfigen/The Genetics Institute
for many years. In addition he has served as a consultant to numerous companies introducing other key innovations to the market.
Dr. Wassman received his B.S. from Yale University, and his M.D. from Albany Medical College. He took post-graduate training in
Pediatrics and Medical Genetics at NY Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center and UCLA respectively, and is Board certified
in these disciplines.
Oded Biran, Adv
. has served as our
Chief Legal Officer (formerly titled General Counsel), since November 2011. Mr. Biran was an independent attorney between the years
2010-2011, after previously working for us as legal counsel between June and November 2010. Prior to that, Mr. Biran was an associate
in the law offices of Sharon Raviv and Co., a boutique law firm specializing in technology and communications, between December
2009 and June 2010. During the years of 2008 and 2009, Mr. Biran was an associate in Raved Magriso, Benkel, Lahav and Co., where
he practiced in the corporate and securities department, specializing in corporate, technology, IP and complex mergers and acquisitions
transactions. During 2006-2007, Mr. Biran was an associate at Gabriel Reubinoff and Co.’s Tel Aviv office where he co-headed
the firm’s class action department, prior to which he was an associate in the firms' Jerusalem office. Mr. Biran holds a
L.L.B degree from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and is a member of the Israeli Bar Association.
Eti Meiri, Ph.D.
has served as our
Vice President, Research since May 2012. She previously served as our Senior Scientist, Molecular Biology since 2003. She has been
contributing to our science and was extremely instrumental in all of the R&D activities throughout the years. Her contributions
included the development of our microRNA array platform as well as the development of RNA extraction protocols suitable for microRNA
extraction from clinical samples. Prior to joining us, from 2001 to 2002, Dr. Meiri served as Senior Scientist in ViroGene Ltd.
She is the author of 20 papers published in peer reviewed journals. Dr. Meiri earned her Ph.D. from the Department of Plant Sciences
in the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, her M.Sc. from The Hebrew university of Jerusalem, and her B.Sc. from the Faculty
of life sciences, in Tel Aviv University.
Brian Markison
has served as a member
of our board of directors since March 2011. Mr. Markison was appointed by our board of directors to fill the vacancy created by
the resignation of Mr. Berlin. Mr. Markison’s appointment was approved by the general meeting dated July 6, 2011. Mr. Markison
was appointed as chairman of the board on April 12, 2011. Mr. Markison is a healthcare Industry Executive at Avista Capital Partners
since September 2012, prior to which he served as President, Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of
Fougera Pharmaceuticals Inc., from July 2011, until it was sold to the generics division of Novartis in July 2012. Previously,
he had been with King Pharmaceuticals since 2004 and led the company through its acquisition by Pfizer for $3.6 billion in 2010.
Previously Mr. Markison was with Bristol-Myers Squibb from 1982 to 2004, where he served in various commercial and executive positions
rising from an oncology sales representative to become President, BMS Oncology/Virology and Oncology Therapeutics Network. Mr.
Markison serves on the board of directors of Immunomedics, Inc., PharmAthene Inc., Lantheus Medical Imaging and Alere Inc, and
is the excutive Chairman of Trigen/Vertical. He also serves on the board of directors for the Komen Foundation, the College of
New Jersey. Mr. Markison received a B.S. from Iona College in New Rochelle, New York.
Roy N. Davis
has served as a member
of our board of directors since June 2012. Mr. Davis joined Johnson & Johnson (J&J) in 1984, where he moved through leadership
positions of increasing responsibility in the organization in the U.S., Europe and Asia for 27 years prior to his retirement in
January 2012. Most recently, from January 2008 through January 2012 Mr. Davis was President, J&J Development Corporation, J&J’s
wholly owned venture group, and Vice President of Corporate Development for all of J&J. In these roles Mr. Davis was responsible
for acquisition and licensing in areas outside of current J&J business sectors, venture capital investing on behalf of J&J
and management of J&J’s wholly owned ventures. These efforts focused on developing new companies for J&J that offer
transformational health care solutions. From 2003 to 2007, Mr. Davis held the positions of Company Group Chairman, J&J and
Worldwide Franchise Chairman, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics with responsibilities for Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Inc., Veridex LLC
and Therakos, Inc. Mr. Davis received a Bachelor of Science from the State University of New York and a Master of Science from
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He currently is a member of the Innovations Advisory Board for the Cleveland Clinic, the Advisory
Board for the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine and in March 2012 was named to the Board of Directors of Innosight,
an innovation consulting firm.
Dr. Yitzhak Peterburg
has served
as a member of our board of directors since December 2012. He currently serves on the Board of Directors of TEVA Pharmaceuticals,
prior to which he served as TEVA’s Senior Vice President, Head of Global Branded Products, prior to which he served on the
board of TEVA. Prior to his positions with TEVA, Dr. Peterburg was President and CEO of Cellcom, one of Israel’s leading
cellular companies. Between the years of 1990 to 2002, Dr. Peterburg was with Clalit Health Services, a non-governmental, not-for-profit
organization that provides comprehensive health services to more than 55% of the Israeli population. From 1997 to 2002 he served
as General Manager (CEO) for Clalit Health Services and from 1990 to 1997 he held a series of senior executive positions including
Head, Health Policy Division and Chief Information Officer, Medical Division. Among his many positions at Clalit, from 1995-1997,
Dr. Peterburg served as CEO of Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheba, Israel, one of the biggest university hospitals in
Israel. Dr. Peterburg received an M.D. from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and holds a Ph.D. in health services administration
from the Columbia University School of Public Health in New York and a master’s degree in information systems from the London
School of Economics.
Joshua Rosensweig
has served as
a member of our board of directors since May 2004. Since November 2010, he has served as a member of the board of directors of
Bezeq Israel Telecommunication Corp. Ltd.
(Israel’s leading communications group) and of Alrov Real Estate and Hotels
Ltd., a publicly-traded property development company. From September 2003 to September 2006, Dr. Rosensweig served as the Chairman
of the Board of Directors of the First International Bank of Israel. From 1998 to July 2005, Dr. Rosensweig was a senior partner
at Gornitzky and Co., a law firm where he specialized in international transactions and taxation. Dr. Rosensweig lectured at Bar-Ilan
University, Law School from 1980 to 1995 and at Tel Aviv University, School of Business from 1983 to 1995. Dr. Rosensweig received
his J.S.D. (International Taxation), and LL.M. (Taxation) from New York University Law School. Dr. Rosensweig is currently a partner
at the law firm of Rosensweig & Aviram, Attorneys.
David Sidransky, M.D.
, has served
as a member of our board of directors since December 22, 2009. Dr. Sidransky is a renowned oncologist and research scientist
named and profiled by TIME magazine in 2001 as one of the top physicians and scientists in America, recognized for his work with
early detection of cancer. He serves as the Director of the Head and Neck Cancer Research Program at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive
Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University. He is a Professor of Oncology, Otolaryngology, Cellular & Molecular Medicine,
Urology, Genetics, and Pathology at John Hopkins University and Hospital. Dr. Sidransky has written over 450 peer-reviewed
publications, and has contributed to more than 60 cancer reviews and chapters. Dr. Sidransky is a founder of a number
of biotechnology companies and holds numerous biotechnology patents. He has been the recipient of many awards and honors,
including the 1997 Sarstedt International prize from the German Society of Clinical Chemistry, 1998 Alton Ochsner Award
Relating Smoking and Health by the American College of Chest Physicians and the 2004 Hinda Rosenthal Award presented by the
American Association of Cancer Research. Dr. Sidransky has served as Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of ImClone.
He is Chairman of the Board of Champions Oncology and Tamir Biotechnology and is on the Board of Directors of Immune
Pharmaceuticals, Celsus, and Advaxis. He is serving and has served on scientific advisory boards of corporations
and institutions, including Amgen, MedImmune, Roche and Veridex, LLC (a Johnson & Johnson diagnostic company), among others.
In Addition, Dr. Sidransky served as Director of American Association for Cancer Research from 2005 to 2008. Dr. Sidransky
received his B.A. from Brandeis University and his M.D. from the Baylor College of Medicine.
Gerald Dogon
has served
as a member of our board of directors since February 2007. From December 2004 to December 2006, Mr. Dogon served as a director
and a member of the audit, investment and nomination committees of Scailex Corporation (previously Scitex Corporation). From October
2005 until it was acquired by PMC-Sierra, Inc. in May 2006, he served as a member of the board of directors of Passave, Inc., a
semiconductor company. From 1999 to 2000, he served as a director and as chairman of the audit committee of Nogatech, Inc. Mr.
Dogon has also served as a member of the board of directors of Fundtech Ltd. and was a member of its audit and nominating committees.
From 1994 to 1998, Mr. Dogon served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of DSPC Inc., and in addition, from
November 1997 until December 1999, as a member of its board of directors. Mr. Dogon holds a B.A. in Economics from the University
of Cape Town.
Tali Yaron-Eldar
has served as a
member of our board of directors since February 2007. From January 2013, Ms. Yaron-Eldar has served as a partner and founder of
Yetax law offices. Between March 2007 and December 2012, Ms. Yaron-Eldar had been a partner with the law firm of Tadmor & Co.
From January 2004 to March 2007, she was a partner at the law firm of Cohen, Yaron-Eldar & Co. From January 2004 to January
2008, Ms. Yaron-Eldar served as the Chief Executive Officer of Arazim Investment Company. She has also served in a variety of public
positions, including as the Chief Legal Advisor of the Customs and V.A.T department of the Finance Ministry of the State of Israel
from 1998 to 2001 and as the Commissioner of Income Tax and Real Property Tax Authority of the State of Israel from 2002 to 2004.
Ms. Yaron-Eldar holds an M.B.A. specializing in finance and an LL.M. from Tel Aviv University and is a member of the Israeli Bar
Association.
Compensation-Related Requirements
of the Israeli Companies Law
Prior to amendment 20 to the Israeli Companies
Law, 1999 (the “Israeli Companies Law”) that came into effect on December 12, 2012 (“Amendment 20”), the
compensation of our office holders required the approval of our audit committee and our Board of Directors, in that order. In addition,
all compensation awarded to directors, also required the approval of our shareholders by a simple majority. The term “office
holder,” as defined in the Israeli Companies Law, includes directors, the chief executive officer, other executive officers
and any other manager directly subordinate to the chief executive officer. Following Amendment 20, we were required to form a Compensation
Committee, whose members needed to comply with certain criteria, as well as to adopt a compensation policy regarding the compensation
terms of our office holders, which included direct and indirect compensation, including equity-based awards, releases from liability,
indemnification and insurance, severance and other benefits (“Compensation Terms”). Our Compensation Policy for Executive
Officers and Directors (the “Compensation Policy”) was approved by our shareholders at the 2013 annual general meeting
of shareholders, held on August 5, 2013, following the favorable recommendation of the Compensation Committee and approval by the
Board of Directors, and took effect thereafter.
Our Compensation Policy is designed to
encourage pay for performance and align our executive officers’ interests with those of the Company and our shareholders.
Its structure allows us to provide meaningful incentives that reflect both our short and long-term goals and performance, as well
as the executive officer’s individual performance and impact on shareholder value, while providing compensation that is competitive
in the global marketplace in which we recruit talent and providing for measures designed to reduce incentives to take excessive
risks.
Pursuant to Amendment 20, any arrangement
between the Company and its office holders must be consistent with the Compensation Policy. However, under certain circumstances,
the Company may approve an arrangement that is not consistent with the Compensation Policy, if such arrangement is approved by
a majority of the Company’s shareholders, provided that (i) such majority includes a majority of the votes cast by shareholders
who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the matter, present and voting (abstentions are
disregarded), or (ii) the votes cast by shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest
in the matter who were present and voted against the arrangement constitute two percent or less of the voting power of the company.
In addition, pursuant to Amendment 20,
the Compensation Terms of our office holders require the approval of the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors. The
Compensation Terms of directors (including those of a chief executive officer who is a director) further require the approval of
the shareholders by a simple majority; with respect to a chief executive officer who is not a director, the approval of our shareholders
by the special majority mentioned above is also required. Under certain circumstances, if the Compensation Terms of office holders
who are not directors are not approved by the shareholders, the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors may nonetheless
approve such terms. In addition, amendment of existing Compensation Terms of office holders who are not directors requires the
approval of the Compensation Committee only, if the Compensation Committee determines that the amendment is not material.
Executive Officers’ Remuneration
The aggregate direct compensation we paid
to our corporate and executive officers as a group (6 persons) as of the year ended December 31, 2013) was approximately $1.5 million
of which approximately $38,000 was set aside or accrued to provide for pension, retirement, severance or similar benefits. These
amounts do not include expenses we incurred for other payments, including dues for professional and business associations, business
travel and other expenses, and other benefits commonly reimbursed or paid by companies in Israel.
In 2013, we paid bonuses to certain of
our executive officers in an aggregate amount of $77,000 for performance during the year. Other employee’s bonuses for service
in 2013 had not yet been determined or awarded. During 2013, we granted to our executive officers:
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Options to purchase an aggregate amount of 178,324 ordinary shares, at an exercise price of $3.41
per share with an expiration date of August 5, 2023, of which 11,145 were vested as of December 31, 2013.
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Directors’ Remuneration
Under the directors’ compensation
package approved by our board of directors and shareholders (at its meeting held on July 12, 2006), as of our initial public offering,
(i) each member of the board of directors was entitled to receive an annual fee of $10,000, payable in equal quarterly installments
(ii) each member of our board of directors, other than the external directors, who served on board committees received an additional
annual fee of $10,000, payable in equal quarterly installments. On October 12, 2012, our shareholders approved the following remuneration
to our directors who are not external directors: (i) the chairman of our board is entitled to (a) an annual fee of $25,000, (b)
an annual fee of $10,000 for every committee on which he serves, and (c) a participation fee of $250 for attendance of every meeting
of the board or of a committee on which he serves and (ii) all other directors who are not external directors are entitled to (a)
an annual fee of $20,000, (b) an annual fee of $7,500 for every committee on which such director serves, and (c) a participation
fee of $250 for attendance of every meeting of the board or of a committee on which such director serves. On August 5, 2013, our
shareholders approved an amendment to the compensation of our directors, so that the annual fee and the participation fee paid
to each of the Company’s directors, shall not be less than the minimal annual fee and participation fee applying with respect
to our external directors under the prevailing laws and regulations, which vary based on the company’s equity
The Companies Law and the regulations promulgated
pursuant thereto governing the terms of compensation payable to external directors require that external directors receive annual
payment as well as payment for participation in meetings as set forth in the regulations, and further provides that such remuneration
may generally be determined relative to that of “other directors” (as such term is defined in the Companies Law). Our
Compensation committee, Board and shareholders, in their meeting held on August 5, 2013 approved that the external directors of
the Company shall receive remuneration that is equal to the remuneration paid to the “other directors” (as such term
is defined in the Companies Law).
In addition, it was resolved that, in the
event that during their term as external directors we increase the remuneration payable, whether by way of annual compensation
or on a per meeting basis, to any “other directors”, each external director will be entitled, to receive additional
remuneration, if necessary, so that his or her annual compensation and/or compensation for participation in meetings, as the case
may be, will be equivalent to the average compensation payable to such “other directors” as annual compensation or
as compensation for participation in meetings, respectively.
We paid an aggregate of $275,000 in direct
compensation to our directors for their services as directors for the year ended December 31, 2013, including $56 paid in 2014
for service during the fourth quarter of 2013.
As of December 31, 2013, there were outstanding
options to purchase 518,047 ordinary shares that were granted to our 13 directors and officers, at a weighted average exercise
price of $7.89 per share.
In addition, during 2013, our shareholders
meeting approved the granting of 40,000 Restricted Share Units (“RSUs”) to directors. The RSU’s were granted
during 2013 and will vest one year after the grant date.
We are incorporated in Israel, and, therefore,
subject to various corporate governance practices under Israeli law relating to such matters as external directors, independent
directors, the audit committee, the compensation committee, independent auditor and the internal auditor. These matters are in
addition to the requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market and other relevant provisions of U.S. securities laws. Under The NASDAQ
Capital Market rules, a foreign private issuer may generally follow its home country rules of corporate governance in lieu of the
comparable NASDAQ Capital Market requirements, except for certain matters such as composition and responsibilities of the audit
committee and the independence of its members. For U.S. domestic companies, NASDAQ Capital Market rules specify that the board
of directors must contain a majority of independent directors within 12 months of its initial public offering. We currently comply
with this requirement as well as the committee composition and responsibility requirements with respect to our committees. In addition,
under the Companies Law, we are required to appoint at least two external directors. Gerald Dogon and Tali Yaron-Eldar were appointed
as our external directors, each of whom is also independent under the rules of The NASDAQ Capital Market. Mr. Dogon and Ms. Yaron-Eldar
were re-elected as external directors by a general meeting on August 5, 2013 for three-year terms that expire on August 4, 2016.
Board of Directors
Our board of directors currently consists
of seven directors, including two external directors. Our directors, apart from the external directors, are elected at an annual
meeting or an extraordinary meeting, as stated in our Articles of Association (the “Articles”) by a vote of the holders
of a majority of the voting power represented at a meeting of our shareholders and voting on the election of directors. The Articles
provide that we may have no less than two and no more than 11 directors.
In accordance with our Articles, our board
of directors, apart from our external directors, is divided into three classes of directors, with one class being elected each
year for a term of approximately three years. At each annual general meeting of shareholders, the successors to directors whose
term then expires will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting of shareholders
following election. Our directors are divided among the three classes as follows:
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the Class I directors are Brian A. Markison and Dr. Yitzhak Peterburg, and their terms expire at
the annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2014;
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the Class II directors are Dr. David Sidransky and Dr. Joshua Rosensweig, and their terms expire
at the annual general meeting of shareholders to be held in 2015; and
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the Class III director is Roy N. Davis, and his term expires at the annual general meeting of shareholders
to be held in 2016.
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In accordance with our Articles, the approval
of at least 75% of the voting rights represented at a general meeting is generally required to remove any of our directors from
office, elect directors in their stead or fill any vacancy created in our board of directors. In addition, in case of vacancies
on the board of directors may generally continue to act in every matter and may appoint directors to temporarily fill any such
vacancy. See “—External Directors” below for a description of the procedure for election of external directors.
In addition, our two external directors,
Gerald Dogon and Tali Yaron-Eldar, were re-elected on August 5, 2013 for three-year terms that expire on August 4, 2016. See “External
Directors” below.
Any additional directorships resulting
from an increase in the number of directors will be distributed among the three classes so that, as nearly as possible, each class
will consist of one-third of the directors. For that matter, external directors are excluded.
Our Articles provide, as allowed by Israeli
law, that any director may, by written notice to us, appoint another person to serve as an alternate director (subject to the consent
of the board of directors) and may cancel such appointment. Unless the appointing director limits such appointment to a specified
period of time or restricts it to a specified meeting or action of the board of directors, or otherwise restricts its scope, the
appointment shall be for all purposes and for a period of time concurrent with the term of the appointing director. Currently,
no alternate directors have been appointed. The Companies Law stipulates that a person not qualified to be appointed as a director,
shall not be appointed and shall not serve as alternate director. In addition, a person who serves as a director shall not be appointed
and shall not serve as an alternate director except under very limited circumstances, which are not relevant to our company. An
alternate director has the same responsibilities as a director. Under the Companies Law, and our Articles, a director that is a
member of a committee of the board of directors, may appoint as his alternate director on such committee of the board of directors
another member of the board of directors, provided that such director is not already a member of such committee, and provided that
if such person is appointed as an alternate director for an external director, such alternate director shall have the same accounting
and financial expertise or other professional expertise as possessed by the appointing director. In addition, an independent director
cannot appoint as his alternate director a person who is not qualified to be appointed as an independent director.
External Directors
Qualifications of External Directors
Companies incorporated under the laws of
the State of Israel whose shares are listed on a stock exchange, including The NASDAQ Capital Market, are required to appoint at
least two natural persons as “external directors”. We have appointed Gerald Dogon and Tali Yaron-Eldar, who qualify
as external directors under the Companies Law. Our external directors were re-elected on August 5, 2013 for three-year terms that
expire on August 4, 2016. The Companies Law provides that no person may be appointed as an external director if such person is
a controlling shareholder or a relative of a controlling shareholder, or if such person, a relative, partner or employer of such
person, or anyone to whom such person is directly or indirectly subordinate, or any entity under such person’s control, has
or had, on or within the two years preceding the date of such person’s appointment to serve as an external director, any
affiliation to the company to whose board such external director is proposed to be appointed or any other entity (which its controlling
shareholder, on or within the two years preceding the date of such person’s appointment, is the said company or which its
controlling shareholder), with any controlling shareholder of the company, with a relative of such controlling shareholder, at
the date of appointment, or with any entity controlled by the company or by a controlling shareholder of the company, or, if the
company has no controlling shareholder or a shareholder holding 25% or more of the company’s voting rights, any affiliation,
at the time of the appointment, to the chairman of the board of directors, the chief executive officer, the most senior financial
officer of the company, or to a shareholder holding 5% or more of the outstanding shares or voting rights of the company. The term
“affiliation” includes:
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an employment relationship;
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a business or professional relationship maintained on a regular basis;
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service as an office holder, excluding service as a director in a private company prior to the
first offering of its shares to the public if such director was appointed as a director of the private company in order to serve
as an external director following the public offering.
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The term “office holder” is
defined in the Companies Law as a managing director, chief executive officer, executive vice president, vice president, any other
person fulfilling or assuming any of the foregoing positions without regard to such person’s title, as well as a director,
or a manager directly subordinate to the managing director.
In addition, no person may serve as an
external director if: (a) the person’s position or other business activities create, or may create, a conflict of interest
with the person’s duties as a director or may interfere with the person’s ability to serve as an external director;
(b) at the time such person serves as a non-external director of another company on whose board of directors a director of the
reciprocal company serves as an external director; (c) the person is an employee of the Israel Securities Authority or of an Israeli
stock exchange; (d) such person or such person’s relative, partner, employer or anyone to whom such person is directly or
indirectly subordinate, or any entity under such person’s control, has business or professional relations with any person
or entity he or she should not be affiliated with, as described above, even if such affiliation is not on a regular basis, unless
such relations are negligible; or (e) such person received compensation, directly or indirectly, in connection with such person’s
services as an external director, other than as permitted under the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder. If,
at the time of election of an external director, all other directors, who are not controlling shareholders of such company or their
relatives, are of the same gender, the external director to be elected must be of the other gender.
Under the Companies Law, a person may only
be appointed as an external director if he or she has professional qualifications or if he or she has accounting and financial
expertise, provided that at least one of the external directors must have accounting and financial expertise. However, according
to regulations promulgated pursuant to the Companies Law, which were amended on and effective as of January 2013, companies whose
shares are listed for trading on specified exchanges outside of Israel, including the NASDAQ Capital Market, may appoint external
directors who have professional qualifications only (and not accounting and financial expertise) provided that an existing member
of the board of directors has accounting and financial expertise and is considered as an independent director under the relevant
non-Israeli rules, relating to independence standards for audit committee membership. In addition, the board of directors of publicly
traded companies, such as us, are required to make a determination as to the minimum number of directors who must have financial
and accounting expertise in addition to the external director, based among other things, on the type and size of the company and
the scope and complexity of its operations, and subject to the number of directors that may be appointed by the company as set
forth in its articles of associations.
The conditions and criteria for possessing
accounting and financial expertise or professional qualifications were determined in regulations promulgated by the Israeli Minister
of Justice in consultation with the Israeli Securities Authority. The regulations mandate that a person is deemed to have “expertise
in finance and accounting” if his or her education, experience and qualifications provide him or her with expertise and understanding
in business matters, accounting and financial statements, in a way that allows him or her to understand, in depth, the company’s
financial statements and to encourage discussion about the manner in which the financial data is presented.
The company’s board of directors
must evaluate the proposed external director’s expertise in finance and accounting, by considering, among other things, his
or her education, experience and knowledge in the following: (i) accounting and auditing issues typical to the field in which the
company operates and to companies of a size and complexity similar to such company; (ii) a company’s external public accountant’s
duties and obligations; and (iii) preparing company financial statements and their approval in accordance with the Companies Law
and the Israeli Securities Law.
A director is deemed to be “professionally
qualified” if he or she meets any of the following criteria: (i) has an academic degree in any of the following professions:
economics, business administration, accounting, law or public administration; (ii) has a different academic degree or has completed
higher education in a field that is the company’s main field of operations, or a field relevant to his or her position; or
(iii) has at least five years of experience in any of the following, or has a total of five years of experience in at least two
of the following: (A) a senior position in the business management of a corporation with significant operations, (B) a senior public
position or a senior position in public service, or (C) a senior position in the company’s main field of operations. The
board of directors here too must evaluate the proposed external director’s “professional qualification” in accordance
with the criteria set forth above.
The board of directors has determined that
other than one external director no other directors are required to have financial and accounting expertise. Our board of directors
further determined that our external director, Mr. Dogon, possesses the requisite financial and accounting expertise and that both
of our external directors possess the requisite professional qualifications.
Following termination of service as an
external director, a public company, a controlling shareholder thereof and any entity controlled by a controlling shareholder,
may not grant any benefit, directly or indirectly, to any person who served as an external director of such public company, or
to his or her spouse or child, including, not appointing such person, or his or her spouse or child, as an office holder of such
public company or of an entity controlled by a controlling shareholder of such public company, not employing such person and not
receiving professional services for pay from such person, either directly or indirectly, including through a corporation controlled
by such person, or his or her relative, all until the lapse of two years from termination of office with respect to the external
director, his or her spouse or child and until the lapse of one year from termination of office with respect to other relatives
besides spouse or child of the former external director.
Election of External Directors
External directors are elected at the general
meeting of shareholders by a simple majority, provided that:
|
•
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the majority includes at least a majority of the shares of shareholders who are not controlling
shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the matter (other than a personal interest which is not the result of an
affiliation with a controlling shareholder), who are present and voted on the matter of the election of the external director (disregarding
abstentions); or
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|
•
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the non-controlling shareholders or shareholders that do not have a personal interest in the matter
(other than a personal interest which is not the result of an affiliation with a controlling shareholder), who are present and
voted against the election of the external director hold two percent or less of the voting power of the company.
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External directors are elected for a term
of three years and may be re-elected to two additional terms of three years each, provided that with respect to the appointment
for each such additional three-year term, one of the following has occurred: (a) the reappointment of the external director has
been proposed by one or more shareholders holding together one percent or more of the aggregate voting rights in the company and
the appointment was approved at the general meeting of the shareholders by a simple majority, provided that: (i) in calculating
the majority, votes of controlling shareholders or shareholders having a personal interest in the appointment (other than a personal
interest which is not the result of an affiliation with a controlling shareholder) and abstentions are disregarded, and (ii) the
total number of shares of shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the appointment (other than a personal interest which
is not the result of an affiliation with a controlling shareholder) and/or who are not controlling shareholders, present and voting
in favor of the appointment exceed two percent of the aggregate voting rights in the company; or (b) the reappointment of the external
director has been proposed by the board of directors and the appointment was approved by the majority required for the initial
appointment of an external director.
However, under regulations promulgated
pursuant to the Companies Law, companies whose shares are listed for trading on specified exchanges outside of Israel, including
the NASDAQ Global Market, NASDAQ Global Select Market, and, as of January 14, 2013, the NASDAQ Capital Market, may elect external
directors for additional terms that do not exceed three years each, beyond the three three-year terms generally applicable, provided
that, if an external director is being re-elected for an additional term or terms beyond three three-year terms: (i) the audit
committee and board of directors must determine that, in light of the external director’s expertise and special contribution
to the board of directors and its committees, the reelection for an additional term is to the company’s benefit; (ii) the
external director must be re-elected by the required majority of shareholders and subject to the terms specified in the Companies
Law; and (iii) the term during which the nominee has served as an external director and the reasons given by the audit committee
and board of directors for extending his or her term of office must be presented to the shareholders at the shareholder’s
meeting prior to their approval.
An external director cannot be removed
from office unless: (i) the board of directors determines that the external director no longer meets the statutory requirements
for holding the office, or that the external director is in breach of his or her duty of loyalty to the company, and the shareholders
vote, by the same majority of shareholders as is required for his or her appointment, to remove the external director after the
external director has been given the opportunity to present his or her position; (ii) a court determines, upon a request of a director
or a shareholder, that the external director ceases to meet the statutory requirements for his or her appointment or that the external
director is in breach of his or her fiduciary duties to the company; or (iii) a court determines, upon a request of the company
or a director, shareholder or creditor of the company, that the external director is unable to fulfill his or her duty, or has
been convicted of specified crimes. If an external directorship becomes vacant and the number of external directors serving in
the company is less than two, then a company’s board of directors is required under the Companies Law to call a shareholders’
meeting immediately to appoint a new external director.
Each committee of a company’s board
of directors that has the right to exercise a power delegated by the board of directors cannot include any person who is not a
director, and is required to include at least one external director. The audit committee must consist of at least three members,
is required to include all of the external directors, and most of its members must be independent directors, as defined below.
In addition to the concept of “external”
directors, the Companies Law also includes the concept of ‘independent’ directors An independent director is either
an external director or a director appointed or classified as such who meets the same non-affiliation criteria as an external director,
as determined by the subject company’s audit committee, and who has not served as a director of the company for more than
nine consecutive years. For these purposes, ceasing to serve as a director for a period of two years or less would not be deemed
to sever the consecutive nature of such director’s service. An independent director may be removed from office in the same
manner that an external director may be removed.
Pursuant to the Companies Law, a public
company, such as us, may include in its articles of association a provision providing that a specified number of its directors
be independent directors or may adopt a standard provision providing that a majority of its directors be independent directors
or, if there is a controlling shareholder or a 25% or more shareholder, that at least one-third of its directors be independent
directors.
Regulations promulgated pursuant to the
Companies Law provide that a director in a company whose shares are listed for trading on specified exchanges outside of Israel,
including the NASDAQ Global Market NASDAQ Global Select Market and as of January 14, 2013,the NASDAQ Capital Market, who qualifies
as an independent director under the relevant non-Israeli rules relating to independence standards for audit committee membership
and who meets certain non-affiliation criteria, which are less stringent than those applicable to external directors, would be
deemed an “independent” director pursuant to the Companies Law provided he or she has not served as a director for
more than nine consecutive years. For these purposes, ceasing to serve as a director for a period of two years or less would not
be deemed to sever the consecutive nature of such director’s service. Furthermore, pursuant to these regulations, such company
may re-appoint a person as an independent director for additional terms, beyond nine years, which do not exceed three years each,
if the audit committee and the board of directors determine that in light of the independent director’s expertise and special
contribution to the board of directors and its committees, the re-appointment for an additional term is to the company’s
benefit.
Although the Company has not included such
a provision in its Articles, it believes that Brian A. Markison, Joshua Rosensweig, Gerald Dogon, Tali Yaron-Eldar, Roy Davis and
Yitzhak Peterburg could qualify as independent directors under the Companies Law. In addition, the Company believes that all of
its current directors qualify as ‘‘independent directors’’ as defined by The NASDAQ Stock Market.
An external director is entitled to compensation
only as provided in regulations adopted under the Companies Law and is otherwise prohibited from receiving any other compensation,
directly or indirectly, in connection with services provided as an external director. For this matter, the term “compensation”
shall not include the grant of an exemption, an undertaking to indemnify, indemnification or insurance.
Board Committees
Our board of directors has established
an audit committee, a compensation committee, a nominating and governance committee and a research and development committee.
Audit Committee
Under the listing requirements of The NASDAQ
Capital Market, a foreign private issuer is required to maintain an audit committee that operates under a formal written charter
and has certain responsibilities and authority, including being directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention
and oversight of the work of the issuer’s independent auditors. The members of the audit committee are required to meet the
independence requirements established by the SEC in accordance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The rules of The
NASDAQ Capital Market also require that at least one member of the audit committee be a financial expert. Our audit committee is
comprised of three members and meets the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market and the SEC.
The Companies Law requires public companies
to appoint an audit committee comprised of at least three directors, including all of the external directors, and further stipulates
that the chairman of the board of directors, any director employed by or providing other services to a company on an ongoing basis,
and a controlling shareholder or any relative of a controlling shareholder may not be members of the audit committee.
The majority of the members of the audit
committee must be independent directors under the Companies Law. Additionally, the following may not be members of the audit committee:
(a) the chairman of the board (b) a director employed by or providing services on an ongoing basis to the company, a controlling
shareholder or an entity controlled by a controlling shareholder; (c) a director whose livelihood depends on a controlling shareholder,
and (d) a controlling shareholder and its relative (as defined in the Companies law). The Companies Law further requires that (i)
the chairperson of the audit committee be an external director; (ii) generally, any person who is not entitled to be a member of
the audit committee may not attend the audit committees meetings; and (iii) the quorum required for the convening of meetings of
the audit committee and for adopting resolutions by the audit committee be a majority of the members of the audit committee provided
that the majority of the members present are independent directors and at least one of them is an external director.
Our audit committee provides assistance
to the board of directors in fulfilling its responsibility to our shareholders relating to our accounting, financial reporting
practices, and the quality and integrity of our financial reports. The audit committee also oversees consultants and experts providing
the company with consulting services concerning risk management and internal control structure, pre-approves the services performed
by our independent auditors and oversees that management has established and maintains processes to assure compliance by the Company
with all applicable laws, regulations and corporate policies. The audit committee also oversees and ensures the independence of
our independent auditors.
The responsibilities of the
audit committee under the Companies Law include among others (a) identifying flaws in the management of a company’s
business, including by consulting with the internal auditor or with the independent auditor, and making recommendations to
the board of directors as to how to correct them; (b) reviewing and deciding whether to approve certain related party
transactions and certain actions involving conflicts of interest; (c) with respect to certain actions involving conflicts of
interest and with respect to certain related party transactions, deciding whether such actions are material actions and
whether such transactions are extraordinary transactions, respectively, all for the purpose of approving such actions or
transactions; (d) reviewing the internal auditor’s work program; (e) examining the company’s internal control
structure and processes, the performance of the internal auditor and whether the internal auditor has at his or her disposal
the tools and resources required to perform his or her duties, considering, inter alia, the special needs of the company and
its size; (f) examining the independent auditor’s scope of work as well as the independent auditor’s fees and to
provide the corporate organ responsible for determining the independent auditor’s fees with its recommendations; (g)
the audit committee will also be responsible for providing for arrangements as to the manner in which the Company will deal
with employee complaints with respect to deficiencies in the administration of the Company’s business and the
protection to be provided to such employees; (h) with respect to Controlling Shareholders’ Transactions (including
transactions that are not considered to be extraordinary), to determine a competitive process; and (i) to determine an
approval process with respect to non-negligable and non-extraordinary transactions.
Our written audit committee charter, a
copy of which is available on the “Corporate Governance” section of our website, states that in fulfilling its role,
the committee is entitled to meet with our management, our internal auditor and our independent auditor.
Gerald Dogon, Tali Yaron-Eldar and Dr.
David Sidransky are the current members of our audit committee. Each of these persons is an ‘independent director’
in accordance with the NASDAQ listing standards and, except for Dr. Sidransky, qualifies as an independent director under the Companies
Law.
Compensation Committee
Our compensation committee reviews and
provides our board of directors with recommendations relating to compensation and benefits of our officers and key employees and
assists the board of directors with establishing, overseeing and/or administering incentive compensation and equity based plans.
The compensation committee reviews corporate goals and objectives set by our board that are relevant to compensation of the Chief
Executive Officer, evaluates the performance of the Chief Executive Officer in light of those goals and objectives, and recommends
to the board of directors the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation based on such evaluations, subject to additional approvals,
to the extent required pursuant to the Companies Law. The compensation committee also reviews and makes recommendations for approvals
to the board of directors, subject to additional approvals, to the extent required pursuant to the Companies Law, with respect
to the compensation of directors, executive officers other than the Chief Executive Officer and key employees. The compensation
committee operates under a written compensation committee charter, a copy of which is available on the “Corporate Governance”
section of our website. The members of our compensation committee are, Gerald Dogon, Tali Yaron Eldar and Joshua Rosensweig
Amendment no. 20 to the Companies Law was
published on November 12, 2012 and became effective on December 12, 2012 (“Amendment no. 20”). In general, Amendment
no. 20 requires public companies to appoint a compensation committee and to adopt a compensation policy with respect to its officers
(the “Compensation Policy”). In addition, Amendment no. 20 addresses the corporate approval process required for a
public company’s engagement with its officers (with specific reference to a director, a non-director officer, a Chief Executive
Officer and controlling shareholders and their relatives who are employed by the company).
According to Amendment no. 20, the compensation
committee shall be nominated by the board of directors and be comprised of its members. The compensation committee must consist
of at least three members. All of the external directors must serve on the compensation committee and constitute a majority of
its members (in some cases, a company whose shares are listed for trading on specified exchanges outside of Israel, including the
NASDAQ Capital Market, may appoint a compensation committee in which the external directors do not constitute a majority). The
remaining members of the compensation committee must be directors who qualify to serve as members of the audit committee (including
the fact that they are independent) and their compensation should be identical to the compensation paid to the external directors
of the company.
Amendment no. 20 does not set a date for
the appointment of the compensation committee. However, the Compensation Policy should have been approved by the general meeting
of shareholders (after discussions and recommendation of the compensation committee and approval by the board of directors) by
September 11, 2013. Moreover, the approval of the compensation committee was, and is required in order to approve terms of office
and/or employment of office holders. Our Shareholders approved our Compensation Policy on August 5, 2013
The roles of the compensation committee
are, among others, to: (1) recommend to the board of directors the Compensation Policy for office holders, and recommend to the
board once every three years the extension of a Compensation Policy that had been approved for a period of more than three years;
(2) recommend to the directors any update of the Compensation Policy, from time to time, and examine its implementation; (3) decide
whether to approve the terms of office and of employment of office holders that require approval of the Compensation Committee;
and (4) decide, in certain circumstances, whether to exempt the approval of terms of office of a CEO from the requirements of shareholders’
approval.
The Compensation Policy requires the approval
of the general meeting of shareholders with a Special Majority, as defined below (however, under special circumstances, the Board
of Directors may approve the Compensation Policy without their approval.
Amendment no. 20 details the considerations
that should be taken into account in determining the Compensation Policy and certain issues which the Compensation Policy should
include.
Nominating and Governance Committee
The nominating and governance committee
is responsible for making recommendations to the board of directors regarding candidates for directorships and the composition
of our board of directors and its committees as well as to evaluate and consider matters relating to the qualifications of directors.
In addition, the nominating and governance committee is responsible for reviewing and reassessing our corporate governance guidelines
and making recommendations to the board of directors concerning governance matters. The nominating and governance committee operates
under a written charter, a copy of which is available on the “Corporate Governance” section of our website. The members
of our nominating and governance committee are Brian Markison, Dr. Joshua Rosensweig and Dr. Yitzhak Peterburg. Our board of directors
has determined that the members of our nominating and governance committee are independent under the applicable NASDAQ Capital
Market rules.
Pursuant to our Articles, nominations for
the election of directors may be made by the board of directors or a committee appointed by the board of directors or by any shareholder
holding at least 1% of the outstanding voting power in the Company. However, any such shareholder may nominate one or more persons
for election as directors at a general meeting only if a written notice of such shareholder’s intent to make such nomination
or nominations has been delivered to us as required under our Articles.
Research and Development Committee
The research and development committee
is responsible for liaising between the Company’s research and development team and the board of directors. This committee
is also responsible for reviewing proposed research and development projects, as well as our research and development focus and
making recommendations to the board of directors regarding the research and development projects which we intend to undertake as
well as recommendations relating to our pipeline. The members of our research and development committee are Roy Davis, Dr. Yitzhak
Peterburg and Dr. David Sidransky.
Internal Auditor
Under the Companies Law, the board of directors
must appoint an internal auditor recommended by the audit committee. On May, 7, 2007, we appointed Yardeni Gelfend as our internal
auditor. The role of the internal auditor is to examine, among other things, whether a company’s actions comply with applicable
law and orderly business procedure. Under the Companies Law, the internal auditor may not be an interested party or an office holder,
or a relative of an interested party or an office holder, nor may the internal auditor be the company’s independent auditor
or anyone on his behalf. An interested party is defined in the Companies Law as a holder of 5% or more of the Company’s outstanding
shares or voting rights, any person or entity who has the right to designate one director or more or the chief executive officer
of the company or any person who serves as a director or as a chief executive officer. The internal auditor’s tenure cannot
be terminated without his or her consent, nor can he or she be suspended from such position unless the board of directors has so
resolved after hearing the opinion of the audit committee and after giving him or her the opportunity to present his or her case
to the board and to the audit committee.
Approval of Specified Related Party
Transactions Under Israeli Law
See “Item 10 — Additional Information
— B. Memorandum and Articles of Association — Fiduciary Duties of Office Holders”, “— Disclosure
of Personal Interests of an Office Holder” and “—Transactions Requiring Special Approval” for a discussion
of the requirements of Israeli law regarding the fiduciary duties of the office holders of the company, including directors and
executive officers, and their duties to disclose any personal interest that such person may have and all related material information
known to him or her relating to any existing or proposed transaction by the company, as well as transactions that require special
approval.
We had 28 and 45 employees as of December
31, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Of the 45 employees as of December 31, 2013, 19 were engaged in research and development and in
our CLIA lab activities and 26 were engaged in management, administration, business development, marketing and finance. Twenty-seven
employees were located in the United States and 18 were located in Israel.
The Israeli labor laws govern the employment
of employees located in Israel. These statutes cover a wide range of subjects and provide certain minimum employment standards
including the length of the workday, minimum wage, hiring and dismissal procedures, determination of severance pay, annual leave,
sick days and other terms of employment.
We contribute (usually following a trial
period of three months) monthly amounts for the benefit and on behalf of all our employees located in Israel to a Managers Insurance
plan and/or a pension fund. In General, according to the Israeli Severance Pay Law, the severance pay liability of the company
to its Israeli employees is based upon the number of years of employment and the latest monthly salary. Nevertheless, since our
contributions to the Managers Insurance plan and/or the pension fund are made pursuant to section 14 of the Israeli Severance Pay
Law, our liability for severance pay is covered by our regular contributions to the Managers Insurance plan and the pension fund.
We have never experienced labor-related
work stoppages and believe that our relations with our employees are good.
The following table sets forth, as of March
1, 2014, the number of our ordinary shares beneficially owned by (i) each of our directors and corporate and executive officers
and (ii) our current directors and corporate and executive officers as a group. The information in this table is based on 10,731,904
ordinary shares outstanding as of March 1, 2014. Beneficial ownership of shares is determined in accordance with the rules of the
SEC and generally includes any shares over which a person exercises sole or shared voting or investment power. Ordinary shares
that are subject to convertible securities, warrants or options that are currently convertible or exercisable or convertible or
exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 are deemed to be outstanding and beneficially owned by the person holding the convertible
securities, warrants or options for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but are not treated as outstanding
for the purpose of computing the percentage of any other person.
Name of Beneficial Owner
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Number of Shares
Beneficially Owned
|
|
|
Percentage of
Outstanding
Ordinary Shares
|
Kenneth A. Berlin (1)
|
|
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77,672
|
|
|
|
*
|
Ron Kalfus(2)
|
|
|
5,500
|
|
|
|
*
|
Dganit Bar, Ph.D.(3)
|
|
|
10,000
|
|
|
|
*
|
E. Robert Wassman, M.D.(4)
|
|
|
8,370
|
|
|
|
*
|
Oded Biran (5)
|
|
|
5,748
|
|
|
|
*
|
Eti Meiri (6)
|
|
|
2,673
|
|
|
|
*
|
Brian Markison (7)
|
|
|
29,333
|
|
|
|
*
|
Yitzhak Peterburg, M.D., Ph.D.(8)
|
|
|
13,000
|
|
|
|
*
|
Roy N. Davis(9)
|
|
|
13,000
|
|
|
|
*
|
Joshua Rosensweig (10)
|
|
|
15,396
|
|
|
|
*
|
Dr. David Sidransky (11)
|
|
|
13,462
|
|
|
|
*
|
Gerald Dogon (12)
|
|
|
212
|
|
|
|
*
|
Tali Yaron-Eldar (13)
|
|
|
212
|
|
|
|
*
|
Current directors and executive officers as a group (14 persons) (14)
|
|
|
194,578
|
|
|
|
*
|
* Less than 1%
|
(1)
|
Consists of (i) 1,084 ordinary shares, which were granted to Mr. Berlin upon the start of his employment
with us, and 9,878 shares, which were granted as RSUs and converted to shares in 2013 (ii) options currently exercisable or exercisable
within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase 8,335 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $123.00 per share and expire
in November 2019), 8,334 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $29.4 per share and expire in November 2019), 3,750 ordinary
shares (which have an exercise price of $6.75 per share and expire in November 2021), 24,000 ordinary shares (which have an exercise
price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2022) and 22,291 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $3.41 per share
and expire in August 2023). Does not include the following options that become exercisable after April 30, 2014: (i) options to
purchase 2,917 shares (which have an exercise price of $6.75 per share and expire in November 2021) (ii) 72,000 ordinary shares
(which have an exercise price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2022) (iii) 156,034 ordinary shares (which have an exercise
price of $5.37 per share and expire in August 2023)
|
|
(2)
|
Consists of (i) 3,000 shares, which were granted as RSUs and converted to shares in 2013 (ii) options
currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase 2,500 ordinary shares (which have an exercise
price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2022). Does not include the following options that become exercisable after April
30, 2014: options to purchase 7,500 shares (which have an exercise price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2022).
|
|
(3)
|
Consists of (i) 5,000 shares, which were granted as RSUs and converted to shares in 2013 (ii) options
currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase 5,000 ordinary shares (which have an exercise
price of $5.21 per share and expire in October 2022). Does not include the following options that become exercisable after April
30, 2014: options to purchase 15,000 shares (which have an exercise price of $5.21 per share and expire in October 2022).
|
|
(4)
|
Consists of (i) 3,370 shares, which were granted as RSUs and converted to shares in 2013 (ii) options
currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase 5,000 ordinary shares (which have an exercise
price of $5.35 per share and expire in October 2022). Does not include the following options that become exercisable after April
30, 2014: options to purchase 15,000 shares (which have an exercise price of $5.35 per share and expire in October 2022).
|
|
(5)
|
Consists of (i) 3,000 shares, which were granted as RSUs and converted to shares in 2013 (ii) options
currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase 498 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price
of $2.475 per share and expire in February 2022), and 2,250 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $5.37 per share and
expire in October 2022). Does not include the following options that become exercisable after April 30, 2014: (i) options to purchase
502 shares (which have an exercise price of $2.475 per share and expire in February 2022) (ii) 6,750 ordinary shares (which have
an exercise price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2022).
|
|
(6)
|
Consists of options currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase
34 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $0.00 per share and expire during the years 2014 and 2015), 21 ordinary shares
(which have an exercise price of $209.78 per share and expire in April 2016), and 34 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price
of $249.6 per share and expire in June 2018), 84 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $84 per share and expire in October
2020) and options to purchase 2,500 shares (which have an exercise price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2022). Does not
include the following options that become exercisable after April 30, 2014: options to purchase 7,500 shares (which have an exercise
price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2022).
|
|
(7)
|
Consists of (i) 10,000 shares, which were granted as RSUs and converted to shares in 2013 (ii)
options currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase 3,333 ordinary shares (which have an exercise
price of $16.2 per share and expire in July 2021), and 16,000 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $5.37 per share
and expire in October 2019). Does not include the following options that become exercisable after April 30, 2014: (i) options to
purchase 1,667 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $16.2 per share and expire in July 2021) (ii) 32,000 ordinary shares
(which have an exercise price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2019).
|
|
(8)
|
Consists of (i) 5,000 shares, which were granted as RSUs and converted to shares in 2013 (ii) options
currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase 8,000 ordinary shares (which have an exercise
price of $4.29 per share and expire in November 2019). Does not include the following options that become exercisable after April
30, 2014: options to purchase 16,000 shares (which have an exercise price of $4.29 per share and expire in November 2019).
|
|
(9)
|
Consists of (i) 5,000 shares, which were granted as RSUs and converted to shares in 2013 (ii) options
currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase 8,000 ordinary shares (which have an exercise
price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2019). Does not include the following options that become exercisable after April
30, 2014: options to purchase 16,000 shares (which have an exercise price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2019).
|
|
(10)
|
Consists of (i) 2,068 ordinary shares held by Dr. Rosensweig and (ii) 5,000 shares, which were
granted as RSUs and converted to shares in 2013 (iii) options currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014
to purchase 212 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $368.67 per share and expire in July 2016), 116 ordinary shares
(which have an exercise price of 209.78 per share and expire in July 2016) and 8,000 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price
of 5.37 per share and expire in October 2019). Does not include the following options that become exercisable after April 30, 2014:
options to purchase 16,000 shares (which have an exercise price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2019).
|
|
(11)
|
Consists of (i) 5,000 shares, which were granted as RSUs and converted to shares in 2013 (ii) options
currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase 250 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price
of $342 per share and expire in January 2018), 212 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $99 per share and expire in
December 2019) and 8,000 shares (which have an exercise price of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2019). Does not include
the following options that become exercisable after April 30, 2014: options to purchase 16,000 shares (which have an exercise price
of $5.37 per share and expire in October 2019).
|
|
(12)
|
Consists of options currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase
212 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $528.01 per share and expire in March 2017). Does not include the following
(i) options that become exercisable after April 30, 2014- options to purchase 24,000 shares (which have an exercise price of $3.41
per share and expire in August 2020) (ii) 5,000 RSU'S which will vest in August 2014
|
|
(13)
|
Consists of options currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2014 to purchase
212 ordinary shares (which have an exercise price of $528.01 per share and expire in March 2017). Does not include the following
(i) options that become exercisable after April 30, 2014- options to purchase 24,000 shares (which have an exercise price of $3.41
per share and expire in August 2020) (ii) 5,000 RSU'S which will vest in August 2014
|
|
(14)
|
See notes 1 through 13 above.
|
Employee Benefit Plans
2003 Israeli Share Option Plan
In March 2003, we adopted the Rosetta Genomics
Ltd. 2003 Israeli Share Option Plan, or the 2003 Plan. The 2003 Plan provided for the grant of options to our directors, employees,
consultants and service providers, and to the directors, employees, consultants and service providers of our subsidiary and affiliates.
Upon shareholder approval of the 2006 Global Share Incentive Plan, or 2006 Plan, in July 2006, the 2003 Plan was terminated and
the 5,363 ordinary shares that were available for issuance under the 2003 Plan were transferred to the 2006 Plan. However, all
outstanding options granted under the 2003 Plan remain outstanding and subject to the terms of the 2003 Plan. Any options that
were granted under the 2003 plan and that are canceled are transferred to the 2006 Plan. As of March 1, 2014, options to purchase
119 ordinary shares have been granted and are still outstanding under the 2003 Plan and 6,893 shares have been issued pursuant
to the exercise of options granted under the 2003 Plan.
2006 Global Share Incentive Plan
The 2006 Global Share Incentive Plan, or
the 2006 Plan, was approved in July 2006. In November 2007, our board of directors approved an additional 8,333 shares under the
2006 Plan. In December 2009, our shareholders approved an additional 25,000 shares under the 2006 plan. In October 2012, our shareholders
approved an additional 853,770 shares under the 2006 plan. As of March 1, 2014, there were 70,976 shares available for grant under
the 2006 Plan, 77,652 shares have been issued pursuant to the exercise of options granted under the 2006 Plan and options to purchase
755,228 ordinary shares have been granted and are outstanding under the 2006 Plan. The 2006 Plan, and its appendices for grantees
subject to U.S. taxation and grantees subject to Israeli taxation, provides for the grant of options to our directors, employees,
consultants and office holders and those of our subsidiary and affiliates.
Administration of Our Employee Benefit
Plans
Our employee benefit plans are administered
by our compensation committee, which makes recommendations to our board of directors regarding the grant of options and the terms
of the grant, including, exercise price, method of payment, vesting schedule, acceleration of vesting and the other matters necessary
in the administration of these plans. Options granted under the 2003 Plan and the 2006 Plan to eligible employees and office holders
who are Israeli residents may be granted under Section 102(b)(2) of the Israel Income Tax Ordinance pursuant to which the options
or the ordinary shares issued upon their exercise must be allocated or issued to a trustee and be held in trust for a minimum requisite
period, which is currently two years from the date of grant. Under Section 102, any tax payable by an employee from the grant or
exercise of the options is deferred until the transfer of the options or ordinary shares by the trustee to the employee or upon
the sale of the options or ordinary shares and gains are generally subject to a capital gains tax of 25%, provided, however, that
in accordance with Section 102(b)(3) of the Israel Income Tax Ordinance, if the exercise price of the options is lower than the
average closing price of the shares in the 30 trading days preceding the grant, the difference between such average closing price
and the exercise is taxed as ordinary employment income rates.
Options to be granted under the 2006 Plan
to U.S. residents may qualify as incentive stock options within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code. The exercise price for
incentive stock options must not be less than the fair market value on the date the option is granted, unless otherwise approved
by our board of directors and shareholders, or 110% of the fair market value if the option holder holds more than 10% of our share
capital.
Options granted under our employee benefit
plans generally vest over three or four years, and they generally expire ten years from the date of grant. If we terminate the
employment or engagement of a participant under the 2006 Plan for cause, all of such participant’s vested and unvested options
expire immediately upon the date of such termination for cause unless specified otherwise in the award agreement. Upon termination
of employment for any other reason, including due to death or disability of the participant, vested options may be exercised within
three months of the date of termination, unless otherwise determined in the award agreement. Vested options not exercised within
the prescribed period and options which have expired prior to vesting are available for future grants under the 2006 plan.
In the event of a change of control, or
merger, consolidation, reorganization or similar transaction resulting in the acquisition of at least 50% of our voting power,
or the sale of all or substantially all of our shares or assets, the options will be assumed or substituted by the acquiring entity,
or if the if the acquiring party does not provide for such assumption or substitution, then the options shall be subject to acceleration.
|
ITEM 7.
|
MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
|
Based on a review of required SEC filings,
we are not aware of any person or entity that is the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares.
Our ordinary shares are traded on the NASDAQ
Capital Market in the United States. A significant portion of our shares are held in street name, therefore we generally have no
way of determining who our shareholders are, their geographical location or how many shares a particular shareholder owns.
Significant Changes in Share Ownership
The following table shows changes over
the last three years in the percentage ownership by major shareholders:
Name of Beneficial Owner
|
|
Percentage of
Outstanding
Ordinary
Shares Owned
as of
March 1, 2012
|
|
|
Percentage of
Outstanding
Ordinary Shares
Owned as of
March 1, 2013
|
|
|
Percentage of
Outstanding
Ordinary
Shares
Owned as of
March 1, 2014
|
|
Isaac Bentwich, M.D. (1)
|
|
|
3.1
|
%
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Becker Drapkin Management (2)
|
|
|
2.9
|
%
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Perkins Capital Management, Inc.(3)
|
|
|
9.3
|
%
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
(1)
|
Percentage of shares outstanding as of March 1, 2013 and 2014 is unknown.
|
|
(2)
|
Percentage of outstanding shares owned as of March 1, 2012 is based solely on a Schedule 13G filed
with the SEC on February 10, 2012. Percentage of shares outstanding as of March 1, 2013 and 2014 is unknown.
|
|
(3)
|
Percentage of outstanding shares owned as of March 1, 2012 is based solely on a Schedule 13G filed
with the SEC on February 8, 2012. Percentage of shares outstanding as of March 1, 2013 and 2014 is unknown.
|
Control of Registrant
To our knowledge, we are not directly or
indirectly owned or controlled by another corporation, by any foreign government, or by any other natural or legal person. As of
March 1, 2014, our officers and directors as a group beneficially owned less than 1.79% of our outstanding ordinary shares.
|
B.
|
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
|
Other than transactions related to compensation
of our officers and directors as described under “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation,”
since January 1, 2013, we have not entered into any related party transactions.
Exculpation, Indemnification and Insurance
Our Articles permit us to exculpate, indemnify
and insure our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Law. An undertaking provided in advance
by an Israeli company to indemnify an office holder with respect to a financial liability imposed on or incurred by him or her
in favor of another person pursuant to a judgment, settlement or arbitrator’s award approved by a court must be limited to
events which in the opinion of the board of directors can be foreseen based on the company’s activities when the undertaking
to indemnify is given, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances,
and such undertaking shall detail the abovementioned events and amount or criteria. In addition, a company may indemnify an office
holder against the following liabilities incurred for acts performed as an office holder:
|
•
|
reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by the office holder
as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him or her by an authority authorized to conduct such investigation
or proceeding, provided that (i) no indictment was filed against such office holder as a result of such investigation or proceeding;
and (ii) either (A) no financial liability was imposed upon him or her as a substitute for the criminal proceeding as a result
of such investigation or proceeding or, (B) if such financial liability was imposed, it was imposed with respect to an offense
that does not require proof of criminal intent or with respect to monetary sanction; and
|
|
•
|
reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by the office holder
or imposed by a court in proceedings instituted against him or her by the company, on its behalf or by a third party or in connection
with criminal proceedings in which the office holder was acquitted or as a result of a conviction for a crime that does not require
proof of criminal intent.
|
An Israeli company may insure an office
holder against the following liabilities incurred for acts performed as an office holder:
|
•
|
a breach of duty of loyalty to the company, to the extent that the office holder acted in good
faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company;
|
|
•
|
a breach of duty of care to the company or to a third party; and
|
|
•
|
a financial liability imposed on the office holder in favor of a third party.
|
An Israeli company may not indemnify or
insure an office holder against any of the following:
|
•
|
a breach of duty of loyalty, except to the extent that the office holder acted in good faith and
had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company;
|
|
•
|
a breach of duty of care committed intentionally or recklessly, excluding a breach arising out
of the negligent conduct of the office holder;
|
|
•
|
an act or omission committed with intent to derive illegal personal benefit; or
|
|
•
|
a fine, monetary sanction, forfeit or penalty levied against the office holder.
|
As of the effective date of Amendment no.
20 to the Companies Law, exculpation, indemnification and insurance of office holders are included in the definition of “terms
of office and of employment” and as such must be approved in a specific manner, as noted below under “Item 10 –
Additional Information – B. Memorandum and Articles of Association - Directors’ and Officers’ Compensation.”
Our directors and officers are currently
covered by a directors’ and officers’ liability policy and our General Counsel is currently covered by a legal professional
liability policy as well. We have also resolved to provide directors and certain other office holders with indemnification from
any liability for damages caused as a result of a breach of duty of care and to provide such directors and other office holders
with an exemption, to the fullest extent permitted by law, all in accordance with and pursuant to the terms set forth in our standard
indemnification undertaking.
|
C.
|
INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL
|
Not applicable.
|
ITEM 8.
|
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
|
|
A.
|
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION
|
Consolidated Financial Statements
Our consolidated financial statements and
related notes are included in this Annual Report beginning on page F-1. See also Item 18.
Legal Proceedings
We are currently not a party to any material
legal proceedings.
Dividend Policy
To date, we have not declared or paid cash
dividends on any of our shares, and we have no current intention of paying any cash dividends in the near future.
The Companies Law also restricts our ability
to declare dividends. We can only distribute dividends from profits (as defined in the Companies Law), or, if we do not meet the
profits test, with court approval provided in each case that there is no reasonable concern that the dividend distribution will
prevent the company from meeting its existing and foreseeable obligations as they come due. The payment of dividends may be subject
to Israeli withholding taxes.
See “Note 13. Subsequent Events”
to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report beginning on page F-1 for a discussion of significant events
that have occurred since December 31, 2013.
|
ITEM 9.
|
THE OFFER AND LISTING
|
|
A.
|
OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS
|
Our ordinary shares began trading on The
NASDAQ Global Market on February 27, 2007 under the symbol “ROSG.” On June 30, 2010, we transferred the listing of
our ordinary shares from The NASDAQ Global Market to The NASDAQ Capital Market. Prior to February 27, 2007, there was no established
public trading market for our ordinary shares. The high and low sales prices per share of our ordinary shares for the periods indicated
are set forth below. This information reflects the 1-for-4 reverse stock split effected on July 6, 2011 and the 1-for 15 reverse
stock split effected on May 14, 2012.
Year Ended
|
|
High
|
|
|
Low
|
|
December 31, 2009
|
|
$
|
227.99
|
|
|
$
|
70.79
|
|
December 31, 2010
|
|
$
|
208.79
|
|
|
$
|
54.00
|
|
December 31, 2011
|
|
$
|
61.80
|
|
|
$
|
1.95
|
|
December 31, 2012
|
|
$
|
23.43
|
|
|
$
|
1.40
|
|
December 31, 2013
|
|
$
|
5.98
|
|
|
$
|
2.35
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Quarter Ended
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
March 31, 2012
|
|
$
|
11.25
|
|
|
$
|
2.43
|
|
June 30, 2012
|
|
$
|
23.43
|
|
|
$
|
1.40
|
|
September 30, 2012
|
|
$
|
12.87
|
|
|
$
|
3.88
|
|
December 31, 2012
|
|
$
|
7.34
|
|
|
$
|
3.92
|
|
March 31, 2013
|
|
$
|
5.98
|
|
|
$
|
4.21
|
|
June 30, 2013
|
|
$
|
4.70
|
|
|
$
|
3.09
|
|
September 30, 2013
|
|
$
|
3.90
|
|
|
$
|
3.00
|
|
December 31, 2013
|
|
$
|
3.59
|
|
|
$
|
2.35
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Month Ended
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
September 30, 2013
|
|
$
|
3.71
|
|
|
$
|
3.02
|
|
October 31, 2013
|
|
$
|
3.54
|
|
|
$
|
2.48
|
|
November 30, 2013
|
|
$
|
2.94
|
|
|
$
|
2.35
|
|
December 31, 2013
|
|
$
|
3.59
|
|
|
$
|
2.64
|
|
January 31, 2014
|
|
$
|
4.37
|
|
|
$
|
2.87
|
|
February 28, 2014
|
|
$
|
4.22
|
|
|
$
|
3.30
|
|
Not applicable.
Our ordinary shares are traded only in
the United States on The NASDAQ Capital Market.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
|
ITEM 10.
|
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
|
Not applicable.
|
B.
|
MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
|
Objects and Purposes
We were first registered under Israeli
law on March 9, 2000. Our registration number with the Israel Registrar of Companies is 51-292138-8. The objective stated in Section
3 of our Articles is to carry on any business and perform any act which is not prohibited by law.
Fiduciary Duties of Office Holders
An “office holder” is defined
in the Companies Law as a managing director, chief executive officer, executive vice president, vice president, or any other person
fulfilling or assuming any of the foregoing positions without regard to such person’s title, as well as a director, or a
manager directly subordinate to the managing director.
The Companies Law imposes a duty of care
and a duty of loyalty on all office holders of a company. The duty of care requires an office holder to act with the standard of
skills with which a reasonable office holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of care
includes a duty to use reasonable means to obtain, considering the relevant circumstances:
|
·
|
information regarding the business advisability of a given action brought for his or her approval
or performed by him or her by virtue of his or her position; and
|
|
·
|
all other information of importance pertaining to the aforesaid actions.
|
The duty of loyalty requires an office
holder to act in good faith and for the benefit of the company and includes a duty to:
|
·
|
refrain from any act involving a conflict of interest between the fulfillment of his or her role
in the company and the fulfillment of any other role or his or her personal affairs;
|
|
·
|
refrain from any activity that is competitive with the business of the company;
|
|
·
|
refrain from exploiting any business opportunity of the company with the aim of obtaining a personal
gain for himself or herself or others; and
|
|
·
|
disclose to the company all information and provide it with all documents relating to the company’s
affairs which the office holder has obtained due to his position in the company.
|
Each person listed in the table under “Item
6 - Directors, Senior Management and Employees - A. Directors and Senior Management” is an office holder.
Disclosure of Personal Interests of
an Officer Holder
The Companies Law requires that an office
holder disclose to the company any personal interest that he or she may have, and all related material information and documents
known to him or her, in connection with any existing or proposed transaction by the company. The disclosure is required to be made
promptly and in any event, no later than the board of directors meeting in which the transaction is first discussed. “Personal
interest”, is defined by the Companies Law, as a personal interest of a person in an act or transaction of the company, including
a personal interest of his or her relative or of a corporate body in which that person or a relative of that person is a holder
of 5% or more of that corporate body’s outstanding shares or voting rights, is a director or general manager, or in which
he or she has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager. “Personal interest” does not apply
to a personal interest stemming merely from the fact that the office holder is also a shareholder in the company. The term “personal
interest” also includes the personal interest of a person voting under a proxy given by another person, even if such appointing
person has no personal interest in the proposed act or transaction. In addition, the vote of a person voting under a proxy given
by a person having a personal interest in the proposed act or transaction, even if the person voting under the proxy has no personal
interest, shall be deemed as a vote made by a person having a personal interest in the proposed act or transaction. The Companies
Law defines a “relative” as a person’s spouse, sibling, parent, grandparent or descendent, as well as the descendant,
sibling or parent of a person’s spouse, or the spouse of any of the foregoing.
Notwithstanding the above, if the transaction
is not an extraordinary transaction, the office holder is not required to disclose any personal interest that he or she has solely
as a result of a personal interest of his or her relative in the transaction.
Transactions Requiring Special Approval
Under the Companies Law, an extraordinary
transaction is a transaction:
|
·
|
not in the ordinary course of business of the company;
|
|
·
|
not on market terms; or
|
|
·
|
likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities.
|
Under the Companies Law, certain transactions
require special approvals, provided however that such transactions are for the benefit of the company. A transaction,
between the company and an office holder, or a third party in which the office holder has a personal interest, must be approved
by the board, subject to the provisions of applicable law and the company’s articles of association. If the transaction is
an extraordinary transaction, then it also must be approved by the audit committee, prior to the approval of the board of directors.
Any engagement between a company and any one of its office holders with respect to terms of office and/or employment by the company,
including with respect to the grant of exculpation, indemnification or insurance would generally require compensation committee
and board of directors’ approval, and in some cases followed by approval of the general assembly, all as noted below under
“Directors’ and Officers’ Compensation.” Generally, any person having a personal interest in the approval
of a transaction which is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee, may not be present at such
meeting or participate in the vote on such transaction, provided however that an office holder having a personal interest in a
transaction may be present in order to present such transaction, if the chairman of the audit committee or of the board of directors,
as applicable, determine that the presence of such office holder is required for the presentation of the transaction. Notwithstanding
the foregoing, a director may be present at such meeting and may participate in the vote on such transaction, if the majority of
the board of directors or the audit committee, as applicable, has a personal interest in the transaction. If a majority of the
directors have a personal interest in a transaction, shareholder approval is also required.
Under the Companies Law, the disclosure
requirements which apply to an office holder also apply to a controlling shareholder of a public company. For these purposes, a
controlling shareholder is any shareholder that has the ability to direct the activities of the company, including a shareholder
holding 25% or more of the voting rights if no other shareholder owns more than 50% of the voting rights in the company, but excluding
a shareholder whose power derives solely from his or her position on the board of directors or any other position with the company.
If two or more shareholders are interested parties in the same transaction, their shareholdings are combined for the purposes of
calculating percentages.
Under the Companies
Law, extraordinary transactions of a public company with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has
a personal interest, as well as any engagement between a public company and a controlling shareholder thereof or
such controlling shareholder’s relative, whether directly or indirectly, including through a company controlled by
such person with respect to the provision of services to the company, and if such person is also an office holder of such
company - with respect to such person’s terms of service and employment as an office holder, and if such person is an
employee of the company but not an office holder with respect to such person’s employment by the company (a “Controlling Shareholder Transaction”) generally requires the approval of the audit committee, or if the transaction is
with respect to terms of employment and or office – the compensation committee, the board of directors and the
shareholders of the company. If such shareholder approval is required, it must satisfy either of the following criteria
(“Special Majority”):
|
·
|
the majority of the votes for the approval includes the votes of at least a majority of the total
votes of shareholders who are present at the meeting and who have no personal interest in the transaction; the votes of abstaining
shareholders shall not be included in the number of the said total votes; or
|
|
·
|
the total number of votes against the approval of the transaction, among the shareholders who are
present at the meeting and who have no personal interest in the transaction shall not exceed 2% of the aggregate voting rights
in the company.
|
Such transactions with a controlling shareholder
or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, that are for a period of more than three years generally need to
be brought for approval in accordance with this above procedure every three years.
In those circumstances in which shareholders’
approval is required, shareholders have the right to review any documents in the company’s possession related to the proposed
transaction. However, the company may prohibit a shareholder from reviewing the documents if the company believes the request was
made in bad faith, the documents include trade secrets or patents or their disclosure could otherwise harm the company’s
interests.
For information concerning the direct and
indirect personal interests of certain of our office holders and principal shareholders in certain transactions with us, see “Item
7 — Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — B. Related Party Transactions.”
Directors’ and Officers’
Compensation
As of the effective date of Amendment no.
20 to the Companies Law, directors’ and officers’ compensation, including exculpation, indemnification and insurance
are included in the definition of “terms of employment and of office”, and as such must be approved in the following
manner:
|
·
|
Office holder (or “Officer”) (neither a director nor the CEO) – generally, by
the compensation committee, followed by the board of directors.
|
|
·
|
CEO – generally, by the compensation committee, followed by the board of directors and the
general meeting with a Special Majority.
|
|
·
|
Director – generally, by the compensation committee, followed by the board of directors and
the general meeting; if in accordance with the Compensation Policy –with a simple majority, if not in accordance with the
Compensation Policy – with a Special Majority.
|
|
·
|
Controlling shareholder - generally, by the compensation committee, followed by the board of directors
and the general meeting, with a Special Majority.
|
Directors Borrowing Powers
Our board of directors may from time to
time, in its discretion, cause the Company to borrow or secure the payment of any sum or sums of money for the purposes of the
Company.
Rights Attached to Our Shares
Dividend Rights
. Our Articles provide
that our board of directors may, subject to the applicable provisions of the Companies Law, from time to time, declare such dividend
as may appear to the board of directors to be justified by the profits of the Company. Subject to the rights of the holders of
shares with preferential or other special rights that may be authorized in the future, holders of ordinary shares are entitled
to receive dividends according to their rights and interest in our profits. Dividends, to the extent declared, are distributed
according to the proportion of the nominal (par) value paid up on account of the shares held at the date so appointed by the Company,
without regard to the premium paid in excess of the nominal (par) value, if any. Under the Companies Law, a company may distribute
a dividend only if the distribution does not create a reasonable concern that the company will be unable to meet its existing and
anticipated obligations as they become due. A company may only distribute a dividend out of the company’s profits, as defined
under the Companies Law. If the company does not meet the profit requirement, a court may allow it to distribute a dividend, as
long as the court is convinced that there is no reasonable concern that such distribution might prevent the company from being
able to meet its existing and anticipated obligations as they become due.
Voting Rights
. Holders of ordinary
shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders. These voting rights may be
affected by the grant of any special voting rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized
in the future. The ordinary shares do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors. As a result, holders of ordinary
shares that represent more than 50% of the voting power at the general meeting of shareholders, in person or by proxy, have the
power to elect all the directors whose positions are being filled at that meeting to the exclusion of the remaining shareholders.
With respect to the election of external directors see Item 6. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees– C. Board
Practices - External Directors.”
Liquidation Rights
. In the event
of our liquidation, subject to applicable law, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, our assets will be distributed to
the holders of ordinary shares in proportion to their respective holdings. This liquidation right may be affected by the grant
of preferential dividends or distribution rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized
in the future.
Redemption Provisions
. We may, subject
to applicable law and to our Articles, issue redeemable preference shares and redeem the same.
Capital Calls
. Under our Articles
and the Companies Law, the liability of our shareholders is limited to the nominal (par) value of the shares held by them.
Transfer of Shares
. Fully paid ordinary
shares are issued in registered form and may be transferred pursuant to our Articles, unless such transfer is restricted or prohibited
by another instrument and subject to applicable securities laws.
Modification of Rights
Pursuant to our Articles, if at any time
our share capital is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attached to any class, unless otherwise provided by our
Articles, may be modified or abrogated by the Company, by a resolution of the shareholders, subject to the consent in writing of
the holders of at least a majority of the issued shares of such class or the adoption of a resolution passed at a separate meeting
of the holders of the shares of such class.
Shareholders’ Meetings and Resolutions
Pursuant to our Articles, the quorum required
for an ordinary meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person or by proxy, who hold shares conferring
in the aggregate more than 25% of the voting power of the Company. A meeting adjourned for lack of a quorum generally is adjourned
to the same day in the following week at the same time and place or any time and place as the chairman of the meeting may designate.
At such reconvened meeting, the required quorum consists of any two shareholders present in person or by proxy.
Under the Companies Law, each shareholder
of record will be provided at least 21 calendar days’ prior notice of any general shareholders meeting or 35 days prior notice
to the extent required under regulations promulgated under the Companies Law.
Under the Companies Law and our Articles,
all resolutions of our shareholders require a simple majority of the shares present, in person or by proxy or by written ballot,
and voting on the matter, subject to certain exceptions provided for in our Articles namely: (a) the amendment of the provisions
of our Articles relating to the election of directors, which require the approval of the greater of (i) holders of not less than
seventy-five percent (75%) of the voting power represented at a meeting in person or by proxy and voting thereon, or (ii) holders
of a majority of the outstanding voting power of all shares of the Company voting on such matter at a general meeting; (b) the
removal of any director from office, the election of a director in place of a director so removed or the filling of any vacancy,
however created, on the board of directors, which require the vote of the holders of at least 75% of the voting power represented
at the meeting; and (c) the consummation of a merger (as defined in the Companies Law) which requires the approval of the holders
of at least a majority of the voting power of the Company.
Under the Companies Law, each and every
shareholder has a duty to act in good faith and in customary manner in exercising his or her rights and fulfilling his or her obligations
towards the company in which he or she holds shares and other shareholders, and refrain from abusing his or her power in the company,
including in voting in the general meeting of shareholders on the following matters:
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any amendment to the articles of association;
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an increase of our authorized share capital;
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approval of interested party transactions that require shareholder approval.
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In addition, each and every shareholder
has the general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders. In addition, any controlling shareholder, any shareholder
who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder or class vote and any shareholder who, pursuant
to the company’s articles of association has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder in the company
is under a duty to act with fairness towards the company. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty of fairness.
Our annual general meetings are held once
in every calendar year at such time (within a period of not more than fifteen months after the last preceding annual general meeting)
and at such place determined by our board of directors. All general meetings other than annual general meetings are called extraordinary
general meetings.
Our board of directors may, in its discretion,
convene additional meetings as “extraordinary general meetings.” In addition, the board of directors must convene an
extraordinary general meeting upon the demand of two of the directors, one fourth of the directors in office, one or more shareholders
having at least 5% of the outstanding share capital and at least 1% of the voting power in the company, or one or more shareholders
having at least 5% of the voting power in the company. The chairperson of the board of directors shall preside at each of our general
meetings, or if at any meeting the chairperson is not present within fifteen (15) minutes after the time fixed for holding the
meeting or is unwilling to act as chairperson, then if there is a co-chairperson, such co-chairperson shall preside at the meeting,
or in the absence of both, the shareholders present shall choose someone of their number to be chairperson. The chairperson of
the board of directors is not entitled to a vote at a general meeting in his capacity as chairperson.
Limitation on Owning Securities
Our Articles and Israeli law do not restrict
in any way the ownership or voting of ordinary shares by non-residents or persons who are not citizens of Israel, except with respect
to subjects of nations which are in a state of war with Israel.
Mergers and Acquisitions and Tender
Offers under Israeli Law
The Companies Law includes provisions that
allow a merger transaction and requires that each company that is a party to a merger have the transaction approved by its board
of directors and by a simple majority of shares present, in person or by proxy, at a general meeting and voting on the transaction
(including the separate vote of each class of shares of the party to the merger which is not the surviving entity) at a shareholders’
meeting called on at least 35 days’ prior notice. In addition, under our Articles, approval of a merger transaction requires
that holders of at least a majority of the voting power of the Company vote in favor of the merger transaction. In determining
whether the required majority under the Companies Law has approved the merger, if shares of a company are held by the other party
to the merger, or by any person holding 25% or more of the voting rights or 25% or more of the means of appointing directors of
the other party to the merger, then a vote against the merger by holders of the majority of the shares present and voting, excluding
shares held by the other party to the merger or by such person, or by any person or entity acting on behalf of either of them,
including their relatives or entities controlled by any of them, is sufficient to reject the merger transaction. If the transaction
would have been approved but for the separate approval of each class or exclusion of the votes of certain shareholders as provided
above, a court may still approve the merger upon the request of holders of at least 25% of the voting rights of a company, if the
court holds that the merger is fair and reasonable, taking into account the value of the parties to the merger and the consideration
offered to the shareholders. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a merger that is also an extraordinary transaction with a controlling
shareholder or with another person in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, requires approval as an extraordinary
transaction with a controlling shareholder. See “—Transactions Requiring Special Approval”.
Under the Companies Law, each merging company
must inform its creditors of the proposed merger plans. Upon the request of a creditor of either party of the proposed merger,
the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that as a result of the merger,
the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of any of the parties to the merger and may further give instructions
to secure the rights of creditors. In addition, a merger may not be completed unless at least 50 days have passed from the time
that a proposal for the approval of the merger has been filed with the Israel Registrar of Companies and 30 days have passed from
the time that the approval of the merging parties’ shareholders has been received.
The Companies Law also provides that, subject
to certain exceptions, an acquisition of shares of a public company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result
of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company and there is no existing
holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company. Similarly, the Companies Law provides that, subject to certain exceptions,
an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result of the acquisition
the purchaser would become a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company, if there is no other shareholder of the
company that holds more than 45% of the voting rights in the company.
Under the Companies Law, a person may not
acquire shares in a public company if, following the acquisition, the acquirer will hold more than 90% of the company’s shares
or more than 90% of any class of shares, other than by means of a tender offer to acquire all of the shares or all of the shares
of the particular class.
The Companies Law also provides that as
long as a shareholder in a public company holds more than 90% of the company’s shares or of a class of shares, that shareholder
shall be precluded from purchasing any additional shares. In order that all of the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase
be transferred to him by operation of law, one of the following needs to have occurred: (i) the shareholders who declined or do
not respond to the tender offer hold less than 5% of the company’s outstanding share capital or of the relevant class of
shares and the majority of offerees who do not have a personal interest in accepting the tender offer accepted the offer, or (ii)
the shareholders who declined or do not respond to the tender offer hold less than 2% of the company’s outstanding share
capital or of the relevant class of shares.
A shareholder that had its shares so transferred,
whether he or she accepted the tender offer or not, has the right, within six months from the date of acceptance of the tender
offer, to petition the court to determine that the tender offer was for less than fair value and that the fair value should be
paid as determined by the court. However, the acquirer may provide in its offer that shareholders who accept the tender offer will
not be entitled to such rights.
If the conditions set forth above are not
met, the acquirer may not acquire additional shares of the company from shareholders who accepted the tender offer to the extent
that following such acquisition the acquirer would own more than 90% of the company’s issued and outstanding share capital.
The above restrictions apply, in addition
to the acquisition of shares, to the acquisition of voting power. In addition, the provisions regarding tender offers shall also
apply to the acquisition of any other securities of the company.
Notwithstanding the above, Israeli antitrust
laws require that certain mergers be announced and receive approval of the Israeli Antitrust authority.
Please see “Item 4. Information on
the Company — B. Business Overview — Our Intellectual Property Strategy and Position — In-Licensed Intellectual
Property for a discussion of our material strategic alliances and research and license agreements.
There are currently no exchange controls
in effect in Israel that restrict the repatriation by non-residents of Israel in non-Israeli currency of any dividends, if any
are declared and paid, and liquidation distributions.
The following contains a description of
material relevant provisions of the current Israeli income tax regime applicable to companies in Israel, with special reference
to its effect on us. To the extent that the discussion is based on new tax legislation which has not been subject to judicial or
administrative interpretation, we cannot assure you that the views expressed in the discussion will be accepted by the appropriate
tax authorities or the courts.
This discussion does not address all of
the tax consequences that may be relevant to purchasers of our ordinary shares in light of their particular circumstances or certain
types of purchasers of our ordinary shares subject to special tax treatment. Examples of this kind of investor include residents
of Israel and traders in securities who are subject to special tax regimes not covered in this discussion. Because individual circumstances
may differ, you should consult your tax advisor to determine the applicability of the rules discussed below to you and the particular
tax effects of the offer, including the application of Israeli or other tax laws. The discussion below is not intended, and should
not be construed, as legal or professional tax advice and is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations.
Israeli Tax Considerations
The following is a summary of the current tax structure applicable
to companies incorporated in Israel, with special reference to its effect on us. The following also contains a discussion of the
material Israeli tax consequences to purchasers of our ordinary shares and Israeli government programs benefiting us. To the extent
that the discussion is based on new tax legislation which has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, we
cannot provide assurance that the views expressed in the discussion will be accepted by the Israeli tax authorities or courts.
The discussion is not intended, and should not be construed, as legal or professional tax advice and is not exhaustive of all possible
tax considerations.
Taxation of Companies
General Corporate Tax Structure
During 2013, Israeli companies were subject to a corporate tax
rate of 25% of taxable income. The corporate tax rate for 2014 is 26.5%. Israeli companies are also subject to Capital Gains Tax
at the corporate tax rate. However, the effective tax rate payable by a company which derives income from an enterprise under the
Law for the Encouragement of Industry (as further discussed below) may be considerably less.
In December 2010, the “Knesset”
(Israeli Parliament) passed the Law for Economic Policy for 2011 and 2012 (Amended Legislation), 2011, which prescribes, among
others, amendments to the Law. The amendment became effective as of January 6, 2011. According to the amendment, the benefit tracks
in the Law were modified and a flat tax rate applies to the Company’s entire preferred income. The Company will be able to
opt to apply (the waiver is non-recourse) the amendment and from then on it will be subject to the amended tax rates that are:
2011 and 2012 - 15% (in development area A - 10%), 2013 and 2014 - 9% (in development area A - 7%) and in 2015 and thereafter
- 16% (in development area A - 6%).
We examined the possible effect of the
amendment on the financial statements, if at all, and at this time do not believe it will opt to apply the amendment.
Tax Benefits for Research and Development
Israeli tax law allows, under specified
conditions, a tax deduction for R&D expenditures, including capital expenditures, for the year in which they are incurred.
These expenses must relate to scientific research and development projects and must be approved by the relevant Israeli government
ministry, determined by the field of research. Furthermore, the research and development must be for the promotion of the company
and carried out by or on behalf of the company seeking such tax deduction. However, the amount of such deductible expenses is reduced
by the sum of any funds received through government grants for the finance of such scientific research and development projects.
Expenditures not so approved are deductible over a three-year period. Such deductions are limited to an amount equal to 40% of
the Company’s taxed income, at the year of expenditures. No deduction under these research and development deduction rules
is allowed if such deduction is related to an expense invested in an asset depreciable under the general depreciation rules of
the Income Tax Ordinance, 1961.
Tax Benefits Under the Law for the
Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969
Under the Law for the Encouragement of
Industry (Taxes), 1969, industrial companies, as defined under the law, are entitled to the following tax benefits, among others:
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Deduction of purchases of know-how and patents over an eight-year period for tax purposes;
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Right to elect, under specified conditions, to file a consolidated tax return with additional related
Israeli Industrial Companies to the extent certain conditions are met;
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Accelerated depreciation rates on equipment and buildings; and
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Deductions over a three-year period of expenses involved with the issuance and listing of shares
on a stock market.
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Eligibility for benefits under the Law
for the Encouragement of Industry is not subject to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority. Under the law, an
“industrial company” is defined as a company resident in Israel, at least 90.0% of the income of which, in any tax
year, determined in Israeli currency, exclusive of income from government loans, capital gains, interest and dividends, is derived
from an “industrial enterprise” owned by it. An “industrial enterprise” is defined as an enterprise whose
major activity in a given tax year is industrial production activity.
We believe that we currently qualify as
an industrial company within the definition under the Law for the Encouragement of Industry. No assurance can be given that we
will continue to qualify as an industrial company or that the benefits described above will be available in the future.
Tax Benefits under the Law for the
Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959
The Company benefits from certain government
programs and tax legislation, particularly as a result of the ‘Approved Enterprise’ or ‘Benefiting Enterprise’
status of substantially all of the Company’s existing production facilities in Israel under the Law for the Encouragement
of Capital Investment, 1959 (an “Approved Enterprise”, a “Benefiting Enterprise” and the “ “Investment
Law” respectively) provides that a proposed capital investment in production facilities or other eligible facilities may
be designated as an “Approved Enterprise.” To obtain “Approved Enterprise” status, an application to the
Investment Center of the Ministry of Economy (the “Investment Center”) needs to be submitted. Each instrument of approval
for an Approved Enterprise relates to a specific investment program that is defined both by the financial scope of the investment,
including sources of funds, and by the physical characteristics of the facility or other assets.
The tax benefits available under any instrument
of approval relate only to taxable profits attributable to the specific program and are contingent upon meeting the criteria set
out in the instrument of approval. If a company has more than one approval or only a portion of its capital investments are approved,
its effective tax rate is the weighted average of the applicable rates. Subject to certain qualifications, however, if a company
with one or more approvals distributes dividends, the dividends are deemed attributable to the entire enterprise. As explained
below, following the amendment of the Investment Law which became effective on April, 1, 2005, companies may receive tax benefits
under the law without applying for an Approved Enterprise status.
The Investments Law also provides that
an Approved Enterprise and a Benefiting Enterprise are entitled to accelerated depreciation on its property and equipment that
are included in an Approved Enterprise program or in Benefiting Enterprise equipment, as the case may be, in the first five years
of using the equipment, and up to the purchase price of those assets.
Tax Benefits for Income from Approved
Enterprises Approved Before April 1, 2005
Before April 1, 2005 an Approved Enterprise
was entitled to either receive investment grants and certain tax benefits from the Government of Israel or an alternative package
of tax benefits (“Alternative Benefits”). We have elected to forego the entitlement to grants and have applied for
the Alternative Benefits, under which undistributed income that we generate from our Approved Enterprises will be completely tax
exempt (a “tax exemption”) for two years commencing from the year that we first produce taxable income and will be
subject to a reduced tax rate of 10%-25% for an additional five to eight years, depending on the extent of foreign investment in
the company.
Alternative Benefits are available until
the earlier of (i) seven consecutive years, commencing in the year in which the specific Approved Enterprise first generates taxable
income, (ii) 12 years from commencement of production and (iii) 14 years from the date of approval of the Approved Enterprise status.
Dividends paid out of income generated
by an Approved Enterprise (or out of dividends received from a company whose income is generated by an Approved Enterprise) are
generally subject to withholding tax at the rate of 15%. This tax is withheld at source by the Approved Enterprise. The 15% tax
rate is limited to dividends and distributions out of income derived during the benefits period and actually paid at any time up
to 12 years thereafter. Since we elected the Alternative Benefits track, we will be subject to pay corporate tax at the rate of
10% - 25% in respect of the gross amount of the dividend that we may distribute out of profits which were exempt from corporate
tax in accordance with the provisions of the Alternative Benefits track. However, we are not obliged to attribute any part of dividends
that we may distribute to exempt profits, and we may decide from which year’s profits to declare dividends. We currently
intend to reinvest any income that we may in the future derive from our Approved Enterprise programs and not to distribute the
income as a dividend.
If we qualify as a “Foreign Investors’
Company” or “FIC”, our Approved Enterprises will be entitled to additional tax benefits. Subject to certain conditions,
a FIC is a company with a level of foreign investment of more than 25%. The level of foreign investment is measured as the percentage
of rights in the company (in terms of shares, rights to profits, voting and appointment of directors), and of combined share and
loan capital, that are owned, directly or indirectly, by persons who are not residents of Israel. Such a company will be eligible
for an extension of the period during which it is entitled to tax benefits under its Approved Enterprise status (so that the benefit
periods may be up to ten years) and for further tax benefits if the level of foreign investment exceeds 49%. The tax rate for the
remainder of the benefits period will be 25%, unless the level of foreign investment exceeds 49%, in which case the tax rate will
be 20% if the foreign investment is more than 49% and less than 74%; 15% if more than 74% and less than 90%; and 10% if 90% or
more. The benefits available to an Approved Enterprise are subject to the fulfillment of conditions stipulated in the Investment
Law and its regulations and the criteria in the specific certificate of approval, as described above. If a company does not meet
these conditions, it would be required to refund the amount of tax benefits, together with consumer price index linkage adjustment
and interest.
Tax Benefits under an Amendment that
became effective on April 1, 2005
On April 1, 2005, a significant amendment
to the Investment Law became effective (the “2005 Amendment”). The Investment Law provides that terms and benefits
included in any certificate of approval that was granted before the 2005 Amendment came into effect will remain subject to the
provisions of the Investment Law as they were on the date of such approval.
The 2005 Amendment changed certain provisions
of the Law. As a result of the 2005 Amendment, a company is no longer obliged to acquire Approved Enterprise status in order to
receive the tax benefits previously available under the Alternative Benefits provisions, and therefore generally there is no need
to apply to the Investment Center for this purpose (Approved Enterprise status remained mandatory for companies seeking grants).
Rather, the company may claim the tax benefits offered by the Investments Law directly in its tax returns, provided that its facilities
meet the criteria for tax benefits set out by the 2005 Amendment. A company is also granted a right to approach the Israeli Tax
Authority for a pre-ruling regarding their eligibility for benefits under the 2005 Amendment.
Tax benefits are available under the Amendment
to production facilities (or other eligible facilities), which are generally required to derive more than 25% of their business
income from export (referred to as a “Benefited Enterprise”). In order to receive the tax benefits, the 2005 Amendment
states that the company must make an investment which meets all the conditions set out in the 2005 Amendment for tax benefits and
exceeds a minimum amount specified in the Investment Law. Such investment allows the company to receive a “Benefiting Enterprise”
status, and may be made over a period of no more than three years ending at the end of the year in which the company requested
to have the tax benefits apply to the Benefiting Enterprise (the “Year of Election”). Where the company requests to
have the tax benefits apply to an expansion of existing facilities, only the expansion will be considered to be a Benefiting Enterprise
and the company’s effective tax rate will be the weighted average of the applicable rates. In this case, the minimum investment
required in order to qualify as a Benefiting Enterprise is required to exceed a certain amount or certain percentage of the value
of the company’s production assets before the expansion.
The duration of tax benefits is subject
to a limitation of the earlier of 7 (or 10 years) from the commencement year, or 12 years from the first day of the Year of Election.
The tax benefits granted to a Benefiting Enterprise are determined, as applicable to its geographic location within Israel, according
to one of the following new tax routes, which may be applicable to us:
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Similar to the previous Alternative Benefits package, exemption from corporate tax on undistributed
income for a period of two to ten years, depending on the geographic location of the Benefiting Enterprise within Israel, and a
reduced corporate tax rate of 10% to 25% for the remainder of the benefits period, depending on the level of foreign investment
in each year. Benefits may be granted for a term of seven or ten years, depending on the level of foreign investment in the company.
If the company pays a dividend out of income derived from the Benefiting Enterprise during the tax exemption period, such income
will be subject to corporate tax at the applicable rate (10%-25%). The company is required to withhold tax at the source at a rate
of 15% from any dividends distributed from income derived from the Benefiting Enterprise; and
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Under the 2011 Amendment, a uniform corporate tax rate will apply
to all qualifying income of the Preferred Company, as opposed to the former law, which was limited to income from the Approved
Enterprises and Beneficiary Enterprise during the benefits period. The uniform corporate tax rate will be 7% in areas in Israel
designated as Development Zone A and 12.5% elsewhere in Israel during 2013, 9% and 16%, respectively, in 2014.
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A special tax route, which enables companies owning facilities in certain geographical locations
in Israel to pay corporate tax at the rate of 11.5% on income of the Benefiting Enterprise. The benefits period is ten years. Upon
payment of dividends, the company is required to withhold tax at source at a rate of 15% for Israeli residents and at a rate of
4% for foreign residents.
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Generally, a company which has a sufficiently
high level of foreign investment (as defined in the Investments Law) is entitled to an extension of the benefits period by an additional
five years, depending on the extent of its income that is derived from exports.
Dividends paid out of income derived by
a Benefiting Enterprise will be treated similarly to payment of dividends by an Approved Enterprise under the Alternative Benefits
track. Therefore, dividends paid out of income derived by a Benefiting Enterprise (or out of dividends received from a company
whose income is derived from a Benefiting Enterprise) are generally subject to withholding tax at the reduced rate of 15% (deductible
at source). The reduced rate of 15% is limited to dividends and distributions out of income derived from a Benefiting Enterprise
during the benefits period and actually paid at any time up to 12 years thereafter. A company qualifying for tax benefits under
the 2005 Amendment which pays a dividend out of income derived by its Benefiting Enterprise during the tax exemption period will
be subject to tax in respect of the gross amount of the dividend at the otherwise applicable rate of 10%-25%.
A dividend distributed from income which is attributed to a
Preferred Enterprise/Special Preferred Enterprise will be subject to withholding tax at source at the following rates: (i) Israeli
resident corporation – 0%, (ii) Israeli resident individual – 15% in 2013 and 20% as of 2014 (iii) non-Israeli resident
– 15% in 2013 and 20% as of 2014, subject to a reduced tax rate under the provisions of an applicable double tax treaty.
The 2005 Amendment changed the definition
of “foreign investment” in the Investment Law so that the definition now requires a minimal investment of NIS 5 million
by foreign investors. Furthermore, such definition now also includes the purchase of shares of a company from another shareholder,
provided that the company’s outstanding and paid-up share capital exceeds NIS 5 million. Such changes to the aforementioned
definition are retroactive from 2003.
As a result of the 2005 Amendment, tax-exempt
income generated under the new provisions will subject us to taxes upon distribution of the tax-exempt income to shareholders or
upon liquidation of the company, and we may be required to record a deferred tax liability with respect to such tax-exempt income.
Additional amendments to the Investment
Law became effective in January 2011 (the “2011 Tax Amendment”). Under the 2011 Tax Amendment, income derived by ‘Preferred
Companies’ from ‘Preferred Enterprises’ (both as defined in the 2011 Tax Amendment) would be subject to a uniform
rate of corporate tax as opposed to the current incentives that are limited to income from Approved or Benefiting Enterprises during
their benefits period. According to the 2011 Tax Amendment, the uniform tax rate on such income, referred to as ‘Preferred
Income’, would be 10% in areas in Israel that are designated as Development Zone A and 15% elsewhere in Israel during 2011-2012,
7% and 9%, respectively, in 2013-2014, and 6% and 16%, respectively, thereafter. Income derived by a Preferred Company from
a ‘Special Preferred Enterprise’ (as defined in the Investment Law) would enjoy further reduced tax rates for a period
of ten years of 5% in Zone A and 8% elsewhere. As with dividends distributed from taxable income derived from an Approved Enterprise
or Benefiting Enterprise during the applicable benefits period, dividends distributed from Preferred Income would be subject to
a 20% tax (or lower, if so provided under an applicable tax treaty) as long as shareholder receiving the dividend is not an Israeli
resident company, which would generally be withheld by the distributing company and in case of an Israeli resident company –
there is no tax liability for such dividend. While the Company may incur additional tax liability in the event of distribution
of dividends from tax exempt income generated from its Approved and Benefiting Enterprises, no additional tax liability will be
incurred by the Company in the event of distribution of dividends from income taxed in accordance with the 2011 Tax Amendment.
Under the transitional provisions of the
2011 Tax Amendment, the Company may elect whether to irrevocably implement the 2011 Tax Amendment with respect to its existing
Approved and Benefiting Enterprises while waiving benefits provided under the legislation prior to the 2011 Tax Amendment or keep
implementing the legislation prior to the 2011 Tax Amendment during the next years.
We do not expect the 2011 Tax Amendment
to have a material effect on the tax payable in respect of our Israeli operations.
As of December 31, 2013, we did not generate
income under any of the above mentioned laws.
Israeli Transfer Pricing Regulations
On November 29, 2006, Income Tax Regulations
(Determination of Market Terms), 2006, promulgated under Section 85A of the Tax Ordinance, came into effect (the “TP Regs”).
Section 85A of the Tax Ordinance and the TP Regs generally require that all cross-border transactions carried out between related
parties be conducted on an arm’s length basis and be taxed accordingly. The TP Regs are not expected to have a material effect
on us.
Taxation of our Shareholders
To the extent that the following discussion
is based on new or existing tax or other legislation that has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, there
can be no assurance that the views expressed herein will be accepted by the tax or other authorities in question. The summary below
does not address all of the tax consequences that may be relevant to all purchasers of ordinary shares in light of each purchaser’s
particular circumstances and specific tax treatment. For example, the summary below does not address the tax treatment of residents
of Israel and traders in securities who are subject to specific tax regimes. As individual circumstances may differ, holders of
ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisors as to United States, Israeli or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership
and disposition of ordinary shares. This discussion is not intended, nor should it be construed, as legal or professional tax advice
and it is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations. Each individual should consult his or her own tax or legal advisor.
(a) Israeli Taxation
(i) Taxation of Capital
Gains Applicable to Non-Israeli Shareholders
Israeli law generally imposes a capital
gains tax on the sale of securities and any other capital assets located in Israel. Pursuant to an amendment of the Tax Ordinance
in 2005, effective as of January 1, 2006, the capital gains tax rate applicable to individuals upon the sale of securities acquired
after that date is 20%. A 25% tax rate will apply to an individual who meets the definition of a ‘Substantial Shareholder’
on the date of the sale of the securities or at any time during the 12 months preceding such date. A ‘Substantial Shareholder’
is defined as a person who, either alone or together with any other person, holds, directly or indirectly, at least 10% of any
of the means of control of a company (including, among other things, the right to receive profits of the company, voting rights,
the right to receive the company’s liquidation proceeds and the right to appoint a director). Pursuant to an amendment of
the Tax Ordinance in 2011, effective as of January 1, 2012, the capital gains tax rate applicable to individuals upon the sale
of securities acquired after that date is 25% (instead of 20%), and a 30% tax rate will apply to an individual who meets the definition
of a ‘Substantial Shareholder’ on the date of the sale of the securities or at any time during the 12 months preceding
such date (instead of 25%). For sake of good order, securities acquired before January 1, 2012 and sold after that date, the profit
received from such sale will be taxed as follows: from the purchase date until January 1, 2012 – 20% (or 25% - for Substantial
Shareholder), and from January 1, 2012 until sales date – 25% (or 30% for Substantial Shareholder).
In addition, shareholders who bought their
securities before January 1, 2003, will be taxed for the profit made from the purchase date until January 1, 2003 in accordance
with their marginal rate of income.
With respect to corporate investors capital
gain tax of 25% will be imposed on the sale of traded shares. This rate is subject to the provisions of any applicable bilateral
double taxation treaty. The treaty concerning double taxation between the United States and Israel (the Convention between the
Government of the State of Israel and the Government of the United States of America With Respect to Taxes on Income (the “Treaty”)
is discussed below.
In addition, if the shares are traded on
the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, on an authorized stock exchange outside Israel or on a regulated market (which includes a system through
which securities are traded pursuant to rules prescribed by the competent authority in the relevant jurisdiction) in or outside
Israel, gains on the sale of shares held by non-Israeli tax resident investors will generally be exempt from Israeli capital gains
tax. However, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to such exemption if Israeli residents (i) have controlling interest
of 25% or more in such non-Israeli corporation, or (ii) are the beneficiaries of or are entitled to 25% or more of the revenues
or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly. Notwithstanding the foregoing, dealers in securities
in Israel are taxed at regular tax rates applicable to business income. In addition, persons paying consideration for shares, including
purchasers of shares, Israeli securities dealers effecting a transaction, or a financial institution through which securities being
sold are held, are required, subject to any applicable exemptions and the demonstration of the selling shareholder of its non-Israeli
residency, to withhold tax upon the sale of publicly traded securities at the applicable corporate tax rate (25% in 2013) for a
corporation and 25% for an individual.
Israeli law generally exempts non-resident
individuals and entities from capital gains tax on the sale of securities of Israeli companies, provided that the securities were
acquired on or after January 1, 2009. As of January 1, 2013, shareholders that are individuals who have taxable income that exceeds
NIS 800,000 in a tax year (linked to the CPI each year), will be subject to an additional tax, referred to as High Income Tax,
at the rate of 2% on their taxable income for such tax year which is in excess of NIS 800,000. For this purpose, taxable income
will include taxable capital gains from the sale of our shares and taxable income from dividend distributions.
(ii) Income Taxes on
Dividend Distribution to Non-Israeli Shareholders
Non-Israeli residents (whether individuals
or corporations) are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on the shares of companies that are
not publicly traded at the rate of 25% (30% if the dividend recipient is a Substantial Shareholder, at the time of distribution
or at any time during the preceding 12-month period), which tax is to be withheld at source, unless a different rate is provided
under an applicable tax treaty. Dividends paid on the shares of companies that are publicly traded, like our ordinary shares, to
non-Israeli residents, although generally subject to the same tax rates applicable to dividends paid on the shares of companies
that are not publicly traded, are generally subject to Israeli withholding tax at a rate of 25% (whether or not the recipient is
a Substantial Shareholder), unless a different rate is provided under an applicable tax treaty. The distribution of dividends to
non-Israeli residents (either individuals or corporations) from income derived from an Approved Enterprise or a Benefiting Enterprise
during the applicable benefits period or from Preferred Income is subject to withholding tax at a rate of 20%, unless a different
tax rate is provided under an applicable tax treaty. In addition, non-Israeli residents who receive dividends may be entitled to
tax refund from the Israeli Tax Authority, under certain conditions.
A non-resident of Israel who has dividend
income derived from or accrued in Israel, from which the full amount of tax was withheld at source, is generally exempt from the
duty to file tax returns in Israel in respect of such income, provided that: (i) such income was not derived from a business conducted
in Israel by the taxpayer; and (ii) the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel with respect to which a tax return
is required to be filed.
Residents of the United States generally
will have withholding tax in Israel deducted at source. Such residents may be entitled to a credit or deduction for U.S. federal
income tax purposes in the amount of the taxes withheld, subject to detailed rules contained in U.S. tax legislation.
(iii) U.S. - Israel
Tax Treaty
The Treaty is generally effective as of
January 1, 1995. Under the Treaty, the maximum Israeli withholding tax on dividends paid to a holder of shares who is a Treaty
U.S. Resident (as defined below) is generally 25%. However, pursuant to the Investment Law, dividends distributed by an Israeli
company and derived from income eligible for benefits under the Investment Law will generally be subject to a reduced 15% dividend
withholding tax rate, subject to the conditions specified in the Treaty. The Treaty further provides that a 12.5% Israeli dividend
withholding tax will apply to dividends paid to a U.S. corporation owning 10% or more of an Israeli company’s voting shares
during, in general, the current and preceding tax year of the Israeli company. The lower 12.5% rate applies only on dividends distributed
from income not derived from an Approved Enterprise or a Benefiting Enterprise in the applicable period or, presumably, from a
Preferred Enterprise, and does not apply if the company has certain amounts of passive income.
Pursuant to the Treaty, the sale, exchange
or disposition of shares in an Israeli company by a person who qualifies as a resident of the United States within the meaning
of the Treaty and who is entitled to claim the benefits afforded to such residents under the Treaty (a “Treaty U.S. Resident”)
generally will not be subject to the Israeli capital gains tax unless such Treaty U.S. Resident holds, directly or indirectly,
shares representing 10% or more of the voting power of the company during any part of the 12-month period preceding such sale,
exchange or disposition subject to certain conditions. A sale, exchange or disposition of shares in an Israeli Company by a Treaty
U.S. Resident who holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of the voting power of the company at any time
during such preceding 12-month period would not be exempt under the Treaty from such Israeli tax; however, under the Treaty, such
Treaty U.S. Resident would be permitted to claim a credit for such taxes against U.S. federal income tax imposed on any gain from
such sale, exchange or disposition, under the circumstances and subject to the limitations specified in the Treaty. In addition,
in the event that (1) the capital gains arising from the sale of shares of an Israeli company will be attributable to a permanent
establishment of the shareholder located in Israel, or (2) the shareholder, being an individual, is present in Israel for a period
or periods aggregating 183 days or more during a taxable year, the aforesaid exemption shall not apply.
CERTAIN MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME
TAX CONSIDERATIONS
General
The following is a summary of certain material
U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders(as defined below) of purchasing, owning, and disposing of our ordinary shares.
For this purpose, a U.S. holder is, in each case as defined for U.S. federal income tax purposes: (a) an individual who is a citizen
or resident of the United States; (b) a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes)
created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia; (c) an estate the
income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or (d) a trust that is subject to the primary supervision
of a court over its administration and one or more U.S. persons control all substantial decisions, or a trust that has validly
elected to be treated as a domestic trust under applicable Treasury Regulations. This summary does not address any tax consequences
to persons other than U.S. holders.
This discussion is a general summary and
does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to particular U.S. holders based on their particular
investment or tax circumstances. Except where noted, this summary deals only with ordinary shares held as capital assets. It does
not address any tax consequences to certain types of U.S. holders that are subject to special treatment under the U.S. federal
income tax laws, such as insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations, financial institutions, broker-dealers, dealers in securities
or currencies, traders in securities that elect to use the mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities, partnerships
or other pass-through entities for U.S. federal tax purposes, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, expatriates,
persons liable for alternative minimum tax, persons owning, directly or by attribution, 10% or more, by voting power or value,
of our ordinary shares, persons whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar, persons holding ordinary shares
as part of a hedging, constructive sale or conversion, straddle, or other risk-reducing transaction, or persons acquiring an interest
in our ordinary shares in exchange for services.
This summary relates only to U.S. federal
income taxes. It does not address any other tax, including but not limited to, state, local, or foreign taxes, or any other U.S.
federal taxes other than income taxes.
If a partnership holds our ordinary shares,
the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A partner
of a partnership holding our ordinary shares should consult its tax advisors.
The statements in this summary are based
on the current U.S. federal income tax laws as contained in the Internal Revenue Code, Treasury Regulations, and relevant judicial
decisions and administrative guidance. The U.S. federal tax laws are subject to change, and any such change may materially affect
the U.S. federal income tax consequences of purchasing, owning, or disposing of our ordinary shares. We cannot assure you that
new laws, interpretations of law or court decisions, any of which may take effect retroactively, will not cause any statement in
this summary to be inaccurate. No ruling or opinions of counsel will be sought in connection with the matters discussed herein.
There can be no assurance that the positions we take on our tax returns will be accepted by the Internal Revenue Service.
This summary
is not a substitute for careful tax planning. Prospective investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the specific
U.S. federal, state, foreign and other tax consequences to them, in light of their own particular circumstances, of the purchase,
ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares and the effect of potential changes in applicable tax laws.
Dividends
Subject to the discussion under “—Passive
Foreign Investment Company” below, the gross amount of any distributions with respect to our ordinary shares (including any
amounts withheld to reflect Israeli withholding taxes) will be taxable as dividends, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated
earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Such income (including any withheld taxes) will be
includable in a U.S. holder’s gross income as ordinary income on the day actually or constructively received. The dividends
received deduction will not be available to a U.S. holder that is taxed as a corporation.
With respect to non-corporate U.S. holders,
certain dividends received from a qualified foreign corporation may be subject to reduced rates of taxation. A qualified foreign
corporation includes a foreign corporation that is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United
States which the United States Treasury Department determines to be satisfactory for these purposes and which includes an exchange
of information provision. The United States Treasury Department has determined that the Treaty meets these requirements. A foreign
corporation is also treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid by that corporation on shares that
are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. United States Treasury Department guidance indicates
that our ordinary shares, which are listed on the NASDAQ, are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United
States. There can be no assurance that our ordinary shares will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market
in later years. Non-corporate holders that do not meet a minimum holding period requirement during which they are not protected
from the risk of loss or that elect to treat the dividend income as “investment income’’ pursuant to Section
163(d)(4) of the Code will not be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation regardless of our status as a qualified foreign corporation.
In addition, the rate reduction will not apply to dividends if the recipient of a dividend is obligated to make related payments
with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. This disallowance applies even if the minimum holding period
has been met.
Notwithstanding the above, dividends received
by a non-corporate U.S. holder during a year in which the Company is a Passive Foreign Investment Company (a “PFIC Year”)
or in a year following a PFIC Year generally will not be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation. Dividends will generally be
from a non-U.S. source and treated as “passive income” for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.
Although, to the extent we pay dividends
in the future, we intend to pay dividends to U.S. holders in U.S. dollars, the amount of any dividend paid in Israeli currency
will equal its U.S. dollar value for U.S. federal income tax purposes, calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on
the date the dividend is received by the U.S. holder, regardless of whether the Israeli currency is converted into U.S. dollars.
If the Israeli currency received as a dividend are converted into United States dollars on the date they are received, the U.S.
holder generally will not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. If the Israeli
currency is not converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, the U.S. holder will have a basis in the Israeli currency equal
to its U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. Any subsequent gain or loss upon the conversion or other disposition of the Israeli
currency will be treated as ordinary income or loss, and generally will be income or loss from U.S. sources.
Subject to certain conditions and limitations,
Israeli withholding taxes on dividends may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against a U.S. holder’s U.S. federal
income tax liability. For purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit, dividends paid on our ordinary shares will be treated
as income from sources outside the United States and will generally constitute passive category income. Further, in certain circumstances,
if a U.S. holder has held ordinary shares for less than a specified minimum period during which the U.S. holder is not protected
from risk of loss, or is obligated to make payments related to the dividends, such U.S. holder will not be allowed a foreign tax
credit for foreign taxes imposed on dividends paid on our ordinary shares. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex.
U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular
circumstances.
A U.S. holder will not incur tax on a distribution
with respect to our ordinary shares in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits if the distribution does not
exceed the adjusted basis of the U.S. holder’s ordinary shares. Instead, the distribution will reduce the adjusted basis
of the shares. Any such distribution in excess of both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the U.S. holder’s
adjusted basis will be treated as capital gain, long-term if the U.S. holder has held the shares for more than one year, and generally
will be gain or loss from U.S. sources. See “Disposition of Ordinary Shares” below for a discussion of capital gains
tax rates and limitations on deductions for losses. We do not expect to determine earnings and profits in accordance with U.S.
federal income tax principles. Therefore, U.S. holders should expect that a distribution will generally be treated as a dividend
(as discussed above).
Disposition of Ordinary Shares
In general, subject to the discussion under
“—Passive Foreign Investment Company,”, a U.S. holder must treat any gain or loss recognized upon a taxable disposition
of our ordinary shares as capital gain or loss, long-term if the U.S. holder has held the shares for more than one year. In general,
a U.S. holder will recognize gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the sum of the fair market value of any
property and the amount of cash received in such disposition and the U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in such shares. A U.S.
holder’s adjusted tax basis generally will equal the U.S. holder’s acquisition cost less any return of capital. Subject
to certain exceptions (including but not limited to those described under “Passive Foreign Investment Company” below),
long-term capital gain realized by a non-corporate U.S. holder generally will be subject to a reduced maximum rate of 20%. The
deduction of capital losses is subject to limitations, as are losses upon a taxable disposition of our ordinary shares if the U.S.
holder purchases, or enters into a contract or option to purchase, substantially identical stock or securities within 30 days before
or after any disposition. Gain or loss from the disposition of our ordinary shares will generally be from U.S. sources, but such
gain or loss may be from a non-U.S. source under some circumstances under the Treaty. If such gain or loss is treated as U.S. source
gain or loss, a U.S. holder may not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any Israeli tax imposed on the disposition
of an ordinary share unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income treated
as derived from foreign sources.. U.S. holders should consult their own independent tax advisors regarding the sourcing of any
gain or loss on the disposition of our ordinary shares, as well as regarding any foreign currency gain or loss in connection with
such a disposition.
Credit for Foreign Taxes Paid or Withheld
Payments to U.S. holders as dividends or
consideration for ordinary shares may in some circumstances be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See “Israeli Taxation,
U.S. – Israel tax Treaty” above. Generally, such withholding taxes in lieu of Israeli income taxes imposed on such
transactions are creditable against the U.S. holder’s U.S. tax liability, subject to numerous U.S. foreign tax credit limitations,
including additional limitations in the case of qualified dividends eligible for the maximum rate accorded to capital gains. A
corporate U.S. holder may also be eligible for an “indirect” foreign tax credit on dividends to take account of certain
Israeli taxes we previously paid to Israel. A U.S. holder should consult its own independent tax advisor regarding use
of the U.S. foreign tax credit and its limitations. A U.S. holder (except an individual who does not itemize deductions) may elect
to take a deduction rather than a credit for foreign taxes paid.
Controlled Foreign Corporation
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a
“controlled foreign corporation” is a foreign corporation in which U.S. holders who own at least 10% of the voting
power (directly or by constructive ownership through certain related persons) collectively own more than 50% of the voting power
or value. If we are or become a controlled foreign corporation, such 10% U.S. holders must include in their current U.S. taxable
income their share of the corporation’s undistributed “Subpart F income” (i.e., certain passive income, sales
or service income, insurance, shipping, ocean activity, or oil-related income, and income from specified disfavored activities
or from ostracized foreign countries) and the amount of the corporation’s investments in U.S. property. These income inclusions
are not eligible for the maximum capital gains tax rate on qualified dividends to non-corporate tax payers. We believe that the
corporation is not and has not been, and we expect that the corporation will not become, a controlled foreign corporation. There
can be no assurance, however, that the corporation will not become a controlled foreign corporation in the future.
Passive Foreign Investment Company
We believe that we were a “passive
foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for the years ended December 31, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010 and 2011. In addition, we believe
we may be a PFIC for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, (collectively, the “PFIC Years”).
In general, we will be a PFIC for any taxable
year in which:
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·
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at least 75% of our gross income is passive income, or
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·
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at least 50% of the value (determined on a quarterly basis) of our assets is attributable to assets,
that produce or are held for the production of passive income.
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For this purpose, passive income generally
includes dividends, interest, royalties and rents (other than royalties and rents derived in the active conduct of a trade or business
and not derived from a related person). If we own at least 25% (by value) of the stock of another corporation, we will be treated,
for purposes of the PFIC tests, as owning our proportionate share of the other corporation’s assets and receiving our proportionate
share of the other corporation’s income.
PFIC status is determined annually and
cannot be definitively determined until the close of the year in question. Accordingly, it is possible that we may become a PFIC
in the current or any future taxable year due to changes in our asset or income composition. Because we have valued our goodwill
based on the market value of our equity, a decrease in the price of our ordinary shares may also result in our becoming a PFIC.
If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our ordinary shares, such U.S. holder will be subject to
special tax rules discussed below.
If we qualify as a PFIC at any time during
a U.S. holder’s holding period of our ordinary shares, any subsequent distributions to, or disposition of the shares by,
the U.S. holder will be subject to the excess distribution rules (described below), regardless of whether we are a PFIC in the
year of distribution or disposition, unless the U.S. holder: (1) made the qualified electing fund (“QEF”) election
(described below); (2) made the mark-to-market election (described below); or (3) during a year in which the corporation is no
longer a PFIC, elected to recognize all gain inherent in the shares on the last day of the last taxable year in which the corporation
was a PFIC. If a U.S. holder holds our ordinary shares in a PFIC Year, such ordinary shares will henceforth be considered shares
in a PFIC, regardless of whether we meet the PFIC tests in future years, unless the U.S. holder makes a timely QEF or mark-to-market
election, or makes the deemed-gain election in a year in which the corporation is no longer a PFIC.
If we are a PFIC, each U.S. holder, upon
certain “excess distributions” by us and upon disposition of our ordinary shares at a gain, would be liable to pay
tax at the highest then-prevailing income tax rate on ordinary income plus interest on the tax, as if the distribution or gain
had been recognized ratably over the holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares. Additionally, if we are a PFIC, a U.S.
holder who acquires ordinary shares from a deceased person who was a U.S. holder would not receive the step-up of the income tax
basis to fair market value for such ordinary shares. Instead, such U.S. holder would have a tax basis equal to the deceased’s
tax basis, if lower.
If a U.S. holder has made a QEF election
covering all taxable years during which the holder holds ordinary shares and in which we are a PFIC, distributions and gains will
not be taxed as described above, nor will denial of a basis step-up at death described above apply. Instead, a U.S. holder that
makes a QEF election is required for each taxable year to include in income the holder’s pro rata share of the ordinary earnings
of the QEF as ordinary income and a pro rata share of the net capital gain of the QEF as capital gain, regardless of whether such
earnings or gain have in fact been distributed. Undistributed income is subject to a separate election to defer payment of taxes.
If deferred, the taxes will be subject to an interest charge. Where earnings and profits that were included in income under this
rule are later distributed, the distribution is not a dividend. The basis of a U.S. shareholder’s shares in a QEF is increased
by amounts that are included in income, and decreased by amounts distributed but not taxed as dividends. In addition, if a U.S.
holder makes a timely QEF election, our ordinary shares will not be considered shares in a PFIC in years in which we are not a
PFIC, even if the U.S. holder had held ordinary shares in prior years in which we were a PFIC.
In order to comply with the requirements
of a QEF election, a U.S. holder must receive certain information from us. The QEF election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder
basis and can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. A shareholder makes a QEF election by attaching a completed IRS Form
8621, including the information provided in the PFIC annual information statement, to a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return
and by filing a copy of the form with the IRS. There is no assurance that we will provide such information as the IRS may require
in order to enable U.S. holders to make the QEF election. Moreover, there is no assurance that we will have timely knowledge of
our status as a PFIC in the future. Even if a shareholder in a PFIC does not make a QEF election, if such shareholder is a U.S.
holder, such shareholder must annually file with the shareholder’s tax return and with the IRS a completed Form 8621.
If our ordinary
shares are “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange or other market,” as provided in applicable Treasury
Regulations, a U.S. holder of our shares may elect to mark the shares to market annually, recognizing as ordinary income or loss
each year an amount equal to the difference between the shareholder’s adjusted tax basis in such shares and their fair market
value. Losses would be allowed only to the extent of net mark-to-market gain previously included by the U.S. holder under the election
in previous taxable years. The adjusted tax basis of a U.S. holder’s ordinary shares is increased by the amount included
in gross income under the mark-to-market regime, or is decreased by the amount of the deduction allowed under the regime. As with
the QEF election, a U.S. holder who makes a mark-to-market election would not be subject to the general excess distribution rules
and the denial of basis step-up at death described above.
If we are a PFIC and, at any time, have
a non-U.S. subsidiary that is classified as a PFIC, U.S. holders of our ordinary shares generally would be deemed to own, and also
would be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to, their indirect ownership interests in that lower-tier PFIC. If we are a PFIC
and a U.S. holder of our ordinary shares does not make a QEF election in respect of a lower-tier PFIC, the U.S. holder could incur
liability for the deferred tax and interest charge described above if either (1) we receive a distribution from, or dispose of
all or part of our interest in, the lower-tier PFIC or (2) the U.S. holder disposes of all or part of its ordinary shares. There
is no assurance that any lower-tier PFIC will provide to a U.S. holder the information that may be required to make a QEF election
with respect to the lower-tier PFIC. A mark-to-market election under the PFIC rules with respect to our ordinary shares would not
apply to a lower-tier PFIC, and a U.S. holder would not be able to make such a mark-to-market election in respect of its indirect
ownership interest in that lower-tier PFIC. Consequently, U.S. holders of our ordinary shares could be subject to the PFIC rules
with respect to income of the lower-tier PFIC the value of which already had been taken into account indirectly via mark-to-market
adjustments. Similarly, if a U.S. holder made a mark-to-market election under the PFIC rules in respect of our ordinary shares
and made a QEF election in respect of a lower-tier PFIC, that U.S. holder could be subject to current taxation in respect of income
from the lower-tier PFIC the value of which already had been taken into account indirectly via mark-to-market adjustments. U.S.
holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the issues raised by lower-tier PFICs.
THE RULES DEALING WITH PFICS AND WITH
THE QEF AND MARK-TO-MARKET ELECTIONS ARE VERY COMPLEX AND ARE AFFECTED BY VARIOUS FACTORS IN ADDITION TO THOSE DESCRIBED ABOVE,
INCLUDING OUR OWNERSHIP OF ANY NON-U.S. SUBSIDIARIES. AS A RESULT, U.S. HOLDERS OF ORDINARY SHARES ARE STRONGLY ENCOURAGED TO CONSULT
THEIR TAX ADVISORS ABOUT THE PFIC RULES IN CONNECTION WITH THEIR PURCHASING, HOLDING OR DISPOSING OF ORDINARY SHARES.
Backup Withholding and Information Reporting
In general, information reporting will
apply to dividends in respect of our ordinary shares and the proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of our ordinary shares
that are paid to a U.S. holder within the United States (and in certain cases, outside the United States), unless such holder is
an exempt recipient. A backup withholding tax generally would apply to such payments if the U.S. holder fails to provide a taxpayer
identification number or certification of other exempt status or, in the case of dividend payments, fails to report in full dividend
and interest income.
Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding
rules will be allowed as a refund or a credit against a U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability provided the required
information is furnished to the Internal Revenue Service in a timely manner.
Under the Hiring Incentives to Restore
Employment Act of 2010, individuals that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess
of US$50,000 are required to file an information report with respect to such assets with their tax returns. “Specified foreign
financial assets” include any financial accounts maintained by foreign financial institutions, as well as any of the following,
but only if they are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions: (i) stocks and securities issued by non-U.S. persons;
(ii) financial instruments and contracts held for investment that have non-U.S. issuers or counterparties; and (iii) interests
in foreign entities. U.S. holders that are individuals are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of this
legislation to their ownership of our ordinary shares.
Tax on Net Investment Income
For tax years beginning after December
31, 2012, certain U.S. holders that are individuals, estates or trusts whose income exceeds certain thresholds will be required
to pay an additional 3.8% tax on “net investment income”, which includes, among other things, dividends and net gain
from the sale or other disposition of property (other than property held in a trade or business), which may include our ordinary
shares. U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the tax on net investment income to their
particular circumstances.
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F.
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DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS
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Not applicable.
Not applicable.
We file annual and special reports and
other information with the SEC. You may inspect and copy such material at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC’s
Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain copies of such material from the SEC at
prescribed rates by writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Information
on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Our SEC filings also are available
to the public from the SEC’s website at
www.sec.gov
. In addition, our annual and special reports and other information
filed with the SEC is available free of charge through the Investors section of our website at www.rosettagenomics.com as soon
as reasonably practicable after such materials have been electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.
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I.
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SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION
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Not applicable.
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ITEM 11.
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QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET
RISK
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Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to market risk related to
changes in interest rates primarily from our investments in certain short-term investments. We maintain an investment portfolio
consisting mainly of Israeli mutual fund and Israeli government bonds, directly or through managed funds. We do not utilize derivative
financial instruments, derivative commodity instruments or other market risk-sensitive instruments to manage exposure to interest
rate changes. Accordingly, we believe that, while the securities we hold are subject to changes in the financial standing of the
issuer of such securities, we are not subject to any material risks arising from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange
rates, commodity prices, equity prices or other market changes that affect market risk sensitive instruments.
Exchange Rate Risk
We hold most of our cash, cash equivalents
and short term bank deposits in U.S. dollars but incur a significant portion of our expenses, principally salaries and related
personal expenses, in NIS. As a result, we are exposed to the risk that the U.S. dollar will be devalued against the NIS.
The following table illustrates the effect
of the changes in exchange rates on our operation loss for the periods indicated:
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Year ended December 31,
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2013
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2012
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2011
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Actual
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At 2012
Exchange
rates (1)
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Actual
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At 2011
Exchange
rates (1)
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Actual
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At 2010
Exchange
rates (1)
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(In thousands)
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Operating loss
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$
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13,347
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$
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13,030
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$
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8,267
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$
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8,563
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$
|
8,777
|
|
|
$
|
8,574
|
|
(1)
Based on average exchange rates during the period.
|
ITEM 12.
|
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES
|
Not applicable.
The accompanying notes are an integral
part of the consolidated financial statements.
The accompanying notes are an integral
part of the consolidated financial statements.
The accompanying notes are an integral
part of the consolidated financial statements.
The accompanying notes are an integral
part of the consolidated financial statements.
The accompanying notes are an integral
part of the consolidated financial statements.
(*) Includes cash and cash equivalents
of discontinued operations of $84 at December 31, 2011
The accompanying notes are an integral
part of the consolidated financial statements.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
NOTE
1:- GENERAL
|
a.
|
Rosetta Genomics Ltd. ("the
Company") commenced operations on March 9, 2000. The Company's integrative research
platform combining bioinformatics and state-of-the-art laboratory processes has led to
the discovery of hundreds of biologically validated novel human microRNAs. Building on
its strong patent position and proprietary platform technologies, Rosetta Genomics is
working on the application of these technologies in the development of a full range of
microRNA-based diagnostic tools. The Company's microRNA-based tests, Rosetta Cancer Origin
Test™, Rosetta Lung Cancer Test™, Rosetta Kidney Cancer Test™, and
Rosetta Mesothelioma Test™, are commercially available worldwide and all samples
are processed in its Philadelphia-based CAP-accredited, CLIA (Clinical Laboratories Improvement
Amendments)-certified lab.
|
|
b.
|
The Company has a wholly-owned
subsidiary in the U.S., Rosetta Genomics Inc. The principal business activity of the
subsidiary is to commercialize the Company's products, perform tests in its CLIA-approved
laboratory, and expand the business development of the Company in the U.S.
|
|
c.
|
Rosetta Green Ltd. ("RG"):
|
During 2011,
Rosetta Green Ltd. was an Israeli subsidiary which the Company established to leverage its capabilities in the areas of cleantech
and plant biotech by using its proprietary microRNA technologies to develop plants and algae which are more suitable for various
applications such as improved feedstocks for biofuels and advanced agriculture.
On December
16, 2011, the Company closed a transaction pursuant to which the Company sold all of the Ordinary Shares of RG held by the Company
(50.03% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares) to certain purchasers. The transaction was effected pursuant to a share transfer agreement,
dated December 13, 2011.
Since RG
was consolidated prior to the disposal, it met the criteria for reporting as discontinued operations and, therefore, the results
of operations of the business and the loss on the sale, have been classified as a loss from discontinued operations in the Statement
of Comprehensive Loss, and prior periods’ results have been classified accordingly.
In addition,
the Company would have received in the future, an additional payment of $2,000 if RG was acquired within three years from the
date of signing of the share transfer agreement at a price per share reflecting RG valuation of at least $90,000. During 2013,
RG’s activity and assets were acquired by a large conglomerate at a valuation lower than $90,000.
|
d.
|
The Company incurred an accumulated
deficit of approximately $108,399 since inception, and incurred recurring operating losses
and negative cash flows from operating activities in each of the three years in the period
ended December 31, 2013. As of December 31, 2013, the Company’s total shareholders’
equity amounted to $23,633.
|
The Company
believes that it has sufficient liquidity resources to support its operations through late 2015.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
|
e.
|
Parkway Clinical Laboratories,
Inc. ("Parkway"):
|
Parkway
was a national, full-service CLIA-certified clinical laboratory service that was owned by the Company. Parkway specializes in
oral drug screening in the workplace environment and genetics testing services.
On May 18,
2009, the Company sold Parkway, in a management buy-out for up to a maximum amount of $2,500, to be paid as a fixed percentage
of revenues (15%) over six years and minimum price of $750. According to ASC 810, "Consolidation", the Company calculated
the fair value of future consideration by using discounted estimate of future cash receipt. As a result of the transaction, the
controlling interests in Parkway were transferred to the buyer, as well as all the risks. Accordingly, the Company has no future
liabilities or obligation related to Parkway.
As of December
31, 2012, the Company revalued the fair value of the estimated future consideration to $359, of which $135 was recorded as current
asset of discontinued operation, and $224 was recorded as long-term asset of discontinued operation.
The sale
of Parkway met the criteria for reporting as discontinued operations and, therefore, the results of operations of the business
and the gain on the sale have been classified as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statement of Loss and prior period's
results have been reclassified accordingly. In addition, the comparative data of the asset has been reclassified as asset attributed
to discontinued operations in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
On April
18, 2013 the Company signed a settlement agreement with Sanra Laboratories ("Sanra") in connection with the Company's
sale of Parkway to Sanra. Under the terms of the agreement, on April 20, 2013 and on May 10, 2013, Sanra and Parkway paid to the
Company a total of $625.
As a result
of this settlement, the Parkway asset has been removed from the Balance Sheets and the corresponding gain in the amount of $273
was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss as income from discontinued operations.
NOTE
2:- SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The consolidated
financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP").
The preparation
of financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts
reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
|
b.
|
Financial statements in U.S.
dollars:
|
The Company's
financing activities are incurred in U.S. dollars. A portion of the Company's costs is incurred in U.S. dollars. The Company's
management believes that the U.S. dollar is the primary currency of the economic environment in which the Company operates. Thus,
the functional and reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar.
Accordingly,
monetary accounts maintained in currencies other than the dollar are translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with ASC
830, "Foreign Currency Matters". All transaction gains and losses from the translation of monetary balance sheet
items are reflected in the Statements of Comprehensive Loss as financial income or expenses, as appropriate.
|
c.
|
Basis of consolidation:
|
The consolidated
financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Rosetta Genomics Inc. Intercompany transactions
and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.
Cash equivalents
include short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash with original maturities of three months or
less.
Restricted
cash is an interest-bearing savings account which is used as security for the Company's Israeli facilities leasehold bank guarantee.
|
f.
|
Short-term bank deposits:
|
Short-term
bank deposits are deposits with maturities of more than three months but less than one year. The short-term deposits are presented
at their cost.
|
g.
|
Property and equipment:
|
Property
and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated by the straight-line method over
the estimated useful lives of the assets.
The
annual depreciation rates are as follows:
|
%
|
|
|
Computer equipment
|
33
|
Office furniture and laboratory equipment
|
7 - 15 (mainly 15)
|
Leasehold improvement
|
Over the shorter of the lease term or useful economic
life
|
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
|
h.
|
Impairment of long-lived assets:
|
The long-lived
assets of the Company and its subsidiary and all identifiable intangible assets that are subject to amortization are reviewed
for impairment in accordance with ASC 360-10-35, "Property, Plant and Equipment - Subsequent Measurement" whenever events
or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to
be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected
to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the
amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, no impairment
losses have been identified.
|
i.
|
Discontinued operation:
|
According
to ASC 360, "Property, Plant, and Equipment" and ASC 205, "Presentation of Financial Statements" when a component
of an entity, as defined in ASC 360, has been disposed of, the results of its operations, including the gain or loss on its disposal
should be classified as discontinued operations when the operations and cash flows of the component have been eliminated from
the Company's consolidated operations and the Company will no longer have any significant continuing involvement in the operations
of the component.
The Company generates revenues
from diagnosing patient tissue received from private patients or third-party distributors. The Company performs the diagnostic
testing in its lab in the U.S.
Revenues from sales of the
Company's diagnostic services are recognized in accordance with ASC 605 "Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements"
when (1) persuasive evidence of an agreement exists, (2) delivery of tests result has occurred or services have been rendered,
(3) the vendor's fee is fixed or determinable, and (4) no further obligation exists and collectability is probable. In arrangements
with private patients, in which prior to delivery the patient's third-party insurance provider has not contractually set the sale
prices, or that are not covered by Medicare, the Company does not recognize revenue until the fees are fixed and determinable
and collectability assured or upon collection.
Criterion (1)
is
satisfied when a final understanding between the parties as to the specific nature and terms exists.
Criterion (2) is satisfied
when the Company performs the test and delivers a report to the physician, or makes the patient report available to the patient.
Determinations of criteria (3) and (4) are based on management’s judgments regarding whether the fee charged for products
or services delivered is fixed or determinable, and the collectability of those fees under any contract or arrangement is assured.
When evaluating collectability, the Company considers whether it has sufficient history to reliably estimate a payor’s individual
payment patterns. To the extent all criteria set forth above are not met when test results are delivered, service revenues are
recognized when cash is received from the payor. Under the arrangements with distributors, once delivery of a test result has
occurred, the distributor is obligated to pay the Company the fixed price for such test pursuant to the relevant distribution
agreement.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
Royalties
from licensing the right to use the Company's products are recognized when earned and when written sales confirmation from the
licensee is received and no future obligation exists. Non-refundable, up front advancements of royalties from licensing the right
to use the Company's products which are fully chargeable against royalties, are recorded as deferred revenue until the above mentioned
criteria for recognizing revenue are met. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had deferred revenue in an amount of $228.
|
k.
|
Research and development expenses,
net:
|
Research
and development expenses include costs of salaries and related expenses, various activities related to intellectual property,
research materials and supplies, and equipment depreciation. All research and development costs are expensed as incurred. During
the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Company charged to research and development expense $187, $245 and $277,
respectively.
Royalty-bearing
grants from the Bi-national Industrial Research and Development Foundation ("BIRD") and from the Chief Scientist of
Israel's Ministry of Economy ("the OCS") for funding approved research and development projects, are recognized at the
time the Company is entitled to such grants, on the basis of the research and development expenses incurred. Such grants are presented
as a reduction from research and development expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss in an amount of $206,
$153 and $275, in the years 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
|
l.
|
Stock-based compensation:
|
The Company
accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, "Compensation-Stock Compensation"
.
ASC 718 requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing
model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as an expense over the requisite
service periods in the Company's consolidated income statements.
The Company
recognizes compensation expenses for the value of its awards granted based on the straight line method over the requisite service
period of each of the awards, net of estimated forfeitures. ASC 718 requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant
and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Estimated forfeitures are
based on actual historical pre-vesting forfeitures.
The Company
selected the Black-Scholes option pricing model as the most appropriate fair-value method for its stock-option awards and values
restricted stock units based on the market value of the underlying shares at the date of grant. The option-pricing model requires
a number of assumptions, of which the most significant are the expected stock price volatility and the expected option term.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
The weighted-average
estimated fair value of employee stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011 was $2.96, $4.62
and $7.35, respectively per share using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions
(annualized percentages):
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
2013
|
|
2012
|
|
2011
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dividend yield
|
|
0%
|
|
0%
|
|
0%
|
Expected volatility
|
|
119%
|
|
122%
|
|
88%
|
Risk-free interest
|
|
1.48%
|
|
1.12%
|
|
1.2%
|
Expected life
|
|
4.5-6.25 years
|
|
6.25 years
|
|
5-6 years
|
The Company
is required to assume a dividend yield as an input in the Black-Scholes model. The dividend yield assumption is based on the Company's
historical experience and expectation of future dividend payouts. The Company has historically not paid dividends and has no foreseeable
plans to pay dividends.
The computation
of expected volatility is based on realized historical stock price volatility of the Company's stock.
The risk-free
interest rate assumption is the implied yield currently available on the United States treasury zero-coupon issues, with a remaining
term equal to the expected life term of the Company's options.
The Company
determined the expected life of the options according to the simplified method, average of vesting and the contractual term of
the Company's stock options.
The Company
applies ASC 718 and ASC 505-50, "Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees" with respect to options and warrants issued
to non-employees. ASC 718 requires the use of option valuation models to measure the fair value of the options and warrants at
the measurement date.
Basic earnings
per share are computed based on the weighted average number of Ordinary Shares outstanding during each year. Diluted earnings
per share are computed based on the weighted average number of Ordinary Shares outstanding during each year, plus dilutive potential
Ordinary Shares considered outstanding during the year, in accordance with ASC 260, "Earnings per Share".
Basic and
diluted net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of Ordinary Shares outstanding during the period.
For the
years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, all outstanding options, RSUs, and warrants, if any, have been excluded from the
calculation of the diluted net loss per share since their effect was anti-dilutive.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
The Company
and its subsidiary account for income taxes and uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, "Income Taxes".
ASC 740 prescribes the use of the liability method whereby deferred tax asset and liability account balances are determined based
on the differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax
rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse.
The Company
and its subsidiary provide a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that are more likely-than-not to
be realized.
The Company
adopted ASC 740-10, which contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions accounted for in accordance
with ASC 740. The first step is to evaluate the tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return by determining if the
weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that, on an evaluation of the technical merits, the tax
position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. The second step is to
measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement.
The Company's
Israeli employees are included under section 14 of the Israeli Severance Compensation Law ("Section 14"). Under Section
14, the Company's monthly deposits, at a rate of 8.33% of such employees' monthly salary, are made on their behalf with insurance
companies on account of severance pay. Payments in accordance with Section 14 release the Israeli companies from any future severance
payments in respect of those employees. Deposits under Section 14 are not recorded as an asset in the Company's balance sheet.
Severance
expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 were $107, $38 and $173, respectively.
The U.S.
subsidiary has a 401(k) defined contribution plan covering certain employees in the U.S. All eligible employees may elect to contribute
to the plan. The subsidiary provides a 3% safe-harbor contribution to the plan up to the employee’s eligible compensation.
In the years 2013, 2012 and 2011, the subsidiary recorded an expense for matching contributions in the amount of $65, $25 and
$30, respectively.
|
p.
|
Concentrations of credit risk:
|
Financial
instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents,
short-term bank deposits, trade receivables and other accounts receivable.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
Cash and cash equivalents
are deposited with major banks in Israel and in the United States. Such deposits in the United States may be in excess of insured
limits and are not insured in other jurisdictions. Management believes that the financial institutions that hold the Company's
investments are institutions with high credit standing, and accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these investments.
|
q.
|
Fair value of financial instruments:
|
The carrying
amounts of the Company's financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits, accounts receivable,
accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value because of their generally short-term maturities.
The Company
applies ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures". Under this standard, fair value is defined as the price
that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the "exit price") in an orderly transaction
between market participants at the measurement date.
In determining
fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches. ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value
that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable
inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability
developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the
Company's assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on
the best information available in the circumstances.
The hierarchy
is broken down into three levels based on the inputs as follows:
|
Level 1
-
|
|
Valuations
based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets that the Company has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments
and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and
regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Level 2
-
|
|
Valuations
based on one or more quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either
directly or indirectly.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Level 3
-
|
|
Valuations
based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
|
The availability
of observable inputs can vary from investment to investment and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example,
the type of investment, the liquidity of markets and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation
is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires
more judgment and the investments are categorized as Level 3.
|
r.
|
Recent Accounting Pronouncements:
|
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
In July
2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2013-11, Income
Taxes (Topic 740)—Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss,
or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force) to provide explicit guidance on the financial
statement presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss or a tax credit
carryforward exists. ASU 2013-11 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December
31, 2013. The Company intends to adopt this standard prospectively in 2014 and the adoption will not result in a change to the
tax provision.
NOTE
3: - CONVERTIBLE DEBENTURE
On January
26, 2012, the Company entered into a Secured Loan Agreement, pursuant to which on January 27, 2012, the Company sold and issued
a $1,750 senior secured debenture (the “Debenture”) with a maturity date of January 26, 2013 and accrued interest
at a rate between 10% and 18%. On March 15, 2012, an aggregate of $300 in principal amount of the Debenture became convertible
into the Company’s Ordinary Shares at a conversion price of $1.416 per share. The Debenture was secured by a security interest
in all of the Company’s current and future assets and any current or future subsidiary.
On June 21,
2012, the Company entered into an agreement and release with the Debenture holders, pursuant to which the Company prepaid an aggregate
of $1,450 in principal and $288 in interest and the Debenture holders agreed to convert the remaining $300 in principal into Ordinary
Shares no later than July 31, 2012, according to the original conversion terms. Such conversion occurred on July 27, 2012. Following
the prepayment of the $1,450 in principal and $288 in interest, all of the Company’s obligations (other than the obligation
to convert the remaining $300 in principal into Ordinary Shares) were satisfied and terminated and the security interest in all
of the Company’s assets terminated. The agreement also contained a mutual release and discharge of future claims.
The Company
accounted for the convertible debenture under ASC 470-20, “Debt with Conversion and Other Options”. ASC 470-20 requires
companies first allocate the proceeds to freestanding liability instrument, with its embedded conversion feature that are measured
at fair value at each reporting date, based on their fair value (valued as level 3 in accordance with ASC 820). The remaining
proceeds are then allocated to the convertible debt.
Embedded
derivatives were separated from the loan and are bifurcated based on their fair value and re-measured on each reporting date.
The embedded
conversion feature was calculated on the commitment date and amortized using the effective rate method. The Company computed the
fair value of the conversion feature using the Black-Scholes model. The following are the key assumptions used in connection with
this computation:
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
|
|
Issuance date
|
Risk-free interest rate (1)
|
|
0.9%
|
Expected volatility (2)
|
|
136%
|
Expected life (in years (3)
|
|
1.0
|
Expected dividend yield (4)
|
|
0%
|
|
1)
|
Risk-free
interest rate - based on yield rates of non-index linked U.S. Federal Reserve treasury
bonds.
|
|
2)
|
Expected
volatility - was calculated based on actual historical stock price movements of the Company
over a term that is equivalent to the expected term of the conversion option.
|
|
3)
|
Expected
life - the expected life was based on the maturity date of the conversion option.
|
|
4)
|
Expected
dividend yield - was based on the fact that the Company has not paid dividends to its
shareholders in the past and does not expect to pay dividends to its shareholders in
the future.
|
On July 27,
2012, the Company issued 211,865 Ordinary Shares, following the conversion of the remaining $300, in principal amount of the Debenture.
As a result of the amortization of the discount and the changes of the fair value of the embedded conversion feature in the convertible
debenture described above, the Company recorded an expense of $1,547 and an interest expense of $288, as of December 31, 2012,
which were attributed to financial expenses.
NOTE
4: - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
In accordance
with ASC 820, "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" (originally issued as SFAS 157), the following methods and assumptions
were used by the Company and its subsidiary in estimating their fair value disclosures for financial instruments:
The carrying
amounts of cash and cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits, trade receivables, trade payables, and other accounts payable
approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of such instruments.
As of December
31, 2012, the Company valued other accounts receivable, which resulted from the fair value of Parkway's estimated future consideration
based on a valuation using the discounted cash flow model, as Level 3 given the unobservable inputs used in this model which were
significant to the fair value of the asset.
On April
18, 2013 the Company signed a settlement agreement with Sanra in connection with the Company's sale of Parkway to Sanra, as describe
in Note 1e.
The fair
value of the liability for warrants related to share purchase agreements was calculated using the Black-Scholes Model and the
Company classified this liability within Level 3. The fair value of the warrants at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 was
$81 and $136, respectively. Gain of $55 from the revaluation of warrants related to share purchase agreement is recorded under
Financial Income in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
The following
table summarizes information about the fair value of the above warrants related to share purchase agreements:
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2012
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
January Warrants
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
25
|
|
A Warrants
|
|
|
27
|
|
|
|
39
|
|
A’ Warrants
|
|
|
54
|
|
|
|
72
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
81
|
|
|
$
|
136
|
|
NOTE
5:- SHORT-TERM BANK DEPOSITS
As of December
31, 2013 and 2012, the Company's bank deposits are as follows:
December 31,
2013
|
Amount
|
|
|
Maturity date
|
|
Annual interest
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
5,028
|
|
|
June 5, 2014
|
|
0.85%
|
|
2,500
|
|
|
February 25, 2014
|
|
1.65%
|
|
120
|
|
|
November 25, 2014
|
|
0.5%
|
|
19
|
|
|
January 28, 2014
|
|
0.69%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
7,667
|
|
|
|
|
|
December 31,
2012
|
Amount
|
|
|
Maturity date
|
|
Annual interest
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
18
|
|
|
January 27, 2013
|
|
1.73%
|
|
112
|
|
|
December 2, 2013
|
|
0.2%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
130
|
|
|
|
|
|
NOTE
6:- OTHER ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND PREPAID EXPENSES
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2012
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prepaid expenses
|
|
$
|
99
|
|
|
$
|
327
|
|
Government authorities
|
|
|
53
|
|
|
|
108
|
|
Security deposits
|
|
|
65
|
|
|
|
38
|
|
Royalty-bearing grants
|
|
|
86
|
|
|
|
73
|
|
Other
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
309
|
|
|
$
|
568
|
|
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
NOTE
7:- PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2012
|
|
Cost:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Computer equipment
|
|
$
|
924
|
|
|
$
|
598
|
|
Office furniture and laboratory equipment
|
|
|
1,320
|
|
|
|
1,049
|
|
Leasehold improvements
|
|
|
660
|
|
|
|
617
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,904
|
|
|
|
2,264
|
|
Accumulated depreciation:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Computer equipment
|
|
|
660
|
|
|
|
537
|
|
Office furniture and laboratory equipment
|
|
|
937
|
|
|
|
790
|
|
Leasehold improvements
|
|
|
433
|
|
|
|
391
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,030
|
|
|
|
1,718
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Depreciated cost
|
|
$
|
874
|
|
|
$
|
546
|
|
Depreciation
expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 were $298, $274, and $458, respectively.
NOTE
8:- OTHER ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUALS
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2012
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Employees' salaries and
payroll accruals
|
|
$
|
928
|
|
|
$
|
328
|
|
Accrued expenses
and other
|
|
|
104
|
|
|
|
184
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
1,032
|
|
|
$
|
512
|
|
NOTE
9: - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
As of December
31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, restricted cash was primarily attributed to a bank guarantee to the landlord of the Israeli property
for the fulfillment of its lease commitments in the amount of approximately $43 and $163, respectively.
|
b.
|
The facilities of the Company
are rented under operating leases. Aggregate minimum rental commitments under the non-cancelable
rent agreements as of December 31, 2013, are as follows:
|
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
2014
|
|
$
|
504
|
|
2015
|
|
|
507
|
|
2016
|
|
|
507
|
|
2017
|
|
|
482
|
|
2018 and thereafter
|
|
|
334
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
2,334
|
|
Total rent
expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 were $365, $531, and $630, respectively.
|
c.
|
The Company leases its motor
vehicles under cancelable operating lease agreements
.
The minimum payment under these operating leases, upon cancellation of these lease
agreements was $8 as of December 31, 2013
.
|
Lease expenses
for motor vehicles for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011, were $81, $53, and $152, respectively.
|
d.
|
In May 2006, the Company signed
a royalty-bearing, co-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with a third party. Under
this agreement, the Company was granted the right to make, use and sell the third party's
proprietary microRNAs for diagnostic purposes including a limited right to sublicense.
In consideration for this license the Company paid an initiation fee and will pay a fixed
annual license maintenance fee, royalties based on net sales and a percentage of the
Company's revenues from any sublicense. The Company estimates that until 2029 the minimum
aggregate license maintenance fees over the term of this agreement will be approximately
$960, of which $640 will be paid after December 31, 2013. During the years ended December,
31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Company paid fees in the amount of $47, $47 and $47, respectively,
to the third party. The Company recorded the payments as research and development expenses.
|
|
e.
|
In June 2006, the Company signed
a royalty-bearing, co-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with a third party. Under
this agreement, the Company licensed from this third party the rights to its proprietary
microRNAs for diagnostic purposes. In consideration for this license the Company paid
an initiation fee and will pay a fixed annual license maintenance fee, royalties based
on net sales and a percentage of the Company's revenue from any sublicense. The Company
estimates that until 2022 the minimum aggregate license maintenance fees over the term
of this agreement should be approximately $537, of which $372 will be paid after December
31, 2013. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Company paid
fees in the amount of $40, $34, and $39, respectively, to the third party. The Company
recorded the payments as research and development expenses.
|
|
f.
|
In August 2006, the Company signed
a royalty-bearing, exclusive, worldwide license agreement with a third party. Under this
agreement, the Company has exclusively licensed from this third party the rights to its
proprietary microRNAs for all fields and applications including a limited right to sublicense.
In consideration for this license the Company paid an initiation fee and will pay minimum
annual royalties, royalties based on net sales and a percentage of the Company's revenues
from any sublicense. This agreement was amended and restated in August 2011 and is now
on a non-exclusive basis. For the amendment, the Company paid an amendment fee. The Company
estimates that until 2032 the aggregate minimum royalties over the term of this agreement
should be approximately $320, of which $190 will be paid after December 31, 2013. During
the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Company paid fees in the amount
of $12, $5, and $12, respectively to the third party. The Company recorded the payments
as research and development expenses.
|
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
|
g.
|
In December
2006, the Company signed a royalty-bearing, non-exclusive, worldwide license agreement
with a third party. Under this agreement the Company licensed from the third party its
proprietary microRNAs for research purposes. In consideration for this license the Company
will pay an initiation fee and will be required to pay a fixed annual license maintenance
fee, royalties based on net sales and a percentage of the Company's revenues from any
sublicenses. The Company estimates that until 2022 the minimum aggregate license
maintenance fees over the term of this agreement should be approximately $331, of which
$185 will be paid after December 31, 2013. During the years ended December 31, 2013,
2012 and 2011, the Company paid fees in the amount of $20, $17, and $21, respectively
under this agreement. The Company recorded the payments as research and development expenses.
|
|
h.
|
In May 2007, the Company signed
a royalty-bearing, co-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with a third party. Under
this agreement, the Company has licensed from this third party the rights to its proprietary
microRNAs for therapeutic purposes including a limited right to sublicense. In consideration
for this license the Company paid an initiation fee and will pay a fixed annual license
maintenance fee, payments based on milestones and royalties based on net sales and a
percentage of the Company's revenues from any sublicense. The Company estimates that
until 2029 the minimum aggregate maintenance fees over the term of this agreement should
be approximately $690, of which $480 will be paid after December 31, 2013. During the
years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Company paid fees in the amount of
$35, $35 and $35, respectively, to the third party. The Company recorded the payments
as research and development expenses.
|
|
i.
|
In January 2008, the Company
signed a royalty-bearing, co-exclusive, worldwide license agreement with a third party.
Under this agreement, the Company was granted the right to make, use and sell the third
party's proprietary microRNAs for research purposes including a limited right to sublicense.
In consideration for this license the Company paid an initiation fee and will pay a fixed
annual license maintenance fee, royalties based on net sales and a percentage of the
Company's revenues from any sublicense. The Company estimates that until 2029 the minimum
aggregate license maintenance fees over the term of this agreement should be approximately
$440, of which $320 will be paid after December 31, 2013. During the years ended December,
31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Company paid fees in the amount of $24, $24 and $24, respectively,
to the third party. The Company recorded the payments as research and development expenses.
|
In January
2011, the Company joined the Rimonim Consortium, which is supported by the Office of the Chief Scientist of Israel's Ministry of
Economy, of the State of Israel (the “OCS”). The purpose of the consortium is to develop RNA interference-based therapeutics.
As a member of this consortium, the Company is entitled to certain grants to support its research and development activities. Under
the terms applicable to members of the consortium, so long as the Company continues to meet the criteria for receiving these grants,
which criteria include the payment by the Company of part of the expenses for the activities funded by the grants and the timely
delivery to OCS of written reports regarding those activities, then the Company is not required to repay the grants. If the Company
ceases to meet these and other criteria, then the grant amounts for the year in which the Company ceased to meet the criteria become
immediately due and payable to OCS. As of December 31, 2013, the Company received total grants of $206 from the OCS for its development
within the consortium and continued to meet the criteria to receive grants such that the Company was not then obligated to repay
those funds.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
|
k.
|
In October 2013, the Company
entered into a sponsored research agreement with Ramot at Tel Aviv University (“Ramot”),
a Company organized under the laws of Israel and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tel Aviv
University, for the joint development of a nano-carrier system for miR mimetic technology
to treat cancer. The parties will perform joint research in accordance to a plan approved,
and jointly funded by the Office of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Economics
(“OCS”) and the Company, for an initial period of 12 months commencing on
October 1, 2013 and an additional period of 12 months, subject to approval by OCS. Under
the applicable terms, so long as the Company continues to meet the criteria for receiving
OCS grants, which criteria includes the payment by the Company of part of the expenses
for the activities funded by the grants and the timely delivery to OCS of written reports
regarding those activities, then the Company is not required to repay the grants. If
the Company ceases to meet these and other criteria, then the grant amounts for the year
in which the Company ceased to meet the criteria become immediately due and payable to
OCS. As of December 31, 2013, the Company did not yet receive grants from the OCS.
|
NOTE
10:- SHARE CAPITAL
Ordinary
Shares confer upon the holders the right to receive notice to participate and vote in the general meetings of the Company, and
the right to receive dividends, if declared.
|
b.
|
Reverse stock
split and increase in share capital:
|
On May
14, 2012, the Company held an Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders on which the following actions were approved and taken:
|
a)
|
To consolidate the registered
(authorized) share capital of the Company as follows: every fifteen (15) Ordinary Shares
with a nominal (par) value of NIS 0.04 each will be consolidated into one (1) Ordinary
Share with a nominal (par) value of NIS 0.6 each. All Ordinary Shares, options and per
share amounts have been adjusted to give retroactive effect to this reverse split for
all periods presented.
|
|
b)
|
To increase the registered (authorized)
share capital of the Company to 20,000,000 Ordinary Shares with a nominal (par) value
NIS 0.6 each.
|
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
All Ordinary
Shares, warrants and options and per share amounts have been adjusted to give retroactive effect to these reverse splits for all
periods presented.
On August
5, 2013, the Company held its Annual General Meeting of Shareholders on which the following actions were approved and taken:
a)
To increase the registered (authorized) share capital of the Company to 40,000,000 Ordinary Shares with a nominal (par) value
NIS 0.6 each.
|
c.
|
Investment agreements:
|
|
1.
|
In January 2010, the Company
completed a registered direct offering with several institutional investors. The Company
received proceeds of approximately $4,650 net of placement agent fees and other offering
expenses. Under the terms of the financing, the Company sold 168,667 units, consisting
of an aggregate of 42,167 Ordinary Shares and warrants to purchase 21,084 additional
Ordinary Shares. Each unit, consisting of one 1/15 Ordinary Share and a 0.033 warrant
to purchase an Ordinary Share, was sold for a purchase price of $8.00. In addition, the
Company granted additional warrants as finders' fee to purchase up to 1,582 Ordinary
Shares ("January 2010 Warrants").
|
The exercise
price of the warrants is $150 per Ordinary Share. The warrants are exercisable for a period of five years. None of the January
2010 Warrants were exercised during 2013.
The Company
accounted for these warrants according to the provisions of ASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity's Own
Equity" and based on certain terms of the warrants classified them as liabilities, measured at fair value each reporting
period until they will be exercised or expired, with changes in the fair values being recognized in the Company's statement of
comprehensive loss as financial income or expense.
The fair value was measured
using the Black-Scholes model. In estimating the warrants' fair value, the Company used the following assumptions:
|
|
December
31,
2013
|
|
|
December
31,
2012
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Risk-free
interest rate (1)
|
|
|
0.13
|
%
|
|
|
0.25
|
%
|
Expected
volatility (2)
|
|
|
50
|
%
|
|
|
161
|
%
|
Expected
life (in years) (3)
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
Expected
dividend yield (4)
|
|
|
0
|
%
|
|
|
0
|
%
|
Fair value:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Warrants
|
|
$
|
0
|
|
|
$
|
25
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1)
|
Risk-free interest rate is based
on yield rates of non-index linked U.S. Federal Reserve treasury bonds.
|
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
|
(2)
|
Expected volatility was calculated
based on actual historical stock price movements of the Company over a
term that is equivalent to the expected term of the option
|
|
(3)
|
Expected life was based on
the maturity date of the warrants.
|
|
(4)
|
Expected dividend yield was
based on the fact that the Company has not paid dividends to its shareholders in the
past and does not expect to pay dividends to its shareholders in the future.
|
|
2.
|
On December 1, 2010, the Company
completed a private placement offering with several investors. The Company received
proceeds of approximately $2,240, net of placement agent fees and other offering expenses.
Under the terms of the financing, the Company sold 166,667 units, consisting of an aggregate
of 41,667 Ordinary Shares, warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 20,841 Ordinary
Shares at an exercise price of $78 per share ("Series A Warrants") and warrants
to purchase up to an aggregate of 10,417 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price of $0.6
per share ("Series B Warrants"). Each unit was sold for a purchase price of
$60. In addition, the Company granted additional warrants as finder’s fee to purchase
up to 1,042 Ordinary Shares.
|
The Series
A Warrants are exercisable immediately upon issuance, expire on December 1, 2015 and the exercise price is subject to potential
future adjustment upon occurrence of various events, such as stock splits or dilutive issuances. On February 23, 2011, in connection
with the financing transactions closed by the Company, the exercise price of the Series A Warrants was automatically adjusted
from $78 per share to $60 per share. None of the Series A Warrants were exercised during 2013.
Each Series
B Warrant were automatically exercised on a cashless basis on the 33rd trading day following December 23, 2010, to a number of
Ordinary Shares that was subject to adjustment as defined in the agreement.
On February
9, 2011, the Series B Warrants were automatically exercised on a cashless basis to 10,417 Ordinary Shares. Upon the conversion
of Series B Warrants, the fair value of Series B Warrants was classified as equity.
The Company
accounted for the Series A Warrants according to the provisions of ASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity's
Own Equity", and based on certain terms of the warrants, classified them as liabilities, measured at fair value in each reporting
period until they are exercised or expired, with changes in the fair values being recognized in the Company's Statement of Comprehensive
Loss as financial income or expense.
The fair value of the Series
A Warrants was measured using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value was estimated taking into consideration (a) the possibility
of the Company becoming privately owned and/or a possibility in which there is an all-cash transaction in the Company's shares,
(b) the possibility that the Company will issue additional shares for a share price of under $60. In estimating the warrants'
fair value, the Company used the following assumptions:
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
|
|
December
31,
2013
|
|
|
December
31,
2012
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Risk-free interest rate
|
|
|
0.38
|
|
|
|
0.365
|
|
Expected volatility
|
|
|
186
|
%
|
|
|
138
|
%
|
Expected life (in years)
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
Expected dividend yield
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Fair value:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Warrants
|
|
$
|
27
|
|
|
$
|
39
|
|
|
3.
|
On October 19, 2011, the Company
completed a private placement offering from investors. The Company received proceeds
of approximately $1,300, net of placement agent fees and other offering expenses of $236.
Under the terms of the financing, the Company sold 135,010 units consisting of an aggregate
of 135,010 Ordinary Shares, warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 135,010 Ordinary
Shares at an exercise price of $7.50 per share ("Series A' Warrants"), and
warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 67,501 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price
of $0.15 or NIS 0.6 per share ("Series B' Warrants"). Each unit was sold for
a purchase price of $11.25. In addition, the Company granted additional warrants as finder’s
fee to purchase up to 3,375 Ordinary Shares. The Series A' Warrants expire on October
19, 2016.
|
According
to Series B' Warrants agreement, each Series B' Warrant will be automatically exercised on a cashless basis on the 11th trading
day following November 10, 2011, to a number of Ordinary Shares equal to the difference between (a) the quotient obtained by dividing
(1) 200% of the maximum number of warrant Shares issuable under the Series B' warrant multiplied by the $11.25 by (2) the greater
of $7.50 and 80% of the average of the 10-day volume-weighted average price immediately following the November 10, 2011 and (b)
the maximum number of Warrant Shares issuable under the Series B' warrant multiplied by 2.
On November
28, 2011, the Series B' Warrants were automatically exercised on a cashless basis to 65,749 Ordinary Shares. Upon the conversion
of the Series B' Warrants, the Series B' Warrants were classified as equity.
During 2012,
of the 135,010 Series A’ Warrants, 113,341 were exercised for aggregate gross proceeds of $850. As of December 31, 2012,
21,668 Series A’ warrants remain outstanding. None of the Series A’ Warrants were exercised during 2013.
The Company
accounted for the Series A' Warrants according to the provisions of ASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity's
Own Equity", and based on certain terms of the warrants, classified them as liabilities, measured at fair value in each reporting
period until they are exercised or expired with changes in the fair values being recognized in the Company's Consolidated Statement
of Comprehensive Loss as financial income or expense.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
The fair
value of the Series A' Warrants was measured using the Black-Scholes model. In estimating the warrants' fair value, the Company
used the following assumptions:
|
|
December
31,
2013
|
|
|
December
31,
2012
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Risk-free interest rate
|
|
|
0.78
|
%
|
|
|
0.54
|
%
|
Expected volatility
|
|
|
198
|
%
|
|
|
127
|
%
|
Expected life (in years)
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
Expected dividend yield
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
Fair value:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Warrants
|
|
$
|
54
|
|
|
$
|
72
|
|
|
4.
|
On April 17, 2012, the Company
completed a registered direct offering with several institutional investors. The Company
received proceeds of approximately $1,228, net of placement agent fees and other offering
expenses
in amount of
$149. Under the terms of the financing, the Company sold 540,000 Ordinary Shares at a
price of $2.55 per Share. For its services in the offering, the placement agent received
a Purchase Option Agreement to purchase 13,500 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price of
$3.1875 per share. The Option Agreement expires on April 12, 2017.
|
|
5.
|
On May 22, 2012, the Company
completed a registered direct offering with several institutional investors. The Company
received proceeds of approximately $1,934, net of placement agent fees and other offering
expenses
in amount of
$278. Under the terms of the financing, the Company sold 632,057 Ordinary Shares at a
price of $3.50 per Share. For its services in the offering, the placement agent received
a Purchase Option Agreement to purchase 15,802 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price of
$4.375 per share. The Purchase Option Agreement expires on May 16, 2017.
|
|
6.
|
On May 31, 2012, the Company
completed a registered direct offering with several institutional investors. The Company
received proceeds of approximately $5,921, net of placement agent fees and other offering
expenses
in amount of
$643. Under the terms of the financing, the Company sold 570,755 Ordinary Shares at a
price of $11.50 per Share. For its services in the offering, the placement agent received
a Purchase Option Agreement to purchase 14,269 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price of
$14.375 per share. The Purchase Option Agreement expires on May 24, 2017.
|
|
7.
|
On August 8, 2012, the Company
closed a public offering of 5,500,000 Ordinary Shares at a public offering price of $5.00
per share for aggregate proceeds of $24,986, net of placement agent fees and other offering
expenses
in amount of
$2,514. Under the terms of the underwriting agreement, the Company granted the underwriter
an option, exercisable for 45 days, to purchase up to an additional 825,000 of the Company’s
Ordinary Shares at the same price, solely to cover over-allotments.
|
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
On August
28, 2012, the underwriter exercised its over-allotment option in full, and on August 29, 2012, the Company closed the sale of
an additional 825,000 Ordinary Shares at a price to the public of $5.00 per share for proceeds approximately $3,836, net of placement
agent fees and other offering expenses
in amount of $289.
For its
services in the offering, the placement agent received a Purchase Option Agreement to purchase 148,937 Ordinary Shares at an exercise
price of $6.25 per share. The Purchase Option Agreement expires on August 2, 2017.
In addition,
the Company’s former placement agent received a warrant certificate to purchase up to 26,481 Ordinary Shares at an exercise
price of $5.5769 per share, under its fee-tail agreement. The warrant expires on November 24, 2014.
|
9.
|
On March 22, 2013, the Company
entered into a Controlled Equity Offering
SM
Sales Agreement (the “Cantor
Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., as sales agent (“Cantor”),
pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through Cantor, its
ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.6 per share, having an aggregate offering price of up
to $5,900. Sales of the Company’s ordinary shares under the Cantor Sales Agreement
are made in sales deemed to be “at-the-market” equity offerings as defined
in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
|
|
|
From May 22, 2013 through December
31, 2013, the Company sold through the Cantor Sales Agreement an aggregate of 1,297,883
of its ordinary shares, and received gross proceeds of $4,947 before deducting issuance
expenses in an amount of $213.
|
|
1.
|
In March 2003, the Company adopted
the 2003 Israeli Share Option Plan ("the 2003 Plan"), pursuant to which options
may be granted to the Company's officers, directors, employees and consultants. Pursuant
to the 2003 Plan, the Company has reserved an additional 3,139 shares for the 2003 Plan
and for any other share option plans that have previously been, or in the future may
be, adopted by the Company.
|
In July
2006, the Company adopted the 2006 Global Share Incentive Plan ("the 2006 Plan"), pursuant to which options may be granted
to the Company's directors, employees, consultants and service providers. Pursuant to the 2006 Plan, the Company has reserved
an additional 7,534 shares for the 2006 Plan and for any other share option plans that have previously been, or in the future
may be, adopted by the Company. In November 2007, the Company approved an additional 8,334 shares for the 2006 Plan.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
Between
December 2009 and October 2012, the Company approved an additional 878,770 Ordinary Shares for the 2006 Plan.
In February
2011, the board of directors of the Company approved
the grant of 83 restricted shares.
During 2012,
the Company's Board of Directors approved the granting of 50,000 Restricted Share Units ("RSUs") to certain employees.
Furthermore, during 2012, the Company’s shareholders approved the granting of 30,000 RSUs to certain members of the Company’s
Board of Directors. During 2013, 75,000 RSUs became fully vested and were converted into common stock of the Company and 5,000
RSUs were cancelled.
During 2013,
the Company's Board of Directors approved the granting of 3,000 RSUs to certain employees. Furthermore, during 2013, certain members
of the Company’s Board of Directors were granted 40,000 RSUs under the approval of the Company’s shareholders in the
2012 and 2013 Shareholder meetings.
The total
number of options authorized for grant under the plans amounted to 910,751. As of December 31, 2013, an aggregate of 70,004 options
of the Company are available for future grants.
Options
granted under the 2001 and 2003 Plans typically vest, as set forth in each optionee's option agreement, over three years. Options
granted under the 2006 Plan typically vest, as set forth in each optionee's option agreement, over four years. All options are
exercisable for ten years from the grant of the option. Any options which are forfeited or unexercised become available for future
grants. The exercise price equals the fair market value of the Company’s shares on the date of the grant.
|
2.
|
The following is a summary of
the Company's stock options granted among the various plans:
|
|
|
Number of options
|
|
|
Weighted-average exercise price
|
|
|
Weighted-
average remaining contractual term (in years)
|
|
|
Aggregate intrinsic value
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Outstanding at January 1, 2013
|
|
|
451,628
|
|
|
$
|
10.64
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Granted
|
|
|
305,824
|
|
|
$
|
3.42
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exercised
|
|
|
(800
|
)
|
|
$
|
4.05
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Forfeited
|
|
|
(43,433
|
)
|
|
$
|
11.65
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Outstanding at the end of the year
|
|
|
713,219
|
|
|
$
|
7.49
|
|
|
|
8.22
|
|
|
$
|
3.43
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vested or expected to vest
|
|
|
527,453
|
|
|
$
|
8.68
|
|
|
|
8.03
|
|
|
$
|
2.12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options exercisable at the end of the year
|
|
|
146,969
|
|
|
$
|
19.63
|
|
|
|
7.38
|
|
|
$
|
0.48
|
|
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
The weighted-average
grant-date fair value of options granted during the twelve months ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was $2.46, $4.62, and
$7.35, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total intrinsic value (the difference between
the fair market value of the Company's Ordinary Shares on December 31, 2013 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number
of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on
December 31, 2013. This amount changes based on the fair market value of the Company's shares.
As of December 31,
2013, there was $1,924 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted
under the Company's stock option plans. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.46 years.
The following
table summarizes information about options to employees and non-employees outstanding at December 31, 2013 under the Plans:
Exercise
price
|
|
|
Options outstanding at December 31,
2013
|
|
|
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)
|
|
|
Weighted average exercise price
|
|
|
Options exercisable at December 31, 2013
|
|
|
Average exercise price of options exercisable
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
0
|
|
|
|
99
|
|
|
|
0.80
|
|
|
$
|
0
|
|
|
|
99
|
|
|
$
|
0
|
|
|
$ 2.48-123
|
|
|
|
710,503
|
|
|
|
8.24
|
|
|
$
|
6.30
|
|
|
|
144,259
|
|
|
$
|
13.98
|
|
|
$ 127-282
|
|
|
|
1,045
|
|
|
|
3.52
|
|
|
$
|
212
|
|
|
|
1,039
|
|
|
$
|
212
|
|
|
$ 342-396
|
|
|
|
943
|
|
|
|
3.54
|
|
|
$
|
358
|
|
|
|
943
|
|
|
$
|
358
|
|
|
$ 411-528
|
|
|
|
629
|
|
|
|
3.28
|
|
|
$
|
491
|
|
|
|
629
|
|
|
$
|
491
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
713,219
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
146,969
|
|
|
|
|
|
The following
table sets forth the total stock-based compensation expense resulting from stock options and RSUs granted to employees and directors
included in the Company's Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss:
|
|
Year ended December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2012
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost of goods sold
|
|
$
|
16
|
|
|
$
|
15
|
|
Marketing and business development expenses
|
|
|
191
|
|
|
|
326
|
|
General and administrative expenses
|
|
|
603
|
|
|
|
182
|
|
Research and development costs, net
|
|
|
83
|
|
|
|
26
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
stock-based compensation expense
|
|
$
|
893
|
|
|
$
|
549
|
|
|
e.
|
Options and warrants issued to
non-employees:
|
|
1.
|
As of December 31, 2013, there
were no unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested share-based compensation
arrangements granted under the Company's stock option plans.
|
|
2.
|
The Company had accounted for
its options to non-employees under the fair value method of ASC 718 and ASC 505-50.
|
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
|
3.
|
On April 11, 2011, the Company
granted 1,167 warrants to purchase 1,167 Ordinary Shares of the Company, nominal value
NIS 0.6 per share to its non-employee. The warrants are exercisable for a period of four
years. In 2013 these warrants were forfeited.
|
|
4.
|
In
October 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 15,000 warrants to purchase 15,000 Ordinary Shares
of the Company, nominal value NIS 0.6 per share to a non-employee.
|
NOTE
11:- INCOME TAXES
|
a.
|
Measurement
of taxable income under the Income Tax (Inflationary Adjustments) Law, 1985:
|
Results for tax purposes in
Israel are measured and reflected in real terms in accordance with the change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) until the end
of 2007. As explained in Note 2b, the consolidated financial statements are presented in dollars. The differences between the
change in the Israeli CPI and in the NIS/dollar exchange rate causes a difference between taxable income or loss and the income
or loss before taxes reflected in the consolidated financial statements. In accordance with paragraph 9(f) of ASC 740, the Company
has not provided deferred income taxes on this difference between the reporting currency and the tax bases of assets and liabilities.
According to the law, until
2007 the results for tax purposes were adjusted for changes in the Israeli CPI.
In February
2008, the "Knesset" (Israeli parliament) passed an amendment to the Income Tax (Inflationary Adjustments) Law, 1985,
which limits the scope of the law starting 2008 and thereafter. Starting 2008, the results for tax purposes are measured in nominal
values, excluding certain adjustments for changes in the Israeli CPI carried out in the period up to December 31, 2007. The amendment
to the law includes, inter alia, the elimination of the inflationary additions and deductions and the additional deduction for
depreciation starting 2008.
|
b.
|
Tax benefits under Israel's Law
for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969 ("the Tax Law"):
|
The Company
is currently qualified as an "industrial company", as defined by the Tax Law, and as such, is entitled to certain tax
benefits, mainly amortization of costs relating to know-how and patents over eight years, the right to claim public issuance expenses
over three years, and accelerated depreciation.
|
c.
|
Tax benefits under the Law for
the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 ("the Law"):
|
The Company's
production facilities in Israel have been granted "Approved Enterprise" status under the Law currently under separate
investment programs. Pursuant to the Law, the Company elected the "Alternative Benefits Track" and has waived Government
grants in return for tax exemption.
The main
benefit arising from such status is the reduction in tax rates on income derived from "Approved Enterprises". Consequently,
the Company is entitled to a two-year tax exemption and five years of tax at a reduced rate (25%).
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
Additionally,
if the Company becomes a "foreign investors company", as defined by the Law, as such it will be entitled to a reduced
tax rate of 10%-25% (based on the percentage of foreign ownership during each tax year) and an extension of three years for the
benefit period. Since the Company has had no taxable income, the benefits have not yet commenced for any of the programs.
The period
of tax benefits, detailed above, is subject to a limit of 12 years from the commencement of production, or 14 years from the approval
date, whichever is earlier. These limitations do not apply to the exemption period.
The entitlement
to the above benefits is conditional upon the Company's fulfilling the conditions stipulated by the Law, regulations published
thereunder and the letters of approval for the specific investments in "Approved Enterprises". In the event of failure
to comply with these conditions, the benefits may be canceled and the Company would be required to refund the amount of tax benefits,
plus a consumer price index linkage adjustment and interest.
As of December
31, 2013, management believes that the Company will be able to meet all of the aforementioned conditions.
If these
retained tax-exempt profits attributable to the "Approved Enterprise" are distributed in a manner other than in the
complete liquidation of the Company, they would be taxed at the corporate tax rate at the applicable rate (10%-25%) in respect
of the gross amount that the Company distributed. The Company is required to withhold tax at the source at a rate of 15% from
any dividends distributed from income derived from the Approved Enterprise.
Income from
sources other than the "Approved Enterprise" during the benefit period will be subject to tax at the regular corporate
tax rate.
On April
1, 2005, an amendment to the Law became effective ("the Amendment") and significantly changed the provisions of the
Law. The Amendment limits the scope of enterprises, which may be approved by the Investment Center by setting criteria for the
approval of a facility as a Beneficiary Enterprise such as provision generally requiring that at least 25% of the Beneficiary
Enterprise's income will be derived from export. Additionally, the Amendment enacted major changes in the manner in which tax
benefits are awarded under the Law so that companies no longer require Investment Center approval in order to qualify for tax
benefits.
If the Company
pays a dividend out of income derived from the Beneficiary Enterprise during the tax exemption period, such income will be subject
to corporate tax at the applicable rate (10%-25%) in respect of the gross amount of the dividend that the Company may be distributed.
The Company is required to withhold tax at the source at a rate of 15% from any dividends distributed from income derived from
the Beneficiary Enterprise. Under the Amendment, the benefit period for the Company will be extended until the earlier of (1)
seven years from the commencement year or (2) twelve years from the first day of the year of election. This period may be extended
for a Beneficiary Enterprise owned by a "foreign investor's company" during all or part of the benefit period.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
However,
the Amendment provides that terms and benefits included in any letter of approval already granted will remain subject to the provisions
of the Law as they were on the date of such approval.
As of December
31, 2013, the Company did not generate income under the Law prior to and after the Amendment.
Amendments
to the Law:
In December
2010, the "Knesset" (Israeli Parliament) passed the Law for Economic Policy for 2011 and 2012 (Amended Legislation),
2011, which prescribes, among others, amendments to the Law. The amendment became effective as of January 1, 2011. According
to the amendment, the benefit tracks in the Law were modified and a flat tax rate applies to the Company's entire preferred income.
The Company will be able to opt to apply (the waiver is non-recourse) the amendment and from then on it will be subject to the
amended tax rates that are: 2011 and 2012 - 15% (in development area A - 10%), 2013 and 2014 - 12.5% (in development area A -
7%) and in 2015 and thereafter - 12% (in development area A - 6%).
The Company
examined the possible effect of the amendment on the financial statements, if at all, and at this time does not believe it will
opt to apply the amendment.
|
|
At this time, the Company does
not believe the amendment has any possible effect on the financial statements.
|
|
d.
|
Tax rates applicable to the income
of the Company:
|
On July
30, 2013, the Israeli Parliament (the Knesset) approved the second and third readings of the Economic Plan for 2013-2014 ("Amended
Budget Law") which consists, among others, of fiscal changes whose main aim is to enhance long-term collection of taxes.
These changes
include, among others, raising the Israeli corporate tax rate from 25% to 26.5%, cancelling the lowering of the tax rates applicable
to preferred enterprises, taxing revaluation gains and increasing the tax rates on dividends within the scope of the Law for the
Encouragement of Capital Investments to 20% effective from January 1, 2014.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
|
e.
|
Deferred income taxes:
|
Deferred taxes reflect the
net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes
and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The Company and its subsidiary's deferred tax assets are comprised of operating
loss carryforward and other temporary differences. Significant components of the Company and its subsidiary’s deferred tax
assets are as follows:
|
|
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2012
|
|
Tax asset in respect of:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating loss carryforward
and deductions
|
|
$
|
34,381
|
|
|
$
|
27,658
|
|
Reserves, allowances
and other
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net deferred tax asset before valuation
allowance
|
|
|
34,397
|
|
|
|
27,668
|
|
Valuation allowance
|
|
|
(34,397
|
)
|
|
|
(27,668
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net deferred
tax asset
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
|
$
|
-
|
|
The Company
and its subsidiary have provided full valuation allowances in respect of deferred tax assets resulting from operating loss carryforward
and other temporary differences. Management currently believes that since the Company and its subsidiary have a history of losses
it is more likely than not that the deferred tax regarding the loss carryforward and other temporary differences will not be realized
in the foreseeable future.
|
f.
|
Reconciliation of the theoretical
tax expense (benefit) to the actual tax expense (benefit):
|
|
|
The main reconciling item between
the statutory tax rate of the Company and the effective tax rate is the recognition of
valuation allowances in respect of deferred taxes relating to accumulated net operating
losses carried forward among the various subsidiary worldwide due to the uncertainty
of the realization of such deferred taxes and the effect of the "Approved Enterprise"
and few non deductable expense.
|
|
g.
|
Net operating losses carryforward:
|
The Company
has estimated accumulated losses for tax purposes as of December 31, 2013, in the amount of approximately $108,180, which may
be carried forward and offset against taxable income in the future for an indefinite period.
Rosetta
Genomics Inc., is subject to U.S. income taxes. As of December 31, 2013, Rosetta Genomics Inc., has estimated total available
carryforward tax losses as of December 31, 2013 of approximately $14,387 to offset against future tax profits which expires
in the years 2014 to 2033.
Utilization
of U.S. net operating losses may be subject to substantial annual limitations
due to the "change in ownership"
provisions of
the Internal Revenue
Code of 1986 and similar state law provisions.
The annual limitations may
result in the expiration of net operating
losses before utilization.
ROSETTA GENOMICS LTD., AND SUBSIDIARY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
U.S. dollars in thousands (except share
and per share data)
NOTE
12:- FINANCIAL EXPENSE (INCOME), NET
|
|
Year ended
December 31,
|
|
|
|
2013
|
|
|
2012
|
|
|
2011
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Financial income:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income on short-term
deposits
|
|
$
|
(146
|
)
|
|
$
|
(39
|
)
|
|
$
|
(3
|
)
|
Interest and realized gain on marketable
securities
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
(2
|
)
|
Foreign currency adjustments gains
and other
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
(33
|
)
|
|
|
(15
|
)
|
Revaluation
of warrants related to share purchase agreement
|
|
|
(55
|
)
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
(1,637
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(201
|
)
|
|
|
(72
|
)
|
|
|
(1,657
|
)
|
Financial expenses:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bank and interest expenses
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
|
31
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
Foreign currency adjustments losses
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
Revaluation of warrants related
to share purchase agreement
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
635
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Interest on convertible debenture
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
288
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Amortization of discount and change
in fair value of embedded conversion feature in the convertible debenture
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
1,547
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
Foreign exchange
futures transactions and others
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
251
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
|
2,501
|
|
|
|
273
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
(177
|
)
|
|
$
|
2,429
|
|
|
$
|
(1,384
|
)
|
NOTE 13:- SUBSEQENT EVENTS
From January
1, 2014 through March 26, 2014, the Company had sold through the Cantor Sales Agreement an aggregate of 261,654 of its ordinary
shares, and received gross proceeds of $952 before deducting issuance expenses in an amount of $29.
On
March 26, 2014, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a grant to employees of options to purchase a total of 55,000
Ordinary Shares, at an exercise price of $5.16 per share. In addition, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the granting
of 3,000 RSUs to certain employees.